{"text": "After Helmer's entrance, the talk is very different in the original version. He remarks upon the painful interview he has just had with Krogstad, whom he is forced to dismiss from the bank; Nora, in a mild way, pleads for him; and the doctor, in the name of the survival of the fittest,1 denounces humanitarian sentimentality, and then goes off to do his best to save a patient who, he confesses, would be much better dead. This discussion of the Krogstad question before Nora has learnt how vital it is to her, manifestly discounts the effect of the scenes which are to follow: and Ibsen, on revision, did away with it entirely. Nora's romp with the children, interrupted by the entrance of Krogstad, stands very much as in the final version; and in the scene with Krogstad there is no essential change. One detail is worth noting, as an instance of the art of working up an effect. In the first version, when Krogstad says, \"Mrs. Stenborg, you must see to it that I keep my place in the bank,\" Nora replies: \"I? How can you think that I have any such influence with my husband?\"- a natural but not specially effective remark. But in the final version she has begun the scene by boasting to Krogstad of her influence, and telling him that people in a subordinate position ought to be careful how they offend such influential persons as herself; so that her subsequent denial that he has any influence becomes a notable dramatic effect. The final scene of the act, between Nora and Helmer, is not materially altered in the final version; but the first version contains no hint of the business of decorating the Christmas-tree or of Nora's wheedling Helmer by pretending to need his aid in devising her costume for the fancy dress ball. Indeed, this ball has not yet entered Ibsen's mind. He thinks of it first as a children's party in the flat overhead, to which Helmer's family are invited. In the opening scene of the second act there are one of two traits that might perhaps have been preserved, such as Nora's prayer: \"Oh, God! Oh, God! Do something to Torvald's mind to prevent him from enraging that terrible man! Oh, God! Oh, God! I have three little children!", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406247.9018817}
{"text": "Oh, God! Oh, God! I have three little children! Do it for my children's sake.\". Very natural and touching, too, is her exclamation, \"Oh, how glorious it would be if I could only wake up, and come to my senses, and cry, 'It was a dream! It was a dream!'\". A week, by the way, has passed, instead of a single night, as in the finished play; and Nora has been wearing herself out by going to parties every evening. Helmer enters immediately on the nurse's exit; there is no scene with Mrs. Linden in which she remonstrates with Nora for having as she thinks borrowed money from Dr. Rank, and so suggests to her the idea of applying to him for aid. In the scene with Helmer, we miss, among many other characteristic traits, his confession that the ultimate reason why he cannot keep Krogstad in the bank is that Krogstad, an old schoolfellow, is so tactless as to tutoyer him. There is a curious little touch in the passage where Helmer draws a contrast between his own strict rectitude and the doubtful character of Nora's father. \". I can give you proof of it,\" he says. \". I never cared to mention it before- but the twelve hundred dollars he gave you when you were set on going to Italy he never entered in his books: we have been quite unable to discover where he got them from.\". When Dr. Rank enters, he speaks to Helmer and Nora together of his failing health; it is an enormous improvement which transfers this passage, in a carefully polished form, to his scene with Nora alone. That scene, in the draft, is almost insignificant. It consists mainly of somewhat melodramatic forecasts of disaster on Nora's part, and the doctor's alarm as to her health. Of the famous silk-stocking scene- that invaluable sidelight on Nora's relation with Helmer there is not a trace. There is no hint of Nora's appeal to Rank for help, nipped in the bud by his declaration of love for her. All these elements we find in a second draft of the scene which has been preserved.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406247.8608985}
{"text": "Nora rejects this view, claiming that Torvald and her marriage could not sustain the knowledge of this secret. Mrs. Linde questions Nora as to whether Nora ever plans to tell Torvald. Nora replies that she may some day, if her good looks and charm wear off and she is in need of some compelling way to keepPage 13 Torvald, but not for quite a while. She then launches into a description of how hard it has been to find the money she has needed to repay this loan and how happy she is that she will be free of its burden thanks to Torvald's promotion. The doorbell rings and the maid informs Nora that Krogstad desires to see Torvald. Nora, shocked and worried that Krogstad has come to inform Torvald of Nora's secret, questions Krogstad about his business. Krogstad assures her that it is mere bank business and so Nora assents. Mrs. Linde reveals that she once knew the man. When Krogstad goes into the study, Dr. Rank comes out to chat with Nora and Mrs. Linde. Discussing the human urge to sustain life, Dr. Rank grudgingly admits that he does want to preserve his own despite his physical pain resulting from a disease. He then begins to discourse on the pervasiveness of morally corrupt characters, including Krogstad. Nora feigns ignorance and inquires about Krogstad about whom Dr. Rank only has unflattering reports. Nora suddenly breaks out into laughter. Avoiding a direct reply to the questioning looks of Mrs. Linde and Dr. Rank, she asks if the employees of the bank will be under the power of Torvald after his promotion. She revels in the idea. Still happy, she offers a macaroon to Dr. Rank, falsely claiming that they were a gift from an unaware Mrs. Linde after Dr. Rank expresses surprise knowing that they are forbidden . Nora then impulsively shares with Mrs. Linde and Dr. Rank that there is something that she would very much like to say if Torvald was able to hear: \"I'll be damned!\". Her companions' reactions are cut short, though, by the emergence of Torvald from the study. Hiding the macaroons, Nora introduces Torvald to Mrs. Linde after he emerges from the study. After the initial introductions and explanation of Mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406247.8738823}
{"text": "Hiding the macaroons, Nora introduces Torvald to Mrs. Linde after he emerges from the study. After the initial introductions and explanation of Mrs. Linde's situation, Torvald agrees to secure a bookkeeping job for her at the bank. Torvald and Dr. Rank then exit followed by Mrs. Linde, who is going off to look for a room. As they are leaving, the nurse enters with the children. The maid leaves for a bit and Nora proceeds to play with her children. While they are engrossed in a game of hide-and-go-seek, Krogstad knocks and half enters the room. The game abruptly stops when his presence is recognized. Nora sends the kids to the Nurse and talks to Krogstad at his request. Krogstad inquires whether Mrs. Linde has been given an appointment at the bank. Nora confirms this and cautions Krogstad to be careful about offending those in power since he is in a subordinate position. Krogstad then asks Nora to use her influence to ensure that he will be able to keep his own position at the bank. Nora is confused and explains that she has no influence on such matters. After making a disparaging remark about Torvald, Krogstad reveals that he is prepared to fight for his position at the bank as if for his life, implying that he will not hesitate to reveal Nora's secret. Torvald explains that his reputation at the bank, sullied by an indiscretion of the distant past, is extremely important to him because it will influence the lot of his maturing sons. Nora again replies that she has no power to influence his status. Krogstad threatens again to reveal her secret to which Nora replies that she is not worried; she believes that Torvald's knowledge would not bring great harm to the family. As a last resort, Krogstad points out the fact that Nora had committed fraud by signing her father's name for him, to which Nora admits. Nora scoffs that surely her indiscretion was not important but Krogstad calls that into question by comparing it to his own problem of the past and the potential reaction of a court of law. Nora is in disbelief that what she sees as an act of love could ever be considered illegal or wrong but is perturbed nonetheless. Krogstad threatens her one last time with legal action and leaves. Page 14 When Krogstad leaves, Nora's children enter.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406247.8875177}
{"text": "Nora is in disbelief that what she sees as an act of love could ever be considered illegal or wrong but is perturbed nonetheless. Krogstad threatens her one last time with legal action and leaves. Page 14 When Krogstad leaves, Nora's children enter. Nora tells them not to mention Krogstad's visit to Torvald and reneges on her earlier promise to play with them, shooing them away. She then busies herself with needlework and asks for the Christmas tree. While Nora is dressing the tree and talking the problem out aloud to herself, Torvald returns and questions whether Krogstad has visited. After first denying it, Nora admits to the meeting because Torvald tells her that he believes that she is acting out of pity for a man who has come begging her to put a good word in for him to Torvald. Torvald reprimands her for participating in a lie and dealing with a man of questionable character. He then dismisses the subject. Nora, still dressing the tree, weaves a conversation that alternates between discussing the approaching fancy-dress ball and asking for Torvald's help with it and Krogstad. Torvald finally takes the bait and reveals that he plans to dismiss Krogstad because he despises Krogstad's character. Divulging that Krogstad's past indiscretion had been a forgery, Torvald admits that he would have forgiven the man had Krogstad owned up to his lie. Instead, Torvald vigorously condemns the lie that Krogstad used to escape his problem, claiming that Krogstad's hypocrisy is treacherous because it even infects his family; Torvald even goes so far as to claim that each breath that Krogstad takes necessarily pollutes his home and children. Nora mildly questions this and Torvald replies that he has often seen this sort of thing. In fact, Torvald claims that all children who go bad do so as a result of bad mothering and perhaps fathering . Telling Nora never to pled Krogstad's case again, Torvald says that he would be unable to work with Krogstad because Torvald becomes physically ill in his presence. Nora is agitated and comments on how hot she is. Torvald, oblivious, goes off to his study to take care of business while Nora whispers to herself that the situation cannot be real.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406247.975324}
{"text": "Telling Nora never to pled Krogstad's case again, Torvald says that he would be unable to work with Krogstad because Torvald becomes physically ill in his presence. Nora is agitated and comments on how hot she is. Torvald, oblivious, goes off to his study to take care of business while Nora whispers to herself that the situation cannot be real. The Nurse asks if the children can come in and play, to which Nora strongly refuses. Left alone, Nora is pale with terror and wonders if she can really be depraving her children. As the act closes, Nora tosses her head and states that these fears cannot be true. Analysis: Act I, in the tradition of the well made play in which the first act serves as an exposition, the second an event, and the third an unraveling though Ibsen diverges from the traditional third act by presenting not an unraveling, but a discussion , establishes the tensions that explode later in the play. Ibsen sets up the Act by first introducing us to the central issue: Nora and her relation to the exterior world Nora entering with her packages . Nora serves as a symbol for women of the time; women who were thought to be content with the luxuries of modern society with no thought or care of the world in which they lived. Indeed, there is some truth in this the extent of this is debatable . As the play reveals, Nora does delight in material wealth, having been labeled a spendthrift from an early age. She projects the attitude that money is the key to happiness. By presenting this theme of the relationship between women and their surroundings at the beginning, Ibsen indicates to the reader that this is the most basic and important idea at work in the play. However, it is also clear that Nora's simplistic approach to the world is not entirely her fault. Torvald's treatment of Nora as a small helpless child only contributes to Nora's isolation from reality. Just as Nora relates to the exterior world primarily through material objects, Torvald relates to Nora as an object to be possessed. The question becomes who is more detached from reality? Though Torvald's attitude pervades every word he speaks to Nora, his objectification of her is most evident in his use of animal imagery. He refers to her as his little \"lark\" and \"squirrel\" small harmless animals.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406247.9493768}
{"text": "The question becomes who is more detached from reality? Though Torvald's attitude pervades every word he speaks to Nora, his objectification of her is most evident in his use of animal imagery. He refers to her as his little \"lark\" and \"squirrel\" small harmless animals. Similarly, Torvald repeatedly calls Nora his \"little one\" or \"little girl\", maintaining the approach of a father rather than husband. Nora is fullyPage 15 dependent on Torvald, from money to diet the macaroons ; and, because she is so sheltered, her perception of the world is romanticized. Nora's skewed vision of the world is most evident in her interactions with Mrs. Linde. Whereas her old school friend is wizened and somber, Nora is impetuous. Her choice to tell Mrs. Linde about her secret seems to be more of a boast of a small child than a thoughtful adult; in fact, Nora only reveals her secret after being called a child by Mrs. Linde. Similarly, in her talk with Krogstad, Nora seems unable to accept that what she sees as acts of love could be seen as illegal and wrong. She refuses to believe that she is just as guilty as Krogstad. However, it is apparent that Nora is at least partly aware of the falseness of her life. When pressed as to whether she will ever tell Torvald about the loan, she replies that she would, but only in time. For now, she believes that it would upset the lies that have built her home: Torvald's \"manly independence\" and even the basis of their marriage. This suggests that Nora is at least vaguely aware that Torvald's position as the manly provider and lawgiver is just as fabricated as her role as the helpless child-wife and mother. Indeed, it is important to examine the language of the opening scene between Nora and Torvald and realize that Nora's words can be read as both sincere and insincere; the text suggests an ambiguity in Nora's awareness of her situation. However, though Nora is somewhat aware, she does not want to face the implications of this reality, believing that material wealth will render her \"free from care\", allowing her to play with her children, keep the house beautifully, and do everything the way that Torvald likes. The lie can be preserved.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406247.9886994}
{"text": "Indeed, it is important to examine the language of the opening scene between Nora and Torvald and realize that Nora's words can be read as both sincere and insincere; the text suggests an ambiguity in Nora's awareness of her situation. However, though Nora is somewhat aware, she does not want to face the implications of this reality, believing that material wealth will render her \"free from care\", allowing her to play with her children, keep the house beautifully, and do everything the way that Torvald likes. The lie can be preserved. Moreover, it seems that it is her lie, her knowledge that she has done something for Torvald that keeps Nora happy. Mrs. Linde's complaint that she feels unspeakably empty without anyone to care for reinforces the importance of this role for women in general in the text. Consequently, Nora is content to continue to act as a child, romping with her children as if she is one of them. Indeed, it is clear that, just as she is not as much a wife as a child in her marriage, she is not a mother in any real sense either. It is the nurse who actually takes care of the children; Nora mostly plays with them and occasionally takes on more serious responsibilities but only because she views them as \"great fun\". When Nora realizes that all may not go to plan after her talk with Krogstad because she is unable to either influence Torvald or talk to him on a straight level about her predicament, she begins to feel helpless. In the last scene of the act, when Nora is trimming the tree and conversing with Torvald, the full falseness of her situation becomes clear. Acting helpless, Nora tells Torvald that she absolutely needs his help, even with such a trifling thing as picking a costume for the upcoming ball. Torvald is not surprised and is even delighted, promising to help her. When the subject turns to the more serious matter of Torvald's views on Krogstad, it becomes apparent that Torvald is perhaps hopelessly invested in a false and twisted image of the world in which women are charged with the moral purity of the world, claiming that if men turn out badly it is because of poor mothering.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.0102093}
{"text": "Acting helpless, Nora tells Torvald that she absolutely needs his help, even with such a trifling thing as picking a costume for the upcoming ball. Torvald is not surprised and is even delighted, promising to help her. When the subject turns to the more serious matter of Torvald's views on Krogstad, it becomes apparent that Torvald is perhaps hopelessly invested in a false and twisted image of the world in which women are charged with the moral purity of the world, claiming that if men turn out badly it is because of poor mothering. As a result, at the end of the scene, when Nora reassures herself that \"it must be impossible\", she is worried both about the impossibility of her position in the immediate sense i.e., concerning the loan as well as the impossibility of her larger situation as a participant in a marriage and family built on lies. In fact, it is possible to view her last words of the act a defiance of Torvald's views on women as the beginning of her rejection of the marriage altogether. Act II: Summary: The second Act begins where the first left off--Nora still pacing the living room uneasily, worried that Krogstad will expose her. Still denying the possibility of negative repercussions, Nora is interrupted byPage 16 the Nurse who brings in Nora's ball dress. Nora asks if her children have been asking for her. The Nurse confirms that they have and Nora, continuing to hint at negative events yet to come, tells the Nurse that Nora will not be able to be with her children as much as before. When the Nurse comments that the children will be able to cope with such a loss, Nora wonders aloud if they would forget her altogether if she were to go away. The Nurse is shocked. Nora then asks her a question she claims to have had for a long time: how the Nurse could have felt comfortable leaving her own children among strangers while she came to work as Nora's nurse when Nora was little. The Nurse tells her that she was grateful for such a good position and, given her financially unstable situation and her dislike of her husband , something she could not pass up. Nora further probes if the Nurse's daughter, as a result of her absence, had forgotten the Nurse. Nurse says no. Nora throws her arms around the Nurse, telling the Nurse what a wonderful mother she had been for her.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.0401464}
{"text": "Nora further probes if the Nurse's daughter, as a result of her absence, had forgotten the Nurse. Nurse says no. Nora throws her arms around the Nurse, telling the Nurse what a wonderful mother she had been for her. Nora also begins to say that she is sure that the Nurse would also be a wonderful mother to Nora's children if they were suddenly without a mother but dismisses her thought as silly and sends the Nurse back to the children, turning the conversation to the ball. While alone, Nora unsuccessfully tries to concentrate on the ball and forget the problem of the possibility of Krogstad revealing her secret. She is interrupted by Mrs. Linde's arrival. Happy to see her, Nora asks Mrs. Linde to help her repair her dress for the ball the next evening. While sewing, Mrs. Linde thanks Nora for her hospitality and begins to ask about Dr. Rank and whether he is usually as depressing as he had been the day before. Nora reports that, as Mrs. Linde expected, he had been particularly bad and explains to her friend that Dr. Rank suffers from a very dangerous consumption of the spine that he has had from childhood; Nora hints that Dr. Rank's problem is the result of his father's sexual indiscretions though it is unclear as to whether Nora is really hinting and aware of the fact that they were sexual in nature . Shocked by Nora's understanding of the matter, Mrs. Linde drops her sewing and asks Nora how it is that she knows of such things. Nora dismisses Mrs. Linde's inquiry by telling her that the married women friends that occasionally stop by have a good knowledge of medical problems. Resuming her sewing, Mrs. Linde quietly continues her probe of Nora's relationship with Dr. Rank, asking Nora if he is often at the house. Nora replies that Dr. Rank is a good friend of both she and Torvald and stops by the house daily. Curious about Dr. Rank's motives as well as his familiarity with Mrs. Linde's name and Torvald's lack of familiarity , Mrs. Linde asks Nora to describe her relationship with the Doctor. Nora confesses that, because of Torvald's own tastes, she does often tell Dr. Rank things that she does not share with Torvald. Suspicious of Dr. Rank, Mrs. Linde, citing her superior experience and knowledge of the world, counsels Nora to end her relationship with Dr.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.0657134}
{"text": "Nora is relieved that Dr. Rank has actually been talking about himself and not her own situation and comments on the ugliness of the matter. Dr. Rank agrees and asks Nora to prevent Torvald from entering Rank's sickroom once Rank knows that he is about to enter the final stages of death because Rank does not want Torvald to witness the ugliness of the disease since he knows that Torvald's refined nature gives Torvald an unconquerable disgust of everything ugly. Nora, upset by his pessimistic and ugly tone, comments that she had hoped that he would be in good spirits today. Rank scoffs at the idea of being in good humor pun probably not intended when he knows that he is dying for the sins of his father. Besides, he says, such revenge for indiscretion is being exacted in every household. Unclear as to what Rank is talking about, Nora comments that Rank's father must have eaten a lot of unhealthy foods and alcohol when he was younger. The conversation it is unclear as to whether the two have really understood each other throughout the exchange peters out with Nora commenting that the biggest tragedy has been that Dr. Rank has not been able to enjoy these pleasures himself. Dr. Rank is intrigued by this nebulous statement and makes a small exclamation. The conversation becomes confused and degenerates into a comment on the silly moods that two are in. Nora, rising and placing her hands on Dr. Rank's shoulders, commentsPage 18 that she and Torvald would hate to lose Dr. Rank to death. Dr. Rank replies that those who are gone are easily forgotten, piquing Nora's interest. Dr. Rank, explaining the matter, observes that Mrs. Linde has already begun to replace him. Nora tells him to be quiet and promises that, if he is nice, she will dance the next day and he will be able to imagine that it is all for him and, as a quick qualifier, Torvald as well . Nora, continuing consciously or unconsciously to flirt with the Doctor, pulls out a pair of silk stockings to show him. They banter a bit about how much leg Nora will have to show him for him to form an opinion of the stockings. Dr. Rank comments on the great deal of intimacy and comfort he has enjoyed with the Helmers and how he would like to leave some token of appreciation for their generosity before he passes away.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.0914009}
{"text": "They banter a bit about how much leg Nora will have to show him for him to form an opinion of the stockings. Dr. Rank comments on the great deal of intimacy and comfort he has enjoyed with the Helmers and how he would like to leave some token of appreciation for their generosity before he passes away. Nora, interested, begins to ask him about doing her a big favor when Dr. Rank reveals that he is in love with her and would give his life for her, saddening Nora and deterring her from pursuing the favor. Nora, chastising Dr. Rank for making such a comment, leaves the room to bring in a lamp. Steering the conversation back to safer territory, Nora explains why she loves Torvald but seems to enjoy her time with Dr. Rank more. While she is observing how similar her relationship with Torvald is with that of her deceased father, the maid enters with the news that Krogstad is in the house and refuses to leave until he sees Nora. Dr. Rank, unaware of the circumstances, retires to Torvald's study, buying Nora's explanation that she has just received a new dress about which she would prefer Torvald not know. Temporarily alone while the maid fetches Krogstad, Nora comments to herself that \"this dreadful thing is going to happen! It will happen in spite of me! No, no, no it can't happen it shan't happen!\". When Krogstad enters, Nora tells him to speak low, warning him that Torvald is home. Krogstad, unperturbed, asks her for an explanation of his dismissal. Nora replies that she did her best pleading his case, but could not sway her husband. Krogstad, assuming that Nora told him everything, comments that Torvald must love her very little to have made such a decision. Nora informs him that Torvald does not know anything about the matter, inspiring Krogstad to make a few derogatory remarks about Nora's husband. Settling down a bit, Krogstad asks Nora if she now has a clearer idea of what she has done than the day before. Nora replies that she does indeed. In fact, she says that she understands more than Krogstad could ever teach her and asks him what he wants of her. Krogstad replies that, despite the words exchanged in their last meeting, he has in fact been concerned about her and wants to know how she is doing.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.120039}
{"text": "Nora replies that she does indeed. In fact, she says that she understands more than Krogstad could ever teach her and asks him what he wants of her. Krogstad replies that, despite the words exchanged in their last meeting, he has in fact been concerned about her and wants to know how she is doing. He informs her that he will not make the matter public, but will keep it between he, Nora, and Torvald. Nora protests that Torvald must not know but Krogstad replies that, even if she did have the money to pay the outstanding balance on the loan, he would still need to engage her husband. He also tells her that he will still not part with the bond and counsels her not to think of running away or committing suicide to which Nora admits considering because she will not be publicly exposed. To Nora's continued protests, Krogstad explains that he must involve Torvald because his intent is to ask Torvald not for money but for help in rehabilitating himself. Krogstad predicts that, with Torvald's help, he will soon replace Torvald as the manager of the bank. Nora, horrified, threatens him not to do any such thing. Brushing off her threats, he leaves her with the reminder that he holds her reputation in his power and the observation that it is Torvald's actions that have forced Krogstad to act this way again. He then exits and drops his letter to Torvald into the locked letter box for which only Torvald has a key. Mrs. Linde enters with the dress as Nora watches Krogstad put the letter in the box. Nora seizes Mrs. Linde and reveals her problem, asking her friend to be her witness in case anything should befall Nora. She insists that Mrs. Linde tell everyone that Nora was not insane and, more importantly, was completely responsible for everything. Mrs. Linde, confused, tells Nora that she does not understand what Nora is talking about, prompting Nora to observe that \"How should you understand it? A wonderful thing is about to happen,\" leaving Mrs. Linde even more confused. Nora elaborates, explaining that this wonderful thing is also terrible and \"musn't happen for all the world\". Mrs. Linde offers to go to Krogstad and convince him to ask for the letter back using her old amorous connection with him as a method of persuasion. Nora says that it is hopeless.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.1437316}
{"text": "Mrs. Linde offers to go to Krogstad and convince him to ask for the letter back using her old amorous connection with him as a method of persuasion. Nora says that it is hopeless. However, while Torvald begins knocking on the door, asking to enter, Mrs. LindePage 19 resolves to go to Krogstad and exits quickly. As she leaves, Nora unlocks the door for Torvald and Dr. Rank. The two men are surprised because they expected Nora to be trying on her dress. Torvald observes that Nora looks worn out and asks her if she has been practicing too much. Nora replies that she has not been practicing at all and, in fact, she is incapable of practicing without Torvald because she cannot seem to remember anything without him. Hoping to distract him long enough to solve the letter problem, she asks him to help her all day and night until the ball. Torvald agrees. However, before they begin to practice, he begins to go out to the letterbox to check for mail. Nora, afraid, stops him by playing the first bars of the Tarantella she is going to dance; she lures him to play for her and correct her while she dances Dr. Rank, until now an observer, eventually takes over at the piano so Torvald can stand and correct Nora better . Her dancing is wild, growing more so as it continues until her hair has come all undone. While Nora is still dancing, Mrs. Linde returns and observes to Nora that she is dancing like her life depended on it, to which Nora agrees. Torvald eventually calls everything to a halt, chastising Nora for having forgotten everything he has taught her. Nora replies that she has indeed forgotten everything and needs his help to relearn the dance. She tells him that he must not think of anything else, especially not any letters. Torvald, catching on a bit, remarks that he can tell from her behavior that there is a letter from Krogstad waiting for him. Nora responds that she does not know, but that there might be; she implores him not to let anything horrible come between them until \"this is all over\". Dr. Rank whispers to Torvald that Torvald must not contradict her and Torvald takes her into his arms, calling her a child that must have her way.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.1749783}
{"text": "Nora responds that she does not know, but that there might be; she implores him not to let anything horrible come between them until \"this is all over\". Dr. Rank whispers to Torvald that Torvald must not contradict her and Torvald takes her into his arms, calling her a child that must have her way. He promises to work with her until after the ball but says that, after that, he will be free the words of Nora . They then all retire to dinner, Nora calling for lots of macaroons. As they leave, Torvald and Dr. Rank exchange a few words on Nora's state of mind, making it clear that they have discussed it before. Dr. Rank, concerned, asks if Nora is expecting something, but Torvald dismisses the concerns as evidence of childish nervousness. They exit. Alone, Mrs. Linde tells Nora that Krogstad has gone out of town. Nora seems unconcerned, telling Mrs. Linde that she should not have bothered because nothing should impede the \"wonderful\" thing that Nora claims will soon happen. Mrs. Linde presses Nora to explain this wonderful thing, but Nora dismisses her questions, telling her she would not understand and sends Mrs. Linde into the dining room. Nora alone, composes herself, and checks the time. She observes that she has thirty-one hours to live until after the tarantella . Torvald's voice is then heard asking for his \"little skylark\" and the Act ends with Nora going to him with outstretched arms. Analysis: Whereas Act I set up the initial invasion of reality into Nora's world and the rattling of the basic underpinnings of the falseness of Nora's life i.e., marriage and motherhood , Act II eventually sees her set up a test that will determine whether or not her world is false. In other words, she is confronted with the fact that Torvald will find out about her lie but believes that, if he is the man she thinks he is, his discovery will only strengthen their marriage. Her reaction to Krogstad finally dropping his letter in the letter box is the climax of the play. In the traditional well made play, this would be followed by a unraveling and moral resolution of the dilemma set up in the first act and brought to head in the second.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.2024717}
{"text": "In other words, she is confronted with the fact that Torvald will find out about her lie but believes that, if he is the man she thinks he is, his discovery will only strengthen their marriage. Her reaction to Krogstad finally dropping his letter in the letter box is the climax of the play. In the traditional well made play, this would be followed by a unraveling and moral resolution of the dilemma set up in the first act and brought to head in the second. However, Ibsen deviates from this mold, turning the third act into a discussion. At the beginning of the second Act, before the climax, Nora is still trying to confront the fact that her world can be touched and shattered. Though she is shaken, she still believes that her family and her material comforts will protect her. However, she is worried enough about the matter that she has already begun to consider the idea of both running away and committing suicide though she admits that she does not have the courage for this last part . Luckily, the ball temporarily distracts her. This ball is extremely important for Nora because, through the costumes and dance, she is able to embrace the basic elements of the basis of her relationship with Torvald that she is still trying to preserve; she can sing and dance forPage 20 him as a lovely creature. Mrs. Linde refers to Nora's dress as her \"fine feathers\" reinforcing the general perception of Nora as a non-human entity, a creature free of cares. In fact, the dress itself serves as a potent symbol of Nora's \"character\". Like Nora, it is torn and in need of repair. However, as in real life, Nora feels she is incapable of fixing the problem herself, giving the dress to Mrs. Linde to mend. The idea of the dress serving as a symbol for Nora's everyday mask is reinforced when Nora reports that Torvald dislikes seeing dressmaking in action. In other words, Torvald enjoys the character that Nora adopts but has no desire to see its origins, the real Nora. Indeed, Nora tries to maintain her relationship with Torvald, unsuccessfully attempting to manipulate him on behalf of Krogstad through playing the part of his innocent and darling creature. One of the key turning points of the play comes when Torvald tells her that, come what may, he will take everything upon himself.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.2678921}
{"text": "In other words, Torvald enjoys the character that Nora adopts but has no desire to see its origins, the real Nora. Indeed, Nora tries to maintain her relationship with Torvald, unsuccessfully attempting to manipulate him on behalf of Krogstad through playing the part of his innocent and darling creature. One of the key turning points of the play comes when Torvald tells her that, come what may, he will take everything upon himself. Whereas before, Nora merely sought to find some way to avoid this disaster, now the idea that this episode may prove the strength of her marriage has been planted in her head. An important quotation to look at is Nora's remarks after she is left alone that \"He was capable of doing it. He will do it. He will do it in spite of everything. No, not that! Never, never! Anything rather than that! Oh, for some help, some way out of it!\". One way to read this is as a comment on Krogstad's actions that he will reveal her after all. Another way to read this statement is as a commentary on Torvald's decision to fire Krogstad and the problems it will cause. Still another way to read this is as concern that Torvald will take responsibility for her actions as he promised. After this realization, Nora begins to act a bit more daring than before, using her awareness of the possibility of Dr. Rank's affection to manipulate him. When things go too far for her, however, and he admits that he is in love with her, she can not continue, her manipulation ruined by the blatant statement of reality. After all, Dr. Ranks' revelation that he, like Torvald, would give his life to save Nora's ruins her belief that Torvald's position is somehow unique. Nora's hopes of averting disaster are dashed when she sees Krogstad drop the letter into Torvald's box. Perhaps already aware of the inherent problems of the relationship, she exclaims that all is lost for her and Torvald as Krogstad deposits the letter. Nora's fear, now that she knows that there is no turning back, is that the \"wonderful thing\" will happen: that Torvald will try to take this all upon himself and that, by knowing what she has done for him, they will become equal partners in the marriage. Nora both fears this and wishes for it. But, Nora is not ready to face this just yet.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.2334218}
{"text": "Nora's fear, now that she knows that there is no turning back, is that the \"wonderful thing\" will happen: that Torvald will try to take this all upon himself and that, by knowing what she has done for him, they will become equal partners in the marriage. Nora both fears this and wishes for it. But, Nora is not ready to face this just yet. She wants to act out her last chance to be a creature for Torvald, dancing the tarantella. It is only after this dancing that she consents to letting him free. Interestingly, her last statement that she only has thirty-one hours to live can be read two different ways. On the one hand, it can be interpreted as saying that she plans on committing suicide in order to free Torvald from having to take the responsibility on himself; she would die knowing that she had once again saved his life. On the other hand, it may be a comment only that her life as she knows it will be over and that, in thirty-one hours, she will have to embark upon a new, radically different life because her relationship with Torvald will be over. Act III: Summary: Act III opens with Mrs. Linde ostensibly trying to read in the living room the next night. As the sounds of dance music suggest, Torvald and Nora are upstairs at the ball. Mrs. Linde is waiting for Krogstad so that she can talk to him about Nora's predicament. When Krogstad arrives, he and Mrs. Linde turn almost immediately to a discussion of why Mrs. Linde jilted him for her now-deceased husband many years ago. Mrs. Linde explains that, though she questioned her decision many times, she had to pursue her former husband's money given the number of people that depended on her at the time for their livelihood. Page 21 Krogstad reveals that her departure left him a shipwrecked man clinging to wreckage. Mrs. Linde replies that, like him, she is now a shipwrecked woman clinging to wreckage and asks if it would not be smart if they should join forces. She tells him that he is the reason that she came to town and that, since he believes that he could be a better man with her and she wants a family to look after, they should be together. The music of the tarantella is heard above and Mrs. Linde urges Krogstad to be quick.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.2571404}
{"text": "She tells him that he is the reason that she came to town and that, since he believes that he could be a better man with her and she wants a family to look after, they should be together. The music of the tarantella is heard above and Mrs. Linde urges Krogstad to be quick. Krogstad grows suspicious, questioning Mrs. Linde as to whether she is saying all of this simply on behalf of Nora i.e., to get him to take the letter back ; she denies it and he offers to take the letter back. However, she urges him not to, admitting that this had been her original intention. She tells him that, since her first discovery of the problem the day before, she has witnessed enough in the house to convince her that Torvald must read the letter. Mrs. Linde observes that, in order for a complete understanding between Nora and Torvald which she believes to be key to a successful marriage , all secrets must be revealed. Krogstad leaves, promising Mrs. Linde that he will meet her in a few minutes. Mrs. Linde, hearing Nora and Torvald coming, prepares to leave, commenting on what a difference having people to care for makes in her life. Still in costume Nora as a Capri maiden and Torvald in evening wear and a domino , Torvald brings Nora into the room, almost by force. She is trying to get him to return to the ball for as long as possible. Torvald refuses, citing their earlier agreement. They greet Mrs. Linde, who explains that she had stayed up in order to see Nora in her dress. Torvald brags about how lovely Nora looks, describing his wife's successful evening. He tells Mrs. Linde that Nora danced the tarantella marvelously, if a bit too realistically for proper artistic appreciation, and that he tried to make her exit after such a success equally artistic by ushering her around the room for a last bow and then disappearing into the night; he complains that Nora did not appreciate his attempts. Torvald then goes off to light some candles and air out the house a bit, leaving Nora the chance to ask Mrs. Linde for news from Krogstad. Mrs. Linde tells Nora that Nora must tell Torvald everything. Nora is not shocked and simply thanks Mrs. Linde and tells her that she now knows what she must do.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.3096871}
{"text": "Linde tells Nora that Nora must tell Torvald everything. Nora is not shocked and simply thanks Mrs. Linde and tells her that she now knows what she must do. Torvald returns and gives a short speech on the merits of embroidery over knitting to Mrs. Linde who has forgotten her knitting. Mrs. Linde soon leaves, and Torvald exclaims that he is happy that she is finally gone, calling her a bore. Nora then asks Torvald if he is tired, telling him that she is quite sleepy. Torvald replies that he is in fact, quite awake; moreover, he has been waiting to be alone with his wife all evening. He calls her beautiful and fascinating, telling her that she is his treasure all his. Nora tells him that he must speak that way to her tonight, but he only finds this more alluring, observing that she must still have the tarantella in her blood. He then launches into an explanation of why he pretends not to know her at parties: he is fantasizing about meeting and seducing her for the first time; in fact, while they are leaving, he pretends that she is his new bride about to be his for the first time. Nora tries to push him off much to Torvald's confusion and displeasure. They are interrupted, however, by Dr. Rank who Torvald earlier claimed had been in quite high spirits all night. Annoyed but pretending to be delighted, Torvald welcomes the Doctor into the room. The three talk about the ball and all its finery. Unknown to Torvald, Dr. Rank reveals to Nora through his conversation that he has made his final diagnosis today and that he will soon die. Dr. Rank elaborates on how much he has enjoyed himself this evening, telling them how much he has indulged in the wine and sights; he also asks Torvald for a cigar, further indulging himself. Dr. Rank eventually leaves, with Nora wishing him a good sleep. Torvald, still unaware, comments on what he believes to be Dr. Rank's drunkenness and begins to head out to empty the mailbox so that the morning paper will be able to fit. Nora unsuccessfully tries to stop him. At the mailbox, Torvald is surprised to find that someone has tried to pick the lock with one of Nora's hairpins.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.3208256}
{"text": "Rank's drunkenness and begins to head out to empty the mailbox so that the morning paper will be able to fit. Nora unsuccessfully tries to stop him. At the mailbox, Torvald is surprised to find that someone has tried to pick the lock with one of Nora's hairpins. Nora tells him that it must have been one of the children and Torvald tells her to keep them away from the box. Page 22 Torvald is surprised to find two letters from Dr. Rank, one of which has a black cross through his name. Torvald comments on the morbidity of such a mark and Nora confirms that it is their friend's way of announcing his death. Torvald briefly muses on the sadness of losing their friend but concludes that it is probably better for both Dr. Rank and for he and Nora, for now he and his wife are quite alone. Torvald embraces Nora, telling her how much he cares for her. In fact, he says, he wishes that he could somehow save her from some great danger so that he could risk everything for her sake. Nora disengages herself from his embrace and tells him in a resolved tone that he must now read his letters. Torvald replies that he would much rather be with her, but Nora questions whether this would be appropriate given Dr. Rank's news. Torvald assents that something ugly has come between them because of the news and that it would be best to spend the night apart. Nora hangs on his neck and tells him good night and Torvald goes off to read his letters in another room. Alone, Nora prepares to rush off to commit suicide by jumping into the icy depths of the river, throwing on Torvald's domino and her shawl. As she bids adieu to her family and rushes out the door, Torvald hurries out of his room and stops her, letter in hand. Torvald asks her if she knows what is in the letter but Nora still tries to leave, telling him that he \"shan't save\" her. Torvald stops her, locking the door, and continues to wonder out loud how this could be true, dismissing her pleas that all was done out of love and protests that he will not suffer at her hands.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.337776}
{"text": "As she bids adieu to her family and rushes out the door, Torvald hurries out of his room and stops her, letter in hand. Torvald asks her if she knows what is in the letter but Nora still tries to leave, telling him that he \"shan't save\" her. Torvald stops her, locking the door, and continues to wonder out loud how this could be true, dismissing her pleas that all was done out of love and protests that he will not suffer at her hands. When Nora realizes, however, that Torvald has no intention of taking the burden the problem upon himself and only blames Nora for ruining his life claiming that he should have probably seen this coming given the character of her father , she grows still. Torvald only continues to berate her and her character, going on about how horrible it is that the actions of a thoughtless woman could ruin his life, prompting Nora to only grow colder. Not allowing Nora to speak, Torvald begins to speculate about their future, saying that they will keep up appearances but, of course, Nora will not be allowed near the children nor will their marriage be maintained. He is interrupted by the maid, who is bearing a note from Krogstad to Nora. Torvald intercepts the letter and reads it himself, learning that Krogstad has had a change of heart and has sent back the bond. Torvald, overjoyed, shouts, \"I am saved,\" prompting Nora to ask whether she is as well. Having a change of heart, Torvald replies that she is also saved. Overcome with relief, he comments on how hard this all must have been for Nora and tells her that he has forgiven her; he tells her that he will think of it only as a bad dream and that, in his mind, it is all over. Realizing perhaps that Nora is not having the same reaction, Torvald explains to her that he knows that she did this all out of love and that he can forgive her because he also knows that, as a woman, she is unequipped to make the proper decisions. In fact, he tells her that her helplessness and full dependency on him make her all the more endearing to him. Nora thanks him for his forgiveness and leaves the room to take off her ball dress.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.3600934}
{"text": "Realizing perhaps that Nora is not having the same reaction, Torvald explains to her that he knows that she did this all out of love and that he can forgive her because he also knows that, as a woman, she is unequipped to make the proper decisions. In fact, he tells her that her helplessness and full dependency on him make her all the more endearing to him. Nora thanks him for his forgiveness and leaves the room to take off her ball dress. As she is removing her dress, Torvald stands in the doorway and muses about the comfort of their home and how much he wants to and will protect her, assuring her that everything will soon be as it was before. He tells her that the helplessness of a wife makes the wife even more attractive to a husband because she becomes both a wife and child, doubly his own. And, he continues, when a husband forgives a wife, he gives her new life and becomes even closer to her. As he is promising to be her will and conscience, he notices that she has changed not into bed clothing but into everyday clothing. Torvald is confused. Nora explains to him that she shall not sleep tonight and asks him to sit down with her at the table for a serious \"settling of accounts\". Alarmed, Torvald tells her that he does not understand her. Nora agrees, telling him that he has never understood her and that, before tonight, she has never understood him. Torvald asks what she means. Rather than replying directly, Nora points out the fact that, in their eight years of marriage, they have never before sat down to have a serious discussion. Torvald protests that such conversations would not have made sense, given Nora's interests. Nora tells him that she has been greatly wrong by both her father and her husband. Shocked, Torvald asksPage 23 how this could be possible given that they are the men who have loved her the most. Shaking her head, Nora corrects him, telling him that he has never loved her but has only thought it pleasant to be in love with her. She explains to him that, just as her father did, Torvald has treated her as a doll to be played with, arranging everything to suit himself and forcing her to live only to entertain him. As a result, she has not made anything of her life or even ever been truly happy.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.3832884}
{"text": "Shaking her head, Nora corrects him, telling him that he has never loved her but has only thought it pleasant to be in love with her. She explains to him that, just as her father did, Torvald has treated her as a doll to be played with, arranging everything to suit himself and forcing her to live only to entertain him. As a result, she has not made anything of her life or even ever been truly happy. Torvald agrees to this analysis, though he qualifies it as exaggerated and strained, and tells her that, from now on, he will stop playing with her and start educating her. Nora refuses, observing that he is not the man to educate her; after all, only a few minutes before, he had told her that she was unfit to raise her children. Nora tells him that she agrees with him about her inability; she acknowledges that she first needs to educate herself before she tries to educate the children and tells him that this is why she is going to leave him. Torvald, shocked, jumps out of his chair, calling her mad and trying to prevent her from leaving. She calmly rebuffs his attempts to forbid her, telling him that she will go to her old home tomorrow. Torvald accuses her of neglecting her \"most sacred duties\" as wife and mother, refusing to acknowledge Nora's opinion that her duty to herself as a reasonable human being is just as sacred, if not more so. Torvald, at a loss, first appeals to her sense of religion and then morality, both of which Nora shoots down by explaining that she has never had a chance to examine and embrace these things on her own and, as a result, does not know if she agrees with them. Torvald, unable to sway her, tells her that all that he can conclude is that she does not love him. Nora, apologetic, agrees with him, telling him that he lost her love earlier tonight and that, because of this, she cannot stay in the house. She tells him that her love was lost because the wonderful thing did not happen: he did not refuse Krogstad's conditions and try to take all the blame upon himself which Nora says she would have refused anyway . Torvald replies that, though he would gladly work day and night for her, he would never assent to jeopardizing his honor for a loved one. Nora simply replies that many wives have done just that.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.4074352}
{"text": "The act is also the deciding point of Nora's life: will the \"wonderful thing\" happen or not? It begins with a foil for Nora and Torvald's marriage. In fact, Mrs. Linde and Krogstad's decision to be together can be seen as ironic in the context of Nora and Torvald's marriage because, though Mrs. Linde and Krogstad both suffer from significant personal and moral problems, they have a better chance of a happy and true marriage than Nora and Torvald. Mrs. Linde advocates revealing all to Torvald because, as her union with Krogstad suggests, she believes that it is possible to build a relationship of mutual dependence ofPage 24 unformed characters as long as both parties are fully aware of each other's motives. Mrs. Linde hopes that, through this union, both she and Krogstad can become the better people they know that they can be. The extent of Torvald's investment in a fantasy world and the importance of Nora's false characterization is revealed when he describes how, at parties, he pretends not to know her so that he may seduce her all over again. And, perhaps more importantly, Nora is quite candid about her understanding of all this, telling him flatly that she knows. It is important to notice that Nora's time at the party has been the first time that she has left the confines of the one room in the entire play. Moreover, she has to be dragged back in. This suggests that it is Torvald's own desires to have Nora entertain him that necessarily forces Nora to journey into the real world. Also, it is interesting to note that she also temporarily leaves the room to exchange her party dress for everyday clothing, her first lone foray from the room. This new trend is the beginning of her final departure from the room a departure that ends the play, shattering the values that had supported the walls of the house. But, when she leaves for the final time, she is leaving for reasons other than what she had intended at the beginning of the Act. Before Torvald confronts her with the letter, she is on her way to commit suicide, determined that Torvald should not have to sacrifice his life for hers. She considers this the appropriate thing to do because she believes that he would willingly give his life for hers as well. In this way, they have an equal relationship.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.437889}
{"text": "Before Torvald confronts her with the letter, she is on her way to commit suicide, determined that Torvald should not have to sacrifice his life for hers. She considers this the appropriate thing to do because she believes that he would willingly give his life for hers as well. In this way, they have an equal relationship. However, she is extremely disappointed to discover that he clearly has no intention of sacrificing himself for her. Instead of refusing to abide by Krogstad's demands and taking the blame on himself, Torvald accuses Nora of ruining his life, telling her that she will no longer be able to see her children or maintain their marriage except in public appearances. Nora even asks him whether he would give his life for her and her fears are confirmed when he answers that he would never sacrifice his honor for a loved one. Consequently, Nora resolves to leave Torvald, aware that true wedlock is impossible between them because neither of them loves the other, or is even capable of doing so. Nora realizes that, before she can be a wife, she must first discover herself through venturing out into the world. She leaves an unformed soul, determined to become a full person rather than the doll of the male figures in her life.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN-1.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.475369}
{"text": "He also fathered an illegitimate son by the servant of the apothecary. Despite his unhappy lot, Grimstad is where Ibsen began to write in earnest. Inspired by the revolution of 1848 that was being felt throughout Europe, Ibsen wrote satire and elegant poetry. At the age of twenty-one, Ibsen left Grimstad for the capitol. While in Christiania now Oslo , Ibsen passed his exams but opted not to pursue his education, instead turning to playwriting and journalism. It was here that he penned his first play, Cataline. Ibsen also spent time analyzing and criticizing modern Norwegian literature. Still poor, Ibsen gladly accepted a contract to write for and help manage the newly constituted National Theater in Bergen in 1851. Untrained and largely uneducated, Ibsen learned much from his time at the theater, producing such works as St. John s Night. The majority of his writings of this period were basedPage 2 on folksongs, folklore, and history. In 1858, Ibsen moved back to Christiania to become the creative director of the city s Norwegian Theater. That same year, Ibsen married Suzannah Thoresen, with whom he fathered a child named Sigurd Ibsen. Though his plays suggest otherwise, Ibsen revered the state of marriage, believing that it was possible for two people to travel through life as perfect, happy equals. During this period, Ibsen also developed a daily routine from which he would not deviate until his first stroke in 1901: he would rise, consume a small breakfast, take a long walk, write for five hours, eat dinner, and finish the night off with entertainment or in bed. Despite this routine, Ibsen found his life in Bergen difficult. Luckily, in 1864, his friends generously offered him money that they had collected, allowing him to move to Italy. He was to spend the next twenty-seven years living in Italy and Germany. During this time abroad, he authored a number of successful works, including Brand 1866 and Peer Gynt 1867 . Ibsen moved to Dresden in 1868 and then Munich in 1875. It was in Munich, in 1879 that Ibsen wrote his groundbreaking play, A Doll s House.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.4663208}
{"text": "During this time abroad, he authored a number of successful works, including Brand 1866 and Peer Gynt 1867 . Ibsen moved to Dresden in 1868 and then Munich in 1875. It was in Munich, in 1879 that Ibsen wrote his groundbreaking play, A Doll s House. He pursued his interest in realistic drama for the next decade, earning international acclaim; many of his works were published in translation and performed throughout Europe. Ibsen eventually turned to a new style of writing, abandoning his interest in realism for a series of so-called symbolic dramas. He completed his last work in exile, Hedda Gabbler, in 1890. After being away from Norway for twenty-seven years, Ibsen and Suzannah returned in 1891. Shortly afterwards, he finished writing The Master Builder and then took a short break. In late 1893, in need of moist air to help cure her recurring gout, Suzannah left for southern Italy. While his wife was away, Ibsen found a companion in a young female pianist, Hildur Andersen, with whom he spent a great deal of time and corresponded with even after Suzannah s return. Ibsen s relationship with Andersen was characteristic of his larger interest in the younger generation; he was famous for seeking out their ideas and encouraging their writing. After suffering a series of strokes, Ibsen died in 1906 at the age of seventy-eight after having been unable to write for the last few years of his life. About A Doll's House: Ibsen's A Doll's House 1879 , written while Ibsen was in Rome and Amalfi, was born in a time of revolution in Europe. Charged with the fever of the 1848 revolution, a new modern perspective was beginning to emerge in the literary and dramatic world, challenging the romantic tradition; it is Ibsen whoPage 3 can be credited for mastering and popularizing the realist drama derived from this new perspective. His plays were both read and performed throughout Europe in numerous translations like no other dramatist before. A Doll's House was published and premiered in Copenhagen. His success was particularly important for Norway and the Norwiegian language. Freed from four centuries of Danish rule in 1814, Norway was just beginning to shake off the legacy of Danish domination.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.495607}
{"text": "A Doll's House was published and premiered in Copenhagen. His success was particularly important for Norway and the Norwiegian language. Freed from four centuries of Danish rule in 1814, Norway was just beginning to shake off the legacy of Danish domination. A Doll's House was written in a form of Norweigan that still bore heavy traces of Danish. Ibsen deliberately chose a colloquial language style to emphasize the theme of realism. Ibsen quickly became Norway's most popular dramatic figure. But, it is the universality of Ibsen's writings and particularly A Doll's House that have made this play a classic. A Doll's House was the second in a series of realist plays by Ibsen. The first, The Pillars of Society, penned in 1877, caused a stir throughout Europe, quickly spreading to the avant guarde theaters of the island and continent. In adopting the realist form, Ibsen abandoned his earlier style of saga plays, historical epics, and verse allegories. Ibsen's letters reveal that much of what is contained in his realist dramas is based on events from his own life. Indeed, he was particularly interested in the possibility of true wedlock and in women in general, later writing a series of psychological studies on women. One of the most striking and oft-noted characteristics of A Doll's House is the way in which it challenged the technical tradition of the so-called well made play in which the first act offered an exposition, the second a situation, and the third an unravelling. This had been the standard form from the earliest fables up until A Doll's House. Ibsen's play was noteable for exchanging the last act's unravelling for a discussion. Critics agree that, up until the last moments of the play, A Doll's House could easily be just another modern drama broadcasting another comfortable moral lesson. However, when Nora tells Torvald that they must sit down and \"discuss all this that has been happening between us\", the play diverges from the traditional form. With this new technical feature, A Doll's House became an international sensation and founded a new school of dramatic art. Additionally, A Doll's House subverted another dramatic traditions, this one related to character. Namely, Ibsen's realist drama disregarded the tradition of the older male moral figure. Dr.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.5219932}
{"text": "Additionally, A Doll's House subverted another dramatic traditions, this one related to character. Namely, Ibsen's realist drama disregarded the tradition of the older male moral figure. Dr. Rank, the character who should serve this role, is far from a moral force; instead, he is sickly--rotting from a disease picked up from his father's earlier sexual exploits--and lascivious, openly coveting Nora. The choice to portray both Dr. Rank and the potentially matronly Mrs. Linde as imperfect, real people was a novel approach at the time. The real nature of Ibsen's characters were and remain a challenge for actors. Many actresses find it difficult to portray both a silly, immature Nora in the first act or so and the serious, open-minded Nora of the end of the last act. Similarly, actors are challenged to portray the full depth of Torvald's character. Many are tempted to play him as an slimy, patronizing brute, disregarding the character's range and genuininess of emotion and conviction. A more obvious importance of A Doll's House is the feminist message that rocked the stages of Europe when the play was premiered. Nora's rejection of marriage and motherhood scandalized contemporary audiences. In fact, the first German productions of the play in the 1880s had an altered ending at the request of the producers. Ibsen referred to this version as a \"barbaric outrage\" to be used only in emergencies. In large part, Ibsen was reacting to the uncertain tempo of the time; Europe was being reshaped with revolutions. The revolutionary spirit and the emergence of modernism influenced Ibsen's choice to focus on an unlikely hero a housewife in his attack on middle-class values. Quickly becoming the talk ofPage 4 parlors across Europe, the play succeeded in its attempt to provoke discussion. In fact, it is the numerous ways that the play can be read and read it was the printed version of A Doll's House sold out even before it hit the stage that make the play so interesting. Each new generation has had a different way of interpreting the book, from feminist critique to Hegelian allegory of the spirit's historical evolution. The text is simply that rich.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.5658624}
{"text": "In fact, it is the numerous ways that the play can be read and read it was the printed version of A Doll's House sold out even before it hit the stage that make the play so interesting. Each new generation has had a different way of interpreting the book, from feminist critique to Hegelian allegory of the spirit's historical evolution. The text is simply that rich. A DOLL'S HOUSE INTRODUCTION by William Archer ON June 27, 1879, Ibsen wrote from Rome to Marcus Gronvold: \"It is now rather hot in Rome, so in about a week we are going to Amalfi, which, being close to the sea, is cooler, and offers opportunity for bathing. I intend to complete there a new dramatic work on which I am now engaged.\". From Amalfi, on September 20, he wrote to John Paulsen: \"A new dramatic work, which I have just completed, has occupied so much of my time during these last months that I have had absolutely none to spare for answering letters.\". This \"new dramatic work\" was Et Dukkehjem, which was published in Copenhagen, December 4, 1879. Dr. George Brandes has given some account of the episode in real life which suggested to Ibsen the plot of this play; but the real Nora, it appears, committed forgery, not to save her husband's life, but to redecorate her house. The impulse received from this incident must have been trifling. It is much more to the purpose to remember that the character and situation of Nora had been clearly foreshadowed, ten years earlier, in the figure of Selma in The League of Youth. Of A Doll's House we find in the Literary Remains a first brief memorandum, a fairly detailed scenario, a complete draft, in quite actable form, and a few detached fragments of dialogue. These documents put out of court a theory of my own that Ibsen originally intended to give the play a \"happy ending,\" and that the relation between Krogstad and Mrs. Linden was devised for that purpose. Page 5 Stated in the Fortnightly Review, July 1906, and repeated in the first edition of this Introduction. Here is the first memorandum:- NOTES FOR THE TRAGEDY OF TO-DAY ROME, 19 10 78.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.5780296}
{"text": "Linden was devised for that purpose. Page 5 Stated in the Fortnightly Review, July 1906, and repeated in the first edition of this Introduction. Here is the first memorandum:- NOTES FOR THE TRAGEDY OF TO-DAY ROME, 19 10 78. There are two kinds of spiritual laws, two kinds of conscience, one in men and a quite different one in women. They do not understand each other; but the woman is judged in practical life according to the man's law, as if she were not a woman but a man. The wife in the play finds herself at last entirely at sea as to what is right and what wrong; natural feeling on the one side, and belief in authority on the other, leave her in utter bewilderment. A woman cannot be herself in the society of to-day, which is exclusively a masculine society, with laws written by men, and with accusers and judges who judge feminine conduct from the masculine standpoint. She has committed forgery, and it is her pride; for she did it for love of her husband, and to save his life. But this husband, full of everyday rectitude, stands on the basis of the law and regards the matter with a masculine eye. Soul-struggles. Oppressed and bewildered by belief in authority, she loses her faith in her own moral right and ability to bring up her children. Bitterness. A mother in the society of to-day, like certain insects, ought to go away and die when she has done her duty towards the continuance of the species. Love of life, of home, of husband and children and kin. Now and then a womanlike shaking off of cares. Then a sudden return of apprehension and dread. She must bear it all alone. The catastrophe approaches, inexorably, inevitably. Despair, struggle, and disaster. The definite article does not, I think, imply that Ibsen ever intended this to be the title of the play, but merely that the notes refer to \"the\" tragedy of contemporary life which he has had for sometime in his mind. In reading Ibsen's statement of the conflict he meant to portray between the male and female conscience, one cannot but feel that he somewhat shirked the issue in making Nora's crime a formal rather than a real one.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.5888977}
{"text": "Despair, struggle, and disaster. The definite article does not, I think, imply that Ibsen ever intended this to be the title of the play, but merely that the notes refer to \"the\" tragedy of contemporary life which he has had for sometime in his mind. In reading Ibsen's statement of the conflict he meant to portray between the male and female conscience, one cannot but feel that he somewhat shirked the issue in making Nora's crime a formal rather than a real one. She had no intention of defrauding Krogstad; and though it is an interesting point of casuistry to determine whether, under the stated circumstances, she had a moral right to sign her father's name, opinion on the point would scarcely be divided along the line of sex. One feels that, in order to illustrate the \"two kinds of conscience,\" Ibsen ought to have made his play turn upon some point of conduct if such there be which would sharply divide masculine from feminine sympathies. The fact that such a point would be extremely hard to find seems to cast doubt on the ultimate validity of the thesis. If, for instance, Nora had deliberately stolen the money from Krogstad, with no intention of repaying it, that would certainly have revealed a great gulf between her morality and Helmer's; but would any considerable number of her sex have sympathised with her? I am not denying a marked difference between the average man and the average woman in the development of such characteristics as the sense of justice; but I doubt whether, when women have their full share in legislation, the laws relating to forgery will be seriously altered. A parallel-text edition of the provisional and the final forms of A Doll's House would be intensely interesting. For the present, I can note only a few of the most salient differences between the two versions. Helmer is at first called \"Stenborg\"; it is not till the scene with Krogstad in the second act that the name Helmer makes its first appearance. Ibsen was constantly changing his characters' names in the course of composition- trying them on, as it were, until he found one that was a perfect fit. Page 6 This name seems to have haunted Ibsen. It was also the original name of Stensgard in The League of Youth. The first scene, down to the entrance of Mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.6123846}
{"text": "Page 6 This name seems to have haunted Ibsen. It was also the original name of Stensgard in The League of Youth. The first scene, down to the entrance of Mrs. Linden, though it contains all that is necessary for the mere development of the plot, runs to only twenty-three speeches, as compared with eighty-one in the completed text. The business of the macaroons is not even indicated; there is none of the charming talk about the Christmas-tree and the children's presents; no request on Nora's part that her present may take the form of money, no indication on Helmer's part that he regards her supposed extravagance as an inheritance from her father. Helmer knows that she toils at copying far into the night in order to earn a few crowns, though of course he has no suspicion as to how she employs the money. Ibsen evidently felt it inconsistent with his character that he should permit this, so in the completed version we learn that Nora, in order to do her copying, locked herself in under the pretext of making decorations for the Christmas-tree, and, when no result appeared, declared that the cat had destroyed her handiwork. The first version, in short, is like a stained glass window seen from without, the second like the same window seen from within. The long scene between Nora and Mrs. Linden is more fully worked out, though many small touches of character are lacking, such as Nora's remark that some day \"when Torvald is not so much in love with me as he is now,\" she may tell him the great secret of how she saved his life. It is notable throughout that neither Helmer's aestheticism nor the sensual element in his relation to Nora is nearly so much emphasised as in the completed play; while Nora's tendency to small fibbing- that vice of the unfree- is almost an afterthought. In the first appearance of Krogstad, and the indication of his old acquaintance with Mrs. Linden, many small adjustments have been made, all strikingly for the better. The first scene with Dr. Rank,- originally called Dr. Hank- has been almost entirely rewritten. There is in the draft no indication of the doctor's ill-health or of his pessimism; it seems as though he had at first been designed as a mere confidant or raisonneur. This is how he talks:- HANK. Hallo! What's this? A new carpet? I congratulate you!", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.6523235}
{"text": "What's this? A new carpet? I congratulate you! Now take, for example, a handsome carpet like this; is it a luxury? I say it isn't. Such a carpet is a paying investment; with it underfoot, one has higher, subtler thoughts, and finer feelings, than when one moves over cold, creaking planks in a comfortless room. Especially where there are children in the house. The race ennobles itself in a beautiful environment. NORA. Oh, how often I have felt the same, but could never express it. HANK. No, I dare say not. It is an observation in spiritual statistics- a science as yet very little cultivated. As to Krogstad, the doctor remarks:- If Krogstad's home had been, so to speak, on the sunny side of life, with all the spiritual windows opening towards the light,... I dare say he might have been a decent enough fellow, like the rest of us. MRS. LINDEN. You mean that he is not....? HANK. He cannot be. His marriage was not of the kind to make it possible. An unhappy marriage, Mrs. Linden, is like small-pox: it scars the soul. NORA. And what does a happy marriage do? HANK. It is like a \"cure\" at the baths; it expels all peccantPage 7 humours, and makes all that is good and fine in a man grow and flourish. It is notable that we find in this scene nothing of Nora's glee on learning that Krogstad is now dependent on her husband; that fine touch of dramatic irony was an afterthought. After Helmer's entrance, the talk is very different in the original version. He remarks upon the painful interview he has just had with Krogstad, whom he is forced to dismiss from the bank; Nora, in a mild way, pleads for him; and the doctor, in the name of the survival of the fittest,1 denounces humanitarian sentimentality, and then goes off to do his best to save a patient who, he confesses, would be much better dead. This discussion of the Krogstad question before Nora has learnt how vital it is to her, manifestly discounts the effect of the scenes which are to follow: and Ibsen, on revision, did away with it entirely.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.6647923}
{"text": "Of the famous silk-stocking scene- that invaluable sidelight on Nora's relation with Helmer there is not a trace. There is no hint of Nora's appeal to Rank for help, nipped in the bud by his declaration of love for her. All these elements we find in a second draft of the scene which has been preserved. In this second draft, Rank says, \"Helmer himself might quite well know every thought I have ever had of you; he shall know when I am gone.\". It might have been better, so far as England 1 It is noteworthy that Darwin's two great books were translated into Danish very shortly before Ibsen began to work at A Doll's House. Page 8 is concerned, if Ibsen had retained this speech; it might have prevented much critical misunderstanding of a perfectly harmless and really beautiful episode. Between the scene with Rank and the scene with Krogstad there intervenes, in the draft, a discussion between Nora and Mrs. Linden, containing this curious passage:- NORA. When an unhappy wife is separated from her husband she is not allowed to keep her children? Is that really so? MRS. LINDEN. Yes, I think so. That's to say, if she is guilty. NORA. Oh, guilty, guilty; what does it mean to be guilty? Has a wife no right to love her husband? MRS. LINDEN. Yes, precisely, her husband- and him only. NORA. Why, of course; who was thinking of anything else? But that law is unjust, Kristina. You can see clearly that it is the men that have made it. MRS. LINDEN. Aha- so you have begun to take up the woman question? NORA. No, I don't care a bit about it. The scene with Krogstad is essentially the same as in the final form, though sharpened, so to speak, at many points. The question of suicide was originally discussed in a somewhat melodramatic tone:- NORA. I have been thinking of nothing else all these days. KROGSTAD. Perhaps. But how to do it? Poison? Not so easy to get hold of. Shooting? It needs some skill, Mrs. Helmer. Hanging? Bah- there's something ugly in that.... NORA. Do you hear that rushing sound? KROGSTAD. The river? Yes, of course you have thought of that.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.6994224}
{"text": "KROGSTAD. The river? Yes, of course you have thought of that. But you haven't pictured the thing to yourself. And he proceeds to do so for her. After he has gone, leaving the letter in the box, Helmer and Rank enter, and Nora implores Helmer to do no work till New Year's Day the next day is over. He agrees, but says, \"I will just see if any letters have come \"; whereupon she rushes to the piano and strikes a few chords. He stops to listen, and she sits down and plays and sings Anitra's song from Peer Gynt. When Mrs. Linden presently enters, Nora makes her take her place at the piano, drapes a shawl around her, and dances Anitra's dance. It must be owned that Ibsen has immensely improved this very strained and arbitrary incident by devising the fancy dress ball and the necessity of rehearsing the tarantella for it; but at the best it remains a piece of theatricalism. As a study in technique, the re-handling of the last act is immensely interesting. At the beginning, in the earlier form, Nora rushes down from the children's party overhead, and takes a significant farewell of Mrs. Linden, whom she finds awaiting her. Helmer almost forces her to return to the party; and thus the stage is cleared for the scene between Mrs. Linden and Krogstad, which, in the final version, opens the act. Then Nora enters with the two elder children, whom she sends to bed. Helmer immediately follows, and on his heels Dr. Rank, who announces in plain terms that his disease has entered on its last stage, that he is going home to die, and that he will not have Helmer or any one else hanging around his sickroom. In the final version, he says all this to Nora alone in the second act; while in the last act, coming in upon Helmer flushed with wine, and Nora pale and trembling in her masquerade dress, he has a parting scene with them, the significance of which she alone understands. In the earlier version, Rank has several long and heavy speeches in place of the light, swift dialogue of the final form, with its different significance for Helmer and for Nora. There is no trace of the wonderful passage which precedes Rank's exit.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.6941342}
{"text": "In the final version, he says all this to Nora alone in the second act; while in the last act, coming in upon Helmer flushed with wine, and Nora pale and trembling in her masquerade dress, he has a parting scene with them, the significance of which she alone understands. In the earlier version, Rank has several long and heavy speeches in place of the light, swift dialogue of the final form, with its different significance for Helmer and for Nora. There is no trace of the wonderful passage which precedes Rank's exit. To compare the draft with the finished scene is to see a perfect instance of the transmutation of dramatic prose into dramatic poetry. Page 9 There is in the draft no indication of Helmer's being warmed with wine, or of the excitement of the senses which gives the final touch of tragedy to Nora's despair. The process of the action is practically the same in both versions; but everywhere in the final form a sharper edge is given to things. One little touch is very significant. In the draft, when Helmer has read the letter with which Krogstad returns the forged bill, he cries, \"You are saved, Nora, you are saved!\". In the revision, Ibsen cruelly altered this into, \"I am saved, Nora, I am saved!\". In the final scene, where Nora is telling Helmer how she expected him, when the revelation came, to take all the guilt upon himself, we look in vain, in the first draft, for this passage:- HELMER. I would gladly work for you night and day, Nora- bear sorrow and want for your sake. But no man sacrifices his honour, even for one he loves. NORA. Millions of women have done so. This, then, was an afterthought: was there ever a more brilliant one? It is with A Doll's House that Ibsen enters upon his kingdom as a world-poet. He had done greater work in the past, and he was to do greater work in the future; but this was the play which was destined to carry his name beyond the limits of Scandinavia, and even of Germany, to the remotest regions of civilisation. Here the Fates were not altogether kind to him.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.7312233}
{"text": "It is with A Doll's House that Ibsen enters upon his kingdom as a world-poet. He had done greater work in the past, and he was to do greater work in the future; but this was the play which was destined to carry his name beyond the limits of Scandinavia, and even of Germany, to the remotest regions of civilisation. Here the Fates were not altogether kind to him. The fact that for many years he was known to thousands of people solely as the author of A Doll's House and its successor, Ghosts, was largely responsible for the extravagant misconceptions of his genius and character which prevailed during the last decade of the nineteenth century, and are not yet entirely extinct. In these plays he seemed to be delivering a direct assault on marriage, from the standpoint of feminine individualism; wherefore he was taken to be a preacher and pamphleteer rather than a poet. In these plays, and in these only, he made physical disease a considerable factor in the action; whence it was concluded that he had a morbid predilection for \"nauseous\" subjects. In these plays he laid special and perhaps disproportionate stress on the influence of heredity; whence he was believed to be possessed by a monomania on the point. In these plays, finally, he was trying to act the essentially uncongenial part of the prosaic realist. The effort broke down at many points, and the poet reasserted himself; but these flaws in the prosaic texture were regarded as mere bewildering errors and eccentricities. In short, he was introduced to the world at large through two plays which showed his power, indeed, almost in perfection, but left the higher and subtler qualities of his genius for the most part unrepresented. Hence the grotesquely distorted vision of him which for so long haunted the minds even of intelligent people. Hence, for example, the amazing opinion, given forth as a truism by more than one critic of great ability, that the author of Peer Gynt was devoid of humour. Within a little more than a fortnight of its publication, A Doll's House was presented at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen, where Fru Hennings, as Nora, made the great success of her career. The play was soon being acted, as well as read, all over Scandinavia.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.7575212}
{"text": "Hence, for example, the amazing opinion, given forth as a truism by more than one critic of great ability, that the author of Peer Gynt was devoid of humour. Within a little more than a fortnight of its publication, A Doll's House was presented at the Royal Theatre, Copenhagen, where Fru Hennings, as Nora, made the great success of her career. The play was soon being acted, as well as read, all over Scandinavia. Nora's startling \"declaration of independence\" afforded such an inexhaustible theme for heated discussion, that at last it had to be formally barred at social gatherings, just as, in Paris twenty years later, the Dreyfus Case was proclaimed a prohibited topic. The popularity of Pillars of Society in Germany had paved the way for its successor, which spread far and wide over the German stage in the spring of 1880, and has ever since held its place in the repertory of the leading theatres. As his works were at that time wholly unprotected in Germany, Ibsen could not prevent managers from altering the end of the play to suit their taste and fancy. He was thus driven, under protest, to write an alternative ending, in which, at the last moment, the thought of her children restrained Nora from leaving home. He preferred, as he said, \"to commit the outrage himself, rather than leave his work to the tender mercies of adaptors.\". The patched-up ending soon dropped out of use and out of memory. Ibsen's own account of the matter will be found in his Correspondence, Letter 142. It took ten years for the play to pass beyond the limits of Scandinavia and Germany. Madame Modjeska, it is true, presented a version of it in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1883, but it attracted no attention. In the following year Messrs. Henry Arthur Jones and Henry Herman produced at the PrincePage 10 of Wales's Theatre, London, a play entitled Breaking a Butterfly, which was described as being \"founded on Ibsen's Norah,\" but bore only a remote resemblance to the original. In this production Mr. Beerbohm Tree took the part of Dunkley, a melodramatic villain who filled the place of Krogstad. In 1885, again, an adventurous amateur club gave a quaint performance of Miss Lord's translation of the play at a hall in Argyle Street, London.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.776538}
{"text": "In this production Mr. Beerbohm Tree took the part of Dunkley, a melodramatic villain who filled the place of Krogstad. In 1885, again, an adventurous amateur club gave a quaint performance of Miss Lord's translation of the play at a hall in Argyle Street, London. Not until June 7, 1889, was A Doll's House competently, and even brilliantly, presented to the English public, by Mr. Charles Charrington and Miss Janet Achurch, at the Novelty Theatre, London, afterwards re-named the Kingsway Theatre. It was this production that really made Ibsen known to the English-speaking peoples. In other words, it marked his second great stride towards world-wide, as distinct from merely national, renown- if we reckon as the first stride the success of Pillars of Society in Germany. Mr. and Mrs. Charrington took A Doll's House with them on a long Australian tour; Miss Beatrice Cameron Mrs. Richard Mansfield was encouraged by the success of the London production to present the play in New York, whence it soon spread to other American cities; while in London itself it was frequently revived and vehemently discussed. The Ibsen controversy, indeed, did not break out in its full virulence until 1891, when Ghosts and Hedda Gabler were produced in London; but from the date of the Novelty production onwards, Ibsen was generally recognised as a potent factor in the intellectual and artistic life of the day. A French adaptation of Et Dukkehjem was produced in Brussels in March 1889, but attracted little attention. Not until 1894 was the play introduced to the Parisian public, at the Gymnase, with Madame Rejane as Nora. This actress has since played the part frequently, not only in Paris but in London and in America. In Italian the play was first produced in 1889, and soon passed into the repertory of Eleonora Duse, who appeared as Nora in London in 1893. Few heroines in modern drama have been played by so many actresses of the first rank. To those already enumerated must be added Hedwig Niemann-Raabe and Agnes Sorma in Germany, and Minnie Maddern-Fiske and Alla Nazimova in America; and, even so, the list is far from complete.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.820426}
{"text": "In Italian the play was first produced in 1889, and soon passed into the repertory of Eleonora Duse, who appeared as Nora in London in 1893. Few heroines in modern drama have been played by so many actresses of the first rank. To those already enumerated must be added Hedwig Niemann-Raabe and Agnes Sorma in Germany, and Minnie Maddern-Fiske and Alla Nazimova in America; and, even so, the list is far from complete. There is probably no country in the world, possessing a theatre on the European model, in which A Doll's House has not been more or less frequently acted. Undoubtedly the great attraction of the part of Nora to the average actress was the tarantella scene. This was a theatrical effect, of an obvious, unmistakable kind. It might have been- though I am not aware that it ever actually was- made the subject of a picture-poster. But this, as it seems to me, was Ibsen's last concession to the ideal of technique which he had acquired, in the old Bergen days, from his French masters. It was at this point- or, more precisely, a little later, in the middle of the third act- that Ibsen definitely outgrew the theatrical orthodox of his earlier years. When the action, in the theatrical sense, was over, he found himself only on the threshold of the essential drama; and in that drama, compressed into the final scene of the play, he proclaimed his true power and his true mission. How impossible, in his subsequent work, would be such figures as Mrs. Linden, the confidant, and Krogstad, the villain! They are not quite the ordinary confidant and villain, for Ibsen is always Ibsen, and his power of vitalization is extraordinary. Yet we clearly feel them to belong to a different order of art from that of his later plays. How impossible, too, in the poet's after years, would have been the little tricks of ironic coincidence and picturesque contrast which abound in A Doll's House!", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.8045094}
{"text": "They are not quite the ordinary confidant and villain, for Ibsen is always Ibsen, and his power of vitalization is extraordinary. Yet we clearly feel them to belong to a different order of art from that of his later plays. How impossible, too, in the poet's after years, would have been the little tricks of ironic coincidence and picturesque contrast which abound in A Doll's House! The festal atmosphere of the whole play, the Christmas-tree, the tarantella, the masquerade ball, with its distant sounds of music- all the shimmer and tinsel of the background, against which Nora's soul-torture and Rank's despair are thrown into relief, belong to the system of external, artificial antithesis beloved by romantic playwrights from Lope de Vega onward, and carried to its limit by Victor Hugo. The same artificiality is apparent in minor details. \". Oh, what a wonderful thing it is to live to be happy!\". Cries Nora, and instantly \"The hall-door bell rings\" and Krogstad's shadow falls across the threshold. So, too, for his second entrance, an elaborate effect of contrast is arranged, between Nora's gleeful romp with her children and the sinister figure which stands unannounced in their midst. It would be too much to call these things absolutely unnatural, but the very precision of the coincidence is eloquent of prearrangement. At any rate, they belong to an order of effects which in future Ibsen sedulously eschews. The one apparent exception to this rule which I can remember occurs in The Master Builder, where Solness's remark, \"Presently the younger generation will come knocking at my door,\" gives the cue forPage 11 Hilda's knock and entrance. But here an interesting distinction is to be noted. Throughout The Master Builder the poet subtly indicates the operation of mysterious, unseen agencies- the \"helpers and servers\" of whom Solness speaks, as well as the Power with which he held converse at the crisis in his life- guiding, or at any rate tampering with, the destinies of the characters. This being so, it is evident that the effect of pre-arrangement produced by Hilda's appearing exactly on the given cue was deliberately aimed at. Like so many other details in the play, it might be a mere coincidence, or it might be a result of inscrutable design- we were purposely left in doubt.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.8634965}
{"text": "Throughout The Master Builder the poet subtly indicates the operation of mysterious, unseen agencies- the \"helpers and servers\" of whom Solness speaks, as well as the Power with which he held converse at the crisis in his life- guiding, or at any rate tampering with, the destinies of the characters. This being so, it is evident that the effect of pre-arrangement produced by Hilda's appearing exactly on the given cue was deliberately aimed at. Like so many other details in the play, it might be a mere coincidence, or it might be a result of inscrutable design- we were purposely left in doubt. But the suggestion of pre-arrangement which helped to create the atmosphere of The Master Builder was wholly out of place in A Doll's House. In the later play it was a subtle stroke of art; in the earlier it was the effect of imperfectly dissembled artifice. The fact that Ibsen's full originality first reveals itself in the latter half of the third act is proved by the very protests, nay, the actual rebellion, which the last scene called forth. Up to that point he had been doing, approximately, what theatrical orthodoxy demanded of him. But when Nora, having put off her masquerade dress, returned to make up her account with Helmer, and with marriage as Helmer understood it, the poet flew in the face of orthodoxy, and its professors cried, out in bewilderment and wrath. But it was just at this point that, in practice, the real grip and thrill of the drama were found to come in. The tarantella scene never, in my experience- and I have seen five or six great actresses in the part- produced an effect in any degree commensurate with the effort involved. But when Nora and Helmer faced each other, one on each side of the table, and set to work to ravel out the skein of their illusions, then one felt oneself face to face with a new thing in drama- an order of experience, at once intellectual and emotional, not hitherto attained in the theatre. This every one felt, I think, who was in any way accessible to that order of experience. For my own part, I shall never forget how surprised I was on first seeing the play, to find this scene, in its naked simplicity, far more exciting and moving than all the artfully-arranged situations of the earlier acts.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.8499277}
{"text": "But when Nora and Helmer faced each other, one on each side of the table, and set to work to ravel out the skein of their illusions, then one felt oneself face to face with a new thing in drama- an order of experience, at once intellectual and emotional, not hitherto attained in the theatre. This every one felt, I think, who was in any way accessible to that order of experience. For my own part, I shall never forget how surprised I was on first seeing the play, to find this scene, in its naked simplicity, far more exciting and moving than all the artfully-arranged situations of the earlier acts. To the same effect, from another point of view, we have the testimony of Fru Hennings, the first actress who ever played the part of Nora. In an interview published soon after Ibsen's death, she spoke of the delight it was to her, in her youth, to embody the Nora of the first and second acts, the \"lark,\" the \"squirrel,\" the irresponsible, butterfly Nora. \". When I now play the part,\" she went on, \"the first acts leave me indifferent. Not until the third act am I really interested- but then, intensely.\". To call the first and second acts positively uninteresting would of course be a gross exaggeration. What one really means is that their workmanship is still a little derivative and immature, and that not until the third act does the poet reveal the full originality and individuality of his genius. SUMMARY OF PLAY Act I: Summary:Page 12 Nora enters a late nineteenth-century living room furnished comfortably and tastefully but not extravagantly carrying a Christmas tree and presents. After she nibbles on a few macaroons, she begins unwrapping parcels. Torvald, from his study adjacent to the living room , hears her and comes out. Nora hides her macaroons. When Torvald sees the numerous purchases Nora has made, he chastises her for being a spendthrift. Torvald's tone is of a father talking to a small child. Nora responds to Torvald's concerns by saying that money is not important and that, should it become so, they will simply borrow money until Torvald gets paid again. Torvald gently objects to the idea of being in debt. Seeing that Nora is put out by his chastisement, Torvald offers her money for housekeeping, much to Nora's excitement.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.8807385}
{"text": "Nora responds to Torvald's concerns by saying that money is not important and that, should it become so, they will simply borrow money until Torvald gets paid again. Torvald gently objects to the idea of being in debt. Seeing that Nora is put out by his chastisement, Torvald offers her money for housekeeping, much to Nora's excitement. Nora shows him the presents she has bought. Torvald then asks Nora what she would like for Christmas. After hesitating for a bit, Nora says that she would most like money. Laughing, Torvald again patronizingly accuses Nora of being a spendthrift. Torvald then asks if Nora has been breaking rules and eating sweets. Nora lies and denies that she has been eating macaroons, protesting that she would never go against Torvald's wishes. Torvald believes her and they begin discussing how much they are looking forward to Christmas. They reminisce about the past, including how Nora locked herself up in a room in order to surprise everyone with homemade ornaments the year before only for them to be torn up by the cat. Nora begins to talk to Torvald about her plans for after Christmas when the maid interrupts with news of visitors. Torvald retreats to his study where his friend Doctor Rank has gone while Nora receives Mrs. Linde, an old friend from school. At first, Nora does not recognize Mrs. Linde, who she has not seen for about a decade. The two quickly catch up on the events of their lives, including the death of Mrs. Linde's husband. Mrs. Linde reports that she feels that she has become much older but quickly asks Nora to tell her about herself. Nora happily shares that Torvald has been appointed to manager of the bank and that she is relieved that they will soon have heaps of money. Mrs. Linde, smiling, chastises Nora for fixing on money and they reminisce about Nora being a spendthrift when they were younger. Nora qualifies this comment by revealing that she and Torvald have both had to work very hard to make what they have. In fact, she reports that, early in their marriage, Torvald fell ill from overwork and they had to take a very costly vacation to Italy, paid for by Nora's father, in order to allow Torvald to recover.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.9094377}
{"text": "Linde, smiling, chastises Nora for fixing on money and they reminisce about Nora being a spendthrift when they were younger. Nora qualifies this comment by revealing that she and Torvald have both had to work very hard to make what they have. In fact, she reports that, early in their marriage, Torvald fell ill from overwork and they had to take a very costly vacation to Italy, paid for by Nora's father, in order to allow Torvald to recover. Nora laments the fact that, because she was looking after Torvald and expecting her first child, she could not nurse her father when he fell fatally ill just prior to their departure for Italy. Returning to the present, Nora happily reports that Torvald has been in good health ever since their trip. The two women then turn to a discussion of Mrs. Linde. At Nora's request, Mrs. Linde explains why she married her husband despite the fact that she did not love him, reporting that the draw of his financial status was too compelling, given her circumstances. Mrs. Linde reports that, unfortunately, her husband died penniless and she has had to work to make ends meet and support her relatives for the last few years. Now that her mother is dead and her brother comfortable, Mrs. Linde says that she feels empty because she has no one for whom to care. She slyly asks Nora if Torvald would be able to secure some work for her. Nora agrees. Mrs. Linde makes an off-hand remark about how little Nora has had to worry about in life, calling Nora a child. Nora objects, challenging Mrs. Linde's superior attitude. To prove how much she has been through, Nora shares with Mrs. Linde that, despite what she had just told her, it was actually Nora who, through a loan from an undivulged source, procured the money necessary to go to Italy and save Torvald's life. Mrs. Linde wonders aloud if Nora has not acted imprudently, having never shared this secret with her husband. Nora rejects this view, claiming that Torvald and her marriage could not sustain the knowledge of this secret. Mrs. Linde questions Nora as to whether Nora ever plans to tell Torvald.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.929152}
{"text": "Nora rejects this view, claiming that Torvald and her marriage could not sustain the knowledge of this secret. Mrs. Linde questions Nora as to whether Nora ever plans to tell Torvald. Nora replies that she may some day, if her good looks and charm wear off and she is in need of some compelling way to keepPage 13 Torvald, but not for quite a while. She then launches into a description of how hard it has been to find the money she has needed to repay this loan and how happy she is that she will be free of its burden thanks to Torvald's promotion. The doorbell rings and the maid informs Nora that Krogstad desires to see Torvald. Nora, shocked and worried that Krogstad has come to inform Torvald of Nora's secret, questions Krogstad about his business. Krogstad assures her that it is mere bank business and so Nora assents. Mrs. Linde reveals that she once knew the man. When Krogstad goes into the study, Dr. Rank comes out to chat with Nora and Mrs. Linde. Discussing the human urge to sustain life, Dr. Rank grudgingly admits that he does want to preserve his own despite his physical pain resulting from a disease. He then begins to discourse on the pervasiveness of morally corrupt characters, including Krogstad. Nora feigns ignorance and inquires about Krogstad about whom Dr. Rank only has unflattering reports. Nora suddenly breaks out into laughter. Avoiding a direct reply to the questioning looks of Mrs. Linde and Dr. Rank, she asks if the employees of the bank will be under the power of Torvald after his promotion. She revels in the idea. Still happy, she offers a macaroon to Dr. Rank, falsely claiming that they were a gift from an unaware Mrs. Linde after Dr. Rank expresses surprise knowing that they are forbidden . Nora then impulsively shares with Mrs. Linde and Dr. Rank that there is something that she would very much like to say if Torvald was able to hear: \"I'll be damned!\". Her companions' reactions are cut short, though, by the emergence of Torvald from the study. Hiding the macaroons, Nora introduces Torvald to Mrs. Linde after he emerges from the study. After the initial introductions and explanation of Mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.946288}
{"text": "Nora further probes if the Nurse's daughter, as a result of her absence, had forgotten the Nurse. Nurse says no. Nora throws her arms around the Nurse, telling the Nurse what a wonderful mother she had been for her. Nora also begins to say that she is sure that the Nurse would also be a wonderful mother to Nora's children if they were suddenly without a mother but dismisses her thought as silly and sends the Nurse back to the children, turning the conversation to the ball. While alone, Nora unsuccessfully tries to concentrate on the ball and forget the problem of the possibility of Krogstad revealing her secret. She is interrupted by Mrs. Linde's arrival. Happy to see her, Nora asks Mrs. Linde to help her repair her dress for the ball the next evening. While sewing, Mrs. Linde thanks Nora for her hospitality and begins to ask about Dr. Rank and whether he is usually as depressing as he had been the day before. Nora reports that, as Mrs. Linde expected, he had been particularly bad and explains to her friend that Dr. Rank suffers from a very dangerous consumption of the spine that he has had from childhood; Nora hints that Dr. Rank's problem is the result of his father's sexual indiscretions though it is unclear as to whether Nora is really hinting and aware of the fact that they were sexual in nature . Shocked by Nora's understanding of the matter, Mrs. Linde drops her sewing and asks Nora how it is that she knows of such things. Nora dismisses Mrs. Linde's inquiry by telling her that the married women friends that occasionally stop by have a good knowledge of medical problems. Resuming her sewing, Mrs. Linde quietly continues her probe of Nora's relationship with Dr. Rank, asking Nora if he is often at the house. Nora replies that Dr. Rank is a good friend of both she and Torvald and stops by the house daily. Curious about Dr. Rank's motives as well as his familiarity with Mrs. Linde's name and Torvald's lack of familiarity , Mrs. Linde asks Nora to describe her relationship with the Doctor. Nora confesses that, because of Torvald's own tastes, she does often tell Dr. Rank things that she does not share with Torvald. Suspicious of Dr. Rank, Mrs. Linde, citing her superior experience and knowledge of the world, counsels Nora to end her relationship with Dr.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.9681463}
{"text": "Suspicious of Dr. Rank, Mrs. Linde, citing her superior experience and knowledge of the world, counsels Nora to end her relationship with Dr. Rank. Puzzled, Nora asks Mrs. Linde exactly what it is that she should be ending. Mrs. Linde explains that she is afraid that Dr. Rank is the rich admirer who Nora described the day before as a potential source of money. Interrupting her, Nora clarifies that such a man does not exist. Still pursuing her line of thought, Mrs. Linde calls Dr. Rank tactless and tells Nora that it is obvious that he is the man from whom Nora has borrowed money. Nora denies this, but muses on the potential help that a man could bring to rectifying the situation. Sensing a change in Nora's disposition, Mrs. Linde asks Nora what has happened in the last day. Hearing Torvald approaching, Nora does not answer and asks Mrs. Linde to retire to another room with her sewing, explaining that Torvald dislikes seeing dressmaking. Mrs. Linde obliges Nora but warns her that she will not leave the house until Nora explains what has happened. Torvald enters and asks if it was the dressmaker who had just left. Nora tells him that it was Mrs. Linde and replies that he must be very pleased that she had taken his advice to ask Mrs. Linde for help. Scoffing at the idea that he should be pleased that his wife had done his bidding, he excuses himself, saying that she will probably want to be trying on her dress. Nora remarks that she expects that he will retire to the study with his work. As he leaves, Nora stops him, asking him repeatedly if he would do something for his \"little squirrel\" or \"skylark\" if she were to act very \"prettily\", dancing and singing for him. Torvald answers that, despite these promises, he would still like to hear what the deed would be before he agrees. While Nora continues to promise that she will act like a fairy and dance for him in the moonlight, he abruptly asks her if she is making her request from earlier the appeal to not fire Krogstad. When NoraPage 17 confirms that she is, begging him to reconsider, Torvald grows angry, observing that it is Krogstad's post that he has promised Mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406248.9996958}
{"text": "Torvald answers that, despite these promises, he would still like to hear what the deed would be before he agrees. While Nora continues to promise that she will act like a fairy and dance for him in the moonlight, he abruptly asks her if she is making her request from earlier the appeal to not fire Krogstad. When NoraPage 17 confirms that she is, begging him to reconsider, Torvald grows angry, observing that it is Krogstad's post that he has promised Mrs. Linde; Torvald implies that he is annoyed that Nora seems to think that he would change his mind simply because of Nora's promise to Krogstad. Nora interrupts him, telling him that it is not just her promise that makes the matter so urgent-- she is concerned that Krogstad will besmirch their name in the newspapers. Torvald, thinking that Nora is afraid of libel because of past experiences with her father's name being trashed in the newspapers after his death, reassures Nora that, unlike her father, he is beyond reproach. Nora again pleads, warning that men like Krogstad are certainly capable of contriving things to bring harm to their happy, snug home. Torvald finally replies that Nora's pleas make it all the more impossible for him to change his mind; what would happen to his reputation if word got out that he had reversed his decision simply because of his wife's entreaties? Moreover, Torvald argues that Krogstad is not only morally corrupt, but he also takes advantage of their early childhood friendship to speak to him in what Torvald believes to be an inappropriately familiar manner. Torvald believes that this would make his position as manager intolerable. Incredulous, Nora tells Torvald that he surely must not be so narrow-minded. Angry at being called narrow-minded which Nora tries to qualify , Torvald orders the maid to send Krogstad his dismissal which Torvald has already composed. Horrified, Nora begs him to call the letter back, warning Torvald that he must do it for the sake of the marriage and family. Torvald says it is too late and Nora agrees. Torvald then launches into a speech on how insulting he finds Nora's alarm but concludes by telling her that he forgives her because her worries are surely only an expression of her great love for him.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.0445046}
{"text": "Nora is relieved that Dr. Rank has actually been talking about himself and not her own situation and comments on the ugliness of the matter. Dr. Rank agrees and asks Nora to prevent Torvald from entering Rank's sickroom once Rank knows that he is about to enter the final stages of death because Rank does not want Torvald to witness the ugliness of the disease since he knows that Torvald's refined nature gives Torvald an unconquerable disgust of everything ugly. Nora, upset by his pessimistic and ugly tone, comments that she had hoped that he would be in good spirits today. Rank scoffs at the idea of being in good humor pun probably not intended when he knows that he is dying for the sins of his father. Besides, he says, such revenge for indiscretion is being exacted in every household. Unclear as to what Rank is talking about, Nora comments that Rank's father must have eaten a lot of unhealthy foods and alcohol when he was younger. The conversation it is unclear as to whether the two have really understood each other throughout the exchange peters out with Nora commenting that the biggest tragedy has been that Dr. Rank has not been able to enjoy these pleasures himself. Dr. Rank is intrigued by this nebulous statement and makes a small exclamation. The conversation becomes confused and degenerates into a comment on the silly moods that two are in. Nora, rising and placing her hands on Dr. Rank's shoulders, commentsPage 18 that she and Torvald would hate to lose Dr. Rank to death. Dr. Rank replies that those who are gone are easily forgotten, piquing Nora's interest. Dr. Rank, explaining the matter, observes that Mrs. Linde has already begun to replace him. Nora tells him to be quiet and promises that, if he is nice, she will dance the next day and he will be able to imagine that it is all for him and, as a quick qualifier, Torvald as well . Nora, continuing consciously or unconsciously to flirt with the Doctor, pulls out a pair of silk stockings to show him. They banter a bit about how much leg Nora will have to show him for him to form an opinion of the stockings. Dr. Rank comments on the great deal of intimacy and comfort he has enjoyed with the Helmers and how he would like to leave some token of appreciation for their generosity before he passes away.", "metadata": {"source": "STUDY-GUIDE-TO-A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.0313587}
{"text": "A DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO THE MEMORIES WE LOST AND OTHER STORIES. ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES COMPILED BY CHRIS WANJALA. TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction page Authors Copyright Table of content Memories we lost. ............................................ 1 How much land does mannee.........................8 Light.................................................................13 My Fathers Head. The Umbrella Man............................................24 The President...................................................31 Window Seat Almost Home...................................................... 45 The Folded Leaf...................................................55 Hitting Budapest Missing Out.........................................................68 No need to Lie The Handsomest Drowned Man In the world. Stones Bounce On WaterSAMPLE ANSWERED QUESTIONS.................................96 1. MEMORIES WE LOST By Lidudumalingani Mqombofhi About the Author The author Lidudumalingani was born in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in a village called Zikhovane. Lidudumalingani is a writer, filmmaker and a photographer. He grew up herding cattle and moulding goats from clay and later grew fond of words and images. He writes about music, art, culture and films for the Mail, Guardian and Africa is my country. He has published in literature journals Chimurenga chronic and pufrock and the second short, sharp story collection Adults only. He currently lives in Cape Town The Title Memories we lost is a biography. The life of a sister seen by a younger sister. The story is about mental illnessghigpphrenig and its effect. It is first described as this thing that takes the narrator's younger sister. Over time it robs the sister of the ability to speak and remember hence the title Memories we lost. The title is a reflection of loss and regret. The setting The story is set in South Africa, indeed the author Lidudumalingani is a South African. A number of South African indigenous words are used in the story. The plot The story Memories we lost is about challenges brought by mental illness to the victim and those around them. The mental illness is schizophrenia. It is a mental disorder Characterized by many symptoms. It causes a breakdown in the relationship between thoughts, feelings and actions. There are many causes Of the disease and hereditary is one of them. It's No wonder the disease runs in the narrator's family. The narrator's father was a scherophrene. Events and actions in the story rotate around a sick sister. The sickness is terrifying and attacks without warning.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.0628712}
{"text": "The narrator's father was a scherophrene. Events and actions in the story rotate around a sick sister. The sickness is terrifying and attacks without warning. The narrator tells us that after the attack is over she would mumble c prayer and would embrace the sister for a long time. This suggests . The reader that the illness is horrific and painful. In one of these attacks the sick sister screams and disappears intr, the night. All men and boys go out in search of her The men Or boys disoriented and peered shuffled in the dark and split into smc groups as instructed by a man \" Pg 1 0. Hours later they return bu without the sister. It is the mother who returns the following dot carrying the daughter. In a different episode as the narrator is telling her sister a story, she is seized by an attack and knocks her head on the wall so much one so hard that she bleed profusely. An effort to shield her from doing this fails because of the abnormal strength that the sister has during an attack. The episode is so memorable to the mind of the narrator and says, \"The smell of blood lingered after many sunsets had come; even after the rain had come \" Pg 1 2. The disease makes the sister violent and destructive. This is evident ir a case where she flung a desk across a room smashing the glass window. In yet another moment of attack the ill sister pours hot porridge on the sister's chest causing her a lot of pain and harm. It is due to the disease that the narrator's sister drops out of school and cannot continue with her schooling 'This thing, this thing that took over her followed her to school and had to drop out ' This makes the narrator who loves the sister so much to absent himself from school. Eventually suffering the same fate The narrator spends much time with the sister playing e g drawing sketches. It is while narrator is in school that she learns about schizophrenia. She comes to understand that it is what the sister was suffering from. She further learns that there is not medication for the disease and has no cure. The medicine she was taking was of no help. The sisters secretly decide not to take the medicine anymore \"The first thing my sister and I got rid of was her arsenal of medicaitrion \" Pg 1 3, Henceforth they buried all the herbs and the narrator demonstrated to the sister how to fake taking medication drinks. Like any good mother, the mother has made many attempts to have the girl cured.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.0998557}
{"text": "The medicine she was taking was of no help. The sisters secretly decide not to take the medicine anymore \"The first thing my sister and I got rid of was her arsenal of medicaitrion \" Pg 1 3, Henceforth they buried all the herbs and the narrator demonstrated to the sister how to fake taking medication drinks. Like any good mother, the mother has made many attempts to have the girl cured. She has used herbs, modern medication, prayers and even consulted. The younger sister tries as much as possible to bring the sister to be her old self. In one such episode the sisters are playing in the rain. They are happy and the disease appears to have 'left' the sister \" We jumped in the rain in that moment, my sister returned; she smiled and laughed. That day we began to form new childhood memories, filling the void left by one that had been wiped out \" Pg 1 4 The mother sees them in this state and she imagines that the disease was going to come again. She organizes for another ritual to cure the daughter. This time round she organizes for a Nkunzi witchdoctor from another village famous for baking people on a fire from cow dung and wood. The narrator is aware that effects of ritual is unknown as dangerous ritual and says \"l had not heard anyone who had survived either \" She could not allow this to happen to the sister. The both ran away to the unknown place. Just like the father before them the two sisters are escaping from their village and the people. The want to put enough distance between themselves and the home memories and secrets that stamp them as belonging to a family known for mental illness. But at the end hope is on sight, for after walking the whole night they reached a town and a hospital in sight. They knowingly fifteen each other grip. CHARACTERIZATION THE NARRATOR She is a sister to the mentally ill sister. The narrator and the sister have no names because they symbolize or represent others like them who love and live with mentally ill relatives. The narrator is loving or affectionate. She loves the mentally ill sister despite her state. This is unlike many families where the mentally ill have no one to take care of them. When the sister 'comes out' of an attack she is always there for her \"The embraces I remember, were always tight and long as if she hoped the moment would last forever \" There seem to be a very strong bond of love between the two sisters.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.1599357}
{"text": "She loves the mentally ill sister despite her state. This is unlike many families where the mentally ill have no one to take care of them. When the sister 'comes out' of an attack she is always there for her \"The embraces I remember, were always tight and long as if she hoped the moment would last forever \" There seem to be a very strong bond of love between the two sisters. The sibling's relation is loving and cordial. They even discuss their physical growth including the emergence of the sister's growth. The narrator is curious inquisitive when she hears the mother and the uncle discussing the sister's illness in the morning she crouches near them to hear what they are saying. She is quite protective and protects the sister from the wrath of Nkunzi a sangoma who 'bakes' patients with mental illness. They run away to another village. The narrator emphasizes with the sister. When called by an old aunt from the house, the narrator says, \"wehugged tightly, my sister and I wiped each other's tears \" She is inseparable from her sister, \"the only way to have me turn away from her would be to cut us apart \" The narrator is courageous because she walks throughout the night with the sister alone in the villages as they are fleeing even with the dogs barking. She is religious and prayful. When the sister came out of an attack from mental attack she says \"I stretched my arms out in all directions, mumbled two short prayers \" THE SICK SISTER Most of the things we know about her are told by the sister. She is mentally ill and because of this she is violent. She hauls a desk breaking the window in a class. She also violently harms herself by hitting her head against tree trump until she bleed. She pours hot porridge on her sister. But she also loves and her relation to the sister is cordial and loving. She is also secretive and emotional because she cries the whole night of the ritual but does not want the brother to know \"...and she sunk her teeth in the pillow so that she would not cry. THE MOTHER She is determined. Her determination to have the daughter healedj of the mental illness is admirable. She tries all forms of reme including prayers, herbs, witchdoctors etc. We also see this determination when the daughter has a seize illness and runs away at night. All the men and boys return wi the girl hopeless.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.128095}
{"text": "She tries all forms of reme including prayers, herbs, witchdoctors etc. We also see this determination when the daughter has a seize illness and runs away at night. All the men and boys return wi the girl hopeless. The mother comes far much later the following day after finding the daughter \"...only returned home when the sun was up in the sky the next day, carrying my sister on her back. She is a loving mother and her love is illustrated by the efforts she makes to make her daughter cured. She trays prayers, herbal medicine, modern medicine and witchcraft She is paranoid fearful. On seeing her two daughters play in the rain she fears the disease might come back again, she calls the entire village for another ritual THE FATHER There is only a mention of the father. He was a schizophrenia just like the daughter is but nobody mentions it. He left one day never to come back. He was this mysterious and escapist because he was running away from the village and the people. THEMES 1. Effects of mental illness The author looks at mental illness and especially the effect on the victim and those living with a mentally ill person. The mentally ill sister first loses her speech \"The first thing that this took from us was speech \" Pg 8. The sister is not coherent and speaks in a language that was unfamiliar, her words trembling as if trying to relay unthinkable revelations from the gods. The disease has affected the thinking or the mental faulty of the sister in such a way that she cannot remember. Thus the disease takes away all her ability to remember \"memories faded one after the other until our past was a blur\" Mental illness appears to have horrifying and dehumanizing effect on the victim. The attacks tear her apart so that when she regains herself she is totally different \"Every time this nothing took her she returned altered, unrecognizable as if two people were trapped inside her. The whole community is affected by mental illness. When the sister runs away due to the disease attack everybody is concerned and men. The ritual to be performed by the Sangoma is attended by all the Villagers showing it is a concern for everybody. MENTAL ILLNESS When the writer writes about mental illness the description is so viv, It is as if you are right there with the victim. He describes this illnes, that the nameless protagonist calls this thing. Mental illness is a harrowing mindless and violent disease.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.1842163}
{"text": "MENTAL ILLNESS When the writer writes about mental illness the description is so viv, It is as if you are right there with the victim. He describes this illnes, that the nameless protagonist calls this thing. Mental illness is a harrowing mindless and violent disease. It's n only the disease but the cure for the illness \"The next day my sister would be taken to Nkunzi to be 'baked'. Had heard of how Nkunzi baked people. He would make a fire fro-cow dung and wood and once the fire burnt red he would tie the demon possessed person into a section of the zinc rooting then place it on fire. He claimed to be baking the demons and that the perso would recover from the burns a week later. I had not heard of anyon who died but I had not heard of anyone who lived either \"The reade is saddened by the fate of those African countries who suffer fro mental illness, how they are caught in violent superstition. The story brings out the reality in any African countries where ther are no facilities for the mentally ill. What serves as cure is often times cruel beyond telling of it. The mother does not understand why the same disease that afflicte her husband now afflicts her daughter. She doesn't know the disea is hereditary. People had come to believe that baking people from a fire by d cow dung and wood would release them off demons. This leads death of patients rather than cure them \"I had not heard of anyo who had died but I had not heard of anyone who had lived either \" LOVE AND EMPATHY Memories we lost is a troubling piece depicting the great between two siblings in a beautifully drawn landscape. Memories we lost is more than a story about mental illness. It between siblings who show great love and feeling towar other despite their faults. The narrator organizes for her and her sister to flee not only she cannot allow her sister to be 'baked' but helps her to r from the village to escape the embarrassment as shame ofIGNORANCE AND SUPERSTITION The elders refer to the disease as this thing and say it is the work of the devil and demons. Narrator says, \"None of them knew my sister; none of them cared \" The villagers are ignorant of the fact that the disease as a medical condition and should be treated as such. IMAGERY The writer uses powerful images with the writings that are inspiring.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.1783595}
{"text": "The narrator organizes for her and her sister to flee not only she cannot allow her sister to be 'baked' but helps her to r from the village to escape the embarrassment as shame ofIGNORANCE AND SUPERSTITION The elders refer to the disease as this thing and say it is the work of the devil and demons. Narrator says, \"None of them knew my sister; none of them cared \" The villagers are ignorant of the fact that the disease as a medical condition and should be treated as such. IMAGERY The writer uses powerful images with the writings that are inspiring. The mental illness is not called by the name but this thing to show how embarrassed and shameful it is but also to portray ignorance of a community. The team returning from the search is described as 'morphed into defeated men' and 'their bodies slouched as if they had carried a heavy load 'to show the fatigue and frustration after the search from the sick girl. The modern building and a hospital that the narrator and the girl see after a sign of hope that finally the sister might be cured of her disease. After the sister hits her head on a tree continuously and she bleeds, the narrator says the bloodstain remained visible on the wall long after my mother scrubbed it off; long after she had applied three layers of mud and new water paint. The writer shows how horrible the incident was and that it will never be scrubbed in the narrator's memory. USE OF SYMBOLISM The disease symbolizes a nation that once suffered schizophrenia of apartheid and just like the sister the country is trying to understand it and cure it. The nation is trying to understand and heal a national disorder. After the night's sleep, the sister will wake up once the sun is up and alk again to somewhere. This symbolizes a better South Africa. USE OF SATIRE Both the community and the religion are satirized for instead looking for a cure the community goes for medication that is ver. Dangerous like calling the Nkunzi to 'bake' a living person. This endanger the girl more than cure her. Religion is also satirized because even after much prayer it is providing a solution. 2.How much land does man need By. Leo Tolstoy THE AUTHOR. When Tolstoy died at the age of 82 from pheumonia, he may have been the most famous man in the world. He was the leading RUSSian novelist in the world.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.2284431}
{"text": "Leo Tolstoy THE AUTHOR. When Tolstoy died at the age of 82 from pheumonia, he may have been the most famous man in the world. He was the leading RUSSian novelist in the world. Leo Tolstoy was born in 1828 the wealthy aristocratic parents. He was orphaned at the age of 9 and thus grew up under the care of aunts and uncles. He once served in the Russian army during the Crimean war lt is the suffering that he witnessed during the war that heeped to bring out his serious, morally questioning nature. Tolstoy greatest works are war and peace and Anna karennia regarded as the finest novels ever written. Although Tolstoy was a pacifist, a Christian and an aristocrat his books were never banned. His rural grave is a major Russian tourist attraction and his house in Moscow is now Tolstoy museum. THE TITLE. The title is a question Pahom tries to get as much land ashe could, However, at the end he dies frying to get this land and is buried in a grave six feet by three. The end of the story answer the question, How much land does a man need, that six feet is all we require because when we die we do not carry anything with THE SETTING. The setting is in Russian countryside. Events rotate mainly arotmd Pahom met his death in the Bahkir's land. The Plot. How much land does a man need? Is one of the est moral tales that Tolstoy wrote. Written in 1886 the story tells about Paho who is corrupted by materialism and greed and eventually dest yed by greed. The Protagonist Pahom is a peasant. At th eginning we are told he owns '1 23 acres of land pasture' page and a big house animals and a family of five but he is not conte ed. One day a passing dealer informs Pa m that he had bought 1 300 acres of land at 1000 roubles and ev n goes further to show Pahom the title deed. The dealer creates the impression at the seller the Bashkirs are simple minded who own large tracks f land. Pahom makes up his mind that he was going to buy land from theBashkirs.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.2804806}
{"text": "One day a passing dealer informs Pa m that he had bought 1 300 acres of land at 1000 roubles and ev n goes further to show Pahom the title deed. The dealer creates the impression at the seller the Bashkirs are simple minded who own large tracks f land. Pahom makes up his mind that he was going to buy land from theBashkirs. He buys presents for them and with a servant makes a seven days journey to the land of the Bashkirs to take as much land for a low price. He gives the Bashkirs the presents he had bought for them. The chief informs him that as a token of appreciation, he would be rewarded with whatever he wanted. Pahom chooses land. Their offer is very unusual; for a sum of 1000 roublles, Pahom can walk around as large area as he wants, starting at daybreak, marking his route with a spade along t he way. If he reaches his starting point by sunset that day, the entire area of land his route encloses would be his, but if he does not reach hs starting point he would lose money and receive no land. Pahom is happy with the arrangement and decides he will start the following morning. He is so excited by the idea of owning large tracks of land that he cannot even sleep. He 'onlky dozed off just before dawn'pg 22.Before sunrise he is taken to the hillock and shown the spot he will start at sunrise. Pahom takes a spade to mark the land and as soon as the sun OPpears he starts walking towqrds the medow. He walks fast and at certain point has to take off his coat and shoes because of the heat and so that he can walk faster. He walks straight and far until the hillock and the people are no longer visible. He stops to takes water and luch. After the meal he starts walking but is soon very exhausted and sleepy because its is too hot. When he thought he had walked enough and should start to go boo he is tempted by o damp hollow \"It would be a pity to leave thos out... Flax would do well there\". Greed makes him not to turn when would have been very necessary to do so. By the time he makes up his mind to go back to the hillock, the sun i: overhesd and he is exhausted.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.264317}
{"text": "When he thought he had walked enough and should start to go boo he is tempted by o damp hollow \"It would be a pity to leave thos out... Flax would do well there\". Greed makes him not to turn when would have been very necessary to do so. By the time he makes up his mind to go back to the hillock, the sun i: overhesd and he is exhausted. By this time he is very tired, the temperatures are very high, his feet are cut and bruised and the legz are failing him. He regrets having walked too far. Because of serious pain and exhaustion, he throws away everything else he was carrying, coat shoes, flask and his cap. Fear of not achieving his goals makes him to start running, this i',despite the heat, dehydration and pain. At one point he is aware that strain will kill him \"Though afraid of death, he could not stop\" He ran on and on. This is the climax of the story when he decides to keep going even though he is dying. He dies of exhaustion once he reaches the top of the hill. The Bashkirs exclaims \"He has gained much land \"But he is dead. The servant quickly buries Pahom using his own spade that he used to mark the land. Only six feet of land is needed to burry him. Six feet of land is how much land a man needs because every man dies in the end. CHARACTERIZATION. The only fully developed character in the story How much landdoesa man need is Pahom. The author intends his readers to focus entirely on the peignt of Pahom as he seeks his fortune. He is a peasant who keeps frying to gain more land and never seems to have enough. He is a dynamic character who is well developed even tough negatively. At first he is content with his life but then he becomes greedy and ambitious in his persuit of wealth new land Pahom is an industrious and a hardworking person. He owns 123 qcres of land on which he farms and 'the number of cattie kept increasing' pg 21 .1t is this trait that makes him 90 to the Bashkirs search of new landsBut Pahom is also greedy and materialistic we are told that 'he wpnted wider and more fertile lands and had an desire to 21. He kept on thinking of one thing 'How can I have more land.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.3002381}
{"text": "At first he is content with his life but then he becomes greedy and ambitious in his persuit of wealth new land Pahom is an industrious and a hardworking person. He owns 123 qcres of land on which he farms and 'the number of cattie kept increasing' pg 21 .1t is this trait that makes him 90 to the Bashkirs search of new landsBut Pahom is also greedy and materialistic we are told that 'he wpnted wider and more fertile lands and had an desire to 21. He kept on thinking of one thing 'How can I have more land. Because of greed and materialism he goes out the Bashkirs land in search of cheap land. At the Bashkirs he becomes carried away by his greed and covers a distance that is too much for him and is responsible for his own demise. Pahom is rustling to return to the hillock before sunset, dying in the process. He knows that he is dying and considers stopping but he doesn't because of greed. Pahom potrays the nature of greed in humans. Pahom is also a very generous person this is seen when he buys presents for the Bashkirs and are happy with him ln fact as a token of appreciation of the generousity the Bashkir's chief offers to give him any reward he chooses. He is also a determined person because when he makes up his mind to get the Bashkir's land he makes a seven day journey to their land, he even buys presents for the Bashkir's. The Chief of the Bashkir's. He is a static character who does not change or develop. He is appreciative and thankful of the presents given to him by Pahom and because of this he make; a goog deal with Pahom about how much land he can get from their tribe. For accommodating Pahom and offering him land he is very hospitable and generous. The dealer. Not much is revealed about the dealer but it is apparent that he is sincere and honest. He even shows Pahom his tiltle deed to proof his point. THEMES. Pahom the main character reflects the characteristic of greed. Tolstoy through Pahom want to tell us that greed does not pay and might lead to self destruction.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.3225517}
{"text": "THEMES. Pahom the main character reflects the characteristic of greed. Tolstoy through Pahom want to tell us that greed does not pay and might lead to self destruction. Pahom the main character has enough of what one requires in life ln fact he is rich, he owns 1 23 acres of land, a family and land but is not contented. He goes out in the Bashkir's land to look for more at g very low price. The author wants to show that what we have with us does not set, -satisfactory, and it keeps us to look for more. Pahom become; carried away with his ambition and greed and loses contentme, even though he already has land to make him happy. On his trip to the Bashkir's to find land, he has an opportunity to gain land as much as he wanted. After paying 1000 roubles, he told to make a mark and walk as much but be back by sunset and aj the land he would have covered, would be his provided he was back by sunset. But Pahom full with greed walks beyond his limit. On reaching he is running short of time he starts running so as to get back to the starting point. Unfortunately he dies of exhaustion just when he was about to reach the starting point. Greed leads to self destruction. He is buried by his servant and at the end the only land he requires is 6 by 3 feet big enough for his grave. The end of the story teaches us that greed does not pay and how much we actually need in life. After death we do not carry anything with us. STYLES. 1. Use of parables. Tolstoy story is a parable. Like the parables of Jesus a parable parablesrt simple tale that has moral lessons. Like Pahom many people in the world today believe that we need material things and wealth in order to be happy. Such people often waste their tiem to gai more for themselves. The author tries to tell us that we should not have greed on materials that are meaningless but do things that are worthy. The story concludes with a moral lesson that the only thing Ne need in the end, is a little piece of land. Thus we should learn to be content with what we have having more doesn't always make you happier and greed can consumr and destroy your life. At the end Pahom gets a titting end.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.375792}
{"text": "The story concludes with a moral lesson that the only thing Ne need in the end, is a little piece of land. Thus we should learn to be content with what we have having more doesn't always make you happier and greed can consumr and destroy your life. At the end Pahom gets a titting end. Use of irony When Pahom dies and is buried by his servant the author describes his grave as being six feet as all the land he needed. Six feet is unexpected answer to the title of the story. Use of Dialogue. There is a dialogue between Pahom and the dealer. \". Is it true there is a place where land sells such cheap there must\"It could not be look at this title deed\" pg 21 The dialogue brings out the honesty of the dealer and the inquinsitive and greedy nature of Pahom. There is also the dialogue between the chief of the Bashkir's and The dialogue brings out the greed of Pahom and the Chiefs genoristy. 3. LIGHT: By Lesley Nneka Arimah BACKGROUND Lesley Nneka Arima was born in United Kingdom and grew up wherever her father was stationed to work. This was sometimes in Nigeria or even out of Nigeria. She has been published in the New Yorker and Granta. Her story, the light was winner of the 2015 commonwealth short story prize for Africa. Her work has received grants and awards from Commonwealth writers, AWP, the Elizabeth George Foundation, the Jerome foundation and others. She is currently living in Minneapolis. The Light touches on key issues, which revolve around education and parenting. Having grown up separated from her mother, Nneka understands what this kind of schism can do to relationships: Mother to child and wife to husband. The story handles effectively the themes of separation, parenting, technology and emancipation. It is an exciting story about expectations for both teenagers and young couples. The author ridicules parents who abandon their parenting responsibilities and expect their children to be straight. Therefore, the story is about how good relations and understanding can be maintained between parents and the teenagers in our modern society. SYNOPSIS Lesley Nneka Arima revolves around Enebeli's family. Enebeli ha, sent his daughter to the world expecting her to maintain her innocence \"dew\". He lives with his daughter in Nigeria while his wives studies master's in Business Administration in America.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.3599415}
{"text": "SYNOPSIS Lesley Nneka Arima revolves around Enebeli's family. Enebeli ha, sent his daughter to the world expecting her to maintain her innocence \"dew\". He lives with his daughter in Nigeria while his wives studies master's in Business Administration in America. Enebeli and her daughter go through a lot when his wife is out including blooming of their daughter who apparently gets shocked by her first menstrual cycle and being summoned in school for a case involving his daughter who is accused of writing a loveletter to a boy. Enebeli promises to chastise his daughter and assures the head teacher that the same would not happen again. The wife and the husband keep communicating through Skype and the mother plays her role of nurturing her daughter. The relationship between the mother and the daughter is smooth at first but soon changes and none is excited as before. This comes when the mother m reprimands the daughter in attempt to make a better woman fro her. During the first holiday, Enebeli's wife comes home but has with her visa during the return journey. This leads to a decisionstudies that at she would never come home again until she finishes h finishing studies however, Enebeli's wife decides to live there. She goes with her daughter. SETTING The story is set in Southern Nigeria. It is set in modern times as seen by use of advanced technology in communication; the Sk ype. It is set in contemporary Africa, as it addresses contemporary themes like THEMES education, emancipation, parenting and technology a Education in the hope to emancipate and liberate Africa, education Is critical. Enebell's wife goes to study her Masters degree its America. She hopes to get a good job when she gets badt, This translates to good pay and increased living stcmciar \",i, Enebeli takes his daughter to school to learn and grow. This has effects however as she comes back changed. Among other things she learns how to write love letters. A Parenting The author addresses the theme of parenting as a role of every parent. It should not be left to either the male or female parent. Light' is a warm story, beautiful and deeply felt.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.4203486}
{"text": "A Parenting The author addresses the theme of parenting as a role of every parent. It should not be left to either the male or female parent. Light' is a warm story, beautiful and deeply felt. Fluid and delightful, its theme of parenting across continents will strike a chord with readers throughout the world Enebeli demonstrates poor parenting when he still washes dishes and cooks for her daughter who is now fourteen p 29 He does not teach her responsibility as they still share house chores. On the other hand, Enebeli's wife does not spend quality time with her daughter and yet expects her daughter to be morally upright. The few attempts he makes over the phone to teach her manners only widen the gap between them. B Change It is said that change is inevitable and it is as good as rest. Change is the act or instance of making or becoming different. When Enebeli sends his daughter to school he did not expect her to change. According to him, she is well brought up and appropriately cultured. However, she soon changes and learns how to write love letters. As a result, he is summoned by the head teacher to discuss the changes in her daughter. Similarly, Enebeli's wife goes to the USA to study so she can get a good job back in Nigeria. Her taste changes and she looks for a job in the US and comes for her daughter. TECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGE l. Narrative voice and point of view The author has used third person narrative voice to narrate the story. This is the omniscient narrator. Enebelis parenting ways are smartly highlighted through thi. Narration voice. He loves his daughter to an extent that he still cook. For her even when she is fourteen. He takes her to the salon for hair to be relaxed. This use of 'He' pronoun makes the narrator small president, who is ruling the world of the story, making it vividly described one. This is the kind of narrator who is able to get in the characters thoughts and feelings besides narrating on events that happen on places where ordinary people would not venture. He is all knowing and reveals to the readers the thoughts, motives and intentions of different characters. He gets into the mind of characters and reveals to us their intentions. Imagery The author has used a number of metaphors and similes to develop aesthetic and fantastical descriptions that can be quite memorable.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.4029965}
{"text": "He is all knowing and reveals to the readers the thoughts, motives and intentions of different characters. He gets into the mind of characters and reveals to us their intentions. Imagery The author has used a number of metaphors and similes to develop aesthetic and fantastical descriptions that can be quite memorable. Among them, include: \"would shrivel like a parched plant\" \"he massages the cream into her scalp like lotion\" \"feathery clumps that swirl into the drain like fuzzy fish\" \"an elephant of mistrust and awkwardness\" \"she strings his virtues out like Christmas lights\" 1. Humour The quality of being amusing or comic, especially as expressed in, literature or speech. The author uses humour to ease the rather sad mood prevailing in theStory. She uses humorous expression as though saying, this is so funny but take it with a lot of seriousness. For instance: \"Buki, I love you. I will give you many sons\" p 29 \"It happens two or more times before the girl learns to paw notes better\" We expect the girl to Stop writing love letters after -be reprimands her but she only learns how to pgss them segre4' CHARACTERISATION Enebeli He appears to be comical. However, he is concerned, remorseful and Loving. He loves his daughter to an extent that he still cooks for her even when she is fourteen. He takes her to the salon for her hair to be relaxed P.29 He is also depicted as being a true Domineering man. When his wife wants to go with the daughter, he refuses the idea and stands firm on the decision. Enebeli's wife She is depicted as being a caring and a loving mother, She is indeed helpful, supportive and a concerned lady, who cares for her daughter and although she is away tries to bring her up in the right way p 32 ACTIVITY 1. Discuss the character traits of the following characters Enebeli 1 Enebeli's wife 1 Enebeli's daughter. 2. Discuss the theme of Emancipation as brought out in this short story. 3. What are the effects of distance relationship to good parenting 4. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. 5. Our parents get a lot of challenges when it comes to balancing career and parental responsibility. It is like serving two masters at a go. Discuss some of these challenges.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.479387}
{"text": "Our parents get a lot of challenges when it comes to balancing career and parental responsibility. It is like serving two masters at a go. Discuss some of these challenges. 4. My Father's Head ,By: Okwiri OduorBACKGROUND Okwiri Oduor, the author of My Father's Head, was born in Nairobi Kenya. She has won a number of prizes among them the 2014 prize. She has also written a novella, The Dream Chasers, which highly commended in the 201 2 Commonwealth Book Prize. Speaking about herself Okwiri Oduor says, \"l am an African writer and so what next? I am interested in fullness of the human experience like creating characters that are dynamic, that are real people, which have strengths. My Father's Head was published during post-colonial Kenya. During this period, Kenya, like any other African continent, is struggling with post-colonial evils ranging from poor governance to corruption to poverty. Themes of violence, religion, death, memory and heritage have prevailed in this prizewinning short story. The mention of the 1998 bomb blast on the Kenyan embassy is a proof of violence against human race in post-colonial Africa. This short story presents a recollection of painful and repressed memory. The members of the said society are relinquishing in abject poverty and the old have no willing family members to take care of. They live in a home for the old people. SYNOPSIS This story starts interestingly as a simple story but later proceeds in complexity as the narrator tries to recall her father. Seemingly, the narrator cannot remember the head of her father. The narrat0 ' Simbi, works in old peoples' home. She starts to think about her father when the one Father Ignatius visits the home. His coming reminds her so much of her father, but never the head. The figure of the priest acts as a trigger that prompts the narrator's journey to search for her Due to loneliness, Simbi, the narrator, has distorted images of the people she has encountered. She has been away from home for a long time and silently mourns the death of her father. It is for this reason therefore that the people she relates with are presented a faceless and to an extent nameless. As readers, it is only by description that we get to know them. Thus vivid description, as a literary technique comes in handy.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.4580588}
{"text": "Her - naivety and easy going disposition increases the entertainment and aesthetic value of this masterpiece. TRAITS Generouslwelcoming: she welcomes her father to her house and you have offered me makes her some tea. Her father says, tea \" Nostalgic: she misses all the moments she shared with her father during her childhood and tries to bring them back. However, she hos lost all the memories and even when she tries to draw her father on paper she can only remember his clothes and not his head. She says, \"His head refuses to appear on the paper \" Nciive: She thinks her father has shapes- circles, triangles anc squares on his eyes. She does not realise that those are reflections. She actually says, \"l had wondered how those shape had got inside my father's eye ' Mournful: Throughout the short story, Simbi mourns the death of father ond spends time trying to ecall what his b Bwibo Friendly: Of all the workers around the old peoples' home, the narrator formed an easy camaraderie with her. Convincing: She convinces Simbi that she cannot remember her father's head because he was a good man and according to her, \"good men never show you their heads; they show you their faces \" Sympathetic: She feels for the narrator because she cannot remember her father. She tries to console her for the lost memories of her father by telling her that it was all because her father was a good man. Pessimistic: she does not believe that the narrator will receive a warm welcome when he goes back to her home. She tells her to anticipate a negative welcome from her people when she visits. A The narrator's fatherHe is a loving and a caring man. He loved her daughter and both shared beautiful moments. He could make visits to her house once she requested so. Chauvinistic: He shows dominance of the male gender over the female gender when he tells his daughter to untie his shoelaces. Selfless: He would live his duties unattended to help a fixed neighbour. Sometimes could hear a neighbour saying, \"Johnson, there is no time to put on clothes; iust come the way you are \" Role The narrative gains its momentum through him. He is the vehicle of communication and the mirror that reflects the world of reality as depicted by Okwiri Oduor. The narrations aesthetic beauty is seen through his bildungsroman and his daughters too.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.502319}
{"text": "Sometimes could hear a neighbour saying, \"Johnson, there is no time to put on clothes; iust come the way you are \" Role The narrative gains its momentum through him. He is the vehicle of communication and the mirror that reflects the world of reality as depicted by Okwiri Oduor. The narrations aesthetic beauty is seen through his bildungsroman and his daughters too. I FURTHER ACTIVITY 1. What kind of a person do you think the narrator's father. Discuss. 2. The narrator says love is not for the old. Do you agree with he, point of view about love? Explain 3. Discuss the following themes as brought out in this short story; Moral decadence Poverty Memory and Heritage 4. In note form, highlight the challenges people face when the, return home. 5. Write notes on the character traits of: Simbi, The Narrator Father Ignatius! Bwibo. 6. Identify the cases of hyperbole and explain them and thei effect to the masterpiece. 5. THE UMBRELLA MAN BY SIPPHAR THAGIGOOSiddhartha Gigoo is an Indian author and film-maker. He studie English Literature at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, in New Delhi India. His short story 'The Umbrella Man' is the Asia'winner of th Commonwealth Short Story prize of 201 5. He has books of fictions under his name: These are, The Garden oi solitude 201 1 and A fistful of Earth and Other Stories 2015 .Furthermore he has book of poems entitled \"falland other poems\" and \"Reflections \" SETTING The story happens in an asylum for mentally challenged persons. Thi is a hospital for the confinement of people who have a menta breakdown and thus they have to be kept in isolation, in solitary sod that they are treated and to improve on their health condition 0k; is a member of this asylum facility. \". The Umbrella Man\" is about an inmate, Number 7, living in a mental asylum. All he possesses is an umbrella with yellow-and-Red stripes. Number 7 suffers from unknown psychosis. He yearns for rain. During evenings, he strolls in the asylum compound, carrying along the Yellow-and Red striped umbrella hoping to experiencing rainfall.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.5181572}
{"text": "Number 7 suffers from unknown psychosis. He yearns for rain. During evenings, he strolls in the asylum compound, carrying along the Yellow-and Red striped umbrella hoping to experiencing rainfall. In a confinement with little freedom, he is the only one allowed to walk and saunter out of the gates but still in the confinements of the asylum. He is allowed this limited freedom because of his obedience and calm disposition. Number 7 speaks to a ghostly, imagined child in his cell every night. While strolling around, he picks an imaginary conversation with his only friend The Puny little fellow. They have a discussion about rainfall and how they have waited for it. The puny little fellow points out how rain can be destructive. He does this till one day when he is set free, he unfurls his umbrella and sets off beyond the gates of the asylum, towards a world he has never seen before, the only thing he leaves behind are the wet footprints. There are moments in one's life when one experiences an inmate-inan-asylum-like feeling, as though one has been magically transported to an asylum. This can be as a result of a temporary aberration of the mind or by crafty intrusions of our own secret personas. One can imagine oneself living in an asylum, bereft of worldly possessions. It's a very depressing thought, so it's natural human tendency to inventhope, to cling to something, to long for something. The solitary man chances upon an umbrella, clings to it and yearns for rain. THEMATIC CONCERNS CONFINEMENT The mentally challenged inmates, together with Number 7 are locked up in an asylum where their freedom and movement is limited. It is only in the evening that the inmates are allowed to go out of their ' wards and stroll about in the asylum's compound. The freedom ended at the wall. Be ond the wall there was nowhere to go. HUMAN EMOTIONS The story captures the emotions of Number 7 and the other inm, in the asylum. Number 7 yearns for rain to fall. He strolls eve' evening with his umbrella with the hope of it raining. He gets exciterof at the sight of clouds. In his solitude, he finds something to cling on; the umbrella, his only companion and playmate. He is melancholic and finds peace in the yellow-and-red striped umbrella which no one knows how it came be in his possession.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.5601983}
{"text": "He gets exciterof at the sight of clouds. In his solitude, he finds something to cling on; the umbrella, his only companion and playmate. He is melancholic and finds peace in the yellow-and-red striped umbrella which no one knows how it came be in his possession. The lonesome nights also lead Number 7 to speak to a ghostly, imagined child, whom he prays for every night and also soothes to sleep. It is in human nature to have different emotions and feelings; a feeling of belonging, a feeling of companionship and possession. Number 7 finds time to talk to the mysterious puny little fellow. When he comes to the meeting point and does not find him, Number 7 wonders if the puny little fellow would appear. LOVE FOR ONES POSSESSION Number 7 adores his Yellow-and-Red striped Umbrella, which is his only companion and playmate. He does not go out without the umbrella, no one knows how he came to own the umbrella but they have become inseparable. He takes leisurely walks with it in the evenings. The umbrella was the most beautiful thing in the entire asylum. It brought smiles on his lips. Through the windows of wards fellow inmates look at Number 7 in awe and wonder as they wanted to hold the umbrella in their hands, they wanted to be in its shade. Inmates do not have other wldl possessions apart from two sets of clothina or y MENTAL HEALTH Due to emotional instability and mental disturbance, Number 7 with others are put in a mental hospital asylum, for treatment and care. Mentally challenged fellows are put in isolation to necessitate their care and treatment. Due to his mental state, Number 7 has a conversation with mysterious ant, and also chats at night with an imaginary, non-existent child. He feels its obligation to ensure the well being of that imaginary child. He soothes the baby, lulls it and even prays for the child. More so Number 7 walks in the evenings with an umbrella yet it doesn't rain. NATURE VALUE OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT The place has not experienced rain for quite a while now. Rain has evaded the place for several months. Number 7 waits for the rain, he longs for it. But still nature is bountiful, flowers are growing, bees are present. Nature has miracles. It can rain without announcing it.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.5491147}
{"text": "But still nature is bountiful, flowers are growing, bees are present. Nature has miracles. It can rain without announcing it. Number 7 strolls in the narrow avenue hedged with tall eucalyptus trees for leisure, and stumbles against a bench, where he sits, it is his favorite place. OPTIMISM Number 7 is full of hope every time, when evening comes he ventures out with the yellow-and-red striped umbrella, with the hope of it raining. He is fascinated by the thought of rain; he in fact gets excited when clouds gather. When asked by the barber if it will rain, Number 7 answers full of hope that it will soon. At night he prays for the child and hopes that some powers would heed his prayers and bestow grace on the child. Sociable: In his imaginary world he becomes friends with the lit ,. Puny fellow with whom they have a hearty talk about re - and how nature is bountiful and full of miracles. Prayerful: he prays in silence for the child being convinced that some powers should heed to his prayers and bestow grace upon the child. Contradictory: On the last night in the asylum facility, Number 7 is not concerned about the following morning that he is to be free. He is the same as other days as he talks to the imaginary child. Caring: He takes care and soothes the child to sleep. He always worries and frets over the child \"...all he wanted was a peaceful sleep for the child \" Inquisitive: he questions the little puny fellow on what makes him to delay to come to their meeting point. He wants to know about his where about. Obedient: his obedience and calm disposition has made the doctors to write a positive report about the assessment of Number 7's condition. This enables the committee to agree to his release. Little puny fellow Accommodative: He does not show displeasure with the coming ofNumber 7 despite the fact that he is a distraction. Number 7 talks about rain, nature and hope with him \"... he did not betray displeasure, knowing that the man had come for a friendly chat \" Industrious: He beseeches Number 7 to let him to carry on with his work for his fellows may think he is more interested in gossiping with a stranger than attending to his work.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.6145785}
{"text": "Little puny fellow Accommodative: He does not show displeasure with the coming ofNumber 7 despite the fact that he is a distraction. Number 7 talks about rain, nature and hope with him \"... he did not betray displeasure, knowing that the man had come for a friendly chat \" Industrious: He beseeches Number 7 to let him to carry on with his work for his fellows may think he is more interested in gossiping with a stranger than attending to his work. Cautious: He notes that though they long for rains to come, the rains can be quite destructive towards hapless fellows like them Observant: notices that Number 7 never ventures out without the umbrella. USE STYLE Narrative Technique The story is told from a third person point of view, where the narrator gives us the story from what he observes. Vivid Description The area in the asylum that is allowed for movement is described as \"...the wall around the one hundred and twenty-square-meter compound ninety something yards in the narrow avenue outside the gates that ended at another wall. Beyond that brick-and stone wall was a vast darkness \" this brings out the picture of the confinement of the inmates in the asylum, the place with limited freedom. The umbrella possessed by Number 7 is described as a yellow-andred striped, beautiful Umbrella. It was the most beautiful thing in the entire asylum. More beautiful than the bed of wild flowers along the wall. Dialogue Number 7 converses with the barber about rain which shows Number 7's fascination with rain. Dialogue between doctors and Number 7 reveals change in the state of Number 7's health such that he is free to go. The dialogue between Number 7 and his friend the puny little fellow, z reveals Number 7's anticipation for freedom and the little puny fellow's fear of destruction that can be brought about by rain,Personification The little puny fellow, the cnt talks with Number 7 about the of nature, how nature is bountiful and full of miracles. Number 7 is greeted by a small puddle when he steps out of his when he is allowed to leave the asylum like him, the umbrella too had not seen the battering The dance of raindrops on the nylon of the umbrella seemed distant dream; it seemed impossible for it to rain. It shows th significance of the umbrella can only be truly seen when it rains.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.6034005}
{"text": "The dialogue between Number 7 and his friend the puny little fellow, z reveals Number 7's anticipation for freedom and the little puny fellow's fear of destruction that can be brought about by rain,Personification The little puny fellow, the cnt talks with Number 7 about the of nature, how nature is bountiful and full of miracles. Number 7 is greeted by a small puddle when he steps out of his when he is allowed to leave the asylum like him, the umbrella too had not seen the battering The dance of raindrops on the nylon of the umbrella seemed distant dream; it seemed impossible for it to rain. It shows th significance of the umbrella can only be truly seen when it rains. Irony Number 7 is always moving out with the Yellow-and-Red striped umbrella with the hope of it raining yet still he wonders of what use is hope. He yearns for rain and yet when it rains he walks slowly in th compound busy avoiding splashes from rainfall. Symbolism The rain is symbolically used by the writer to indicate the getting wel by the inmates, as Number 7, more so it is the freedom that Number has been yearning for. You talk of freedom 1 thought you cared for the rain. Rain can be destructive. The wild bush represents the uncertainty of life The Yellow-and-Red striped umbrella symbolizes the calt disposition, the change in behavior of Number 7 such that the doctor are able to write a favorable report to facilitate the freedom Number 7. No one was attracted to the dainty beauty of fri and-red umbrella. REVISION QUESTIONS 1 . With reference to the story \"The Umbrella Man, \" discuss the truthfulness of the statement, No condition lasts forever. 2. Citing examples from \"The Umbrella Man, \" discuss the character traits of Number 7. 3. The writer has employed the use of vivid description and dialogue in the story \"The Umbrella Man, \" discuss these stylistic devices and give their effectiveness. 4. Mentally challenged patients should be put in isolation. Do you agree? 5. Natural environment offers solace to lonely souls. Discuss. 6. The will to live is necessitated by the never giving up attitude. Discuss. 6. The President By Mariatu Kamara Mariatu Kamara is a UNICEF Special Representative for Children in Armed conflict, author and survivor of the civil war in Sierra Leone.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.6370754}
{"text": "Her cousins Ibrahim and Mohamed are captured and tie while Adamsay, the last daughter of Marie is dragged away by her hair. During the attack many people are killed while others are amputated. Kamara is reunited in Freetown with her cousins and Aunt Marie and her husband Alie whom she had lived with since she was a child. They stay together in an amputees' camp, which is full of filthy litter, dirty bodies and rubbish. They fend for themselves by begging on the streets. Kamara gets a baby boy, Abdul, who dies later from malnutrition. There is information of well wishers in Freetown and other countries like Canada who are willing to take in and help children affected by the war and violence. Kamara is taken to Toronto Canada by Bill, who offers her food and shelter. Later she is taken in by a Sierra Leonean family of Kadi and Abou. She yearns to better her life by acquiring education such at she is in position to help her family back at home. She is helped by Kadi to enroll in an English as a Second language course ESL to learn the English language and also be able to commcmicate She graduates from ESL with a Diploma. She is enrolled in high school where she encounters more challengers in writing for the lack of hands, but her undying spirit makes her not to give up. She eventually manages to attain Cs. THEMATIC CONCERNS POLITICAL VIOLENCE Rebels attack manarma village where they kill many people and also amputate others. They cause violence for they want to overthrow the government they claim to be corrupt. Kamara is amputated by same rebels. More so there is a camp for amputees in free town with over 400 amputated people. Marie and Alie hide and flee to Freetown to escape the havoc caused by the rebels. Furthermore, many families are taken in at Toronto Canada by Kadi and Abou Nabe to escape the violence in Sierra Leone. The violence caused by the rebels leads to a lot of suffering to the people. Some are left handicapped and cannot fend for themselves; others are forced to relocate from their homes, while it also leads to poor living conditions like in the amputees' camp and also begging on the streets.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.6624303}
{"text": "Furthermore, many families are taken in at Toronto Canada by Kadi and Abou Nabe to escape the violence in Sierra Leone. The violence caused by the rebels leads to a lot of suffering to the people. Some are left handicapped and cannot fend for themselves; others are forced to relocate from their homes, while it also leads to poor living conditions like in the amputees' camp and also begging on the streets. EDUCATION Mariatu Kamara, together with young Asian women, grandmothers from the Middle East and men from Southern Africa are enrolled in an English as a second Language course where they learn the language. She graduates with a diploma. Later she is enrolled to a high school. She finds it difficult but with her endurance she manages to attain Cs. She gets a laptop to use to aid in her studies. Kamara hopes to better her life through education such that she able to support her family back at home. Kamara is raped by Salieu who leaves her pregnant and threatens Rebels have no regard for human life as they kill people and maim others mercilessly. There is a camp for amputees in Freetown. Children are made soldiers and be involved in such barbaric activities as killing and torture which is not appropriate to their development. SUFFERING Most people in Manarma are attacked by rebels and are while others are amputated. Kamara is amputated, Adam z taken away. In addition Ibrahim and Mohamed are capture d, tied. The displaced and amputated people are forced to pathetic conditions such as what is witnessed in amputees' which is full of filthy litter and full of dirty bodies. They are force t s: beg on the streets to get what to eat. War has taken toll on innocent, children and women. IMPACT OF WAR ON CIVILIANS The hatred and animosity among citizens leads to unrests violence. This leads to suffering of people. Violence facilita, ? Deaths of people, Injuries and torture such as cutting of people: hands Kamara displacement of people from their homes such Marie and Alie, Kamara and more families that end up in Canadt More there is it facilitates poor living conditions like the filth, amputees camp in Freetown. CHILDREN IN WAR Most children suffer during war. Some are made children soldier:like those who capture Kamara are her age mates while other: endure atrocities; Kamara as a child has her hands cut off.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.6870377}
{"text": "Deaths of people, Injuries and torture such as cutting of people: hands Kamara displacement of people from their homes such Marie and Alie, Kamara and more families that end up in Canadt More there is it facilitates poor living conditions like the filth, amputees camp in Freetown. CHILDREN IN WAR Most children suffer during war. Some are made children soldier:like those who capture Kamara are her age mates while other: endure atrocities; Kamara as a child has her hands cut off. Adamsab Ibrahim and Mohamed are captured by rebels which in itself i: torturous. THE POWER OF HUMAN SPIRIT RESILIENCE The human spirit is undying, enduring and resilient. Despite atrocitie that Kamara undergoes, she doesn't lose the zeal to live on. She ho: an indomitable spirit to overcome adversity. When Kamara regain: consciousness after her hands are chopped off, she picks herself up The amputees in the camp do not have hands but still they are able to feed and wash themselves. Kamara learns to cook, tie shoe laces, up zips and even goes to school to learn to better her life despite the Well wishers cannot sit and watch human rather help to take in victims of such violereag acquire educations. Humans have the inner strength to push on CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATION Mariatu Kamara Narrator Ndjve: She does not understand what Salieu has done to her after he forcefully has intercourse with her. She blatantly that she only knows that only women get babies but not girls. More she doesn't know that pregnancy is as a result of sexual Resilient enduring: Rebels cut off her hands, but this does not deter her from going on with life. She doesn't lose the zeal to live on. She has an indomitable spirit to overcome adversity; she picks herself up and ensures she moves to safety. Kamara learns to cook, tie shoe laces, do up zips and even goes to school to learn to better her life despite the lack of limps. She learns English Language as a second language and graduates with a diploma. Thoughtful: She minds about the welfare of her family back at home and wants to study and be in a position to assist them.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.70155}
{"text": "Kamara learns to cook, tie shoe laces, do up zips and even goes to school to learn to better her life despite the lack of limps. She learns English Language as a second language and graduates with a diploma. Thoughtful: She minds about the welfare of her family back at home and wants to study and be in a position to assist them. Optimistic: she undergoes a lot of challenges in the hands of her captors; she lives in pathetic conditions in the camp, but still hopes of making it in life through acquisition of education. She I need to get education and better my life ' says. Fearful: She fears going to school as she will be alone among strangers. She is also worried of how she would write without 1 was afraid of making a fool of myself ' hands Salieu Itiumane: despite Kamara's tender age, he forces himself on her leaving her pregnant and more so intimidates her not to Infimidating: Orders Kamara not to reveal to anyone about the rape the ordeal. Kadi and Abou Nabe Hospitable: they offer shelter and food to Kamara after she has come from Freetown, and stayed with Bill. They also bring in more family members to Toronto to escape the violence back PPortive: Kadi takes the initiative to enroll Kamara to the English as a send Language course where she graduates with a diploma. Bill Concerned: His family reads about girl, Kamara and her suffer - war ravaged village of Manarma, in a newspaper Gr and thereafter he wants to find her and offer her he'- providing money for food and clothes. Helpful: Offers to take Kamara from Freetown to Toronto Canada I act which facilitates her to get education and humanita I assistance. Rebels Cruel: They mercilessly cut off hands of their victims, for instant I Kamara's, as a way of sending a message to the presider I whom they see as corrupt, yet the children have nothing to a I with the presidency '... I remember asking myself, \"What is c I president\"...' Inhumane: They kill people during their attack on Manarma village I they torture their victims by cutting off their hands anc 1taunting them. One child soldier tell Kamara... We are net I going to kill you go to the, president as the president to give you new hands.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.721973}
{"text": "I remember asking myself, \"What is c I president\"...' Inhumane: They kill people during their attack on Manarma village I they torture their victims by cutting off their hands anc 1taunting them. One child soldier tell Kamara... We are net I going to kill you go to the, president as the president to give you new hands. LANGUAGE USE STYLE Narrative Technique This story is told from a first person point of view by Mariatu Kamarc who narrates to us her ordeal in the hands of her captors in the war torn village of Manarma and her escape to Freetown ana eventually her life in Toronto Canada. Flashback Kamara recounts her ordeal in the hands of Salieu who fchimself on her leaving her pregnant. She also recalls her stay Marie, her father's sister and Marie's husband Alie in Magb village. Vivid Description The amputees camp is described as '... was a size of a foot field, was filthy wit litter, the smell of rubbish, dirty bodies, bring out the pathetic conditions that the people in the camps wr living In. The laptop she Is bought for is described by the narrator as '... computer was special with a mouse shaped like a big ball so that I car easily manoeuvre it the key board was L oam Dialogue ra converses with the rebels who want her to ch Karr 10 h ent before leaving punis m 'You must choose a punishment before you leave, \" he said ke what?\". I mumbled: Li Which hand do you want to lose first?\". He asked. This dialogue brings out the cruel nature of the rebels. There is dialogue with the female doctor, \"...you are pregnant \"You 0 e going to have a baby \" k \" , :But there must be a mista e, I said \"Only women hove babies, not girls \" This points out how nave Kamara is. Sarcasm Mariatu is informed by the child soldiers that her hands are to be chopped off so that she would not vote for the president, then they sarcastically refer her to go to the president who should provide her with new hands. We are not going to kill you. We want you to go to the president and show him what we did to you. Ask the president to give you new hands \" REVISION QUESTIONS 1. Political instability and violence breeds misery. Discuss 2. A friend in need is a friend in deed.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.7460763}
{"text": "Political instability and violence breeds misery. Discuss 2. A friend in need is a friend in deed. Discuss this statement in light of the story \"The president\" by Mariatu Kamara 3. Tribal conflicts and hatred have far reaching consequences the society way effects that conflicts have on the s share in the 4. The less privileged in Discuss al 5. Describe the devastating misfortunes of the mighty in society innocent, children and women irit 6. No power is stronger than human sp 7 Window Seat By Benjamin Branoff Bseniamin Bronoff is a Tanzanian writer. His short story, Wind?vi Sent, is featured in the third volume ofTell me, My Friends, which univects stories and plays written by students and staff a h ers'tY of Dar es Salaam. SETTING The narrator, a foreigner, is in a public transport daladala in Dar es Salaam, moving from Miimani via goes to Posta down town. This story tells a humorous story of a young man, a boards a daladala from Mlimani via Mwenge to the town. The foreigner meets many people who squeeze the small van, including a beautiful Tanzanian girl who behinds of the foreigner. The mzungu is seated next to a window, in a daladala travei'ng to down town. The minivan is meant to carry about ten people but 24 people are squeezed in it. The road they are on is in a deplorable condition, full of poth m dust which fills the van. The narrator expresses how he desires to be with Monique, French girl he has met in college and she also stays across courtyard in downtown. He changes vehicles from the minivan to a bus to head to Posto Town. The bus is also overloaded and overcrowded like was. Among the passengers there is a young lady, probably some age as the narrator. She is quiet beautiful and because of narrator's lustful nature, he forgets about desires the Kanga lady. The bus is stopped by a police officer who allows go after taking a bribe he wastes a lot of time foe attendants to whom time is moriey. The vehicle picks up another passenger, a who ho. To sit. Mzungu offers his seat to the woman ho on the insistence of M,zungu she takes the seat.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.769908}
{"text": "The vehicle picks up another passenger, a who ho. To sit. Mzungu offers his seat to the woman ho on the insistence of M,zungu she takes the seat. Stands throughout the req of the iourrzy, There is a lot of squeezing and holding on one another the passengers. The vehicle stops at points to drop and pick more passengers. In an instance, when the vehicle stops, Kanga, a passenger holds on the waist of Mzungu, Mzungu is. Carried away by the feeling he gets from Kanga holding him on the waist. He feels Kanga's other hand slowly slipping off his Afterwards when the vehicle stops, Kanga alights in dismay ofMzungu who thinks of having her give him the world's biggest secret. She waves to him and leaves mzungu in a blissful existence. Mzungu drifts to his world of love, a world of fantasy. He dozes off only to be awakened when all passengers have alighted. Mzungu is to pay his fare only to realize his wallet is missing, it has been stolen. THEMES: J. UWLESSNESSON THE ROADS. Vehicles should always follow traffic laws on the roads for safety. In his story however, law and order is not followed as it should be. To start with, the public transport vehicles are so much overloaded. Passengers are literally packed. Conductors carry excess passengers as the narrator says a mini-van meant to carry ten passengers now carries twenty five of them. It even becomes worse when it comes to rush hour where they carry twenty eight with others drivers also bribe the traffic policemen in order to get away with crime. Even when things seem to be okay with the vehicle the POIicemen solicit for bribes to an extent of removing the car keys fie ignition. The bribe here is a very powerful voice that the ponce use to silence the adamant drivers. Passengers suffer on roods, The no to commit to o Iono rood becouso of they don't veem to core or they ore used to it. Tip loudly when the policemen toke bribes but, \"ep tt even because of overloading thol mokos it to rob rhe narrator. 2. POVERTY. Poverty is Olso portrayed in this Story. The people ot the bus said to be in sandals and others barefoot. This means afford better shoes. The passengers could be suffering he overloaded dalodalos because of poverty.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.81602}
{"text": "The people ot the bus said to be in sandals and others barefoot. This means afford better shoes. The passengers could be suffering he overloaded dalodalos because of poverty. This is bee-cuz pay less money for fare. The narrator describes Kanga that she hos a trim figure cowed by a lifetime of hard work and deprivation of luxurie. That she cannot afford luxuries. We also think that \"hot her to steal from the narrator is poverty. The aggressiveness of touts in town is also a sign of poverty. This P. society where one must struggle to make ends meet. That'l why t'\" scream and shout and also convince people to take their daladalc: -2. Coem\"nom Corruptii is also evident in this Story especially on the roads pocmerc were wpposed to guarantee zafety on the ond collude driver, in order to escape facing 10... seem to have token bribes as their bea\"se even if the vehicle has everything right force by toking keys from ignitim. 4. RELATIONSHIPS. The narrator enters into a relationship with Monique the French girl in campus. He says that he gave her an unordinary smile and she returned it. At the bus station he sees her but never gets to talk to her. He regrets never getting to fix a date with her that day. The narrator treats this relationship so casually and he is not serious about it. He says that he conjured up the smile for her and when she is through ith it he can conjure it up for someone else \"A man only has so many smiles \" When he meets Kanga in the van he seems to also fall in love with her. He flirts with her and even imagines one part of Kongo's body. He loses his mind when Kanga grabs his trousers. He goes wild with imagination about himself and Kanga and does not realize that he was being robbed. When he meets Kanga, the narrator says that he had forgotten about Monique. He says, '...I drift in the world of my new love. Le felle is over and done with. Kanga is in. This shows how casuals he treated his relationships with women considering that he only met Kanga in thedaladala. 5.AACALSA1 The word Mzungu means a white man. The Africans call them this to mean he is from the white race.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.8410568}
{"text": "This shows how casuals he treated his relationships with women considering that he only met Kanga in thedaladala. 5.AACALSA1 The word Mzungu means a white man. The Africans call them this to mean he is from the white race. The Africans see this man, the narrator as more superior than them and use even a spectacle that he is using public transport. When the guard greets him at the city Chuo everybody turns to see him. Africans perceive the white men as rich and wealthy that's why Kanga robs him in the vehicle. The narrator chooses to date Monique a French girl because she is from their race. He says, I should be with the French girl Le fille because French women absolutely like American men. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION Miungu LustfulWhen he meets Kongo, the narrator says that he had forgo about Monique. He says, drift in the w or Id of my new love. L is over and done with. Kongo is in\". This shows how casuals he treat his relationships with women considering that he only met Kang' the dalodala. This leads to his wallet being stolen yet he things of Kongo's touch as a sign of desire for him. Respectful He respectfully greets the old woman who moves to the back ro from the front one. Observant: Has a clear picture of how the vehicles are overcrowded and squeezed passengers, he gives a clear description of the dust on the road and also describes how bumpy the ride is. Policeman: Stubborn: couldn't let the vehicle go on unless a bribe is paid despite finding no fault with it. He picks the bribe and smiles and waves for the vehicle to proceed with the journey. Kongo Tactful: she skilfully holds on to Mzungu as if supporting herself fro' plunging forward only to rob him. Opportunist: waits at the squeezed moment and movement by the vehicle to rob Mzungu's wallet ANGUAGE USE STYLISTIC DEVICES 1. VIVID DESCRIPTION. The author makes use of vivid description which makes his own interesting and leaves an impact the readers' minds. He describes sitting position in the daladala very clearly lamina wet of sitting, fatal position. My knees are wedged between my abdur n and the sit in front of me.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.827883}
{"text": "In on other attempt to resist deportation Ali dangerously ducks do' a moving trailer barely dodging the moving wheels but finds himse on Tarrant's fists on the other side. When they see Tangier harb finally Slattery pats Ali on the shoulder and tells him \" Almost horn Ali knows that he would reach home without doubt despite all effort to escape. He thinks about three years in prison and suffering that his mother and sisters WOUld go through in order save him from being eaten alive in iail. Ali therefore makes dangerous decision; to jump into the sea just to resist deportation. POVERTY AND LACK OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES Ali's mother and sisters live in cramped apartments in Beni Makac This indicates that they are poor. Ali also says that they had rais the two thousand Euros to spirit him out of the country with difficul but he had not paid them even a cent. This was in an attempt to Ali get opportunities in the Ireland but he was deported with anything and to top it all he WOUId have to go to jail. This shame a fear causes him to jump into the sea. CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATION Ali Mahfouz Deceitful: he tells people that he is a medical student and even puts a picture on face book that shows him at the surgeons' college with college books yet the books are only telephone directories. He only does menial jobs in Ireland. In addition he walks with little white buds in his ears as if he is listening to music from the iPod yet he doesn't even know how to load the gadget with music. Hardworking: Ali does all kinds of jobs in Ireland to cater for his upkeep. For instance he slices kebab meat; while working for two Egyptian brothers, also he power-washes cars, scrubs pots and wipes tables. Sociable: He makes many friends when he just arrives in Ireland. He is quite charming and makes Slattery to laugh all the time despite being in a serious situation. Stubborn: He has been warned by Tarrant not to cause any problem while they travel yet he attempts to escape twice. Furthermore, the government has tried to deport him twice, where every time he is disruptive on the plane threatening of blowing up the plane with a bomb in his possession. Despite all these he still lives in Ireland. Sarcastic: Tells Slattery and Tarrant that they are travelling in style and that they are on a mighty journey yet he is being deported.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.8819954}
{"text": "Furthermore, the government has tried to deport him twice, where every time he is disruptive on the plane threatening of blowing up the plane with a bomb in his possession. Despite all these he still lives in Ireland. Sarcastic: Tells Slattery and Tarrant that they are travelling in style and that they are on a mighty journey yet he is being deported. Determined: He attempts all means to prevent his deportation. He threatens to blow up the plane twice; he attempts to escape from Slattery and Tarrant in France and Spain. As last resort he decides to drown himself in water provided it is away to escape from being deported. Observant: He is keen enough to note that Slattery has good Fre Ali also notes that Slattery has no wedding band despite him being in mid-thirties and handsome. DNvsioned: Ali loses hope with life in his country because of pove scxh that his family is cramped together in the apartment, then imagines of life in prison, lack of food, clothing and having to pay bribes. This shame and fear causes him to jump into the sea. Slattery Jovial: He is charming and laughing all the time when Ali cracks jokes. Tactful: He manipulatively talks the French woman out of her thinking of helping Ali. He manages to convince her that any interference will mean they Slattery and Tarrant will leave Ali to be the responsibility of the French government. Tarrant Aggressive: He blocks Ali into a corner before barking orders to him, and threatens to smack him if he tries any nonsense. When Ali attempts to escape in Spain, he hits him to the Serious: He does not get involved in laughter when Ali cracks jokes that leave Slattery in stitches. He remains stony faced as strict: orders Ali to go back where they were when Ali runs LANGUAGE USESTYLES PERSONIFICATIONThe author uses personification a great deal in this story. This is very effective because we get a clear description of events. In the first paragraph, it is said that the Oscar Wilde ferry rested in the Welford harbor. Resting being a human attribute has been given to the ferry. Other examples include; The room hummed as the turbine span. The sound of the ship as it moves becomes very clear here, humming. The tiny fish seemed inquisitive. Inquisitive is also a human attribute given to fish to make the description clear.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.9377625}
{"text": "The different two types of rains in the two countries symbolize their different challenges to survival as Ali says it is easy in Morocco than in Ireland. REVISION QUESTIONS Poverty and lack of employment largely contribute to illegal migration. Discuss Immigration is nobody's best choice. Whys Compare and contrast the character traits of Slattery and Tarrant. Discuss the traits of All as brought out in this story. What factors contribute to people migrating illegally to other countries? Dialogue has played a key role in character and plot development in the story. Discuss. Disillusionment is detrimental to human living. Discuss 9.The Folded Leaf by Segun Afolabi Summary of the incidents Segun Afolabi's 'The Folded Leaf, is a short story that was shortlisted for Caine Prize 2015.it boasts of its urgency to address burning contemporary issues in Nigeria. Bunmi's voice introduces most of the characters through whom the narrative will move forward. While characters like Bunmi, Samuel, Tunde and Mrs Kekere are introduced with peculiar health challenges, others like Bola, Papa and the Ejiofohs accompany them; and together, they form the narrative backbone with Bunmi as the main narrator. The story is about a Christian community comprising of various family members who in spite of health challenges have had to contend with the reality of their being, and to live a normal communal Christian life. But when after a strong resolve of collective contributions, they set out on a journey to Lagos in search of healing, from a man of God who doesn't seem to have answers to their questions, a new reality which will alter or question the basis of their Christian faith and practice is unfolded. THEMES a Religion The author explores the role of religion in our daily lives portrayed in the contemporary Nigeria and the larger Afri Religion is used to brainwash the followers of some deities that f more superior to the others. Churches in the urban area a portrayed to be superior to churches in the rural areas. It is throu this portrayal that we see villagers, worse still the village preache like Reverend Abbe and Reverend Okulaia leading th congregation to a point of donating towards Mrs. Eiiofoh, Mr Kekere, Bola and Bunmi among other travellers, for their journey Lagos, going to seek for healing from pastor Fayemi \"P.92\" The issue of religion is becoming a melting pot in Nigeria, and Afric at large. Religion seems to rob the individual of choice.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.8980515}
{"text": "It is throu this portrayal that we see villagers, worse still the village preache like Reverend Abbe and Reverend Okulaia leading th congregation to a point of donating towards Mrs. Eiiofoh, Mr Kekere, Bola and Bunmi among other travellers, for their journey Lagos, going to seek for healing from pastor Fayemi \"P.92\" The issue of religion is becoming a melting pot in Nigeria, and Afric at large. Religion seems to rob the individual of choice. Religi extremist leads to hypocrisy, obsession, aiienation and fear. It through this religion that people lack self acceptance. Not until the get robbed of their money, do they come in termswith their physica challenges. Bumni the narrator, who cannot see, begins t understand her own life and accept it after having made a Ion journey to lagos city to be attended by pastor Fayemi's church, vain The narrator, Bunmi begins to come to good terms with her life, an self-actualization is seen whereby she accepts that her physic impairment is God given, therefore appreciates reverend Abb who prays for people, even when they have paid no mone p 94 Prayers are not left aside in all the doings. The faithful' travelling to Lagos; gather for a prayer led by Reverent Ab before setting off for their journey to Lagos. '. Bless Samuel, tamer Jehovah, \"today, today, please- send him new prayers are perceived as a tool of spiritual healing, nourishment a Poverty and class barriers Another theme that comes out clearly is the class stratification in the contemporary Nigeria. The story adroitly brings to light, the ever existing gap between the rich haves and the poor have no's right from the village to the suburbs of the capital, Lagos, people are seen to be poor, compared to those who lives in the urban centers. Mrs. Kerekere pleads with the policemen on their way to Lagos, that they are not rich P.84 . In fact, the money they are spending on their way to Lagos is a donation from their local church that alone, they couldn't manage to afford it. Comparison is made with the urban people who are very rich.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.9212763}
{"text": "Kerekere pleads with the policemen on their way to Lagos, that they are not rich P.84 . In fact, the money they are spending on their way to Lagos is a donation from their local church that alone, they couldn't manage to afford it. Comparison is made with the urban people who are very rich. Daddy cool is better known in the account of his helicopter and Gulfstream jet, and his homes in Florida and Switzerland and somewhere in the Caribbean p 81 a perception Afolabi is trying to imply that there are multiple ways of viewing life, in different apheres, by using the narrative voice of the blind narrator Bunmi to elaborate on the theme of perception: Appearance to me may not be your own appearance. And my own understanding of own self, may not compare with other people's perceptions. But do any of us identify the same thing in exactly the same way? Is the colour blue the same? And does the leaf smell? Bola thinks sometimes. So don't worry, he says. And Bola's right about most thingsIn trying to avoid authorial interference, Afolabi tells his through this blind twelve-year-old whose narrative power inheres her strong stimulus, curiosity, perception and scepticism; a narr who relies on interviewing skills like probing, prompting, scoop and interrogation to account for the plot's progression. TECHNIQUE AND LANGUAGE USE a first person narrative voice This narration has been told from the perceptive of a first person narrator. The 'l' narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narration makes the events to be quite immediate to the reader and hence, it becomes engaging to read. Segun Afolabi also uses present tense instead of the usual past tense we would expect in a story about events that happened in the past it is as if he is giving commentary on the event. A rapport therefore between the narrator and the reader is created. B Suspense The feeling of worry or excitement that a person develops when the develop a feeling that something is going to happen is what is callec suspense. The folded leaf creates some desire to know whad happens to Bumni, Sam and Mrs. Kekere who are on their way tc meet pastor Fayemi for healing. Throughout the narration, the reader is kept gluedto the text, to see how things will end.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.9676197}
{"text": "The folded leaf creates some desire to know whad happens to Bumni, Sam and Mrs. Kekere who are on their way tc meet pastor Fayemi for healing. Throughout the narration, the reader is kept gluedto the text, to see how things will end. Even the village preacher, reverent Abbe is wishful that God may bless, heal and lead them to the capital, Lagos. \". Bless Samuel, father today, today, please- send him new c Contrast This is a literary technique in which the author sets two people, events or objects in opposition to each other in order to show Afolabi uses contrast as a technique to drive in his thematic concerns with ease. Reverent Abbe is a servant of God in a village church, who prays to people to gain hope and restoration without pay. She leads a very humble life and she is depicted as a true believer, who loves her congregation. Her church donates whole heartedly to finance the long anticipated journey to Lagos The author contrasts her with pastor Adejola Fayemi, or Daddy Cool as he is better known on account of his helicopter, jets and lavish lifestyle. His followers deny Bumnis' access to seeing him, even after paying all the money they had carried to the church. A Use of dialogue Afolabi uses dialogue richly to develop his characters and themes. He reproduces the exact words that characters are supposed to have spoken. Cases in point are as follows; 'What do you have inside?\". A voice demands from outside the bus. Police, \" Bola whispers \"Just people, \" the driver says \"we go Lagos. '. How many of you?\". P 83 This conversation reveals the experience the narrator and the other travellers face as they travel to Lagos. This and many other dialogues are used to foreground the thematic concerns and enliven the plot development. B Local idiom The author uses local language. Since this story is set in the both Nigerian suburbs and Nigerian city, Lagos, the use of local dialect makes it easy not only to identify the setting, but also to give it a local flavor. The following are examples of local dialects used; agbada, which means a four-piece attire worn by men; eshayu, which means thank you, na so meaning yes, it's true; among others. Characterization a Narrator The narrator is a blind twelve-year-old whose narrative power is inheres in her strong will and introspecting personality.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406249.991065}
{"text": "Since this story is set in the both Nigerian suburbs and Nigerian city, Lagos, the use of local dialect makes it easy not only to identify the setting, but also to give it a local flavor. The following are examples of local dialects used; agbada, which means a four-piece attire worn by men; eshayu, which means thank you, na so meaning yes, it's true; among others. Characterization a Narrator The narrator is a blind twelve-year-old whose narrative power is inheres in her strong will and introspecting personality. She is an examining girl who is young, honest and hopeful that she will receive healing after attending the church service in town. She is indeed determined to meeting pastor Daddy Cool and therefore becomes too obnoxious, on learning that it will not be possible. The story end when she is more strong and ambitious in spite of all the happenings that she has started to understand that at least she has life, a good one for that effect. B Reverend Abbe Reverend Abbe is a pastor who is depicted as a servant of God, leading a true deity church. So loving and caring she is that she organizes her church members in the village for donations to the narrator's journey to seek healing. HShe is a committed and dedicated Christian that though a deacon she is, members of the church prefer her to reverend Okulaia, who the reverend-in-charge is. She is trustable that the narrator says that she is complacent having her as a clergy, who prays for people without asking for money from them 294 c Pastor Adeiola Fayemi. He is portrayed as a fat cat tycoon, leading a wealth life. He runs a church in the Lagos capital. Religion seems to rob the individual of choice. Religious extremist people really suffer a lot through him, making him an exploitative person. Not until they get robbed of their money, do they come in terms with their physical challenges. Papa has given out all the money that had been contributed, and denied access to the pastoral place pulpit p 90 ln this case therefore, Afolabi's story represents the new face of pseudo-Christian practice in Nigeria, through him, which is hinged on the gospel of healing miracles and prosperity. Activity 1. Discuss the following oral techniques in the story: a Use of songs b Humour and comic relief c Exaggeration d Dialogue 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.025822}
{"text": "Papa has given out all the money that had been contributed, and denied access to the pastoral place pulpit p 90 ln this case therefore, Afolabi's story represents the new face of pseudo-Christian practice in Nigeria, through him, which is hinged on the gospel of healing miracles and prosperity. Activity 1. Discuss the following oral techniques in the story: a Use of songs b Humour and comic relief c Exaggeration d Dialogue 2. Put the following excerpt in its immediate context. I have always been blind. How they appear to me and my understanding of myself, might not compare with other 3. Describe the character traits of Pastor Feyemi as exhibited in perception. The story 10. HITTING BUDAPEST By NoViolet Bulawayo. BACKGROUND The short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo follows six African children on their trip to steal guavas from a rich neighborhood. The author has structured the short story in three scenes marked by suspension points. The first scene presents the trip to Budapest; the second focuses on the way back, while the third marks a strange incident when the children discover a hanged woman in the bushes of Paradise. The story also follows the plot elements, having an exposition, a rising action, a climax and a falling action NoViolet examines convoluted issues of social inequality and inadequate access to resources in such an amazing way through her creative determination and imagination to improve the material conditions of her characters. Africa is the richest in the world in terms of natural resource endowments, despite this poverty wracks havoc in most, if not all, parts of the continent where apparently children and women are the most affected. Summary of incidents The story is about five young girls, mostly pre-teen, moving from their shanty town of Paradise to the estates of Budapest in search Of guavas and anything that matter. As they make their tourney towards Budapest they converse as all children do. It is through this that we get to know that Chipo, a girl of ten years, has been impregnated her grandfather. At Budapest they met a white woman of 33 years who had just come from London, eating ice-cream. They looked longingly at this icecream only for her to throw what is left of it into the dustbin and take a picture of them.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.0544026}
{"text": "It is through this that we get to know that Chipo, a girl of ten years, has been impregnated her grandfather. At Budapest they met a white woman of 33 years who had just come from London, eating ice-cream. They looked longingly at this icecream only for her to throw what is left of it into the dustbin and take a picture of them. On their way back they shared their dreams with each other: to travel to America, get big houses and cars. Whereas IMF is a street at Budapest, AU is a street at Paradise, the shanty town. The kids steal, eat and go back to the shanty to meet a dead woman dangling from a tree. Their hunger allows them to conquer their fear of death and they steal her shoes so they can sell them in order to buy bread. But the real story is in the class divide, in the loss of innocence, immigration, violence, defilement, poverty, extreme hunger, and dejection. Initially, this story reads as a metaphor where some Africans in search of better lives travel abroad. Again, Paradise and Budapest represent the economic duality that we have in most countries where extreme poverty exists side by side with all the skyscrapers and glass-houses. However, as the story unfolds, the metaphorical view changed. Back at Paradise, the children went to ease themselves in the bush where they saw a woman dangling from a rope-a possible suicide. The children decided to remove the shoes the dead woman was wearing and sell them for bread. SETTING Published in 201 0, the short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo is set in an African country, most likely Zimbabwe, the author's native country. Time and physical settingThe time setting is during guava season and the action spans over a day in the lives of six children. The main physical setting is the rich neighborhood Budapest, but also the way to Budapest from the shanty town called Paradise. Budapest is depicted in detail by the narrator to show the between the poor area they come from and the richness of nearby neighborhood. Buf not an ordinary country it looks like everybody woke up one day and closed their gates, doors, and windows, picked up thei passports, and left for better countries. Even the air is empty; no burning things, no smell of cooking food or something rotting. Iust plain air with nothing in its hands.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.040836}
{"text": "Buf not an ordinary country it looks like everybody woke up one day and closed their gates, doors, and windows, picked up thei passports, and left for better countries. Even the air is empty; no burning things, no smell of cooking food or something rotting. Iust plain air with nothing in its hands. Budapest is big, big house; with the graveled yards and tall fences and walls and flowers and green trees, heavy with fruit p 98 Social setting The social setting in \"Hitting Budapest\" presents several aspects related to African society and the world society in general. The interactions and conversations between the children show their lack of education as they have no knowledge about human reproduction, but also the commonness of incest and rape among poor Africans Chipo is pregnant with her grandfather P. 98 THEMES The main theme of the short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo is poverty and its dehumanizing effects, which is enhanced through the motif of the gap between the rich and the poor. The author's intention was to show the consequences of poverty experienced by African children and to bring a critique to those who turn a blind eye on the gap between the rich and the poor, hinting at the idea that it is Western states and organizations who bare most of the responsibility for it. J Effects of poverty. The short story explores the dehumanizing effects of poverty through the setting and characters. The action takes places in a poor African area probably Zimbabwe and shows through symbolical setting elements the crude reality of the gap between the rich and the poor. The characters are African children Basta, Chipo, Godknows, Sbho, Stina, and Darling who have no other option to calm their hunger but to go to neighboring rich area Budapest and steal guava fruits p 98 The fact that the children go there frequently suggests that stealing for survival has become something very common, part of their everyday lives. Poverty makes these children to steal even to a dead woman, on their way back to paradise. L Defilement To defile is to violate chastity of a person. Defilement is a major burning factor in most African states today. Defilement becomes a bee sting in that case where the molesters go for children under the age of eighteen years. It becomes a child sexual abuse when an adult or older adolescents use a child for sexual stimulation.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.1011908}
{"text": "Defilement is a major burning factor in most African states today. Defilement becomes a bee sting in that case where the molesters go for children under the age of eighteen years. It becomes a child sexual abuse when an adult or older adolescents use a child for sexual stimulation. This indeed ruins the Childs life and is against the children rights in many countries of the post colonial Africa. NoViolet Bulawayo did not demean the fact of existence of such people in the society, People who are child molesters. Chipo, a girl of ten years, has been impregnated by her grandfather. Chipo, a young efficacious girl who used to outrun everybody in Paradise, has something in hers stomach, put there by her grandfather P.97 However, indiscipline and immoral behaviors in the society should not go unpunished. Hitting Budapests victim does not go unpunished. He becomes a guest of the state. 2 Immigration To avoid harsh circumstances at home, Africans cross borders and dangerous water masses to go to the west. They do low paying jobs or even sometimes illegal ones. Godknows' uncle left for London long time ago. Now, he does not even write p 1 01 Basta dreams of going abroad after school, actually to Paris. Darling too, dreams of going to America once she grows up. These children have been fed with the societal believe that West is good, not knowing that Africa is rich enough to sustain its people, in terms of resources, once utilized well. Today, Africans are not captured by the slave traders but by the COIonial and post independence governments. These governments have created conditions that forces Africans to go abroad. Techniques and language use a First person narrative voice child narrator. The author uses first person point of view by a girl called Dari. Who is also part of the actions unfolding. As a result, the narrator has limited knowledge on the events and the other characters, and only depicts what happens, based on what she observes: And there, squatting and screaming, is Godknows. He is also pointing ahead in the thick trees, and we see it, a tall thing \"What's that?\". Somebody, I don't know who, whispers. Nobody answer P. 104 She tells the story as an eye witness, this making the rider to make the episodes in the narration more immediate to the reader.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.1018002}
{"text": "He is also pointing ahead in the thick trees, and we see it, a tall thing \"What's that?\". Somebody, I don't know who, whispers. Nobody answer P. 104 She tells the story as an eye witness, this making the rider to make the episodes in the narration more immediate to the reader. This allows the author to keep aesthetic distance and give the story an illusion of obiectivity. B Contrast The language of \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo is simple and easy to follow, though it initially is ambiguous due to the contrast in the names and places which do not seem to match. The names Of the characters suggest an African setting, while the names of place suggest Western places. However, as the story unfolds, the meaning become clearer. People living in the Budapest are very rich. Mello looks pretty, jewellery, smooth brown skin and she does not have a scar to that she is a living person. They have enough to eat. The houses clean and big P. 1 01 The children are leading a shnty poor live in their village, paradise Theirs is to steal Guavas from the villagers. They even steal shoes a dead woman. C Dialogue NOViolet Bulawayo uses dialogue richly, intertwined with narrative Making the story more appealing and dynamic. Many passage, times, the dialogue is simple and humorous: it \"What's one day? Tomorrow? Thursday? Next week?\" '. Can't you see her stomach is still small? The baby has to grow \" \"A baby grows outside. That's the reason they are born. So they grow \" p 97 The narrative passages, on the other hand, are quite detailed and descriptive, helping reader's better grasp of what is happening nd there, squatting and screaming, is Godknows. He is also pointing ahead in the thick trees, and we see it, a tall thing dangling in a free. \". What's that?\". Somebody, I don't know who, whispers. Nobody answers because now we can all see what it is P. 104 a Humour Despite the seriousness of the incidents presented, the story is executed with a lot of humour it is effective as a means of satirizing social foibles such as poverty. The worst thing about guavas, all those seeds gets you constipated when you eat foo much.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.1447759}
{"text": "During this period chaos are all over the country and the sky fire red. The civil servants are underpaid and therefore strikes and go slows by the workers are common. It is such factors that drive Leila into writing about a classic situation: that of an immigrant couple Sudanese in London . Having been born to a Sudanese father, brought up and schooled in Sudan, Leila understands the plight of Africa as o continent and at the same time celebrates and champions for the values that have held the African continent together. By the use Of scarce characters, Leila uses a couple, Maidy and Samra to represent both sides of African continent: the pros and cons of living in Africa. Maidy embraces the new culture while Samra retreats more and more and becomes withdrawn and isolated from the reality of life around her. In this story of love, culture and alienation, Leila still for trading our culture with the western one but yet retain the pros of our She is not totally opposed to adapting what is good from the own. Culture 'Missing out' depicts its originality by the fact that author uses religion that is widespread in the country of its origin: Sudan. The author's own experiences, especially while at the, niversity, influenced her writing. She pursued Economics at the university, which she found difficult due to high baccalaureate scores and math being a particularly strong subject under the dedicated tutelage of her mother. Other than her personal life and the biographical, which have been major influences and sources of inspiration for her work, Aboulela's literary influences include writers such as Naguib Mahfouz and Tayeb Salih. She also admires works by Doris Lessing, J.M. Coetzee, Ahdaf Soueif, Anita Desai, ChimamandaNgozi Adichie and Abdulrazak Gurnah. SUMMARYSYNOPSIS 'Missing Out' is an emotional and moving story of love, culture, alienation and a longing for home by one of its characters while the Other character blindly sinks into the new culture and hence he is alienated. It's a story of Maidy, a young and ambitious Muslim man living in London. It's a wondrous story that moves rather swiftly, giving the readers the character's conflicts without unnecessarily dwelling too long on their problems.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.1625524}
{"text": "SUMMARYSYNOPSIS 'Missing Out' is an emotional and moving story of love, culture, alienation and a longing for home by one of its characters while the Other character blindly sinks into the new culture and hence he is alienated. It's a story of Maidy, a young and ambitious Muslim man living in London. It's a wondrous story that moves rather swiftly, giving the readers the character's conflicts without unnecessarily dwelling too long on their problems. This quick pace helps the author to state, though not explicitly, that the story is not about Maidy, but about a sort Of young, ambitious Muslim caught between modernity and tradition. Majdy is sympathetic and his conflict is a universal one, charmingly rendered. E Story revolves around a young man from Sudan who joins college in London. During his first term, Maidy writes home citing he would not make it and that he would give up and return. EntOuragernent from his mother, who strongly believes he can make it. Maidy weds Samra as the mother advocates. This is made to make him concentrate more on his studies and deter him from marrying a white and losing taste of his culture the beauty of his country. Samra learns that Maidy has religion as he doesn't observe the mandatory prayers and in tries to win him back. Samra is nostalgic and has refused to adapt to new life in London and observes he duties as a Muslim woman. On the other hand, Maidy sinks into the new culture and all he sees looking at his origin country, Sudan, is negativity and backwardness. He tries to discourage Samra but she stays aloof and gets excited when it is suggested to her that she was going to spend holiday in Sudan. Maidy later calls home and announces that he desired to remain in London even after his studies. This is ironical as from the beginning he had always expressed attachment to his mother country. SETTING The setting of this story shifts from London to Sudan. This could be a deliberate move by the author to compare and contrast life in Sudan and in London. London is depicted as developed politically, socially and economically. Life in London was swift and 'interfered' with normal life. Maidy argues, 'here in London praying was distraction, an interruption 'p 1 12 London was civilized. Life was easy. Samra wondered how one can buy meat already cut up for her.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.199163}
{"text": "Maidy argues, 'here in London praying was distraction, an interruption 'p 1 12 London was civilized. Life was easy. Samra wondered how one can buy meat already cut up for her. The author observes, 'every Obiect she touched was perfect, qualify radiated from every little thing 13 London is so developed that even Samrc longed to be ill in order to take medicine which was so seducing. The author says, 'even the pharmacieswere stocked so full of medicine inso many different colors and flavors that she almost longed to ill ' pl 13 Sudan on the other hand is depicted as underdeveloped. Although life in Sudan is still and rhythmic, many elites like Maidy find it ra retrogressive. Unlike in London where begging is illegal, in Sudor beggars are all over. Child labor is a common practice in third world countries as inferred in this story 'Shooing away the baref00 children who passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her che gum, hairpins and matches ' P. 1 08 for the elites like Maidy Sud and by extension African Continent is underdeveloped. MOidy thought Samra would be grateful to him for rescuing her from the backwardness of Khartoum. Chaos is in the city and strikes by the civil servants prevail. This is the plight of Africa. THEMES Change. It is said that change is inevitable. Many traditions of people, particularly Africans change when they go to abroad. This is clearly shown by Maidy who abandons his culture e g the mandatory Islamic prayers. He says, \"here in London praying was distraction, an interruption ' It is no wonder his mother gets really shocked when she learns about the sudden change of her son. Additionally, he even sees the very fabric of traditions that have held his life together as 'backwardness' and retrogressive. It is in that view that Maidy thinks that Samra should be grateful for saving her from 'the backwardness of Khartoum ' Maidy was hardworking back in the days. He was brilliant and always came to the top of his class. He even had appeared on a newspaper at sixteen.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.1748755}
{"text": "It is in that view that Maidy thinks that Samra should be grateful for saving her from 'the backwardness of Khartoum ' Maidy was hardworking back in the days. He was brilliant and always came to the top of his class. He even had appeared on a newspaper at sixteen. In London, Maidy loses his hardworking spirit and 'in his first term at college in London he complained that studies had become hard ' The plight of Africa Leila Aboulela is concerned about the staggering poverty and underdevelopment in Sudan and the inability of African governments to function at the level they ought to. African has resources but is taken away from the Africans. Sudan is underdeveloped. Children at tender age who ought to be in school are in the streets busy hawking to feed their families 'Shooing away the barefooted children who passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her chewing gum ' p 1 08 Africa is suffering from civil wars. Sudan is politically unstable. Samra's teacher says, 'you must be relieved that you are here, all that War and famine back home. The place of women in the society. This is clearly a patriarchal society that believes in the male over female. It is clear that Maidy's mother is left with the responsibility of taking care of her son. Parenting has been left to women. The relationship between Maidy and Samra is domineering one. That could be the reason why Maidy uses abusive language on his wife. She is not supposed to question her husband's behavioral changes. She is not supposed to question him for not doing his prayers and when she does Maidy calls her stupid. TECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGE USE. Narrative voice The author has employed third person narrative mode, where every character is referred to by the narrator as 'he', 'she' or 'they'. This makes it clear that the narrator is an unspecified entity or uninvolved person in the story. This kind of narration brings out the thoughts and intentions of different characters hence their character traits are fully developed. A third person narrator is omniscient and omnipresent. Such narrator has knowledge of all times, people, places and events and this makes it possible to shift the plot from London to Khartoum, Sudan. Even then the narrator's knowledge is \"limited\" to the characters, that is, the narrator cannot describe things unknown to the focal character.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.268716}
{"text": "A third person narrator is omniscient and omnipresent. Such narrator has knowledge of all times, people, places and events and this makes it possible to shift the plot from London to Khartoum, Sudan. Even then the narrator's knowledge is \"limited\" to the characters, that is, the narrator cannot describe things unknown to the focal character. Local dialect To keep it original, the author has used local dialect to avoid the story been confused with European literature. Use of local dialect also helps the reader to determine the physical setting of the story. The author has used certain local words among them tobe, zed Inshallah, ka 'ba and Qibla Humour Maidy is a humorous character. He gets lazy with prayers and says that it's because life in London is swift. He tells Samra not to cover her head with a tobe because he didn't want to be associated fanatics and backwardness: His culture. It's also humorous that when Maidy complains of studies being difficult for him his mother saddles him with a wife. Ironically this to' IronyIrony is a strange, funny or sad situation in which things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect. It is ironic that Maidy, who does so well in his secondary education certificate, goes to study abroad but complains of studies being hard on him on his first term. There is irony when Maid ' calls home to complain about studies and his mother instead marries him to Samra. One wonders whether marriage makes studies easy or complicates the state of the learner. It is therefore not a surprise that Maidy abandons obligatory prayers completely. It is ironic that Maidy expects Samra to show gratitude and appreciation for saving her \"the backwardness\" of Khartoum but instead she continues to be nostalgic about the same backwardness and eventually travels back home during the holiday. Maidy asks Samra to take a leave to Sudan so he can also take a break from her but soon after leaving, he feels hollow and empty. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERISATION This story like any other short story uses scarcity of characters and this has given the author the opportunity to explore the characters into details giving us their character traits. Each character plays a significant role that clearly can't be overlookedMaidy He is loving: He shows love and care to Samra. He shows her around and does everything possible to make her happy and comfortable in her new environment; London.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.266348}
{"text": "CHARACTER AND CHARACTERISATION This story like any other short story uses scarcity of characters and this has given the author the opportunity to explore the characters into details giving us their character traits. Each character plays a significant role that clearly can't be overlookedMaidy He is loving: He shows love and care to Samra. He shows her around and does everything possible to make her happy and comfortable in her new environment; London. He gives her his attention despite his busy schedule. He is supportive: He supports Samra to settle in her new environment. He buys her a mat to use during her obligatory prayers. He is alienatedDetached: He is detached from his culture. He blindly copies the western culture. He abandons the very fabric of his Culture that holds him together: the obligatory prayers. It is no Wonder that he views the practice of his people back in Khartoum, Sudan as 'backwardness ' e is abusive: He calls Samra stupid and sees her as retrogressive for observing her obligatory prayers. He is immoral: He sees it as an opportunity to bring other women in his matrimonial bed when Samra travels to Sudan for holiday. Majdy represents the elites who go overseas either to study or work there and fail to ever return to their countries: The plight of AfricaAfrica suffers from brain drain. Such are the people who appreciate more the western culture and abandon their own. According to Majdy, African culture is inferior to western culture. SAMRA She is religious: She observes her religious duties in a foreign country and even urges her husband to create time for prayers in her busy schedule. She is resilient: Unlike her husband who is changed by his surrounding, Samra remains as religious as she left Khartoum. She still observes her religious duties despite the fact that life in London is swift. She is naive: Amazed by the kind of development there is in London especially in the field of medicine, Samra is so much seduced by the color and flavor of medicine that she wishes to fall sick that she may use them. She is loving: As a typical African woman, Samra takes care of her husband and it is no wonder he feels hollow and incomplete when she goes back to Sudan for a holiday. She represents Africans who stick to their cultures and admonishes it so much that they actually value it even when in oversees. As a typical African woman, she adores and cherishes her husband. She represents African women who stand up for their marriages and families.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.2903628}
{"text": "She represents Africans who stick to their cultures and admonishes it so much that they actually value it even when in oversees. As a typical African woman, she adores and cherishes her husband. She represents African women who stand up for their marriages and families. MAJDY'S MOTHER She is caring: She calls her son to check on her. She gets worried when she learns that her son thinks of dropping because studies have become hard and encourages him to work harder. She is generous: when her son does well in examinations back Khartoum, she throws up a party for him. She invites the villagers te come and celebrate with her. She is selfish: She only thinks of herself and not her son. When he announces that he will stay in London she only complains about her being left alone other than looking at the advantages her son will get. She is hopeful: She hopes that things will not remain dark in Sudan and speaks of a better future. She says, 'But what if things improve here, son? If they strike oil or make lasting peace. She represents citizens who endure hostility and poor standards of living in their African countries with the hope that 'things will improve ' As a mother, she shows love, care and good will to her son. She wishes the very best to him. ACTITIVITY I. Compare and contrast the character of Maidy and Samra 2. The university students were demonstrating. Do you think demonstrations can solve problems? Discuss. 3. Discuss irony as used in this story. 4. Discuss the theme of religion5. Maidy's determination to remain in London symbolizes running away from the culture of his people. Discuss. 12. NO NEED TO LIE BY Rolf Schmid Background Rolf Schmid's \"No Need to Lie\" is an extraordinary account of a remarkable life. The author describes his rough painful struggle With cancer in the both Kenya and Germany. He became a celebrated restaurateur and sportsman and after acquiring Kenyan citizenship, he represented his new home in judo, polo, Weightlifting and pistol shooting, excelling in all four of them. He also still got time to emulate his childhood idol, Ernest Heming w as a passionate big game hunter in the African bush. Tragedy through cancer which almost killed him, but sheer determination, and the hand of God saved him. After this ordeal, he ventured become a world champion power lifter in the masters over categories.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.307071}
{"text": "He also still got time to emulate his childhood idol, Ernest Heming w as a passionate big game hunter in the African bush. Tragedy through cancer which almost killed him, but sheer determination, and the hand of God saved him. After this ordeal, he ventured become a world champion power lifter in the masters over categories. For this and all his previous achievements in sports, he was bestowed with the Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya by His Excellency President Daniel arap Moi. Rolf Schmid has surmounted many barriers in life but a diagnosis of throat cancer came as a terrible blow to the prominent chef. Summary of Incidents Rolf schmid narrates in biographic way his long painful struggle and fight with cancer. As he battled all those negative emotions, Rolf made a vow to himself that he would not let the disease take him down. After all, he was only 50 years old p 22 It was not an easy fight. The surgery, chemotherapy and medicine took a heavy toll on him. He had lost all appetite for food. However Rolf knew that if he did not put something into his tummy, his recover would be severely compromised. The terrible sores inside his mo made any contact with food a painful ordeal. To counter this, he resorted to inserting a long pipe into his gulle through which he poured in food in liquid form. But the battle with cancer was not the cue to take things easy watch life pass by. More than anything else, Rolf's battle with c sums up his character: A never-say-die attitude in the face seemingly insurmountable challen The well schemed masterpiece ends with Schmid landing back to Nairobi where he was accorded a hero's welcome, after having been treated at the Katharinen hospital in Germany. He rejoices together with his wife Asmahan and their children. He felt himself a victor and thathe was beginning a new life. Setting \"No need to lie\" is set in Kenya. Rolf Schmid had obtained a Kenyan citizenship after staying in Kenya and working as a leading chef in Nairobi. Places like Langata road in Kibera are mentioned in the short story where he could drive on his way to and from the job. P 1 31 After the treatments in the Nairobi hospital proved to be ineffective, Rolf was referred to Katharinen Krsnkenhaus hospital in Germany, where he went with Roland for further medication.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.4052663}
{"text": "Rolf Schmid had obtained a Kenyan citizenship after staying in Kenya and working as a leading chef in Nairobi. Places like Langata road in Kibera are mentioned in the short story where he could drive on his way to and from the job. P 1 31 After the treatments in the Nairobi hospital proved to be ineffective, Rolf was referred to Katharinen Krsnkenhaus hospital in Germany, where he went with Roland for further medication. This makes the setting shift from Kenya to Germany, then back to Kenya, seeking medical attention for his cancerous condition. The events are taking place between late December and early January. His medication journey begun January 8, after his personal Doctor, Mrs. Van Enk's coming back from Mombasa, where he had gone for the Christmas celebration. It begins at the Caren Surgery. Pl 23 Themes a Struggle to survive One Of his greatest battles in life was cancer. At 50, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. A fighter with a black belt in judo and a Weightlifter, Schmidt vowed the disease would not put him down. He SUrvived having gone through surgery, chemotherapy and no appetite and COntinued to forge on with life, with gusto. 0. A Burdens of sickness There is nothing that burdens Rolf, than his encounter with the throat cancer. It came after he had decided to cut weight, so that at least he, could lead a better sportsmanship life. Little had he known that he would be sick and the weight would cut down itself automatically, until the day he met Mrs. Van Enk, his private Doctor. He was informed that his medical condition needed a lot of urgency, Dr Rupani agreed that he had to admit him and take a biopsy. After ' the test, it was affirmed that he was having cancer and not Aids. P. 1 25 the greatest problem that exposed him to more harm was that his condition was in an alarming third stage, which was second to the last stage. He realized at a very late stage that he was cancerous. The grotesque look of the people in the radiation ward made him scared more than before. After it he become malnourished, with his skin, sagging. As if this is not enough, he was still to undergo four more chemotherapies. He says that he endured four chemo sessions for the four Saturdays preceding.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.3453732}
{"text": "After it he become malnourished, with his skin, sagging. As if this is not enough, he was still to undergo four more chemotherapies. He says that he endured four chemo sessions for the four Saturdays preceding. He lost half of his hair and most of his beard. In his last cancer chemo, he got sick, something that made him dismiss all the clinics, the diagnosis and prognosis. He therefore decided to go to Germany. He fought his tears back as he saw his wife Asmahan cry at the airport, as she was bidding him good bye. He had to undergo a series of treatments befor getting back to his normality. B Love and friendship Rolf Schmid is a man that makes the definition of the word friendship easier. He receives a lot of attention from his native wife and native doctors too, who are assisting in his critical condition Whatsoever. His greatest treasure was his children. His wishful prayer was that he was going to live and see his children grow up, play more polo, do more sculptures and be With Asmahan, His sickness really affected her wife a lot. She is seen weeping, full of tears; she tells him that God is going to be with him. That he has to remember to chant a prayer daily p 132 His children and Asmahan were there ready to receive him after his treatments. They rejoiced together. He was indeed thankful in the way he appreciated the staff at the Germany hospital. He feels troubled, that he did not get time to appreciate Roland, who had taken a lot of core during his sickness time, for he died a year later, of a tragic occident, before their meeting again p 1 35 Techniques and Language Use a Point of viewThis short story is written in the first person narrative voice. The \"l\" narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narrative voice makes the events look very immediate to the readers. It enhances aesthetic distance, that degree of separateness between an author and the events they present in the story. The first person narrator also helps create rapport with the readers through the informal use of humour, despite the depressing situation presented at hand. B Dialogue This is a verbal exchange between characters. Dialogue is used to develop characters and themes in the \"No Need to lie\". Quite a number of dialogues throughout the text.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.418247}
{"text": "It's a coastal, cliff-side town, a desert like cape with no flowers, and so little land that the inhabitants have to throw their dead over the cliffs and into the sec rather than bury them in the ground. The inhabitants are a simple group of people, who believe in myths as strongly as what they see with their eyes. It's such a small village, that the all the men combined fit into seven boats, and there are only about twenty houses Summary of incidents Handsomest Drowned Man in the world\" opens with a group of children playing on the beach of a small fishing village. In the waves a dark and slinky bulge is approaching. It turns out to be a drowned man, covered in seaweed, stones, and Dead Sea creatures. P 1 38 .This drowned man has a huge impact on the village, which is changed forever by his arrival. The men head to neighboring villages to see if the dead man belongs to one of them, while the women clean off the body and prepare it for a funeral. They will make their houses bigger and stronger and better, and dig for springs in their courtyards, and paint their houses bright colors to make Esteban's memory eternal, and plant flowers on their cliffs so that years from now, sailors going by will see the colors and smell the scents and know that there, on those cliffs, is Esteban's village. SettingMrquez never specifies the time or place of his story, but the action takes place somewhere in Latin America. We know that we're dealing with an isolated village, with no real modern technology, livelihood. That its relies on fishing for The scenery changes from start to end. At the story's beginning, the village is simply a desert like cape with no flowers. Later we're told that it's arid and windless. This is a dry, ordinary, boring place to live. It's so ordinary, in fact, that the drowned man, a truly extraordinary guy' has no place in it. Esteban is incompatible with the village as it first exists. And so with his arrival, Esteban transforms the village into place as extraordinary as he is. Themes \"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World\" explores the which human beings overcome personal isolation through collective community. In this story, common beliefs in the fantastic bring together the members of a small fishing village. The men, women, and children of this community are united by their common desire for selfimprovement.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.3855386}
{"text": "His arrival is like a splash of color against their grey landscape. If the village is dry and colorless, the drowned man brings with him the possibility of lively springs and bright flowers. And sure enough, this possibility is soon realized. As the women prepare for the drowned man's funeral, they go to get flowers from neighboring villages. They return with other women who could not believe what they had been told, and those women wer back for more flowers when they saw the dead man, and they brought more and more until there were so many flowers and so many people that it was hard to walk about They were going to paint their house fronts gay colors to make Esteban's memory eternal and they were going to break their backs digging for springs among the stones and planting flowers on the cliffs so that in future years at dawn the passengers on great liners would awaken, suffocated by the smell of gardens the high seas. This is a far cry from the desert like cape we first met at the beginning of the story. ThirdPerson Limited Omniscient might be tempting to label this story is told from an omniscient point of view. After all, the narrative gets into the heads of many different villagers at many different times. But realize that all the information get is from the perspective of the villagers we are limited to their we know what they know, and only what they know. At first, the children playing think the drowned man is a ship, and then a whale. We don't know he's a man until they realize he's a man. The villagers never know where the drowned man came from, so neither does we. They think he is called Esteban, so for the purposes of the story, he is Esteban. L. Allusion This is a style in writing which the writer refers to a statement or quotations of incidents to clarify a point Biblical allusion: When the men came with the news that the drowned man was not from the neighboring village, the women, with iubilation, chanted in the midst of their tears, \"praise the lord, \" they sighed \"he's ours\" this makes us to comprehend their social set up under the religious perspective.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.4422252}
{"text": "They think he is called Esteban, so for the purposes of the story, he is Esteban. L. Allusion This is a style in writing which the writer refers to a statement or quotations of incidents to clarify a point Biblical allusion: When the men came with the news that the drowned man was not from the neighboring village, the women, with iubilation, chanted in the midst of their tears, \"praise the lord, \" they sighed \"he's ours\" this makes us to comprehend their social set up under the religious perspective. Historical allusion:The Story alludes to Homer's Odyssey mentions the Sirens \"Some sailors who heard the weeping from a distance went off course, and People heard of one who had himself tied to the mainmast, remembering ancient fables about sirens\" Refers to the crying during Esteban's funeral and the crying is like the ring songs of the sirens. Esteban is a \"myth\" Characterization a The Drowned Man Esteban Although he is a stranger-and a dead stranger at that steb plays a central role in the villagers' lives. He does not speak, yethis j face and his body speaks for him, telling the villagers how sorry he is to be such a bother, large and cumbersome as he is. They intuit that he is ostentatious, stoic, dignified, kind and considerate, yet authoritative enough to command the fish to jump into his boat when he is fishing. The women of the village find him \"speaking\" to them in other ways, making them compare their husbands to his splendid size and handsome features. They are certain that he would be have been embarrassed of his huge size and the inconvenience it caused those around him, and even now, the hassle it's causing the villagers in trying to bury his huge body. The drowned man is given an honorary family and a beautiful funereal ceremony. A The Women The women respond to Esteban with care, then admiration, then longing, and finally, ownership. We know more about the women of the village than we do about the men, simply because we spend more time in their perspective. Much of the characterization of the drowned man comes from the women. That is, it isn't the drowned man being characterized as much the women's idea of the drowned man that is described. They are the ones who see his physical prowess and then imagine his character.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.46351}
{"text": "'The Yard discovered that Tim called a poacher in Kenya shortly before Tim came to Uganda, but they couldn't prove that the poacher provided Tim with the dart gun ' p 1 62 However, their greed doesn't succeed. \". The publicity hurt the Paulsons charity so much that it ceased all activities two years after Winnie's death. They now live a quite life in their mansion. They are volunteer teachers at a local school. I don't work for them anymore \" p 1 62 Winnie's lawyers fought to prevent Tim, Peter and Chelsea from inheriting her money and Gala, but after the trail, there was no reason why they couldn't. 2 HypocrisyThis is a pretense of holding beliefs, feelings, or opinions that one does not actually possess. When one applies criticism to others, or actually the moral self contradiction in that case whereby you plan good things with your 'in-quotes' friends leads to hypocrisy. Innie is living with friends who in deed are foes and at the end of the day decides to kill her. As illustrated below: \"Peter, \" Winnie hissed, \"when I die the police will question you first. You won't mention that we quarrel every day, will you? You won't mention that we quarrel every time we go to bed, so I better publicize it P. I 52 This illustration now clearly indicates that peter is cheating on Winnie, with Chelsea \"Shut up!\". Peter shot out of his chair, banging tis fist on the table at the same time. He upset a glass You won t shut me up! You are cheating on me with Chelsea!\" \". Oh Winnie!\". Chelsea said \"Don't you Oh Winnie me!\". P.l 52 Techniques and language use a Narrative voice First person narrative voice is a narration that has been told from the perceptive of a first person narrator. The T narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narration makes the events to be quite immediate to the reader and hence, it becomes engaging to read. Dilman Dila also uses present tense intertwined with the usual past tense in this story about events that happened in the past. It is as if he is giving commentary on the event. A rapport therefore between the narrator, Simon, and the reader is created.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.5008984}
{"text": "LDiscuss the traits of Ali Mahfouz as brought out in this story ALMOST HOME by Barry McKinley. Ali Mahfouz is the main character in the short story \"Almost Home\". He faces an imminent deportation from Ireland. He exhibits a lot of traits as he attempts to fight back against the deportation. The writer paints Ali as deceitful. He tells people that he is a medical student and even puts a picture on face book that shows him at the surgeons' college with college books yet the books are only telephone directories. He only does menial jobs in Ireland for survival but he has not gone to study medicine. In addition he walks with little white buds in his ears as if he is listening to music from the iPod yet he doesn't even know how to load the gadget with music. Ali is Hardworking as he does all kinds of jobs in Ireland to cater his upkeep. For instance he slices kebab meat; while working for tw Egyptian brothers, also he power-washes cars, scrubs pots and wipes tables. When he just arrives in Ireland, Ali makes many friends. He is quite charming and sociable. He Makes Slattery to laugh all the time despite being in a serious situation this brings Ali is Stubborn, He has been warned by Tarrant not to cause any problem while they travel yet he attempts to escape twice. Furthermore, the government has tried to deport him twice, where every time he is disruptive on the plane threatening of blowing up the plane with a bomb in his possession. Despite all these he still lives in Ireland. With all the attempts to be deported from Ireland, Ali tries all means to prevent it from happening- He threatens to blow up the plane twice; he attempts to escape from Slattery and Tarrant inFrance and Spain. As a last resort he decides to drown himself in sea provided it is a way to escape from being deported. This brings out his determined nature. Ali Observes keenly enough to note that Slattery has good French. Ali also notes that Slattery has no wedding band despite him being in midthirties and handsome. Ali loses hope with life in his country, he is disillusioned, and this is what makes him to opt and go to Ireland and seek a better life. Because of poverty, his family is cramped together in the apartment' Ali imagines of life in prison, lack of food, clothing and having to pay bribes. This shame and fear causes him to jump into the sea.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.5131097}
{"text": "Ali loses hope with life in his country, he is disillusioned, and this is what makes him to opt and go to Ireland and seek a better life. Because of poverty, his family is cramped together in the apartment' Ali imagines of life in prison, lack of food, clothing and having to pay bribes. This shame and fear causes him to jump into the sea. Ali manages to stay in Ireland as an illegal migrant due to his deceitful nature, and he determinedly avoids being deported 3. THE UMBRELLA MAN by Siddhartha Giaoo Discuss the stylistic devices employed in the above story and give their effectiveness. Siddhartha Gigoo has used language distinctively in order to pass across his message. More so he has employed various styles to necessitate character development and flow of the plot. This story is told from a third person point of view, where the narrator gives us the story from what he observes. The narrator gives us what number seven does and what other inmates do in the story. This facilitates the development of the story. The writer has used vivid description extensively to bring out the picture of the confinement of the inmates in the asylum, the place with limited freedom. The area in the asylum that is allowed for movement is described as \"... The wall around the one hundred and twenty-square-meter compound ninety something yards in the narrow avenue outside the gates that ended at another wall. Beyond that brick-and stone wall was a vast darkness \" The umbrella possessed by Number 7 is described as a yellow-andred striped, beautiful Umbrella. It was the most beautiful thing in the entire asylum, more beautiful than the bed of wild flowers along the wall. Dialogue has also been used. Number 7 converses with the barber about rain which shows Number 7's fascination with rain. There is dialogue between doctors and Number 7. This conversation reveals change in the state of Number 7's health such that he is free to go. He has been obedient and shown a calm disposition to facilitate his release from the asylum. The dialogue between Number 7 and his friend the puny little fellow reveals Number 7's anticipation for freedom and the little puny fellow's fear of destruction that can be brought about by rain. I 4. Discuss the major issues highlighted by the writer in the story WINDOW SEAT by Benjamin Branoff. Every writer sets out to pass a certain massage or communicate a particular issue to the audience through their work of art.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.5583987}
{"text": "I 4. Discuss the major issues highlighted by the writer in the story WINDOW SEAT by Benjamin Branoff. Every writer sets out to pass a certain massage or communicate a particular issue to the audience through their work of art. This is the main reason why stories are written. Benjamin Branoff highlights a few concepts in the story \"Window Seaf 'To start with, the author addresses the issue of lawlessness on our roads. Vehicles should always follow traffic laws on the roads for safety. In this story however, law and order is not followed as it should be. For instance, the public transport vehicles are so much overloaded. Passengers are literally packed. Conductors carry excess passengers as the narrator says a mini-van meant to carry ten passengers now carries twenty four of them. It even becomes worse when it comes to rush hour where they carry twenty eight with others standing. The drivers also bribe the traffic policemen in order to get away with this crime. Even when things seem to be okay with the vehicle the policemen solicit for bribes to an extent of removing the car keys from the ignition. The bribe here is a very powerful voice that the police use to silence the adamant drivers. The passengers suffer on these roads. The narrator says that one learns no to commit to a long road because of discomfort. However, they don't seem to care or they are used to it. They even smack their lips loudly when the policemen take bribes but they don't take any step. It is even because of overloading that makes it easy for Kanga to rob the narrator. PhotosetterBot: Poverty is also portrayed in this story. The people at the bus stop ar said to be in sandals and others are barefoot. This means that cannot afford better shoes. The passengers could be suffering in silence in the overloaded daladala because of poverty. This is because they pay less money for fare. The narrator describes Kanga that shehaso trim figure probably caused by a lifetime of hard work and deprivation of luxuries. This shows that she cannot afford luxuries. We also think that what made her to steal from the narrator is poverty. The aggressiveness of touts in town is also a sign of poverty. This iso society where one must struggle to make ends meet. That's why they scream and shout and also convince people to take their daladala.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.5441644}
{"text": "The aggressiveness of touts in town is also a sign of poverty. This iso society where one must struggle to make ends meet. That's why they scream and shout and also convince people to take their daladala. Corruption is also evident in this story especially on the roads where the policemen who were supposed to guarantee safety on the roads take bribes and also collude with drivers in order to escape facing the law. The corrupt police officers seem to have taken bribes as their rights because even if the vehicle has everything right they force the drivers' submission by taking the keys from ignition. The word Mzungu means a white man. The Africans call them this to mean he is from the white race. The Africans see this man, the narrator as more superior than them and use even a spectacle that he is using public transport. When the guard greets him at the city Chuo everybody turns to see him. Africans perceive the white men as rich and wealthy that's why Kanga robs him in the vehicle. The narrator chooses to date Monique a French girl because sheisfre their race. He says, 'I should be with the French girl La fille becau French women absolutely like American men 'Major issues that can be related to our day to day lives are highlighted in the story. Such issues such as corruption, poverty and lawlessness on our roads need to be dealt with for better life.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.5954628}
{"text": "AGRICULTURE I SECTION A. 1.State two uses of a rotavator.1mk 89238352.List two methods of controlling coffee berry disease1mk 89238353.Identify four sources of agricultural information2mks 89238354.State two ways of controlling Rinderpest disease1mk 89238355.Mention four signs of infertility in cows2mks 89238356.How is cannibalism controlled in poultry2mks 89238357.List four maintenance of ox-cart2mks 89238358.Mention four common fodder crops grown in Kenya2mks 89238359.Name two diseases that attack cassava in the field1mk 89238360.Identify six physical measures of pest control in crops3mks 89238361.Differentiate between grass strips and trash lines1mk 89238362.Name two categories of land tenure1mk 89238363.Give four reasons why rabbits should be fed on balanced feeds2mks 89238364.List four causes of poor quality concrete2mks 89238365.Mention four reasons for maintaining farm buildings2mks 89238366.Identify four ways of reducing the problem of ewes disowning their lambs 2mks 89238367.State four advantages of using certified seeds from Kenya seed company 2mks 89238368.State two symptoms of damping off disease in cabbages 1mk 89238369.Name two methods of harvesting rice1mk 89238370.Mention two ways of classifying pests in crop production1mk 89238371.Name the dual purpose sheep1mk 89238372.Name the young of a donkey1mk 89238373.Name two primary hosts for liver flukes1mk 89238374.State one use of a tag applicator1mk 1SECTION B.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.569053}
{"text": "AGRICULTURE I SECTION A. 1.State two uses of a rotavator.1mk 89238352.List two methods of controlling coffee berry disease1mk 89238353.Identify four sources of agricultural information2mks 89238354.State two ways of controlling Rinderpest disease1mk 89238355.Mention four signs of infertility in cows2mks 89238356.How is cannibalism controlled in poultry2mks 89238357.List four maintenance of ox-cart2mks 89238358.Mention four common fodder crops grown in Kenya2mks 89238359.Name two diseases that attack cassava in the field1mk 89238360.Identify six physical measures of pest control in crops3mks 89238361.Differentiate between grass strips and trash lines1mk 89238362.Name two categories of land tenure1mk 89238363.Give four reasons why rabbits should be fed on balanced feeds2mks 89238364.List four causes of poor quality concrete2mks 89238365.Mention four reasons for maintaining farm buildings2mks 89238366.Identify four ways of reducing the problem of ewes disowning their lambs 2mks 89238367.State four advantages of using certified seeds from Kenya seed company 2mks 89238368.State two symptoms of damping off disease in cabbages 1mk 89238369.Name two methods of harvesting rice1mk 89238370.Mention two ways of classifying pests in crop production1mk 89238371.Name the dual purpose sheep1mk 89238372.Name the young of a donkey1mk 89238373.Name two primary hosts for liver flukes1mk 89238374.State one use of a tag applicator1mk 1SECTION B. 25. A. State four effects of excess Nitrogen in crops4mks b. List six roles of organic matter in the soil6mks c. Mention three characteristics of phosphatic fertilisers3mks 26. A. State three ways of collecting semen from bulls for artificial insemination 3mks b. List six ways of carrying out pregnancy diagnosis in cows 6mks c. Give four reasons for conserving pastures4mks 27. A. Name three tomatoes for fresh market3mks b. State five reasons for pruning in crops5mks c. i. Mention four factors to be considered when siting grain storage structures 4mks ii. Differentiate between seed rate and plant population 2 mks SECTION C.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.612953}
{"text": "AGRICULTURE I SECTION A. 1.State two uses of a rotavator.1mk 89238352.List two methods of controlling coffee berry disease1mk 89238353.Identify four sources of agricultural information2mks 89238354.State two ways of controlling Rinderpest disease1mk 89238355.Mention four signs of infertility in cows2mks 89238356.How is cannibalism controlled in poultry2mks 89238357.List four maintenance of ox-cart2mks 89238358.Mention four common fodder crops grown in Kenya2mks 89238359.Name two diseases that attack cassava in the field1mk 89238360.Identify six physical measures of pest control in crops3mks 89238361.Differentiate between grass strips and trash lines1mk 89238362.Name two categories of land tenure1mk 89238363.Give four reasons why rabbits should be fed on balanced feeds2mks 89238364.List four causes of poor quality concrete2mks 89238365.Mention four reasons for maintaining farm buildings2mks 89238366.Identify four ways of reducing the problem of ewes disowning their lambs 2mks 89238367.State four advantages of using certified seeds from Kenya seed company 2mks 89238368.State two symptoms of damping off disease in cabbages 1mk 89238369.Name two methods of harvesting rice1mk 89238370.Mention two ways of classifying pests in crop production1mk 89238371.Name the dual purpose sheep1mk 89238372.Name the young of a donkey1mk 89238373.Name two primary hosts for liver flukes1mk 89238374.State one use of a tag applicator1mk 1SECTION B. 25. A. State four effects of excess Nitrogen in crops4mks b. List six roles of organic matter in the soil6mks c. Mention three characteristics of phosphatic fertilisers3mks 26. A. State three ways of collecting semen from bulls for artificial insemination 3mks b. List six ways of carrying out pregnancy diagnosis in cows 6mks c. Give four reasons for conserving pastures4mks 27. A. Name three tomatoes for fresh market3mks b. State five reasons for pruning in crops5mks c. i. Mention four factors to be considered when siting grain storage structures 4mks ii. Differentiate between seed rate and plant population 2 mks SECTION C. 28. Explain field production of sweet potatoes from field preparation upto harvesting. 20mks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.65016}
{"text": "1.State two uses of a rotavator.1mk 89238352.List two methods of controlling coffee berry disease1mk 89238353.Identify four sources of agricultural information2mks 89238354.State two ways of controlling Rinderpest disease1mk 89238355.Mention four signs of infertility in cows2mks 89238356.How is cannibalism controlled in poultry2mks 89238357.List four maintenance of ox-cart2mks 89238358.Mention four common fodder crops grown in Kenya2mks 89238359.Name two diseases that attack cassava in the field1mk 89238360.Identify six physical measures of pest control in crops3mks 89238361.Differentiate between grass strips and trash lines1mk 89238362.Name two categories of land tenure1mk 89238363.Give four reasons why rabbits should be fed on balanced feeds2mks 89238364.List four causes of poor quality concrete2mks 89238365.Mention four reasons for maintaining farm buildings2mks 89238366.Identify four ways of reducing the problem of ewes disowning their lambs 2mks 89238367.State four advantages of using certified seeds from Kenya seed company 2mks 89238368.State two symptoms of damping off disease in cabbages 1mk 89238369.Name two methods of harvesting rice1mk 89238370.Mention two ways of classifying pests in crop production1mk 89238371.Name the dual purpose sheep1mk 89238372.Name the young of a donkey1mk 89238373.Name two primary hosts for liver flukes1mk 89238374.State one use of a tag applicator1mk 1SECTION B. 25. A. State four effects of excess Nitrogen in crops4mks b. List six roles of organic matter in the soil6mks c. Mention three characteristics of phosphatic fertilisers3mks 26. A. State three ways of collecting semen from bulls for artificial insemination 3mks b. List six ways of carrying out pregnancy diagnosis in cows 6mks c. Give four reasons for conserving pastures4mks 27. A. Name three tomatoes for fresh market3mks b. State five reasons for pruning in crops5mks c. i. Mention four factors to be considered when siting grain storage structures 4mks ii. Differentiate between seed rate and plant population 2 mks SECTION C. 28. Explain field production of sweet potatoes from field preparation upto harvesting. 20mks. 29. A. Explain management practices that ensure maximum production of eggs in poultry 12mks b. Explain management practices a beef farmer would carry out to minimise effects of low rainfall8 mks 30. A. Mention five characteristics of pyrethrums5mks b. Explain environmental factors that affect effectiveness of agro-chemicals in crop production.5mks c. i. Differentiate between land consolidation and land fragmentation and settlement. 3mks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.6386185}
{"text": "25. A. State four effects of excess Nitrogen in crops4mks b. List six roles of organic matter in the soil6mks c. Mention three characteristics of phosphatic fertilisers3mks 26. A. State three ways of collecting semen from bulls for artificial insemination 3mks b. List six ways of carrying out pregnancy diagnosis in cows 6mks c. Give four reasons for conserving pastures4mks 27. A. Name three tomatoes for fresh market3mks b. State five reasons for pruning in crops5mks c. i. Mention four factors to be considered when siting grain storage structures 4mks ii. Differentiate between seed rate and plant population 2 mks SECTION C. 28. Explain field production of sweet potatoes from field preparation upto harvesting. 20mks. 29. A. Explain management practices that ensure maximum production of eggs in poultry 12mks b. Explain management practices a beef farmer would carry out to minimise effects of low rainfall8 mks 30. A. Mention five characteristics of pyrethrums5mks b. Explain environmental factors that affect effectiveness of agro-chemicals in crop production.5mks c. i. Differentiate between land consolidation and land fragmentation and settlement. 3mks. Ii. Explain objectives of land reforms.7mks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.658947}
{"text": "28. Explain field production of sweet potatoes from field preparation upto harvesting. 20mks. 29. A. Explain management practices that ensure maximum production of eggs in poultry 12mks b. Explain management practices a beef farmer would carry out to minimise effects of low rainfall8 mks 30. A. Mention five characteristics of pyrethrums5mks b. Explain environmental factors that affect effectiveness of agro-chemicals in crop production.5mks c. i. Differentiate between land consolidation and land fragmentation and settlement. 3mks. Ii. Explain objectives of land reforms.7mks. AGRICULTURE I MARKING SCHEME. SECTION A. 1.Uses of a rotavator Refining seed bed secondary tillage Cultivation in clay soil weeding in waterlogged soils. 2 x 1 mark. 2.Control of C.B.D.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.6680005}
{"text": "1.Uses of a rotavator Refining seed bed secondary tillage Cultivation in clay soil weeding in waterlogged soils. 2 x 1 mark. 2.Control of C.B.D. Open pruning Plant resistant varieties e.g Ruiru II Regular spraying with appropriate fungicides copper fungicides captafol 2 x 1 mark. 3.Sources of agri information. Agricultural research stations Neighbouring farms Agricultural field days Agricultural shows Mass media eg. T.V, Radios Agriculture extension officers Farmers training centres Agricultural training and education institution 2Chiefs baraza. 4 x 2 marks. 4.Control of Rinderpest. Regular Vaccination Separate sick and healthy ones Imposing quarantine Kill affected animals and proper disposal Notify authorities of an outbreak. 2 x 1 mark. 5.Signs of infertility. A cow does not show heat signs Abnormal discharge from vulva Prolonged heat period Irregular heat intervals too short or too long heat intervals. 4 x 2 marks. 6.Control of cannibalism.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7141442}
{"text": "A cow does not show heat signs Abnormal discharge from vulva Prolonged heat period Irregular heat intervals too short or too long heat intervals. 4 x 2 marks. 6.Control of cannibalism. Avoid bright light in brooder Keep birds busy hang green leaves Give balanced feeds Control external parasites fleas Debeak hens which peck others Keep birds according to age-groups Avoid overcrowding of birds provide enough space to the birds. 4 x 2 marks. 7.Maintenance of Ox-cart. Lubricate moving parts regularly Check tyre pressure and adjust accordingly Clean it after use Repair replace any worn out broken parts eg. Yoke Proper storage in a shed.4 x 2 marks. 8.Common fodder crops Napier grass elephant grass Guatemala grass Edible land Kales Manigolds Lucerne alfafa Sorgum4 x 2 marks. 9.Cassava diseases. Cassava mosaic Brown streak Bacterial bright.2 x 1 mark. 10. Physical measures of pest control.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7227535}
{"text": "Cassava mosaic Brown streak Bacterial bright.2 x 1 mark. 10. Physical measures of pest control. Use of lethal temperature 3Drying the grains Irrigation flooding the field Suffocation use of airtight stores Physical destruction trapping picking and killing Use of electromagnetic radiation. 6 x 3 marks. 11. Grass strips uncultivated strips of grass left between cultivated strips to control soil erosion while trash lines are heaps of cup residues placed along contours in the cup field to reduce soil erosion. 1 x 2 2mks mark as a whole 12. Categories of land tenure. Collective land tenure Communal land tenure.2mks 13. Reasons for balanced feeding. For faster and quick growth For earlier maturity For good quality products For increased resistance against diseases For increased feed conversion 4 x 2 marks. 14. Causes of poor quality concrete. Less water to harden it used.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.688675}
{"text": "14. Causes of poor quality concrete. Less water to harden it used. Too much sand too little cement ratio of sand to cement mixture not appropriate. Premature drying of concrete. Size of individual aggregates coarse sand. X 2 marks. 15. Reasons for maintaining farm structures. To last longer for durability For easy cleaning For proper ventilation to avoid dampness too much heat To reduce maintenance cost To be more efficient in use To be more secured for security. X 2 marks. 16. Reducing disowning of lambs. Ensure the ewes recognises its lamb soon after lambing. Proper steaming of ewe before lambing. Use of lambing pens Mastitis control dry ewe therapy Blind folding of ewes to activate maternal instinct. X 2 marks. 17. Advantages of certifield seeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7057664}
{"text": "X 2 marks. 17. Advantages of certifield seeds. Free from pests and diseases and weeds Viable uniform germination Vigorous growth faster maturity High yields High quality product True to type not contaminated with other seeds Reduces cost of treatment treated with chemical. X 2 marks. 418. Symptoms of damping off Falling of seedlings withering and death of seedlings Cobweb like black mass of fungi making a ring on the stem base. X 1 mark. 19. Methods of harvesting rice. Use of sickles Use of combine harvesters. X 1 mark. 20. Classification of pests. According to where they are found or attack the crop produce Nature of damage caused Nature of mouthparts Part of the plant damaged x 1 mark. 21. Dual purpose sheep. Dorper Harmpshire doam Dorset horn x 1 mark. 22. Young of donkey - foal 1 x 1 1mark 23. Primary hosts for liverflukes. Cattle Sheep Goats 1 x 1 mark.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7397325}
{"text": "Uproot weeds by hands after crop establishment after 2 months in the field. Control moles by trapping, also porcupines and squirrels Spray with appropriate pesticide endusulfan fenithism to control sweet potato weevils Control mites using appropriate chemicals to control spread of sweet potato virus B disease. 1 x 6 6mks. Iv. Harvesting They are ready for harvesting 4 5 months after planting Large root tubers cause the ground to crack indicating readiness Harvesting for food is done piecemeal using a sharpened stick or forked jembes. Complete harvesting is done when the root-tubers are to be marketed. 1x 3 3mks. 29. A. Maximum production of eggs. 7Provide enough space avoid overcrowding Proper feeding on layers mash ensure balanced feeding Provide sand grit to aid digestion Provide clean rest boxes clean shelters observe hygiene Provide enough laying boxes Vaccinate against diseases new castle fowl typhoid.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7723677}
{"text": "Act as nerve poisons Have repellant effect Have limited persistance Are safer to the user Have a rapid knock down effect. 1 x 5 5mks. B.Environmental influence on agro-chemicals. Wind men blow the chemical away from intended crops Rain may dilute or wash away the chemicals Soils some may absorb and retain more chemicals than others. Light may decompose some chemicals. Temperature increases translocation and hence absorption of chemicals. 5mks. C. i. Land consolidation is putting together under one holding different 8Land fragmentation is a situation where an individual farmer owns many separate pieces of land scattered over a wide area. Settlement refers to occupation of land which was previously uninhabited mark as a whole 1 x 3 3mks. Ii. Objectives of land reforms To increase agricultural output through properland use To orientates agricultural production to meet market demands.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7558413}
{"text": "C. i. Land consolidation is putting together under one holding different 8Land fragmentation is a situation where an individual farmer owns many separate pieces of land scattered over a wide area. Settlement refers to occupation of land which was previously uninhabited mark as a whole 1 x 3 3mks. Ii. Objectives of land reforms To increase agricultural output through properland use To orientates agricultural production to meet market demands. To enhance efficient utilisation of land To put idle land to use To encourage commercial instead of subsistence production. To encourage conservation and improvement of land and its resources To settle the landless and ease population density pressure in some areas. To create self employment. 1 x 7 7mks. AGRICULUTURE II SECTION A .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7604382}
{"text": "To create self employment. 1 x 7 7mks. AGRICULUTURE II SECTION A . 1.What benefit do pastoralist farmers attain from camels? 1 mark 2. I State FOUR factors influencing soil formation 4 marks ii State the importance of the colour of a soil in soil forming process 2 marks 3.State FOUR methods that can be used to raise production in a group of sows 2 marks 4.State FOUR advantages of free-range system in poultry production 2 marks 5.Give FOUR differences between indigenous and exotic cattle 2 marks 6.State TWO advantages of rolling in land preparation 1 mark 7.Apart from bacteria and fungi name TWO other causes of diseases in crops 1 mark 8. I Name the primary host of tapeworm 1 mark ii List TWO internal parasites that attack sheep. 1 mark 9. I State TWO ways of controlling Nematodes 1 mark ii Give TWO pests that are disease vectors in crops 1 mark 10.Mention FOUR farm structures which may be found in a mixed farm. 2 marks 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.7880375}
{"text": "1 x 7 7mks. AGRICULUTURE II SECTION A . 1.What benefit do pastoralist farmers attain from camels? 1 mark 2. I State FOUR factors influencing soil formation 4 marks ii State the importance of the colour of a soil in soil forming process 2 marks 3.State FOUR methods that can be used to raise production in a group of sows 2 marks 4.State FOUR advantages of free-range system in poultry production 2 marks 5.Give FOUR differences between indigenous and exotic cattle 2 marks 6.State TWO advantages of rolling in land preparation 1 mark 7.Apart from bacteria and fungi name TWO other causes of diseases in crops 1 mark 8. I Name the primary host of tapeworm 1 mark ii List TWO internal parasites that attack sheep. 1 mark 9. I State TWO ways of controlling Nematodes 1 mark ii Give TWO pests that are disease vectors in crops 1 mark 10.Mention FOUR farm structures which may be found in a mixed farm. 2 marks 11. What FOUR factors would one consider when choosing feedstuffs for preparing a livestock ration?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.81777}
{"text": "AGRICULUTURE II SECTION A . 1.What benefit do pastoralist farmers attain from camels? 1 mark 2. I State FOUR factors influencing soil formation 4 marks ii State the importance of the colour of a soil in soil forming process 2 marks 3.State FOUR methods that can be used to raise production in a group of sows 2 marks 4.State FOUR advantages of free-range system in poultry production 2 marks 5.Give FOUR differences between indigenous and exotic cattle 2 marks 6.State TWO advantages of rolling in land preparation 1 mark 7.Apart from bacteria and fungi name TWO other causes of diseases in crops 1 mark 8. I Name the primary host of tapeworm 1 mark ii List TWO internal parasites that attack sheep. 1 mark 9. I State TWO ways of controlling Nematodes 1 mark ii Give TWO pests that are disease vectors in crops 1 mark 10.Mention FOUR farm structures which may be found in a mixed farm. 2 marks 11. What FOUR factors would one consider when choosing feedstuffs for preparing a livestock ration? 2 marks 12.Why is it not necessary to have grass pasture as a livestock feed in pig production?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.8021433}
{"text": "1.What benefit do pastoralist farmers attain from camels? 1 mark 2. I State FOUR factors influencing soil formation 4 marks ii State the importance of the colour of a soil in soil forming process 2 marks 3.State FOUR methods that can be used to raise production in a group of sows 2 marks 4.State FOUR advantages of free-range system in poultry production 2 marks 5.Give FOUR differences between indigenous and exotic cattle 2 marks 6.State TWO advantages of rolling in land preparation 1 mark 7.Apart from bacteria and fungi name TWO other causes of diseases in crops 1 mark 8. I Name the primary host of tapeworm 1 mark ii List TWO internal parasites that attack sheep. 1 mark 9. I State TWO ways of controlling Nematodes 1 mark ii Give TWO pests that are disease vectors in crops 1 mark 10.Mention FOUR farm structures which may be found in a mixed farm. 2 marks 11. What FOUR factors would one consider when choosing feedstuffs for preparing a livestock ration? 2 marks 12.Why is it not necessary to have grass pasture as a livestock feed in pig production? 1 mark 13.State FOUR stages of curing hides and skins. 2 marks 14.State the role of Isthmus in the reproductive system of a layer 1 mark 15. I Name the crop usually attacked by the Zebra disease. Mark ii What is decortication? 1 mark 16.State THREE importance of lime in crop production. 11 2 marks 16.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.8292587}
{"text": "What FOUR factors would one consider when choosing feedstuffs for preparing a livestock ration? 2 marks 12.Why is it not necessary to have grass pasture as a livestock feed in pig production? 1 mark 13.State FOUR stages of curing hides and skins. 2 marks 14.State the role of Isthmus in the reproductive system of a layer 1 mark 15. I Name the crop usually attacked by the Zebra disease. Mark ii What is decortication? 1 mark 16.State THREE importance of lime in crop production. 11 2 marks 16. Name TWO characteristics that make Katumani maize variety recommended for marginal areas. 1 mark 18.State FOUR ways of preventing swarming in bees. 2 marks 19.State FOUR factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds over cultivated crops. 2 marks 20.Mention any FOUR factors that affect the quality of hay. 2 marks 21.How can a farmer improve soil PH in his farm?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.847482}
{"text": "2 marks 12.Why is it not necessary to have grass pasture as a livestock feed in pig production? 1 mark 13.State FOUR stages of curing hides and skins. 2 marks 14.State the role of Isthmus in the reproductive system of a layer 1 mark 15. I Name the crop usually attacked by the Zebra disease. Mark ii What is decortication? 1 mark 16.State THREE importance of lime in crop production. 11 2 marks 16. Name TWO characteristics that make Katumani maize variety recommended for marginal areas. 1 mark 18.State FOUR ways of preventing swarming in bees. 2 marks 19.State FOUR factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds over cultivated crops. 2 marks 20.Mention any FOUR factors that affect the quality of hay. 2 marks 21.How can a farmer improve soil PH in his farm? 1 mark 22.State ONE reason for foot trimming in livestock. 1 mark 23.State FOUR characteristics of a good wood preservative. 2 marks 9SECTION B 24.Mention THREE methods of classifications of herbicides. 3 marks 25.State FOUR factors considered when selecting a site for a vegetable nursery bed. 4 marks 26.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.872255}
{"text": "1 mark 13.State FOUR stages of curing hides and skins. 2 marks 14.State the role of Isthmus in the reproductive system of a layer 1 mark 15. I Name the crop usually attacked by the Zebra disease. Mark ii What is decortication? 1 mark 16.State THREE importance of lime in crop production. 11 2 marks 16. Name TWO characteristics that make Katumani maize variety recommended for marginal areas. 1 mark 18.State FOUR ways of preventing swarming in bees. 2 marks 19.State FOUR factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds over cultivated crops. 2 marks 20.Mention any FOUR factors that affect the quality of hay. 2 marks 21.How can a farmer improve soil PH in his farm? 1 mark 22.State ONE reason for foot trimming in livestock. 1 mark 23.State FOUR characteristics of a good wood preservative. 2 marks 9SECTION B 24.Mention THREE methods of classifications of herbicides. 3 marks 25.State FOUR factors considered when selecting a site for a vegetable nursery bed. 4 marks 26. I Name the class of animal represented by the above digestive system. 1 mark ii Label the parts indicated by the letters. 4 marks P Q R S iii State one function of P and S 2 marks iv Give ONE reason why rabbits and donkeys are able to digest cellulose material. 1 mark 27.Give a benefit for feeding colostrum to a newly born calf. 1 mark 28.Name THREE soil fractions. 3 marks 29. A State FOUR activities carried out on a site before laying a farm structure. 2 marks b State TWO methods commonly used in wood treatment. 2 marks c Give FOUR maintenance practices done on live fence. 2 marks d Give ONE disadvantage of using stones for building. 1 mark 30. A State TWO advantages of chemical control on crop pests. 2 marks b State FOUR effects of plant diseases on crop production. 4 marks c List TWO diseases and TWO pests that attack bananas in the field. 2 marks 31. A Explain the difference between risk and uncertainty. 1 mark b Give FOUR ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties. 2 marks c State FOUR crucial questions a farmer would be trying to answer when preparing a partial budget.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.9268265}
{"text": "Name TWO characteristics that make Katumani maize variety recommended for marginal areas. 1 mark 18.State FOUR ways of preventing swarming in bees. 2 marks 19.State FOUR factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds over cultivated crops. 2 marks 20.Mention any FOUR factors that affect the quality of hay. 2 marks 21.How can a farmer improve soil PH in his farm? 1 mark 22.State ONE reason for foot trimming in livestock. 1 mark 23.State FOUR characteristics of a good wood preservative. 2 marks 9SECTION B 24.Mention THREE methods of classifications of herbicides. 3 marks 25.State FOUR factors considered when selecting a site for a vegetable nursery bed. 4 marks 26. I Name the class of animal represented by the above digestive system. 1 mark ii Label the parts indicated by the letters. 4 marks P Q R S iii State one function of P and S 2 marks iv Give ONE reason why rabbits and donkeys are able to digest cellulose material. 1 mark 27.Give a benefit for feeding colostrum to a newly born calf. 1 mark 28.Name THREE soil fractions. 3 marks 29. A State FOUR activities carried out on a site before laying a farm structure. 2 marks b State TWO methods commonly used in wood treatment. 2 marks c Give FOUR maintenance practices done on live fence. 2 marks d Give ONE disadvantage of using stones for building. 1 mark 30. A State TWO advantages of chemical control on crop pests. 2 marks b State FOUR effects of plant diseases on crop production. 4 marks c List TWO diseases and TWO pests that attack bananas in the field. 2 marks 31. A Explain the difference between risk and uncertainty. 1 mark b Give FOUR ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties. 2 marks c State FOUR crucial questions a farmer would be trying to answer when preparing a partial budget. 2 marks SECTION C 32. A Describe the production of dry beans on a piece of land that has been follow under the following headings.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.9108849}
{"text": "BEANS 32. A i Ecological requirements Well drained loam soils Beans require moist soils through out growing period Moderate rainfall No rain at harvesting time Irrigation can be done 5 x 1 - 5 ii Land Preparation Clear land before onset of rains Cultivate land to required tilth not so fine medium tilth Seeds should be dried before planting - select seeds for planting Plant at the onset of rains Planting is done by placing 2 - 4 seeds per hole Spacing 30 x 15 cm Apply Diammoniun phosphate at rate of 200kg ha before planting. 5x1 5 iii Field Management Weeding done before flowering Weeding done when soil is dry Hand weeding is done During dry months irrigate land Use furrow irrrigation Control of diseases such as Bacterial Halo blight and Anthracose, planting resistant varieties. Pest control by use of Benomyl Copper fungicide or mancazeb Pests include bean aphid; bean bruchids; Spotted borer, American bollworm, Beanfly, Golden ring moth 5x1 5 b i Too much Nitrogen Too dry and too wet conditions Calcium deficiency 3mks ii Physiological diseases that occur when tomato plants are exposed to too dry and too wet conditions, calcium deficiency 2mks 33. A i Live fence e.g. a Hedges and growing trees b Electric fence ii Dead fence e.g. Post and wire i.e. barbed wire, plain wire Post woven wire rail fence Wall fence e.g. stone break Trench fence 2mks b Has more aesthetic value i.e natural Act as a windbreak and controls soil erosion 14 It is easy and cheaper to establish May be a source of fodder to livestock It can be a source of firewood. 3mks c Replace any broken rotten post Any loose fence wire should be tightened appropriately Trim the hedge and any gaps filled, the fencing posts should be treated first with preservatives such as old engine oil, creosate or charred. 3mks d Sex of the calve Date of birth Breed of the mother dam Weight Breed of size any given 3mks e Strength Direction Humidity 3 x 1 3 f Cause wounds Low quality Cause irritation Spread diseases Reduce quality of product Increase cost of production 6 x 1 6 34. A It is drought resistant Gives good yield in poor soils Require less labour Sheds its leaves during dry season thus reduce water evaporation Has low nutrient requirement Resistant to certain pests and diseases Can be used as flour and boiled 7 x 2 14 b Diseases of cassava i Cassava mosaic 1mks Symptoms Leaves turn yellow Reduced yield Stunted growth Distorted leaves 2mks ii Brown streak 1mks Symptoms Old leaves develop yellow buds at veins Brown patches on tubers 2mks iii Bacterial blight 1mks Symptoms Leaves develop brown patches Shoot tips turn brown Wilting of leaves that easily fall off 2mks AGRICULTURE III PART I SECTION A: 1.What is a forage crop? 1 mk 2.List four features of a fish pond. 4 mks 153.State two disadvantages of persistent use of pesticides in crop production. 2 mks 4.State two reasons for seasoning timber before use. 2 mks 5.State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle. 4 mks 6.Why should smoke be used during harvesting of honey. 2 mks 7.State four functions of potassium in plant growth. 4 mks 8.State four routine management practices that should be carried out in sheep production 4 mks 9.State four ways of improving productivity of farm labour. 4 mks 10. If you are told a newly released Kitale hybrid maize seed is H823.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.999028}
{"text": "Pest control by use of Benomyl Copper fungicide or mancazeb Pests include bean aphid; bean bruchids; Spotted borer, American bollworm, Beanfly, Golden ring moth 5x1 5 b i Too much Nitrogen Too dry and too wet conditions Calcium deficiency 3mks ii Physiological diseases that occur when tomato plants are exposed to too dry and too wet conditions, calcium deficiency 2mks 33. A i Live fence e.g. a Hedges and growing trees b Electric fence ii Dead fence e.g. Post and wire i.e. barbed wire, plain wire Post woven wire rail fence Wall fence e.g. stone break Trench fence 2mks b Has more aesthetic value i.e natural Act as a windbreak and controls soil erosion 14 It is easy and cheaper to establish May be a source of fodder to livestock It can be a source of firewood. 3mks c Replace any broken rotten post Any loose fence wire should be tightened appropriately Trim the hedge and any gaps filled, the fencing posts should be treated first with preservatives such as old engine oil, creosate or charred. 3mks d Sex of the calve Date of birth Breed of the mother dam Weight Breed of size any given 3mks e Strength Direction Humidity 3 x 1 3 f Cause wounds Low quality Cause irritation Spread diseases Reduce quality of product Increase cost of production 6 x 1 6 34. A It is drought resistant Gives good yield in poor soils Require less labour Sheds its leaves during dry season thus reduce water evaporation Has low nutrient requirement Resistant to certain pests and diseases Can be used as flour and boiled 7 x 2 14 b Diseases of cassava i Cassava mosaic 1mks Symptoms Leaves turn yellow Reduced yield Stunted growth Distorted leaves 2mks ii Brown streak 1mks Symptoms Old leaves develop yellow buds at veins Brown patches on tubers 2mks iii Bacterial blight 1mks Symptoms Leaves develop brown patches Shoot tips turn brown Wilting of leaves that easily fall off 2mks AGRICULTURE III PART I SECTION A: 1.What is a forage crop? 1 mk 2.List four features of a fish pond. 4 mks 153.State two disadvantages of persistent use of pesticides in crop production. 2 mks 4.State two reasons for seasoning timber before use. 2 mks 5.State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle. 4 mks 6.Why should smoke be used during harvesting of honey. 2 mks 7.State four functions of potassium in plant growth. 4 mks 8.State four routine management practices that should be carried out in sheep production 4 mks 9.State four ways of improving productivity of farm labour. 4 mks 10. If you are told a newly released Kitale hybrid maize seed is H823. What does the 3 digits stand for? 1 mks 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.9664066}
{"text": "Post and wire i.e. barbed wire, plain wire Post woven wire rail fence Wall fence e.g. stone break Trench fence 2mks b Has more aesthetic value i.e natural Act as a windbreak and controls soil erosion 14 It is easy and cheaper to establish May be a source of fodder to livestock It can be a source of firewood. 3mks c Replace any broken rotten post Any loose fence wire should be tightened appropriately Trim the hedge and any gaps filled, the fencing posts should be treated first with preservatives such as old engine oil, creosate or charred. 3mks d Sex of the calve Date of birth Breed of the mother dam Weight Breed of size any given 3mks e Strength Direction Humidity 3 x 1 3 f Cause wounds Low quality Cause irritation Spread diseases Reduce quality of product Increase cost of production 6 x 1 6 34. A It is drought resistant Gives good yield in poor soils Require less labour Sheds its leaves during dry season thus reduce water evaporation Has low nutrient requirement Resistant to certain pests and diseases Can be used as flour and boiled 7 x 2 14 b Diseases of cassava i Cassava mosaic 1mks Symptoms Leaves turn yellow Reduced yield Stunted growth Distorted leaves 2mks ii Brown streak 1mks Symptoms Old leaves develop yellow buds at veins Brown patches on tubers 2mks iii Bacterial blight 1mks Symptoms Leaves develop brown patches Shoot tips turn brown Wilting of leaves that easily fall off 2mks AGRICULTURE III PART I SECTION A: 1.What is a forage crop? 1 mk 2.List four features of a fish pond. 4 mks 153.State two disadvantages of persistent use of pesticides in crop production. 2 mks 4.State two reasons for seasoning timber before use. 2 mks 5.State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle. 4 mks 6.Why should smoke be used during harvesting of honey. 2 mks 7.State four functions of potassium in plant growth. 4 mks 8.State four routine management practices that should be carried out in sheep production 4 mks 9.State four ways of improving productivity of farm labour. 4 mks 10. If you are told a newly released Kitale hybrid maize seed is H823. What does the 3 digits stand for? 1 mks 11. A Why are insecticides made from pyrethrum recommendable than synthetic insecticides?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.984864}
{"text": "If you are told a newly released Kitale hybrid maize seed is H823. What does the 3 digits stand for? 1 mks 11. A Why are insecticides made from pyrethrum recommendable than synthetic insecticides? B i Pyrethrum is propagated by which means? 1 mk ii What is cutting back in pyrethrum growing? 1 mk 12. How does a vaccine work in the body of an animal? 2 mks 13. State one characteristic of organic matter that enables it to perform each of the following roles in the soil. I Improvement of soil structure. 2 mks ii Improvement of water holding capacity. 2 mks 14. State the symptoms of attack by the sweet potato weevils. 2 mks 15. Name two tools that may be used to dock lambs. 2 mks SECTION B: 16. Give four reasons why the feeding of colostrum is important in the rearing of piglets. 2 mks 17. Give two reasons why green manures are not commonly used by small scale farmers. 2 mks 18. When is opportunity cost said to be zero? 1 mk 19.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406250.9640539}
{"text": "Give two reasons why green manures are not commonly used by small scale farmers. 2 mks 18. When is opportunity cost said to be zero? 1 mk 19. State two reasons for proper record keeping. 2 mks 20. State four reasons why zero grazing is becoming increasingly popular in small scale farming in Kenya. 2 mks 21. Name four methods of land reclamation. 2 mks 22. State four components of cattle dip. 4 mks 23. State two functions of ventilation in an animal house. 2 mks 24. Mention four important crush practices in a dairy farm. 2 mks 25. A Differentiate between the following. 3 mks i Furrowing and farrowing. Ii Candling and kindling. Iii Undersowing and oversowing. 26. Mention four problems associated with soil erosion. 2 mks 27. Name three sources of water in the farm. 2 mks 28. A Give two factors that may lead to longer calving interval in a dairy cow.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.008149}
{"text": "Mention four problems associated with soil erosion. 2 mks 27. Name three sources of water in the farm. 2 mks 28. A Give two factors that may lead to longer calving interval in a dairy cow. 2 mks b State three benefits of giving a pregnant dairy cow a special diet for 6 weeks before calving. 2 mks c List four signs of infertility in dairy cows. 2 mks 29. A List three problems that are faced by farmers who practice mono-culture. 3 mks b What is meant by seed inoculation? 1 mk 30. State the main reason why sharp corners should be avoided in a brooder for chicks. 1 mk 31.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.0180042}
{"text": "2 mks b State three benefits of giving a pregnant dairy cow a special diet for 6 weeks before calving. 2 mks c List four signs of infertility in dairy cows. 2 mks 29. A List three problems that are faced by farmers who practice mono-culture. 3 mks b What is meant by seed inoculation? 1 mk 30. State the main reason why sharp corners should be avoided in a brooder for chicks. 1 mk 31. A Apart from reducing friction, what other functions does lubrication perform in farm machinery? List four . 2 mks b Give four ways through which a farmer may improve production efficiency without necessarily incurring extra cost. 2 mks SECTION C: 1632. A i. How is the nitrogen element lost from the soil? 5 mks ii. Describe the method by which nitrogen may be restored to the soil. 8 mks b i Describe how high quality farm yard manure could be made and stored. 5 mks ii Outline the factors which influence the quality of farmyard manure.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.049414}
{"text": "A List three problems that are faced by farmers who practice mono-culture. 3 mks b What is meant by seed inoculation? 1 mk 30. State the main reason why sharp corners should be avoided in a brooder for chicks. 1 mk 31. A Apart from reducing friction, what other functions does lubrication perform in farm machinery? List four . 2 mks b Give four ways through which a farmer may improve production efficiency without necessarily incurring extra cost. 2 mks SECTION C: 1632. A i. How is the nitrogen element lost from the soil? 5 mks ii. Describe the method by which nitrogen may be restored to the soil. 8 mks b i Describe how high quality farm yard manure could be made and stored. 5 mks ii Outline the factors which influence the quality of farmyard manure. 2 mks 33.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.0439894}
{"text": "State the main reason why sharp corners should be avoided in a brooder for chicks. 1 mk 31. A Apart from reducing friction, what other functions does lubrication perform in farm machinery? List four . 2 mks b Give four ways through which a farmer may improve production efficiency without necessarily incurring extra cost. 2 mks SECTION C: 1632. A i. How is the nitrogen element lost from the soil? 5 mks ii. Describe the method by which nitrogen may be restored to the soil. 8 mks b i Describe how high quality farm yard manure could be made and stored. 5 mks ii Outline the factors which influence the quality of farmyard manure. 2 mks 33. A List the factors that could make meat unfit for eating by man. 4 mks b Outline the procedure for clean milk production. 10mks c Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? 6 mks 34.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.058698}
{"text": "A Apart from reducing friction, what other functions does lubrication perform in farm machinery? List four . 2 mks b Give four ways through which a farmer may improve production efficiency without necessarily incurring extra cost. 2 mks SECTION C: 1632. A i. How is the nitrogen element lost from the soil? 5 mks ii. Describe the method by which nitrogen may be restored to the soil. 8 mks b i Describe how high quality farm yard manure could be made and stored. 5 mks ii Outline the factors which influence the quality of farmyard manure. 2 mks 33. A List the factors that could make meat unfit for eating by man. 4 mks b Outline the procedure for clean milk production. 10mks c Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? 6 mks 34. A What are the effects of endo-parasites in livestock? 5 mks b With the aid of diagrams describe briefly the life cycle of liverfluke. 5 mks c Describe foot and mouth disease under the following headings: i Cause. 1 mk ii Symptoms. 2 mks iii Control measures. 2 mks d State five signs of a good layer among a flock of hens. 5 mks AGRICULTURE III MARKING SCHEME 1.Plant which either grows naturally or cultivated and used for feeding livestoc 1 mk 2. I Inlet iii Pool tank ii Spillway iv Fence iii Outlet any4x1 4 mks 3.Pesticides kill beneficial insects.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.0679243}
{"text": "2 mks 33. A List the factors that could make meat unfit for eating by man. 4 mks b Outline the procedure for clean milk production. 10mks c Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? 6 mks 34. A What are the effects of endo-parasites in livestock? 5 mks b With the aid of diagrams describe briefly the life cycle of liverfluke. 5 mks c Describe foot and mouth disease under the following headings: i Cause. 1 mk ii Symptoms. 2 mks iii Control measures. 2 mks d State five signs of a good layer among a flock of hens. 5 mks AGRICULTURE III MARKING SCHEME 1.Plant which either grows naturally or cultivated and used for feeding livestoc 1 mk 2. I Inlet iii Pool tank ii Spillway iv Fence iii Outlet any4x1 4 mks 3.Pesticides kill beneficial insects. Some pests build resistance to pesticides. Pesticides have residual effects. 4.To avoid warping.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.0807552}
{"text": "Some pests build resistance to pesticides. Pesticides have residual effects. 4.To avoid warping. To reduce attack by pest fungi. 5.There is no control in breeding. Can cause spread of vaginitis disease. Wastage of sperms. Sperms can be used in remote areas. 4x1 4mks 6.To make bees less aggressive less active. 2 mks 7.Mark any relevant answer correct. 8.The feet should be trimmed regularly. Dipping should be regular, but should be stopped one month before lambing. Sheep should be vaccinated regularly. Sheep should be dewormed regularly. 4x1 4 mks 9.Giving incentives. Training labour. Farm mechanization. Labour supervision. Any 4x1 4 mks 10. 8 Altitude. 2 Serial number. 3 Number of crossing. 1 mks 11. A Easily broken down. 1 mk b i Splits 1 mk ii Removal of old stems upto the level of foliage. 1 mk 1712.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.1065629}
{"text": "2 Serial number. 3 Number of crossing. 1 mks 11. A Easily broken down. 1 mk b i Splits 1 mk ii Removal of old stems upto the level of foliage. 1 mk 1712. A vaccine induce temporary antibodies which initiate the formation of antigen in balance to await the anticipated antibodies of the diseases to attack. 2 mks 13. I Decomposing enhancing the breaking down of particles of soil thus the soil structure is improved. 2 mks ii The organic matter decomposes to form the elements that are incorporated in soil, thus increasing capilarity adhesiveness of H 2 O. 14. Larvae Tubers become discolored . Any two 2x1 2 mks 15. Scalpel. Docking knife. SECTION B: 16.Impart immunity. Contains necessary nutrients. Faster growth. Facilitate metabolism. 4 x 2 mks 17. Crops are harvested when green matter has been withered. It is expensive. 2x1 2 mks 18.When there is no choice to be made. 1mk 19. To follow good farm plant.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.0981913}
{"text": "Crops are harvested when green matter has been withered. It is expensive. 2x1 2 mks 18.When there is no choice to be made. 1mk 19. To follow good farm plant. -. To assist in credit acquiring. 2x1 2 mks 20. -. Mark any correct relevant answer. 21. Drainage. Tse-tse fly control. Reafforestation. Afforestation. 4 x 2 mks 22. A - Collecting pen. Footbath. Dipping tank. Drainage race. Entrance race. Waste pit tank. Water source tank. 4x1 4 mks b - Remove mud from hooves clean hooves. Mk 23. -. Allows efficient air circulation in the house. Prevents inside of the house from becoming humid. Controls temperature in the house. 2x1 2 mks 24. Milking. Deworming. Treatment. Isolation AI. 4 x 2 mks 25. A - Cutting making ditches channels on farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.11543}
{"text": "Poor nutrition. Poor health. Incorrect timing of service. 2x1 2 mks b High quality colostrum. Strong heavy and health calf is obtained. Results in high milk yield. Gives cow enough energy for calving. To a customs the animals to concentrates feed. To stimulate development. Any3 x 2 mks c Absence of estrous. Abortion. Prolonged estrous. Irregular heat intervals. Conception failure after service. Abnormal discharge from vulva. Any 4x 2 mks 29. A - Build up of pest or diseases. Breakdown of soil structure. Soil erosion may be a problem. Loss of soil fertility. 3x1 3 mks b Introducing a suitable strain of nitrogen fixing bacteria to legume seeds. 1 mk 30. To avoid suffocation due to overcrowding kindling of chicks in corners. 1 mk 31. A - Cushions prevents rubbing together of moving parts in machinery. To prevent rusting. Absorbs heat and traps pieces of metal, which comes from moving surfaces.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.145445}
{"text": "To avoid suffocation due to overcrowding kindling of chicks in corners. 1 mk 31. A - Cushions prevents rubbing together of moving parts in machinery. To prevent rusting. Absorbs heat and traps pieces of metal, which comes from moving surfaces. Improves work efficiency machines. Reduces rate of rear and lear. Any 4x 2 mks b - Use of improved or modern farming methods. -Improved farm management. -Mechanization of farm operations. -Efficiency in use of labour. -Select enterprises that can bring highest return. -Organizing marketing activities to realize highest price. Any 4x 2 mks 32. A - Denitrification. Leaching. 19Soil erosion. Burning. Volatilization. Crop absorption. Any 5x1 5 mks b Nirtogen fixation by root nodules bacteria and free living bacteria. Application of inorganic manure e.g. guano manure. Crop rotation planting of legumes. C i Plant material is placed on concrete floor indoors.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.1379502}
{"text": "Application of inorganic manure e.g. guano manure. Crop rotation planting of legumes. C i Plant material is placed on concrete floor indoors. Animals defecate on it and mix it with urine and dung . Cover the heap with soil or polythene sheet to prevent leaching. Consolidate heap to prevent entry of water. Allow it to dry completely before being used. 1x5 5 mks ii Type of bedding used. Age of animal. Type of feed given to animal. Type of animal from which dung is obtained. 4 x 2 mks 33. A - Animal infested by zoonotic diseases animal infested by par. Animal found dead due to unknown cause. Uninspected meat by environmental health authorities. Contamination e.g. feaces, flies. B Ensure that the cows are clean and healthy. Milking equipment this should be seamless to make them easy to clean - they should be cleaned thoroughly after each milking. Milking parlour shed. Situated in dust free environment. The floor should be made of concrete to facilitate cleaning.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.1674547}
{"text": "Milking parlour shed. Situated in dust free environment. The floor should be made of concrete to facilitate cleaning. Cleaned thoroughly after milking. Milking jelly to avoid cracking. Iv Milker - should be healthy i.e. free from zoonoses. Should be clean always. Should have white coat to help in detecting dirt. Should have short finger nails. Wash his hand well with soap before milking. V Best for mastitis before milking. Using a strip cup, animals having mastitis should be milked last to avoid spread of diseases. Vi Milk storage and handling. Cool milk soon after milking and store it. A cool place to reduce bacterial growth and multiplication. Filter and cover milk to. Remove and keep away dirt resepctively. 1mk each points x 5 5mks 1mk for explanation x 5 5mks 10 mks c Goats are tolerant. Goats are drought resistant. They eat variety of vegetation. They are tolerant to heat and high temperature. Any 3 points x 2mks 6 mks 34.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.1733556}
{"text": "Goats are drought resistant. They eat variety of vegetation. They are tolerant to heat and high temperature. Any 3 points x 2mks 6 mks 34. A Damage to animal organs. Obstruction in the alimentary canal. 20Parasites eat food intended for use by livestock. Suck blood. Cause irritation. Any 5x1 5 mks b Developing Embryos Egg in feaceslarval Forms In snail Animal eatscyst Encycited Cercarian Drawing 2 mks Description 2 mks c Foot and mouth: Causes - virus type A, C and D. 1 mk Symptoms: Blisters wounds appear on the mouth and feet. Tongue ,lips, and gums are inflamed. Lesions appear between the skin and hoof. Profuse salivation. Animal weak and thin. Drops in milk production. Any 2x1 2 mks Control: Vaccination. Quarantine. Kill animal affected.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.162066}
{"text": "Drops in milk production. Any 2x1 2 mks Control: Vaccination. Quarantine. Kill animal affected. Nurse animals with wound by use of antibiotics. Any 2x1 2 mks d - Signs of good layers: Combs and wattles are large, warm and waxy and red. Bright orange and alert eyes. Pale beak. The rent is oval, moist, reddish in colour and active. Abdomen is soft, pliable and wide. The space between keel and pelvic bone is wide and can fit 3-4 fingers. Alert and active. Dry and rugged feathers. Moulting starts late. Shanks are pale. Brooding is rare. Any 5x1 5 mks 21AGRICULTURE IV SECTION A.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.1826506}
{"text": "A dam is a wall build across a river to prevent flow of water to form a lake. While a well is a wall stamped across water. 2mks 11. Swelling Mottling of leaves Chlorosis of leaves 12. Washing Fleshing Salting Drying 4 x 2mks 13. The rate of growth of forage The type of animal to be fed 2 x 1 2mks 14. Moisture content of Soil Tilth of soil 2 x 1 2mks 15. Tap roots are formed here Little humus Slightly compact Yellowish Active micro organisms 4 x 1 4mks 16. To prevent soil erosion forming the soil Attract insects to the pond for fish to feed on. 2 x 1 2mks 17.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.1944466}
{"text": "Tap roots are formed here Little humus Slightly compact Yellowish Active micro organisms 4 x 1 4mks 16. To prevent soil erosion forming the soil Attract insects to the pond for fish to feed on. 2 x 1 2mks 17. Improper or incomplete drying of grains - Wet heating Placing in sacks with the maize on the floor 24 Drainage by pests e.g rodents weavils 3 x 1 3mks 18. Harmless Well wooled but free from wool blindness 2 x 1 2mks 19. Ants birds Wax moth Bee louse Hive beetle - Death head hank moth Pirate wasps 4 x 2mks 20. Lack of heat Abnormal discharge from the reproduction track Irregular heat intervals Abortion Prolonged heat period 3 x 1 3mks 21.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.2144308}
{"text": "Harmless Well wooled but free from wool blindness 2 x 1 2mks 19. Ants birds Wax moth Bee louse Hive beetle - Death head hank moth Pirate wasps 4 x 2mks 20. Lack of heat Abnormal discharge from the reproduction track Irregular heat intervals Abortion Prolonged heat period 3 x 1 3mks 21. Part of the plant Stage of flower development Genetic constitution Age of the plant Handling Care during picking drying and dispatch 4 x 1 4mks 22. They are the most important source of carbohydrate Harvesting of cereals is easier Storage and transportation are easier Cereals are widely adapted to various ecological zones 3 x 1 3mks 23.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.2074335}
{"text": "Lack of heat Abnormal discharge from the reproduction track Irregular heat intervals Abortion Prolonged heat period 3 x 1 3mks 21. Part of the plant Stage of flower development Genetic constitution Age of the plant Handling Care during picking drying and dispatch 4 x 1 4mks 22. They are the most important source of carbohydrate Harvesting of cereals is easier Storage and transportation are easier Cereals are widely adapted to various ecological zones 3 x 1 3mks 23. A Sleeping cubicles Milking place Feeding and watering troughs - Calf pens Loafing exercise area Store - High milk production is obtained Allows higher stocking rate Animals make maximum use of fodder without wastage Rapid accumulation of manure Minimises outbreak of diseases - Avoids overgrazing 4 x 2mks c To obtain a strong, heavy and healthy calf at birth 25 To increase milk production in the next lactation To allow accumulation of body reserves used in the formation of colostrum 24.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.244931}
{"text": "Part of the plant Stage of flower development Genetic constitution Age of the plant Handling Care during picking drying and dispatch 4 x 1 4mks 22. They are the most important source of carbohydrate Harvesting of cereals is easier Storage and transportation are easier Cereals are widely adapted to various ecological zones 3 x 1 3mks 23. A Sleeping cubicles Milking place Feeding and watering troughs - Calf pens Loafing exercise area Store - High milk production is obtained Allows higher stocking rate Animals make maximum use of fodder without wastage Rapid accumulation of manure Minimises outbreak of diseases - Avoids overgrazing 4 x 2mks c To obtain a strong, heavy and healthy calf at birth 25 To increase milk production in the next lactation To allow accumulation of body reserves used in the formation of colostrum 24. Select proper more paying enterprise Proper crop husbandry practices Proper livestock husbandry Mechanisation Adopt new techniques Timeliness of farm operations 3 x 1 3mks 25.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.237947}
{"text": "They are the most important source of carbohydrate Harvesting of cereals is easier Storage and transportation are easier Cereals are widely adapted to various ecological zones 3 x 1 3mks 23. A Sleeping cubicles Milking place Feeding and watering troughs - Calf pens Loafing exercise area Store - High milk production is obtained Allows higher stocking rate Animals make maximum use of fodder without wastage Rapid accumulation of manure Minimises outbreak of diseases - Avoids overgrazing 4 x 2mks c To obtain a strong, heavy and healthy calf at birth 25 To increase milk production in the next lactation To allow accumulation of body reserves used in the formation of colostrum 24. Select proper more paying enterprise Proper crop husbandry practices Proper livestock husbandry Mechanisation Adopt new techniques Timeliness of farm operations 3 x 1 3mks 25. A Increase quantity of livestock product - To increase quality of livestock product To increase profit level To prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases To increase productive life of livestock 2 x 1 2mks b i Foot and Mouth disease ii Anthrax iii Rinder pest iv Lampiy sick disease v Rabies 2 x 1 2mks c Vaccinate birds at regular interval Isolate affected birds destroy affected birds Disinfect the house before bringing in new stock Impose quaratine in the farm Ensure proper farm hygiene 4 x mks 2mks 26.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.2764747}
{"text": "A Sleeping cubicles Milking place Feeding and watering troughs - Calf pens Loafing exercise area Store - High milk production is obtained Allows higher stocking rate Animals make maximum use of fodder without wastage Rapid accumulation of manure Minimises outbreak of diseases - Avoids overgrazing 4 x 2mks c To obtain a strong, heavy and healthy calf at birth 25 To increase milk production in the next lactation To allow accumulation of body reserves used in the formation of colostrum 24. Select proper more paying enterprise Proper crop husbandry practices Proper livestock husbandry Mechanisation Adopt new techniques Timeliness of farm operations 3 x 1 3mks 25. A Increase quantity of livestock product - To increase quality of livestock product To increase profit level To prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases To increase productive life of livestock 2 x 1 2mks b i Foot and Mouth disease ii Anthrax iii Rinder pest iv Lampiy sick disease v Rabies 2 x 1 2mks c Vaccinate birds at regular interval Isolate affected birds destroy affected birds Disinfect the house before bringing in new stock Impose quaratine in the farm Ensure proper farm hygiene 4 x mks 2mks 26. A - Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to buy and sell goods and services, where as marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers 2mks b An imperfect market is a situation in which some buyers, some sellers or both have limited knowledge of goods and services offered for sale at various forces few buyers and sellers different, goods in to the market.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.2989612}
{"text": "Select proper more paying enterprise Proper crop husbandry practices Proper livestock husbandry Mechanisation Adopt new techniques Timeliness of farm operations 3 x 1 3mks 25. A Increase quantity of livestock product - To increase quality of livestock product To increase profit level To prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases To increase productive life of livestock 2 x 1 2mks b i Foot and Mouth disease ii Anthrax iii Rinder pest iv Lampiy sick disease v Rabies 2 x 1 2mks c Vaccinate birds at regular interval Isolate affected birds destroy affected birds Disinfect the house before bringing in new stock Impose quaratine in the farm Ensure proper farm hygiene 4 x mks 2mks 26. A - Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to buy and sell goods and services, where as marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers 2mks b An imperfect market is a situation in which some buyers, some sellers or both have limited knowledge of goods and services offered for sale at various forces few buyers and sellers different, goods in to the market. C The Price of mangoes go down. 1mk 27.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.3076441}
{"text": "A Increase quantity of livestock product - To increase quality of livestock product To increase profit level To prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases To increase productive life of livestock 2 x 1 2mks b i Foot and Mouth disease ii Anthrax iii Rinder pest iv Lampiy sick disease v Rabies 2 x 1 2mks c Vaccinate birds at regular interval Isolate affected birds destroy affected birds Disinfect the house before bringing in new stock Impose quaratine in the farm Ensure proper farm hygiene 4 x mks 2mks 26. A - Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to buy and sell goods and services, where as marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers 2mks b An imperfect market is a situation in which some buyers, some sellers or both have limited knowledge of goods and services offered for sale at various forces few buyers and sellers different, goods in to the market. C The Price of mangoes go down. 1mk 27. Easy establishment of plant Maintains the present genetics - Seedless plants can be propagated 3 x 1 3mks 28.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.2965593}
{"text": "A - Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to buy and sell goods and services, where as marketing is the performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers 2mks b An imperfect market is a situation in which some buyers, some sellers or both have limited knowledge of goods and services offered for sale at various forces few buyers and sellers different, goods in to the market. C The Price of mangoes go down. 1mk 27. Easy establishment of plant Maintains the present genetics - Seedless plants can be propagated 3 x 1 3mks 28. Proximity to the farm Crop field - Accessibility - Topography Soil drainage 26 Soil type 3 x 1 3mks 29.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.3363035}
{"text": "C The Price of mangoes go down. 1mk 27. Easy establishment of plant Maintains the present genetics - Seedless plants can be propagated 3 x 1 3mks 28. Proximity to the farm Crop field - Accessibility - Topography Soil drainage 26 Soil type 3 x 1 3mks 29. Size of the land Topography of the land Direction of the wind Soil fertility - Capital availability 4 x 2mks 30. A Corrugated iron sheets Tiles Asbestors Alluminum sheets Thatch Palm leaves Timber Wood shingles 3 x 1 3mks b Leads to environmental destruction Air pollution Exhaustible Limited uses Cannot be regulated uneconomical 3 x 1 3mks c Trailers Heavy harrow Planters 3 x 1 3mks 31.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.3457816}
{"text": "Proximity to the farm Crop field - Accessibility - Topography Soil drainage 26 Soil type 3 x 1 3mks 29. Size of the land Topography of the land Direction of the wind Soil fertility - Capital availability 4 x 2mks 30. A Corrugated iron sheets Tiles Asbestors Alluminum sheets Thatch Palm leaves Timber Wood shingles 3 x 1 3mks b Leads to environmental destruction Air pollution Exhaustible Limited uses Cannot be regulated uneconomical 3 x 1 3mks c Trailers Heavy harrow Planters 3 x 1 3mks 31. A Caused organism protozoa 1mk b Symptoms - High temperature or fever - Dullness - Animal looses appetite - Body becomes very weak - Lachrimation - Diarrhoea - Milk production decreases - Loss of hair at Tail end - Animal has anaemia - Abortion may occur in pregnant females d Control - Treat the animal with typanoccidal drug - Control tsetse flies by bush clearing spraying - Confinement of game animals in game parks ii - Causes infertility in cows - Damaged uterus caused by abortion - Infection such as viginitis, brucel lossis; - Retained placenta 27- Blocked fallopian tube as a result of infection - Lack of essential nutrients like vitamin E - Frematin: a heifer born twin with a bull is 90 infertile Mating - Young females should be mated when they are 6 7 months old - Old females should be mated after kindling - Take the doe to the bucks hutch for mating - Have one back to give does Preparation for Kindling - Gestation period 31 days one month - Clean and put in a nest box nestling materials four days to kindling - Place the box in the darkest corner of the hutch since the doe likes kindling where it is dark Rearing the Kindles - Regularly check the nest to remove sick, weak and dead babies - Check daily to ensure that all the babies feed well - Feed kindles on mothers milk for the 2 - 3 weeks - They allowed to stay with mother until 8 th week when they are weaned 8 x 1 8mks 32.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.3917704}
{"text": "Size of the land Topography of the land Direction of the wind Soil fertility - Capital availability 4 x 2mks 30. A Corrugated iron sheets Tiles Asbestors Alluminum sheets Thatch Palm leaves Timber Wood shingles 3 x 1 3mks b Leads to environmental destruction Air pollution Exhaustible Limited uses Cannot be regulated uneconomical 3 x 1 3mks c Trailers Heavy harrow Planters 3 x 1 3mks 31. A Caused organism protozoa 1mk b Symptoms - High temperature or fever - Dullness - Animal looses appetite - Body becomes very weak - Lachrimation - Diarrhoea - Milk production decreases - Loss of hair at Tail end - Animal has anaemia - Abortion may occur in pregnant females d Control - Treat the animal with typanoccidal drug - Control tsetse flies by bush clearing spraying - Confinement of game animals in game parks ii - Causes infertility in cows - Damaged uterus caused by abortion - Infection such as viginitis, brucel lossis; - Retained placenta 27- Blocked fallopian tube as a result of infection - Lack of essential nutrients like vitamin E - Frematin: a heifer born twin with a bull is 90 infertile Mating - Young females should be mated when they are 6 7 months old - Old females should be mated after kindling - Take the doe to the bucks hutch for mating - Have one back to give does Preparation for Kindling - Gestation period 31 days one month - Clean and put in a nest box nestling materials four days to kindling - Place the box in the darkest corner of the hutch since the doe likes kindling where it is dark Rearing the Kindles - Regularly check the nest to remove sick, weak and dead babies - Check daily to ensure that all the babies feed well - Feed kindles on mothers milk for the 2 - 3 weeks - They allowed to stay with mother until 8 th week when they are weaned 8 x 1 8mks 32. -. Proper selection of the herd Proper disease control Proper pest control Proper housing Proper feeding Spraying animals against external parasites Proper recording of management activities Cross breeding up grading the herd Proper serring the dam Proper use of good sire Deworming against internal parasites stating 10 x 1 10mks, Explanation 10 x 1 10mks 33.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4149783}
{"text": "A Corrugated iron sheets Tiles Asbestors Alluminum sheets Thatch Palm leaves Timber Wood shingles 3 x 1 3mks b Leads to environmental destruction Air pollution Exhaustible Limited uses Cannot be regulated uneconomical 3 x 1 3mks c Trailers Heavy harrow Planters 3 x 1 3mks 31. A Caused organism protozoa 1mk b Symptoms - High temperature or fever - Dullness - Animal looses appetite - Body becomes very weak - Lachrimation - Diarrhoea - Milk production decreases - Loss of hair at Tail end - Animal has anaemia - Abortion may occur in pregnant females d Control - Treat the animal with typanoccidal drug - Control tsetse flies by bush clearing spraying - Confinement of game animals in game parks ii - Causes infertility in cows - Damaged uterus caused by abortion - Infection such as viginitis, brucel lossis; - Retained placenta 27- Blocked fallopian tube as a result of infection - Lack of essential nutrients like vitamin E - Frematin: a heifer born twin with a bull is 90 infertile Mating - Young females should be mated when they are 6 7 months old - Old females should be mated after kindling - Take the doe to the bucks hutch for mating - Have one back to give does Preparation for Kindling - Gestation period 31 days one month - Clean and put in a nest box nestling materials four days to kindling - Place the box in the darkest corner of the hutch since the doe likes kindling where it is dark Rearing the Kindles - Regularly check the nest to remove sick, weak and dead babies - Check daily to ensure that all the babies feed well - Feed kindles on mothers milk for the 2 - 3 weeks - They allowed to stay with mother until 8 th week when they are weaned 8 x 1 8mks 32. -. Proper selection of the herd Proper disease control Proper pest control Proper housing Proper feeding Spraying animals against external parasites Proper recording of management activities Cross breeding up grading the herd Proper serring the dam Proper use of good sire Deworming against internal parasites stating 10 x 1 10mks, Explanation 10 x 1 10mks 33. A - Poor drying Damage by pests Poor processing Wet heating 4 x 1 4mks b. - Drying - Control - Proper processing Dusting Storage in ventilated stores Store away from wet conditions 6 x 1 6mks 28c. I Buy maize when harvest is high ii Store maize iii Sell maize when there is shortage iv Import maize v Export maize vi Dispose maize vii Advice the Minister on the proper production of maize ix Control prices of maize in the market 10 x 1 10mks AGRICULTURE V SECTION A.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4396863}
{"text": "Give the function of a creep area in a pigsty. 2mks 3.a State one use of each of the following farm tools: i a mason trowel. 1mk ii a pair of tin snips. 1mk b Which tool would be required for each of the following operations? I Cutting wool from sheep. 1mk ii Castrating piglets. 1mk 4.Give four precautions you would take when harvesting to ensure that cotton picked is of high quality 2mks 5.List four factors that influence herbicidal selectivity and effectiveness in weed control. 2mks 6.a Give four advantages of a tractor in farm mechanisation. 2mks b Outline two limitations of tractor power. 2mks 7.Give the name of symbiotic bacteria which fixes nitrogen in the root nodules of leguminous plants 1mk 8.Give two reasons why a rabbit may disown its young ones. 2mks 9.a State four types of risks and uncertainities. 3mks b Outline how the government helps farmers to overcome risk and uncertainities. 3mks 3610. A In which ionic form is the element sulphur absorbed by plants. 1mk b i State any three deficiency symptoms of nitrogen in crops. 3mks ii State two sources of Nitrogen in the soil for plants. 2mks 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4231386}
{"text": "2mks 3.a State one use of each of the following farm tools: i a mason trowel. 1mk ii a pair of tin snips. 1mk b Which tool would be required for each of the following operations? I Cutting wool from sheep. 1mk ii Castrating piglets. 1mk 4.Give four precautions you would take when harvesting to ensure that cotton picked is of high quality 2mks 5.List four factors that influence herbicidal selectivity and effectiveness in weed control. 2mks 6.a Give four advantages of a tractor in farm mechanisation. 2mks b Outline two limitations of tractor power. 2mks 7.Give the name of symbiotic bacteria which fixes nitrogen in the root nodules of leguminous plants 1mk 8.Give two reasons why a rabbit may disown its young ones. 2mks 9.a State four types of risks and uncertainities. 3mks b Outline how the government helps farmers to overcome risk and uncertainities. 3mks 3610. A In which ionic form is the element sulphur absorbed by plants. 1mk b i State any three deficiency symptoms of nitrogen in crops. 3mks ii State two sources of Nitrogen in the soil for plants. 2mks 11. A Define the following terms: i Forage crop.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4500403}
{"text": "I Cutting wool from sheep. 1mk ii Castrating piglets. 1mk 4.Give four precautions you would take when harvesting to ensure that cotton picked is of high quality 2mks 5.List four factors that influence herbicidal selectivity and effectiveness in weed control. 2mks 6.a Give four advantages of a tractor in farm mechanisation. 2mks b Outline two limitations of tractor power. 2mks 7.Give the name of symbiotic bacteria which fixes nitrogen in the root nodules of leguminous plants 1mk 8.Give two reasons why a rabbit may disown its young ones. 2mks 9.a State four types of risks and uncertainities. 3mks b Outline how the government helps farmers to overcome risk and uncertainities. 3mks 3610. A In which ionic form is the element sulphur absorbed by plants. 1mk b i State any three deficiency symptoms of nitrogen in crops. 3mks ii State two sources of Nitrogen in the soil for plants. 2mks 11. A Define the following terms: i Forage crop. 1mk ii An Apiary. 1mk b How do you ensure proper forage utilization in livestock production . 2mks 12.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4755027}
{"text": "A In which ionic form is the element sulphur absorbed by plants. 1mk b i State any three deficiency symptoms of nitrogen in crops. 3mks ii State two sources of Nitrogen in the soil for plants. 2mks 11. A Define the following terms: i Forage crop. 1mk ii An Apiary. 1mk b How do you ensure proper forage utilization in livestock production . 2mks 12. A What is leaching. 1mk b Name two factors which increases the rate of leaching. 13. A State one important role of the hormone testerone in male livestock. Mk b State three important objectives of steaming up in livestock . 1 mks SECTION B. 14. State four factors that determine siting of a farm structure. 2mks 15. State any four uses of crush in a farm. 2mks 16. A Mr. Akugo wishes to fence a straight fence 4.40 m long bourdering the school farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4677255}
{"text": "State any four uses of crush in a farm. 2mks 16. A Mr. Akugo wishes to fence a straight fence 4.40 m long bourdering the school farm. Find out how many cedar posts he will require if the distance from one post to another is 2m 2mks b Mr. Akugo Applied 150kg N.P.K 25:20:15 to his one hectare of tobacco in Osogo area. Calculate how many kg of each of the fertilizer element he applied. 3mks 17. A State two disadvantages of serving Fresian heifers when they are less than 18 months old 2mks b List three factors that make it possible for a camel to survive in arid and semi-arid areas. 3mks 18. A What factors contribute to the success of a co-operative society. 3mks b State four main functions of marketing boards. 2mks c Name two channels through which marketing boards buy produce from farmers. 2mks 19. Distinguish between passive and active acquired immunity in livestock health. 2mks 20.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4888563}
{"text": "2mks 19. Distinguish between passive and active acquired immunity in livestock health. 2mks 20. Give one characteristic symptoms of attack by nematodes on roots of tomatoes. 1mk 21. A State three ways of increasing efficiency in farming. 3mks b List four factors which effect the profitability of egg production enterprise. 4mks 22. A Give two methods that can be used to improve local breeds of livestock. 2mks b State four merits of using AI in livestock breeding . 4mks 23. State six reasons why farmers are adviced to practice mixed farming. 3mks SECTION C. 24.a Describe the management practices involved in rearing of a day-old chicks upto the age of 8 weeks 16mks b Explain the management practices livestock farmers should adopt to reduce the problem of feed shortage during drought. 4mks 25.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.4929478}
{"text": "5mks 26 a State the principles involved in planning a crop rotation programme. 6mks b Describe field management praticises involved in coffee production. 24mks AGRICULTURE VI MARKING SCHEME 1. -. Over cultivation - Burning of land - Monocropping monoculture failure to practice crop rotation - Wriking soil when it is wet - Repeating use of heavy machinery for cultivation 2. -. Where special feed is provided to piglets creep feed . -. Heat warmth is provided to piglets to prevent chilling. -. Prevent mother pig from crashing the piglets. -. Ultraviolet rays from bulb assist in synthesis of vitamin D under the skin. 3.a i For applying mortar concrete on walls floors.ii For cutting metals. B i Pair of shears. Ii A scapel. 4. -. Picking should be done every week to ensure no foreign materials.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.5003738}
{"text": "3.a i For applying mortar concrete on walls floors.ii For cutting metals. B i Pair of shears. Ii A scapel. 4. -. Picking should be done every week to ensure no foreign materials. -. Avoiding picking when it is wet. -. Picking is done manually. 5. -. Active ingredient. -. The type of herbicide. -. Time of application. 6.a - Quick rate of work - Better burial of weeds during ploughing - Efficient work - Less labour demanding - Can be used to transport farm produce - Operation done in line - Does ploughing, planting and harvesting - P.T.O shaft can be used for irrigation, sprinkling water etc.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.5073633}
{"text": "- The type of herbicide. -. Time of application. 6.a - Quick rate of work - Better burial of weeds during ploughing - Efficient work - Less labour demanding - Can be used to transport farm produce - Operation done in line - Does ploughing, planting and harvesting - P.T.O shaft can be used for irrigation, sprinkling water etc. B - Can only work in flat surfaces - Needs frequent repair and maintenance - Initial capital for purchase is high - Requires technical know how to operate - Only confined to large scale farms 7. -. Rhizobium 8. -. Poor feeding of the mother rabbit. -. Touching kindles with strong bad smelling substances. -. When the doe is frightened or disturbed after kindling. 9.a - Weather changes. -. Out break of pests and diseases. -. Natural calamities e.g earth quakes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.52648}
{"text": "9.a - Weather changes. -. Out break of pests and diseases. -. Natural calamities e.g earth quakes. -. Obsolenscence become out of date i.e machinery. -. New production techniques. 38- Changing prices of commodities. -. Low or high yields of production. -. Theft cases sickness injury. -. Fire out breaks death. B - Weather forecast. -. Provision of extension service and advice to farmers. -. Adjusting future prices of commodities from the farm and giving farmers in advances. -. Stabilization of prices of certain farm produce so that they don t flactuate. -. Provision of loans to farmers to improve production. -. Provision of research on animals and plants e.g hybrids diseases etc. -. Provision and subsidisation of agricultural inputs. 10. A SO 4 -2 Sulphate ion . B i - Yellowish green colour chlorosis. -. Stunted growth. -. Premature drying of leaves.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.543257}
{"text": "B i - Yellowish green colour chlorosis. -. Stunted growth. -. Premature drying of leaves. -. Defoliation falling of leaves. Ii - Inorganic manure - Organic manure - Nitrogen fixation - Fresh organic matter 11.a i - Is any plant established naturally or artificially for feeding livestock. Ii - Site for beehive bee keeping. B - Better forage management. -. Use of high yielding performing animal. -. Conservation of forage. 12. A - Loss of plant nutrients through percolation into deeper layer of soil by water. B - High rainfall excess irrigation water. -. Solubility of mineral salts. -. Rate of soil structure infiltration texture drainage. 13.a - Necessitates sperm production. B - Provide sufficient nourishment for the development of the foetus and the expectant mother.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.538822}
{"text": "- Rate of soil structure infiltration texture drainage. 13.a - Necessitates sperm production. B - Provide sufficient nourishment for the development of the foetus and the expectant mother. Helps to prevent pregnancy to xermical twin lamb disease . Result in strong healthy lamb at birth. Promotes udder development and better milk following lambing. Enhances muscle reserve build up in ewes. SECTION B 14. -. Topography - Soil - Direction of wind - Relationship to other structures - Accessibility - Size of the farm 15. -. Used when castrating male animals. -. Used when carrying out livestock treatment. -. Used to restrain animals during artificial insemination. -. Used to restrain animals during weighing. 16.a - 3 cedar posts.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.551859}
{"text": "- Used to restrain animals during artificial insemination. -. Used to restrain animals during weighing. 16.a - 3 cedar posts. 39 b - N.P.K total ratio 60 - Nitrogen 62.50 Kg Phosphate 50Kg Potassium 37.5Kg 17.a - Stunted growth - Low milk yields b - Presence of hump where fats are stored - Presence of dehydrating tissues - Resistance to drought - Ability to drink large amounts of water 18.a - Sound economic base finance - Loyalty of members - Good leadership - Effective control of funds - Education of members on their rights and obligations b - Carry out efficient marketing of farm products - Provide loans to farmers - Keep prices stable - Control quality and quantity of products 19.- Passive immunity is one passed from the mother to the child while active immunity is acquired after a previous developing antibodies against the disease.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.5701222}
{"text": "- Used to restrain animals during weighing. 16.a - 3 cedar posts. 39 b - N.P.K total ratio 60 - Nitrogen 62.50 Kg Phosphate 50Kg Potassium 37.5Kg 17.a - Stunted growth - Low milk yields b - Presence of hump where fats are stored - Presence of dehydrating tissues - Resistance to drought - Ability to drink large amounts of water 18.a - Sound economic base finance - Loyalty of members - Good leadership - Effective control of funds - Education of members on their rights and obligations b - Carry out efficient marketing of farm products - Provide loans to farmers - Keep prices stable - Control quality and quantity of products 19.- Passive immunity is one passed from the mother to the child while active immunity is acquired after a previous developing antibodies against the disease. 20. -. Presence of root knots.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.5861344}
{"text": "16.a - 3 cedar posts. 39 b - N.P.K total ratio 60 - Nitrogen 62.50 Kg Phosphate 50Kg Potassium 37.5Kg 17.a - Stunted growth - Low milk yields b - Presence of hump where fats are stored - Presence of dehydrating tissues - Resistance to drought - Ability to drink large amounts of water 18.a - Sound economic base finance - Loyalty of members - Good leadership - Effective control of funds - Education of members on their rights and obligations b - Carry out efficient marketing of farm products - Provide loans to farmers - Keep prices stable - Control quality and quantity of products 19.- Passive immunity is one passed from the mother to the child while active immunity is acquired after a previous developing antibodies against the disease. 20. -. Presence of root knots. -. Wilting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.57942}
{"text": "39 b - N.P.K total ratio 60 - Nitrogen 62.50 Kg Phosphate 50Kg Potassium 37.5Kg 17.a - Stunted growth - Low milk yields b - Presence of hump where fats are stored - Presence of dehydrating tissues - Resistance to drought - Ability to drink large amounts of water 18.a - Sound economic base finance - Loyalty of members - Good leadership - Effective control of funds - Education of members on their rights and obligations b - Carry out efficient marketing of farm products - Provide loans to farmers - Keep prices stable - Control quality and quantity of products 19.- Passive immunity is one passed from the mother to the child while active immunity is acquired after a previous developing antibodies against the disease. 20. -. Presence of root knots. -. Wilting. 21.a - Select proper more paying enterprises.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.5963752}
{"text": "20. -. Presence of root knots. -. Wilting. 21.a - Select proper more paying enterprises. -. Proper crop husbandry practices. -. Improve farm management. -. Mechanization of farm operation - Adopt new technique of production - Time line of farm operation b - Laying percentage - Price of culled birds - Replacement cost - Casual labour 22.a - Cross breading - Up grading. B - Eliminate the risk of expenses. -. It is possible to use sire on smaller cows without any physical injury. -. Permits the use of proven sires beyond the economy lease of an average farmer. -. It makes it easy to control in breeding. 23. -. To maintain soil fertility.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6071763}
{"text": "- Permits the use of proven sires beyond the economy lease of an average farmer. -. It makes it easy to control in breeding. 23. -. To maintain soil fertility. -. To reduce spread risks - To maximise revenue incure - To obtain balance diet for the family - Crop residues are feed to livestock - Income is obtained through out the year SECTION C. 4024.a - Litter should be provided for to provide warmth as well as absorbing moisture. Fresh air Holes for ventilation should be made on the walls of the brooder to allow gaseous exchange. -. Heat source A wire should be around heat source to prevent chicks from burning.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6132405}
{"text": "4024.a - Litter should be provided for to provide warmth as well as absorbing moisture. Fresh air Holes for ventilation should be made on the walls of the brooder to allow gaseous exchange. -. Heat source A wire should be around heat source to prevent chicks from burning. -. The correct temperatures should be: 32 35 o C 1 st week 29.7 32.2 o C 2 nd week 26.6 29.7 o C 3 rd week Source of heat should be removed in the fourth week gradually to avoid stress. Light provide light in the brooder for the chicks to see food dim light . Feeders provide clean feeders which should be cleaned every morning. Waterers provide waters which should clean have pointed tips to avoid water being dirty. Avoid sharp corners as these encourages overcrowding causing suffocation. Feed chick and duck marsh at recommended ratio depending on the number of chicks. Vaccinate chicks with Newcastle vaccine.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6242068}
{"text": "Avoid sharp corners as these encourages overcrowding causing suffocation. Feed chick and duck marsh at recommended ratio depending on the number of chicks. Vaccinate chicks with Newcastle vaccine. B - Conserve excess feed during plenty in form of silage or hay. Ensure selective stock disposal when drought is approaching. Provide crop residues to livestock. Irrigation of pastures. Give supplementary feed to livestock. Plant drought tolerant fodder crops. 25. -. Profit and loss account for Mrs Odhiambo's farm for 1997. Profit and Loss account.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6304705}
{"text": "The farm made a profit of Shs 9,300. The percentage profit is therefore 9,300 x 100 77.5 12,000 26.a Shallow rooters should alternate with deep rooters. Crop attacked by the same pests and disease should not follow each other. Crops with high nutrient requirement should come first in a newly ploughed land. Legumes should be included in the programme to increase nitrogen content of soil. Fallow period grass should be included in the rotation to build soil structure. Crops which are hard to weed should alternate with those that are easy to weed. B - Proper weed control to reduce competition for nutrients and water. To improve coffee yield and quality.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6458836}
{"text": "Crops which are hard to weed should alternate with those that are easy to weed. B - Proper weed control to reduce competition for nutrients and water. To improve coffee yield and quality. 41METHODS Cultural e.g mulching Mechanical e.g slashing Chemical use of herbicides Mulching Mulch should not be in contact with coffee stem Reason: Preserve soil moistures Suppress weeds Supplies nutrients when it decomposes Reduce soil erosion Pest s and diseases Coffee pests: Leaf miner Control spray with recommended insecticide Antesia bug Proper pruning Spray with recommended pesticide Coffee disease: CBD Proper prunning Planting resistant cultivers Spray with recommended fungicide Coffee leaf rust: Plant resistant varieties Time by application of fungicide Prunning Single stem Multiple stem Change of cycle Reasons For Prunning To improve yields and quality of coffee To assist in disease and pest control To open the crop to light and air To avoid die-back of primaries and roots Fertilizer and manure applications: Phosphate fertilizers Applied at planting time to supply phosphorous for proper root growth and development Nitrogenous fertilizer The crop should be top dressed when soil is moist.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.65887}
{"text": "B - Proper weed control to reduce competition for nutrients and water. To improve coffee yield and quality. 41METHODS Cultural e.g mulching Mechanical e.g slashing Chemical use of herbicides Mulching Mulch should not be in contact with coffee stem Reason: Preserve soil moistures Suppress weeds Supplies nutrients when it decomposes Reduce soil erosion Pest s and diseases Coffee pests: Leaf miner Control spray with recommended insecticide Antesia bug Proper pruning Spray with recommended pesticide Coffee disease: CBD Proper prunning Planting resistant cultivers Spray with recommended fungicide Coffee leaf rust: Plant resistant varieties Time by application of fungicide Prunning Single stem Multiple stem Change of cycle Reasons For Prunning To improve yields and quality of coffee To assist in disease and pest control To open the crop to light and air To avoid die-back of primaries and roots Fertilizer and manure applications: Phosphate fertilizers Applied at planting time to supply phosphorous for proper root growth and development Nitrogenous fertilizer The crop should be top dressed when soil is moist. Reason:- To supply nitrogen required for vegetation growth, flowering and fruiting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6654005}
{"text": "To improve coffee yield and quality. 41METHODS Cultural e.g mulching Mechanical e.g slashing Chemical use of herbicides Mulching Mulch should not be in contact with coffee stem Reason: Preserve soil moistures Suppress weeds Supplies nutrients when it decomposes Reduce soil erosion Pest s and diseases Coffee pests: Leaf miner Control spray with recommended insecticide Antesia bug Proper pruning Spray with recommended pesticide Coffee disease: CBD Proper prunning Planting resistant cultivers Spray with recommended fungicide Coffee leaf rust: Plant resistant varieties Time by application of fungicide Prunning Single stem Multiple stem Change of cycle Reasons For Prunning To improve yields and quality of coffee To assist in disease and pest control To open the crop to light and air To avoid die-back of primaries and roots Fertilizer and manure applications: Phosphate fertilizers Applied at planting time to supply phosphorous for proper root growth and development Nitrogenous fertilizer The crop should be top dressed when soil is moist. Reason:- To supply nitrogen required for vegetation growth, flowering and fruiting. Manure compost application:- Apply in planting holes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.7052877}
{"text": "41METHODS Cultural e.g mulching Mechanical e.g slashing Chemical use of herbicides Mulching Mulch should not be in contact with coffee stem Reason: Preserve soil moistures Suppress weeds Supplies nutrients when it decomposes Reduce soil erosion Pest s and diseases Coffee pests: Leaf miner Control spray with recommended insecticide Antesia bug Proper pruning Spray with recommended pesticide Coffee disease: CBD Proper prunning Planting resistant cultivers Spray with recommended fungicide Coffee leaf rust: Plant resistant varieties Time by application of fungicide Prunning Single stem Multiple stem Change of cycle Reasons For Prunning To improve yields and quality of coffee To assist in disease and pest control To open the crop to light and air To avoid die-back of primaries and roots Fertilizer and manure applications: Phosphate fertilizers Applied at planting time to supply phosphorous for proper root growth and development Nitrogenous fertilizer The crop should be top dressed when soil is moist. Reason:- To supply nitrogen required for vegetation growth, flowering and fruiting. Manure compost application:- Apply in planting holes. Reason: - To improve soil structure.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6955204}
{"text": "Reason:- To supply nitrogen required for vegetation growth, flowering and fruiting. Manure compost application:- Apply in planting holes. Reason: - To improve soil structure.42- To supply nutrients.- To increase activity of micro-organism.43.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.6835382}
{"text": "1TABLE OF CONTENTPREFACE2THE BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY OLE KULET3CHAPTER ONE4SYNOPSIS AND SUMMARIES OF CHAPTERS4SYNOPSIS OF BLOSSOMS OF THE SAVANNAH4CHAPTER SUMMARIES5CHAPTER TWO18CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERISATION18CHAPTER THREEDISCUSSION QUESTIONS ON THEMES64CHAPTER FOUR65LANGUAGE AND STYLE65CHAPTER FIVE76SAMPLE AND PRACTICE EXCERPTS76SAMPLE EXCERPTS76ANSWERS TO SAMPLE EXTRACTS81PRACTICE EXCERPTS85CHAPTER SIX91GENERAL ESSAY QUESTIONS AND SAMPLE ESSAYS912PREFACEThis study guide provides a detailed analysis of the novel Blossoms of the Savannah. The analysis is aimed at preparing KCSE candidates for both the excerpt and thecompulsory essay question in paper two and three respectively. This guide is written ina manner that both the candidates and teachers will immensely benefit from it. This hasbeen achieved through the presentation of a succinct synopsis, detailed chaptersummaries, as well as deeply analyzed characters, themes and stylistic devices. At theend of each of these sections, there are sample essay questions to guide students inrevising and preparing for both the internal and national exams. There are also generalessay questions, sample and practice excerpts, all meant to prepare students for KCSEEnglish paper two and three. This guide might not have exhaustively analyzed the novel, Blossoms of the Savannah. Therefore, students are advised to consult other authorities such as their teachers inorder to enrich what is contained in this guide. 3THE BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY OLE KULETHenry ole Kulet was born in 1946. He is a veteran and award winning Kenyan writerknown for his novels which capture aspects of environment, culture and experiences ofMaasai people. He is an established author for he has written eight novels. Daughter ofMaa is a story of quiet village that is stirred by a frenzy of activities by the arrival of ayoung and pretty community teacher, Anna Walangh. He authored It is possible in 1971,How To became a Man in 1972 and Bandits of Kibi in 1999. In Bandits of Kibi, hecreated scenes which came out during the Post-Election Violence in 2007 after thedisputed elections.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.7354188}
{"text": "Daughter ofMaa is a story of quiet village that is stirred by a frenzy of activities by the arrival of ayoung and pretty community teacher, Anna Walangh. He authored It is possible in 1971,How To became a Man in 1972 and Bandits of Kibi in 1999. In Bandits of Kibi, hecreated scenes which came out during the Post-Election Violence in 2007 after thedisputed elections. 4CHAPTER ONESYNOPSIS AND SUMMARIES OF CHAPTERSSYNOPSIS OF BLOSSOMS OF THE SAVANNAHThe novel begins as Kaelo, his wife, Taiyo and Resian leave Nakuru for Nasila, a ruralarea in Maasai land. This is as a result of retrenchment of Kaelo who has been workingas the manager of Agribix Limited. On reaching Nasila, Ole Kaelo s are welcomed byuncle Simiren s family which consists of four wives and sixteen children. In a movetowards settling in Nasila the new home, Ole Kaelo visits his old friend Ole Sumpeyo. Itis thirty years since Ole Kaelo left Nasila for Nakuru. The Kaelo s hold a homecoming party in which they invite members from the five clansaimed at re-linking the Kaelo family to the other villagers. Taiyo and Resian observe thatsome young men are suspicious of them for they are not circumcised. In an attempt ofacquainting the two girls with Nasila culture, Kaelo informs Joseph Parmuat to teachTaiyo and Resian traditional songs and dances. As the young ones spend more timetogether, a love relationship begins to develop between Taiyo and Joseph butunfortunately due to cultural demands the relationship is restrained. Unfortunately, there is an attempted rape on Resian and Taiyo. Consequently, an ad hocgroup of men is formed to hunt down the culprits. After it is known that Lante and Ntaraare responsible for the heinous act, punishment is meted on them. The novel reveals ofhow females have contributed significantly to the beginning and continuation of FGMthrough the Olarinkoi legendary story. Kaelo opens an agricultural shop and enters into business contracts through Oloisudoriwho is conversant with shady businesses. Oloisudori s aim is to exploite Kaelo.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.755581}
{"text": "After it is known that Lante and Ntaraare responsible for the heinous act, punishment is meted on them. The novel reveals ofhow females have contributed significantly to the beginning and continuation of FGMthrough the Olarinkoi legendary story. Kaelo opens an agricultural shop and enters into business contracts through Oloisudoriwho is conversant with shady businesses. Oloisudori s aim is to exploite Kaelo. Afterrealizing that Kaelo has beautiful daughters, he chooses to marry one and organize for5the other one to be married by his friend instead of extorting him. Oloisudori comes in aprocession and gives gifts and money as dowry for the young Resian. Since Resiandisagrees with Oloisudori and her father s plan, Oloisudori plans to use anesthesia torender Resian unconscious so that he may snatch her for marriage by force. However,the girls craft a scheme of shaming Oloisudori in which they return the gifts Oloisudorihad given them earlier. The couple goes to consult Simiren and Sumpeyo on how to deal with Oloisudori sdemands as the girls go to the shop. On their way back, the girls are almost raped bytwo callous young men. Later on, after Resian refuses to cooperate, Oloisudori getsenraged and slaps her mercilessly. It is Olarinkoi who supposedly saves her by whiskingher away before she commits suicide. Olarinkoi organizes with a pick-up driver so that he whisks Resian away claiming toensure her safety from Oloisudori and her father. The three have a trek of terror whichleaves Resian raped by Olarinkoi in a dark hut in the forest. On regaining consciousness,she finds herself under the care of Nabaru, a nurse who reveals everything thattranspired. Finally, with the help of Nabaru Resian comes face to face with Minik ene Nkoitoi, theactivist against FGM in the sheep s ranch. She welcomes Nabaru and Resian warmly. Resian learns that Oloisudori has advertised in the newspaper for her search. Minik spivotal role is evident in that in the ranch there are other five hundred girls who havegone through a similar experience just like Resian.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.7815154}
{"text": "On regaining consciousness,she finds herself under the care of Nabaru, a nurse who reveals everything thattranspired. Finally, with the help of Nabaru Resian comes face to face with Minik ene Nkoitoi, theactivist against FGM in the sheep s ranch. She welcomes Nabaru and Resian warmly. Resian learns that Oloisudori has advertised in the newspaper for her search. Minik spivotal role is evident in that in the ranch there are other five hundred girls who havegone through a similar experience just like Resian. On the other hand, Taiyo faces thepainful blade of the Olmurunya. While managing the ranch, Minik meets a new challengein which the powerful in the government are threatening to close the ranch. However,Minik, the foresighted planner ensures the survival of the ranch. Resian learns of theunfortunate death of Joseph Parmuat. He is killed in his mission of saving Taiyo from agroup that circumcises her by force. At long last, Resian meets Taiyo at the ranchOloisudori makes his last heinous kicks by visiting the ranch to demand Resian as hiswife. He is told off by Minik. With his company, he flees for his life after his cars areburnt down. The ultimate goal is attained when Minik takes Taiyo and Resian to Egerton6University where Resian has a chance of studying her dream course. CHAPTER SUMMARIESCHAPTER 1: THE JOUNERYAs the novel begins, Ole Kaelo is reprimanding loaders for being slow. The couple isrelocating from Nakuru to Nasila after Ole Kaelo is retrenched from Agribix Limitedwhere he has been working as the commercial manager. Not long ago Kaelo had deniedTaiyo a chance to go to Mombasa to develop her talent. That is why Taiyo sympathizeswith the loaders who are receiving strict instructions from her father. The two girlsvisualize what life in the new environment will be like. The girls are experiencingapprehension. Nakuru town has always bustled with life and they fear the shop thattheir father aims at starting may not pick. Taiyo encourages Resian that they should hope for the best. Resian requests Taiyo toplead with their father so that they can join Egerton University. Resian knows her fatherlistens to Taiyo.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.7941482}
{"text": "Nakuru town has always bustled with life and they fear the shop thattheir father aims at starting may not pick. Taiyo encourages Resian that they should hope for the best. Resian requests Taiyo toplead with their father so that they can join Egerton University. Resian knows her fatherlistens to Taiyo. Through a flash back, the reader learns that Ole Kaelo and his wifeMama Milanoi have lived for twenty two years since they married. Women from Nasilahad earlier visited Mama Milanoi at Nakuru and hinted at the hostility expectedespecially because the daughters are not married. Kaelo has been a hardworking man,a trait that led to his promotion at Agribix Limited. The retrenchment has triggeredambition to work so as to be rich. A few kilometers to Nasila one lorry breaks down butsoon it is fixed and the family reach uncle Simiren s homestead where they arewelcomed warmly. It is now thirty years since Ole Kaelo left Nasila for Nakuru. In all thistime he has been away, uncle Simiren has been representing his elder brother. Eldersare not happy with Kaelo s monogamous marriage. Simiren on his part has four wivesand sixteen childrenCHAPTER 2: NASILALife at the rural Nasila is contrasted with that of Nakuru town. Uncle Simiren is apolygamous man. He has four wives and sixteen children. Each of these wives has ahouse .The girls are introduced to the sixteen cousins by the senior most aunt, and theeldest wife. The children are aged between three and sixteen years and out of the four7wives, two aunts are pregnant. Resian and Taiyo are allowed to go walking. The girlsmake the observation that the four aunts are not happy as well and the kids are notcontented. Resian outrightly says she is not ready to be a parent and that she will firstlearn. They are accosted by a tall heavyset young man with thick dark beard and amoustache. Resian orders the man to leave Taiyo alone. According to the man, the girlsare not decent for they are uncircumcised. The girls keep the ordeal as a secret. OleKaelo visits ole Sumpeyo, a famous cattle trader and a longtime friend who supportsFGM.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.827073}
{"text": "According to the man, the girlsare not decent for they are uncircumcised. The girls keep the ordeal as a secret. OleKaelo visits ole Sumpeyo, a famous cattle trader and a longtime friend who supportsFGM. Ironically, even though a close friend, Sumpeyo is malicious and envious of Kaeloespecially when he learns of his great business plan. He however warns him to be waryof Oloisudori, a business partner, and advises him to keep his daughters away from him. CHAPTER 3: STRANGE VISITORSOle Kaelo ushers his family into the newly constructed house. The Kaelo s are elated bythe new house. In a flashback Mama Milanoi remembers how she was married by Kaelowhile she was eighteen and Kaelo twenty four years old. The couple has enjoyed peacegenerally since then but since she does not have a son, Mama Milanoi feels she hasfailed Kaelo. In a dialogue, we learn that Taiyo and Resian are afraid of undergoing theact and wish to go back to Nakuru and join university. In a dramatic irony we realize thatKaelo has been hard and cruel to Resian for he expected a son to be born in her place. Although Taiyo does not understand the cause of the hatred, she always defends hersister devotedly even when her mother does not offer any protection. Probably MamaMilano is afraid of ole Kaelo. CHAPTER 4: HOME COMING CEREMONYIn order to re-link himself to the community ole Kaelo holds a big celebration partywhich is also made for blessing his home. Members from the five Maa clans: Ilmolelian,Ilmakesen, Ilukumae, Ilaiser and illtarosero are invited. The Kaelo s belong to theIlmolelian clan. Ole Kaelo s are very actively involved in the preparation of thehomecoming ceremony. During the dances, Taiyo is attracted to the manager of music,a young local primary school music teacher Joseph Parmuat but unfortunately theybelong to the same clan and forging any intimate relationship is an abomination. Acarnival mood is witnessed during the party for the generous Kaelo, has offered plenty8of foodstuffs. In the dance Taiyo s talent is brought forth for she is really attracted to the song anddance.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.842357}
{"text": "Ole Kaelo s are very actively involved in the preparation of thehomecoming ceremony. During the dances, Taiyo is attracted to the manager of music,a young local primary school music teacher Joseph Parmuat but unfortunately theybelong to the same clan and forging any intimate relationship is an abomination. Acarnival mood is witnessed during the party for the generous Kaelo, has offered plenty8of foodstuffs. In the dance Taiyo s talent is brought forth for she is really attracted to the song anddance. We learn that she has always done well in music festivals too. Unfortunately, herfather denied her a chance to go for a music extravaganza in Mombasa which wouldhave developed her talent. Lastly, Musanka leads in the blessing section. He calls uponthe community to welcome the Kaelo s back home. Kaelo is advised to involve himselfin the community affairs and Nasila. He is also advised to take care of his family andchildren. CHAPTER 5: DEPRESSED ONETaiyo and Resian are distressed. Resian feels Taiyo is taking too long before broachingthe issue of their university studies with their father. The issue of FGM makes the twogirls have a sleepless night. Taiyo is also disturbed by the cultural law that does notallow her relationship with Joseph Parmuat, the primary school teacher and a musicenthusiast. The two girls cry a lot that night. The day before, Joseph had promised tovisit her and also coach her in traditional music. The thought of enkamuratani circumciser and Olmurunya circumcising blade makes Taiyo shudder with dread. InResian s mind it is clear that enkamuratani and her Olmurunya cannot have their waywith her, maybe over her dead body. Contrastingly Kaelo and his wife enjoy a great night after the day of the great party andblessings. They feel fulfilled for the great achievement, getting welcomed as well asbeing blessed. In her morning thoughts, Mama Milanoi is at a dilemma, whether toforce the girls to undergo the ritual and lose their faith, love and confidence or refuse toyield to the traditions and become a pariah in the Ilmolelian clan.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.8683674}
{"text": "The thought of enkamuratani circumciser and Olmurunya circumcising blade makes Taiyo shudder with dread. InResian s mind it is clear that enkamuratani and her Olmurunya cannot have their waywith her, maybe over her dead body. Contrastingly Kaelo and his wife enjoy a great night after the day of the great party andblessings. They feel fulfilled for the great achievement, getting welcomed as well asbeing blessed. In her morning thoughts, Mama Milanoi is at a dilemma, whether toforce the girls to undergo the ritual and lose their faith, love and confidence or refuse toyield to the traditions and become a pariah in the Ilmolelian clan. Kaelo authoritativelystates his demands; mama Milanoi is to counsel her daughters in preparations forcircumcision while he is to ask Parmuat to teach the girls home truths and laterenkamuratani to be called to do her part. Mama Milanoi interrogatively reflects on herstand and that of her family. She feels her husband is turning into a deep Nasilian veryfast. Afterwards, the Kaelo s visit their agricultural shop. On arriving home, the three9females welcome Joseph Parmuat delightfully. As the chapter ends, a second malevisitor visits the Kaelo s.CHAPTER 6: OLARINKOIKaelo makes a pompous speech introducing Joseph Parmuat. Despite the warning,Taiyo is still infatuated with Joseph and decides to make him a confidante. Resian iscritical and dismissive of her father s pompous speech and generally how females areviewed by men. In a defiant mood, Resian expresses her mind on the subject of unfairmen towards women. Surprisingly and daringly, she portrays the defiance to her aunt,mother and Resian. The listeners are deeply embarrassed. Aunt Botorr says Resian has a bad spirit that canonly be treated through circumcision. Taiyo s questions who Olarinkoi is and isanswered by Joseph by telling a legendary story. Ilarinkon is a legend who was a greatfighter who saved the Maa community from being wiped out by an adversary while theirmorans had gone for a raid. Ilarinkon warriors abused women until one day womendiscovered how to deal with the problem.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.8851666}
{"text": "Aunt Botorr says Resian has a bad spirit that canonly be treated through circumcision. Taiyo s questions who Olarinkoi is and isanswered by Joseph by telling a legendary story. Ilarinkon is a legend who was a greatfighter who saved the Maa community from being wiped out by an adversary while theirmorans had gone for a raid. Ilarinkon warriors abused women until one day womendiscovered how to deal with the problem. Their collective resolution ironically gave birthto enkamuratani who was handed over an Olmurunya. Hence the birth of FGM andtherefore according to Joseph, only women can stop the barbaric FGM.CHAPTER 7: SHADOWY OLOISUDORIResian is in an optimistic mood that all will be well especially about their universityeducation. After Taiyo leaves for the shop, Mama Milanoi broaches the subject of FGM.Even though Mama Milanoi supports FGM, Resian is categorical that it has been usedby men as a tool of oppression to women. One Edward Oloisudori visits Kaelo s home. Resian is uncomfortable with him for he is immoral. Mother scorns her for talking illabout him. Father returns and due to Resian s nervousness, he calls her names. Kaeloclearly states that all members of Kaelo family must respect Oloisudori and that heshould not be denied anything. Resian learns that her father did not give in to therequest about joining university. Joseph reveals that Oloisudori is a shadowy figure; a Jack -of-all-trades. He is also, apoacher, smuggler, robber, extortionist and a hired assassin. He had survived10numerous jail terms and was now incorrigible. Due to the revelation, the girls fear fortheir father. When Oloisudori leaves, the countenance of Kaelo and Mama Milanoichanges; they are absent-minded and aloof even though Kaelo insists that everything isin control. Mama Milanoi even burns rice without realizing it. CHAPTER 8: TROUBLED COUPLEOloisudori s cruel demand, to marry Resian and organize the marriage of Taiyo rendersKaelo and Mama Milanoi a sleepless night. Although Kaelo knew Oloisudori s pastcriminal record, he still falls for his trap due to greed for wealth.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.9090703}
{"text": "He is also, apoacher, smuggler, robber, extortionist and a hired assassin. He had survived10numerous jail terms and was now incorrigible. Due to the revelation, the girls fear fortheir father. When Oloisudori leaves, the countenance of Kaelo and Mama Milanoichanges; they are absent-minded and aloof even though Kaelo insists that everything isin control. Mama Milanoi even burns rice without realizing it. CHAPTER 8: TROUBLED COUPLEOloisudori s cruel demand, to marry Resian and organize the marriage of Taiyo rendersKaelo and Mama Milanoi a sleepless night. Although Kaelo knew Oloisudori s pastcriminal record, he still falls for his trap due to greed for wealth. Oloisudori s initial planwas to extort money from Kaelo but on noticing his two beautiful daughters he changedhis mind. Mama Milanoi suffers great pain and cries for the olden days when demandssuch as those of Oloisudori would be dealt with accordingly. Mama Milanoi recallsthrough flashback how women had invoked mass action on men in the past bydepriving men food, milk and beating them up while naked. She contrasts those timeswith the current times when Nasila River is polluted with chemicals. She fears thatOloisudori may kill her daughter. Despite the hard times the Kaelo s are experiencing,the following morning, the members manage to afford smiles as they take tea. Even theentrance of Olarinkoi does not dampen the high spirits embraced by the Kaelo s.CHAPTER 9: LOVEJoseph Parmuat begins a routine practice of coaching Taiyo and Resian on traditionalsongs and dances and the trio enjoy it immensely. Joseph Parmuat guards against anyuntoward behavior so as to conserve his integrity. The chapter then says a lot about theMaa Culture on different subjects. He explains different types of loves to the two girls;elangatare and patureishi. Resian boldly asks Joseph to be her patureishi but heexplains how it is impossible for that to happen due to Nasila cultural norms. Taiyo andResian question the rigidity of Nasila culture and traditions.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.9491026}
{"text": "The chapter then says a lot about theMaa Culture on different subjects. He explains different types of loves to the two girls;elangatare and patureishi. Resian boldly asks Joseph to be her patureishi but heexplains how it is impossible for that to happen due to Nasila cultural norms. Taiyo andResian question the rigidity of Nasila culture and traditions. They question somenegative practices like F.G.M Joseph clarifies that culture had dropped some negativepractices like throwing the dead and the dying to the hyenas, abandoning very old and illin deserted homesteads. In a flashback, Taiyo accounts for her love to Joseph. Itbegan on the day their father organized a homecoming celebration and since then shehas even visited Joseph in his house. Joseph also feels strong love to her but traditions11shields him from her. They think of falling in love and leaving for a far destination. Taiyo is ready but Joseph is prefers to abide by Nasila culture. CHAPTER 10: OLARINKOI VERSUS THE RAPISTSA cloud of apprehension hangs around the couple. Oloisudori does not turn up as hehad promised earlier. After procrastinating for some time they find it unbearable. Mother and father leave their home so as to consult their friends; the wife to Simirenand Ole Kaelo to Supeyo, on the issue touching on Oloisudori s callous demand to marryone of their daughters. The two girls go to the shop to have their lunch prepared by themanager, Maiso. On their return journey, they are attacked by two rude young men. Onobserving the two men, they realise one of the accosters was responsible for the earlierambush. The two young men are frightening for they are in possession of knobkerries. They attempt to rape them but luckily the girls are rescued by Olarinkoi. The girls cannotthank Olarinkoi enough. The two girls detest the two young men s behaviour. The girlsfeel terribly shaken. Resian feels she should leave Nasila for university. The incidentstrengthens Taiyo s resolve as a combatant in a war zone. CHAPTER 11: CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENTTaiyo and Resian wait for their parent s return to tell them of the near rape ordeal asthey were coming from their shop at Nasila. Ole Kaelo is very agitated on hearing thathis daughters were assaulted with the aim of being raped.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.9387836}
{"text": "Resian feels she should leave Nasila for university. The incidentstrengthens Taiyo s resolve as a combatant in a war zone. CHAPTER 11: CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENTTaiyo and Resian wait for their parent s return to tell them of the near rape ordeal asthey were coming from their shop at Nasila. Ole Kaelo is very agitated on hearing thathis daughters were assaulted with the aim of being raped. Their father storms out ofthe house while their mother asks them to go to Simiren s house to have a change ofenvironment. The girls are heartily welcomed at their uncle s home and that enables them to settlevery fast. They get used to the communal and polygamous running of affairs at theiruncle s home. They learn very many aspects of Nasila culture, both negative andpositive. They are told more about Minik ene Nkoitoi, the Emakererei and their rolemodel by one of Simiren s wives. They are told that she went to Makerere Universitywhere she studied veterinary medicine. They admire her opposition of negative Nasila12culture and say they would like to be like her. Through flashback, it is revealed thatResian s interest in vet medicine began when she and Taiyo accompanied their father toagricultural show in Nakuru and since then, she has admired the profession. Taiyoplans to compose a song with the help of Joseph Parmuat praising Minik and ridiculingthree women who still clung on retrogressive Nasilian culture. Later, they are asked toreturn home by their parents. A party, which their parents also attend, is held for themafter which they return home. CHAPTER 12: RETALIATIONOle Kaelo hits the road angry and bitter and complaining to all he meets about thebeastly attack on his daughter. He goes to the school where Joseph teaches andexplains the events heading to his anger. Joseph parades all pupils, and sends boysfrom the Ilmolelian clan to go and call their elder brothers and fathers to an urgentmeeting at Oerata plain. The search party narrows down on Lante son of Kanyira of Ilukumae clan and Ntara sonof Muyo, also of Ilukumae clan as the culprits. They decide to embark on a revengemission to prevent further provocation from the Illukumae clan.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.975563}
{"text": "A party, which their parents also attend, is held for themafter which they return home. CHAPTER 12: RETALIATIONOle Kaelo hits the road angry and bitter and complaining to all he meets about thebeastly attack on his daughter. He goes to the school where Joseph teaches andexplains the events heading to his anger. Joseph parades all pupils, and sends boysfrom the Ilmolelian clan to go and call their elder brothers and fathers to an urgentmeeting at Oerata plain. The search party narrows down on Lante son of Kanyira of Ilukumae clan and Ntara sonof Muyo, also of Ilukumae clan as the culprits. They decide to embark on a revengemission to prevent further provocation from the Illukumae clan. The retaliation is doneby the young and old men from Iimolelian clan and the sympathizers from Limakesenclan. The search party comes across the two culprits who ran and fall under the feet oftwo old men begging for mercy. According to Nasila culture, a man is spared of anycrime if he hides his head between the legs of an old man. Nevertheless, they areclobbered, slapped and kicked by Kaelo and his men. It is realized after interrogationthat one of the offenders was related to Taiyo and Resian for he was son of MamaMilanoi s sisters. A cleansing ceremony is planned and Ole Kaelo is compensated forthe trauma he underwent. Ntara Muyo gives Taiyo and Resian each a heifer to removethe shame he caused them. Lante pays two heifers. Ole Kaelo continue to have mixed feelings about Oloisudori s plan to marry his daughter. He consoles himself that Oloisudori is not an ordinary man. And that his businesssuccess depended on him. Thus reasoning, he decides to go along with Oloisudori splan. He also dismisses negative rumours about Oloisudori assuring himself that his13daughter was lucky to get such a man. Meanwhile, the girls visit to the uncle s homehas greatly changed their outlook on life.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406251.9837873}
{"text": "Thus reasoning, he decides to go along with Oloisudori splan. He also dismisses negative rumours about Oloisudori assuring himself that his13daughter was lucky to get such a man. Meanwhile, the girls visit to the uncle s homehas greatly changed their outlook on life. It reduces their overreliance on their parents. They are finally happy that they are getting acceptance in the highly traditionalcommunity. CHAPTER 13: OLOISUDORI S GRAND VISITOloisudori changes his plans of coming for Resian in two weeks time and declares hewould do so the following day. He would be accompanied by his three friends andwants Resian to cook for them. Ole Kaelo asks Resian to remain at home and cook forthem instead of going to help plaster the kitchen of Teiyo Kiti with Taiyo as they hadplanned. She is not comfortable with the idea saying she fears Oloisudori and that he islike a monster. Her father hears none of her protestation. Resian seeks refuge in thegarden. She wonders why she has been chosen and not Taiyo. She finds injustice inthe way her father treated her unlike her sister Taiyo. Taiyo sympathizes with hersituation. She knows her father biasness in treating his daughters. She thinks that thecurrent demand from his father would make him hate her more. She blames the newculture that her father has immersed himself into as the cause of all her problems. Traditionally, a girl was shielded from men and it was rare for a girl to interact with men. Finally, Resian agrees to cook for the visitors after Taiyo is allowed to do it with her. Oloisudori arrives in a procession of four wheel drive vehicles. He is immaculatelydressed and so is his three friends. Taiyo starts sensing that he could be targeting hersister Resian. He gives each of the family members generous gifts including abriefcase to their father. Later after leaving, Taiyo talks to her father to get moreinformation about Oloisudori and his mission in their home but he reveals little. Afterfailing, she plans to ask him to enroll them at Egerton but she does not succeed. OleKaelo calls for his daughter Resian. He talks to her pleasantly and tells her he has goodnews for her. Resian misinterprets this thinking it s about being enrolled at theuniversity.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.0150602}
{"text": "Afterfailing, she plans to ask him to enroll them at Egerton but she does not succeed. OleKaelo calls for his daughter Resian. He talks to her pleasantly and tells her he has goodnews for her. Resian misinterprets this thinking it s about being enrolled at theuniversity. Finding that they are on different pages, he dismisses her and calls for hermother. CHAPTER 14: THE WEALTHY OLOISUDORI14Ole Kaelo and his wife visit one of Oloisudori s homes in Naivasha. He wanted them tosee the home he is building for their daughter so that they can easily convince her tomarry him. Oloisudori compares Resian with one of the legendary beauty in the landand this greatly flatters Ole Kaelo. He also compares her with lord Ngata an Englishlady who drove a legendary gentleman crazy but the lady finally refused to marry himhence making the gentleman hate women forever. He intends to rectify that by buildinga palatial home that she would not turn down. Oloisudori is even ready to enroll her as aparallel student at Egerton if she marries him. However, she must undergo circumcisionbefore he can marry her. Ole Kaelo regards Resian lucky and hopes his other daughterwould find such a rich man who could give him generous dowry. Ole Kaelo reminisces his journey with his wife to Oloisudori s palatial home in Naivashawith pleasure. He still remembers with awe the grandeur and magnificence of the houseOloisudori was building for Resian in Milimani area of Nakuru which made him decidethat Resian had to be married by Oloisudori come what may. Before parting, they hatcha plan of abducting Resian if she offers resistance and are very happy about it. His wifeis not very happy about the idea but has no option. She is unhappy that her daughterwould miss a chance of going to Egerton University. Ole Kaelo also seems at conflictbut keeps assuring himself that Oloisudori is a genuine man enjoying his own fruits oflabour.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.0249946}
{"text": "His wifeis not very happy about the idea but has no option. She is unhappy that her daughterwould miss a chance of going to Egerton University. Ole Kaelo also seems at conflictbut keeps assuring himself that Oloisudori is a genuine man enjoying his own fruits oflabour. Later, after a disturbed night, he has a dream in which Resian accepts to marryOloisudori without any resistance and that raises husband and wife s spirits. Resian and Taiyo hatch a plan of returning all gifts Oloisudori had given them in his nextvisit to show him they were not on sale. Resian receives Oloisudori warmly into theirhome and hands over the carton she and Taiyo had packed all his gifts. This catchesOloisudori by surprise and he is made to believe that the battle has been won. Hereveals his plans to marry her and she is shocked by the revelation. They have a nastyexchange of words with Resian telling him that she can only be his wife over her deadbody. Resian storms out of the house and confronts her father in his shop at Nasila. OleKaelo confirms his intention to marry her off to his friend and says he has no intentionof enrolling her to university. She has a nasty verbal exchange after which he slaps hertwice. She tells him he better kill her than hand her over to his friend, the monster. 15Their bitter exchange attracts a crowd outside the shop. Resian leaves in hurry andheads to the river where she contemplates committing suicide. Just then, Olarinkoicomes to what seems to be her rescue. She tells her that Oloisudori men are lookingfor her all over and that he can help her reach Minik s ranch. Resian agrees to the ideaand they plan to start off very early the following day. CHAPTER 15: THE REAL OLARINKOIAfter a sugarless breakfast served by a kind-hearted old woman, Resian and Olarinkoigets into a pick up to start their journey to Minik s ranch. The old woman gives Resian aleso and a blanket to cover herself with. At the beginning, she is very optimistic andhappy that finally her salvation has come. Later the hot weather and the bumpy ridemakes the journey very uncomfortable while dust, flies, mosquitoes and the fear of wildanimals haunt along the way.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.079062}
{"text": "The old woman gives Resian aleso and a blanket to cover herself with. At the beginning, she is very optimistic andhappy that finally her salvation has come. Later the hot weather and the bumpy ridemakes the journey very uncomfortable while dust, flies, mosquitoes and the fear of wildanimals haunt along the way. On the way, Olarinkoi is aloof, he does not communicatewith Resian, but this does not bother her for her focus is to reach the ranch and meetMinik her mentor. The pick- up stops outside a mud plastered house with a rusty tin roof and Olarinkoiorders her to alight. He orders her to follow her into the desolate house which has tworooms Olarinkoi brings several foodstuffs he had brought with him in the pick-up, rudelygives Resian several instructions on how to cook a meal and leaves in a huff. Soon, shefalls asleep and dreams where she meets Minik who promises to enroll her as a studentat Egerton University and protect her from F.G.M. Her dream is interrupted by a loudbang on the door by Olarinkoi. He reprimands her for not cooking food and tells her sheis his wife. He proceeds to take her by force and a struggle ensues. Resian bites histhumb and in defense, he hits her on the ribcage making her pass out before proceedingto rape her. When consciousness returns, Resian realizes she was in a bed covered with bloody ragsand naked. She begins to have recollection of what happened but cannot go beyondbiting Olarinkoi s thumb. She faints again and sees alternating images of both Olarinkoiand Oloisudori. When she regains consciousness, she notices another woman who shehad been seeing in her hallucinations in the room. The woman is called Nabaru and is16the nurse that has been treating her. One evening after she is able to walk on her feet,Olarinkoi s mother comes and admonishes her for biting her son s thumb and abusesher for being uncircumcised. She reveals that she intends to have her circumcised afterrecovering and that she and Olarinkoi would go to Tanzania to start their marriage.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.067033}
{"text": "The woman is called Nabaru and is16the nurse that has been treating her. One evening after she is able to walk on her feet,Olarinkoi s mother comes and admonishes her for biting her son s thumb and abusesher for being uncircumcised. She reveals that she intends to have her circumcised afterrecovering and that she and Olarinkoi would go to Tanzania to start their marriage. Thenurse comes when she is deep in thoughts and tells her that Olarinkoi s mother is anenkoiboni, a prophet and had prophesied that her son would bring one of Ole Kaelo sdaughter home, circumcise her and make her his wife. The nurse tells her she hasadmired her courage and is ready to help her out in whatever plans she has. The newsgives Resian a new surge of hope. CHAPTER 16: HELPResian has a life full of torment at Olarinkoi s home from insects, reptiles as well asfrom the old enkoiboni. The Enkoiboni has a lot of bitterness directed to the well to do in the society such as Oloisudori. Nabaru informs Resian she is under a lot ofpressure from Enkoiboni to have her recover so that she can undergo the initiation ritual. Resian pleads with her to take her to Emakererei s ranch which Nabaru agrees to. When her health improves a little bit, Resian starts venturing out of the homestead. Shekeeps the company of some two young women who were married early. Olarinkoi reappears after disappearing for several days and tries to ask for forgiveness from Resianand even assures her that he would never molest her sexually again. He discloses thatthey plan to have her circumcised in two days time so that he can marry her. After therevelation, Resian realizes that her only hope is in Nabaru. She waits for her eagerly butdoes not come that evening. She has a dream in which she fights the enkamuratani whowants to circumcise her, enkoiboni and when she is about to attack Nabaru, her dreamis cut short by somebody calling out her name. Resian at first is unable to stand to openthe door for Nabaru but after great effort, she reaches the door and opens it beforecollapsing.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.101785}
{"text": "She waits for her eagerly butdoes not come that evening. She has a dream in which she fights the enkamuratani whowants to circumcise her, enkoiboni and when she is about to attack Nabaru, her dreamis cut short by somebody calling out her name. Resian at first is unable to stand to openthe door for Nabaru but after great effort, she reaches the door and opens it beforecollapsing. Nabaru administers some medicine through her mouth and she regainsconsciousness. The two women escape from the advancing enkoiboni, Olarinkoi andthe enkamuratani. As they walk to the main road to board a lorry, they experience a bigchallenge, the heavy rain. Olarinkoi catches up with them as the lorry is about to leave,exchanges assaulting words with the two women before leaving him standing in the rain. 17Finally, they reach the sheep ranch were Minik ene Nkoitoi is the manager, and the placewhere she so longed to go. Resian is very grateful for Nabaru s sacrifices to save herfrom Olarinkoi saying that only God could repay her for her love and kindness. Threemotorbikes catch up with them as they wait for their lorry to cool down. One of theriders is Minik who also recognizes Resian having seen her picture in the papers whichadvertised her disappearance and promised a big reward to whoever would find her. Minik orders the driver to take her to the farm so that they can talk more. Resian is nowtowards the end of a torturous journey; homestretch as the lorry heads to the station. CHAPTER 17: THE PROMISEResian finds Minik sitting on the veranda of her spacious house. She is awed by herpresence for she reminds her of her high school Principal. She welcomes Nabaru andResian into her glamorous and elegant house. After bathing, she tells Minik the eventsleading to her present state. She discloses she has always admired Minik, wanted tomeet her and wanted to study veterinary medicine which Minik herself did at MakerereUniversity.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.0907307}
{"text": "She welcomes Nabaru andResian into her glamorous and elegant house. After bathing, she tells Minik the eventsleading to her present state. She discloses she has always admired Minik, wanted tomeet her and wanted to study veterinary medicine which Minik herself did at MakerereUniversity. She also tells her that she would like to join her in the fight against FGM.Minik observes that some cultural practices like F.G.M and emuata had outlived theirusefulness and should cease being part of Maa s culture. Nabaru promises to joinMinik in fighting the practice Minik also promises to have Taiyo and Resian enrolled atEgerton University, their lifelong dream. She also promises Resian a scholarship andgives her a fully furnished house and a job in the ranch for the duration she would bestudying at the universityCHAPTER 18: SISTERS REUNIONOn her fifth day in the ranch one mid-morning, a vehicle that Minik had sent on a rescuemission comes in the ranch. Minik goes to see the girl s condition and later sends forResian. Resian is gripped by anxiety and apprehension on finding Minik angry. Minik isangry at the new culture brought by wealth where men would like young girls andforcefully circumcise them hence lowering their esteem. She narrates the case aboutthe girl. She tells Resian the girl s rescue was not easy for the home where she wascircumcised was heavily guarded and after luring the guards, they were able to rescue18her but unfortunately, the man who assisted in rescuing the girl was speared to death bythe thugs. She tells Resian that the rescued girl was her sister and the killed man wasJoseph Parmuat a teacher. Through recollections, Taiyo remembers how her mother lured her to accompany threewomen promising they would take her to Resian. When they got to Esoit village shewas abandoned in a smoky hut and in the morning was forcefully circumcised. Afterthat she went through several hallucinations. Resian goes to her room and the sistershug and kiss passionately. The reunion of the two girls is very emotional. Taiyo slowlyrecovers with the help of Minik, nursing care of Nabaru and counseling by a teacher. Taiyo fully recovers, she and her sister discuss their dark past events.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.1487625}
{"text": "Resian goes to her room and the sistershug and kiss passionately. The reunion of the two girls is very emotional. Taiyo slowlyrecovers with the help of Minik, nursing care of Nabaru and counseling by a teacher. Taiyo fully recovers, she and her sister discuss their dark past events. They blame theirmother for accepting to agree to everything their father said. They vow not to besubservient to their male counterparts. They also blame women for the perpetuation ofF.G.M arguing that if all women said no to the practice, men would do nothing about it. As the chapter comes to a close, Taiyo is advised to accept what has happened to herand move on. She is also advised to ensure in future her children do not go through asimilar experience. The three ladies agree that if they stand by their position theprimitive culture would end. CHAPTER 19: DREAM FULFILLEDMinik calls for Taiyo and Resian later in August that year. She discloses that thecontents of the two envelopes she has are about their admission in Egerton University. The girls are elated by the news. Minik organizes a farewell party for the girls. Sheinvites many workers and girls to come and celebrate with the girls. The girls fromIntapuka-e-Maa sing a song that seeks to empower and energize them in theirresistance of outdated cultural practices. In the song, they condemn F.G.M and envisionthemselves as great professionals just like men in the nation. As they sing, Oloisudoricomes in a convoy of vehicles to demand to be given either Resian or Taiyo arguing thathe has already paid enough to have them both. Minik tells him to leave the place for hewould have none of the girls. Oloisudori starts insulting Minik calling her a spinster who lost a chance to get married19and now masquerades as an FGM crusader. Oloisudori orders his men to take Resianby force and a vicious fight ensues between the ranch s workers and Oloisudori s men. Oloisudori s convoy is burnt to the ground and he and his men ran for their lives after athorough clobbering. On 5th September the following day, Resian and Taiyo are full of happy sensation asthey climb the four wheel drive vehicle belonging to Minik to go to Egerton University,their Nirvana.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.160653}
{"text": "As they sing, Oloisudoricomes in a convoy of vehicles to demand to be given either Resian or Taiyo arguing thathe has already paid enough to have them both. Minik tells him to leave the place for hewould have none of the girls. Oloisudori starts insulting Minik calling her a spinster who lost a chance to get married19and now masquerades as an FGM crusader. Oloisudori orders his men to take Resianby force and a vicious fight ensues between the ranch s workers and Oloisudori s men. Oloisudori s convoy is burnt to the ground and he and his men ran for their lives after athorough clobbering. On 5th September the following day, Resian and Taiyo are full of happy sensation asthey climb the four wheel drive vehicle belonging to Minik to go to Egerton University,their Nirvana. They think of ways to repay Minik for her kindness but all in all agree thatit is well that ends well. CHAPTER TWOCHARACTERS AND CHARACTERISATIONA character is a fictitious personage created by a novelist in order to convey an idea. Characterization is the process of selecting suitable characters that suit specific roles bythe novelist. Characters are of many types: main, minor, shadow, protagonist, antagonistdepending on their role and significance. With themes and style, they form the basictriangle in literary work. The three questions answered by the three basic aspects arewhat, how and who. The question answered by character and characterization is who .In this novel, the protagonist, the character every reader would wish to be like, is Resian. The family of Kaelo is a key family; Kaelo, Mama Milanoi and Taiyo. Close people to thisfamily like Oloisudori, Olarinkoi, and Joseph Parmuat are equally key characters in thisnovel. There are still other characters that help in anchoring thematic concerns, the plotand style and they include: Simiren, his wives especially Yeiyoo Botorr and yeiyoo-kiti, OleSupeyo, Nabaru, Minik, the enkamuratani and enkoiboni. Parsimei Ole KaeloHe is the husband to Mama Milanoi and father to Taiyo and Resian.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.192016}
{"text": "The question answered by character and characterization is who .In this novel, the protagonist, the character every reader would wish to be like, is Resian. The family of Kaelo is a key family; Kaelo, Mama Milanoi and Taiyo. Close people to thisfamily like Oloisudori, Olarinkoi, and Joseph Parmuat are equally key characters in thisnovel. There are still other characters that help in anchoring thematic concerns, the plotand style and they include: Simiren, his wives especially Yeiyoo Botorr and yeiyoo-kiti, OleSupeyo, Nabaru, Minik, the enkamuratani and enkoiboni. Parsimei Ole KaeloHe is the husband to Mama Milanoi and father to Taiyo and Resian. He is a retrenched20commercial manager of Agribix Limited Company situated in Nakuru. StrictAs the bread winner of the family and a senior officer at the work place Kaelo developsa strict character. As the novel begins, he is reprimanding the loaders of a lorry p.1 . Hedenies Taiyo permission to travel to Mombasa with other young men and women toattend an extravaganza. He thinks Taiyo s exposure to music extravaganza wouldmake her a harlot p.45 . Taiyo tells Resian they hurry to the lorry before father spoilstheir day with his sharp tongue p. 5 . He also denies Resian a chance to go to theuniversity saying her education is enough yet his aim is to enjoy the money p.207 . Heterms Resian as stupid and myopic for insisting on going to school. P.207 . Hisdaughters fear to report the heinous incident when they are accosted by a callous youngman p.20 . When he is away, the house is joyous and comfortable. P.35 . The momentResian sees him, she becomes clumsy and breaks a glass p.40 . During thehomecoming ceremony, he sends a corrosive glance at Taiyo when Joseph approachesher. P.48 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.1707408}
{"text": "The momentResian sees him, she becomes clumsy and breaks a glass p.40 . During thehomecoming ceremony, he sends a corrosive glance at Taiyo when Joseph approachesher. P.48 . When their father comes at the sitting room, Taiyo and Resian disappear tothe kitchen p.69 Commanding short temperedHe commands the loaders violently p.1 .Taiyo knew the sting of her father s tongue. P.1 When a lorry breaks down during relocation, he fuses, curses and muttersexpletives p.10 .When Resian becomes clumsy and almost breaks the glass he winces,grimaces and struggles to control himself p 40 .When mama Milanoi shows herdilemma about whether the girls should be circumcised or not, Kaelo commands, Youmust immediately start counseling the girls p.61 . After Supeyo fails to take him toOloisudori, he gets very annoyed. He shouted in a thunderous booming voice p.46 . Onlearning that her girls were accosted he takes a sword and froths trembling p.147 .Hefuriously pursues the men who had accosted his daughters p.159 .HatefulHe detests Resian from the moment she is born. When she shows early signs ofmaturity he declares to himself the earlier we disposed of her, the better p.10 . This21clearly shows his disregard to his own blood. Mama Milanoi attests that Kaelo hadscolded and bullied her like half-witted child p.29 . He wonders where in the world theyfetched that awkward, overblown, stupid Resian. P.40 . When they make an accidentwith Resian at the door he curses, Have you run amok? P.96 . This is a disregard ofthe delicate emotional little girl. He brutally slaps Resian for not co-operating withOloisudori p.209 He gets dowry from Oloisudori without even informing his daughters p.209 .This is great disregard to Resian for she is the one expected to be in themarriage yet he does not inform her that he has picked dowry. HardworkingKaelo remembers how while young he worked himself to the bone preparing for hisfuture p.8 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.2503538}
{"text": "When they make an accidentwith Resian at the door he curses, Have you run amok? P.96 . This is a disregard ofthe delicate emotional little girl. He brutally slaps Resian for not co-operating withOloisudori p.209 He gets dowry from Oloisudori without even informing his daughters p.209 .This is great disregard to Resian for she is the one expected to be in themarriage yet he does not inform her that he has picked dowry. HardworkingKaelo remembers how while young he worked himself to the bone preparing for hisfuture p.8 . He believes the way to the stars is hard work p.8 . Hard work had seenhim through the ranks from a clerk to the coveted position of a manager p.9 . Hesucceeds in whatever he puts his hands in p.29 . He goes to Nakuru to work andreturns to Nasila with wealth p.38 . While organizing for the homecoming event, hewakes up at cock crow. Mama Milanoi informs Yeiyo-Botorr that Kaelo is hard-workingand that Taiyo resembles him p.76 .SexistA sexist person is that who discriminates on grounds of sex. Right from the time Resianis born, he detests her for she is not male. It is unfair for a child is always innocent. Inthis case she did not participate in her birth. He uses abusive language on Resian mostof the time. He instructs Joseph to coach her girls on traditional dances. Resian arguesthat if they were males their father would not have got them a trainer. It had been hisprayer to get at least three boys p.9 .Chauvinistic egocentricTaiyo is his pride. When she is born, Kaelo proofs his fatherhood p.10 . But when hegets the second girl, he is disappointed. He detests Resian since then p.10 . When hesees Joseph talking to her daughter, he refers her to Mama Milanoi s daughter p .48 yet we know she belongs to both her father and mother but since he considers thegesture embarrassing he does not wish to be associated with her. He talks to her22daughter through their mother p.69 .this is because his gloated manly feeling cannotallow him to address a young girl.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.2678869}
{"text": "He detests Resian since then p.10 . When hesees Joseph talking to her daughter, he refers her to Mama Milanoi s daughter p .48 yet we know she belongs to both her father and mother but since he considers thegesture embarrassing he does not wish to be associated with her. He talks to her22daughter through their mother p.69 .this is because his gloated manly feeling cannotallow him to address a young girl. He stays for long time without relaying criticalinformation like the intention by Oloisudori to marry one of his daughters p.114 . Sinceshe is a woman and her decisions are not necessary, he first weighs the issueindependently. EnterprisingHis mentor is Ole Supeyo p.20 who is a serious businessman in cattle trading. Heowns a pick up for business p.22 . Plans to open the shop at the onset of rains p.24 .He is about to sign a four-year s contract with the government through Oloisudori. P.24 .His mother-in-law is happy to get a son in law who is a businessman p.28 .GreedyEven after being warned by Supeyo against the corrupt Oloisudori, Kaelo insists ondealing with him due to financial gains. He views the warning as envy on the part ofSupeyo p.26 .Because of greed, he becomes a sycophantic follower of Oloisudori. This makes him mention reckless statements like There is nothing that he ought to bedenied in this home p.98 .He chooses to deal with Oloisudori the criminal due togreed p.109 . He wishes to deal with the wealthy. P.109 . He does not care the meansof getting wealthy p.111 . He takes dowry for his two daughters even when they wantto join university p.111 .ModernHe tells off his brother when elders send him to tell him to marry other wives and getmore children and sons. He says polygamy is archaic. He has only one wife and twodaughters even when men have many wives and many children. He builds a modernstone house for his family with red tiles p.27 . His shop in Nasila is also furnishedtastefully to attract high-class customers. TraitorousThough a parent to Resian and Taiyo he betrays them.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.2201693}
{"text": "He has only one wife and twodaughters even when men have many wives and many children. He builds a modernstone house for his family with red tiles p.27 . His shop in Nasila is also furnishedtastefully to attract high-class customers. TraitorousThough a parent to Resian and Taiyo he betrays them. He does not provide parentallove as he ought to. He does not support university education for his daughters and hesupports their early marriage. He also supports their FGM so that he can receive dowry23and safeguard his businesses. PatrioticDuring the homecoming ceremony, he swears never again will he Live away from Nasilanor abandon its culture p.40 . The twin sub clans of Ilmolelian Itoorasha Kiheji andLelema will always be like two chambers of his heart. P.40 . He calls Joseph to trainTaiyo and Resian Maa dance and culture p.121 .AlienatedHe had got detached from Nasila life for many years. He has to hold a homecomingceremony. P.37 . It is now thirty years since he left Nasila for Nakuru. He seems toembrace more of the modern culture than the traditional one. This makes him embracethe likes of OloisudoriPerfectionist MeticulousHe made sure that their furniture was loaded as fittingly as possible so that it does notbreak on the way p.14 .He organizes a homecoming party without fault p. 37 . Heincludes guests from all the five clans p 37 .IronicalWhen elders send Simiren to tell him to be polygamous, he dismisses polygamy asarchaic yet later he encourages FGM on her daughters p.13 , which is equally anegative traditional cultural practice. StoicEven when he is retrenched, he goes about the sudden news without physically showinghe is beaten. He views the new change as an inevitability p.7 . When Resian runs andleaves Oloisudori at home on reaching the shop, Kaelo attempts not to show his greatfury to the girl. When asked about university studies he answers stoically, I decided Iam not sending you there p.207 .StubbornHe stubbornly denies his daughters a chance to study at the university. Taiyo comments You know the stubbornness of father p. 4 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.2787101}
{"text": "When asked about university studies he answers stoically, I decided Iam not sending you there p.207 .StubbornHe stubbornly denies his daughters a chance to study at the university. Taiyo comments You know the stubbornness of father p. 4 . 24SycophanticWhen Oloisudori visits, Kaelo stands in order to please him. P.177 . He seems to beworshipping riches and wealth. JealousHe is hurt because Simiren is more appreciated and considered as the cultural leader ofthe Kaelo s p.9 .Dependable TrustworthyOle Supeyo trusts him. He would entrust him to count his money p.4 . Milanoi sparents find him a dependable protector p.29 .CorruptHe is well versed with the murky business of the underworld. P.23 . He is about to signa four-year s contract with the government through the help of the corrupt Oloisudori p.25 .Foresighted plannerMama Milanoi expresses this fact on p.29 in a flashback. He planned homecomingceremony meticulously p.37 . He tells Joseph that he had planned his future life whenhe was young p.70 .ResponsibleMama Milanoi attests to the fact that Kaelo is responsible p.28 . She says since hemarried her he has always provided for the family. LovingMama Milanoi confirms this trait p.29 . He calls her Lanoo-ai-nayorr an intimateexpression p.30 . Taiyo is his favorite daughter p.111 .The role of Kaelo is to anchor the themes of patriarchy, culture, FGM, greed amongothers. He is useful in development of other characters especially Taiyo, Resian, MamaMilanoi and Oloisudori. The writer uses him to create flashbacks and his retrenchmenthelps in developing the novel s plot. 25TaiyoShe is sister to Resian and daughter to Kaelo and Mama Milanoi. IntelligentShe understands her father well p.1 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.2934933}
{"text": "He is useful in development of other characters especially Taiyo, Resian, MamaMilanoi and Oloisudori. The writer uses him to create flashbacks and his retrenchmenthelps in developing the novel s plot. 25TaiyoShe is sister to Resian and daughter to Kaelo and Mama Milanoi. IntelligentShe understands her father well p.1 . For example she knows when he is not in the rightmood to be spoken to. She knows he does not like having his plans delayed. Sheobserves intelligently that culture and traditions are never static but by being dynamic,culture sheds off aspects that are irrelevant p.127 .SympatheticShe sympathizes with the loaders who are receiving stern instructions from Kaelo herfather. P.1 She had made it her duty to mop her young sister s tears, sooth her angerand gently reassure her when shaken p.34 .At the homecoming ceremony shesympathizes with the old man who struggles with meat with little success p.50 . Shelater comes to know he is Ole Musanka, a religious leader. She brings alternative softfood to him. Bold DaringTo the knobkerrie carrying young man she demands. Let go of my hand. She vows tofight F.G.M even when Nasila culture and her father promote it p.88 . She declaresopenly to Joseph that she has fallen in love with him. She does not give a hoot aboutit. P.129 . She boldly visits Joseph s house even when it is a risky affair p.130 . Shethinks boldly that their relationship with Joseph must remain even if it means relocatingto Tanzania and becoming people of undefined culture p.136 . The attack by callousyoung men strengthens her resolve p.143 .LovingShe loves Joseph. This is even after being warned against having a relationship withhim by the father p.71 . She is infatuated and makes him a confidante. She says If byloving you I offend the sensibilities of Nasila then let me offend them and face theconsequences of doing so. P.133 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.3368948}
{"text": "This is even after being warned against having a relationship withhim by the father p.71 . She is infatuated and makes him a confidante. She says If byloving you I offend the sensibilities of Nasila then let me offend them and face theconsequences of doing so. P.133 . She sacrifices to go and see Resian so that Resianmay eat when her mother lies to her that Resian has gone on a hunger strike p.272 .Emotional26At the time they are leaving Nakuru for Nasila, Taiyo sheds tears p.6, p.2 . This showsthe intimate relationship she has had with this town. She is not ready to let go of thetown. She could also be afraid of relocating to a rural town. She is not willing to partwith her boyfriend from Nakuru, Lenjir p.3 . When she realizes her relationship withJoseph Parmuat is highly hindered by traditions, she weeps herself dry p.56 .ResponsibleShe holds Resian s cheek and registers that she has been devoted to her sister sincethey were in nursery school p.34 . She takes a lot of time before broaching the issue ofgoing to university for she seeks an apt opportunity p.54 . Kaelo tells Joseph that thegirls are intelligent but require cultural studies p.70 .She responsibly and carefullyprepares delicious meals p.75 . She advises Joseph that they keep a clandestinerelationship and then reveal it later so as not to hurt Papaai p.134 . She advises Resiannot to be left alone in the house with Oloisudori p.197 .AlienatedShe feels estranged for she has never visited Nasila before in her lifetime therefore shelacks basics of Nasila culture p.70 . She chooses to fall in love with Joseph even whenthe culture does not allow. This is because she is ignorant and alienated of the culture. She finds it hard to cope with Nasila culture at first. During the dance she takes a lot oftime watching for she has no dancing skills of Nasila dances. She has to be trainedtraditional dances and culture by Joseph. StubbornShe stubbornly puts up a spirited struggle but later the battle is lost. This is when sheinsists on attending an extravaganza at Mombasa but her father denies her permission p.2 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.3821099}
{"text": "During the dance she takes a lot oftime watching for she has no dancing skills of Nasila dances. She has to be trainedtraditional dances and culture by Joseph. StubbornShe stubbornly puts up a spirited struggle but later the battle is lost. This is when sheinsists on attending an extravaganza at Mombasa but her father denies her permission p.2 . She stubbornly falls in love with Joseph p.133 .SociableWhile in Nakuru, with Resian they always stand at the window every Sunday before theygo to church p.2 . With Resian, they discuss petty issues like they observe that two outof four aunts are pregnant p.18 .Together with Resian they mingle with women folk andgirls of Nasila and learn a lot p.36 . 27OptimisticShe hopes that the new shop will succeed. She says Nasila is an Agricultural area andfertilizer and other inputs will be in high demand p.4 . She hopes one day they will go toEgerton University p.4 .AssertiveShe tells the young man who accosts them We are not the kind of women you have inmind. P.19 . With Resian, while in the ranch they declare never to be subservient totheir male counterparts P.277 .HardworkingOn arriving in their new house at Nasila, Taiyo works to exhaustion even when Resian isjust reading books p.32 .FlexibleWith Resian, they adapt to Nasila s lifestyle and easily get used to welcomingimpromptu visitors like Olarinkoi p.35 .Her role in the novel in the novel is essential in developing the character of Resian. It isthrough her that we understand the character of Resian as assertive and committed tofemale empowerment. ResianShe is sister to Taiyo and daughter to Kaelo and Mama Milanoi. Inquisitive KeenShe inquisitively questions the chances of her father s new shop picking up p.3 .Shequestions on the rivalry and apprehension between the four houses of her uncle. P.16 .She interrogates and observes that Kaelo s cheerfulness has decreased after meetingOloisudori p.120 . She questions Olarinkoi s sincerity about taking her to the ranch p.217 . 28CriticalShe questions why her father sought Joseph to be their teacher of culture Why not agirl p.73 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.392434}
{"text": "P.16 .She interrogates and observes that Kaelo s cheerfulness has decreased after meetingOloisudori p.120 . She questions Olarinkoi s sincerity about taking her to the ranch p.217 . 28CriticalShe questions why her father sought Joseph to be their teacher of culture Why not agirl p.73 . She observes that the arrangement is favoring men. That Joseph is toprepare them to be suitable wives to their husbands p.73 . When mother tries toexplain FGM to her, she dismisses it as a myth created by men to oppress women p.90 . She critically observes FGM to be useless in the current times p.91 . She fails tosee any difference between the ancient Ilarinkon from the current Ilarinkon p.91 . Shequestions the intruding tendency by Nasilan s into their house p.91 . She initiallyquestions the significance of Kaelo Oloisudori relationship p.98 .Firm Determined ResoluteEven when told of their new shop she clearly says she does not want to work in theshop but to go to Egerton University. She does not just want to go to a university butEgerton University where she will take veterinary science and become a veterinarydoctor p.4 .When she is told by Taiyo that she will have a right to have as manychildren as she wishes she answers immediately saying, I don t want to be a parent. Atleast not in the foreseeable future p.18 . She adds, I want to study. She resolves toface the callous Oloisudori firmly p.200 .Even when she is beaten and denied achance to join University by her father, she does not lose hope but still focuses on goingto the university p.211 .She reminds herself when the lorry breaks down beforereaching the ranch that she will not allow other people to sway her from her chartedcourse p.256 . It should be noted that Resian s decision to go to Egerton Universitybegan when with Taiyo and her father visited agricultural show. From that time shestuck to the goal till came to fruition. BoldOn reaching Nasila, with Taiyo they manage to walk around even when they are notfamiliar with the environment p.17 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.3649914}
{"text": "She adds, I want to study. She resolves toface the callous Oloisudori firmly p.200 .Even when she is beaten and denied achance to join University by her father, she does not lose hope but still focuses on goingto the university p.211 .She reminds herself when the lorry breaks down beforereaching the ranch that she will not allow other people to sway her from her chartedcourse p.256 . It should be noted that Resian s decision to go to Egerton Universitybegan when with Taiyo and her father visited agricultural show. From that time shestuck to the goal till came to fruition. BoldOn reaching Nasila, with Taiyo they manage to walk around even when they are notfamiliar with the environment p.17 . She asks her mother directly into her eyes, what isthe purpose of FGM today? P.90 . She openly and boldly says she will not allow earlymarriage to occur in her life p.129 . She does not easily agree when told by her fatherthat she is to wait for Oloisudori and three guests to cook for them p.171 . She comesup with a risky plan of humiliating Oloisudori p.195 . She is most attracted to bold29personalities like Minik and Prof. Wangari Maathai p.250 . Nabaru confirms to us thatResian is a brave girl p.253 . Resian inspires the old lady Nabaru with her boldness sothat she walks a long distance to organize for a lorry to take them to the ranch. Dr. Minikcongratulates Resian for being firm and boldly resisting FGM p.264 .AssertiveWhen they are accosted with Taiyo by knobkerrie welding young man she hisses, Leavemy sister alone. P.19 . She strongly declares that she would rather live in the noisiestplace than near a vagabond with intention of mutilating her p.33 . She feels Joseph slessons are taking her to the Stone Age era p.72 . She detests Joseph s teachings onculture and insists she will be taught universal content at the university p.73 . MamaMilanoi thinks of her as a hard nut to crack for she knew her rights p.118 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.417502}
{"text": "She feels Joseph slessons are taking her to the Stone Age era p.72 . She detests Joseph s teachings onculture and insists she will be taught universal content at the university p.73 . MamaMilanoi thinks of her as a hard nut to crack for she knew her rights p.118 . She knowsOloisudori will not have a walkover on the issue of marriage p.118 . She observes thatNasila culture must soon shed off F.G.M and assertively notes that there are no twoways about it p.128 .AggressiveShe bites the thumb of Olarinkoi when he attempts to rape her p.22 . In a dream, shetells the old enkamuratani that she will never circumcise again. She twists her handthat is holding the Olmurunya mercilessly p.245 . She descends on the mono eyedwitch like a ferocious leopard and disfigures her face. She batters her mono eye p.245 .Resian hits the witch on the head like a snake. The witch sprawls flat on the ground p.245 . All these happen in a dream. ResentfulShe instinctively detects the absence of love from her father. She grows sullen,bewildered and resentful p.10 . She resents Oloisudori s ill-motive and therefore tellshim off when he visits and insists that she should serve him p.205 . She resentfullyasks what is wrong with being born a woman. P.205 . She contemplates suicide afterher plan to go to the university is cancelled by her father p.210 .RemorsefulWhen she becomes clumsy and almost breaks the glass she apologizes to her father30 p.40 . When chided by her mother against using rude words towards Oloisudori andyeiyo-botorr, she apologizes p.94 . When she learns Oloisudori is heart she says sorry P.95 .Visionary AmbitiousShe has a dream of being called Dr. Resian Kaelo P.94 . She is always reading booksso as to keep her ambition alive p.135 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.4639914}
{"text": "When she learns Oloisudori is heart she says sorry P.95 .Visionary AmbitiousShe has a dream of being called Dr. Resian Kaelo P.94 . She is always reading booksso as to keep her ambition alive p.135 . When Kaelo tells her with finality that she is notjoining university, she screams like one possessed with demented spirits p.209 .ObservantShe observes that her uncle s four houses have rivalry and apprehension amongstthemselves. She observes that two of the four aunts are pregnant p.18 . Sheinterestingly observes that there is always a scramble for girls to marry in Nasila p.128 .She observes that the doors are well locked p.138 . Lastly, she observes that the termchildren always referred to girls in the Maa culture p.175 .PessimisticAt time she lacks hope. This is partly contributed by her father who disliked her rightfrom her birth. Mama Milanoi observes that Resian is in a pessimistic mood most of thetimes p.29 . She hopes for the worst in their new house and requests Taiyo to pleadwith father so that they can go to university for studies and security p.33 .Persuasive PersistentShe persuades Taiyo to plead with Kaelo her father to take them for university studies p.5 .She does not change her stand. She always asks Taiyo whether she has talked to fatherabout their university education p.89 . She persuades the young man accosting themnot to harm them, Taiyo Resian p.18 .Sarcastic Wiser indeed! Jeered Resian. P.72 .She mocks her father s words that Joseph willteach them. When asked by her father why she has left her guest Oloisudori alone inthe house, she sarcastically answers, I left him at home enjoying his tea and pancakes 31 p.206 .JealousShe fears Taiyo s attraction to Joseph may lower her attention to her Resian p.49 .She declares to hate anyone who comes in between her and her sister p.49 . She is notready to be abandoned by Taiyo as she falls in love with Joseph p.72 .LazyIn their new house, even when there are many duties to be done, she chooses to read abook p.32 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.4484866}
{"text": "P.72 .She mocks her father s words that Joseph willteach them. When asked by her father why she has left her guest Oloisudori alone inthe house, she sarcastically answers, I left him at home enjoying his tea and pancakes 31 p.206 .JealousShe fears Taiyo s attraction to Joseph may lower her attention to her Resian p.49 .She declares to hate anyone who comes in between her and her sister p.49 . She is notready to be abandoned by Taiyo as she falls in love with Joseph p.72 .LazyIn their new house, even when there are many duties to be done, she chooses to read abook p.32 . She tosses into the bed and declares that, my body belongs to me. P.33 .Kaelo comments that she is lazy like an overfed lizard after comparing her with theindustrious Taiyo p.64 .DefiantShe said in a defiant voice that she has no problem with adding knowledge but nottraditional knowledge p.76 . Resian does not wish to please male counterparts p.77 .She is mad at Olarinkoi who is always doing nothing in the house p.77 .OptimisticShe constantly hopes that one day she will join university p.89 . She imagines herselfalready admitted at the university and walking majestically p.89 .SecretiveShe agrees that they should not inform the father about the incident when they areaccosted by a callous young man p.20 .Resian s role in the novel as a protagonist is critical. The author uses her to drive centralthemes like FGM, female assertiveness and determination. She compliments Taiyo herelder sister and a confidante. She also immensely develops dialogue as a style as wellas the plot of the novel. Mama Jane MilanoiShe is the wife to Kaelo and mother to Taiyo and Resian. Meek SubmissiveShe says she did not resist Kaelo s marriage for traditions did not allow any resistance32 p.2 . She prays God to open her womb so that she can bear a son for Kaelo p.29 .When she is taken to her new house she exclaims, Father of all creation! P.30 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.4803026}
{"text": "She compliments Taiyo herelder sister and a confidante. She also immensely develops dialogue as a style as wellas the plot of the novel. Mama Jane MilanoiShe is the wife to Kaelo and mother to Taiyo and Resian. Meek SubmissiveShe says she did not resist Kaelo s marriage for traditions did not allow any resistance32 p.2 . She prays God to open her womb so that she can bear a son for Kaelo p.29 .When she is taken to her new house she exclaims, Father of all creation! P.30 . WhenTaiyo requests her to allow Joseph Parmuat to come and coach her on traditionaldances, she fears saying that s your father s territory. P.56 . She fears to broach thesubject of circumcision of her daughters. P.61 . She is disturbed by Resian when she Resian uses harsh words on Oloisudori p.94 .She knows very little about her husbandfor he is a man p.95 . She honors her husband s visitor and his friends p.179 . Sheburns rice as she is afraid of Kaelo after Oloisudori has just left p.104 .ReligiousBefore embarking on their journey to Nasila, she leads in prayers. Kaelo first spottedher at a church service at Nasila p.9 . She is to join women in ancestral prayers andsongs of praise, a prayer for exhorting God to open women s wombs so that she canbear a son for Kaelo p.29 .CautiousShe cautions Taiyo and Resian against strangers who might take advantage of theirunfamiliarity with Nasila. P.17 . She wishes to care for her children although she fearsNasila people for their intolerance p.30 . She is torn between her love for Nasila cultureand that for her daughters as well as her dutiful role of a faithful and obedient wife. P.61 . That is why she takes the subject of FGM cautiously. LovingShe loves and cares for her daughters. She is worried by the FGM that is to beconducted on them p.61 . On learning that Oloisudori intends to marry one of herdaughters she cries with pain. P.113 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.4903243}
{"text": "She is worried by the FGM that is to beconducted on them p.61 . On learning that Oloisudori intends to marry one of herdaughters she cries with pain. P.113 . Like a woman in labour, the story about sellingResian to Oloisudori highly hurts her p.193 .Evasive ElusiveShe avoids the girls demand to be taken to university p.8 . Even when the girls makethis request she lingers. Mama Milanoi as a character is important in addressing the issue of women33subjugation by men in the patriarchal Maa community. The novelist uses her todemonstrate how women occupy a lowly position in the family. Dialogue and flashbackas stylistic devices are used by the novelist through her. She is also used to address theissue of religion in the novel. TraitorousHer daughters expect her to voice their requests to their strict father but shedisappoints them on the issue. The girls also expect the mother to side with them onthe idea of FGM so that they do not undergo the cut but instead she supports theircircumcision and keeps quiet about the arranged marriage of her daughters andOloisudori even when she notes the gender disparity and the girls relentless desire toacquire university education. Uncle Simiren KaeloHe is the younger brother to Kaelo, uncle to Taiyo and Resian and brother in-law toMama Milanoi. ResponsibleFor thirty years, Parsimei Ole Kaelo has been away and during this time Simiren hasacted as the head of the Kaelo family p.11 . He ran all kinds of errands for his brother p.12 . He purchases livestock for him p.12 . He also sells cattle for him p.12 . Heparticipates in the construction of Kaelo s two buildings p.12 . He always passes anycritical information to him and keeps him updated on what is happening in Nasila. Anapt example is when elders show displeasure in his monogamous state p.13 .Humble peaceful There had never been any rivalry between him and his brother ever since they wereyoung p.12 . He has always accepted his position to be subordinate p. 12 . Evenwhen he has four wives and sixteen children while his brother has only one wife and twochildren he remains humble p.12 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.5222433}
{"text": "He has always accepted his position to be subordinate p. 12 . Evenwhen he has four wives and sixteen children while his brother has only one wife and twochildren he remains humble p.12 . When Ole Kaelo returns to Nasila, he humblyexpects that Kaelo will take up his role as the eldest brother p.12 When Kaelo getsenraged after he Simiren relays elders concerns to him Kaelo on their stand onpolygamy, he does not argue with his brother p.13 . 34HospitableHe jovially welcomes the Kaelo s; his brother s family, back home from Nakuru wherethey have stayed for around thirty years. Traditional ConservativeHe represents his brother during ritual and practices such as girls initiation, boys circumcision etc. P.11, 12 .The novelist uses Simiren to show the positive aspects of the Maa culture. Humility,generosity, responsibility and hospitality are emphasized. He makes it possible forKaelo to have a smooth transition to Nasila before and during the migration. Yeiyo-BotorrShe is the first wife of Simiren, and aunt to Taiyo and Resian. She is accorded moreroles in the family and has an obligation of leading the co-wives. In Simiren s house, sheis the eldest wife of the four wives. Conservative SuperstitiousShe thinks of Resian as a mad girl when she speaks ill about the lazy Olarinkoi. Shecannot bear an argument about female freedom and assertiveness P.77 . She believesResian has a bad spirit because she is not circumcised p.78 .Yeiyo-botorr is used bythe novelist to lay ground for polygamy in a Maa family. She is used to show cohesion ina traditional polygamous family. ResponsibleShe introduces the other women to visitors p.16 .SincereWhen she finds Taiyo and Resian doing house chores she genuinely praises them p.76 .Soin Ole SupeyoHe is a respected elder of Ilmolelian clan, a longtime friend to Ole Kaelo as well as hismentor. HonestHe honestly tells Ole Kaelo how much corrupt Oloisudori is and warns him sarcastically35against him p.26 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.5404227}
{"text": "Shecannot bear an argument about female freedom and assertiveness P.77 . She believesResian has a bad spirit because she is not circumcised p.78 .Yeiyo-botorr is used bythe novelist to lay ground for polygamy in a Maa family. She is used to show cohesion ina traditional polygamous family. ResponsibleShe introduces the other women to visitors p.16 .SincereWhen she finds Taiyo and Resian doing house chores she genuinely praises them p.76 .Soin Ole SupeyoHe is a respected elder of Ilmolelian clan, a longtime friend to Ole Kaelo as well as hismentor. HonestHe honestly tells Ole Kaelo how much corrupt Oloisudori is and warns him sarcastically35against him p.26 . He advises Kaelo to be careful with Oloisudori p.26 . He also warnsKaelo against Oloisudori s immoral behavior by telling him to ensure he keeps hisdaughters away from him p.26 .SarcasticHe uses sarcastic remarks on Kaelo aiming at hurting him. Supeyo said, scornful smiletwisting his lips. P.26 Emakererei Minik ene NkoitoiShe is a doctor of veterinary science, manager of a big ranch and a crusader againstFGM. She is the mentor to Taiyo and Resian. She is the manager of a ranch and aveterinary expert. BoldThough she is hated very much in Nasila, she champions freedom of females andcrusades against F.G.M and early marriages p.62. She boldly tells Oloisudori that noneof the girls would leave the ranch p.283 . She looks boldly into Oloisudori s eyes p.283 .She visits Ole Supeyo s homestead to persuade him not to circumcise hisdaughter p.22 .She orders Oloisudori to leave the ranch for his own safety and thesafety of his expensive machines p.283 . She refuse to comply with his demand to begiven either Resian or Taiyo. AuthoritativeShe orders the driver to take delivery notes to the office p.254 . Resian observes that Dr.Minik Nkoitoi has an authoritative aura like of a principal in a high school p.259 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.5733876}
{"text": "She looks boldly into Oloisudori s eyes p.283 .She visits Ole Supeyo s homestead to persuade him not to circumcise hisdaughter p.22 .She orders Oloisudori to leave the ranch for his own safety and thesafety of his expensive machines p.283 . She refuse to comply with his demand to begiven either Resian or Taiyo. AuthoritativeShe orders the driver to take delivery notes to the office p.254 . Resian observes that Dr.Minik Nkoitoi has an authoritative aura like of a principal in a high school p.259 . Sheauthoritatively makes it clear that Oloisudori and his group did not have a right toreceive any invitation letter to the party p.282 .She advises Oloisudori to leave theranch in an angry tone p.283 .Generous HelpfulShe helps Resian and Taiyo get admission letters to Egerton University. She givesResian a house and a job in the Ranch and saves Taiyo from her circumcisers. Sheholds a party for the two girls before they go to the university p.280 .Educated liberatedMama Milanoi says she had gone to Makerere University in Uganda p.61 . She36manages a vast ranch which requires a lot of expertise. Loving WarmShe holds Resian on her shoulder and speaks to her calmly p.259 . She chooses toaddress Nabaru instead of Resian directly. P.262 . She develops a warm relationshipwith Resian p.267 .ConvincingShe convinces Nabaru that FGM is wasteful to females and Nabaru changes herposition towards FGM p.263 .SympatheticShe feels sad when she sees a traumatized girl; she feels bitter bile sizzle inside herselfand burn in her heart p.269 .CourteousThe narrator comments about her courteous character when she calls the girls for theadmission letters p.279 .Minik is important to the novel for she is the agent of education, female empowermentas well as crusader of women freedom. Without her, the novelist cannot address thecentral issue of FGM in the novel.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.5617738}
{"text": "P.262 . She develops a warm relationshipwith Resian p.267 .ConvincingShe convinces Nabaru that FGM is wasteful to females and Nabaru changes herposition towards FGM p.263 .SympatheticShe feels sad when she sees a traumatized girl; she feels bitter bile sizzle inside herselfand burn in her heart p.269 .CourteousThe narrator comments about her courteous character when she calls the girls for theadmission letters p.279 .Minik is important to the novel for she is the agent of education, female empowermentas well as crusader of women freedom. Without her, the novelist cannot address thecentral issue of FGM in the novel. The last section of the novel takes place at the ranchand therefore she contributes significantly to plot development. Edward Oloisudori LoonkiyaaHe is a close friend to Ole Kaelo and a jack of all trades. ImmoralSupeyo warns Kaelo to keep his daughters away from him terming him as a randy hegoat. His initial plan was to extort Kaelo but on noticing the two girls he changes hismind. P.112 . Resian certainly felt the fingers of his lifted hand graze the fullness of herbreast p.93 . While in Kaelo s house, Oloisudori s eyes drop from face to Resian sbosom p.203 . Kaelo is advised to keep off his daughters from him. CunningHe brings gifts to the girls without telling them he is also paying their dowry p.179 . Heentices Resian and Taiyo s parents by taking them for a visit in his own homestead p. 37186 . Ole Kaelo had even earlier reported to Oloisudori that girls are reporting at theUniversity but instead he plans to marry them p.187 . He ensnares Taiyo and Resianlike antelopes p.192 . He schemes a plan of grabbing Resian to be his wife p.200 .CorruptSupeyo states clearly that Oloisudori s corrupt nature is known by everybody in Nasila. Joseph refers to him as a monster p.100 . He also describes him as a shadowy figure p.100 and extortionist p.101 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.6015399}
{"text": "He ensnares Taiyo and Resianlike antelopes p.192 . He schemes a plan of grabbing Resian to be his wife p.200 .CorruptSupeyo states clearly that Oloisudori s corrupt nature is known by everybody in Nasila. Joseph refers to him as a monster p.100 . He also describes him as a shadowy figure p.100 and extortionist p.101 . He takes part in hunting elephants and rhinos p.236 .AuthoritativeHe authoritatively asks where Kaelo is p.92 . He authoritatively states that Resian is hiswife p.204 and that only death can part them p.204 .Cynical SarcasticHe tells Kaelo, that he is interested in his girl, Resian and his friend is interested in Taiyobluntly p.110 .He instructs that only Resian should cook for him and three guests p.69 . He tells Kaelo, I would like to relieve you of your two daughters p.110 .SadisticWhen Resian tells him off he laughs sadistically. P.205 . Resian tells Oloisudori that heis stark mad for thinking she is her wife. In response to this, Oloisudori laughs softly. This shows he derives pleasure from her displeasure. Oloisudori is essential in the novel for he helps in creation of the theme of materialism greed. The author uses him to create irony as a stylistic device. Joseph ParmuatHe is a teacher in primary school and trainer of Taiyo and Resian on traditional dances. He is in love with Taiyo but traditions restrain the relationship. BoldHe openly tells Taiyo and Resian that he will join them to fight FGM even when theenvironment is not friendly p.88 . He describes himself as a fish that had jumped out ofwater on verge of death This is when his relationship with Taiyo inclines to intimacy p.136 . 38DependableMama Milanoi corrects Kaelo s thinking by informing him that Joseph is the finest anddependable young man of Nasila p.48 .She does not disappoint Taiyo s parents p.132 .LovingOn meeting Taiyo, he falls in love with her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.6105452}
{"text": "The author uses him to create irony as a stylistic device. Joseph ParmuatHe is a teacher in primary school and trainer of Taiyo and Resian on traditional dances. He is in love with Taiyo but traditions restrain the relationship. BoldHe openly tells Taiyo and Resian that he will join them to fight FGM even when theenvironment is not friendly p.88 . He describes himself as a fish that had jumped out ofwater on verge of death This is when his relationship with Taiyo inclines to intimacy p.136 . 38DependableMama Milanoi corrects Kaelo s thinking by informing him that Joseph is the finest anddependable young man of Nasila p.48 .She does not disappoint Taiyo s parents p.132 .LovingOn meeting Taiyo, he falls in love with her. He promises to visit her the following dayand also coach her on traditional dance if allowed by Taiyo s father. CautiousIn dealing with Kaelo s two girls, he is cautious of Nasila culture and respects hisparents. P.122 . He is alert so that with Taiyo they do not begin a clandestinerelationship p.123 . He fears the condition of Intoiye nemengalana in the girls. Hecautiously weighs whether to fall in love with Taiyo and break his cultural law p.137 .He fears that the uncircumcised Taiyo may be wild and untamable. ResponsibleWhile dealing with Taiyo he always ensures that Resian is available p.124 . He followsKaelo closely to ensure the old man was safe during the errands of pursuing his girls molesters p.159 . He helps in the rescue of Taiyo from her circumcisers although hedies by being speared to death in the process. Intelligent InformedHe observes that Maa culture has already shed off some traditional practices likethrowing of the dead and the dying to hyenas, abandoning very old and terminally illpeople to animals. P.128 . He observes how Nasila culture is violent once itssensibilities are violated p.132 .PatrioticAlthough there is a strong wave of marrying Taiyo who is uncircumcised, he sticks tohis culture. He strongly feels that Nasila culture was the father and mother thatnurtured. P.137 . In this case he views the culture as that which nourishes themembers of the community.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.6538274}
{"text": "He observes how Nasila culture is violent once itssensibilities are violated p.132 .PatrioticAlthough there is a strong wave of marrying Taiyo who is uncircumcised, he sticks tohis culture. He strongly feels that Nasila culture was the father and mother thatnurtured. P.137 . In this case he views the culture as that which nourishes themembers of the community. He resolves to decline her love p.136 . 39EducatedIn his house shelves are neatly packed with books. P.131 . He is a primary schoolteacher in Maasai land, an area with low education index. Joseph Parmuat s role is important in the novel. The novelist uses him to anchor thetheme of culture. He also helps in the emancipation of women through his sacrificetowards Taiyo s education. Old Ole MusankaHe is the old man who leads in blessing ceremony of Kaelo s during the homecomingceremony. ReligiousHe leads in blessings of the religious section of the Kaelo s homecoming function p.51 .He blesses Taiyo and prophetically says she will be a mother of the next leader ofNasila p.52 .WiseHe uses proverbs in his conversations. He describes Kaelo as a tiny strand of hair thathad been blown to show the insignificance of Kaelo compared to Maa culture p.51 .He interprets Maa culture to the crowd p.52 . Home is Maa, Home is Nasila, home isfamily and home is children p.52 .ConservativeHe warns Taiyo and Resian not to follow the teachings of Emakererei. He cursesEmakererei the wasp, may she go down with the setting sun! P.52 .Ole Musanka is animportant character in reinforcing the theme of religion as well as culture. His age andposition as an elder as well as a prophet make him stand a better position in religionand culture. He also signals future and hope in Taiyo through his prophecy. PatrioticHe advises Maa elders to cut loose the strings of alien culture from Ole Kaelo p.52 . 40OlarinkoiHe is the young Maasai man who stays at Kaelo s home.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.6323316}
{"text": "His age andposition as an elder as well as a prophet make him stand a better position in religionand culture. He also signals future and hope in Taiyo through his prophecy. PatrioticHe advises Maa elders to cut loose the strings of alien culture from Ole Kaelo p.52 . 40OlarinkoiHe is the young Maasai man who stays at Kaelo s home. He is a suspicious characterand through him the novelist employs suspense. IntrudingHe intrudes into the affairs of the girls while in the house of Ole Kaelo p.74 . He is notknown by the Kaelo s yet he keeps coming to Kaelo s house. IndifferentHe directs his attention to the girl s parents and not the girls p.75 . While escaping withResian, they travel for a very long distance in silence p.127 .LazyHe is always dozing off at the sitting room or idling somewhere else p.77 . He does notbathe and stinks terribly p.240 .SecretiveHe occasionally brings bundles of food to Kaelo s P.79 . He knows the prophesy whichstates that he should marry Resian and keeps quiet about it as he waits for theopportune time. ProtectiveHe protects Resian from committing suicide after her father beats her and denies her achance to go for University studies p.210 . He rescues the girls from molestation bytwo young menMysteriousJoseph says Olarinkoi is a mystery p.80 and only four men know about him. But thefour always contradict in their facts about him p.81 .For example one says that hecomes from Polonga, 200 kilometers from Nasila p.80 .AbusiveHe uses caustic language p.211 . He uses very abusive language on Resian even aftershe is emotionally unstable p.217 . He calls Nabaru a filthy woman for escaping withResian p.249 .Rough Violent41On the day he abducts Resian, he goes drinking and comes late in the night kicking thedoor roughly p.221 .Beastly bitterHe rapes Resian while drunk p.221 . He promises to do something nasty to Nabaru incase she returns after taking Resian to the ranch. P.249 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.6689231}
{"text": "He calls Nabaru a filthy woman for escaping withResian p.249 .Rough Violent41On the day he abducts Resian, he goes drinking and comes late in the night kicking thedoor roughly p.221 .Beastly bitterHe rapes Resian while drunk p.221 . He promises to do something nasty to Nabaru incase she returns after taking Resian to the ranch. P.249 . He strongly believes thatNabaru and Resian will be followed by a curse p.249 .Olarinkoi is important as far as suspense is concerned. The author uses him to createsuspense. He is used in the development of F.G.M as a theme as well as exploring thetheme of violence. NabaruShe is the old woman who takes care of Resian after she regains her consciousnessafter the rape ordeal done by Olarinkoi. Caring HelpfulShe encourages and cares for Resian until she regains her health p.225 . She promisesto give Resian account of what transpired when she lost her memory p.231 . She is theenkabaani who informs Resian of great secrets and even the prophecy p.232 . Shesaves the life of Resian. P.236 . She also becomes her confidant p.237 so that thetwo share a great deal. BoldShe travels a long distance in a rough terrain at night to search for a lorry to ferry Resianto the ranch p.253 .Independent mindedShe thinks it is none of enkoiboni s business to want to circumcise Resian while herparents were still alive p.238 . Her role is vital in showing the possibility of a femalehelping a fellow female in overcoming challenges of FGM. The author uses her todevelop dialogue as a major stylistic device in the novel. Olarinkoi s MotherShe is the old woman prophetess enkoiboni42ScaryShe looks like a witch and has ill motives p.227 . She has a single, red rimmed eye thatresembled a monster which is partly stone and partly human p.227 .Cynical WickedShe shows mockery and disregard to Resian. She abuses her for biting her son s thumb. She calls her names for being uncircumcised. She says Resian is not yet a womanbecause she is not circumcised p.228 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.6835616}
{"text": "She has a single, red rimmed eye thatresembled a monster which is partly stone and partly human p.227 .Cynical WickedShe shows mockery and disregard to Resian. She abuses her for biting her son s thumb. She calls her names for being uncircumcised. She says Resian is not yet a womanbecause she is not circumcised p.228 . She shamelessly uncovers Resian s stomach tocheck whether she is pregnant p.235 .SarcasticShe remarks sarcastically, We have been trying to feed you from your bed with a silverspoon. This is not true for Resian was always treated roughly by the witch. P.228 . Shelaughs sarcastically. She mocks her for her father has money p.228 .ContemptuousShe has contempt for the rich corrupt people in the society p.236 . She feels politicalleaders and wealthy people in the country are responsible for the unequal distribution ofresources. In the novel, she represents women who are responsible for being stumbling blocks totheir fellow women in the society. She is used by the writer to bring out the theme ofwomen as enemies of themselves. Lebutu Lorry DriverMeekHe politely asks for more work from Dr. Minik p.254 . On their way to the ranch he usespolite language to address the two ladies. He is contrasted with the other driver whodrives a pick up earlier in the novel carrying Olarinkoi. 43CHAPTER THREETHEMESThemes are issues that are consistent in a creative work. They are sub categories orsub topics of the subject matter or the main idea in a work of art. They constitute theentire message the writer wishes to put across to his or her readers. Therefore, themesare the messages put across by a writer in a work of art. There are major and minorthemes. Major themes cut across the text and are the main ideas the writer intends topass to the readers. Minor themes are minor ideas which are still important in the text. POSITIVE NASILIAN CULTURE TRADITIONSCulture refers to the customs, habits and behaviors that characterize a society s,community s or nation s way of life. On the other hand, traditions form part of theculture of a people and are handed down from one generation to the next. Positive aspects of culture in Nasila are important in holding people together. There aremany aspects of Nasilian culture which are positive.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.7350297}
{"text": "Minor themes are minor ideas which are still important in the text. POSITIVE NASILIAN CULTURE TRADITIONSCulture refers to the customs, habits and behaviors that characterize a society s,community s or nation s way of life. On the other hand, traditions form part of theculture of a people and are handed down from one generation to the next. Positive aspects of culture in Nasila are important in holding people together. There aremany aspects of Nasilian culture which are positive. The songs the young people andchildren sing during Ole Kaelo s homecoming ceremony attest to the rich Maa culture. The narrator says, From the children s performance, it was evident that the cherishedNasilian traditional dance would stand the test of time. P.44 . The writer says that theparty was full of pomp and gaiety. This is brought out by jewelry won by the guests suchas ivory, beads, coloured lesos, kangas and shukas p.47 , all attesting to the richcultural heritage of the Maa. Generosity as a virtue is seen in Simiren who invites allthose present in the party to savor his brother s lavish hospitality p.46 . Food anddrinks are served in generous measures to all those present p.47 . Ole Musanka, anelder who blesses Ole Kaelo s home, glorifies Maa s culture saying that it was the bloodand marrow that gave sustenance to the body p.51 . According to him, home is Maa,Nasila, family and children p.52 . His only problem is that he supports FGM, a culturalpractice that does not assist women in any way. When Resian and Taiyo go to stay at their uncle s place for some time, they witnesssome positive aspects of communal life and unity at their uncle s home. We are told44that, Life and work in that home was communal. Although each mother had her ownhouse and cooked her own food, all grown up daughters helped each one of them p.148 . There is well laid down chain of command with the first wife being the deputyto their uncle. There are hardly any disagreements and virtues of selflessness andsharing are emphasized p.149 . When Ole Kaelo s daughters are assaulted by two men,the communal way of life comes in handy. All Ilmolelian men join him in pursuing themen and meting punishment on them.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.7701883}
{"text": "There are hardly any disagreements and virtues of selflessness andsharing are emphasized p.149 . When Ole Kaelo s daughters are assaulted by two men,the communal way of life comes in handy. All Ilmolelian men join him in pursuing themen and meting punishment on them. He is not left alone to deal with the matter. During Ole Kaelo s homecoming ceremony, young men and women from the clan worktogether to make the day successful. Ole Kaelo is touched after discovering thatbrotherhood, honour and selflessness still existed in Nasila and this makes him swearthat he would never abandon the culture of his people or live outside his clan p.40 .Nasila culture clearly defined relationships. The founder had intended that the culturewould regulate the lives of the people It charted out the way for everyone, from cradleto the grave. It defined relationships, it created laws that governed the ownership ofproperty and settled disputes. It did not discriminate, it did not favour anyone over theother, it gave everyone a chance to live a full life; it protected everyone within itsconfines and provided cleansing procedures for those who defiled it. It was simply acherished way of life for all the Maa people p.118 .Mama Milanoi appreciates Nasila culture which spares her nephew from death. She began to see the wisdom of the Maa founder who ensured that justice was alwaystempered with mercy p.163 . According to Nasila culture, if a man sought refugebetween the legs of an old man, he was to be spared despite the crime committed p.162 . Anybody who violates cultural values of Nasila culture is faced with laid downpunishment. Both Ntara Muyo and Lante who had attempted to rape Resian and Taiyoare forced to pay fines to the girls and their father and somehow, justice is done. Thetwo boys had been fined two heifers each and Ntara Muyo an extra heifer to coverthe shame that he had occasioned by accosting his own sister p.164 . Mama Milanoialso reminisces the old aspect of her culture which gave room for mass action in casesomebody misbehaved and went against the expected conduct. A case in point iswhere an old man got infatuated by a girl of fourteen years.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.7291183}
{"text": "Both Ntara Muyo and Lante who had attempted to rape Resian and Taiyoare forced to pay fines to the girls and their father and somehow, justice is done. Thetwo boys had been fined two heifers each and Ntara Muyo an extra heifer to coverthe shame that he had occasioned by accosting his own sister p.164 . Mama Milanoialso reminisces the old aspect of her culture which gave room for mass action in casesomebody misbehaved and went against the expected conduct. A case in point iswhere an old man got infatuated by a girl of fourteen years. When women realized it,45they attacked the man, stripped him naked and beat him up to death. That served as adetractor to any other man who would harbor such intentions. Mama Milanoi wonderswhere such good aspects of Nasila culture had gone for they would shield her daughterfrom being forced to marry an old man like Oloisudori pp.115-117 .A girl was always protected from men with evil intentions. Girls were kept away frommale visitors in their homes and there was hardly any interaction between fathers anddaughters p.175 . The rich Maa culture has different types of love. There is elangatarewhere boys did anything possible to win girls admiration p.124 . The elangatare loveincluded feats by boys such as killing lions and defending people and their cattle fromtheir enemies. There is also patureishi type of love where a girl and a boy were allowedto have a love affair alongside the conventional love. Such boys were the darlings of thegirls and a song of praise would be composed by the girlfriend in praise of the valorousdeeds of her boyfriend pp.124-125 . This relationship ended in marriage after amarriage ceremony. On the other hand, the patureishi did not end in marriage. It wasmeant to check the conduct and behavior of young people and keep them disciplined p.126 .NEGATIVE CULTURE TRADITIONSNegative aspects of culture in Nasila are strongly opposed by the young generation. Tothem, such practices should be shunned because they have outlived their usefulness ina society that is slowly but surely embracing modernity and civilization. Female Genital Mutilation F.G.M is an outdated cultural practice that has no standingin the changing Nasila.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.7560728}
{"text": "On the other hand, the patureishi did not end in marriage. It wasmeant to check the conduct and behavior of young people and keep them disciplined p.126 .NEGATIVE CULTURE TRADITIONSNegative aspects of culture in Nasila are strongly opposed by the young generation. Tothem, such practices should be shunned because they have outlived their usefulness ina society that is slowly but surely embracing modernity and civilization. Female Genital Mutilation F.G.M is an outdated cultural practice that has no standingin the changing Nasila. To those that support it, it is meant to tame a wild gender just ascattle that require to be dehorned p.22 . When it was discovered several years back, itwas to find a lasting solution to the exploitation of the Maa women by the Ilarinkonwarriors. That gave birth to enkamuratani the female circumciser . And herOlmurunya was shaped, sharpened and handed to her p.87 .Mama Milanoi alsoaffirms the origin of this cultural practice saying, It was the shame and anger that wasprovoked by Ilarinkon taunts, lewd teasing and provocative posturing that made the46women do what they did to curtail those desires the worthless predators exploited toprey upon them p.90 .Resian is very much opposed to this retrogressive practice. She says, I would rather livein the noisiest place on earth, than live anywhere near a vagabond who would accostme with the intention of mutilating my sexuality p.33 . At this early point, she makesher stand clear that she is opposed to the practice that disfigures and damages femalesexuality. She is bitter and has pain in her heart due to threats of undergoing F.G.M. Theolmurunya, the instrument used to conduct is scary. The writer reveals that it was abladelike tool shaped like a smoothing plane blade and the enkamuratani showed theway she went about her profession of transforming young girls into young womenthrough the cut of olmurunya p.58 . She wonders what the use of F.G.M in today swoman is p.90 . She observes that the practice is being fueled by men who use it tocontinue oppressing women.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.8170297}
{"text": "The writer reveals that it was abladelike tool shaped like a smoothing plane blade and the enkamuratani showed theway she went about her profession of transforming young girls into young womenthrough the cut of olmurunya p.58 . She wonders what the use of F.G.M in today swoman is p.90 . She observes that the practice is being fueled by men who use it tocontinue oppressing women. One of their ways of oppressing us is to demand thatF.G.M be perpetuated against us forever p.91 . The enkoiboni, mother to Olarinkoi tellsResian, As soon as we clip that erogenous salacity from you that destroys homes, youwill become a respected woman p.229 . This was not the original reason why F.G.Mwas invented but the practice has been maintained to purportedly keep women faithful. F.G.M is so highly regarded that no girl would get married before getting circumcised. Such a girl was derogatorily referred to as entaapai and her family was not sparedridicule. To make matters worse, if she got pregnant, she would be circumcised at birthand married off to the oldest man in the village p.63 . According to enkoiboni, nomother would want an uncircumcised girl as a wife for her son p.235 .This wouldprevent any other girl from doing such a thing. Circumcising the girl at birth is painful,dehumanizing and traumatizing. Joseph Parmuat opines that negative aspects ofculture such as throwing the dead and the dying to hyenas or abandoning the old andvery sick in deserted homesteads to be eaten by wild animals have already beenexpunged from Nasila culture p.128 . Resian is optimistic that soon, Nasila culturewould do away with F.G.M as a cultural practice. Minik cites horrible and outdatedcultural practice such as emuata that forced young brides to wear heavy copper aroundtheir limbs, legs, arms to make them beautiful and which had been discarded hence47freeing women from pain. She opines that even girl child circumcision should bediscarded for it has outlived its usefulness p.263 .Sexism refers to preference given to either the male or the female gender child. It is anoutdated tradition that is still embraced by individuals such as Ole Kaelo.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.8271325}
{"text": "Minik cites horrible and outdatedcultural practice such as emuata that forced young brides to wear heavy copper aroundtheir limbs, legs, arms to make them beautiful and which had been discarded hence47freeing women from pain. She opines that even girl child circumcision should bediscarded for it has outlived its usefulness p.263 .Sexism refers to preference given to either the male or the female gender child. It is anoutdated tradition that is still embraced by individuals such as Ole Kaelo. We are toldthat he wanted at least three boys but instead gets two girls. This shows his preferencefor boys. When his wife gets pregnant again, he hopes for a boy who would carry hisname to the next generation but instead, he gets a girl that he lives to loathe p.10, 174 .The communal way of life in Nasila and clanship system also has negative effects. Itsmajor negative effect is that it offered no privacy to those who needed it. Taiyo andResian realize that in Nasila, home belonged to all members of the clan. We are told Itwas not an unusual thing to get up in the morning to find the living room full of men andwomen who came that early to share a sumptuous breakfast with their kith and kin p.35 . Some intrude their homes even without being invited 65 . Although they adjustto such a negative aspect of culture, it still remains a bad aspect of culture for itinterferes with their privacy. Taiyo is unhappy with the tradition that disallows marriage of young people from thesame clan, however remotely related they are. According to Nasila culture, if suchpeople married, there would be untold consequences p.49 . Taiyo finds this as a gross unfairness of the outdated culture and a searing torment to her and to allothers who were of progressive minds p.56 . Joseph fears going against that traditionbecause he would be castigated and punished for doing such a thing. He would also beforced to pay cattle to Ole Kaelo as compensation and undergo a demeaning cleansingceremony as well as a public rebuke p.123 . On the contrary, according to Taiyo, cultureand traditions are never static but are dynamic in that culture shades off aspects thatbecome irrelevant with time p.127 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.837669}
{"text": "Joseph fears going against that traditionbecause he would be castigated and punished for doing such a thing. He would also beforced to pay cattle to Ole Kaelo as compensation and undergo a demeaning cleansingceremony as well as a public rebuke p.123 . On the contrary, according to Taiyo, cultureand traditions are never static but are dynamic in that culture shades off aspects thatbecome irrelevant with time p.127 . She cites F.G.M and the clan system that preventspeople from the same clan from marrying p.128 . She observes that such practicesshould have disappeared at the turn of the last century p.128 .Another aspect of culture that Resian and Taiyo condemn is the practice of bookingunborn baby girls p.129 . This denies women a chance to choose their marriage48partners based on love but not what is dictated upon them by their parents. Apart frombooking unborn baby girls, young women are also subjected to early marriages. Resianand Taiyo are the best cases in point. Ole Kaelo forces Resian to marry Oloisudori, hisbusiness friend against her expectations. She undergoes several challenges in order toovercome this plan. When she escapes from Oloisudori s net, she is subjected toanother forced marriage to Olarinkoi but she also escapes it. Taiyo is also not sparedthe practice. She is forcefully circumcised in order to be handed over to Oloisudori as awife, although she is rescued by Minik. ALIENATIONAlienation is becoming a stranger to what one initially belonged to or being isolatedfrom others. Alienation in the novel, Blossoms of the Savannah is as a result ofembracing new culture. Ole Kaelo and his family have lived for thirty years in Nakuru where he has brought uphis daughters until his retrenchment. This has alienated him from many culturalpractices which he comes across with once he returns to Nasila. During his absencefrom Nasila, it was his brother Simiren who represented him in the Ilmolelian clan insacred rituals such as girls initiation p.11 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.8465648}
{"text": "As a result of not having circumcised his daughters, Ole Kaelo isderogatively called the father of Intoiye Nemengalana. Ole Kaelo has also alienated himself from his culture by marrying only one wife whilethe community allows polygamy. He is likened to a mono-eyed giant who stood on legsof straw p.13 . He is in constant clash with the Nasila culture which if he adhered to; hewould not give his daughters to an old man like Oloisudori. For instance, cultureprohibits girls meeting with male visitors but he insists that Resian should serveOloisudori and his friend during his visit p.175 .Both Resian and Taiyo clash with FGM tradition, forced early marriages and coachingabout Nasila culture. Resian is very rebellious of FGM and forced marriage to Oloisudori. 50She also rejects cultural coaching saying, I refuse to be taught to solely please malecounterparts p.77-78 . Resian and Taiyo have lost touch with Nasila culture as a resultof being brought up in the city of Nakuru and being educated. They don t know the typesof love that exist in the rich cultural heritage of their community. Resian asks JosephParmuat whether patureishi really exists p.127 showing her ignorance about thematter. Taiyo s modern cultural values clashes with traditional Nasila culture. She fallsin love with Joseph who is of her clan, a thing not allowed in the Nasilian culture. Shedoes not care about her disregard of such a cultural restriction arguing she cannot careabout a primitive culture which also violates her right to marry anybody she falls in lovewith p.133 .The positive aspects of Nasila culture are under threat from the imposing modernculture. The writer puts that this culture, was no more and just Nasila River has beenpolluted by chemicals, by the likes of Oloisudori. It had become mutable and now itcontained defiant mutants that it could not regulate and which were above Nasila laws p.118 . Mama Milanoi admits that her daughters were operating under a differentculture from hers. She says they, knew very little of Nasila culture. They were childrenof a new undefined culture. Theirs was a mutant of another kind p.118 .Education is one of the causes of alienation.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.8849673}
{"text": "She says they, knew very little of Nasila culture. They were childrenof a new undefined culture. Theirs was a mutant of another kind p.118 .Education is one of the causes of alienation. The Kaelo s, for instance, want theirdaughters educated but at the same time are wary of the influence of education onthem. We are told that the sons of Nasila who got educated got alienated and hardlycame back home p.150 . There is a clash between formal education, which is anaspect of modern culture, with traditional Nasilian culture. This clash makes Nasilaculture to be grappling with the changes education brought. These changes,according to the narrator, were threatening an explosion in the not too distant future pp.150-151 .CULTURAL CONFLICTSeveral characters undergo cultural conflict or dilemma in the novel as a result ofencountering and embracing the modern culture. Nasila culture, which is part of thelarger Maa culture, is also in crisis as a result of clashing with modernity. 51Mama Milanoi, wife to Ole Kaelo, is at cultural crossroads. She is in dilemma as far asthe question of FGM is concerned. She understands the danger she would expose herdaughters in Nasila where there are both positive and negative cultural practices andwishes she could shield them and protect them p.30 . She knows this would not bepossible because Nasila people were very intolerant of those who ignored theircherished cultural sensibilities p.30 . She knows that she is in breach of Nasilatraditions by not having circumcised her daughters by then p.60 . While back in Nakuruand before her husband s retrenchment, Mama Milanoi admits that FGM was a nonissue in the family for She had regarded the practice as an archaic rite that had beendiscarded and forgotten. But there it was now, rearing its ugly head and threatening towreak havoc in the young innocent lives of her daughters p.63 .Mama Milanoi is torn between yielding her daughters to the barbaric culture and losingtheir faith, love and confidence and going against Nasila culture and becoming an alienin the clan. She fears doing anything that would wrong her husband and hence choosesto tread carefully around the matter.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.917566}
{"text": "While back in Nakuruand before her husband s retrenchment, Mama Milanoi admits that FGM was a nonissue in the family for She had regarded the practice as an archaic rite that had beendiscarded and forgotten. But there it was now, rearing its ugly head and threatening towreak havoc in the young innocent lives of her daughters p.63 .Mama Milanoi is torn between yielding her daughters to the barbaric culture and losingtheir faith, love and confidence and going against Nasila culture and becoming an alienin the clan. She fears doing anything that would wrong her husband and hence choosesto tread carefully around the matter. She comes out as a weak woman who shies fromdeclaring her stand on Nasila culture when she meekly tells her husband, Our culture iseverything and its rules, our lives p.61 . Her dutiful role of a faithful and obedient wifeto Ole Kaelo comes before her duty to her daughters hence chooses to obey his edicts. She wishes to join forces with the likes of Minik or Emakererei, and fight againstpractices like FGM but then fears for her marriage, If she aligned herself with a personwho Nasila regarded as having such an obnoxious reputation, where would her marriagestand? P.62 . She even wonders whether as a family, they are traditionalists ormodernists especially by embracing retrogressive cultural values p.62 .Joseph is faced with cultural conflict when he falls in love with Taiyo who is from hisclan. His culture does not allow such a union and hence he is torn between loyalty tothat culture or love for Taiyo. He asks himself several questions that reveal this crisis. Did he have to abandon Nasila culture in exchange of a woman who sneered at itstenets? He considered running away from Nasila and its culture but that left a sour tastein his mouth. P.137 . He finally opts to stick by Nasila culture arguing that it was toovaluable to be abandoned in exchange of a woman s love. He finally resolves this52conflict by declining Taiyo s love p.137 .Ole Kaelo s alienation from his culture and embracing a culture that was neither modernnor traditional creates internal conflict in him. He is torn between marrying his daughterResian to Oloisudori or turning down his request, thereby losing his business.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.937008}
{"text": "He finally opts to stick by Nasila culture arguing that it was toovaluable to be abandoned in exchange of a woman s love. He finally resolves this52conflict by declining Taiyo s love p.137 .Ole Kaelo s alienation from his culture and embracing a culture that was neither modernnor traditional creates internal conflict in him. He is torn between marrying his daughterResian to Oloisudori or turning down his request, thereby losing his business. He keepswondering what sort of a man Oloisudori is and at some point, he has to assure himselfthat he is a morally upright man so that he can marry his daughter to him p.194 .FEMALE ASSERTIVENESSAt the centre of fighting retrogressive cultural practices is Resian, Taiyo and Minik eneNkoitoi who is commonly called Emakererei. Both Resian and Taiyo resist F.GM and do all they can to fight the outmoded practice. Resian says she would not live anywhere near a man who would want to mutilate hersexuality while Taiyo says she would only be mutilated if only she were dead p.33 . Thisdeclaration sets the mood and tone in the rest of the novel where the girls fight variousindividuals that try to force them in taking a path they do not wish. Resian resists beingcircumcised by force in a dream by fighting the enkamuratani and the enkoiboni pp.244-254 . She tells Minik that she had heard of her relentless fight against F.G.M andunderage marriage p.262 . Her stand is that girl child circumcision should disappearfrom Maa language and regarded extinct and that Intoiye Nemengalana uncircumcisedgirl should stop being derogatory p.263 . Minik is bitter and angry about the continuedpractice of F.G.M at a time she believes the rite has stopped being useful to women. She blames the practice on the neo-culture of wealth which was dampening the fightagainst such outdated practices. Her take is that there was need to plan newstrategies to battle the new monster that was rearing its ugly head p.269 . Resian hasa different way out of the problem. She believes that if all women said no to thedetestable culture, men would do nothing about it pp.277-278 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.922714}
{"text": "Her take is that there was need to plan newstrategies to battle the new monster that was rearing its ugly head p.269 . Resian hasa different way out of the problem. She believes that if all women said no to thedetestable culture, men would do nothing about it pp.277-278 . Women who haveundergone F.G.M such as Minik and Nabaru agree that they are not different humanbeings hence downplaying its importance. Resian is opposed to cultural coaching by Joseph Parmuat. Her father observes thatthough they may find some cultural demands detestable, it is such practices that53nurtured and bound their people together p.71 . To Resian, the coaching is worthlessand she says that if they were sons, they would not be subjected to cultural coaching. She says, I refuse to be taught. I will either be taught at the university what isuniversally beneficial to all mankind or be taught nothing p.73 . She is opposed toinformal education to girls meant to please men saying, I refuse to be taught to solelyplease male counterparts. They can also cook, and they can, and should also learn toplease us females p.77 . She is described as someone who knows her rights by hermother and that she would not allow anyone trample on them p.118 . Later, sheaccepts to be coached but only after Joseph introduces interesting topics such asthose of love. When Taiyo falls in love with Joseph, she does not care about what others or the culturesays about it. She boldly tells Joseph, No, I don t care about the oppressive Nasilaculture. Why should I care about violating the backward culture when it does not carewhen it violates my own rights? P.133 . She says this despite knowing very well thather culture does not allow inter-clan marriage. She assertively tells Joseph she does notcare about her culture s position on the matter when he tells her they cannot marry p.134 . She is ready to defend her love for Joseph including eloping with him to joinothers who share with her neo-cultural persuasion. The two girls are ready to fight and resist forced marriages and Oloisudori s advanceson them. They plan and succeed in returning the gifts that he had brought them saying, Woe to him if he thought she was a chattel to be secured by the content of a briefcase! P.198 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.965875}
{"text": "She assertively tells Joseph she does notcare about her culture s position on the matter when he tells her they cannot marry p.134 . She is ready to defend her love for Joseph including eloping with him to joinothers who share with her neo-cultural persuasion. The two girls are ready to fight and resist forced marriages and Oloisudori s advanceson them. They plan and succeed in returning the gifts that he had brought them saying, Woe to him if he thought she was a chattel to be secured by the content of a briefcase! P.198 . She flatly rejects Oloisudori s plans to marry her saying, You are stark mad ifyou think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body p.204 . She boldlytells her father that she would rather die than get married to a monster p.209 . WhenResian is abducted by Olarinkoi, she continues in her fighting and resisting spirit. Thewritersays, OlarinkoiandhisdemonicmothermayphysicallytakehertoTanzania take her as his wife physically circumcise her, but mentally she was going toresist She was going to refuse to be subdued she was going to physically resist p.230 . 54The song by the girls from Intapuka-e-Maa during Taiyo s and Resian s farewell party isfull of female assertion. They say they are proud to be uncircumcised and that theywould be doctors, teachers and engineers and would build the nation together with men p.281 . This is a song of hope and optimism hence revealing a generation of youngpeople that are not ready to be daunted by retrogressive cultural practices. MORAL DECADENCEDespite the rich cultural setting of the novel, there are many cases of immoral conductor behavior that falls short of the morals of any society. This can be largely attributed tothe clash or encounter between the traditional culture and modern culture. Many evilsare perpetrated by Oloisudori and other characters with warped morality. Oloisudori is totally morally decayed. He engages in all sorts of vices in order to amasswealth. He is corrupt, immoral, an extortionist, a smuggler, a poacher, a blackmailer, athug and even a killer p.101, 236 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406252.9937184}
{"text": "Many evilsare perpetrated by Oloisudori and other characters with warped morality. Oloisudori is totally morally decayed. He engages in all sorts of vices in order to amasswealth. He is corrupt, immoral, an extortionist, a smuggler, a poacher, a blackmailer, athug and even a killer p.101, 236 . He is also suspected by Ole Kaelo to belong to thecult of ilmasonik, a cult that thrived on extortion and blackmail p.107 . These vices,allegedly associated with him, point at his moral deficiency. When Ole Kaelo asks his friend Supeyo if Oloisudori is a man of integrity, he replies, Don t trust him any further than you would a hyena in your homestead keep the fellowaway from your daughters p.26 . When Oloisudori meets Resian for the first time, hisamorous character is evident. He openly scans her body p.92 and cranes his neck towatch her p.95 . In his presence, Resian is uncomfortable for she felt from his looks asif her blouse was unbuttoned p.96 . She also feels as if he was caressing her entirebody with his hands against her will p.96 . He tells Ole Kaelo his intention to marry hisdaughter very callously and as if he was talking about a goat or a sheep p.110 . In hisfirst visit to Ole Kaelo s home, he took a long time washing his hands as he gloatinglypeered at her p.179 . He has no shame taking the hand of Resian and kissing itwithout her consent. He looks at her in a sexually suggestive manner his gazedeliberately dropped from her face to her bosom and lingered there p.203 . This isbefore he drops the bombshell; which is marrying her and making her the happiestwoman in East Africa. He shamelessly tells Kaelo of his intention to circumcise Resian55before marrying her. Ole Kaelo regards such talks as very abnormal between a father-inlaw and a would be son-in-law.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.0185065}
{"text": "This isbefore he drops the bombshell; which is marrying her and making her the happiestwoman in East Africa. He shamelessly tells Kaelo of his intention to circumcise Resian55before marrying her. Ole Kaelo regards such talks as very abnormal between a father-inlaw and a would be son-in-law. From such immoral talk, Ole Kaelo believes that theworld had come to an end p.112 .Apart from Oloisudori, there are many other morally rotten characters in the novel suchas Olarinkoi warriors, Olarinkoi, and enkoiboni. The Olarinkoi warriors, who subdued theMaa for long, are morally rotten. They forced the Maa women to compose lewd songswhich they had to perform in the most outrageous and indecent postures and styles p.86 . They took advantage of the compromising situation of the Maa women to exploitthem sexually knowing that they were not able to resist their natural instinctivedesires p.86 .Taiyo and Resian s near rape by two men as they come from their father s shop inNasila points at moral decay in Nasila. P.140 . This incident causes the girls mentaltorture. Some of these deeds are done to them because they are uncircumcised. Olarinkoi is also immoral. He abuses Resian by telling her: Today we shall see howeducated your body is p.221 . This is before physically assaulting and raping her aftershe passes out. The foul language that enkoiboni, the mother to Olarinkoi, addresses Resian with is fullof moral rottenness. Her language is full of abuses and bitterness. Enkabaani, Resian snurse does not support enkoiboni s foul language and urges Resian to ignore her. Shedoes not respect Resian s privacy when she feels her stomach with her hands to checkwhether she was pregnant. All this time, Resian seethed with anger at the blatantintrusion of her privacy and total disregard for her feelings p.235 .BETRAYALBetrayal is breaking of the trust that existed between individuals before. The greatestbetrayal in the novel is that of Ole Kaelo to his daughters.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.0112514}
{"text": "Shedoes not respect Resian s privacy when she feels her stomach with her hands to checkwhether she was pregnant. All this time, Resian seethed with anger at the blatantintrusion of her privacy and total disregard for her feelings p.235 .BETRAYALBetrayal is breaking of the trust that existed between individuals before. The greatestbetrayal in the novel is that of Ole Kaelo to his daughters. On page one, we are told thatOle Kaelo refused to allow his daughter Taiyo to travel to Mombasa with other youngmen and women selected by an FM radio station for a music extravaganza pp.1-2 . Herefused to allow her saying that no daughter of his would so demean herself and herfamily as to perform in public in exchange of monetary gain p.45 . To him that would56be like engaging in harlotry. In addition, he betrays his daughters ambitions to joinEgerton University preferring instead to marry them off to Oloisudori, a very rich man. This shows he is not ready to help them realize their dreams as a father should do. Ole Kaelo has betrayed Resian in many ways. He has not loved her as he should fromher birth. We are told that From the moment she was born, mute and helpless, hedetested her p.10 . This has contributed to Resian growing up sullen, bewilderedand resentful p.10 . He is biased in his treating of the two daughters for he does notlove her as he loves Taiyo. Taiyo admits this emotional betrayal: For reasons she didnot understand, she had always found their father strangely and harshly impatienttowards Resian p.34 . However, she knew that he despised her ever since she wasyoung p.173 . Ole Kaelo is strongly hateful and unappreciative of her: he wonderedwhere in the world they fetched that awkward, overblown, stupid child And the verylook in her eyes, half-fearful, half-defiant and wholly troubled, was always enough toraise his temper to the highest pitch p.41 . He also abuses her at the slightestprovocation. He tells her: While Taiyo works herself to the bone, she lazes about like anover-fed lizard in the hot afternoon sun! P.64 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.1024709}
{"text": "Ole Kaelo is strongly hateful and unappreciative of her: he wonderedwhere in the world they fetched that awkward, overblown, stupid child And the verylook in her eyes, half-fearful, half-defiant and wholly troubled, was always enough toraise his temper to the highest pitch p.41 . He also abuses her at the slightestprovocation. He tells her: While Taiyo works herself to the bone, she lazes about like anover-fed lizard in the hot afternoon sun! P.64 . He goes on Look at the way youslouch I ll not be surprised if you soon become a hunchback p.64 . Even her motherfails Resian for we are told: Even stranger was their mother s failure to come toResian s defense. It was as if her motherly instincts could not extend her protectivewings to cover Resian. Seeing her parents betrayal of her sister, Taiyo takes over tocomfort Resian and reassure her when hurt especially by her father. Her role in Resian slife is very important because she relies on her to make requests to their father on herbehalf for she cannot approach him directly. The case in point is her quest to joinuniversity which she keeps pestering Taiyo to ask their father to do on her behalf. Aparent that cannot communicate with his child has definitely failed in his parentalresponsibility. Ole Kaelo and Oloisudori mercilessly hatch a plan to abduct Resian and marry her offwithout her consent if she does not cooperate. The plan is If she declined, he wouldleave it at that until the evening when his men would pounce on her and abduct her p.191 . After such a heinous plan, The three of them roared with rich laughter 57 p.192 . He is even ready to have her circumcised so that she can get married to a manshe does not even love. Mama Milanoi is not blameless because she is inwardlyopposed to the abduction plan; but does not speak out to condemn such a wicked plan. When Oloisudori reveals his plan to marry Resian, it dawned on her that her father hadalready sold her p.204 . This greatly shocks her because she never thought that herfather could go to the extent of selling her p.205 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.1280599}
{"text": "He is even ready to have her circumcised so that she can get married to a manshe does not even love. Mama Milanoi is not blameless because she is inwardlyopposed to the abduction plan; but does not speak out to condemn such a wicked plan. When Oloisudori reveals his plan to marry Resian, it dawned on her that her father hadalready sold her p.204 . This greatly shocks her because she never thought that herfather could go to the extent of selling her p.205 . He confirms the plan to marry her offto his friend Oloisudori and also shatters Resian s dream of enrolling as a student atEgerton University. He tells her: I thought about it alright, but decided that I am notsending you there! P.207 . This discovery makes her cry, accusing her father of hatredand betrayal by betrothing her to Oloisudori p.208 . Resian does not absolve hermother from blame for she believes she also failed her p.230 especially due to hersilence when all those plans against her were being devised. She reasons that hermother should not have been silent when her daughter was being sold to the highestbidder for Even the hyena s greed spared its own young ones p.231 .Mama Milanoi also betrays her daughter Taiyo by allowing her to accompany threewomen to take her to Resian only for her to end up being forcefully subjected to F.G.M.We are told that When she came to, two days later, she was sore, bitter and angry p.273 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.1173584}
{"text": "This discovery makes her cry, accusing her father of hatredand betrayal by betrothing her to Oloisudori p.208 . Resian does not absolve hermother from blame for she believes she also failed her p.230 especially due to hersilence when all those plans against her were being devised. She reasons that hermother should not have been silent when her daughter was being sold to the highestbidder for Even the hyena s greed spared its own young ones p.231 .Mama Milanoi also betrays her daughter Taiyo by allowing her to accompany threewomen to take her to Resian only for her to end up being forcefully subjected to F.G.M.We are told that When she came to, two days later, she was sore, bitter and angry p.273 . Her mother does all this out of her docile submission and fear of her husband. In addition, she has to play along with Ole Kaelo in his devious acts so that they cannotlose the wealth Ole Kaelo has corruptly acquired by doing business with Oloisudori. Later, when Resian and Taiyo are reunited, they blame their mother for their ordealssaying She was an example of a wife they never wanted to become and that they knewshe was always in awe of their father who held her captive and never for once allowedher to express her own opinion on any matter however small it was p.277 .MATERIALISM GREED AND OPULENCEMaterialism is putting material possession before anything else in one s life while greedis insatiable want for material possessions. Opulence in this novel refers to exaggerateddisplay of wealth by characters. Ole Kaelo s house in Nasila is so magnificent that Mama Milanoi exclaims, Father of all58creation! This is but a dream p.30 . Taiyo says that the house is magnificent whileResian exclaims she had never seen anything like it before p.31 .He has furnished hisshop at Nasila extravagantly. We are told It was splendid, large and well stocked. Thed cor was discreetly and fashionably done while taking into consideration the kind ofcustomers that were expected p.65 . This is a show of extravagance and opulencewhich the rich in this society strongly believe are indications of a wealthy man.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.0957992}
{"text": "We are told It was splendid, large and well stocked. Thed cor was discreetly and fashionably done while taking into consideration the kind ofcustomers that were expected p.65 . This is a show of extravagance and opulencewhich the rich in this society strongly believe are indications of a wealthy man. Taiyotells her ever critical sister: It s important that the shop displays a certain measure ofopulence p.65 . This is so that their father can attract rich customers. The genesis of Ole Kaelo s troubles is his signing of a contract with Oloisudori to start abusiness in Nasila. We are told that He had long realized the choice was betweenremaining a nobody; self-righteously and accepting, sensibly, that the man with the meatwas also the same man with the knife p.25 . He therefore gets into business with him. His friend, Supeyo, warns him in advance what kind of man Oloisudori is andOloisudori is probably the most corrupt keep the fellow away from your daughters p.26 . Despite the early warning, he is unheeding a thing which makes him lose his twodear daughters finally. Oloisudori has his hands on all sorts of businesses both legaland illegal. These are; agriculture, finance, tourism, import and export, mining and motortrade, extortion, poaching, smuggling and robbing p.101 . When he comes visiting OleKaelo, his show of extravagance cannot fail to be noticed in his extravagant dressing. He has a pin-striped designer suit, a gold watch, gold bracelet and a gold chain. P.177 .He shows off his wealth by giving generous gifts to Ole Kaelo, Mama Milanoi, Resianand Taiyo. P.178 . He also hands over a briefcase to Ole Kaelo which is later revealedto have contained a half a million shillings p.188 .Despite these ugly businesses, Ole Kaelo still deals with him in order to save hisbusiness from collapsing. He is not sure whether Oloisudori does not belong to a cultthat thrived on blackmail and extortion and which after helping a businessman grow hisbusiness, would come back making outrageous demands like sacrificing their belovedones to the gods of the cult p.107 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.1768932}
{"text": "P.178 . He also hands over a briefcase to Ole Kaelo which is later revealedto have contained a half a million shillings p.188 .Despite these ugly businesses, Ole Kaelo still deals with him in order to save hisbusiness from collapsing. He is not sure whether Oloisudori does not belong to a cultthat thrived on blackmail and extortion and which after helping a businessman grow hisbusiness, would come back making outrageous demands like sacrificing their belovedones to the gods of the cult p.107 . Despite knowing all these about him, Ole Kaelocomforts himself in order to defend the material path he has taken. The narratorobserves: He knew it was pursuit of success that made him interact with59Oloisudori .Success was attainment, fortune and prosperity; it was triumph and it gaveone happiness. It did not matter how it was obtained .the end justified the means pp.108-109 . He consoles himself for having decided to marry his daughter toOloisudori saying, Where else would he ever get such a business offer as the oneOloisudori had offered him p.165 . He decides that he is not ready to lose his businesspremises and home for these were a matter of life and death to him. In order to survive, he realized with finality, he had to change his attitude towards Oloisudori; he had toembrace him p.165 . He sees the material side only if his daughter married Oloisudori,saying, she would soon have her own establishment and a wealthy husband who hadmuch ambition p.166 .When Ole Kaelo visits one of the homes of Oloisudori and the house he is building forResian, he falls instantly in love with the might of wealth that he witnesses. Ole Kaelo shouse is lavishly furnished and the writer says it must have been done by a personwhose mind must have been preoccupied by the need to be showy, and ostentatious. On the other hand, the house being built for Resian leaves Ole Kaelo speechless andMama Milanoi stupefied by its grandeur and magnificence p.190 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.1935575}
{"text": "In order to survive, he realized with finality, he had to change his attitude towards Oloisudori; he had toembrace him p.165 . He sees the material side only if his daughter married Oloisudori,saying, she would soon have her own establishment and a wealthy husband who hadmuch ambition p.166 .When Ole Kaelo visits one of the homes of Oloisudori and the house he is building forResian, he falls instantly in love with the might of wealth that he witnesses. Ole Kaelo shouse is lavishly furnished and the writer says it must have been done by a personwhose mind must have been preoccupied by the need to be showy, and ostentatious. On the other hand, the house being built for Resian leaves Ole Kaelo speechless andMama Milanoi stupefied by its grandeur and magnificence p.190 . Attracted by wealth,he concludes that it was only a stupid woman, like his daughter Resian, who wouldturn down the offer to own the riches they saw in Oloisudori s home p.188 . He alsohopes that Taiyo, his other daughter would get a rich man to marry her and give himhefty sums of money just as Oloisudori had done. P.188 . After witnessing Oloisudori swealth, he decides that Resian must be married by Oloisudori and that he was notgoing to allow his daughter s ignorance to destroy her future p.191 . He so muchwants the marriage plan to work that he devises a plan with Oloisudori to abduct Resianby force if she did not cooperate p.191 .in fact they agree on usage of a anesthesia tomake her unconscious. The only saving grace that can prevent losing his business andhouse is the success of the marriage. He admits that, the success or failure of theevent would determine the fate of his business p.194 . He fears being reduced topoverty by Oloisudori and therefore, betrays his own daughter in exchange of materialpossessions. DETERMINATION OPTIMISM60Not giving up in whatever one decides to do is very instrumental in achieving success. Resian s determination to go to university from the beginning of the novel to the timeher dream is achieved is remarkable.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.1877599}
{"text": "The only saving grace that can prevent losing his business andhouse is the success of the marriage. He admits that, the success or failure of theevent would determine the fate of his business p.194 . He fears being reduced topoverty by Oloisudori and therefore, betrays his own daughter in exchange of materialpossessions. DETERMINATION OPTIMISM60Not giving up in whatever one decides to do is very instrumental in achieving success. Resian s determination to go to university from the beginning of the novel to the timeher dream is achieved is remarkable. This determination is seen from the time they arein Nakuru to when they relocate to Nasila. As her father and family is busy packing sothat they can go to their rural home in Nasila, she tells her sister I don t want to work atthe shop I want to come back to Nakuru and join Egerton University. I want to take acourse in Veterinary Science and become a veterinary doctor p.4 . She keeps urgingher sister to talk to their father so that they can be enrolled at the university. To escapeFGM, she tells her sister: That s why it s imperative that you persuade Papaai to allowus go back to Nakuru and enroll at the university p.33 . She is worried that her fatherhad spent all the money in decorating the shop and left with nothing for their universityeducation p.65 . Sometimes, she would imagine herself admitted at the university and walking majestically with other students into one of those awesome lecturetheatres, while donning her academic regalia p.89 . After their near-rape by two youngmen, Resian tells Taiyo to use that incident to compel their father to take them touniversity p.144 .She dreams of graduating and getting a chance to work with Minik ene Nkoitoi, herlifelong role model. P.153 . She is determined to face Oloisudori and resist hisadvances on her. We are told that She had vowed to face the monster gallantly Shewas in the battle front and success or failure was in her hands p.200 . Her optimism tojoin university does not reduce even at her lowest moment when she realizes herfather s intention to marry her by force to Oloisudori.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.2063406}
{"text": "She is determined to face Oloisudori and resist hisadvances on her. We are told that She had vowed to face the monster gallantly Shewas in the battle front and success or failure was in her hands p.200 . Her optimism tojoin university does not reduce even at her lowest moment when she realizes herfather s intention to marry her by force to Oloisudori. She says, If I don t die and live tobe eighty, I will still go to the university. I ll go to Egerton University, Papaai I hope youwill be there to witness my graduation p.210 .Even in her dream while held captive byOlarinkoi at his hut, she has a dream that showcases her gallant and determined nature. She was determined that the old enkamuratani would never circumcise another girlagain p.244 . In the dream she fought both the enkamuratani and enkoiboni with amallet. Resian s determination to get university educated and resistance against FGM startbearing fruits when she and Nabaru reach Ntare-Naaju sheep ranch. She remembers61the Maa adage that said: home was never far for one who was still alive pp.256-257 .Her dreams of joining Egerton University are fulfilled when Minik promises that shewould ensure that she and Taiyo get enrolled at the university as they wanted. This isfulfilled when she brings them letters of admission to the university towards the end ofthe novel. The song that the girls from Intapuka-e-Maa sing is full of determination. Thegirls are proud of being uncircumcised and have hopes of being doctors, teachers andengineers and contribute in building the nation with men p.281 . Taiyo is determined tobe married by Joseph. She says she won t be dissuaded by Nasila culture that preventsinter-clan marriage saying, I cannot accept its verdict I am too, ready to face anyeventuality that may arise out of our love for one another p.134 .HELP BENEVOLENCEThe overcoming of difficult situations by some characters would not be possiblewithout help and benevolence from other characters. Some of these incidents of helpand benevolence, though coincidental, are very important in not only shaping characters lives but also in shaping the novel s plot.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.2537415}
{"text": "Taiyo is determined tobe married by Joseph. She says she won t be dissuaded by Nasila culture that preventsinter-clan marriage saying, I cannot accept its verdict I am too, ready to face anyeventuality that may arise out of our love for one another p.134 .HELP BENEVOLENCEThe overcoming of difficult situations by some characters would not be possiblewithout help and benevolence from other characters. Some of these incidents of helpand benevolence, though coincidental, are very important in not only shaping characters lives but also in shaping the novel s plot. When Taiyo and Resian are about to beassaulted sexually by two men, we are told, Suddenly and unexpectedly, a third mansprang out of the bushes like a ghost p.141 . This man is Olarinkoi and he is the onethat saves them by fighting the two men. The girls cannot imagine what would havehappened to them if he had not come at that moment p.142-143 . Later, it is the sameOlarinkoi who saves Resian from Oloisudori s men. His appearance is timely becauseResian has even been contemplating to commit suicide by jumping into a river p.210 .Resian is nursed by Nabaru, a motherly woman after her sexual abuse by Olarinkoi p224 . At times she held her up, giving her drinks of water, or milk, or feeding her;putting bits of olpurda dipped in honey into her mouth p.224 . Nabaru also promisesto help Resian in whatever her plans are: I am willing to help you to do what you intendto do or go where you want to go once you are back onto your feet p.233 . She keepsher word by coming to rescue Resian when Olarinkoi s mother is just about to attackand have her circumcised p.246 .Further, Taiyo and Resian get help from Minik when she promises to have her enrolled62at Egerton University p.264 . She keeps her promise when she gives the two girlsletters of admission to the university. Resian also qualifies for a scholarship from theranch which is managed by Minik to fund her education. She in addition gives her a jobin the ranch, an advance salary, as well as a fully furnished house.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.2637951}
{"text": "She keeps her promise when she gives the two girlsletters of admission to the university. Resian also qualifies for a scholarship from theranch which is managed by Minik to fund her education. She in addition gives her a jobin the ranch, an advance salary, as well as a fully furnished house. Resian is sincerelyappreciative of Minik s benevolence, saying, Your voice dear Emakererei is truly thevoice of God p.265 . Taiyo is rescued from the hands of her circumcisers by Minik. Both Nabaru and Minik are very instrumental in the physical and psychological healingof the two girls. We are told that with Nabaru s nursing care, Minik s encouragement andcounseling sessions from a teacher from Intapuka-e-Maa school, Taiyo is able to fullyrecover p.276 .MALE CHAUVINISMMale chauvinism refers to the feeling of superiority by men and their domineeringattitude over women in the society as a result of general male domination or patriarchyin a given society. Ole Kaelo is a male chauvinist. He beats his wife to submission tocoerce her follow his decisions without any resistance. When his wife reasons that theyshould think of the family interests first with regard to adhering to Nasila culture, heirritably asks her, What do you mean? P.61 . When she realizes that he is gettingangry, she beats a hasty retreat saying, Our culture is everything and it rules our lives p.61 . Although Mama Milanoi realizes when it is too late the role Oloisudori has playedin shaping their material lives, she admits that she would not have helped to separatehim from such a man because it Was the man who made decisions as to whichdirection their lives took p.114 .According to Resian, the ancient Ilarinkon were no different from the current ones. Sheis of the view that the current Ilarinkon are worse and that they are despotic oppressivetyrants who oppress women by ensuring that they are subjected to FGM for ever p.91 .The current Ilarinkon include Ole Kaelo, Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. Ole Kaelo forcesResian to attend to and serve his friend Oloisudori when her mother says nothing aboutit.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.286104}
{"text": "Although Mama Milanoi realizes when it is too late the role Oloisudori has playedin shaping their material lives, she admits that she would not have helped to separatehim from such a man because it Was the man who made decisions as to whichdirection their lives took p.114 .According to Resian, the ancient Ilarinkon were no different from the current ones. Sheis of the view that the current Ilarinkon are worse and that they are despotic oppressivetyrants who oppress women by ensuring that they are subjected to FGM for ever p.91 .The current Ilarinkon include Ole Kaelo, Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. Ole Kaelo forcesResian to attend to and serve his friend Oloisudori when her mother says nothing aboutit. He orders: You have to be there it is important to me that you are there p.171 .Olarinkoi s chauvinism is seen in his changed attitude towards Resian when he takesher to his house far from Nasila. He tells her, You woman You can either cook or keep63standing stupidly or die of hunger and Resian stared at the man who seemed to havesuddenly turned from a person she had known for quite some time, to a beast p.218 .He later molests her sexually after returning drunk. Oloisudori is a male chauvinist. Thisis seen in his address to Resian when she refuses his marriage offer. He tells her Youcan never escape Resian Whether you scream your heart out, or jump into the deepsea you are mine. You are my wife from now henceforth p.204 . He arrogantly tellsher: No one plays games with Oloisudori. Ask your father, he will tell you p.204 . Addmore illustrations .GENDER INEQUALITYMen and women are not equal in this novel. Women s position is lower than that of menwho dominate over everything and suppress women. This is especially seen at thefamily level where the husband is the sole decision maker and the wife just acceptsthose decisions without question. Ole Kaelo has a very easy time courting and marryinghis wife. A woman is not supposed to resist a man who wants to marry her as perNasilian tradition whether she loves him or not.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.2736497}
{"text": "This is especially seen at thefamily level where the husband is the sole decision maker and the wife just acceptsthose decisions without question. Ole Kaelo has a very easy time courting and marryinghis wife. A woman is not supposed to resist a man who wants to marry her as perNasilian tradition whether she loves him or not. We are told She accepted him withoutany resistance. Tradition did not allow her to offer any and as expected of her, she didnot resist p.29 . Mama Milanoi is an unequal marriage partner to Ole Kaelo. She leavesdecision making to her husband and does not oppose any of his decisions. She refusesto be drawn into the discussion about the coaching of her daughters by Joseph saying It was Taiyo s father s territory p.56 .Mama Milanoi cannot oppose him for in herculture there was no room for dissent, especially if the subject was in conformity withthe culture p.61 .In this society, women had no say. It was a patriarchal society where the Emakerereiand her ilk were fighting to find relevance with little success p.62 . Such genderimbalance uplifts the man over the woman. In their case, it leaves Ole Kaelo with thesole responsibility of making final decisions on all matters affecting the family. We arealso told that Mama Milanoi has been held captive by her husband who never foronce allowed her to express her own opinion on any matter however small it was p.277 . This suppression has prevented her from speaking her mind and opposing thesubjection of her daughters to outdated cultural practices. Resian is opposed to her64father s hiring of Joseph to coach them about Nasilian culture. She says I am beginningto think it is disadvantageous being a woman in this society p.73 . She finds fault withthe plan reasoning that if they were sons, they would not be subjected to such culturalcoaching. Resian regrets living in a society where men thought they had right to everywoman s body p.143 . This is after their near-rape by two men. Such unjustified rightsemanate from the fact that men deem themselves as superior to women and can dowhatever they want with women. CHANGEChange refers to transition or transformation of characters or situations.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.38442}
{"text": "Resian regrets living in a society where men thought they had right to everywoman s body p.143 . This is after their near-rape by two men. Such unjustified rightsemanate from the fact that men deem themselves as superior to women and can dowhatever they want with women. CHANGEChange refers to transition or transformation of characters or situations. Most of thechanges in the novel Blossoms of the Savannah are caused by the erosion of the Maaculture as a result of its coming into contact with modern culture or civilization. Thiscauses alienation in characters and as a result they change. The Ole Kaelos are forced by destiny to relocate to Nasila after his retrenchment. Thiscame as a thunderbolt at midday p.7 . The environment in Kaelo s new home in Nasilais different from that in their urban home in Nakuru. Taiyo and Resian are woken up thefirst day in Nasila by a lively chatter of birds in the trees surrounding the house Whata contrast to what they were used to in Nakuru! P.14 . In Nakuru, they were alwayswoken up by hoots from Matatus, touts shouts, engine revving and banging on vehicles. Nasila culture is changing due to alienation. Mama Milanoi cannot believe she can havea man as old as Oloisudori as her mother-in-law. She observes that in the past, such athing would not have happened for Culture would not have allowed it to happen p.114 . She feels that if Nasila culture was intact, such a thing would not havehappened and she wonders where that culture had fled to Had the culture becomemoribund, useless and impotent? P.117 This could be true because forced marriagesto old people were not there in the past and any old man who showed interest in ayoung girl was met with much retribution from women and the entire society. Pp.115117 . The traditional Nasilian culture had many advantages to the people. It regulatedlives of people, defined relationships, did not favour or discriminate and above all, wascherished by all. Sadly, according to Mama Milanoi, this culture was no more.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.3514519}
{"text": "The traditional Nasilian culture had many advantages to the people. It regulatedlives of people, defined relationships, did not favour or discriminate and above all, wascherished by all. Sadly, according to Mama Milanoi, this culture was no more. It was65defiled and polluted by the likes of Oloisudori had become mutable and containeddefiant mutants that it could not regulate and which were above Nasila laws p.118 .One of the causes of this great change in Nasila culture is education for Mama Milanoigoes on to observe that she had seen changes in her daughters. They had gonethrough a school system that intermingled them with children from other cultures. P.118 . As a result, her children know very little of Nasila culture. They were children ofa new undefined culture. Theirs was a mutant of another kind p.118 . Indeed, Resianbest exemplifies the epitome of this new undefined culture. Joseph Parmuat observes that Individualism, petty jealousy and lack of trust killed thatonce important aspect of Nasila culture p.127 . The individualism of the likes of OleKaelo and Oloisudori are very central in eroding the culture of Nasila hence bringingmany changes in the society. According to Taiyo, culture and traditions are never static. She says, By being dynamic, culture shades off aspects that become irrelevant withtime p.128 . She hopes that the outdated FGM and restriction on inter-clan marriageshould be abolished from Nasila cultural practices. Joseph and Minik cites culturalpractices like throwing the dead to the hyenas, leaving the elderly and sick in desertedhomesteads to be devoured by wild animals and emuata pp.128, 263 . This ascertainsthe dynamism and transformational characteristic of Nasilian culture over the years anaspect that gives hope to fighters against outdated practices such as F.G.M.LOVE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILYOle Kaelo has effectively played his role as a father by providing and putting up a housefor his family in Nasila. The house he has built for his family in Nasila is so magnificentthat Mama Milanoi exclaims, Father of all creation! This is but a dream p.30 . Taiyosays that the house is magnificent while Resian exclaims she had never seen anythinglike it before p.31 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.3897007}
{"text": "The house he has built for his family in Nasila is so magnificentthat Mama Milanoi exclaims, Father of all creation! This is but a dream p.30 . Taiyosays that the house is magnificent while Resian exclaims she had never seen anythinglike it before p.31 . At another level, both parents fail in their emotional obligations toone of their daughters, Resian. Ole Kaelo for instance has instilled fear in her such thatthere is no free interaction between father and daughter, has hated her from birth, keepsreprimanding her, abuses her and finally greatly betrays her by conspiring to marry heroff to his friend Oloisudori pp. 206-210 and when this aborts, he turns to his favoritedaughter Taiyo but not before he has her forcefully circumcised p.273 . The hitherto66good and peaceful family especially when he was in Nakuru has fallen apart at the endof the novel due to his greed for wealth. In the traditional Nasilian culture, love is not entirely a prerequisite to marriage. Although Ole Kaelo was smitten with love for Mama Milanoi the first time he saw her inthe church, her feelings for him are not required for them to marry. We are told that From the moment he saw her, he had been obsessed and he was still obsessed twentytwo years later p.9 . On his wife s side, we are told, She accepted him without anyresistance. Tradition did not allow her to offer any and as expected of her, she did notresist p.29 . What she considers is his character. We are told she knew he was a goodman, a great provider, a planner and a man with the will to succeed. She also knew heloved her genuinely p.29 . He continues loving his wife many years after their marriageshowing his satisfaction with her. When he wakes up he says, Oh, did he not have awife there. He was elated p.59 .Simiren, brother to Ole Kaelo, is a polygamist but he treats all his wives equally. It wasonly yeiyo-botorr, who occupied a special position in the home and who received favourfrom her husband without anyone frowning. Communal life, selflessness, and respectcharacterize this family and there are few disagreements and disputes.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.3319042}
{"text": "He was elated p.59 .Simiren, brother to Ole Kaelo, is a polygamist but he treats all his wives equally. It wasonly yeiyo-botorr, who occupied a special position in the home and who received favourfrom her husband without anyone frowning. Communal life, selflessness, and respectcharacterize this family and there are few disagreements and disputes. The family ingeneral is a haven of peace, a thing that makes Resian and Taiyo admire traditional wayof life in their uncle s polygamous marriage p.154 .Taiyo puts love first before cultural dictates on who one should marry. Their culturedoes not allow inter-culture marriage but nonetheless, she falls in love with JosephParmuat, who belongs to her own clan and hence they are not allowed to marry. Taiyo isassertive enough for she is the one who approaches Joseph saying, I know you are inlove with me the way I am in love with you p.133 . Joseph reciprocates her love forhim saying, I loved you the moment I saw you during your father s homecomingceremony p.134 . When Resian asks Joseph to be her Patureishi, he says that culturedoes not allow it for she is like his sister p.127 .Taiyo loves her sister so much that shehas stepped in to fill the vacuum that has been left in Resian s heart due to her parent scold attitude towards her. Resian has relied on her sister for protection since primary67and Taiyo has made it her duty to mop her tears p.34 .SUFFERINGThere are several characters who suffer in the hands of the blunt Nasilian culture. Resian is slapped by her father for refusing to marry Oloisudori. After this, sheundergoes a series of mental and physical suffering. She suffers as she is transportedto the assumed Minik s Sheep ranch by Olarinkoi. At night during the journey, she fearsattack of wild animals. She also had a layer of dust in her mouth, in her nostrils, in herears and on her eyelashes p.215 . She suffers in the hands of Olarinkoi and his mother. She is physically assaulted by Olarinkoi until she passes out after which he proceeds torape her. After the sexual assault, she falls sick and has hallucinations.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.4452872}
{"text": "She also had a layer of dust in her mouth, in her nostrils, in herears and on her eyelashes p.215 . She suffers in the hands of Olarinkoi and his mother. She is physically assaulted by Olarinkoi until she passes out after which he proceeds torape her. After the sexual assault, she falls sick and has hallucinations. We are told thatwhen she later came to, confused fleeting impressions registered on her awareness p.223 .Taiyo also suffers the blunt of archaic retrogressive Nasilian culture. She is forcedagainst her will to undergo FGM. During the painful rite, we are told She screamed andscreamed, but nobody came to her rescue. Then she fainted. When she came to, twodays later, she was sore, bitter and angry p.273 .RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONSDuring the homecoming party of Ole Kaelo, an elder is expected to bless his homebefore Ole Kaelo can be received back in Nasila. We are told The elders would alsobless the wife, children and property that he brought back and which were all henceforthgoing to be the wealth of the Ilmolelian clan p.38 . The ceremony is conducted by OleMusanka who is to conduct the sacred ceremony of officially receiving him into theIlmolelian culture and offer blessings for his family s well-being p.50 . Apart fromblessing Ole Kaelo, the elder had special blessing for Taiyo. He even prophecies thatshe would be the mother of the next leader p.52 . This man also curses Emakererei, thewasp, whose real name is Minik for fighting F.G.M. He says May she go down with thesetting sun p.52 . 68Teiyo Bottor, Resian and Taiyo s aunt tell their mother that their daughter Resian hasOlkuenyi, a bad spirit and it is only circumcision that could get rid of it p.78 . MamaMilanoi remembers that when she was young, diseases were treated through a bloodletting ceremony known as angam. Several nicks were made on the ailing sections ofthe body and the blood sucked out p.79 . Curses are indications of the superstitiousnature of this community. The Enkoiboni, is a diviner.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.4264987}
{"text": "Several nicks were made on the ailing sections ofthe body and the blood sucked out p.79 . Curses are indications of the superstitiousnature of this community. The Enkoiboni, is a diviner. It is said that she had prophesiedthat Ole Kaelo would move to Nasila with his two uncircumcised daughters and that hisson would go to live in that home and finally bring with him one of Ole Kaelo s daughterto be circumcised before marrying her. Going by that, it is evident that her propheciesand predictions are true p.232 . As Nabaru and Resian escape from Olarinkoi, Olarinkoicurses her saying, My mother s curse will find you there p.249 . He also boasts thathis mother s predictions always come to pass p.250 .WOMEN AS THEIR OWN ENEMIESMuch as the modern woman opposes retrogressive cultural practice such as F.G.M,majority of women support these practices. Mama Milanoi is in support of F.G.M evenas her daughters fight to resist the harmful practice. The writer puts: Did she notsupport female genital mutilation that was prevalent among her people in Nasila? P.63 . Despite being a woman, she betrays her daughter by giving her over to theenkamuratani to be circumcised pp.272-273 . She also keeps quiet and does not speakto oppose her husband s plans to marry off her daughters to an old man. This is despitethe fact that she is inwardly opposed to the whole idea. According to Maa oral tradition,it was women who came up with the idea of F.GM. They made a lasting resolution tosexual exploitation of women by the Olarinkoi and that gave rise to enkamuratani. Andher olmurunya was shaped, sharpened and handed to her p.87 . The same practicethat was useful then comes to haunt young girls such as Taiyo and Resian. Nabaru also finds fault with the Maa women. She believes that they were theperpetrators of FGM and that no woman had taken up the olmurunya to circumcise agirl. P.277 . Resian says that if all women said no to the detestable culture, men woulddo nothing and the practice would stop p.278 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.4589217}
{"text": "She believes that they were theperpetrators of FGM and that no woman had taken up the olmurunya to circumcise agirl. P.277 . Resian says that if all women said no to the detestable culture, men woulddo nothing and the practice would stop p.278 . However, women are not speaking inone voice hence it has becomes very difficult to fight cultural practices that harms them. 69Olarinkoi s mother also greatly serves in oppressing fellow women. She is planning tohave Resian circumcised before she can be married by her son. The three women thatTaiyo composes a song to ridicule also serve in oppressing women. We are told thatthey collaborated with men to oppress women p.153 .WAR VIOLENCEThe traditional Maa community in which the novel is set takes pride in engaging inexternal battles and wars to protect their territory or as an economic undertaking. Thereare many cases of violence reported in the clan. One remarkable war is that between Olarinkoi and Maa warriors that led to the Maapeople being ruled for many years. After many years under the Ilarinkon rule, we are toldthat the Maa people eventually revolted and overthrew the Olarinkoi despotic rule p.87 . Ole Kaelo attacks his daughter Resian for refusing to cooperate in his plan tohave her married to Oloisudori. After a moment of frozen immobility, her fathersuddenly pushed his chair, moved fast from behind the desk and slapped her face,sending her reeling back so that she almost fell p.209 .The fight between the girls at Minik s ranch and Oloisudori s men ends the protractedoppression of the man on Kaelo s daughters. We are told that his convoy wasreduced to smoldering shells and acrid smell of burning tyres p283 . There is also afight between Olarinkoi and the men that wanted to rape Resian and Taiyo. The braveryof Olarinkoi saves the girls from being raped. When the two young men are caught up byOlarinkoi and his men, they are beaten up before being spared. Women are also violent. The case in point is the old man they punish for being infatuated by a young girl.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.4807186}
{"text": "The braveryof Olarinkoi saves the girls from being raped. When the two young men are caught up byOlarinkoi and his men, they are beaten up before being spared. Women are also violent. The case in point is the old man they punish for being infatuated by a young girl. We aretold Then all the women proceeded to the homestead of the accused, armed with allkinds of weapons that included firewood and their husbands knobkerries p.115 .They go on to beating him thoroughly and stripping him naked p.116 . Finally, thisman dies and the women feel satisfied that they have avenged their anger. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ON THEMES1. Explain four good aspects of Nasilian culture. 702. Discuss four cases of culture conflict in the novel Blossoms of the Savannah.3. Identify and illustrate instances of alienation in the novel.4. Determination is the key to success. Write a detailed composition to illustrate thestatement.5. Resian, Taiyo and Minik are justified in their fight against FGM because many culturalpractices have been abandoned. Do you agree? Support your answer with illustrationsfrom the novel.6. Illustrate cases of betrayal in the novel Blossoms of the Savannah and their impacton characters.7. Discuss four evils present in a morally decadent society. CHAPTER FOURLANGUAGE AND STYLEThe language used in literature is different from that used in other disciplines. Languagein literature goes a notch higher because it is not only used originally but alsoinnovatively. This contributes to aesthetics or beauty in literary texts hence appealing tothe readers. Style on the other hand can simply be defined as the unique manner ofdoing something. Just like everybody has a walking style and hair cutting style,playwrights have unique ways which they use to pass their messages to the audience. There are a number of stylistic devices in the novel Blossoms of the Savannah. Thisguidebook will enumerate some of these devices. Vivid DescriptionThe writer uses words to paint clear mental images on the readers mind. This enablesthe audience to understand the text better. As the Kaelo s are preparing to depart fromNakuru for Nasila the scenery is vividly described. He was gesticulating violently,apparently reprimanding loaders for being slow and inept p.1 . This description pointsout clearly the character of Kaelo as stern.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.4982553}
{"text": "As the Kaelo s are preparing to depart fromNakuru for Nasila the scenery is vividly described. He was gesticulating violently,apparently reprimanding loaders for being slow and inept p.1 . This description pointsout clearly the character of Kaelo as stern. The welcoming ceremony of the Kaelo s71familybyuncleSimiren sfamilyisvividlydescribed Chunksofmeatwentround...selected a piece from the tray p.12 . The description helps in showing thegenerous nature of Kaelo as well as his meticulous planning abilities. Life at Nasila isvividly described the intermittent crowing of roosters a rare atmosphere of tranquilityand serenity... p.14 . The description is used to contrast the peaceful mood of the ruralNasila and the urban town of Nakuru that is characterized by hustles and bustles. Simiren s polygamous setting is described vividly Three main houses stood within awell-tended and a evenly trimmed kei apple perimeter hedge p.14 . The sixteen or sochildren aged between three and sixteen were perched on benches, stools and chairs p.16 . This description shows high birthrate in the family. It also paints a polygamousfamily in Nasila. The vivid description of Ole Supeyo p.23 , he lifted a corner of hisshirt and scratched his belly while his other hand stroked the stubble on his chin shows his wealthy status in the society. Oloisudori is described in uncomplimentary terms wide gap black eyes .looking like awarthog p.92 . The description signals Oloisudori s mean character and the readerscan even form a picture of a criminal before much is disclosed to them. There is a vividdescription of how women in the past dealt with an old man who sexually mistreated ayoung girl p.117 . Taiyo s bold visit to Joseph s bachelor house is vividly described p.130 . It shows the feelings of the two lovers who are restrained by culture. The attack ofthe two girls by two men in which Olarinkoi saves them is vividly described. He spranglike a ghost p.141 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.5496144}
{"text": "It shows the feelings of the two lovers who are restrained by culture. The attack ofthe two girls by two men in which Olarinkoi saves them is vividly described. He spranglike a ghost p.141 . This shows the risk the girls are going though in the hostile Nasilaenvironment. The search conducted by thirty men with Kaelo and Joseph is vividly described to showthe urgency of getting the girls molesters p161 . The resigned Resian is vividlydescribed after she is required to serve Oloisudori and his group p.172 . She walked toan oloponi tree at the centre of the garden. Finding a log underneath it, she sankdown her shoulders drooping It shows Oloisudori s insensitive character. Thejourney by Oloisudori and the couple is vividly described p. 190,191 . It showsOloisudori s cunning and scheming character. The journey by Resian, Olarinkoi and the72pick-up driver is vividly described to show the ill manners of the two young men p. 212,213 . The escape by Resian and Nabaru is also vividly described to show the riskinvolved by the two females with strong character p. 247 .SimilesA simile is a stylistic device that compares two things indirectly with an aim of drawinga mental picture in the mind of the reader. Before the Kaelo s relocate to Nasila, somewomen from Nasila visit Mama Milanoi. They signal a future menace since the girls arenot circumcised. The author says, The words came to haunt her like a demented spirit p.8 . This is later seen when mama Milanoi and Kaelo have to live alone in their old ageafter Taiyo and Resian go to the ranch and later to the university p.13 . They hadlikened him to a mono- eyed giant who stood on legs of straw. P.13 .Kaelo is comparedto a giant because he holds a senior position in his home, as the head in his house yethe has chosen to be very weak by having only one wife and two daughters. The eldersfeel Kaelo is not stable. He should be supported by many sons like Simiren. Ole Supeyocompares effects of FGM with effects of dehorning cows.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.530867}
{"text": "The eldersfeel Kaelo is not stable. He should be supported by many sons like Simiren. Ole Supeyocompares effects of FGM with effects of dehorning cows. Like cattle that requiredbeing dehorned to reduce accidental injuries to each other, a certain docility wasrequired to keep more than one wife in one homestead p.22 . This simile shows thechauvinistic nature of Supeyo. The sense of foreboding from the threat was still hanging in the air like the sword ofDamocles. P.27 . This simile shows the apprehensive mood in which the girls are inafter they are accosted by the callous young man. Mama Milanoi says her husband hadbullied and scolded her like half-witted child p.29 . This shows how Kaelo consideredher as a child. It also reveals the low position of a wife in a Maa family. Uncle Simiren danced, his bald head shining like a piece of iron sheet in the afternoonsun. P.45 . The simile shows the industry, age and alienation of Simiren as well as thecelebratory mood in the event. After the drinks, voices of laughter of the revelers aredescribed as: they rose and fell like sound of waves beating upon flooded river banksto show the exuberant carefree mood p.50 . A simile describes Resian s condition ofinsecurity, Lonely stalked her like a lost young leopard. P.57 . This shows the danger73that looms in the new environment. Kaelo comments, Your daughter Resian is like anoverfed lizard in the afternoon sun p.64 .The simile is used to comment on the lazycharacter of Resian. Olarinkoi is described as sitting quietly and staring unblinkingly like a leopard wouldwhile stalking an antelope p.75 . This shows Olarinkoi s antisocial nature. It alsoindirectly reveals his real intention in Kaelo s home. Yeiyo Botorr expresses hercontempt for Resian s assertive character in a simile. One with olkuenyi bad spirit was shunned like plague p.78 . It was easier to fall in love with a serpent than withOlarinkoi p.80 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.5447786}
{"text": "P.26 . Ole Musanka describes Kaelo as a tinystrand of hair that has been blown away from its owner s head by a gust of wind. P.51 . 74This shows that Kaelo is part of Maa culture and is owned by the Maa culture. P.51 . Italso brings out the wise character of Ole Musanka. To express her contempt andannoyance, Resian describes Oloisudori, what an ill-mannered devil this man is. P.93 .After the heinous act by Olarinkoi on Resian, rape, the sun is described as a bowl of red p.226 .PersonificationIt is a stylistic device in which a novelist uses human attributes on non-living things withsignificance to the novel. For instance Nakuru is described as That beloved town thatwas the mother of all flamingoes p.2 . It is evident that the flamingoes make the areavery attractive and probably that is one of the reasons Taiyo sheds tears and is hesitantto leave it for Nasila a rural set up. It could also be interpreted that Nakuru is enlivenedby the flamingoes making it relaxing. On reaching Nasila, the tranquility is expressed, acool fresh breeze swept in and caressed her face soothingly. P.14 .The breeze in thiscase is emphasized by being given a human quality of caressing. A pot of ugali is saidto hiss cheerfully at the side p.280 .The exaggeration is aimed at emphasizing on thesignificance of the happy event. DialogueIt is a novelistic style in which the writer presents the actual conversation betweencharacters. It brings a break from prose and therefore breaks monotony on the part ofthe reader. Taiyo and Resian converse about their new residence p.3 . The dialogueshows their mixed attitudes towards Nasila. Resian is afraid of the new home. She fearsthat the new shop may not pick something which may make the family needy in thefuture. However, Taiyo encourages her to have faith. While taking a walk around Simiren s compound, Taiyo and Resian converse on theapprehension and rivalry among the four houses. This exposes the enmity in apolygamous marriage.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.5830805}
{"text": "She fearsthat the new shop may not pick something which may make the family needy in thefuture. However, Taiyo encourages her to have faith. While taking a walk around Simiren s compound, Taiyo and Resian converse on theapprehension and rivalry among the four houses. This exposes the enmity in apolygamous marriage. The dialogue between Joseph and Ole Kaelo serves to warnTaiyo and Joseph against having any love relationship p.70 .The heated conversation between yeiyo-Botorr, mama Milanoi, Taiyo and Resian on p.77reveals Resian s assertiveness and daring character. It also shows yeiyo-botorr as75conservative. The dialogue between Taiyo, Resian and yeiyo-Kiti gives the girls moreinformation about Minik Nkoitoi and adds curiosity on the part of the girls to see her inthe future p.151 .On the other hand, the heated dialogue between Kaelo and Resian p. 210, 211 bringsout Kaelo s character as mean and abusive while it portrays Resian as sentimental. Lastly, the conversation between Resian, Taiyo and Minik on p. 280 in Minik s officebrings out the manager s character as courteous. FlashbackIt is a style in which a novelist takes us back to a time in the past with an intention ofinforming the reader on past occurrences. It reveals critical information to the audienceas well as helping in plot development. We are informed of how the Kaelo s got marriedtwenty two years ago and how Kaelo got employed by Agribix Limited. In order formama Milanoi to view the future in the right perspective, she first recalls on the past p.7 . Kaelo flashes back how he had first spotted Jane, his wife in a church service p.9 . The flashback helps in identifying Mama Milanoi as religious. Through a flashback we are told of the humorous story of how Ole Supeyo would takeKaelo to the forest and instruct him to count a lot of money. From this flashback, wediscover their deep rooted friendship p. 21 . The flashback in this case is also a sourceof humour. Mama Milanoi flashes back to a time when Kaelo married her twenty twoyears ago and how her parents were happy to get a wealthy son in law p. 28 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.6065886}
{"text": "The flashback in this case is also a sourceof humour. Mama Milanoi flashes back to a time when Kaelo married her twenty twoyears ago and how her parents were happy to get a wealthy son in law p. 28 . Theflashback informs the audience of the concern Jane s parents had for their daughter. Taiyo has a flashback on how she excelled in music festivals and was awarded andgarlanded. An FM radio station sponsored her to attend an extravaganza p.44 . Thisflashback is essential in revealing Taiyo as a talented girl. It explains why she isinterested with the Maasai dance as well. Mama Milanoi flashes back when an old manlike Oloisudori would not have been allowed by culture to marry young girls. P.114 .insuch a case Mama Milanoi would have appealed to an elder s court which would rulehim out of elders. It would also fine him. Irony76This stylistic device entails a writer depicting what is contrary to what is expected by thereader. For instance, Mama Milanoi optimistically thinks that it would be easy for thecouple to marry off their two girls at Nasila than Nakuru town p.8 . However, thisproves to be difficult later in the novel. The two girls put up a spirited fight against theirmarriage to Oloisudori. Resian escapes from her prophesied marriage to Olarinkoi whileTaiyo escape shortly after undergoing FGM.It is ironical that Kaelo detests his daughter Resian simply because she is born a girlinstead of a son as he wishes. Since the baby is innocent and did not contribute in hersex, we expect the father to appreciate her. Furthermore, according to biologicalsciences it is the man who carries male genes p.10 . It is ironical when Kaelodismisses elders as practitioners of archaic traditions when they mount pressure forhim to be polygamous yet later he supports F.G.M on his daughters which is an equallyarchaic humiliating practice. This clearly portrays greed that overwhelms him as well ashis weak character p.113 . It is ironical that Kaelo had been warned against the criminalrecord of Oloisudori from Supeyo but still falls for his snare p.108 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.6400626}
{"text": "It is ironical when Kaelodismisses elders as practitioners of archaic traditions when they mount pressure forhim to be polygamous yet later he supports F.G.M on his daughters which is an equallyarchaic humiliating practice. This clearly portrays greed that overwhelms him as well ashis weak character p.113 . It is ironical that Kaelo had been warned against the criminalrecord of Oloisudori from Supeyo but still falls for his snare p.108 . It is ironical thatafter Joseph wins the hearts of Resian, his heart is filled with frightening premonition p.136 .Although the first day at Simiren s place begins happily, it ends while the girls aredisappointed after they are accosted by a callous young man. It is ironical that mamaMilanoi feels she has failed in giving Kaelo a son and even praises and praise God for ababy boy p.29 .It is ironical that the idea of Enkamuratani and Olmurunya was hatchedby women themselves p.87 . Many years later this practice becomes a source ofhumiliation and pain to the female population. It is ironical that FGM that adverselyaffects women in the Maa community is practically done by women p.227 .It is also ironical that Olarinkoi, the mysterious young man Resian detested later savestheir lives. P.142 . Still, it is ironical that when Kaelo calls Resian to inform her ofmarriage to Oloisudori, Resian thinks she is being called for admission in the university p.182 .Lastly, it is ironical that Emuata a heavy copper ring is primarily made to makebrides beautiful yet it is heavy and uncomfortable to the females p.263 . 77SymbolismThe physical appearance of the two sisters and their mother is symbolically expressed, Taiyo and Resian both head and shoulder taller than their mother, stood on p.11 .Theheight of the two girls is physically compared to that of their mother. The height couldbe interpreted in terms of their contribution to female emancipation. The deepermeaning is that Resian and Taiyo s role in fighting gender inequality is greater than thatof their mother. At the time of the planned circumcision of Resian, the sun is described, it s sad yellowlight discordant howls of hyenas... p.243 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.6259565}
{"text": "77SymbolismThe physical appearance of the two sisters and their mother is symbolically expressed, Taiyo and Resian both head and shoulder taller than their mother, stood on p.11 .Theheight of the two girls is physically compared to that of their mother. The height couldbe interpreted in terms of their contribution to female emancipation. The deepermeaning is that Resian and Taiyo s role in fighting gender inequality is greater than thatof their mother. At the time of the planned circumcision of Resian, the sun is described, it s sad yellowlight discordant howls of hyenas... p.243 . These symbols reinforces the mood. Also,as Nabaru and Resian leave the desolate village, there is a heavy downpour. The rainsymbolizes hope in future. P.248 . At the ranch, Resian is led to a house with asoothingly cool carpet which cools her tired and thorn pricked feet p.260 . This symbolassures the comfortable life the future holds for Resian. The conspicuous departure for Egerton University by Resian, Taiyo and Minik issymbolic. P.246 . They leave behind Oloisudori s burnt vehicles. It symbolizes theirvictory over Oloisudori s army, patriarchy, FGM and stereotype. Local DialectIt involves the use of Maasai and Swahili words in the novel by the author. The usageenriches the setting of the fiction; the Maasai geographical area of settlement and therural set up aspect of the novel. It makes the story credible, authentic and alive as wellas anchoring the elaborate theme of culture. In depicting the serene atmosphere, theauthor says, Interspersed were the olive- green ilorienito brown wild olive trees whosefragrant cluster of bushes of olobaani Ilkilenya climbers grew p.15 . Yeiyoo botorr p.16 , means eldest wife. Her presence portrays the different level of power in apolygamous marriage. Still to emphasize the beauty and serenity the writer says about Kaelo s home, clustersof oleleshua, osinoni and olkirrpanyany bushes dotted the compound. P.31 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.6575172}
{"text": "Yeiyoo botorr p.16 , means eldest wife. Her presence portrays the different level of power in apolygamous marriage. Still to emphasize the beauty and serenity the writer says about Kaelo s home, clustersof oleleshua, osinoni and olkirrpanyany bushes dotted the compound. P.31 . Peoplevisit Kaelo s new home so as to observe the girls with an aim of commending them as78inkainito p.36 .Enkaitoyoni and enkamuratani came to make acquaintance with potential clients. P.36 .After feeding and dancing, people take esuguroi drink to gladden their hearts p.46 .Esuguroi is a fermented honey beer spiced with aloe. It is believed that Resian hasKisirani, an evil ominous harbinger to a terrible thing p.78 .There are many other instances of use of local dialects such as intoiye nemengalana,olmurunya, papaai, enkoiboni, inkainito, shuka, olbitirr, mzee, mheshimiwa, patureishi,elangatare, oloiboni and many others. The meaning of these Maasai and Kiswahiliwords has been provided in the text or in the glossary of terms at the end of the novel. ForeshadowIt is a stylistic device in which something ominous is signaled to happen in the future. Mama Milanoi experiences a pang of strange premonition that twists her nervesunpleasantly p.17 . This suggests the lurking danger especially because her daughtersare in the status of intoiye nemengalana. Once they arrive in their new house, Resiansays, I feel an oppressive silence. P.32 .This points at the rough episodes sheencounters later p.32 . Taiyo and Resian experience a long night characterized bymournful calls of night birds p.55 . This signals the bad experience ahead. On page 138,Olmultut a bird of bad omen coos sorrowfully at Resian s gate. This bird is a harbingerof bad news. Its cry is ominous p.138 .Rhetorical QuestionsIt is a stylistic device which employs questions which do not necessarily requireanswers but are aimed at stimulating critical thinking.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.6875753}
{"text": "On page 138,Olmultut a bird of bad omen coos sorrowfully at Resian s gate. This bird is a harbingerof bad news. Its cry is ominous p.138 .Rhetorical QuestionsIt is a stylistic device which employs questions which do not necessarily requireanswers but are aimed at stimulating critical thinking. To show that Kaelo is goingthrough a hard reflective moment, he asks, Was not everybody doing business with him?Was he really that bad? Was it the usual business rivalry and envy? Oloisudori p.27 .These questions show the dilemma in which Kaelo is in. Mama Milanoi wonders whatthey stand for as a family. Are they traditionalists or modernists? P.62 . This shows herdilemma towards F.G.M and her daughters. Resian asks, Was there a curse for beingborn a woman? P.205 . She rhetorically asks, Was it jealousy consuming her? P.49 .This is about the growing love between Taiyo and Joseph. Nabaru argues on page 277,79 if the Enkamuratani threw away the olmurunya and refused to wield it again, whatwould happen? It is a call for women s awakening to rise to the occasion and fightF.G.M.Oral Literature DevicesNarrativesKaelo had learnt that Odomongi and Orok-kiteng, the legendary twin homesteads of thefounder that begot of the five clans of Nasila: Ilmolelian, Ilmakesen, Ilukumae, Ilaiserand Iltarrosero were the cradle of Nasila people p.37 . Mama Milanoi s dilemma is aptlydescribed in a summarized narrative. Her situation was like that of ole Nkipida who waschased into a deserted hut by a lion just to be confronted by a hungry python at the door p.60 . This describes the conflict brought about by F.G.M. There is a common myththat by spilling blood through F.G.M bad spirit is purged away p.78 . Joseph narrates amoving story of the legendry Olarinkoi p.81 . In the story, women entertain Ilarinkonwarriors who demeaned and sexually exploited women p.86 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.7145967}
{"text": "There is a common myththat by spilling blood through F.G.M bad spirit is purged away p.78 . Joseph narrates amoving story of the legendry Olarinkoi p.81 . In the story, women entertain Ilarinkonwarriors who demeaned and sexually exploited women p.86 . The story also tells theorigin of F.G.M P.87 .Song and DanceOn page41, during the homecoming ceremony, a bevy of beautiful young women danceexciting traditional dance. Men also do a springy dance p.41 . It is from this dance thatTaiyo falls in love with Joseph Parmuat. He leads primary school children into a songabout welcoming the returning hero, Kaelo p.42 . Taiyo composes a song which shesings in her heart. The song is dedicated to three women who collaborated with men tooppress women folks p.153 .Girls from Intapuka e Maa sing a song p.281 . This song makes the two girls shedtears for it praises intoiye nemengalana. P.281 . It also reveals women assertivenessand readiness to fight oppressive cultural practices as well as song of hope, victory andequality. 80ProverbsThey are short statements laden with a deep meaning. They are mostly used by theelderly people as a measure of wisdom and experience. Ole Kaelo on p.25 says, Theman with the meat was the same man with the knife. This signifies that for him to getcontracts, he must work with the corrupt Oloisudori. On p.25 Ole Musanka quips, Whenan old rat begins to smell, it returns to its mother s home p.52 . Meaning that Kaelo isold and had to return to Maa culture as well as home for a sense of belonging. What thesuperstitious Yeiyoo Botorr says to mama Milanoi about Resian is in form of a proverb, To hide a boil that is under the armpit is unwise p.78 . Meaning the girl s condition ofintoiye nemengalana is vicious and will soon burst.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.705659}
{"text": "Meaning that Kaelo isold and had to return to Maa culture as well as home for a sense of belonging. What thesuperstitious Yeiyoo Botorr says to mama Milanoi about Resian is in form of a proverb, To hide a boil that is under the armpit is unwise p.78 . Meaning the girl s condition ofintoiye nemengalana is vicious and will soon burst. While encouraging Resian to escapeto the ranch Olarinkoi says, Home is never far for one who is still alive p.211 .SuspenseIt is a device in which the writer creates a pleasurable emotion of anticipation andexcitement regarding the outcome of events or phenomenon. In the novel, an air ofsuspense surrounds Olarinkoi. Kaelo does not introduce him to us at any point in thenovel nor does he mention him. P.79 . The audience is let to think about him evokingcuriosity which keep them reading. The breaking down of the lorry near the ranchattracts suspense p.252 . Readers wonder what is to happen next. They worry of thecharacter s safety. When Minik calls Taiyo and Resian in her office and stays for longwithout breaking the silence, suspense is created. Especially because she is holding twoletters with unknown contents p. 279 . The readers remain in suspense for long as towhether Resian will agree to be married by Oloisudori or not. They also keep readingand to see whether she will be circumcised by force by Olarinkoi s mother and bemarried by Olarinkoi as his mother had prophesied. DreamKaelo has a dream in which Resian consents to marriage by Oloisudori p.195 . Thedream shows the level of greed in Kaelo. While in a strange room belonging toOlarinkoi s people, Resian has a dream in which she meets Minik. The dream fires herambition. P.220 . Resian dreams a triumphant dream where she battles enkamuratani screw who want to circumcise her by force p.244, 245 . 81AllusionIt is a style in which there is a reference to something which is supposed to be knownbut not explicitly mentioned. A writer can refer to history, politics, the bible, literatureand so on.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.735519}
{"text": "Resian dreams a triumphant dream where she battles enkamuratani screw who want to circumcise her by force p.244, 245 . 81AllusionIt is a style in which there is a reference to something which is supposed to be knownbut not explicitly mentioned. A writer can refer to history, politics, the bible, literatureand so on. In this novel, there are literary and biblical allusions. Resian quotes from afamous speaker, What pained one most was not the injustices carried out against oneby the adversaries but the silence of those who called themselves his or her friends atthe time the injustice was done p.231 . This literary allusion is in reference to hermother who kept quiet all the time they were being exposed to barbaric Nasilian culturalpractices. There are several cases of biblical allusion. Resian remembers thetribulations of the Biblical Job. P.230 . She suddenly fell on her knees and hugged thelegs of the old woman washing them with tears p.234 .The allusion in this context isthat of Mary in the St Luke in the Bible where she chooses to anoint Jesus using her hair. In this context, the respect Resian has for the enkabaani is emphasized. Still, Resianreminds herself of what the Bible says, p.257 . Some scriptures on optimism arequoted. The Joseph in the bible alludes to the Biblical Joseph who sacrificed for Christby offering his tomb to be used by Christ p.277 . Joseph in the novel finally sacrificesby dying for the sake of Taiyo. 82CHAPTER FIVESAMPLE AND PRACTICE EXCERPTSSAMPLE EXCERPTS1. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. No Joseph, she said in an infantile whimper. I can t bear that we can t express thelove that we have for one another because of some primitive culture. If by loving you, Ioffend the sensibilities of Nasila then let me offend and face the consequences ofdoing so! I also love you very much, Joseph Parmuat responded finally. I loved you the momentI saw you during your father s homecoming ceremony. But then the clan matter came toseparate us. It is true we have no blood relation. But Nasila culture dictates who arerelated and who are not.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.750685}
{"text": "But then the clan matter came toseparate us. It is true we have no blood relation. But Nasila culture dictates who arerelated and who are not. We are slotted among those who cannot marry. No, it can t be, I cannot accept its verdict, she said petulantly her words agonised. No83way, never! She stopped, confused and angry with herself at her inarticulate outburst. She took several long steadying breaths and then said, I cannot accept that a culturethat does not feed, clothe or house me comes to control my life. Our lives belong to us,Joseph. The destiny of our lives is in our own hands. We should guard it jealously. Atlast they drew a little a part .His eyes were open, honest and steady upon her face.1. What happens before this excerpt? 3mks 2. For both Joseph and Taiyo, give and illustrate two character traits. 4mks 3. How is dialogue significant in this excerpt? 4mks 4. Explain any two thematic concerns addressed in the excerpt. 4mks 5. From elsewhere in the novel, how does Joseph sacrifice for his love for Taiyo? 4mks 6. Explain the meaning of the following vocabulary as used in the excerpt. 4mks a destinyb infantilec petulantlyd primitive7. What happens immediately after this extract? 2mks 2. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that followYou are mad! Resian screamed at him. You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. Ican only be your wife over my dead body. Yes, you and my father can kill me and carrymy dead body to your palatial home. He was stunned by those harsh words. He winced as if he had been struck. Then84already harsh line of his mouth tightened and he stood tense for a moment. Then herelaxed and watched her mockingly. You can never escape Resian, he repeated quietly,smiling. The very normality of his voice as he spoke those monstrous words was mostshocking and disturbing to her. Whether you scream your heart out, or jump into thedeep sea, Resian, you are mine.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.8007448}
{"text": "You can never escape Resian, he repeated quietly,smiling. The very normality of his voice as he spoke those monstrous words was mostshocking and disturbing to her. Whether you scream your heart out, or jump into thedeep sea, Resian, you are mine. You are my wife from now henceforth I want to go now. Resian announced angrily shuddering with disgust and terror. You want to go? He asked, the contemptuous quiet of his voice a menace by itself. Go!You want to be persuaded, coaxed and pampered to marry Oloisudori Lonkiyaa? Sorry Iwill not do that! If you want to go, please yourself. You may opt to go, but when you aremine, you will do as I please. No one plays games with Oloisudori. Ask your father, hewill tell you. Stop it! Stop it! Resian screamed excruciatingly pained by the disdainful remarks ofOloisudori. Putting her hands over her ears, she made a dash for the door. He made noeffort to stop her but she flung it open and turned to glare at him with tearful eyesYou are mad! She screamed again sobbingly. You are stark mad! You hear me? Youare nothing but ol-ushuushi. She walked away and as she did so, she heard his softlaughter behind her.1. Say what happens before this excerpt. 3mks 2. How is Oloisudori portrayed in this excerpt? 4mks 3. Describe the feeling of Resian in this excerpt 3mks 4. From other areas of the novel, state other crimes that are practiced by Oloisudori. 3mks .5. How does the writer utilize irony in this excerpt? 85 3mks 6. You are my wife from now henceforth Rewrite in the reported speech. 1mk 7. Explain the meaning of the following words 4mks a Pamperedb Disgustc Madd Palatial7. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 3.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.7762642}
{"text": "You are my wife from now henceforth Rewrite in the reported speech. 1mk 7. Explain the meaning of the following words 4mks a Pamperedb Disgustc Madd Palatial7. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 3. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow. They were silent as they climbed the hill on their way back from Nasila river to drawwater. The water containers that they carried on their backs were now heavy. Thestraps that supported the containers pressed down their heads with a painfulexhaustion. As they walked, each one of them allowed her mind to fleetingly roam the fanciful landof wishful thinking. Resian thought how wonderful it would be, had she had a chance to enroll at theEgerton University and after graduation had a chance to work with her role model, Minikene Nkoitoi, the Emakererei at the sheep ranch that she managed. She imagined herselfalready there driving a large flock of sheep. And when she thought of sheep, her mindflew back to fifteen years or so earlier and reminisced the first time she saw a sheep. Itwas a childhood memory, a memorable picture from the swirling scene around herwhich had been captured and preserved by her mind when she and Taiyo accompaniedtheir father to the Nakuru Agricultural Show. She could still see in her mind a group ofbig, docile, tawny woolly animals that stood panting drowsily in a green pasture, with the86sun beaming down brightly from a clear blue sky. She had then admired the white longovercoats that the handlers wore. Taiyo also thought of Emakererei. She would ask Joseph Parmuat, to assist hercompose a song in her praise. She had already put words to a tune she had composedto ridicule the three women who she thought collaborated with men to oppress thewomen folk. They were Nasila s three blind mice who, she thought, did not seem toknow that the world was changing.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.7923553}
{"text": "She had then admired the white longovercoats that the handlers wore. Taiyo also thought of Emakererei. She would ask Joseph Parmuat, to assist hercompose a song in her praise. She had already put words to a tune she had composedto ridicule the three women who she thought collaborated with men to oppress thewomen folk. They were Nasila s three blind mice who, she thought, did not seem toknow that the world was changing. Those were the enkasakutoni, who threatened tocurse intoiye nemengalana and ensured they did not get husbands nor children: themidwife Enkaitoyoni who threatened to spy on the young women as they gave birth toensure that any who was still among intoiye-nemengalana had her status altered thereand then; and the dreaded Enkamuratani, who would never tire of wielding herolmurunya menacingly.1.Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks 2.Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks 3.Discuss two themes evident in the excerpt. 4Mks 4.Discuss one character trait of Resian and Taiyo in the excerpt. 4Mks 5.The straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads with apainful exhaustion. Rewrite beginning: with . 1Mk 6.How do Resian s thoughts now come to be fulfilled in future? Brieflyexplain. 4Mks 7.Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt. 4Mks 87 i Reminisced ii Collaborated iii Dreaded iv Menacingly4. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow Yes, Papaai, Resian said apprehensively. I am here. Taiyo tells me you arecalling me? Yes, yes, her father replied. Please take a seat. Yes, Papaai, Resian repeated as she sat on a chair far away from her father. Come nearer child, her father said pleasantly. Why do you sit a mile away?", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.8469343}
{"text": "I am here. Taiyo tells me you arecalling me? Yes, yes, her father replied. Please take a seat. Yes, Papaai, Resian repeated as she sat on a chair far away from her father. Come nearer child, her father said pleasantly. Why do you sit a mile away? Come nearer. Resian moved her chair hardly an inch from where it was and then she looked up intoherfather s face with eager expectation. If I do remember well, her father began in a low even tone, you will be nineteen inSeptember this year, am I right You are quite right, Papaai. Resian answered eyeing him curiously. His face wasunusually kind. His eyes held hers as he smiled broadly. That s it! She thoughttriumphantly. That must be it! You and I have not discussed important issues for a long time, he said with a friendlychuckle that was intended to bring her closer to him. I thought today would be the bestday to break the news. Your future is very important to me, my dear child. Resian thought the concern in her father s voice, rang false. She hesitated, but couldnot hold herself any more. The anxiety was too great. 88 Papaai, is it Yeiyo or Taiyo who spoke to you? She asked sensationally, thinkingshe was stating the obvious. But seeing her father s face cloud, she added quickly. Who between them spoke to you about our enrolment at the Egerton University? What are you talking about, child? Her father, who seemed dumbfounded, askedafter a long and uncomfortable silence. Both Yeiyo and Taiyo promised to talk to you about it, and I thought she had. What, in the name of God are you talking about, child? He repeated, this timeagitated and shaking his head vigorously. No, I have never spoken to anybody aboutany of you enrolling at the university. Never! When I said I wanted us to discuss yourfuture, that isn t what I meant at all.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.8540072}
{"text": "No, I have never spoken to anybody aboutany of you enrolling at the university. Never! When I said I wanted us to discuss yourfuture, that isn t what I meant at all. Of course not! Resian looked at her father s faceenquiringly.1.What has happened before the excerpt? 3mks 2.What is so ironical in this passage?Explain your answer referring toelsewhere in the novel. 3mks 3. Your future is very important to me, my dear child From elsewhere in thenovel, explain why Ole Kaelo tells his daughter so. 3Mks 4.Discuss two aspects of character in Resian in this excerpt. 4Mks 5.What major issue is addressed in this excerpt? 2Mks 6.Explain what happens after this excerpt. 3Mks 7. Who between them spoke to you about our enrolment at the Egerton89university? Rewrite in the direct speech. 1Mk 8.A part from irony, discuss any other aspect of style evident in the excerpt. 2Mks 9.Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions used in theexcerpt. 4 Mks i . Apprehensively ii . Sit a mile away iii . Hold herself iv . AgitatedANSWERS TO SAMPLE EXTRACTSSample excerpt 11. Taiyo visits Joseph s bachelor house. She expresses her infatuation. Joseph feelsinfatuated too. She sobs uncontrollably2. Joseph is responsible. He has self-control aimed at preventing the duo from messingup. He is patriotic. He chooses to take sides with the Nasila culture. He feels they shouldnot break the normsTaiyo is loving. She has strong feelings for Joseph. Assertive. She is ready to offend sensibilities of Nasila culture for love. Sacrificing. She is ready to risk herself for love.3. It brings out Taiyo s interrogative nature. She skeptically questions the enslaving90nature of Nasila culture. I cannot accept culture that does not feed me. She poses thatculture should be beneficial.4. He accepts to be the contact man in the mission of rescuing Taiyo. He makes hercaptors drunk leading to her escape. The captors later kill him.5.Love. Taiyo and Joseph express their views towards love. She feels it should be let togrow while he feels culture should restrain love feelings. Culture.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.8865054}
{"text": "The captors later kill him.5.Love. Taiyo and Joseph express their views towards love. She feels it should be let togrow while he feels culture should restrain love feelings. Culture. Their love relationship is held at ransom by culture that objects love betweenpeople of the same clan.6. A Fateb Childish immaturec Grudginglyd Fate7. Joseph says he is ready to face any eventuality that may arise out of love. Taiyoappreciates the new stance of Joseph. She sheds tears. Sample excerpt 21. Oloisudori informs Resian of the benefits she will get for marrying him. Resian getsvery annoyed and speechless. Resian learns that her father has already received dowryfor her marriage to Oloisudori. He reports to her that their fate is sealed.2. Contemptuous. He asked, the contemptuous quiet of his voice a menace by itself. Proud. He feels superior and egocentric. No one plays games with Oloisudori. Askedyour father, he will tell you. 3. She is feeling disappointed and desperate of her father s action of receiving dowrywith an aim of sealing her marriage with Oloisudori. She feels really betrayed. 914. Extortion, assassinations shadowy businesses, sexual immorality, robber, smuggler,poacher5. It is ironical that Oloisudori who is older than Resian s father plans to marry Resian ayoung girl even after he is told her wish is to study at the university. It is also ironicalthat Kaelo has already picked dowry from Oloisudori and has never bothered to informResian of it.6. He told her that she was her wife from then henceforth.7. A Insaneb Grand like a palacec Strong loathed Treat with excessive care8. Resian rans blindly knocking a chair and a table and disappears past Oloisudori sdriver. She goes to her father s shop. She is raving mad with indignation. She becomesvery disappointed with her father. Sample excerpt 31. Before the excerpt, Taiyo and Resian go to the River to fetch water. They remembertheir discussion with their aunt and admire Minik s fight against women oppression bymen. They muse that men must be very angry with her for snatching five hundred girlsfrom her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.867628}
{"text": "Before the excerpt, Taiyo and Resian go to the River to fetch water. They remembertheir discussion with their aunt and admire Minik s fight against women oppression bymen. They muse that men must be very angry with her for snatching five hundred girlsfrom her. After the excerpt, Taiyo sings the song she has composed about three womenwhom she refers as mice silently in her heart. One of those women is the enkamuratanichasing a woman with a knife.2. Flashback- Resian recalls fifteen years back when she and Taiyo accompanied theirfather to the Nakuru agricultural show and she saw sheep the first time. Vivid description-The sheep are vividly described as big, docile tawny wooly animals. Metaphors-She calls the three women who collaborated with men to oppress women as92Nasila s three blind mice.3. Theme of Determination or optimism. Resian is full of optimism that one day shewould join Egerton university. Women as their own enemies. The three Nasila women collaborated with men tooppress women. Negative cultural practices. The three women propagate negative cultural practicesagainst women such as F.G.M.4. Resian is visionary. She thought how wonderful it would be, had she a chance toenroll at the Egerton University. She dreams of going to university. Taiyo-critical-she wants to compose a song ridiculing three Nasilian women whocollaborated with men to oppress women.5. With a painful exhaustion, the straps that supported the containers pressed downtheir heads.6. Later, she is rescued from a planned marriage by Nabaru and is taken to Minik sranch. There, she is given a house and a job. Minik also helps in securing theiradmission at Egerton University. She also gives a scholarship. The novel ends when sheand Taiyo are going to University.7. Recall RecalledWorked togetherFearedThreateninglySample Excerpt 41. Ole Kaelo sends Taiyo to call Resian for him. Resian feels hopeful and excited thatshe is being called to be informed about admission to the university. She thinks that it isher mother or sister who has talked to her father about the matter.2.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.9488683}
{"text": "Ole Kaelo sends Taiyo to call Resian for him. Resian feels hopeful and excited thatshe is being called to be informed about admission to the university. She thinks that it isher mother or sister who has talked to her father about the matter.2. It is ironical for Resian to think that her father is going to tell her about her dream93wish of joining Egerton University but he has plans to marry her off to his friendOloisudori. This is even as he says your future is very important to me 3. He says this because he has plans to marry her to his friend Oloisudori. If thissucceeds, his business would be saved because Oloisudori had helped him establishthe business and even building his house in Nasila.4. Ignorant- she thinks that her father has good news about joining university which isnot the case. She says, That s it! She thought triumphantly. Is it Yeiyo or Taiyo whospoke to you? Apprehensive. She replies to her father apprehensively. Fearful- she is in fear of her father. She sits on a chair far from her father.5. Determination optimism. Resian is very much determined to join Egerton University. She thinks it is the reason why her father has called her. Who between them spoke toyou about our enrollment at the Egerton University. 6. After the excerpt, Ole Kaelo hesitates telling Resian what he wanted to tell her andtells her to go to the kitchen. He tells her to tell her mother to come.7. She asked him who between them had spoken to him about their enrollment at theEgerton University.8. Suspense. The reader is left in suspense wanting to know why Ole Kaelo had calledhis daughter. Dialogue- there is dialogue between Resian and her father. It reveals the strainedrelationship between daughter and father. Nervously worriedly fearfullySit far awayControl herselfTroubled disturbed94PRACTICE EXCERPTS1. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that followHowever, the notion that he was about to hand over his own daughter to a gangstercontinued to gnaw at the conscience of Ole Kaelo relentlessly.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.934037}
{"text": "The reader is left in suspense wanting to know why Ole Kaelo had calledhis daughter. Dialogue- there is dialogue between Resian and her father. It reveals the strainedrelationship between daughter and father. Nervously worriedly fearfullySit far awayControl herselfTroubled disturbed94PRACTICE EXCERPTS1. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that followHowever, the notion that he was about to hand over his own daughter to a gangstercontinued to gnaw at the conscience of Ole Kaelo relentlessly. He felt guilty, especiallywhen he recalled the atrocities that were known to have been committed by Oloisudoriover the years. But another voice told him quietly that he was being foolish andunreasonable to question his own conscience over the matter of Oloisudori, for he wasjust one among many who were enjoying the fruits of their labour. And it was hardlyanybody s business to know how honest that labour was. After all, the small voicereassured him tauntingly, those who committed bigger crimes such as Goldenberg andAnglo-leasing, were still enjoying the fruits of their labour. Had they not invested theyields of their ill-gotten money in housing estates, in shares, in import and exports intourism, in transport and in other trades, just as Oloisudori had done?When he went to bed later that evening, he remained awake for many hourspondering over those disturbing thoughts that went through his mind fleetingly, likewater that churned violently in a turbulent sea. He thought of Oloisudori s impendingvisit and his intended marriage to Resian. He knew the success of failure of the eventwould determine the fate of his business. Even his continued ownership of that housewhere he and his family lived, depended on the outcomes of that event. ShouldOloisudori fail to get Resian and recall the loan he had extended to him to buy thathouse, he was done. And knowing Oloisudori, he could very easily draw the rug frombeneath his feet, leaving him vulnerable to all kinds of vagaries. And the thoughts gavehim anxious moments. At dawn when sleep overtook him, Ole Kaelo had a pleasant dream. Resian hadconsented to Oloisudori s proposal. After Oloisudori reported that to him, he wasgreatly pleased and relieved. His wife was rapturous.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.9208632}
{"text": "And the thoughts gavehim anxious moments. At dawn when sleep overtook him, Ole Kaelo had a pleasant dream. Resian hadconsented to Oloisudori s proposal. After Oloisudori reported that to him, he wasgreatly pleased and relieved. His wife was rapturous. Although they were astonished atthe turn of events, they were relieved to know that they would not have to live with theguilt of having forced their daughter to get married. What a wise child his oncehardheaded daughter had turned to be after all! And how devious! After all those yearsof sullenness, awkwardness and tactlessness, she had finally brought relief to their life95and ushered in a period of peace and tranquility. But then, it was just that. A dream!1.Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks 2.Discuss three major issues in this excerpt. 6Mks 3.Discuss two character traits of Ole Kaelo in this excerpt. 4Mks 4. And the thoughts gave him anxious moments Add a question tag. 1Mk 5.Discuss any three aspects of style in this excerpt. 6Mks 6.Explain the meaning of the following expressions from the excerpt. 4Mks i . Gnaw ii . Pondering iii . Impending visit iv . He was done.2. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow. Her dream was rudely and violently interrupted by a thunderous bang and a loud roar oflaughter. She woke up with a start, jumped up to her feet and stared at the door withwide panic-stricken eyes. For a moment she could not figure out her surroundings andcalled out the name of her sister Taiyo. She was terrified. The door flung open andOlarinkoi staggered in. He was stone drunk. Resian stared at him unblinkingly as hewalked towards her and she backed off terrified, squeezing herself flatly against thewall. He followed her there and got hold of her shoulders and shook her violently glaringat her with his glittering eyes. 96 You silly thing, he thundered angrily. I tell you to prepare food and you refuseto do so, eh? Today you will know who is the owner of this home. If you are still in doubt,let me tell you frankly that from today on you are my wife, hear that, eh?", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406253.9632056}
{"text": "I tell you to prepare food and you refuseto do so, eh? Today you will know who is the owner of this home. If you are still in doubt,let me tell you frankly that from today on you are my wife, hear that, eh? You are my wife. For a long time you have been sneering at me, showing how highly educated you are. Today we shall see how educated your body is! Yes, we shall see! He got hold of her hand and began dragging her into the other room. At first shedid not understand his intention until he began unfastening her buttons with his roughtrembling hands. Then the truth came, and with it, terror and panic. She tried to getaway from him, but he held her effortlessly as he brutally continued fumbling with herdress, trying to loosen it. She screamed as loudly as she could while she pushed himaway and thrashed frantically about. But that did not deter him and he totally ignoredher screams holding her more firmly with his strong arms. Against her loud protest, hetore her garments and began to push her towards the bed. Then desperately she took the last chance of self defense and self-preservation. Mustering all her strength, she thrust his thumb into her mouth; sunk her teeth into theflesh like a ferocious animal and tenaciously held onto it, tugging at it fiercely like alioness. She could feel the flesh tearing and she tasted the salt of his blood as it filledher mouth but she clung unto the thumb as Olarinkoi howled with pain.1.Make notes on the contents of Resian s dream. 4Mks 2.Discuss one character traits of Resian in this excerpt. 2Mks 3.What has greatly changed in Olarinkoi in this excerpt compared to hisearlier conduct in the novel? 3Mks 4.Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks 5.Explain two major issues raised in the excerpt. 97 4Mks 6.Explain what happens immediately after the excerpt. 3Mks 7. Today we shall see how educated your body is Rewrite in reportedspeech. 1Mk 8.Explain the meaning of the following expressions in the passage. 4 Mks i . Unblinkingly ii . Effortlessly iii . Mustering iv . Howled3.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.001445}
{"text": "Effortlessly iii . Mustering iv . Howled3. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow Nothing is wrong with me, Resian retorted furiously. And pointing at the living room,with her figure, she fiercely charged, I have no quarrel with my father for whom, I havetremendous respect. It is the likes of Olarinkoi I am mad at, and all those other maleswho come here ordering us to do that or the other for them, simply because they aremales. When women visit us, they give us the leeway to respond to their requests. Butas we burn our fingers here Mr.Olarinkoi is dozing off comfortably in our living roomwaiting for his lunch and possibly a little angry and impatient with us for delaying it. It is enough, cried Yeiyo Botorr viciously. She instantly abandoned the peeling ofpotatoes and threw the knife into the pail that held the peeled potatoes. Supportingherself by holding onto a nearby wall, she painfully lifted a large, heavy body. Myenkaini, I agree with you that something is wrong with our child, and I think I know whatails her. Come along with me and I will tell you what I think ails her. I am not sick Resian was saying that when she was cut short by Taiyo. Even if you are not sick, you98cannot argue with Yeiyo Botorr, Taiyo told her sternly as soon as they were out ofearshot of their mother and Yeiyo Botorr, there are things one has to learn on their own. One of them is that you cannot antagonize the older people by arguing with them,however, untenable their argument may be. That goes without saying, my dear littlesister. 1. What happens before this extract? 3mks 2. Comment on any two stylistic devices used in the extract. 4mks 3. Explain any issue brought about in this extract. 3mks 4. What is the character of Yeiyoo Botorr from this extract? 4mks 5. From elsewhere in this text how does Olarinkoi contribute to the plot development ofthe novel? 3mks 6. Re-write and add a question tag. 1mks Nothing is wrong with me.7.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.0246768}
{"text": "What is the character of Yeiyoo Botorr from this extract? 4mks 5. From elsewhere in this text how does Olarinkoi contribute to the plot development ofthe novel? 3mks 6. Re-write and add a question tag. 1mks Nothing is wrong with me.7. Write the meaning of the following vocabulary. 4mks a Sternlyb Antagonizec Retortedd Leeway8. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 4. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that followAt seven o clock in the evening after the lights had been put on, and the traditional99esuguroi drink had been served in generous measures, tongues loosened and heartsgladdened. Soon after, the party gathered momentum and voices rose. Within no time,one could hardly be heard over the hubbub of talk and laughter. And as the pleasurableandlivelycelebrationprogressed,voicesbecameanimated;handsandarmsgesticulatedvigorouslywhileheadsturnedmoreoften. Eyessearchedoutacquaintances within the throng of revelers. And it was all pomp and gaiety as ivory adorned and bejeweled fingers fluttered; bareshoulders gleamed in the light multicoloured bead ornaments glittered upon elaboratelybedecked necks: pendulous ilmiintoni of all colours dangled loosely down extended earlobes: and the bright colours of lesos, kangas, red shukas and multicoloured blankets,all turned the Ole Kaelo living room into a kaleidoscope of shifting light and colour.1. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4mks 2. State and explain two thematic concerns in this context. 4mks 3. What is the significance of the use of words like esuguroi, ilmiintoni, lesos, kangas,and shukas? 3mks 4. Identify and explain two character traits of ole Kaelo. 4mks 5. Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers. Rewrite to form aquestion 1mk 6. Which other party has an equal weight from the rest of the novel. What is itssignificance? 3mks 1007. Comment on the prevalent mood in the context. 2mks 8.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.0363348}
{"text": "Which other party has an equal weight from the rest of the novel. What is itssignificance? 3mks 1007. Comment on the prevalent mood in the context. 2mks 8. Explain the meaning of the following words: 4mks a Hubbubb Gesticulatedc Gaietyd DangledCHAPTER SIXGENERAL ESSAY QUESTIONS AND SAMPLE ESSAYS1. Blossoms of the Savannah is a novel about hope that leads to victory; write acomposition to illustrate on this statement.2. In Oloisudori and Olarinkoi there is no lesser evil. Write an essay to illustrate on thisstatement.3. One has to know which side of bread is buttered. By referring closely to the lives ofKaelo and Oloisudori show the truthfulness of this statement.4. Kaelo digs his own grave. Write a composition to show the truthfulness of thisstatement5. Though Resian goes through the valley of death, her determination leads her to avictorious life. Write a composition to show the validity of this assertion. 1016. Maa culture has not completely shed off archaic practices and traditions. Supportthis statement with illustrations from the novel.7. Strong selfless friendship is the remedy to stormy times. Using the lives of Taiyoand Resian, write a composition to illustrate truthfulness of the statement.8. Oloisudori, Kaelo, Mama Milanoi and Olarinkoi are to blame for the traumatizing lifeled by Resian. Write an essay in support of this argument.9. By referring to the lives of Oloisudori and Olarinkoi, show how bad deeds are paidwith bad deeds.10. Blossoms of the savannah is a novel about women fighting for their redemption. By referring to the lives of Minik and Nabaru support the assertion.11. Blossoms of the savannah is a novel about patriarchy. Write an essay to validatethis argument using the character Oloisudori and Olarinkoi.12. Optimism and ambition leads to victory support.13. Women are their own enemies Write an essay exemplifying this position.14. The strong bond between Resian and Taiyo contributes significantly to theirtriumph. Write an essay in support of the statement.15.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.0488052}
{"text": "Optimism and ambition leads to victory support.13. Women are their own enemies Write an essay exemplifying this position.14. The strong bond between Resian and Taiyo contributes significantly to theirtriumph. Write an essay in support of the statement.15. The old and the young generations in Blossoms of the Savannah are in conflict. Discuss.16. Bad decisions can adversely affect our future. Write an essay in support of thestatement with illustrations from the novel.17. Change is as good as rest. To what extent do you agree with the assertion as far asBlossoms of the Savannah is concerned?18. Persistence, focus and determination is the secret behind success. Expound onthis position drawing your illustrations from the novel. 10219. Some cultural practices have no place in the current Nasilian society. Discuss.20. Not all aspects of culture and traditions are bad. Drawing your illustrations fromthe novel Blossoms of the Savannah, validate the assertion.21. There is need for women to unite in their fight against harmful cultural practices Discuss.22. Greed for money is the source of most evils in the society. Show how valid thisstatement is by getting supporting evidence from the novel Blossoms of the Savannah.23. Our greatest enemies are those close to us. Support this statement withillustrations from the novel.24. Failure to take one stand on matters to do with culture can be very detrimental. Write an essay reacting to this assertion.25. Write an essay showing why Mama Milanoi is to blame most for the ordeals herdaughters go through.26. Write a composition in agreement with the assertion that harmful cultural practicesagainst women would be history in Nasila if there were more women like Minik.27. Women should speak and act in order to have their way in the society Write anessay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel.28. The rich cultural heritage of the Maa is under attack by modernity. Discuss29. Nothing is impossible to somebody with the will to succeed. Discuss30. Resian has been wronged more by her father than the Nasilian society. Write anargumentative essay reacting to this statement.31. Material security does not guarantee happiness.32. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights. Write an essay insupport of the assertion drawing your illustrations from Blossoms of the Savannah.33.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.0806508}
{"text": "Material security does not guarantee happiness.32. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights. Write an essay insupport of the assertion drawing your illustrations from Blossoms of the Savannah.33. Cultural erosion is the root cause of most evil things in Nasila. Discuss. 10334. Help can come even when least expected. Discuss. SAMPLE ESSAYS1. Though Resian goes through the valley of death, her determination leads her to avictorious life. Write a composition to show the validity of this assertion. Resian in theBlossoms of the Savannah seems to experience several challengingsituations in her life. In the scenarios she seems resolute in her actions as shown in thefollowing waysOloisudori declares his intention of marrying her at an early age. This follows after hechanges his initial plan: extorting Kaelo. He demands that she should first becircumcised so as to get rid of her state as nemengalana intoiye. He intends to useanesthesia to make her unconscious and grab her. Resian resolves not to be married. She tells Oloisudori point blank that she cannot be his wife. She returns the gifts that hehad earlier brought and escapes to her father s shop. Her father beats her so as tosubmit to the marriage, but Resian remains steady is her decision. A number of callous youth in Nasila wish to assault Resian and Taiyo. In the first days,Resian and Taiyo take a walk around uncle Simiren compound. All of a sudden a youngman emerges from the blues and grabs Taiyo. Resian order the callous young man torelease Taiyo immediately. The Young man has no option but to give in though hepromises to revisit his grave decision. Though in a dream, enkamuratani and other two women surround Resian to circumciseher holding an olmurunya. Although Resian is in a strange land and is defenseless shedoes her best to combat the situation. Determined, Resian twists enkamuratani s handwith an intention of ensuring that she does not initiate other girls in the future. Sheknocks the old witch using a mallet as well as fights the third woman until shedisappears. Olarinkoi disappears with Resian to a far hut in the forest. He locks her up and returnsvery late in the night while drank. Once he returns, he is in his mission of raping her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.129058}
{"text": "Sheknocks the old witch using a mallet as well as fights the third woman until shedisappears. Olarinkoi disappears with Resian to a far hut in the forest. He locks her up and returnsvery late in the night while drank. Once he returns, he is in his mission of raping her. He104unzips and this gesture sets her trembling. She bites Olarinkoi s thumb so that the painreduces his action of rape. Owing to the fact that Resian had earlier witnessedOlarinkoi s fiery attacks when he dealt with two callous men, it calls for a lot ofdetermination on the part of Resian to tackle him. In summary, from the above illustrations it is evident that Resian suffers roughchallenging times in her life but she deals with all these situations with determination.2. The strong bond between Resian and Taiyo contributes significantly to theirtriumph. Write an essay in support of the statement. No man is an island. Human beings were created to relate mutually. The closefriendship between Resian and Taiyo is the key to overcoming stormy times thatpresent themselves in their lives as followsIn their new environment at Nasila, the girls meet unique challenges. They are not usedto the communal life for all along they have stayed in an urban set up where life isindividualistic. At Nasila, they have to get used to impromptu visitors and superior malecounterparts. It is the love between the two girls that helps in these scenarios. The duostay together most of the times. By so doing, they share a lot Taiyo counsels Resian onusing kind language on Yeiyo Botorr her aunt. The two girls discuss about danger thatlurks from the hostile youth especially because of their uncircumcised condition. In overcoming the challenge of female genital mutilation FGM , their friendship bondcomes in handy. When Resian goes on a hunger strike she says it is only Taiyo who canchange her stand. When Taiyo is informed of Resian s condition, she does not hesitateto offer herself for Resian s redemption even when there are risks all over. While atNasila, they have a lot of time sharing their views towards FGM. The discussions musthave strengthened their hard stands towards FGM.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.117861}
{"text": "When Taiyo is informed of Resian s condition, she does not hesitateto offer herself for Resian s redemption even when there are risks all over. While atNasila, they have a lot of time sharing their views towards FGM. The discussions musthave strengthened their hard stands towards FGM. It is from these discussions thatthey vow never to give in to FGM.In the incident when Taiyo and Resian are accosted by two callous young men theircoordination and friendship save them. The incident finds them while they are walkingtogether where they had visited Maiso for lunch. If the struggle had between two men105versus one girl probably she would have been surmounted. Although most of thesalvation is largely brought by Olarinkoi the fact that the two girls where together makesit easier for them to go about the ordeal. Their joint screaming and their escape unhurtis partly contributed by their togetherness. The two birds of a feather hatch a scheme to outwit Oloisudori. They wrap the gifts hehad brought them into a box and title it as a gift. They then plan how to execute the plan. They arrange on how Resian is to thank Oloisudori and give him the gift. They discussthe aim of the gesture; to clarify to Oloisudori the fact they cannot be cheated with gifts. From this co-operation, Resian manages to trick Oloisudori and tells off her father andlater with Olarinkoi, they manage to leave Nasila. It is clear from the above illustration that strong friendship bonds can help friend goabout hard experiences and overcome them in their lives.3. Bad decisions can adversely affect our lives. Write an essay in support of thestatement with illustrations from the novel. The Choices we make can affect us positively or negatively. Bad choices definitely haveadverse effects on our future. A character like Ole Kaelo makes several bad choiceswhich not only affect his life but also his daughters. Ole Kaelo is advised by his friend what kind of man Oloisudori is. He is told that he isnot a man of integrity and warns him about doing business with him. He even warnshim to keep his daughters from him. Oloisudori is unheeding to this warning. He goeson to sign business contracts and receiving a loan from him.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.1129894}
{"text": "He even warnshim to keep his daughters from him. Oloisudori is unheeding to this warning. He goeson to sign business contracts and receiving a loan from him. Later, this man causes himgreat worry when he threatens to bring his business down if he does not give him hisdaughter in marriage. Ole Kaelo makes the bad choice of agreeing to give his daughter Resian in marriage toOloisudori. He does this to save his business empire and to acquire more wealth asdowry from him. This unleashes a myriad of problems in his family. He keeps assuringhimself that his choice of Oloisudori is good and that the man is not all bad but inwardly,he has reservations about such a marriage. His decision worsens the already poor106relationship between him and his daughter, who ran away and gets into more troublewith Olarinkoi. Taiyo also has her life ruined by being forcefully circumcised beforebeing forced to marry Oloisudori. Finally, he loses his daughters trust and his fate isunknown because Oloisudori might come for him in person. Olarinkoi is not known by the Kaelos yet nobody asks questions about him. He seems amystery and with time becomes like a member of the family. This earns him trustamong the Kaelos to the point that Resian trusts him to take her to Minik s ranch. Thisman who the family trusted so much turns into a beast by raping Resian and evenplanning to circumcise her by force before marrying her. If the Kaelo s had not trustedthe stranger, Resian suffering in his hands would have been avoided. Mama Milanoi makes a bad choice of giving over her daughter Taiyo to three strangewomen cheating her that she was being taken to her sister. Her plans is to have Taiyocircumcised before being married by Oloisudori. This action makes her lose the trusther daughters had for her. The wound she has caused them will definitely take time toheal. They too are angry with her that they vow that they would not want to be like her inmarriage. Bad decisions made knowingly or unknowingly will definitely have negative impact inour lives or on those that are dear to us.4. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.1655571}
{"text": "The wound she has caused them will definitely take time toheal. They too are angry with her that they vow that they would not want to be like her inmarriage. Bad decisions made knowingly or unknowingly will definitely have negative impact inour lives or on those that are dear to us.4. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights. Write an essay insupport of the assertion drawing your illustrations from Blossoms of the Savannah. Today s position on the male and female gender is that men and women are equal andnone of the gender should dominate over the other. In Blossoms of the Savannah,women are culturally forced to be subservient to men, a practice that denies them somefundamental rights as human beings. A wife has the right to state his position on any matter even if it is contrary to thehusband s position. This is not the case with Mama Milanoi, wife to Ole Kaelo. Sheadmits that she did not know which man her husband was doing business with andeven if she did, she would not do anything about it for he was the one who carried the107family s vision. She thus leaves every aspect of decision making to him whether thosedecisions are good or bad. A woman is a being to be loved and not to love back. Although Ole Kaelo genuinelyloved Mama Milanoi when he saw her first, her feelings on him are immaterial. Womenwere not expected to resist a man s advances according to Nasilian culture. This is agreat violation of her right to love or hate. In her case there is no room for that. It is alsoexpected that Resian should give in to Oloisudori s plans to marry her. Refusal isregarded as stubbornness. In fact, Oloisudori claims that none of his wives put anyresistance in his interest in them. This means that their feelings for him did not matter agreat violation of their freedom to choose their marriage partner. Resian and Taiyo are forced to undergo cultural coaching by Joseph Parmuat. Resianrebels this citing inequality in the plan. She opines that if they were boys, such a thingwould not be done on them. Instead, they would be freely roaming Nasila with nobodybothering them. In their case, there is no such option simply because they are girls. Their right to choose what to and not to learn is violated.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.207784}
{"text": "She opines that if they were boys, such a thingwould not be done on them. Instead, they would be freely roaming Nasila with nobodybothering them. In their case, there is no such option simply because they are girls. Their right to choose what to and not to learn is violated. Girls are taught how to cookfor their men but there are no lessons for boys on how to please women. Resianopposes such arrangements saying she would not be taught to solely please men. Sheclaims that even boys should be taught how to please women. Gender inequality in this society elevates man over the woman to the extent that Resiansays that it made men assume that they had right over the body of any woman. This hasreduced women to be objects of sex to be exploited by men at will. This practice startedwith the Ilarinkon warriors who sexually exploited women after arousing their desires. Taiyo and Resian undergo several rape attempts with Resian ending up being raped byOlarinkoi who assumes he has every right over her body. These inequalities have greatlyundermined women s right to privacy and to choose whom to have sexual relation with. Gender inequality does not just stop at that. Instead, it is a major cause of violation ofbasic human rights that all should be accorded a chance to enjoy. Women in the novelhave most of their rights curtailed as a result of gender imbalance between men andwomen. 1085. Help can come when least expected. Discuss. Most people reach the end of the tether in difficult situations and are just about to giveup when help comes. Most instances of help appear coincidental but nonetheless; theychange the course of life of the character as well as shaping the rest of the novel. Olarinkoi seems to be at the right place at the right time. He happens to be the savior ofResian and Taiyo when they need help most. He comes to the rescue of the two girlswhen they are coming from their father s shop and are about to be raped by two men. Olarinkoi single-handedly saves the girls by fighting the men. Resian and Taiyo aremuch grateful and would not want to imagine what would have happened if he had notcome at that time, even fearing that they would have been infected with HIV.Olarinkoi again comes to the rescue of Resian when she discovers her father s betrayalby planning to marry her off to Oloisudori.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.198193}
{"text": "He happens to be the savior ofResian and Taiyo when they need help most. He comes to the rescue of the two girlswhen they are coming from their father s shop and are about to be raped by two men. Olarinkoi single-handedly saves the girls by fighting the men. Resian and Taiyo aremuch grateful and would not want to imagine what would have happened if he had notcome at that time, even fearing that they would have been infected with HIV.Olarinkoi again comes to the rescue of Resian when she discovers her father s betrayalby planning to marry her off to Oloisudori. He comes to her rescue when she is evencontemplating committing suicide by drowning herself into the river. At the same time,Oloisudori and his men are looking for her to abduct her. Olarinkoi promises to take herto Minik whom she had been yearning to meet someday. Although the help turnsdisastrous with Olarinkoi turning against her, she is able to escape the current wrath ofOloisudori. Taiyo is rescued from the hands of her circumcisers by Minik s men. Minik s rescueteam use tricks to rescue her from the well-guarded home which she would not haveescaped in her sickly state. Were it not for Minik s intervention, Taiyo would surely havebeen forcefully married off to Oloisudori after healing. The rescue gives Taiyo a newlease of life, reunion with her sister and of course quicker physical and emotionalrecovery. Minik s help to Resian and Taiyo perhaps is the most important event that completelychanges their lives. She gives refugee to the girls in her ranch hence protecting themfrom marauding men like Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. She gives Resian a job in the ranchhence giving her something to live on and promises her a scholarship from the ranch. Most importantly, she is able to have the two girls enrolled at Egerton University, theirdream university. These kind gestures create a happy ending in a novel that has been109dominated by sad events. When people are about to despair, that is usually the point when help comes. No matterhow belated characters like Resian and Taiyo get help, their lives are greatly impactedand changed by those interventions.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.2202816}
{"text": "-1- A DOLL'S HOUSE by Henrik Ibsen 1879 translated by William Archer CHARACTERS TORVALD HELMER. NORA, his wife. DOCTOR RANK. MRS. LINDEN. NILS KROGSTAD. THE HELMERS' THREE CHILDREN. ANNA, 2 their nurse. A MAID-SERVANT ELLEN . A PORTER. The action passes in Helmer's house a flat in Christiania. In the original \"Fru Linde.\". 2 In the original \"Anne-Marie.\". ACT FIRST A room, comfortably and tastefully, but not expensively, furnished. In the back, on the right, a door leads to the hall; on the left another door leads to HELMER s study. Between the two doors a pianoforte. In the middle of the left wall a door, and nearer the front a window. Near the window a round table with armchairs and a small sofa. In the right wall, somewhat to the back, a door, and against the same wall, further forward, a porcelain stove; in front of it a couple of arm-chairs and a rocking-chair. Between the stove and the side-door a small table. Engravings on the walls. A whatnot with china and bric-a-brac. A small bookcase filled with handsomely bound books. Carpet. A fire in the stove. It is a winter day. A bell rings in the hall outside. Presently the outer door of the flat is heard to open. Then NORA enters, humming gaily. She is in outdoor dress, and carries several parcels, which she lays on the right-hand table. She leaves the door into the hall open, and a PORTER is seen outside, carrying a Christmas-tree and a basket, which he gives to the MAID-SERVANT who has opened the door. NORA. Hide the Christmas-tree carefully, Ellen; the children must on no account see it before this evening, when it's lighted up. To the PORTER, taking out her purse. How much? PORTER. Fifty ore. About sixpence. There are 100 ore in a krone or crown, which is worth thirteenpence halfpenny. NORA. There is a crown. No, keep the change. The PORTER thanks her and goes. NORA shuts the door.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.2500086}
{"text": "No, really I don't know of anything- Well, listen, Torvald- HELMER. Well? NORA. Playing with his coat-buttons, without looking him in the face. If you really want to give me something, you might, you know- you might- HELMER. Well? Out with it! NORA. Quickly. You might give me money, Torvald. Only just what you think you can spare; then I can buy something with it later-3- on. HELMER. But, Nora- NORA. Oh, please do, dear Torvald, please do! I should hang the money in lovely gilt paper on the Christmas-tree. Wouldn't that be fun? HELMER. What do they call the birds that are always making the money fly? NORA. Yes, I know- spendthrifts, of course. But please do as I ask you, Torvald. Then I shall have time to think what I want most. Isn't that very sensible, now? \". Spillefugl,\" literally \"playbird,\" means a gambler. HELMER. Smiling. Certainly; that is to say, if you really kept the money I gave you, and really spent it on something for yourself. But it all goes in housekeeping, and for all manner of useless things, and then I have to pay up again. NORA. But, Torvald- HELMER. Can you deny it, Nora dear? He puts his arm round her. It's a sweet little lark, but it gets through a lot of money. No one would believe how much it costs a man to keep such a little bird as you. NORA. For shame! How can you say so? Why, I save as much as ever I can. HELMER. Laughing. Very true- as much as you can- but that's precisely nothing. NORA. Hums and smiles with covert glee. H'm! If you only knew, Torvald, what expenses we larks and squirrels have. HELMER. You're a strange little being! Just like your father- always on the look-out for all the money you can lay your hands on; but the moment you have it, it seems to slip through your fingers; you never know what becomes of it. Well, one must take you as you are. It's in the blood.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.3179343}
{"text": "Just like your father- always on the look-out for all the money you can lay your hands on; but the moment you have it, it seems to slip through your fingers; you never know what becomes of it. Well, one must take you as you are. It's in the blood. Yes, Nora, that sort of thing is hereditary. NORA. I wish I had inherited many of papa's qualities. HELMER. And I don't wish you anything but just what you are- my own, sweet little song-bird. But I say- it strikes me you look so- so- what shall I call it?- so suspicious to-day- NORA. Do I? HELMER. You do, indeed. Look me full in the face. NORA. Looking at him. Well? HELMER. Threatening with his finger. Hasn't the little sweet-tooth been playing pranks to-day? NORA. No; how can you think such a thing! HELMER. Didn't she just look in at the confectioner's? NORA. No, Torvald; really- HELMER. Not to sip a little jelly? NORA. No; certainly not. HELMER. Hasn't she even nibbled a macaroon or two? NORA. No, Torvald, indeed, indeed! HELMER. Well, well, well; of course I'm only joking. NORA. Goes to the table on the right. I shouldn't think of doing what you disapprove of. HELMER. No, I'm sure of that; and, besides, you've given me your word- Going towards her. Well, keep your little Christmas secrets to yourself, Nora darling. The Christmas-tree will bring them all to light, I daresay. NORA. Have you remembered to invite Doctor Rank? HELMER. No. But it's not necessary; he'll come as a matter of course. Besides, I shall ask him when he looks in to-day. I've ordered some capital wine. Nora, you can't think how I look-4- forward to this evening. NORA. And I too. How the children will enjoy themselves, Torvald! HELMER. Ah, it's glorious to feel that one has an assured position and ample means. Isn't it delightful to think of? NORA. Oh, it's wonderful!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.287557}
{"text": "Isn't it delightful to think of? NORA. Oh, it's wonderful! HELMER. Do you remember last Christmas? For three whole weeks beforehand you shut yourself up every evening till long past midnight to make flowers for the Christmas-tree, and all sorts of other marvels that were to have astonished us. I was never so bored in my life. NORA. I didn't bore myself at all. HELMER. Smiling. But it came to little enough in the end, Nora. NORA. Oh, are you going to tease me about that again? How could I help the cat getting in and pulling it all to pieces? HELMER. To be sure you couldn't, my poor little Nora. You did your best to give us all pleasure, and that's the main point. But, all the same, it's a good thing the hard times are over. NORA. Oh, isn't it wonderful? HELMER. Now I needn't sit here boring myself all alone; and you needn't tire your blessed eyes and your delicate little fingers- NORA. Clapping her hands. No, I needn't, need I, Torvald? Oh, how wonderful it is to think of? Takes his arm. And now I'll tell you how I think we ought to manage, Torvald. As soon as Christmas is over- The hall-door bell rings. Oh, there's a ring! Arranging the room. That's somebody come to call. How tiresome! HELMER. I'm \"not at home\" to callers; remember that. ELLEN. In the doorway. A lady to see you, ma'am. NORA. Show her in. ELLEN. To HELMER. And the doctor has just come, sir. HELMER. Has he gone into my study? ELLEN. Yes, sir. HELMER goes into his study. ELLEN ushers in MRS. LINDEN, in travelling costume, and goes out, closing the door. MRS. LINDEN. Embarrassed and hesitating. How do you do, Nora? NORA. Doubtfully. How do you do? MRS. LINDEN. I see you don't recognise me! NORA. No, I don't think- oh yes!- I believe- Suddenly brightening. What, Christina! Is it really you?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.314226}
{"text": "NORA. No, I don't think- oh yes!- I believe- Suddenly brightening. What, Christina! Is it really you? MRS. LINDEN. Yes; really I! NORA. Christina! And to think I didn't know you! But how could I- More softly. How changed you are; Christina! MRS. LINDEN. Yes, no doubt. In nine or ten years- NORA. Is it really so long since we met? Yes, so it is. Oh, the last eight years have been a happy time, I can tell you. And now you have come to town? All that long journey in mid-winter! How brave of you! MRS. LINDEN. I arrived by this morning's steamer. NORA. To have a merry Christmas, of course. Oh, how delightful! Yes, we will have a merry Christmas. Do take your things off. Aren't you frozen? Helping her. There; now we'll sit cosily by the fire. No, you take the arm-chair; I shall sit in this rocking-chair. Seizes her hands. Yes, now I can see the dear old face again. It was only at the first glance- But you're a little paler, Christina- and perhaps a little thinner. MRS. LINDEN. And much, much older, Nora. NORA. Yes, perhaps a little older- not much- ever so little. She suddenly checks herself; seriously. Oh, what a thoughtless wretch I am! Here I sit chattering on, and- Dear, dear Christina, can you forgive me! MRS. LINDEN. What do you mean, Nora? NORA. Softly. Poor Christina! I forgot: you are a widow. -5- MRS. LINDEN. Yes; my husband died three years ago. NORA. I know, I know; I saw it in the papers. Oh, believe me, Christina, I did mean to write to you; but I kept putting it off, and something always came in the way. MRS. LINDEN. I can quite understand that, Nora dear. NORA. No, Christina; it was horrid of me. Oh, you poor darling! How much you must have gone through!- And he left you nothing? MRS. LINDEN. Nothing. NORA. And no children?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.3334591}
{"text": "Nothing. NORA. And no children? MRS. LINDEN. None. NORA. Nothing, nothing at all? MRS. LINDEN. Not even a sorrow or a longing to dwell upon. NORA. Looking at her incredulously. My dear Christina, how is that possible? MRS. LINDEN. Smiling sadly and stroking her hair. Oh, it happens so sometimes, Nora. NORA. So utterly alone! How dreadful that must be! I have three of the loveliest children. I can't show them to you just now; they're out with their nurse. But now you must tell me everything. MRS. LINDEN. No, no; I want you to tell me- NORA. No, you must begin; I won't be egotistical to-day. To-day I'll think only of you. Oh! But I must tell you one thing- perhaps you've heard of our great stroke of fortune? MRS. LINDEN. No. What is it? NORA. Only think! My husband has been made manager of the Joint Stock Bank. MRS. LINDEN. Your husband! Oh, how fortunate! NORA. Yes; isn't it? A lawyer's position is so uncertain, you see, especially when he won't touch any business that's the least bit shady, as of course Torvald never would; and there I quite agree with him. Oh! You can imagine how glad we are. He is to enter on his new position at the New Year, and then he'll have a large salary, and percentages. In future we shall be able to live quite differently- just as we please, in fact. Oh, Christina, I feel so lighthearted and happy! It's delightful to have lots of money, and no need to worry about things, isn't it? MRS. LINDEN. Yes; at any rate it must be delightful to have what you need. NORA. No, not only what you need, but heaps of money- heaps! MRS. LINDEN. Smiling. Nora, Nora, haven't you learnt reason yet? In our school days you were a shocking little spendthrift. NORA. Quietly smiling. Yes; that's what Torvald says I am still. Holding up her forefinger. But \"Nora, Nora\" is not so silly as you all think.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.35584}
{"text": "NORA. Quietly smiling. Yes; that's what Torvald says I am still. Holding up her forefinger. But \"Nora, Nora\" is not so silly as you all think. Oh! I haven't had the chance to be much of a spendthrift. We have both had to work. MRS. LINDEN. You too? NORA. Yes, light fancy work: crochet, and embroidery, and things of that sort; Carelessly and other work too. You know, of course, that Torvald left the Government service when we were married. He had little chance of promotion, and of course he required to make more money. But in the first year after our marriage he overworked himself terribly. He had to undertake all sorts of extra work, you know, and to slave early and late. He couldn't stand it, and fell dangerously ill. Then the doctors declared he must go to the South. MRS. LINDEN. You spent a whole year in Italy, didn't you? NORA. Yes, we did. It wasn't easy to manage, I can tell you. It was just after Ivar's birth. But of course we had to go. Oh, it was a wonderful, delicious journey! And it saved Torvald's life. But it cost a frightful lot of money, Christina. -6- MRS. LINDEN. So I should think. NORA. Twelve hundred dollars! Four thousand eight hundred crowns! Isn't that a lot of money? The dollar 4s. 6d. Was the old unit of currency in Norway. The crown was substituted for it shortly before the date of this play. MRS. LINDEN. How lucky you had the money to spend! NORA. We got it from father, you must know. MRS. LINDEN. Ah, I see. He died just about that time, didn't he? NORA. Yes, Christina, just then. And only think! I couldn't go and nurse him! I was expecting little Ivar's birth daily; and then I had my poor sick Torvald to attend to. Dear, kind old father! I never saw him again, Christina. Oh! That's the hardest thing I have had to bear since my marriage. MRS. LINDEN. I know how fond you were of him. But then you went to Italy? NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.4286594}
{"text": "I know how fond you were of him. But then you went to Italy? NORA. Yes; you see, we had the money, and the doctors said we must lose no time. We started a month later. MRS. LINDEN. And your husband came back completely cured. NORA. Sound as a bell. MRS. LINDEN. But- the doctor? NORA. What do you mean? MRS. LINDEN. I thought as I came in your servant announced the doctor- NORA. Oh, yes; Doctor Rank. But he doesn't come professionally. He is our best friend, and never lets a day pass without looking in. No, Torvald hasn't had an hour's illness since that time. And the children are so healthy and well, and so am I. Jumps up and claps her hands. Oh, Christina, Christina, what a wonderful thing it is to live and to be happy!- Oh, but it's really too horrid of me! Here am I talking about nothing but my own concerns. Seats herself upon a footstool close to CHRISTINA, and lays her arms on her friend's lap. Oh. Don't be angry with me! Now tell me, is it really true that you didn't love your husband? What made you marry him, then? MRS. LINDEN. My mother was still alive, you see, bedridden and helpless; and then I had my two younger brothers to think of. I didn't think it would be right for me to refuse him. NORA. Perhaps it wouldn't have been. I suppose he was rich then? MRS. LINDEN. Very well off, I believe. But his business was uncertain. It fell to pieces at his death, and there was nothing left. NORA. And then-? MRS. LINDEN. Then I had to fight my way by keeping a shop, a little school, anything I could turn my hand to. The last three years have been one long struggle for me. But now it is over, Nora. My poor mother no longer needs me; she is at rest. And the boys are in business, and can look after themselves. NORA. How free your life must feel! MRS. LINDEN. No, Nora; only inexpressibly empty. No one to live for!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.4137428}
{"text": "LINDEN. No, Nora; only inexpressibly empty. No one to live for! Stands up restlessly. That's why I could not bear to stay any longer in that out-of-the-way corner. Here it must be easier to find something to take one up- to occupy one's thoughts. If I could only get some settled employment- some office work. NORA. But, Christina, that's such drudgery, and you look worn out already. It would be ever so much better for you to go to some watering-place and rest. MRS. LINDEN Going to the window. I have no father to give me the money, Nora. NORA. Rising. Oh, don't be vexed with me. -7- MRS. LINDEN. Going to her. My dear Nora, don't you be vexed with me. The worst of a position like mine is that it makes one so bitter. You have no one to work for, yet you have to be always on the strain. You must live; and so you become selfish. When I heard of the happy change in your fortunes- can you believe it?- I was glad for my own sake more than for yours. NORA. How do you mean? Ah, I see! You think Torvald can perhaps do something for you. MRS. LINDEN. Yes; I thought so. NORA. And so he shall, Christina. Just you leave it all to me. I shall lead up to it beautifully!- I shall think of some delightful plan to put him in a good humour! Oh, I should so love to help you. MRS. LINDEN. How good of you, Nora, to stand by me so warmly! Doubly good in you, who knows so little of the troubles and burdens of life. NORA. I? I know so little of-? MRS. LINDEN. Smiling. Oh, well- a little fancy-work, and so forth.- You're a child, Nora. NORA. Tosses her head and paces the room. Oh, come, you mustn't be so patronising! MRS. LINDEN. No? NORA. You're like the rest. You all think I'm fit for nothing really serious- MRS. LINDEN. Well, well- NORA. You think I've had no troubles in this weary world.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.44009}
{"text": "LINDEN. Well, well- NORA. You think I've had no troubles in this weary world. MRS. LINDEN. My dear Nora, you've just told me all your troubles. NORA. Pooh- those trifles! Softly. I haven't told you the great thing. MRS. LINDEN. The great thing? What do you mean? NORA. I know you look down upon me, Christina; but you have no right to. You are proud of having worked so hard and so long for your mother. MRS. LINDEN. I am sure I don't look down upon any one; but it's true I am both proud and glad when I remember that I was able to keep my mother's last days free from care. NORA. And you're proud to think of what you have done for your brothers, too. MRS. LINDEN. Have I not the right to be? NORA. Yes indeed. But now let me tell you, Christina- I, too, have something to be proud and glad of. MRS. LINDEN. I don't doubt it. But what do you mean? NORA. Hush! Not so loud. Only think, if Torvald were to hear! He mustn't- not for worlds! No one must know about it, Christina- no one but you. MRS LINDEN. Why, what can it be? NORA. Come over here. Draws her down beside her on the sofa. Yes, Christina- I, too, have something to be proud and glad of. I saved Torvald's life. MRS. LINDEN. Saved his life? How? NORA. I told you about our going to Italy. Torvald would have died but for that. MRS. LINDEN. Well- and your father gave you the money. NORA. Smiling. Yes, so Torvald and every one believes; but- MRS. LINDEN. But-? NORA. Papa didn't give us one penny. It was I that found the money. MRS. LINDEN. You? All that money? NORA. Twelve hundred dollars. Four thousand eight hundred crowns. What do you say to that? MRS. LINDEN. My dear Nora, how did you manage it? Did you win it in the lottery?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.4573305}
{"text": "LINDEN. My dear Nora, how did you manage it? Did you win it in the lottery? -8- NORA. Contemptuosly. In the lottery? Pooh! Any one could have done that! MRS. LINDEN. Then wherever did you get it from? NORA. Hums and smiles mysteriously. H'm; tra-la-la-la! MRS. LINDEN. Of course you couldn't borrow it. NORA. No? Why not? MRS. LINDEN. Why, a wife can't borrow without her husband's consent. NORA. Tossing her head. Oh! When the wife has some idea of business, and knows how to set about things- MRS. LINDEN. But, Nora, I don't understand- NORA. Well, you needn't. I never said I borrowed the money. There are many ways I may have got it. Throws herself back on the sofa. I may have got it from some admirer. When one is so- attractive as I am- MRS. LINDEN. You're too silly, Nora. NORA. Now I'm sure you're dying of curiosity, Christina- MRS. LINDEN. Listen to me, Nora dear: haven't you been a little rash? NORA. Sitting upright again. Is it rash to save one's husband's life? MRS. LINDEN. I think it was rash of you, without his knowledge- NORA. But it would have been fatal for him to know! Can't you understand that? He wasn't even to suspect how ill he was. The doctors came to me privately and told me his life was in danger- that nothing could save him but a winter in the South. Do you think I didn't try diplomacy first? I told him how I longed to have a trip abroad, like other young wives; I wept and prayed; I said he ought to think of my condition, and not to thwart me; and then I hinted that he could borrow the money. But then, Christina, he got almost angry. He said I was frivolous, and that it was his duty as a husband not to yield to my whims and fancies- so he called them. Very well, thought I, but saved you must be; and then I found the way to do it. MRS. LINDEN.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.4967773}
{"text": "NORA. Yes, of course. After all, the whole thing was my doing. When Torvald gave me money for clothes, and so on, I never spent more than half of it; I always bought the simplest and cheapest things. It's a mercy that everything suits me so well- Torvald never had any suspicions. But it was often very hard, Christina dear. For it's nice to be beautifully dressed- now, isn't it? MRS.LINDEN. Indeed it is. NORA. Well, and besides that, I made money in other ways. Last winter I was so lucky- I got a heap of copying to do. I shut myself up every evening and wrote far into the night. Oh, sometimes I was so tired, so tired. And yet it was splendid to work in that way and earn money. I almost felt as if I was a man. MRS. LINDEN. Then how much have you been able to pay off? NORA. Well, I can't precisely say. It's difficult to keep that sort of business clear. I only know that I've paid everything I could scrape together. Sometimes I really didn't know where to turn. Smiles. Then I used to sit here and pretend that a rich old gentleman was in love with me- MRS. LINDEN. What! Gentleman? NORA. Oh, nobody!- that he was dead now, and that when his will was opened, there stood in large letters: \"Pay over at once everything of which I die possessed to that charming person, Mrs. Nora Helmer.\". MRS. LINDEN. But, my dear Nora- what gentleman do you mean? NORA. Oh dear, can't you understand? There wasn't any old gentleman: it was only what I used to dream and dream when I was at my wits' end for money. But it doesn't matter now- the tiresome old creature may stay where he is for me. I care nothing for him or his will; for now my troubles are over. Springing up. Oh, Christina, how glorious it is to think of! Free from all anxiety! Free, quite free. To be able to play and romp about with the children; to have things tasteful and pretty in the house, exactly as Torvald likes it! And then the spring will soon be here, with the great blue sky. Perhaps then we shall have a little holiday.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.5317478}
{"text": "To be able to play and romp about with the children; to have things tasteful and pretty in the house, exactly as Torvald likes it! And then the spring will soon be here, with the great blue sky. Perhaps then we shall have a little holiday. Perhaps I shall see the sea again. Oh, what a wonderful thing it is to live and to be happy! The hall-door bell rings. MRS. LINDEN. Rising. There's a ring. Perhaps I had better go. NORA. No; do stay. No one will come here. It's sure to be some one for Torvald. ELLEN. In the doorway. If you please, ma'am, there's a gentleman to speak to Mr. Helmer. NORA. Who is the gentleman? KROGSTAD. In the doorway. It is I, Mrs. Helmer. MRS. LINDEN starts and turns away to the window. NORA. Goes a step towards him, anxiously, speaking low. You? What is it? What do you want with my husband? KROGSTAD. Bank business- in a way. I hold a small post in the Joint Stock Bank, and your husband is to be our new chief, I hear. NORA. Then it is-? KROGSTAD. Only tiresome business, Mrs. Helmer; nothing more. NORA. Then will you please go to his study. KROGSTAD goes. She bows indifferently while she closes the door into the hall. Then she goes to the stove and looks to the fire. MRS. LINDEN. Nora- who was that man? NORA. A Mr. Krogstad- a lawyer. -10- MRS. LINDEN. Then it was really he? NORA. Do you know him? MRS. LINDEN. I used to know him- many years ago. He was in a lawyer's office in our town. NORA. Yes, so he was. MRS. LINDEN. How he has changed! NORA. I believe his marriage was unhappy. MRS. LINDEN. And he is a widower now? NORA. With a lot of children. There! Now it will burn up. She closes the stove, and pushes the rocking-chair a little aside. MRS. LINDEN.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.5107973}
{"text": "Now it will burn up. She closes the stove, and pushes the rocking-chair a little aside. MRS. LINDEN. His business is not of the most creditable, they say? NORA. Isn't it? I daresay not. I don't know. But don't let us think of business- it's so tiresome. DR. RANK comes out of HELMER'S room. RANK. Still in the doorway. No, no; I'm in your way. I shall go and have a chat with your wife. Shuts the door and sees MRS. LINDEN. Oh, I beg your pardon. I'm in the way here too. NORA. No, not in the least. Introduces them. Doctor Rank- Mrs. Linden. RANK. Oh, indeed; I've often heard Mrs. Linden's name; I think I passed you on the stairs as I came up. MRS. LINDEN. Yes; I go so very slowly. Stairs try me so much. RANK. Ah- you are not very strong? MRS. LINDEN. Only overworked. RANK. Nothing more? Then no doubt you've come to town to find rest in a round of dissipation? MRS. LINDEN. I have come to look for employment. RANK. Is that an approved remedy for overwork? MRS. LINDEN. One must live, Doctor Rank. RANK. Yes, that seems to be the general opinion. NORA. Come, Doctor Rank- you want to live yourself. RANK. To be sure I do. However wretched I may be, I want to drag on as long as possible. All my patients, too, have the same mania. And it's the same with people whose complaint is moral. At this very moment Helmer is talking to just such a moral incurable- MRS. LINDEN. Softly. Ah! NORA. Whom do you mean? RANK. Oh, a fellow named Krogstad, a man you know nothing about- corrupt to the very core of his character. But even he began by announcing, as a matter of vast importance, that he must live. NORA. Indeed? And what did he want with Torvald? RANK. I haven't an idea; I only gathered that it was some bank business. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.5613742}
{"text": "RANK. I haven't an idea; I only gathered that it was some bank business. NORA. I didn't know that Krog- that this Mr. Krogstad had anything to do with the Bank? RANK. Yes. He has got some sort of place there. To MRS. LINDEN. I don't know whether in your part of the country, you have people who go grubbing and sniffing around in search of moral rottenness- and then, when they have found a \"case,\" don't rest till they have got their man into some good position, where they can keep a watch upon him. Men with a clean bill of health they leave out in the cold. MRS. LINDEN. Well, I suppose the- delicate characters require most care. RANK. Shrugs his shoulders. There we have it! It's that notion that makes society a hospital. NORA, deep in her own thoughts, breaks into half-stifled laughter and claps her hands. RANK. Why do you laugh at that? Have you any idea what \"society\"-11- is? NORA. What do I care for your tiresome society? I was laughing at something else- something excessively amusing. Tell me, Doctor Rank, are all the employees at the Bank dependent on Torvald now? RANK. Is that what strikes you as excessively amusing? NORA. Smiles and hums. Never mind, never mind! Walks about the room. Yes, it is funny to think that we- that Torvald has such power over so many people. Takes the bag from her pocket. Doctor Rank, will you have a macaroon? RANK. What!- macaroons! I thought they were contraband here. NORA. Yes; but Christina brought me these. MRS. LINDEN. What! I-? NORA. Oh, well! Don't be frightened. You couldn't possibly know that Torvald had forbidden them. The fact is, he's afraid of me spoiling my teeth. But, oh bother, just for once!- That's for you, Doctor Rank! Puts a macaroon into his mouth. And you too, Christina. And I'll have one while we're about it- only a tiny one, or at most two. Walks about again. Oh dear, I am happy!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.5766976}
{"text": "Puts a macaroon into his mouth. And you too, Christina. And I'll have one while we're about it- only a tiny one, or at most two. Walks about again. Oh dear, I am happy! There's only one thing in the world I really want. RANK. Well; what's that? NORA. There's something I should so like to say- in Torvald's hearing. RANK. Then why don't you say it? NORA. Because I daren't, it's so ugly. MRS. LINDEN. Ugly! RANK. In that case you'd better not. But to us you might- What is it you would so like to say in Helmer's hearing? NORA. I should so love to say \"Damn it all!\" \". Dod og pine,\" literally \"death and torture\"; but by usage a comparatively mild oath. RANK. Are you out of your mind? MRS. LINDEN. Good gracious, Nora-! RANK. Say it- there he is! NORA. Hides the macaroons. Hush- sh- sh! HELMER comes out of his room, hat in hand, with his overcoat on his arm. NORA. Going to him. Well, Torvald dear, have you got rid of him? HELMER. Yes; he has just gone. NORA. Let me introduce you- this is Christina, who has come to town- HELMER. Christina? Pardon me, I don't know- NORA. Mrs. Linden, Torvald dear- Christina Linden. HELMER. To MRS. LINDEN. Indeed! A school-friend of my wife's, no doubt? MRS. LINDEN. Yes; we knew each other as girls. NORA. And only think! She has taken this long journey on purpose to speak to you. HELMER. To speak to me! MRS. LINDEN. Well, not quite- NORA. You see, Christina is tremendously clever at office-work, and she's so anxious to work under a first-rate man of business in order to learn still more- HELMER. To MRS. LINDEN. Very sensible indeed. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.5996573}
{"text": "To MRS. LINDEN. Very sensible indeed. NORA. And when she heard you were appointed manager- it was telegraphed, you know- she started off at once, and- Torvald, dear, for my sake, you must do something for Christina. Now can't you? -12- HELMER. It's not impossible. I presume Mrs. Linden is a widow? MRS. LINDEN. Yes. HELMER. And you have already had some experience of business? MRS. LINDEN. A good deal. HELMER. Well, then, it's very likely I may be able to find a place for you. NORA. Clapping her hands. There now! There now! HELMER. You have come at a fortunate moment, Mrs. Linden. MRS. LINDEN. Oh, how can I thank you-? HELMER. Smiling. There is no occasion. Puts on his overcoat. But for the present you must excuse me- RANK. Wait; I am going with you. Fetches his fur coat from the hall and warms it at the fire. NORA. Don't be long, Torvald dear. HELMER. Only an hour; not more. NORA. Are you going too, Christina? MRS. LINDEN. Putting on her walking things. Yes; I must set about looking for lodgings. HELMER. Then perhaps we can go together? NORA. Helping her. What a pity we haven't a spare room for you; but it's impossible- MRS. LINDEN. I shouldn't think of troubling you. Good-bye, dear Nora, and thank you for all your kindness. NORA. Good-bye for the present. Of course you'll come back this evening. And you, too, Doctor Rank. What! If you're well enough? Of course you'll be well enough. Only wrap up warmly. They go out, talking, into the hall. Outside on the stairs are heard children's voices. There they are! There they are! She runs to the outer door and opens it. The nurse, ANNA, enters the hall with the children. Come in! Come in! Stoops down and kisses the children. Oh, my sweet darlings! Do you see them, Christina? Aren't they lovely? RANK.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.6181855}
{"text": "Do you see them, Christina? Aren't they lovely? RANK. Don't let us stand here chattering in the draught. HELMER. Come, Mrs. Linden; only mothers can stand such a temperature. DR. RANK, HELMER, and MRS. LINDEN go down the stairs; ANNA enters the room with the children; NORA also, shutting the door. NORA. How fresh and bright you look! And what red cheeks you've got! Like apples and roses. The children chatter to her during what follows. Have you had great fun? That's splendid! Oh, really! You've been giving Emmy and Bob a ride on your sledge!- both at once, only think, Why, you're quite a man, Ivar. Oh, give her to me a little, Anna. My sweet little dolly! Takes the smallest from the nurse and dances with her. Yes, yes; mother will dance with Bob too. What! Did you have a game of snowballs? Oh, I wish I'd been there. No; leave them, Anna; I'll take their things off. Oh, yes, let me do it; it's such fun. Go to the nursery; you look frozen. You'll find some hot coffee on the stove. The NURSE goes into the room on the left. NORA takes off the children's things and throws them down anywhere, while the children talk all together. Really! A big dog ran after you? But he didn't bite you? No; dogs don't bite dear little dolly children. Don't peep into those parcels, Ivar. What is it? Wouldn't you like to know? Take care- it'll bite! What? Shall we have a game? What shall we play at? Hide-and-seek? Yes, let's play hide-and-seek. Bob shall hide first. Am I to? Yes, let me hide first. She and the children play, with laughter and shouting, in the room and the adjacent one to the right. At last-13- NORA hides under the table; the children come rushing in, look for her, but cannot find her, hear her half-choked laughter, rush to the table, lift up the cover and see her. Loud shouts. She creeps out, as though to frighten them. Fresh shouts.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.6447494}
{"text": "Loud shouts. She creeps out, as though to frighten them. Fresh shouts. Meanwhile there has been a knock at the door leading into the hall. No one has heard it. Now the door is half opened and KROGSTAD appears. He waits a little; the game is renewed. KROGSTAD. I beg your pardon, Mrs. Helmer- NORA. With a suppressed cry, turns round and half jumps up. Ah! What do you want? KROGSTAD. Excuse me; the outer door was ajar- somebody must have forgotten to shut it- NORA. Standing up. My husband is not at home, Mr. Krogstad. KROGSTAD. I know it. NORA. Then what do you want here? KROGSTAD. To say a few words to you. NORA. To me? To the children, softly. Go in to Anna. What? No, the strange man won't hurt mamma. When he's gone we'll go on playing. She leads the children into the left-hand room, and shuts the door behind them. Uneasy, in suspense. It is to me you wish to speak? KROGSTAD. Yes, to you. NORA. To-day? But it's not the first yet- KROGSTAD. No, to-day is Christmas Eve. It will depend upon yourself whether you have a merry Christmas. NORA. What do you want? I'm not ready to-day- KROGSTAD. Never mind that just now. I have come about another matter. You have a minute to spare? NORA. Oh, yes, I suppose so; although- KROGSTAD. Good. I was sitting in the restaurant opposite, and I saw your husband go down the street- NORA. Well? KROGSTAD. -with a lady. NORA. What then? KROGSTAD. May I ask if the lady was a Mrs Linden? NORA. Yes. KROGSTAD. Who has just come to town? NORA. Yes. To-day. KROGSTAD. I believe she is an intimate friend of yours. NORA. Certainly. But I don't understand- KROGSTAD. I used to know her too. NORA. I know you did. KROGSTAD. Ah! You know all about it. I thought as much. Now, frankly, is Mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.6742594}
{"text": "I am afraid of you no longer. When New Year's Day is over, I shall soon be out of the whole business. KROGSTAD. Controlling himself. Listen to me, Mrs. Helmer. If need be, I shall fight as though for my life to keep my little place in the Bank. NORA. Yes, so it seems. KROGSTAD. It's not only for the salary: that is what I care least about. It's something else- Well, I had better make a clean breast of it. Of course you know, like every one else, that some years ago I- got into trouble. NORA. I think I've heard something of the sort. KROGSTAD. The matter never came into court; but from that moment all paths were barred to me. Then I took up the business you know about. I had to turn my hand to something; and I don't think I've been one of the worst. But now I must get clear of it all. My sons are growing up; for their sake I must try to recover my character as well as I can. This place in the Bank was the first step; and now your husband wants to kick me off the ladder, back into the mire. NORA. But I assure you, Mr. Krogstad, I haven't the least power to help you. KROGSTAD. That is because you have not the will; but I can compel you. NORA. You won't tell my husband that I owe you money? KROGSTAD. H'm; suppose I were to? NORA. It would be shameful of you. With tears in her voice. The secret that is my joy and my pride- that he should learn it in such an ugly, coarse way- and from you. It would involve me in all sorts of unpleasantness- KROGSTAD. Only unpleasantness? NORA. Hotly. But just do it. It's you that will come off worst, for then my husband will see what a bad man you are, and then you certainly won't keep your place. KROGSTAD. I asked whether it was only domestic unpleasantness you feared? NORA. If my husband gets to know about it, he will of course pay you off at once, and then we shall have nothing more to do with you. KROGSTAD. Coming a pace nearer. Listen, Mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.679445}
{"text": "If my husband gets to know about it, he will of course pay you off at once, and then we shall have nothing more to do with you. KROGSTAD. Coming a pace nearer. Listen, Mrs. Helmer: either your memory is defective, or you don't know much about business. I must make the position a little clearer to you. NORA. How so? KROGSTAD. When your husband was ill, you came to me to borrow-15- twelve hundred dollars. NORA. I knew of nobody else. KROGSTAD. I promised to find you the money- NORA. And you did find it. KROGSTAD. I promised to find you the money, on certain conditions. You were so much taken up at the time about your husband's illness, and so eager to have the wherewithal for your journey, that you probably did not give much thought to the details. Allow me to remind you of them. I promised to find you the amount in exchange for a note of hand, which I drew up. NORA. Yes, and I signed it. KROGSTAD. Quite right. But then I added a few lines, making your father security for the debt. Your father was to sign this. NORA. Was to-? He did sign it! KROGSTAD. I had left the date blank. That is to say, your father was himself to date his signature. Do you recollect that? NORA. Yes, I believe- KROGSTAD. Then I gave you the paper to send to your father, by post. Is not that so? NORA. Yes. KROGSTAD. And of course you did so at once; for within five or six days you brought me back the document with your father's signature; and I handed you the money. NORA. Well? Have I not made my payments punctually? KROGSTAD. Fairly- yes. But to return to the point: You were in great trouble at the time, Mrs. Helmer. NORA. I was indeed! KROGSTAD. Your father was very ill, I believe? NORA. He was on his death-bed. KROGSTAD. And died soon after? NORA. Yes. KROGSTAD. Tell me, Mrs. Helmer: do you happen to recollect the day of his death? The day of the month, I mean?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.7200205}
{"text": "NORA. Yes, but I can't just now. Run to the nursery; I have so much to do. Run along,- run along, and be good, my darlings! She pushes them gently into the inner room, and closes the door behind them. Sits on the sofa, embroiders a few stitches, but soon pauses. No! Throws down the work, rises, goes to the hall door and calls out. Ellen, bring in the Christmas-tree! Goes to table, left, and opens the drawer, again pauses. No, it's quite impossible! ELLEN. With Christmas-tree. Where shall I stand it, ma'am? NORA. There, in the middle of the room. ELLEN. Shall I bring in anything else? NORA. No, thank you, I have all I want. ELLEN, having put down the tree, goes out. NORA. Busy dressing the tree. There must be a candle here- and flowers there.- That horrible man! Nonsense, nonsense! There's nothing to be afraid of. The Christmas-tree shall be beautiful. I'll do everything to please you, Torvald; I'll sing and dance,- Enter HELMER by the hall door, with a bundle of documents. -17- NORA. Oh! You're back already? HELMER. Yes. Has anybody been here? NORA. No. HELMER. That's odd. I saw Krogstad come out of the house. NORA. Did you? Oh, yes, by-the-bye, he was here for a minute. HELMER. Nora, I can see by your manner that he has been begging you to put in a good word for him. NORA. Yes. HELMER. And you were to do it as if of your own accord? You were to say nothing to me of his having been here. Didn't he suggest that too? NORA. Yes, Torvald; but- HELMER. Nora, Nora! And you could condescend to that! To speak to such a man, to make him a promise! And then to tell me an untruth about it! NORA. An untruth! HELMER. Didn't you say that nobody had been here? Threatens with his finger. My little bird must never do that again! A song-bird must sing clear and true; no false notes.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.7296014}
{"text": "Didn't you say that nobody had been here? Threatens with his finger. My little bird must never do that again! A song-bird must sing clear and true; no false notes. Puts his arm round her. That's so, isn't it? Yes, I was sure of it. Lets her go And now we'll say no more about it. Sits down before the fire. Oh, how cosy and quiet it is here! Glances into his documents. NORA. Busy with the tree, after a short silence. Torvald! HELMER. Yes. NORA. I'm looking forward so much to the Stenborgs' fancy ball the day after to-morrow. HELMER. And I'm on tenterhooks to see what surprise you have in store for me. NORA. Oh, it's too tiresome! HELMER. What is? NORA. I can't think of anything good. Everything seems so foolish and meaningless. HELMER. Has little Nora made that discovery? NORA. Behind his chair, with her arms on the back. Are you very busy, Torvald? HELMER. Well- NORA. What papers are those? HELMER. Bank business. NORA. Already! HELMER. I have got the retiring manager to let me make some necessary changes in the staff and the organization. I can do this during Christmas week. I want to have everything straight by the New Year. NORA. Then that's why that poor Krogstad- HELMER. H'm. NORA. Still leaning over the chair-back and slowly stroking his hair. If you hadn't been so very busy, I should have asked you a great, great favour, Torvald. HELMER. What can it be? Out with it. NORA. Nobody has such perfect taste as you; and I should so love to look well at the fancy ball. Torvald, dear, couldn't you take me in hand, and settle what I'm to be, and arrange my costume for me? HELMER. Aha! So my wilful little woman is at a loss, and making signals of distress. NORA. Yes, please, Torvald. I can't get on without your help. HELMER. Well, well, I'll think it over, and we'll soon hit upon something. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.7605934}
{"text": "HELMER. Well, well, I'll think it over, and we'll soon hit upon something. NORA. Oh, how good that is of you! Goes to the tree again; pause. How well the red flowers show.- Tell me, was it anything so very dreadful this Krogstad got into trouble about? -18- HELMER. Forgery, that's all. Don't you know what that means? NORA. Mayn't he have been driven to it by need? HELMER. Yes; or, like so many others, he may have done it in pure heedlessness. I am not so hard-hearted as to condemn a man absolutely for a single fault. NORA. No, surely not, Torvald! HELMER. Many a man can retrieve his character, if he owns his crime and takes the punishment. NORA. Punishment-? HELMER. But Krogstad didn't do that. He evaded the law by means of tricks and subterfuges; and that is what has morally ruined him. NORA. Do you think that-? HELMER. Just think how a man with a thing of that sort on his conscience must be always lying and canting and shamming. Think of the mask he must wear even towards those who stand nearest him- towards his own wife and children. The effect on the children- that's the most terrible part of it, Nora. NORA. Why? HELMER. Because in such an atmosphere of lies home life is poisoned and contaminated in every fibre. Every breath the children draw contains some germ of evil. NORA. Closer behind him. Are you sure of that? HELMER. As a lawyer, my dear, I have seen it often enough. Nearly all cases of early corruption may be traced to lying mothers. NORA. Why- mothers? HELMER. It generally comes from the mother's side; but of course the father's influence may act in the same way. Every lawyer knows it too well. And here has this Krogstad been poisoning his own children for years past by a life of lies and hypocrisy- that is why I call him morally ruined. Holds out both hands to her. So my sweet little Nora must promise not to plead his cause. Shake hands upon it. Come, come, what's this? Give me your hand. That's right. Then it's a bargain.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.7462254}
{"text": "Give me your hand. That's right. Then it's a bargain. I assure you it would have been impossible for me to work with him. It gives me a positive sense of physical discomfort to come in contact with such people. NORA draws her hand away, and moves to the other side of the Christmas-tree. NORA. How warm it is here. And I have so much to do. HELMER. Rises and gathers up his papers. Yes, and I must try to get some of these papers looked through before dinner. And I shall think over your costume too. Perhaps I may even find something to hang in gilt paper on the Christmas-tree-. Lays his hand on her head. My precious little song-bird! He goes into his room and shuts the door. NORA. Softly, after a pause. It can't be. It's impossible. It must be impossible! ANNA. At the door, left. The little ones are begging so prettily to come to mamma. NORA. No, no, no; don't let them come to me! Keep them with you, Anna. ANNA. Very well, ma'am. Shuts the door. NORA. Pale with terror. Corrupt my children!- Poison my home! Short pause. She throws back her head. It's not true! It can never, never be true! ACT SECOND The same room. In the corner, beside the piano, stands the Christmas-tree, stripped, and with the candles burnt out. NORA's outdoor things lie on the sofa. -19- NORA, alone, is walking about restlessly. At last she stops by the sofa, and takes up her cloak. NORA. Dropping the cloak. There's somebody coming! Goes to the hall door and listens. Nobody; of course nobody will come to-day, Christmas-day; nor to-morrow either. But perhaps- Opens the door and looks out. -. No, nothing in the letter box; quite empty. Comes forward. Stuff and nonsense! Of course he won't really do anything. Such a thing couldn't happen. It's impossible! Why, I have three little children. ANNA enters from the left, with a large cardboard box. ANNA. I've found the box with the fancy dress at last. NORA. Thanks; put it down on the table. ANNA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.8016868}
{"text": "NORA. Thanks; put it down on the table. ANNA. Does so. But I'm afraid it's very much out of order. NORA. Oh, I wish I could tear it into a hundred thousand pieces! ANNA. Oh, no. It can easily be put to rights- just a little patience. NORA. I shall go and get Mrs. Linden to help me. ANNA. Going out again? In such weather as this! You'll catch cold, ma'am, and be ill. NORA. Worse things might happen.- What are the children doing? ANNA. They're playing with their Christmas presents, poor little dears; but- NORA. Do they often ask for me? ANNA. You see they've been so used to having their mamma with them. NORA. Yes; but, Anna, I can't have them so much with me in future. ANNA. Well, little children get used to anything. NORA. Do you think they do? Do you believe they would forget their mother if she went quite away? ANNA. Gracious me! Quite away? NORA. Tell me, Anna- I've so often wondered about it- how could you bring yourself to give your child up to strangers? ANNA. I had to when I came to nurse my little Miss Nora. NORA. But how could you make up your mind to it? ANNA. When I had the chance of such a good place? A poor girl who's been in trouble must take what comes. That wicked man did nothing for me. NORA. But your daughter must have forgotten you. ANNA. Oh, no, ma'am, that she hasn't. She wrote to me both when she was confirmed and when she was married. NORA. Embracing her. Dear old Anna- you were a good mother to me when I was little. ANNA. My poor little Nora had no mother but me. NORA. And if my little ones had nobody else, I'm sure you would- Nonsense, nonsense! Opens the box. Go in to the children. Now I must- You'll see how lovely I shall be to-morrow. ANNA. I'm sure there will be no one at the ball so lovely as my Miss Nora. She goes into the room on the left. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.8149073}
{"text": "I'm sure there will be no one at the ball so lovely as my Miss Nora. She goes into the room on the left. NORA. Takes the costume out of the box, but soon throws it down again. Oh, if I dared go out. If only nobody would come. If only nothing would happen here in the meantime. Rubbish; nobody is coming. Only not to think. What a delicious muff! Beautiful gloves, beautiful gloves! To forget- to forget! One, two, three, four, five, six- With a scream. Ah, there they come. Goes towards the door, then stands irresolute. MRS. LINDEN enters from the hall, where she has taken off her things. -20- NORA. Oh, it's you, Christina. There's nobody else there? I'm so glad you have come. MRS. LINDEN. I hear you called at my lodgings. NORA. Yes, I was just passing. There's something you must help me with. Let us sit here on the sofa so. To-morrow evening there's to be a fancy ball at Consul Stenborg's overhead, and Torvald wants me to appear as a Neapolitan fisher-girl, and dance the tarantella; I learned it at Capri. MRS. LINDEN. I see- quite a performance. NORA. Yes, Torvald wishes it. Look, this is the costume; Torvald had it made for me in Italy. But now it's all so torn, I don't know- MRS. LINDEN. Oh, we shall soon set that to rights. It's only the trimming that has come loose here and there. Have you a needle and thread? Ah, here's the very thing. NORA. Oh, how kind of you. MRS. LINDEN. Sewing. So you're to be in costume to-morrow, Nora? I'll tell you what- I shall come in for a moment to see you in all your glory. But I've quite forgotten to thank you for the pleasant evening yesterday. NORA. Rises and walks across the room. Oh, yesterday, it didn't seem so pleasant as usual.- You should have come to town a little sooner, Christina.- Torvald has certainly the art of making home bright and beautiful. MRS. LINDEN.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.8379364}
{"text": "Rises and walks across the room. Oh, yesterday, it didn't seem so pleasant as usual.- You should have come to town a little sooner, Christina.- Torvald has certainly the art of making home bright and beautiful. MRS. LINDEN. You too, I should think, or you wouldn't be your father's daughter. But tell me- is Doctor Rank always so depressed as he was last evening? NORA. No, yesterday it was particularly noticeable. You see, he suffers from a dreadful illness. He has spinal consumption, poor fellow. They say his father was a horrible man, who kept mistresses and all sorts of things- so the son has been sickly from his childhood, you understand. MRS. LINDEN. Lets her sewing fall into her lap. Why, my darling Nora, how do you come to know such things? NORA. Moving about the room. Oh, when one has three children, one sometimes has visits from women who are half- half doctors- and they talk of one thing and another. MRS. LINDEN. Goes on sewing; a short pause. Does Doctor Rank come here every day? NORA. Every day of his life. He has been Torvald's most intimate friend from boyhood, and he's a good friend of mine too. Doctor Rank is quite one of the family. MRS. LINDEN. But tell me- is he quite sincere? I mean, isn't he rather given to flattering people? NORA. No, quite the contrary. Why should you think so? MRS. LINDEN. When you introduced us yesterday he said he had often heard my name; but I noticed afterwards that your husband had no notion who I was. How could Doctor Rank-? NORA. He was quite right, Christina. You see, Torvald loves me so indescribably, he wants to have me all to himself, as he says. When we were first married he was almost jealous if I even mentioned any of my old friends at home; so naturally I gave up doing it. But I often talk of the old times to Doctor Rank, for he likes to hear about them. MRS. LINDEN. Listen to me, Nora! You are still a child in many ways. I am older than you, and have had more experience. I'll tell you something? You ought to get clear of all this with Dr. Rank. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.8499277}
{"text": "You ought to get clear of all this with Dr. Rank. NORA. Get clear of what? MRS. LINDEN. The whole affair, I should say. You were talking-21- yesterday of a rich admirer who was to find you money- NORA. Yes, one who never existed, worse luck. What then? MRS. LINDEN. Has Doctor Rank money? NORA. Yes, he has. MRS. LINDEN. And nobody to provide for? NORA. Nobody. But-? MRS. LINDEN. And he comes here every day? NORA. Yes, I told you so. MRS. LINDEN. I should have thought he would have had better taste. NORA. I don't understand you a bit. MRS. LINDEN. Don't pretend, Nora. Do you suppose I can't guess who lent you the twelve hundred dollars? NORA. Are you out of your senses? How can you think such a thing? A friend who comes here every day! Why, the position would be unbearable! MRS. LINDEN. Then it really is not he? NORA. No, I assure you. It never for a moment occurred to me- Besides, at that time he had nothing to lend; he came into his property afterwards. MRS. LINDEN. Well, I believe that was lucky for you, Nora dear. NORA. No, really, it would never have struck me to ask Dr. Rank- And yet, I'm certain that if I did- MRS. LINDEN. But of course you never would. NORA. Of course not. It's inconceivable that it should ever be necessary. But I'm quite sure that if I spoke to Doctor Rank- MRS. LINDEN. Behind your husband's back? NORA. I must get clear of the other thing; that's behind his back too. I must get clear of that. MRS. LINDEN. Yes, yes, I told you so yesterday; but- NORA. Walking up and down. A man can manage these things much better than a woman. MRS. LINDEN. One's own husband, yes. NORA. Nonsense. Stands still. When everything is paid, one gets back the paper. MRS. LINDEN. Of course. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.8835616}
{"text": "HELMER. Come, then, out with it. NORA. Your lark would twitter from morning till night- HELMER. Oh, that she does in any case. NORA. I'll be an elf and dance in the moonlight for you, Torvald. HELMER. Nora- you can't mean what you were hinting at this morning? NORA. Coming nearer. Yes, Torvald, I beg and implore you! HELMER. Have you really the courage to begin that again? NORA. Yes, yes; for my sake, you must let Krogstad keep his place in the Bank. HELMER. My dear Nora, it's his place I intend for Mrs. Linden. NORA. Yes, that's so good of you. But instead of Krogstad, you could dismiss some other clerk. HELMER. Why, this is incredible obstinacy! Because you have thoughtlessly promised to put in a word for him, I am to-! NORA. It's not that, Torvald. It's for your own sake. This man writes for the most scurrilous newspapers; you said so yourself. He can do you no end of harm. I'm so terribly afraid of him- HELMER. Ah, I understand; it's old recollections that are frightening you. NORA. What do you mean? HELMER. Of course you're thinking of your father. NORA. Yes- yes, of course. Only think of the shameful slanders wicked people used to write about father. I believe they would have got him dismissed if you hadn't been sent to look into the thing, and been kind to him, and helped him. HELMER. My little Nora, between your father and me there is all the difference in the world. Your father was not altogether unimpeachable. I am; and I hope to remain so. NORA. Oh, no one knows what wicked men may hit upon. We could live so quietly and happily now, in our cosy, peaceful home, you and I and the children, Torvald! That's why I beg and implore you- HELMER. And it is just by pleading his cause that you make it impossible for me to keep him. It's already known at the Bank that I intend to dismiss Krogstad.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.9375174}
{"text": "That's why I beg and implore you- HELMER. And it is just by pleading his cause that you make it impossible for me to keep him. It's already known at the Bank that I intend to dismiss Krogstad. If it were now reported that the new manager let himself be turned round his wife's little finger- NORA. What then? HELMER. Oh, nothing, so long as a wilful woman can have her way-! I am to make myself a laughing-stock to the whole staff, and set people saying that I am open to all sorts of outside influence? Take my word for it, I should soon feel the consequences. And besides there is one thing that makes Krogstad impossible for me to work with- NORA. What thing? HELMER. I could perhaps have overlooked his moral failings at a pinch- NORA. Yes, couldn't you, Torvald? -23- HELMER. And I hear he is good at his work. But the fact is, he was a college chum of mine- there was one of those rash friendships between us that one so often repents of later. I may as well confess it at once- he calls me by my Christian name; and he is tactless enough to do it even when others are present. He delights in putting on airs of familiarity- Torvald here, Torvald there! I assure you it's most painful to me. He would make my position at the Bank perfectly unendurable. In the original, \"We say 'thou' to each other.\". NORA. Torvald, surely you're not serious? HELMER. No? Why not? NORA. That's such a petty reason. HELMER. What! Petty! Do you consider me petty! NORA. No, on the contrary, Torvald dear; and that's just why- HELMER. Never mind; you call my motives petty; then I must be petty too. Petty! Very well!- Now we'll put an end to this, once for all. Goes to the door into the hall and calls. Ellen! NORA. What do you want? HELMER. Searching among his papers. To settle the thing. ELLEN enters. Here; take this letter; give it to a messenger. See that he takes it at once. The address is on it. Here's the money. ELLEN.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.915727}
{"text": "The address is on it. Here's the money. ELLEN. Very well, sir. Goes with the letter. HELMER. Putting his papers together. There, Madam Obstinacy. NORA. Breathless. Torvald- what was in the letter? HELMER. Krogstad's dismissal. NORA. Call it back again, Torvald! There's still time. Oh, Torvald, call it back again! For my sake, for your own, for the children's sake! Do you hear, Torvald? Do it! You don't know what that letter may bring upon us all. HELMER. Too late. NORA. Yes, too late. HELMER. My dear Nora, I forgive your anxiety, though it's anything but flattering to me. Why should you suppose that I would be afraid of a wretched scribbler's spite? But I forgive you all the same, for it's a proof of your great love for me. Takes her in his arms. That's as it should be, my own dear Nora. Let what will happen- when it comes to the pinch, I shall have strength and courage enough. You shall see: my shoulders are broad enough to bear the whole burden. NORA. Terror-struck. What do you mean by that? HELMER. The whole burden, I say- NORA. With decision. That you shall never, never do! HELMER. Very well; then we'll share it, Nora, as man and wife. That is how it should be. Petting her. Are you satisfied now? Come, come, come, don't look like a scared dove. It's all nothing- foolish fancies.- Now you ought to play the tarantella through and practise with the tambourine. I shall sit in my inner room and shut both doors, so that I shall hear nothing. As much noise as you please. Turns round in doorway. And when Rank comes, just tell him where I'm to be found. He nods to her, and goes with his papers into his room, closing the door. NORA. Bewildered with terror, stands as though rooted to the ground, and whispers. He would do it. Yes, he would do it. He would do it, in spite of all the world.- No, never that, never, never! Anything rather than that!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.926847}
{"text": "Yes, he would do it. He would do it, in spite of all the world.- No, never that, never, never! Anything rather than that! Oh, for some way of escape! What shall I do-! Hall bell rings. Doctor Rank-!- Anything, anything, rather than-! -24- NORA draws her hands over her face, pulls herself together, goes to the door and opens it. RANK stands outside hanging up his fur coat. During what follows it begins to grow dark. NORA. Good afternoon, Doctor Rank, I knew you by your ring. But you mustn't go to Torvald now. I believe he's busy. RANK. And you? Enters and closes the door. NORA. Oh, you know very well, I have always time for you. RANK. Thank you. I shall avail myself of your kindness as long as I can. NORA. What do you mean? As long as you can? RANK. Yes. Does that frighten you? NORA. I think it's an odd expression. Do you expect anything to happen? RANK. Something I have long been prepared for; but I didn't think it would come so soon. NORA. Catching at his arm. What have you discovered? Doctor Rank, you must tell me! RANK. Sitting down by the stove. I am running down hill. There's no help for it. NORA. Draws a long breath of relief. It's you-? RANK. Who else should it be?- Why lie to one's self? I am the most wretched of all my patients, Mrs. Helmer. In these last days I have been auditing my life-account- bankrupt! Perhaps before a month is over, I shall lie rotting in the church-yard. NORA. Oh! What an ugly way to talk. RANK. The thing itself is so confoundedly ugly, you see. But the worst of it is, so many other ugly things have to be gone through first. There is only one last investigation to be made, and when that is over I shall know pretty certainly when the break-up will begin. There's one thing I want to say to you: Helmer's delicate nature shrinks so from all that is horrible: I will not have him in my sick-room- NORA. But, Doctor Rank- RANK.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406254.9666493}
{"text": "There is only one last investigation to be made, and when that is over I shall know pretty certainly when the break-up will begin. There's one thing I want to say to you: Helmer's delicate nature shrinks so from all that is horrible: I will not have him in my sick-room- NORA. But, Doctor Rank- RANK. I won't have him, I say- not on any account! I shall lock my door against him.- As soon as I am quite certain of the worst, I shall send you my visiting-card with a black cross on it; and then you will know that the final horror has begun. NORA. Why, you're perfectly unreasonable to-day; and I did so want you to be in a really good humour. RANK. With death staring me in the face?- And to suffer thus for another's sin! Where's the justice of it? And in one way or another you can trace in every family some such inexorable retribution- NORA. Stopping her ears. Nonsense, nonsense! Now cheer up! RANK. Well, after all, the whole thing's only worth laughing at. My poor innocent spine must do penance for my father's wild oats. NORA. At table, left. I suppose he was too fond of asparagus and Strasbourg pate, wasn't he? RANK. Yes; and truffles. NORA. Yes, truffles, to be sure. And oysters, I believe? RANK. Yes, oysters; oysters, of course. NORA. And then all the port and champagne! It's sad that all these good things should attack the spine. RANK. Especially when the luckless spine attacked never had any good of them. NORA. Ah, yes, that's the worst of it. RANK. Looks at her searchingly. H'm--25- NORA. A moment later. Why did you smile? RANK. No; it was you that laughed. NORA. No; it was you that smiled, Doctor Rank. RANK. Standing up. I see you're deeper than I thought. NORA. I'm in such a crazy mood to-day. RANK. So it seems. NORA. With her hands on his shoulders. Dear, dear Doctor Rank, death shall not take you away from Torvald and me. RANK. Oh, you'll easily get over the loss.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.0139482}
{"text": "With her hands on his shoulders. Dear, dear Doctor Rank, death shall not take you away from Torvald and me. RANK. Oh, you'll easily get over the loss. The absent are soon forgotten. NORA. Looks at him anxiously. Do you think so? RANK. People make fresh ties, and then- NORA. Who make fresh ties? RANK. You and Helmer will,- when I am gone. You yourself are taking time by the forelock, it seems to me. What was that Mrs. Linden doing here yesterday? NORA. Oh!- you're surely not jealous of poor Christina? RANK. Yes, I am. She will be my successor in this house. When I am out of the way, this woman will perhaps- NORA. Hush! Not so loud! She's in there. RANK. To-day as well? You see! NORA. Only to put my costume in order- dear me, how unreasonable you are! Sits on sofa. Now do be good, Doctor Rank! To-morrow you shall see how beautifully I shall dance; and then you may fancy that I'm doing it all to please you- and of course Torvald as well. Takes various things out of box. Doctor Rank, sit down here, and I'll show you something. RANK. Sitting. What is it? NORA. Look here. Look! RANK. Silk stockings. NORA. Flesh-coloured. Aren't they lovely? It's so dark here now; but to-morrow- No, no, no; you must only look at the feet. Oh, well, I suppose you may look at the rest too. RANK. H'm- NORA. What are you looking so critical about? Do you think they won't fit me? RANK. I can't possibly give any competent opinion on that point. NORA. Looking at him a moment. For shame! Hits him lightly on the ear with the stockings. Take that. Rolls them up again. RANK. And what other wonders am I to see? NORA. You sha'n't see anything more; for you don't behave nicely. She hums a little and searches among the things. RANK.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.0012047}
{"text": "You sha'n't see anything more; for you don't behave nicely. She hums a little and searches among the things. RANK. After a short silence. When I sit here gossiping with you, I can't imagine- I simply cannot conceive- what would have become of me if I had never entered this house. NORA. Smiling. Yes, I think you do feel at home with us. RANK. More softly- looking straight before him. And now to have to leave it all- NORA. Nonsense. You sha'n't leave us. RANK. In the same tone. And not to be able to leave behind the slightest token of gratitude; scarcely even a passing regret- nothing but an empty place, that can be filled by the first comer. NORA. And if I were to ask you for-? No- RANK. For what? NORA. For a great proof of your friendship. RANK. Yes- yes? NORA. I mean- for a very, very great service- RANK. Would you really, for once, make me so happy? NORA. Oh, you don't know what it is. -26- RANK. Then tell me. NORA. No, I really can't, Doctor Rank. It's far, far too much- not only a service, but help and advice besides- RANK. So much the better. I can't think what you can mean. But go on. Don't you trust me? NORA. As I trust no one else. I know you are my best and truest friend. So I will tell you. Well then, Doctor Rank, there is something you must help me to prevent. You know how deeply, how wonderfully Torvald loves me; he wouldn't hesitate a moment to give his very life for my sake. RANK. Bending towards her. Nora- do you think he is the only one who-? NORA. With a slight start. Who-? RANK. Who would gladly give his life for you? NORA. Sadly. Oh! RANK. I have sworn that you shall know it before I- go. I shall never find a better opportunity.- Yes, Nora, now I have told you; and now you know that you can trust me as you can no one else. NORA. Standing up; simply and calmly. Let me pass, please. RANK.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.0270553}
{"text": "NORA. Standing up; simply and calmly. Let me pass, please. RANK. Makes way for her, but remains sitting. Nora- NORA. In the doorway. Ellen, bring the lamp. Crosses to the stove. Oh dear, Doctor Rank, that was too bad of you. RANK. Rising. That I have loved you as deeply as- any one else? Was that too bad of me? NORA. No, but that you should have told me so. It was so unnecessary- RANK. What do you mean? Did you know-? ELLEN enters with the lamp; sets it on the table and goes out again. RANK. Nora- Mrs. Helmer- I ask you, did you know? NORA. Oh, how can I tell what I knew or didn't know? I really can't say- How could you be so clumsy, Doctor Rank? It was all so nice! RANK. Well, at any rate, you know now that I am at your service, body and soul. And now, go on. NORA. Looking at him. Go on- now? RANK. I beg you to tell me what you want. NORA. I can tell you nothing now. RANK. Yes, yes! You mustn't punish me in that way. Let me do for you whatever a man can. NORA. You can do nothing for me now.- Besides, I really want no help. You shall see it was only my fancy. Yes, it must be so. Of course! Sits in the rocking-chair, looks at him and smiles. You are a nice person, Doctor Rank! Aren't you ashamed of yourself, now that the lamp is on the table? RANK. No; not exactly. But perhaps I ought to go- for ever. NORA. No, indeed you mustn't. Of course you must come and go as you've always done. You know very well that Torvald can't do without you. RANK. Yes, but you? NORA. Oh, you know I always like to have you here. RANK. That is just what led me astray. You are a riddle to me. It has often seemed to me as if you liked being with me almost as much as being with Helmer. NORA. Yes; don't you see?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.0448277}
{"text": "It has often seemed to me as if you liked being with me almost as much as being with Helmer. NORA. Yes; don't you see? There are people one loves, and others one likes to talk to. RANK. Yes- there's something in that. NORA. When I was a girl, of course I loved papa best. But it always delighted me to steal into the servants' room. In the first place they never lectured me, and in the second it was such fun to hear-27- them talk. RANK. Ah, I see; then it's their place I have taken? NORA. Jumps up and hurries towards him. Oh, my dear Doctor Rank, I don't mean that. But you understand, with Torvald it's the same as with papa- ELLEN enters from the hall. ELLEN. Please, ma'am- Whispers to NORA, and gives her a card. NORA. Glancing at card. Ah! Puts it in her pocket. RANK. Anything wrong? NORA. No, no, not in the least. It's only- it's my new costume- RANK. Your costume! Why, it's there. NORA. Oh, that one, yes. But this is another that- I have ordered it- Torvald mustn't know- RANK. Aha! So that's the great secret. NORA. Yes, of course. Please go to him; he's in the inner room. Do keep him while I- RANK. Don't be alarmed; he sha'n't escape. RANK goes into HELMER's room. NORA. To ELLEN. Is he waiting in the kitchen? ELLEN. Yes, he came up the back stair- NORA. Didn't you tell him I was engaged? ELLEN. Yes, but it was no use. NORA. He won't go away? ELLEN. No, ma'am, not until he has spoken to you. NORA. Then let him come in; but quietly. And, Ellen- say nothing about it; it's a surprise for my husband. ELLEN. Oh, yes, ma'am, I understand. She goes out. NORA. It is coming! The dreadful thing is coming, after all. No, no, no, it can never be; it shall not!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.0803618}
{"text": "It is coming! The dreadful thing is coming, after all. No, no, no, it can never be; it shall not! She goes to HELMER'S door and slips the bolt. ELLEN opens the hall door for KROGSTAD, and shuts it after him. He wears a travelling-coat, high boots, and a fur cap. NORA. Goes towards him. Speak softly; my husband is at home. KROGSTAD. All right. That's nothing to me. NORA. What do you want? KROGSTAD. A little information. NORA. Be quick, then. What is it? KROGSTAD. You know I have got my dismissal. NORA. I couldn't prevent it, Mr. Krogstad. I fought for you to the last, but it was of no use. KROGSTAD. Does your husband care for you so little? He knows what I can bring upon you, and yet he dares- NORA. How could you think I should tell him? KROGSTAD. Well, as a matter of fact, I didn't think it. It wasn't like my friend Torvald Helmer to show so much courage- NORA. Mr. Krogstad, be good enough to speak respectfully of my husband. KROGSTAD. Certainly, with all due respect. But since you are so anxious to keep the matter secret, I suppose you are a little clearer than yesterday as to what you have done. NORA. Clearer than you could ever make me. KROGSTAD. Yes, such a bad lawyer as I- NORA. What is it you want? KROGSTAD. Only to see how you are getting on, Mrs. Helmer. I've been thinking about you all day. Even a mere money-lender, a gutter-journalist, a- in short, a creature like me- has a little-28- bit of what people call feeling. NORA. Then show it; think of my little children. KROGSTAD. Did you and your husband think of mine? But enough of that. I only wanted to tell you that you needn't take this matter too seriously. I shall not lodge any information, for the present. NORA. No, surely not. I knew you wouldn't. KROGSTAD. The whole thing can be settled quite amicably. Nobody need know.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.102926}
{"text": "KROGSTAD. The whole thing can be settled quite amicably. Nobody need know. It can remain among us three. NORA. My husband must never know. KROGSTAD. How can you prevent it? Can you pay off the balance? NORA. No, not at once. KROGSTAD. Or have you any means of raising the money in the next few days? NORA. None- that I will make use of. KROGSTAD. And if you had, it would not help you now. If you offered me ever so much money down, you should not get back your I.O.U. NORA. Tell me what you want to do with it. KROGSTAD. I only want to keep it- to have it in my possession. No outsider shall hear anything of it. So, if you have any desperate scheme in your head- NORA. What if I have? KROGSTAD. If you should think of leaving your husband and children- NORA. What if I do? KROGSTAD. Or if you should think of- something worse- NORA. How do you know that? KROGSTAD. Put all that out of your head. NORA. How did you know what I had in my mind? KROGSTAD. Most of us think of that at first. I thought of it, too; but I hadn't the courage- NORA. Tonelessly. Nor I. KROGSTAD. Relieved. No, one hasn't. You haven't the courage either, have you? NORA. I haven't, I haven't. KROGSTAD. Besides, it would be very foolish.- Just one domestic storm, and it's all over. I have a letter in my pocket for your husband- NORA. Telling him everything? KROGSTAD. Sparing you as much as possible. NORA. Quickly. He must never read that letter. Tear it up. I will manage to get the money somehow- KROGSTAD. Pardon me, Mrs. Helmer, but I believe I told you- NORA. Oh, I'm not talking about the money I owe you. Tell me how much you demand from my husband- I will get it. KROGSTAD. I demand no money from your husband. NORA. What do you demand then? KROGSTAD. I will tell you.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.1144905}
{"text": "What do you demand then? KROGSTAD. I will tell you. I want to regain my footing in the world. I want to rise; and your husband shall help me to do it. For the last eighteen months my record has been spotless; I have been in bitter need all the time; but I was content to fight my way up, step by step. Now, I've been thrust down again, and I will not be satisfied with merely being reinstated as a matter of grace. I want to rise, I tell you. I must get into the Bank again, in a higher position than before. Your husband shall create a place on purpose for me-. NORA. He will never do that! KROGSTAD. He will do it; I know him- he won't dare to show fight! And when he and I are together there, you shall soon see! Before a year is out I shall be the manager's right hand. It won't be Torvald Helmer, but Nils Krogstad, that manages the Joint Stock Bank. -29- NORA. That shall never be. KROGSTAD. Perhaps you will-? NORA. Now I have the courage for it. KROGSTAD. Oh, you don't frighten me! A sensitive, petted creature like you- NORA. You shall see, you shall see! KROGSTAD. Under the ice, perhaps? Down into the cold, black water? And next spring to come up again, ugly, hairless, unrecognisable- NORA. You can't terrify me. KROGSTAD. Nor you me. People don't do that sort of thing, Mrs. Helmer. And, after all, what would be the use of it? I have your husband in my pocket, all the same. NORA. Afterwards? When I am no longer-? KROGSTAD. You forget, your reputation remains in my hands! NORA stands speechless and looks at him. Well, now you are prepared. Do nothing foolish. As soon as Helmer has received my letter, I shall expect to hear from him. And remember that it is your husband himself who has forced me back again into such paths. That I will never forgive him. Good-bye, Mrs. Helmer. Goes out through the hall. NORA hurries to the door, opens it a little, and listens. NORA. He's going.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.131692}
{"text": "NORA hurries to the door, opens it a little, and listens. NORA. He's going. He's not putting the letter into the box. No, no, it would be impossible! Opens the door further and further. What's that. He's standing still; not going downstairs. Has he changed his mind? Is he-? A letter falls into the box. KROGSTAD's footsteps are heard gradually receding down the stair. NORA utters a suppressed shriek, and rushes forward towards the sofa-table; pause. In the letter-box! Slips shrinkingly up to the hall door. There it lies.- Torvald, Torvald- now we are lost! MRS. LINDEN enters from the left with the costume. MRS. LINDEN. There, I think it's all right now. Shall we just try it on? NORA. Hoarsely and softly. Christina, come here. MRS. LINDEN. Throws down the dress on the sofa. What's the matter? You look quite distracted. NORA. Come here. Do you see that letter? There, see- through the glass of the letter-box. MRS. LINDEN. Yes, yes, I see it. NORA. That letter is from Krogstad- MRS. LINDEN. Nora- it was Krogstad who lent you the money? NORA. Yes; and now Torvald will know everything. MRS. LINDEN. Believe me, Nora, it's the best thing for both of you. NORA. You don't know all yet. I have forged a name- MRS. LINDEN. Good heavens! NORA. Now, listen to me, Christina; you shall bear me witness- MRS. LINDEN. How \"witness\"? What am I to-? NORA. If I should go out of my mind- it might easily happen- MRS. LINDEN. Nora! NORA. Or if anything else should happen to me- so that I couldn't be here-! MRS. LINDEN. Nora, Nora, you're quite beside yourself! NORA. In case any one wanted to take it all upon himself- the whole blame- you understand- MRS. LINDEN. Yes, yes; but how can you think-? NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.158126}
{"text": "LINDEN. Yes, yes; but how can you think-? NORA. You shall bear witness that it's not true, Christina. I'm not out of my mind at all; I know quite well what I'm saying; and I tell you nobody else knew anything about it; I did the whole thing, I myself. Remember that. -30- MRS. LINDEN. I shall remember. But I don't understand what you mean- NORA. Oh, how should you? It's the miracle coming to pass. MRS. LINDEN. The miracle? NORA. Yes, the miracle. But it's so terrible, Christina; it mustn't happen for all the world. MRS. LINDEN. I shall go straight to Krogstad and talk to him. NORA. Don't; he'll do you some harm. MRS. LINDEN. Once he would have done anything for me. NORA. He? MRS. LINDEN. Where does he live? NORA. Oh, how can I tell-? Yes- Feels in her pocket. Here's his card. But the letter, the letter-! HELMER. Knocking outside. Nora! NORA. Shrieks in terror. Oh, what is it? What do you want? HELMER. Well, well, don't be frightened. We're not coming in; you've bolted the door. Are you trying on your dress? NORA. Yes, yes, I'm trying it on. It suits me so well, Torvald. MRS. LINDEN. Who has read the card. Why, he lives close by here. NORA. Yes, but it's no use now. We are lost. The letter is there in the box. MRS. LINDEN. And your husband has the key? NORA. Always. MRS. LINDEN. Krogstad must demand his letter back, unread. He must find some pretext- NORA. But this is the very time when Torvald generally- MRS. LINDEN. Prevent him. Keep him occupied. I shall come back as quickly as I can. She goes out hastily by the hall door. NORA. Opens HELMER'S door and peeps in. Torvald! HELMER. Well, may one come into one's own room again at last?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.201871}
{"text": "Opens HELMER'S door and peeps in. Torvald! HELMER. Well, may one come into one's own room again at last? Come, Rank, we'll have a look- In the doorway. But how's this? NORA. What, Torvald dear? HELMER. Rank led me to expect a grand transformation. RANK. In the doorway. So I understood. I suppose I was mistaken. NORA. No, no one shall see me in my glory till to-morrow evening. HELMER. Why, Nora dear, you look so tired. Have you been practising too hard? NORA. No, I haven't practised at all yet. HELMER. But you'll have to- NORA. Oh yes, I must, I must! But, Torvald, I can't get on at all without your help. I've forgotten everything. HELMER. Oh, we shall soon freshen it up again. NORA. Yes, do help me, Torvald. You must promise me- Oh, I'm so nervous about it. Before so many people- This evening you must give yourself up entirely to me. You mustn't do a stroke of work; you mustn't even touch a pen. Do promise, Torvald dear! HELMER. I promise. All this evening I shall be your slave. Little helpless thing-! But, by-the-bye, I must just- Going to hall door. NORA. What do you want there? HELMER. Only to see if there are any letters. NORA. No, no, don't do that, Torvald. HELMER. Why not? NORA. Torvald, I beg you not to. There are none there. HELMER. Let me just see. Is going. NORA, at the piano, plays the first bars of the tarantella. HELMER. At the door, stops. Aha! NORA. I can't dance to-morrow if I don't rehearse with you first. HELMER. Going to her. Are you really so nervous, dear Nora? -31- NORA. Yes, dreadfully! Let me rehearse at once. We have time before dinner.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.1936986}
{"text": "Yes, dreadfully! Let me rehearse at once. We have time before dinner. Oh, do sit down and play for me, Torvald dear; direct me and put me right, as you used to do. HELMER. With all the pleasure in life, since you wish it. Sits at piano. NORA snatches the tambourine out of he box, and hurriedly drapes herself in a long parti-coloured shawl; then, with a bound, stands in the middle of the floor. NORA. Now play for me! Now I'll dance! HELMER plays and NORA dances. RANK stands at the piano behind HELMER and looks on. HELMER. Playing. Slower! Slower! NORA. Can't do it slower! HELMER. Not so violently, Nora. NORA. I must! I must! HELMER. Stops. No, no, Nora- that will never do. NORA. Laughs and swings her tambourine. Didn't I tell you so! RANK. Let me play for her. HELMER. Rising. Yes, do- then I can direct her better. RANK sits down to the piano and plays; NORA dances more and more wildly. HELMER stands by the stove and addresses frequent corrections to her; she seems not to hear. Her hair breaks loose, and falls over her shoulders. She does not notice it, but goes on dancing. MRS. LINDEN enters and stands spellbound in the doorway. MRS. LINDEN. Ah-! NORA. Dancing. We're having such fun here, Christina! HELMER. Why, Nora dear, you're dancing as if it were a matter of life and death. NORA. So it is. HELMER. Rank, stop! This is the merest madness. Stop, I say! RANK stops playing, and NORA comes to a sudden standstill. HELMER. Going towards her. I couldn't have believed it. You've positively forgotten all I taught you. NORA. Throws the tambourine away. You see for yourself. HELMER. You really do want teaching. NORA. Yes, you see how much I need it. You must practise with me up to the last moment. Will you promise me, Torvald? HELMER. Certainly, certainly. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.2271}
{"text": "HELMER. Certainly, certainly. NORA. Neither to-day nor to-morrow must you think of anything but me. You mustn't open a single letter- mustn't look at the letter- box. HELMER. Ah, you're still afraid of that man- NORA. Oh yes, yes, I am. HELMER. Nora, I can see it in your face- there's a letter from him in the box. NORA. I don't know, I believe so. But you're not to read anything now; nothing ugly must come between us until all is over. RANK. Softly, to HELMER. You mustn't contradict her. HELMER. Putting his arm around her. The child shall have her own way. But to-morrow night, when the dance is over- NORA. Then you shall be free. ELLEN appears in the doorway, right. ELLEN. Dinner is on the table, ma'am. NORA. We'll have some champagne, Ellen. ELLEN. Yes, ma'am. Goes out. -32- HELMER. Dear me! Quite a banquet. NORA. Yes, and we'll keep it up till morning. Calling out. And macaroons, Ellen- plenty- just this once. HELMER. Seizing her hand. Come, come, don't let us have this wild excitement! Be my own little lark again. NORA. Oh yes, I will. But now go into the dining-room; and you too, Doctor Rank. Christina, you must help me to do up my hair. RANK. Softly, as they go. There's nothing in the wind? Nothing- I mean-? HELMER. Oh no, nothing of the kind. It's merely this babyish anxiety I was telling you about. They go out to the right. NORA. Well? MRS. LINDEN. He's gone out of town. NORA. I saw it in your face. MRS. LINDEN. He comes back to-morrow evening. I left a note for him. NORA. You shouldn't have done that. Things must take their course. After all, there's something glorious in waiting for the miracle. MRS. LINDEN. What is it you're waiting for? NORA. Oh, you can't understand.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.240201}
{"text": "What is it you're waiting for? NORA. Oh, you can't understand. Go to them in the dining-room; I shall come in a moment. MRS. LINDEN goes into the dining-room. NORA stands for a moment as though collecting her thoughts; then looks at her watch. NORA. Seven hours till midnight. Then twenty-four hours till the next midnight. Then the tarantella will be over. Twenty-four and seven? Thirty-one hours to live. HELMER appears at the door, right. HELMER. What has become of my little lark? NORA. Runs to him with open arms. Here she is! ACT THIRD The same room. The table, with the chairs around it, in the middle. A lighted lamp on the table. The door to the hall stands open. Dance music is heard from the floor above. MRS. LINDEN sits by the table and absently turns the pages of a book. She tries to read, but seems unable to fix her attention; she frequently listens and looks anxiously towards the hall door. MRS. LINDEN. Looks at her watch. Not here yet; and the time is nearly up. If only he hasn't- Listens again. Ah, there he is. She goes into the hall and cautiously opens the outer door; soft footsteps are heard on the stairs; she whispers. Come in; there is no one here. KROGSTAD. In the doorway. I found a note from you at my house. What does it mean? MRS. LINDEN. I must speak to you. KROGSTAD. Indeed? And in this house? MRS. LINDEN. I could not see you at my rooms. They have no separate entrance. Come in; we are quite alone. The servants are asleep, and the Helmers are at the ball upstairs. KROGSTAD. Coming into the room. Ah! So the Helmers are dancing this evening? Really? MRS. LINDEN. Yes. Why not? KROGSTAD. Quite right. Why not? MRS. LINDEN. And now let us talk a little. -33- KROGSTAD. Have we two anything to say to each other? MRS. LINDEN. A great deal. KROGSTAD. I should not have thought so. MRS. LINDEN.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.2843115}
{"text": "I should not have thought so. MRS. LINDEN. Because you have never really understood me. KROGSTAD. What was there to understand? The most natural thing in the world- a heartless woman throws a man over when a better match offers. MRS. LINDEN. Do you really think me so heartless? Do you think I broke with you lightly? KROGSTAD. Did you not? MRS. LINDEN. Do you really think so? KROGSTAD. If not, why did you write me that letter? MRS. LINDEN. Was it not best? Since I had to break with you, was it not right that I should try to put an end to all that you felt for me? KROGSTAD. Clenching his hands together. So that was it? And all this- for the sake of money! MRS. LINDEN. You ought not to forget that I had a helpless mother and two little brothers. We could not wait for you, Nils, as your prospects then stood. KROGSTAD. Perhaps not; but you had no right to cast me off for the sake of others, whoever the others might be. MRS. LINDEN. I don't know. I have often asked myself whether I had the right. KROGSTAD. More softly. When I had lost you, I seemed to have no firm ground left under my feet. Look at me now. I am a shipwrecked man clinging to a spar. MRS. LINDEN. Rescue may be at hand. KROGSTAD. It was at hand; but then you came and stood in the way. MRS. LINDEN. Without my knowledge, Nils. I did not know till today that it was you I was to replace in the Bank. KROGSTAD. Well, I take your word for it. But now that you do know, do you mean to give way? MRS. LINDEN. No, for that would not help you in the least. KROGSTAD. Oh, help, help-! I should do it whether or no. MRS. LINDEN. I have learnt prudence. Life and bitter necessity have schooled me. KROGSTAD. And life has taught me not to trust fine speeches. MRS. LINDEN. Then life has taught you a very sensible thing.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.2951505}
{"text": "MRS. LINDEN. Then life has taught you a very sensible thing. But deeds you will trust? KROGSTAD. What do you mean? MRS. LINDEN. You said you were a shipwrecked man, clinging to a spar. KROGSTAD. I have good reason to say so. MRS. LINDEN. I too am shipwrecked, and clinging to a spar. I have no one to mourn for, no one to care for. KROGSTAD. You made your own choice. MRS. LINDEN. No choice was left me. KROGSTAD. Well, what then? MRS. LINDEN. Nils, how if we two shipwrecked people could join hands? KROGSTAD. What! MRS. LINDEN. Two on a raft have a better chance than if each clings to a separate spar. KROGSTAD. Christina! MRS. LINDEN. What do you think brought me to town? KROGSTAD. Had you any thought of me? MRS. LINDEN. I must have work or I can't bear to live. All my life, as long as I can remember, I have worked; work has been my one great joy. Now I stand quite alone in the world, aimless and forlorn. There is no happiness in working for one's self. Nils,-34- give me somebody and something to work for. KROGSTAD. I cannot believe in all this. It is simply a woman's romantic craving for self-sacrifice. MRS. LINDEN. Have you ever found me romantic? KROGSTAD. Would you really-? Tell me: do you know all my past? MRS. LINDEN. Yes. KROGSTAD. And do you know what people say of me? MRS. LINDEN. Did you not say just now that with me you could have been another man? KROGSTAD. I am sure of it. MRS. LINDEN. Is it too late? KROGSTAD. Christina, do you know what you are doing? Yes, you do; I see it in your face. Have you the courage then-? MRS. LINDEN. I need some one to be a mother to, and your children need a mother.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.274498}
{"text": "MRS. LINDEN. I need some one to be a mother to, and your children need a mother. You need me, and I- I need you. Nils, I believe in your better self. With you I fear nothing. KROGSTAD. Seizing her hands. Thank you- thank you, Christina. Now I shall make others see me as you do.- Ah, I forgot- MRS. LINDEN. Listening. Hush! The tarantella! Go! Go! KROGSTAD. Why? What is it? MRS. LINDEN. Don't you hear the dancing overhead? As soon as that is over they will be here. KROGSTAD. Oh yes, I shall go. Nothing will come of this, after all. Of course, you don't know the step I have taken against the Helmers. MRS. LINDEN. Yes, Nils, I do know. KROGSTAD. And yet you have the courage to-? MRS. LINDEN. I know to what lengths despair can drive a man. KROGSTAD. Oh, if I could only undo it! MRS. LINDEN. You could. Your letter is still in the box. KROGSTAD. Are you sure? MRS. LINDEN. Yes; but- KROGSTAD. Looking to her searchingly. Is that what it all means? You want to save your friend at any price. Say it out- is that your idea? MRS. LINDEN. Nils, a woman who has once sold herself for the sake of others, does not do so again. KROGSTAD. I shall demand my letter back again. MRS. LINDEN. No, no. KROGSTAD. Yes, of course. I shall wait till Helmer comes; I shall tell him to give it back to me- that it's only about my dismissal- that I don't want it read- MRS. LINDEN. No, Nils, you must not recall the letter. KROGSTAD. But tell me, wasn't that just why you got me to come here? MRS. LINDEN. Yes, in my first alarm. But a day has passed since then, and in that day I have seen incredible things in this house. Helmer must know everything; there must be an end to this unhappy secret.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.3306193}
{"text": "Yes, in my first alarm. But a day has passed since then, and in that day I have seen incredible things in this house. Helmer must know everything; there must be an end to this unhappy secret. These two must come to a full understanding. They must have done with all these shifts and subterfuges. KROGSTAD. Very well, if you like to risk it. But one thing I can do, and at once- MRS. LINDEN. Listening. Make haste! Go, go! The dance is over; we're not safe another moment. KROGSTAD. I shall wait for you in the street. MRS. LINDEN. Yes, do; you must see me home. KROGSTAD. I never was so happy in all my life! KROGSTAD goes out by the outer door. The door between the room and the hall remains open. MRS. LINDEN. Arranging the room and getting her outdoor things together. What a change! What a change! To have some one to work-35- for, to live for; a home to make happy! Well, it shall not be my fault if I fail.- I wish they would come.- Listens. Ah, here they are! I must get my things on. Takes bonnet and cloak. HELMER'S and NORA'S voices are heard outside, a key is turned in the lock, and HELMER drags NORA almost by force into the hall. She wears the Italian costume with a large black shawl over it. He is in evening dress and wears a black domino, open. NORA. Struggling with him in the doorway. No, no, no! I won't go in! I want to go upstairs again; I don't want to leave so early! HELMER. But, my dearest girl-! NORA. Oh, please, please, Torvald, I beseech you- only one hour more! HELMER. Not one minute more, Nora dear; you know what we agreed. Come, come in; you're catching cold here. He leads her gently into the room in spite of her resistance. MRS. LINDEN. Good-evening. NORA. Christina! HELMER. What, Mrs. Linden! You here so late? MRS. LINDEN. Yes, I ought to apologise.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.3872063}
{"text": "MRS. LINDEN. Yes, I ought to apologise. I did so want to see Nora in her costume. NORA. Have you been sitting here waiting for me? MRS. LINDEN. Yes; unfortunately I came too late. You had gone upstairs already, and I felt I couldn't go away without seeing you. HELMER. Taking Nora's shawl off. Well then, just look at her! I assure you she's worth it. Isn't she lovely, Mrs. Linden? MRS. LINDEN. Yes, I must say- HELMER. Isn't she exquisite? Every one said so. But she's dreadfully obstinate, dear little creature. What's to be done with her? Just think, I had almost to force her away. NORA. Oh, Torvald, you'll be sorry some day that you didn't let me stay, if only for one half-hour more. HELMER. There! You hear her, Mrs. Linden? She dances her tarantella with wild applause, and well she deserved it, I must say- though there was, perhaps, a little too much nature in her rendering of the idea- more than was, strictly speaking, artistic. But never mind- the point is, she made a great success, a tremendous success. Was I to let her remain after that- to weaken the impression? Not if I know it. I took my sweet little Capri girl- my capricious little Capri girl, I might say- under my arm; a rapid turn round the room, a curtsey to all sides, and- as they say in novels- the lovely apparition vanished! An exit should always be effective, Mrs. Linden; but I can't get Nora to see it. By Jove! It's warm here. Throws his domino on a chair and opens the door to his room. What! No light there? Oh, of course. Excuse me- Goes in and lights candle. NORA. Whispers breathlessly. Well? MRS. LINDEN. Softly. I've spoken to him. NORA. And-? MRS. LINDEN. Nora- you must tell your husband everything- NORA. Tonelessly. I knew it! MRS. LINDEN. You have nothing to fear from Krogstad; but you must speak out. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.3622167}
{"text": "LINDEN. You have nothing to fear from Krogstad; but you must speak out. NORA. I shall not speak! MRS. LINDEN. Then the letter will. NORA. Thank you, Christina. Now I know what I have to do. Hush-! HELMER. Coming back. Well, Mrs. Linden, have you admired her? MRS. LINDEN. Yes; and now I must say good-night. -36- HELMER. What, already? Does this knitting belong to you? MRS. LINDEN. Takes it. Yes, thanks; I was nearly forgetting it. HELMER. Then you do knit? MRS. LINDEN. Yes. HELMER. Do you know, you ought to embroider instead? MRS. LINDEN. Indeed! Why? HELMER. Because it's so much prettier. Look now! You hold the embroidery in the left hand, so, and then work the needle with the right hand, in a long, graceful curve- don't you? MRS. LINDEN. Yes, I suppose so. HELMER. But knitting is always ugly. Just look- your arms close to your sides, and the needles going up and down- there's something Chinese about it.- They really gave us splendid champagne to-night. MRS. LINDEN. Well, good-night, Nora, and don't be obstinate any more. HELMER. Well said, Mrs. Linden! MRS. LINDEN. Good-night, Mr. Helmer. HELMER. Accompanying her to the door. Good-night, good-night; I hope you'll get safely home. I should be glad to- but you have such a short way to go. Good-night, good-night. She goes; HELMER shuts the door after her and comes forward again. At last we've got rid of her: she's a terrible bore. NORA. Aren't you very tired, Torvald? HELMER. No, not in the least. NORA. Nor sleepy? HELMER. Not a bit. I feel particularly lively. But you? You do look tired and sleepy. NORA. Yes, very tired. I shall soon sleep now. HELMER. There, you see. I was right after all not to let you stay longer. NORA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.352278}
{"text": "There, you see. I was right after all not to let you stay longer. NORA. Oh, everything you do is right. HELMER. Kissing her forehead. Now my lark is speaking like a reasonable being. Did you notice how jolly Rank was this evening? NORA. Indeed? Was he? I had no chance of speaking to him. HELMER. Nor I, much; but, I haven't seen him in such good spirits for a long time. Looks at NORA a little, then comes nearer her. It's splendid to be back in our own home, to be quite alone together!- Oh, you enchanting creature! NORA. Don't look at me in that way, Torvald. HELMER. I am not to look at my dearest treasure?- at all the loveliness that is mine, mine only, wholly and entirely mine? NORA. Goes to the other side of the table. You mustn't say these things to me this evening. HELMER. Following. I see you have the tarantella still in your blood- and that makes you all the more enticing. Listen! The other people are going now. More softly. Nora- soon the whole house will be still. NORA. Yes, I hope so. HELMER. Yes, don't you, Nora darling? When we are among strangers, do you know why I speak so little to you, and keep so far away, and only steal a glance at you now and then- do you know why I do it? Because I am fancying that we love each other in secret, that I am secretly betrothed to you, and that no one dreams that there is anything between us. NORA. Yes, yes, yes. I know all your thoughts are with me. HELMER. And then, when the time comes to go, and I put the shawl about your smooth, soft shoulders, and this glorious neck of yours, I imagine you are my bride, that our marriage is just over, that I am bringing you for the first time to my home- that I am alone with you for the first time- quite alone with you, in-37- your trembling loveliness! All this evening I have been longing for you, and you only.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.4103146}
{"text": "HELMER. And then, when the time comes to go, and I put the shawl about your smooth, soft shoulders, and this glorious neck of yours, I imagine you are my bride, that our marriage is just over, that I am bringing you for the first time to my home- that I am alone with you for the first time- quite alone with you, in-37- your trembling loveliness! All this evening I have been longing for you, and you only. When I watched you swaying and whirling in the tarantella- my blood boiled- I could endure it no longer; and that's why I made you come home with me so early- NORA. Go now, Torvald! Go away from me. I won't have all this. HELMER. What do you mean? Ah, I see you're teasing me, little Nora! Won't- won't! Am I not your husband-? A knock at the outer door. NORA. Starts. Did you hear-? HELMER. Going towards the hall. Who's there? RANK. Outside. It is I; may I come in for a moment? HELMER. In a low tone, annoyed. Oh, what can he want just now? Aloud. Wait a moment. Opens door. Come, it's nice of you to look in. RANK. I thought I heard your voice, and that put it into my head. Looks round. Ah, this dear old place! How cosy you two are here! HELMER. You seemed to find it pleasant enough upstairs, too. RANK. Exceedingly. Why not? Why shouldn't one take one's share of everything in this world? All one can, at least, and as long as one can. The wine was splendid- HELMER. Especially the champagne. RANK. Did you notice it? It's incredible the quantity I contrived to get down. NORA. Torvald drank plenty of champagne, too. RANK. Did he? NORA. Yes, and it always puts him in such spirits. RANK. Well, why shouldn't one have a jolly evening after a well-spent day? HELMER. Well-spent! Well, I haven't much to boast of in that respect. RANK. Slapping him on the shoulder. But I have, don't you see?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.4752302}
{"text": "Well, I haven't much to boast of in that respect. RANK. Slapping him on the shoulder. But I have, don't you see? NORA. I suppose you have been engaged in a scientific investigation, Doctor Rank? RANK. Quite right. HELMER. Bless me! Little Nora talking about scientific investigations! NORA. Am I to congratulate you on the result? RANK. By all means. NORA. It was good then? RANK. The best possible, both for doctor and patient- certainty. NORA. Quickly and searchingly. Certainty? RANK. Absolute certainty. Wasn't I right to enjoy myself after that? NORA. Yes, quite right, Doctor Rank. HELMER. And so say I, provided you don't have to pay for it to-morrow. RANK. Well, in this life nothing is to be had for nothing. NORA. Doctor Rank- I'm sure you are very fond of masquerades? RANK. Yes, when there are plenty of amusing disguises- NORA. Tell me, what shall we two be at our next masquerade? HELMER. Little featherbrain! Thinking of your next already! RANK. We two? I'll tell you. You must go as a good fairy. HELMER. Ah, but what costume would indicate that? RANK. She has simply to wear her everyday dress. HELMER. Capital! But don't you know what you will be yourself? RANK. Yes, my dear friend, I am perfectly clear upon that point. HELMER. Well? RANK. At the next masquerade I shall be invisible. HELMER. What a comical idea! RANK. There's a big black hat- haven't you heard of the invisible-38- hat? It comes down all over you, and then no one can see you. HELMER. With a supressed smile. No, you're right there. RANK. But I'm quite forgetting what I came for. Helmer, give me a cigar- one of the dark Havanas. HELMER. With the greatest pleasure. Hands cigar-case. RANK. Takes one and cuts the end off. Thank you. NORA. Striking a wax match. Let me give you a light. RANK. A thousand thanks. She holds the match.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.4504852}
{"text": "RANK. A thousand thanks. She holds the match. He lights his cigar at it. RANK. And now, good-bye! HELMER. Good-bye, good-bye, my dear fellow. NORA. Sleep well, Doctor Rank. RANK. Thanks for the wish. NORA. Wish me the same. RANK. You? Very well, since you ask me- Sleep well. And thanks for the light. He nods to them both and goes out. HELMER. In an undertone. He's been drinking a good deal. NORA. Absently. I daresay. HELMER takes his bunch of keys from his pocket and goes into the hall. Torvald, what are you doing there? HELMER. I must empty the letter-box; it's quite full; there will be no room for the newspapers to-morrow morning. NORA. Are you going to work to-night? HELMER. You know very well I am not.- Why, how is this? Some one has been at the lock. NORA. The lock-? HELMER. I'm sure of it. What does it mean? I can't think that the servants-? Here's a broken hair-pin. Nora, it's one of yours. NORA. Quickly. It must have been the children- HELMER. Then you must break them of such tricks.- There! At last I've got it open. Takes contents out and calls into the kitchen. Ellen!- Ellen, just put the hall door lamp out. He returns with letters in his hand, and shuts the inner door. HELMER. Just see how they've accumulated. Turning them over. Why, what's this? NORA. At the window. The letter! Oh no, no, Torvald! HELMER. Two visiting-cards- from Rank. NORA. From Doctor Rank? HELMER. Looking at them. Doctor Rank. They were on the top. He must just have put them in. NORA. Is there anything on them? HELMER. There's a black cross over the name. Look at it. What an unpleasant idea! It looks just as if he were announcing his own death. NORA. So he is. HELMER. What! Do you know anything? Has he told you anything? NORA. Yes.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.4631765}
{"text": "Has he told you anything? NORA. Yes. These cards mean that he has taken his last leave of us. He is going to shut himself up and die. HELMER. Poor fellow! Of course I knew we couldn't hope to keep him long. But so soon-! And to go and creep into his lair like a wounded animal- NORA. When we must go, it is best to go silently. Don't you think so, Torvald? HELMER. Walking up and down. He had so grown into our lives, I can't realise that he is gone. He and his sufferings and his loneliness formed a sort of cloudy background to the sunshine of our happiness.- Well, perhaps it's best as it is- at any rate for him. Stands still. And perhaps for us too, Nora. Now we two are-39- thrown entirely upon each other. Takes her in his arms. My darling wife! I feel as if I could never hold you close enough. Do you know, Nora, I often wish some danger might threaten you, that I might risk body and soul, and everything, everything, for your dear sake. NORA. Tears herself from him and says firmly. Now you shall read your letters, Torvald. HELMER. No, no; not to-night. I want to be with you, my sweet wife. NORA. With the thought of your dying friend-? HELMER. You are right. This has shaken us both. Unloveliness has come between us- thoughts of death and decay. We must seek to cast them off. Till then- we will remain apart. NORA. Her arms round his neck. Torvald! Good-night! Good-night! HELMER. Kissing her forehead. Good-night, my little song-bird. Sleep well, Nora. Now I shall go and read my letters. He goes with the letters in his hand into his room and shuts the door. NORA. With wild eyes, gropes about her, seizes HELMER'S domino, throws it round her, and whispers quickly, hoarsely, and brokenly. Never to see him again. Never, never, never. Throws her shawl over her head. Never to see the children again. Never, never.- Oh that black, icy water! Oh that bottomless-! If it were only over!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.5278687}
{"text": "Never, never.- Oh that black, icy water! Oh that bottomless-! If it were only over! Now he has it; he's reading it. Oh, no, no, no, not yet. Torvald, good-bye-! Good-bye, my little ones-! She is rushing out by the hall; at the same moment HELMER flings his door open, and stands there with an open letter in his hand. HELMER. Nora! NORA. Shrieks. Ah-! HELMER. What is this? Do you know what is in this letter? NORA. Yes, I know. Let me go! Let me pass! HELMER. Holds her back. Where do you want to go? NORA. Tries to break away from him. You shall not save me, Torvald. HELMER. Falling back. True! Is what he writes true? No, no, it is impossible that this can be true. NORA. It is true. I have loved you beyond all else in the world. HELMER. Pshaw- no silly evasions! NORA. A step nearer him. Torvald-! HELMER. Wretched woman- what have you done! NORA. Let me go- you shall not save me! You shall not take my guilt upon yourself! HELMER. I don't want any melodramatic airs. Locks the outer door. Here you shall stay and give an account of yourself. Do you understand what you have done? Answer! Do you understand it? NORA. Looks at him fixedly, and says with a stiffening expression. Yes; now I begin fully to understand it. HELMER. Walking up and down. Oh! What an awful awakening! During all these eight years- she who was my pride and my joy- a hypocrite, a liar- worse, worse- a criminal. Oh, the unfathomable hideousness of it all! Ugh! Ugh! NORA says nothing, and continues to look fixedly at him. HELMER. I ought to have known how it would be. I ought to have foreseen it. All your father's want of principle- be silent!- all your father's want of principle you have inherited- no religion, no morality, no sense of duty. How I am punished for screening him!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.5532434}
{"text": "I ought to have foreseen it. All your father's want of principle- be silent!- all your father's want of principle you have inherited- no religion, no morality, no sense of duty. How I am punished for screening him! I did it for your sake; and you reward me like this. NORA. Yes- like this. HELMER. You have destroyed my whole happiness. You have ruined my-40- future. Oh, it's frightful to think of! I am in the power of a scoundrel; he can do whatever he pleases with me, demand whatever he chooses; he can domineer over me as much as he likes, and I must submit. And all this disaster and ruin is brought upon me by an unprincipled woman! NORA. When I am out of the world, you will be free. HELMER. Oh, no fine phrases. Your father, too, was always ready with them. What good would it do me, if you were \"out of the world,\" as you say? No good whatever! He can publish the story all the same; I might even be suspected of collusion. People will think I was at the bottom of it all and egged you on. And for all this I have you to thank- you whom I have done nothing but pet and spoil during our whole married life. Do you understand now what you have done to me? NORA. With cold calmness. Yes. HELMER. The thing is so incredible, I can't grasp it. But we must come to an understanding. Take that shawl off. Take it off, I say! I must try to pacify him in one way or another- the matter must be hushed up, cost what it may.- As for you and me, we must make no outward change in our way of life- no outward change, you understand. Of course, you will continue to live here. But the children cannot be left in your care. I dare not trust them to you.- Oh, to have to say this to one I have loved so tenderly- whom I still-! But that must be a thing of the past. Henceforward there can be no question of happiness, but merely of saving the ruins, the shreds, the show- A ring; HELMER starts. What's that? So late! Can it be the worst? Can he-?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.538642}
{"text": "So late! Can it be the worst? Can he-? Hide yourself, Nora; say you are ill. NORA stands motionless. HELMER goes to the door and opens it. ELLEN. Half dressed, in the hall. Here is a letter for you, ma'am. HELMER. Give it to me. Seizes the letter and shuts the door. Yes, from him. You shall not have it. I shall read it. NORA. Read it? HELMER. By the lamp. I have hardly the courage to. We may both be lost, both you and I. Ah! I must know. Hastily tears the letter open; reads a few lines, looks at an enclosure; with a cry of joy. Nora! Nora looks inquiringly at him. HELMER. Nora!- Oh! I must read it again.- Yes, yes, it is so. I am saved! Nora, I am saved! NORA. And I? HELMER. You too, of course; we are both saved, both of us. Look here- he sends you back your promissory note. He writes that he regrets and apologises, that a happy turn in his life- Oh, what matter what he writes. We are saved, Nora! No one can harm you. Oh, Nora, Nora-; but first to get rid of this hateful thing. I'll just see- Glances at the I.O.U. No, I will not look at it; the whole thing shall be nothing but a dream to me. Tears the I.O.U. and both letters in pieces. Throws them into the fire and watches them burn. There! It's gone!- He said that ever since Christmas Eve- Oh, Nora, they must have been three terrible days for you! NORA. I have fought a hard fight for the last three days. HELMER. And in your agony you saw no other outlet but- No; we won't think of that horror. We will only rejoice and repeat- it's over, all over! Don't you hear, Nora? You don't seem able to grasp it. Yes, it's over. What is this set look on your face? Oh, my poor Nora, I understand; you cannot believe that I have forgiven you. But I have, Nora; I swear it. I have forgiven everything.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.5643141}
{"text": "Oh, my poor Nora, I understand; you cannot believe that I have forgiven you. But I have, Nora; I swear it. I have forgiven everything. I know that what you did was all for love of me. -41- NORA. That is true. HELMER. You loved me as a wife should love her husband. It was only the means that, in your inexperience, you misjudged. But do you think I love you the less because you cannot do without guidance? No, no. Only lean on me; I will counsel you, and guide you. I should be no true man if this very womanly helplessness did not make you doubly dear in my eyes. You mustn't dwell upon the hard things I said in my first moment of terror, when the world seemed to be tumbling about my ears. I have forgiven you, Nora- I swear I have forgiven you. NORA. I thank you for your forgiveness. Goes out, to the right. HELMER. No, stay-! Looking through the doorway. What are you going to do? NORA. Inside. To take off my masquerade dress. HELMER. In the doorway. Yes, do, dear. Try to calm down, and recover your balance, my scared little song-bird. You may rest secure. I have broad wings to shield you. Walking up and down near the door. Oh, how lovely- how cosy our home is, Nora! Here you are safe; here I can shelter you like a hunted dove whom I have saved from the claws of the hawk. I shall soon bring your poor beating heart to rest; believe me, Nora, very soon. To-morrow all this will seem quite different- everything will be as before. I shall not need to tell you again that I forgive you; you will feel for yourself that it is true. How could you think I could find it in my heart to drive you away, or even so much as to reproach you? Oh, you don't know a true man's heart, Nora. There is something indescribably sweet and soothing to a man in having forgiven his wife- honestly forgiven her, from the bottom of his heart. She becomes his property in a double sense. She is as though born again; she has become, so to speak, at once his wife and his child.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.6009598}
{"text": "There is something indescribably sweet and soothing to a man in having forgiven his wife- honestly forgiven her, from the bottom of his heart. She becomes his property in a double sense. She is as though born again; she has become, so to speak, at once his wife and his child. That is what you shall henceforth be to me, my bewildered, helpless darling. Don't be troubled about anything, Nora; only open your heart to me, and I will be both will and conscience to you. NORA enters in everyday dress. Why, what's this? Not gone to bed You have changed your dress? NORA. Yes, Torvald; now I have changed my dress. HELMER. But why now, so late-? NORA. I shall not sleep to-night. HELMER. But, Nora dear- NORA. Looking at her watch. It's not so late yet. Sit down, Torvald; you and I have much to say to each other. She sits at one side of the table. HELMER. Nora- what does this mean? Your cold, set face- NORA. Sit down. It will take some time. I have much to talk over with you. HELMER sits at the other side of the table. HELMER. You alarm me, Nora. I don't understand you. NORA. No, that is just it. You don't understand me; and I have never understood you- till to-night. No, don't interrupt. Only listen to what I say.- We must come to a final settlement, Torvald. HELMER. How do you mean? NORA. After a short silence. Does not one thing strike you as we sit here? HELMER. What should strike me? NORA. We have been married eight years. Does it not strike you that this is the first time we two, you and I, man and wife, have talked together seriously? HELMER. Seriously! What do you call seriously? NORA. During eight whole years, and more- ever since the day we-42- first met- we have never exchanged one serious word about serious things. HELMER. Was I always to trouble you with the cares you could not help me to bear? NORA. I am not talking of cares. I say that we have never yet set ourselves seriously to get to the bottom of anything.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.619806}
{"text": "NORA. I am not talking of cares. I say that we have never yet set ourselves seriously to get to the bottom of anything. HELMER. Why, my dearest Nora, what have you to do with serious things? NORA. There we have it! You have never understood me.- I have had great injustice done me, Torvald; first by father, and then by you. HELMER. What! By your father and me?- By us, who have loved you more than all the world? NORA. Shaking her head. You have never loved me. You only thought it amusing to be in love with me. HELMER. Why, Nora, what a thing to say! NORA. Yes, it is so, Torvald. While I was at home with father, he used to tell me all his opinions, and I held the same opinions. If I had others I said nothing about them, because he wouldn't have liked it. He used to call me his doll-child, and played with me as I played with my dolls. Then I came to live in your house- HELMER. What an expression to use about our marriage! NORA. Undisturbed. I mean I passed from father's hands into yours. You arranged everything according to your taste; and I got the same tastes as you; or I pretended to- I don't know which- both ways, perhaps; sometimes one and sometimes the other. When I look back on it now, I seem to have been living here like a beggar, from hand to mouth. I lived by performing tricks for you, Torvald. But you would have it so. You and father have done me a great wrong. It is your fault that my life has come to nothing. HELMER. Why, Nora, how unreasonable and ungrateful you are! Have you not been happy here? NORA. No, never. I thought I was; but I never was. HELMER. Not- not happy! NORA. No; only merry. And you have always been so kind to me. But our house has been nothing but a play-room. Here I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I used to be papa's doll-child. And the children, in their turn, have been my dolls. I thought it fun when you played with me, just as the children did when I played with them.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.6350708}
{"text": "Here I have been your doll-wife, just as at home I used to be papa's doll-child. And the children, in their turn, have been my dolls. I thought it fun when you played with me, just as the children did when I played with them. That has been our marriage, Torvald. HELMER. There is some truth in what you say, exaggerated and overstrained though it be. But henceforth it shall be different. Play-time is over; now comes the time for education. NORA. Whose education? Mine, or the children's? HELMER. Both, my dear Nora. NORA. Oh, Torvald, you are not the man to teach me to be a fit wife for you. HELMER. And you can say that? NORA. And I- how have I prepared myself to educate the children? HELMER. Nora! NORA. Did you not say yourself, a few minutes ago, you dared not trust them to me? HELMER. In the excitement of the moment! Why should you dwell upon that? NORA. No- you were perfectly right. That problem is beyond me. There is another to be solved first- I must try to educate myself. You are not the man to help me in that. I must set about it alone. And that is why I am leaving you. HELMER. Jumping up. What- do you mean to say-? NORA. I must stand quite alone if I am ever to know myself and my surroundings; so I cannot stay with you. -43- HELMER. Nora! Nora! NORA. I am going at once. I daresay Christina will take me in for to-night- HELMER. You are mad! I shall not allow it! I forbid it! NORA. It is of no use your forbidding me anything now. I shall take with me what belongs to me. From you I will accept nothing, either now or afterwards. HELMER. What madness this is! NORA. To-morrow I shall go home- I mean to what was my home. It will be easier for me to find some opening there. HELMER. Oh, in your blind inexperience- NORA. I must try to gain experience, Torvald. HELMER. To forsake your home, your husband, and your children!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.676008}
{"text": "I must try to gain experience, Torvald. HELMER. To forsake your home, your husband, and your children! And you don't consider what the world will say. NORA. I can pay no heed to that. I only know that I must do it. HELMER. This is monstrous! Can you forsake your holiest duties in this way? NORA. What do you consider my holiest duties? HELMER. Do I need to tell you that? Your duties to your husband and your children. NORA. I have other duties equally sacred. HELMER. Impossible! What duties do you mean? NORA. My duties towards myself. HELMER. Before all else you are a wife and a mother. NORA. That I no longer believe. I believe that before all else I am a human being, just as much as you are- or at least that I should try to become one. I know that most people agree with you, Torvald, and that they say so in books. But henceforth I can't be satisfied with what most people say, and what is in books. I must think things out for myself, and try to get clear about them. HELMER. Are you not clear about your place in your own home? Have you not an infallible guide in questions like these? Have you not religion? NORA. Oh, Torvald, I don't really know what religion is. HELMER. What do you mean? NORA. I know nothing but what Pastor Hansen told me when I was confirmed. He explained that religion was this and that. When I get away from all this and stand alone, I will look into that matter too. I will see whether what he taught me is right, or, at any rate, whether it is right for me. HELMER. Oh, this is unheard of! And from so young a woman! But if religion cannot keep you right, let me appeal to your conscience- for I suppose you have some moral feeling? Or, answer me: perhaps you have none? NORA. Well, Torvald, it's not easy to say. I really don't know- I am all at sea about these things. I only know that I think quite differently from you about them. I hear, too, that the laws are different from what I thought: but I can't believe that they can be right.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.717304}
{"text": "I really don't know- I am all at sea about these things. I only know that I think quite differently from you about them. I hear, too, that the laws are different from what I thought: but I can't believe that they can be right. It appears that a woman has no right to spare her dying father, or to save her husband's life! I don't believe that. HELMER. You talk like a child. You don't understand the society in which you live. NORA. No, I do not. But now I shall try to learn. I must make up my mind which is right- society or I. HELMER. Nora, you are ill; you are feverish; I almost think you are out of your senses. NORA. I have never felt so much clearness and certainty as to-night. HELMER. You are clear and certain enough to forsake husband and children? NORA. Yes, I am. -44- HELMER. Then there is only one explanation possible. NORA. What is that? HELMER. You no longer love me. NORA. No; that is just it. HELMER. Nora!- Can you say so! NORA. Oh, I'm so sorry, Torvald; for you've always been so kind to me. But I can't help it. I do not love you any longer. HELMER. Mastering himself with difficulty. Are you clear and certain on this point too? NORA. Yes, quite. That is why I will not stay here any longer. HELMER. And can you also make clear to me how I have forfeited your love? NORA. Yes, I can. It was this evening, when the miracle did not happen; for then I saw you were not the man I had imagined. HELMER. Explain yourself more clearly; I don't understand NORA. I have waited so patiently all these eight years. For of course I saw clearly enough that miracles don't happen every day. When this crushing blow threatened me, I said to myself so confidently, \"Now comes the miracle!\". When Krogstad's letter lay in the box, it never for a moment occurred to me that you would think of submitting to that man's conditions. I was convinced that you would say to him, \"Make it known to all the world\"; and that then- HELMER. Well?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.70105}
{"text": "To part- to part from you! No, Nora, no; I can't grasp the thought. NORA. Going into room on the right. The more reason for the thing to happen. She comes back with out-door things and a small travelling-bag, which she places on a chair. HELMER. Nora, Nora, not now! Wait till to-morrow. NORA. Putting on cloak. I can't spend the night in a strange man's house. -45- HELMER. But can we not live here, as brother and sister-? NORA. Fastening her hat. You know very well that wouldn't last long. Puts on the shawl. Good-bye, Torvald. No. I won't go to the children. I know they are in better hands than mine. As I now am, I can be nothing to them. HELMER. But some time, Nora- some time-? NORA. How can I tell? I have no idea what will become of me. HELMER. But you are my wife, now and always! NORA. Listen, Torvald- when a wife leaves her husband's house, as I am doing, I have heard that in the eyes of the law he is free from all duties towards her. At any rate, I release you from all duties. You must not feel yourself bound, any more than I shall. There must be perfect freedom on both sides. There, I give you back your ring. Give me mine. HELMER. That too? NORA. That too. HELMER. Here it is. NORA. Very well. Now it is all over. I lay the keys here. The servants know about everything in the house- better than I do. To-morrow, when I have started, Christina will come to pack up the things I brought with me from home. I will have them sent after me. HELMER. All over! All over! Nora, will you never think of me again? NORA. Oh, I shall often think of you, and the children, and this house. HELMER. May I write to you, Nora? NORA. No- never. You must not. HELMER. But I must send you- NORA. Nothing, nothing. HELMER. I must help you if you need it. NORA. No, I say.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.696756}
{"text": "I must help you if you need it. NORA.No, I say. I take nothing from strangers. HELMER.Nora- can I never be more than a stranger to you?NORA. Taking her travelling-bag. Oh, Torvald, then the miracle of miracles would have to happen- HELMER.What is the miracle of miracles?NORA.Both of us would have to change so that- Oh, Torvald, I no longer believe in miracles. HELMER.But I will believe. Tell me!We must so change that-?NORA.That communion between us shall be a marriage. Good-bye. She goes out by the hall door. HELMER. Sinks into a chair by the door with his face in his hands. Nora!Nora! He looks round and rises. Empty. She is gone. A hope springs up in him. Ah!The miracle of miracles-?! From below is heard the reverberation of a heavy door closing. THE END.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-BY-HENRIK-IBSEN.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.7334921}
{"text": "Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html 1 18 2007 12:23 PMRomeo and Juliet ACT I PROLOGUE Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life; Whole misadventured piteous overthrows Do with their death bury their parents' strife. The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love, And the continuance of their parents' rage, Which, but their children's end, nought could remove, Is now the two hours' traffic of our stage; The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend. SCENE I. Verona. A public place. Enter SAMPSON and GREGORY, of the house of Capulet, armed with swords and bucklers SAMPSON Gregory, o' my word, we'll not carry coals. GREGORY No, for then we should be colliers. SAMPSON I mean, an we be in choler, we'll draw. GREGORY Ay, while you live, draw your neck out o' the collar. SAMPSON I strike quickly, being moved. GREGORY But thou art not quickly moved to strike.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.7591634}
{"text": "GREGORY Ay, while you live, draw your neck out o' the collar. SAMPSON I strike quickly, being moved. GREGORY But thou art not quickly moved to strike. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSAMPSONA dog of the house of Montague moves me. GREGORYTo move is to stir; and to be valiant is to stand:therefore, if thou art moved, thou runn'st away. SAMPSONA dog of that house shall move me to stand: I willtake the wall of any man or maid of Montague's. GREGORYThat shows thee a weak slave; for the weakest goesto the wall. SAMPSONTrue; and therefore women, being the weaker vessels,are ever thrust to the wall: therefore I will pushMontague's men from the wall, and thrust his maidsto the wall. GREGORYThe quarrel is between our masters and us their men. SAMPSON'Tis all one, I will show myself a tyrant: when Ihave fought with the men, I will be cruel with themaids, and cut off their heads. GREGORYThe heads of the maids?SAMPSONAy, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads;take it in what sense thou wilt. GREGORYThey must take it in sense that feel it. SAMPSONMe they shall feel while I am able to stand: and'tis known I am a pretty piece of flesh. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGREGORY'Tis well thou art not fish; if thou hadst, thouhadst been poor John. Draw thy tool! Here comestwo of the house of the Montagues. SAMPSONMy naked weapon is out: quarrel, I will back thee. GREGORYHow! Turn thy back and run?SAMPSONFear me not. GREGORYNo, marry; I fear thee!SAMPSONLet us take the law of our sides; let them begin. GREGORYI will frown as I pass by, and let them take it asthey list. SAMPSONNay, as they dare.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.7776346}
{"text": "Draw thy tool! Here comestwo of the house of the Montagues. SAMPSONMy naked weapon is out: quarrel, I will back thee. GREGORYHow! Turn thy back and run?SAMPSONFear me not. GREGORYNo, marry; I fear thee!SAMPSONLet us take the law of our sides; let them begin. GREGORYI will frown as I pass by, and let them take it asthey list. SAMPSONNay, as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them;which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it. Enter ABRAHAM and BALTHASARABRAHAMDo you bite your thumb at us, sir?SAMPSONI do bite my thumb, sir. ABRAHAMDo you bite your thumb at us, sir?SAMPSON Aside to GREGORY Is the law of our side, if I sayay? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGREGORYNo. SAMPSONNo, sir, I do not bite my thumb at you, sir, but Ibite my thumb, sir. GREGORYDo you quarrel, sir?ABRAHAMQuarrel sir! No, sir. SAMPSONIf you do, sir, I am for you: I serve as good a man as you. ABRAHAMNo better. SAMPSONWell, sir. GREGORYSay 'better:' here comes one of my master's kinsmen. SAMPSONYes, better, sir. ABRAHAMYou lie. SAMPSONDraw, if you be men. Gregory, remember thy swashing blow. They fightEnter BENVOLIOBENVOLIOPart, fools!Put up your swords; you know not what you do. Beats down their swords Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMEnter TYBALTTYBALTWhat, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds?Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death. BENVOLIOI do but keep the peace: put up thy sword,Or manage it to part these men with me. TYBALTWhat, drawn, and talk of peace!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.7924552}
{"text": "I will bite my thumb at them;which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it. Enter ABRAHAM and BALTHASARABRAHAMDo you bite your thumb at us, sir?SAMPSONI do bite my thumb, sir. ABRAHAMDo you bite your thumb at us, sir?SAMPSON Aside to GREGORY Is the law of our side, if I sayay? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGREGORYNo. SAMPSONNo, sir, I do not bite my thumb at you, sir, but Ibite my thumb, sir. GREGORYDo you quarrel, sir?ABRAHAMQuarrel sir! No, sir. SAMPSONIf you do, sir, I am for you: I serve as good a man as you. ABRAHAMNo better. SAMPSONWell, sir. GREGORYSay 'better:' here comes one of my master's kinsmen. SAMPSONYes, better, sir. ABRAHAMYou lie. SAMPSONDraw, if you be men. Gregory, remember thy swashing blow. They fightEnter BENVOLIOBENVOLIOPart, fools!Put up your swords; you know not what you do. Beats down their swords Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMEnter TYBALTTYBALTWhat, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds?Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death. BENVOLIOI do but keep the peace: put up thy sword,Or manage it to part these men with me. TYBALTWhat, drawn, and talk of peace! I hate the word,As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee:Have at thee, coward!They fightEnter, several of both houses, who join the fray; then enter Citizens, with clubsFirst CitizenClubs, bills, and partisans! Strike! Beat them down!Down with the Capulets! Down with the Montagues!Enter CAPULET in his gown, and LADY CAPULETCAPULETWhat noise is this? Give me my long sword, ho!LADY CAPULETA crutch, a crutch!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.8241506}
{"text": "Beat them down!Down with the Capulets! Down with the Montagues!Enter CAPULET in his gown, and LADY CAPULETCAPULETWhat noise is this? Give me my long sword, ho!LADY CAPULETA crutch, a crutch! Why call you for a sword?CAPULETMy sword, I say! Old Montague is come,And flourishes his blade in spite of me. Enter MONTAGUE and LADY MONTAGUEMONTAGUEThou villain Capulet,--Hold me not, let me go. LADY MONTAGUEThou shalt not stir a foot to seek a foe. Enter PRINCE, with AttendantsPRINCE Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMRebellious subjects, enemies to peace,Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel,-Will they not hear? What, ho!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.8099768}
{"text": "Why call you for a sword?CAPULETMy sword, I say! Old Montague is come,And flourishes his blade in spite of me. Enter MONTAGUE and LADY MONTAGUEMONTAGUEThou villain Capulet,--Hold me not, let me go. LADY MONTAGUEThou shalt not stir a foot to seek a foe. Enter PRINCE, with AttendantsPRINCE Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMRebellious subjects, enemies to peace,Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel,-Will they not hear? What, ho! You men, you beasts,That quench the fire of your pernicious rageWith purple fountains issuing from your veins,On pain of torture, from those bloody handsThrow your mistemper'd weapons to the ground,And hear the sentence of your moved prince. Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word,By thee, old Capulet, and Montague,Have thrice disturb'd the quiet of our streets,And made Verona's ancient citizensCast by their grave beseeming ornaments,To wield old partisans, in hands as old,Canker'd with peace, to part your canker'd hate:If ever you disturb our streets again,Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. For this time, all the rest depart away:You Capulet; shall go along with me:And, Montague, come you this afternoon,To know our further pleasure in this case,To old Free-town, our common judgment-place. Once more, on pain of death, all men depart. Exeunt all but MONTAGUE, LADY MONTAGUE, and BENVOLIOMONTAGUEWho set this ancient quarrel new abroach?Speak, nephew, were you by when it began?BENVOLIOHere were the servants of your adversary,And yours, close fighting ere I did approach:I drew to part them: in the instant cameThe fiery Tybalt, with his sword prepared,Which, as he breathed defiance to my ears,He swung about his head and cut the winds,Who nothing hurt withal hiss'd him in scorn:While we were interchanging thrusts and blows,Came more and more and fought on part and part,Till the prince came, who parted either part. LADY MONTAGUEO, where is Romeo?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.869047}
{"text": "Come, madam, let's away. Exeunt MONTAGUE and LADY MONTAGUEBENVOLIOGood-morrow, cousin. ROMEOIs the day so young?BENVOLIOBut new struck nine. ROMEOAy me! Sad hours seem long. Was that my father that went hence so fast?BENVOLIOIt was. What sadness lengthens Romeo's hours?ROMEONot having that, which, having, makes them short. BENVOLIOIn love?ROMEOOut-BENVOLIOOf love?ROMEOOut of her favour, where I am in love. BENVOLIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAlas, that love, so gentle in his view,Should be so tyrannous and rough in proof!ROMEOAlas, that love, whose view is muffled still,Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will!Where shall we dine? O me! What fray was here?Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all. Here's much to do with hate, but more with love. Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!O any thing, of nothing first create!O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms!Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire,sick health!Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Dost thou not laugh?BENVOLIONo, coz, I rather weep. ROMEOGood heart, at what?BENVOLIOAt thy good heart's oppression. ROMEOWhy, such is love's transgression. Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast,Which thou wilt propagate, to have it prestWith more of thine: this love that thou hast shownDoth add more grief to too much of mine own. Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs;Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers' eyes;Being vex'd a sea nourish'd with lovers' tears:What is it else? A madness most discreet,A choking gall and a preserving sweet. Farewell, my coz. BENVOLIOSoft!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.8961875}
{"text": "Why, no. But sadly tell me who. ROMEOBid a sick man in sadness make his will:Ah, word ill urged to one that is so ill!In sadness, cousin, I do love a woman. BENVOLIOI aim'd so near, when I supposed you loved. ROMEOA right good mark-man! And she's fair I love. BENVOLIOA right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit. ROMEOWell, in that hit you miss: she'll not be hitWith Cupid's arrow; she hath Dian's wit;And, in strong proof of chastity well arm'd,From love's weak childish bow she lives unharm'd. She will not stay the siege of loving terms,Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes,Nor ope her lap to saint-seducing gold:O, she is rich in beauty, only poor,That when she dies with beauty dies her store. BENVOLIOThen she hath sworn that she will still live chaste?ROMEOShe hath, and in that sparing makes huge waste,For beauty starved with her severity Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMCuts beauty off from all posterity. She is too fair, too wise, wisely too fair,To merit bliss by making me despair:She hath forsworn to love, and in that vowDo I live dead that live to tell it now. BENVOLIOBe ruled by me, forget to think of her. ROMEOO, teach me how I should forget to think. BENVOLIOBy giving liberty unto thine eyes;Examine other beauties. ROMEO'Tis the wayTo call hers exquisite, in question more:These happy masks that kiss fair ladies' browsBeing black put us in mind they hide the fair;He that is strucken blind cannot forgetThe precious treasure of his eyesight lost:Show me a mistress that is passing fair,What doth her beauty serve, but as a noteWhere I may read who pass'd that passing fair?Farewell: thou canst not teach me to forget. BENVOLIOI'll pay that doctrine, or else die in debt. ExeuntSCENE II. A street. Enter CAPULET, PARIS, and ServantCAPULETBut Montague is bound as well as I,In penalty alike; and 'tis not hard, I think,For men so old as we to keep the peace. PARISOf honourable reckoning are you both;And pity 'tis you lived at odds so long. But now, my lord, what say you to my suit? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMCAPULETBut saying o'er what I have said before:My child is yet a stranger in the world;She hath not seen the change of fourteen years,Let two more summers wither in their pride,Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. PARISYounger than she are happy mothers made. CAPULETAnd too soon marr'd are those so early made. The earth hath swallow'd all my hopes but she,She is the hopeful lady of my earth:But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart,My will to her consent is but a part;An she agree, within her scope of choiceLies my consent and fair according voice. This night I hold an old accustom'd feast,Whereto I have invited many a guest,Such as I love; and you, among the store,One more, most welcome, makes my number more. At my poor house look to behold this nightEarth-treading stars that make dark heaven light:Such comfort as do lusty young men feelWhen well-apparell'd April on the heelOf limping winter treads, even such delightAmong fresh female buds shall you this nightInherit at my house; hear all, all see,And like her most whose merit most shall be:Which on more view, of many mine being oneMay stand in number, though in reckoning none,Come, go with me. To Servant, giving a paperGo, sirrah, trudge aboutThrough fair Verona; find those persons outWhose names are written there, and to them say,My house and welcome on their pleasure stay. Exeunt CAPULET and PARISServantFind them out whose names are written here! It iswritten, that the shoemaker should meddle with hisyard, and the tailor with his last, the fisher withhis pencil, and the painter with his nets; but I amsent to find those persons whose names are here Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMwrit, and can never find what names the writingperson hath here writ.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.959161}
{"text": "And she's fair I love. BENVOLIOA right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit. ROMEOWell, in that hit you miss: she'll not be hitWith Cupid's arrow; she hath Dian's wit;And, in strong proof of chastity well arm'd,From love's weak childish bow she lives unharm'd. She will not stay the siege of loving terms,Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes,Nor ope her lap to saint-seducing gold:O, she is rich in beauty, only poor,That when she dies with beauty dies her store. BENVOLIOThen she hath sworn that she will still live chaste?ROMEOShe hath, and in that sparing makes huge waste,For beauty starved with her severity Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMCuts beauty off from all posterity. She is too fair, too wise, wisely too fair,To merit bliss by making me despair:She hath forsworn to love, and in that vowDo I live dead that live to tell it now. BENVOLIOBe ruled by me, forget to think of her. ROMEOO, teach me how I should forget to think. BENVOLIOBy giving liberty unto thine eyes;Examine other beauties. ROMEO'Tis the wayTo call hers exquisite, in question more:These happy masks that kiss fair ladies' browsBeing black put us in mind they hide the fair;He that is strucken blind cannot forgetThe precious treasure of his eyesight lost:Show me a mistress that is passing fair,What doth her beauty serve, but as a noteWhere I may read who pass'd that passing fair?Farewell: thou canst not teach me to forget. BENVOLIOI'll pay that doctrine, or else die in debt. ExeuntSCENE II. A street. Enter CAPULET, PARIS, and ServantCAPULETBut Montague is bound as well as I,In penalty alike; and 'tis not hard, I think,For men so old as we to keep the peace. PARISOf honourable reckoning are you both;And pity 'tis you lived at odds so long. But now, my lord, what say you to my suit? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMCAPULETBut saying o'er what I have said before:My child is yet a stranger in the world;She hath not seen the change of fourteen years,Let two more summers wither in their pride,Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. PARISYounger than she are happy mothers made. CAPULETAnd too soon marr'd are those so early made. The earth hath swallow'd all my hopes but she,She is the hopeful lady of my earth:But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart,My will to her consent is but a part;An she agree, within her scope of choiceLies my consent and fair according voice. This night I hold an old accustom'd feast,Whereto I have invited many a guest,Such as I love; and you, among the store,One more, most welcome, makes my number more. At my poor house look to behold this nightEarth-treading stars that make dark heaven light:Such comfort as do lusty young men feelWhen well-apparell'd April on the heelOf limping winter treads, even such delightAmong fresh female buds shall you this nightInherit at my house; hear all, all see,And like her most whose merit most shall be:Which on more view, of many mine being oneMay stand in number, though in reckoning none,Come, go with me. To Servant, giving a paperGo, sirrah, trudge aboutThrough fair Verona; find those persons outWhose names are written there, and to them say,My house and welcome on their pleasure stay. Exeunt CAPULET and PARISServantFind them out whose names are written here! It iswritten, that the shoemaker should meddle with hisyard, and the tailor with his last, the fisher withhis pencil, and the painter with his nets; but I amsent to find those persons whose names are here Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMwrit, and can never find what names the writingperson hath here writ. I must to the learned.--In good time. Enter BENVOLIO and ROMEOBENVOLIOTut, man, one fire burns out another's burning,One pain is lessen'd by another's anguish;Turn giddy, and be holp by backward turning;One desperate grief cures with another's languish:Take thou some new infection to thy eye,And the rank poison of the old will die. ROMEOYour plaintain-leaf is excellent for that. BENVOLIOFor what, I pray thee?ROMEOFor your broken shin. BENVOLIOWhy, Romeo, art thou mad?ROMEONot mad, but bound more than a mad-man is;Shut up in prison, kept without my food,Whipp'd and tormented and--God-den, good fellow. ServantGod gi' god-den.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406255.9946826}
{"text": "A street. Enter CAPULET, PARIS, and ServantCAPULETBut Montague is bound as well as I,In penalty alike; and 'tis not hard, I think,For men so old as we to keep the peace. PARISOf honourable reckoning are you both;And pity 'tis you lived at odds so long. But now, my lord, what say you to my suit? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMCAPULETBut saying o'er what I have said before:My child is yet a stranger in the world;She hath not seen the change of fourteen years,Let two more summers wither in their pride,Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride. PARISYounger than she are happy mothers made. CAPULETAnd too soon marr'd are those so early made. The earth hath swallow'd all my hopes but she,She is the hopeful lady of my earth:But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart,My will to her consent is but a part;An she agree, within her scope of choiceLies my consent and fair according voice. This night I hold an old accustom'd feast,Whereto I have invited many a guest,Such as I love; and you, among the store,One more, most welcome, makes my number more. At my poor house look to behold this nightEarth-treading stars that make dark heaven light:Such comfort as do lusty young men feelWhen well-apparell'd April on the heelOf limping winter treads, even such delightAmong fresh female buds shall you this nightInherit at my house; hear all, all see,And like her most whose merit most shall be:Which on more view, of many mine being oneMay stand in number, though in reckoning none,Come, go with me. To Servant, giving a paperGo, sirrah, trudge aboutThrough fair Verona; find those persons outWhose names are written there, and to them say,My house and welcome on their pleasure stay. Exeunt CAPULET and PARISServantFind them out whose names are written here! It iswritten, that the shoemaker should meddle with hisyard, and the tailor with his last, the fisher withhis pencil, and the painter with his nets; but I amsent to find those persons whose names are here Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMwrit, and can never find what names the writingperson hath here writ. I must to the learned.--In good time. Enter BENVOLIO and ROMEOBENVOLIOTut, man, one fire burns out another's burning,One pain is lessen'd by another's anguish;Turn giddy, and be holp by backward turning;One desperate grief cures with another's languish:Take thou some new infection to thy eye,And the rank poison of the old will die. ROMEOYour plaintain-leaf is excellent for that. BENVOLIOFor what, I pray thee?ROMEOFor your broken shin. BENVOLIOWhy, Romeo, art thou mad?ROMEONot mad, but bound more than a mad-man is;Shut up in prison, kept without my food,Whipp'd and tormented and--God-den, good fellow. ServantGod gi' god-den. I pray, sir, can you read?ROMEOAy, mine own fortune in my misery. ServantPerhaps you have learned it without book: but, Ipray, can you read any thing you see?ROMEOAy, if I know the letters and the language. Servant Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYe say honestly: rest you merry!ROMEOStay, fellow; I can read. Reads'Signior Martino and his wife and daughters;County Anselme and his beauteous sisters; the ladywidow of Vitravio; Signior Placentio and his lovelynieces; Mercutio and his brother Valentine; mineuncle Capulet, his wife and daughters; my fair nieceRosaline; Livia; Signior Valentio and his cousinTybalt, Lucio and the lively Helena.'. A fairassembly: whither should they come?ServantUp. ROMEOWhither?ServantTo supper; to our house. ROMEOWhose house?ServantMy master's. ROMEOIndeed, I should have ask'd you that before. ServantNow I'll tell you without asking: my master is thegreat rich Capulet; and if you be not of the houseof Montagues, I pray, come and crush a cup of wine. Rest you merry!ExitBENVOLIOAt this same ancient feast of Capulet'sSups the fair Rosaline whom thou so lovest, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith all the admired beauties of Verona:Go thither; and, with unattainted eye,Compare her face with some that I shall show,And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. ROMEOWhen the devout religion of mine eyeMaintains such falsehood, then turn tears to fires;And these, who often drown'd could never die,Transparent heretics, be burnt for liars!One fairer than my love!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.035217}
{"text": "It iswritten, that the shoemaker should meddle with hisyard, and the tailor with his last, the fisher withhis pencil, and the painter with his nets; but I amsent to find those persons whose names are here Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMwrit, and can never find what names the writingperson hath here writ. I must to the learned.--In good time. Enter BENVOLIO and ROMEOBENVOLIOTut, man, one fire burns out another's burning,One pain is lessen'd by another's anguish;Turn giddy, and be holp by backward turning;One desperate grief cures with another's languish:Take thou some new infection to thy eye,And the rank poison of the old will die. ROMEOYour plaintain-leaf is excellent for that. BENVOLIOFor what, I pray thee?ROMEOFor your broken shin. BENVOLIOWhy, Romeo, art thou mad?ROMEONot mad, but bound more than a mad-man is;Shut up in prison, kept without my food,Whipp'd and tormented and--God-den, good fellow. ServantGod gi' god-den. I pray, sir, can you read?ROMEOAy, mine own fortune in my misery. ServantPerhaps you have learned it without book: but, Ipray, can you read any thing you see?ROMEOAy, if I know the letters and the language. Servant Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYe say honestly: rest you merry!ROMEOStay, fellow; I can read. Reads'Signior Martino and his wife and daughters;County Anselme and his beauteous sisters; the ladywidow of Vitravio; Signior Placentio and his lovelynieces; Mercutio and his brother Valentine; mineuncle Capulet, his wife and daughters; my fair nieceRosaline; Livia; Signior Valentio and his cousinTybalt, Lucio and the lively Helena.'. A fairassembly: whither should they come?ServantUp. ROMEOWhither?ServantTo supper; to our house. ROMEOWhose house?ServantMy master's. ROMEOIndeed, I should have ask'd you that before. ServantNow I'll tell you without asking: my master is thegreat rich Capulet; and if you be not of the houseof Montagues, I pray, come and crush a cup of wine. Rest you merry!ExitBENVOLIOAt this same ancient feast of Capulet'sSups the fair Rosaline whom thou so lovest, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith all the admired beauties of Verona:Go thither; and, with unattainted eye,Compare her face with some that I shall show,And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. ROMEOWhen the devout religion of mine eyeMaintains such falsehood, then turn tears to fires;And these, who often drown'd could never die,Transparent heretics, be burnt for liars!One fairer than my love! The all-seeing sunNe'er saw her match since first the world begun. BENVOLIOTut, you saw her fair, none else being by,Herself poised with herself in either eye:But in that crystal scales let there be weigh'dYour lady's love against some other maidThat I will show you shining at this feast,And she shall scant show well that now shows best. ROMEOI'll go along, no such sight to be shown,But to rejoice in splendor of mine own. ExeuntSCENE III.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.0113523}
{"text": "I must to the learned.--In good time. Enter BENVOLIO and ROMEOBENVOLIOTut, man, one fire burns out another's burning,One pain is lessen'd by another's anguish;Turn giddy, and be holp by backward turning;One desperate grief cures with another's languish:Take thou some new infection to thy eye,And the rank poison of the old will die. ROMEOYour plaintain-leaf is excellent for that. BENVOLIOFor what, I pray thee?ROMEOFor your broken shin. BENVOLIOWhy, Romeo, art thou mad?ROMEONot mad, but bound more than a mad-man is;Shut up in prison, kept without my food,Whipp'd and tormented and--God-den, good fellow. ServantGod gi' god-den. I pray, sir, can you read?ROMEOAy, mine own fortune in my misery. ServantPerhaps you have learned it without book: but, Ipray, can you read any thing you see?ROMEOAy, if I know the letters and the language. Servant Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYe say honestly: rest you merry!ROMEOStay, fellow; I can read. Reads'Signior Martino and his wife and daughters;County Anselme and his beauteous sisters; the ladywidow of Vitravio; Signior Placentio and his lovelynieces; Mercutio and his brother Valentine; mineuncle Capulet, his wife and daughters; my fair nieceRosaline; Livia; Signior Valentio and his cousinTybalt, Lucio and the lively Helena.'. A fairassembly: whither should they come?ServantUp. ROMEOWhither?ServantTo supper; to our house. ROMEOWhose house?ServantMy master's. ROMEOIndeed, I should have ask'd you that before. ServantNow I'll tell you without asking: my master is thegreat rich Capulet; and if you be not of the houseof Montagues, I pray, come and crush a cup of wine. Rest you merry!ExitBENVOLIOAt this same ancient feast of Capulet'sSups the fair Rosaline whom thou so lovest, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith all the admired beauties of Verona:Go thither; and, with unattainted eye,Compare her face with some that I shall show,And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. ROMEOWhen the devout religion of mine eyeMaintains such falsehood, then turn tears to fires;And these, who often drown'd could never die,Transparent heretics, be burnt for liars!One fairer than my love! The all-seeing sunNe'er saw her match since first the world begun. BENVOLIOTut, you saw her fair, none else being by,Herself poised with herself in either eye:But in that crystal scales let there be weigh'dYour lady's love against some other maidThat I will show you shining at this feast,And she shall scant show well that now shows best. ROMEOI'll go along, no such sight to be shown,But to rejoice in splendor of mine own. ExeuntSCENE III. A room in Capulet's house. Enter LADY CAPULET and NurseLADY CAPULETNurse, where's my daughter?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.1132648}
{"text": "I pray, sir, can you read?ROMEOAy, mine own fortune in my misery. ServantPerhaps you have learned it without book: but, Ipray, can you read any thing you see?ROMEOAy, if I know the letters and the language. Servant Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYe say honestly: rest you merry!ROMEOStay, fellow; I can read. Reads'Signior Martino and his wife and daughters;County Anselme and his beauteous sisters; the ladywidow of Vitravio; Signior Placentio and his lovelynieces; Mercutio and his brother Valentine; mineuncle Capulet, his wife and daughters; my fair nieceRosaline; Livia; Signior Valentio and his cousinTybalt, Lucio and the lively Helena.'. A fairassembly: whither should they come?ServantUp. ROMEOWhither?ServantTo supper; to our house. ROMEOWhose house?ServantMy master's. ROMEOIndeed, I should have ask'd you that before. ServantNow I'll tell you without asking: my master is thegreat rich Capulet; and if you be not of the houseof Montagues, I pray, come and crush a cup of wine. Rest you merry!ExitBENVOLIOAt this same ancient feast of Capulet'sSups the fair Rosaline whom thou so lovest, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith all the admired beauties of Verona:Go thither; and, with unattainted eye,Compare her face with some that I shall show,And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. ROMEOWhen the devout religion of mine eyeMaintains such falsehood, then turn tears to fires;And these, who often drown'd could never die,Transparent heretics, be burnt for liars!One fairer than my love! The all-seeing sunNe'er saw her match since first the world begun. BENVOLIOTut, you saw her fair, none else being by,Herself poised with herself in either eye:But in that crystal scales let there be weigh'dYour lady's love against some other maidThat I will show you shining at this feast,And she shall scant show well that now shows best. ROMEOI'll go along, no such sight to be shown,But to rejoice in splendor of mine own. ExeuntSCENE III. A room in Capulet's house. Enter LADY CAPULET and NurseLADY CAPULETNurse, where's my daughter? Call her forth to me. NurseNow, by my maidenhead, at twelve year old,I bade her come.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.091998}
{"text": "The all-seeing sunNe'er saw her match since first the world begun. BENVOLIOTut, you saw her fair, none else being by,Herself poised with herself in either eye:But in that crystal scales let there be weigh'dYour lady's love against some other maidThat I will show you shining at this feast,And she shall scant show well that now shows best. ROMEOI'll go along, no such sight to be shown,But to rejoice in splendor of mine own. ExeuntSCENE III. A room in Capulet's house. Enter LADY CAPULET and NurseLADY CAPULETNurse, where's my daughter? Call her forth to me. NurseNow, by my maidenhead, at twelve year old,I bade her come. What, lamb! What, ladybird!God forbid! Where's this girl? What, Juliet!Enter JULIETJULIETHow now! Who calls?NurseYour mother. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETMadam, I am here. What is your will?LADY CAPULETThis is the matter:--Nurse, give leave awhile,We must talk in secret:--nurse, come back again;I have remember'd me, thou's hear our counsel. Thou know'st my daughter's of a pretty age. NurseFaith, I can tell her age unto an hour. LADY CAPULETShe's not fourteen. NurseI'll lay fourteen of my teeth,-And yet, to my teeth be it spoken, I have but four-She is not fourteen.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.0741577}
{"text": "Where's this girl? What, Juliet!Enter JULIETJULIETHow now! Who calls?NurseYour mother. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETMadam, I am here. What is your will?LADY CAPULETThis is the matter:--Nurse, give leave awhile,We must talk in secret:--nurse, come back again;I have remember'd me, thou's hear our counsel. Thou know'st my daughter's of a pretty age. NurseFaith, I can tell her age unto an hour. LADY CAPULETShe's not fourteen. NurseI'll lay fourteen of my teeth,-And yet, to my teeth be it spoken, I have but four-She is not fourteen. How long is it nowTo Lammas-tide?LADY CAPULETA fortnight and odd days. NurseEven or odd, of all days in the year,Come Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen. Susan and she--God rest all Christian souls!-Were of an age: well, Susan is with God;She was too good for me: but, as I said,On Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen;That shall she, marry; I remember it well. 'Tis since the earthquake now eleven years;And she was wean'd,--I never shall forget it,-Of all the days of the year, upon that day:For I had then laid wormwood to my dug,Sitting in the sun under the dove-house wall;My lord and you were then at Mantua:-Nay, I do bear a brain:--but, as I said,When it did taste the wormwood on the nippleOf my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool,To see it tetchy and fall out with the dug!Shake quoth the dove-house: 'twas no need, I trow,To bid me trudge:And since that time it is eleven years; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFor then she could stand alone; nay, by the rood,She could have run and waddled all about;For even the day before, she broke her brow:And then my husband--God be with his soul!A' was a merry man--took up the child:'Yea,' quoth he, 'dost thou fall upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. And, by my holidame,The pretty wretch left crying and said 'Ay. 'To see, now, how a jest shall come about!I warrant, an I should live a thousand years,I never should forget it: 'Wilt thou not, Jule?'. Quoth he;And, pretty fool, it stinted and said 'Ay. 'LADY CAPULETEnough of this; I pray thee, hold thy peace. NurseYes, madam: yet I cannot choose but laugh,To think it should leave crying and say 'Ay. 'And yet, I warrant, it had upon its browA bump as big as a young cockerel's stone;A parlous knock; and it cried bitterly:'Yea,' quoth my husband,'fall'st upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou comest to age;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. It stinted and said 'Ay. 'JULIETAnd stint thou too, I pray thee, nurse, say I.NursePeace, I have done.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.1391037}
{"text": "What, Juliet!Enter JULIETJULIETHow now! Who calls?NurseYour mother. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETMadam, I am here. What is your will?LADY CAPULETThis is the matter:--Nurse, give leave awhile,We must talk in secret:--nurse, come back again;I have remember'd me, thou's hear our counsel. Thou know'st my daughter's of a pretty age. NurseFaith, I can tell her age unto an hour. LADY CAPULETShe's not fourteen. NurseI'll lay fourteen of my teeth,-And yet, to my teeth be it spoken, I have but four-She is not fourteen. How long is it nowTo Lammas-tide?LADY CAPULETA fortnight and odd days. NurseEven or odd, of all days in the year,Come Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen. Susan and she--God rest all Christian souls!-Were of an age: well, Susan is with God;She was too good for me: but, as I said,On Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen;That shall she, marry; I remember it well. 'Tis since the earthquake now eleven years;And she was wean'd,--I never shall forget it,-Of all the days of the year, upon that day:For I had then laid wormwood to my dug,Sitting in the sun under the dove-house wall;My lord and you were then at Mantua:-Nay, I do bear a brain:--but, as I said,When it did taste the wormwood on the nippleOf my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool,To see it tetchy and fall out with the dug!Shake quoth the dove-house: 'twas no need, I trow,To bid me trudge:And since that time it is eleven years; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFor then she could stand alone; nay, by the rood,She could have run and waddled all about;For even the day before, she broke her brow:And then my husband--God be with his soul!A' was a merry man--took up the child:'Yea,' quoth he, 'dost thou fall upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. And, by my holidame,The pretty wretch left crying and said 'Ay. 'To see, now, how a jest shall come about!I warrant, an I should live a thousand years,I never should forget it: 'Wilt thou not, Jule?'. Quoth he;And, pretty fool, it stinted and said 'Ay. 'LADY CAPULETEnough of this; I pray thee, hold thy peace. NurseYes, madam: yet I cannot choose but laugh,To think it should leave crying and say 'Ay. 'And yet, I warrant, it had upon its browA bump as big as a young cockerel's stone;A parlous knock; and it cried bitterly:'Yea,' quoth my husband,'fall'st upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou comest to age;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. It stinted and said 'Ay. 'JULIETAnd stint thou too, I pray thee, nurse, say I.NursePeace, I have done. God mark thee to his grace!Thou wast the prettiest babe that e'er I nursed:An I might live to see thee married once,I have my wish. LADY CAPULETMarry, that 'marry' is the very themeI came to talk of.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.1889818}
{"text": "Who calls?NurseYour mother. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETMadam, I am here. What is your will?LADY CAPULETThis is the matter:--Nurse, give leave awhile,We must talk in secret:--nurse, come back again;I have remember'd me, thou's hear our counsel. Thou know'st my daughter's of a pretty age. NurseFaith, I can tell her age unto an hour. LADY CAPULETShe's not fourteen. NurseI'll lay fourteen of my teeth,-And yet, to my teeth be it spoken, I have but four-She is not fourteen. How long is it nowTo Lammas-tide?LADY CAPULETA fortnight and odd days. NurseEven or odd, of all days in the year,Come Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen. Susan and she--God rest all Christian souls!-Were of an age: well, Susan is with God;She was too good for me: but, as I said,On Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen;That shall she, marry; I remember it well. 'Tis since the earthquake now eleven years;And she was wean'd,--I never shall forget it,-Of all the days of the year, upon that day:For I had then laid wormwood to my dug,Sitting in the sun under the dove-house wall;My lord and you were then at Mantua:-Nay, I do bear a brain:--but, as I said,When it did taste the wormwood on the nippleOf my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool,To see it tetchy and fall out with the dug!Shake quoth the dove-house: 'twas no need, I trow,To bid me trudge:And since that time it is eleven years; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFor then she could stand alone; nay, by the rood,She could have run and waddled all about;For even the day before, she broke her brow:And then my husband--God be with his soul!A' was a merry man--took up the child:'Yea,' quoth he, 'dost thou fall upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. And, by my holidame,The pretty wretch left crying and said 'Ay. 'To see, now, how a jest shall come about!I warrant, an I should live a thousand years,I never should forget it: 'Wilt thou not, Jule?'. Quoth he;And, pretty fool, it stinted and said 'Ay. 'LADY CAPULETEnough of this; I pray thee, hold thy peace. NurseYes, madam: yet I cannot choose but laugh,To think it should leave crying and say 'Ay. 'And yet, I warrant, it had upon its browA bump as big as a young cockerel's stone;A parlous knock; and it cried bitterly:'Yea,' quoth my husband,'fall'st upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou comest to age;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. It stinted and said 'Ay. 'JULIETAnd stint thou too, I pray thee, nurse, say I.NursePeace, I have done. God mark thee to his grace!Thou wast the prettiest babe that e'er I nursed:An I might live to see thee married once,I have my wish. LADY CAPULETMarry, that 'marry' is the very themeI came to talk of. Tell me, daughter Juliet,How stands your disposition to be married?JULIETIt is an honour that I dream not of. NurseAn honour!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.2142508}
{"text": "How long is it nowTo Lammas-tide?LADY CAPULETA fortnight and odd days. NurseEven or odd, of all days in the year,Come Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen. Susan and she--God rest all Christian souls!-Were of an age: well, Susan is with God;She was too good for me: but, as I said,On Lammas-eve at night shall she be fourteen;That shall she, marry; I remember it well. 'Tis since the earthquake now eleven years;And she was wean'd,--I never shall forget it,-Of all the days of the year, upon that day:For I had then laid wormwood to my dug,Sitting in the sun under the dove-house wall;My lord and you were then at Mantua:-Nay, I do bear a brain:--but, as I said,When it did taste the wormwood on the nippleOf my dug and felt it bitter, pretty fool,To see it tetchy and fall out with the dug!Shake quoth the dove-house: 'twas no need, I trow,To bid me trudge:And since that time it is eleven years; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFor then she could stand alone; nay, by the rood,She could have run and waddled all about;For even the day before, she broke her brow:And then my husband--God be with his soul!A' was a merry man--took up the child:'Yea,' quoth he, 'dost thou fall upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. And, by my holidame,The pretty wretch left crying and said 'Ay. 'To see, now, how a jest shall come about!I warrant, an I should live a thousand years,I never should forget it: 'Wilt thou not, Jule?'. Quoth he;And, pretty fool, it stinted and said 'Ay. 'LADY CAPULETEnough of this; I pray thee, hold thy peace. NurseYes, madam: yet I cannot choose but laugh,To think it should leave crying and say 'Ay. 'And yet, I warrant, it had upon its browA bump as big as a young cockerel's stone;A parlous knock; and it cried bitterly:'Yea,' quoth my husband,'fall'st upon thy face?Thou wilt fall backward when thou comest to age;Wilt thou not, Jule?'. It stinted and said 'Ay. 'JULIETAnd stint thou too, I pray thee, nurse, say I.NursePeace, I have done. God mark thee to his grace!Thou wast the prettiest babe that e'er I nursed:An I might live to see thee married once,I have my wish. LADY CAPULETMarry, that 'marry' is the very themeI came to talk of. Tell me, daughter Juliet,How stands your disposition to be married?JULIETIt is an honour that I dream not of. NurseAn honour! Were not I thine only nurse, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI would say thou hadst suck'd wisdom from thy teat. LADY CAPULETWell, think of marriage now; younger than you,Here in Verona, ladies of esteem,Are made already mothers: by my count,I was your mother much upon these yearsThat you are now a maid.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.2308064}
{"text": "God mark thee to his grace!Thou wast the prettiest babe that e'er I nursed:An I might live to see thee married once,I have my wish. LADY CAPULETMarry, that 'marry' is the very themeI came to talk of. Tell me, daughter Juliet,How stands your disposition to be married?JULIETIt is an honour that I dream not of. NurseAn honour! Were not I thine only nurse, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI would say thou hadst suck'd wisdom from thy teat. LADY CAPULETWell, think of marriage now; younger than you,Here in Verona, ladies of esteem,Are made already mothers: by my count,I was your mother much upon these yearsThat you are now a maid. Thus then in brief:The valiant Paris seeks you for his love. NurseA man, young lady! Lady, such a manAs all the world--why, he's a man of wax. LADY CAPULETVerona's summer hath not such a flower. NurseNay, he's a flower; in faith, a very flower. LADY CAPULETWhat say you? Can you love the gentleman?This night you shall behold him at our feast;Read o'er the volume of young Paris' face,And find delight writ there with beauty's pen;Examine every married lineament,And see how one another lends contentAnd what obscured in this fair volume liesFind written in the margent of his eyes. This precious book of love, this unbound lover,To beautify him, only lacks a cover:The fish lives in the sea, and 'tis much prideFor fair without the fair within to hide:That book in many's eyes doth share the glory,That in gold clasps locks in the golden story;So shall you share all that he doth possess,By having him, making yourself no less. NurseNo less!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.2393494}
{"text": "Thus then in brief:The valiant Paris seeks you for his love. NurseA man, young lady! Lady, such a manAs all the world--why, he's a man of wax. LADY CAPULETVerona's summer hath not such a flower. NurseNay, he's a flower; in faith, a very flower. LADY CAPULETWhat say you? Can you love the gentleman?This night you shall behold him at our feast;Read o'er the volume of young Paris' face,And find delight writ there with beauty's pen;Examine every married lineament,And see how one another lends contentAnd what obscured in this fair volume liesFind written in the margent of his eyes. This precious book of love, this unbound lover,To beautify him, only lacks a cover:The fish lives in the sea, and 'tis much prideFor fair without the fair within to hide:That book in many's eyes doth share the glory,That in gold clasps locks in the golden story;So shall you share all that he doth possess,By having him, making yourself no less. NurseNo less! Nay, bigger; women grow by men. LADY CAPULETSpeak briefly, can you like of Paris' love?JULIETI'll look to like, if looking liking move: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBut no more deep will I endart mine eyeThan your consent gives strength to make it fly. Enter a ServantServantMadam, the guests are come, supper served up, youcalled, my young lady asked for, the nurse cursed inthe pantry, and every thing in extremity. I musthence to wait; I beseech you, follow straight. LADY CAPULETWe follow thee. Exit ServantJuliet, the county stays. NurseGo, girl, seek happy nights to happy days. ExeuntSCENE IV.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.280314}
{"text": "Can you love the gentleman?This night you shall behold him at our feast;Read o'er the volume of young Paris' face,And find delight writ there with beauty's pen;Examine every married lineament,And see how one another lends contentAnd what obscured in this fair volume liesFind written in the margent of his eyes. This precious book of love, this unbound lover,To beautify him, only lacks a cover:The fish lives in the sea, and 'tis much prideFor fair without the fair within to hide:That book in many's eyes doth share the glory,That in gold clasps locks in the golden story;So shall you share all that he doth possess,By having him, making yourself no less. NurseNo less! Nay, bigger; women grow by men. LADY CAPULETSpeak briefly, can you like of Paris' love?JULIETI'll look to like, if looking liking move: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBut no more deep will I endart mine eyeThan your consent gives strength to make it fly. Enter a ServantServantMadam, the guests are come, supper served up, youcalled, my young lady asked for, the nurse cursed inthe pantry, and every thing in extremity. I musthence to wait; I beseech you, follow straight. LADY CAPULETWe follow thee. Exit ServantJuliet, the county stays. NurseGo, girl, seek happy nights to happy days. ExeuntSCENE IV. A street. Enter ROMEO, MERCUTIO, BENVOLIO, with five or six Maskers, Torch-bearers, and othersROMEOWhat, shall this speech be spoke for our excuse?Or shall we on without a apology?BENVOLIOThe date is out of such prolixity:We'll have no Cupid hoodwink'd with a scarf,Bearing a Tartar's painted bow of lath,Scaring the ladies like a crow-keeper;Nor no without-book prologue, faintly spokeAfter the prompter, for our entrance:But let them measure us by what they will;We'll measure them a measure, and be gone. ROMEOGive me a torch: I am not for this ambling;Being but heavy, I will bear the light. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. ROMEONot I, believe me: you have dancing shoesWith nimble soles: I have a soul of leadSo stakes me to the ground I cannot move. MERCUTIOYou are a lover; borrow Cupid's wings,And soar with them above a common bound. ROMEOI am too sore enpierced with his shaftTo soar with his light feathers, and so bound,I cannot bound a pitch above dull woe:Under love's heavy burden do I sink. MERCUTIOAnd, to sink in it, should you burden love;Too great oppression for a tender thing. ROMEOIs love a tender thing?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.337871}
{"text": "Nay, bigger; women grow by men. LADY CAPULETSpeak briefly, can you like of Paris' love?JULIETI'll look to like, if looking liking move: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBut no more deep will I endart mine eyeThan your consent gives strength to make it fly. Enter a ServantServantMadam, the guests are come, supper served up, youcalled, my young lady asked for, the nurse cursed inthe pantry, and every thing in extremity. I musthence to wait; I beseech you, follow straight. LADY CAPULETWe follow thee. Exit ServantJuliet, the county stays. NurseGo, girl, seek happy nights to happy days. ExeuntSCENE IV. A street. Enter ROMEO, MERCUTIO, BENVOLIO, with five or six Maskers, Torch-bearers, and othersROMEOWhat, shall this speech be spoke for our excuse?Or shall we on without a apology?BENVOLIOThe date is out of such prolixity:We'll have no Cupid hoodwink'd with a scarf,Bearing a Tartar's painted bow of lath,Scaring the ladies like a crow-keeper;Nor no without-book prologue, faintly spokeAfter the prompter, for our entrance:But let them measure us by what they will;We'll measure them a measure, and be gone. ROMEOGive me a torch: I am not for this ambling;Being but heavy, I will bear the light. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. ROMEONot I, believe me: you have dancing shoesWith nimble soles: I have a soul of leadSo stakes me to the ground I cannot move. MERCUTIOYou are a lover; borrow Cupid's wings,And soar with them above a common bound. ROMEOI am too sore enpierced with his shaftTo soar with his light feathers, and so bound,I cannot bound a pitch above dull woe:Under love's heavy burden do I sink. MERCUTIOAnd, to sink in it, should you burden love;Too great oppression for a tender thing. ROMEOIs love a tender thing? It is too rough,Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn. MERCUTIOIf love be rough with you, be rough with love;Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. Give me a case to put my visage in:A visor for a visor!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.3221574}
{"text": "I musthence to wait; I beseech you, follow straight. LADY CAPULETWe follow thee. Exit ServantJuliet, the county stays. NurseGo, girl, seek happy nights to happy days. ExeuntSCENE IV. A street. Enter ROMEO, MERCUTIO, BENVOLIO, with five or six Maskers, Torch-bearers, and othersROMEOWhat, shall this speech be spoke for our excuse?Or shall we on without a apology?BENVOLIOThe date is out of such prolixity:We'll have no Cupid hoodwink'd with a scarf,Bearing a Tartar's painted bow of lath,Scaring the ladies like a crow-keeper;Nor no without-book prologue, faintly spokeAfter the prompter, for our entrance:But let them measure us by what they will;We'll measure them a measure, and be gone. ROMEOGive me a torch: I am not for this ambling;Being but heavy, I will bear the light. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. ROMEONot I, believe me: you have dancing shoesWith nimble soles: I have a soul of leadSo stakes me to the ground I cannot move. MERCUTIOYou are a lover; borrow Cupid's wings,And soar with them above a common bound. ROMEOI am too sore enpierced with his shaftTo soar with his light feathers, and so bound,I cannot bound a pitch above dull woe:Under love's heavy burden do I sink. MERCUTIOAnd, to sink in it, should you burden love;Too great oppression for a tender thing. ROMEOIs love a tender thing? It is too rough,Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn. MERCUTIOIf love be rough with you, be rough with love;Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. Give me a case to put my visage in:A visor for a visor! What care IWhat curious eye doth quote deformities?Here are the beetle brows shall blush for me. BENVOLIOCome, knock and enter; and no sooner in,But every man betake him to his legs. ROMEOA torch for me: let wantons light of heartTickle the senseless rushes with their heels,For I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase;I'll be a candle-holder, and look on. The game was ne'er so fair, and I am done. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTut, dun's the mouse, the constable's own word:If thou art dun, we'll draw thee from the mireOf this sir-reverence love, wherein thou stick'stUp to the ears.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.3551934}
{"text": "A street. Enter ROMEO, MERCUTIO, BENVOLIO, with five or six Maskers, Torch-bearers, and othersROMEOWhat, shall this speech be spoke for our excuse?Or shall we on without a apology?BENVOLIOThe date is out of such prolixity:We'll have no Cupid hoodwink'd with a scarf,Bearing a Tartar's painted bow of lath,Scaring the ladies like a crow-keeper;Nor no without-book prologue, faintly spokeAfter the prompter, for our entrance:But let them measure us by what they will;We'll measure them a measure, and be gone. ROMEOGive me a torch: I am not for this ambling;Being but heavy, I will bear the light. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance. ROMEONot I, believe me: you have dancing shoesWith nimble soles: I have a soul of leadSo stakes me to the ground I cannot move. MERCUTIOYou are a lover; borrow Cupid's wings,And soar with them above a common bound. ROMEOI am too sore enpierced with his shaftTo soar with his light feathers, and so bound,I cannot bound a pitch above dull woe:Under love's heavy burden do I sink. MERCUTIOAnd, to sink in it, should you burden love;Too great oppression for a tender thing. ROMEOIs love a tender thing? It is too rough,Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn. MERCUTIOIf love be rough with you, be rough with love;Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. Give me a case to put my visage in:A visor for a visor! What care IWhat curious eye doth quote deformities?Here are the beetle brows shall blush for me. BENVOLIOCome, knock and enter; and no sooner in,But every man betake him to his legs. ROMEOA torch for me: let wantons light of heartTickle the senseless rushes with their heels,For I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase;I'll be a candle-holder, and look on. The game was ne'er so fair, and I am done. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTut, dun's the mouse, the constable's own word:If thou art dun, we'll draw thee from the mireOf this sir-reverence love, wherein thou stick'stUp to the ears. Come, we burn daylight, ho!ROMEONay, that's not so. MERCUTIOI mean, sir, in delayWe waste our lights in vain, like lamps by day. Take our good meaning, for our judgment sitsFive times in that ere once in our five wits. ROMEOAnd we mean well in going to this mask;But 'tis no wit to go. MERCUTIOWhy, may one ask?ROMEOI dream'd a dream to-night. MERCUTIOAnd so did I.ROMEOWell, what was yours?MERCUTIOThat dreamers often lie. ROMEOIn bed asleep, while they do dream things true. MERCUTIOO, then, I see Queen Mab hath been with you. She is the fairies' midwife, and she comesIn shape no bigger than an agate-stoneOn the fore-finger of an alderman,Drawn with a team of little atomiesAthwart men's noses as they lie asleep;Her wagon-spokes made of long spiders' legs, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe cover of the wings of grasshoppers,The traces of the smallest spider's web,The collars of the moonshine's watery beams,Her whip of cricket's bone, the lash of film,Her wagoner a small grey-coated gnat,Not so big as a round little wormPrick'd from the lazy finger of a maid;Her chariot is an empty hazel-nutMade by the joiner squirrel or old grub,Time out o' mind the fairies' coachmakers. And in this state she gallops night by nightThrough lovers' brains, and then they dream of love;O'er courtiers' knees, that dream on court'sies straight,O'er lawyers' fingers, who straight dream on fees,O'er ladies ' lips, who straight on kisses dream,Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues,Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are:Sometime she gallops o'er a courtier's nose,And then dreams he of smelling out a suit;And sometime comes she with a tithe-pig's tailTickling a parson's nose as a' lies asleep,Then dreams, he of another benefice:Sometime she driveth o'er a soldier's neck,And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats,Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,Of healths five-fathom deep; and then anonDrums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes,And being thus frighted swears a prayer or twoAnd sleeps again.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.4201803}
{"text": "It is too rough,Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn. MERCUTIOIf love be rough with you, be rough with love;Prick love for pricking, and you beat love down. Give me a case to put my visage in:A visor for a visor! What care IWhat curious eye doth quote deformities?Here are the beetle brows shall blush for me. BENVOLIOCome, knock and enter; and no sooner in,But every man betake him to his legs. ROMEOA torch for me: let wantons light of heartTickle the senseless rushes with their heels,For I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase;I'll be a candle-holder, and look on. The game was ne'er so fair, and I am done. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTut, dun's the mouse, the constable's own word:If thou art dun, we'll draw thee from the mireOf this sir-reverence love, wherein thou stick'stUp to the ears. Come, we burn daylight, ho!ROMEONay, that's not so. MERCUTIOI mean, sir, in delayWe waste our lights in vain, like lamps by day. Take our good meaning, for our judgment sitsFive times in that ere once in our five wits. ROMEOAnd we mean well in going to this mask;But 'tis no wit to go. MERCUTIOWhy, may one ask?ROMEOI dream'd a dream to-night. MERCUTIOAnd so did I.ROMEOWell, what was yours?MERCUTIOThat dreamers often lie. ROMEOIn bed asleep, while they do dream things true. MERCUTIOO, then, I see Queen Mab hath been with you. She is the fairies' midwife, and she comesIn shape no bigger than an agate-stoneOn the fore-finger of an alderman,Drawn with a team of little atomiesAthwart men's noses as they lie asleep;Her wagon-spokes made of long spiders' legs, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe cover of the wings of grasshoppers,The traces of the smallest spider's web,The collars of the moonshine's watery beams,Her whip of cricket's bone, the lash of film,Her wagoner a small grey-coated gnat,Not so big as a round little wormPrick'd from the lazy finger of a maid;Her chariot is an empty hazel-nutMade by the joiner squirrel or old grub,Time out o' mind the fairies' coachmakers. And in this state she gallops night by nightThrough lovers' brains, and then they dream of love;O'er courtiers' knees, that dream on court'sies straight,O'er lawyers' fingers, who straight dream on fees,O'er ladies ' lips, who straight on kisses dream,Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues,Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are:Sometime she gallops o'er a courtier's nose,And then dreams he of smelling out a suit;And sometime comes she with a tithe-pig's tailTickling a parson's nose as a' lies asleep,Then dreams, he of another benefice:Sometime she driveth o'er a soldier's neck,And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats,Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,Of healths five-fathom deep; and then anonDrums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes,And being thus frighted swears a prayer or twoAnd sleeps again. This is that very MabThat plats the manes of horses in the night,And bakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,Which once untangled, much misfortune bodes:This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs,That presses them and learns them first to bear,Making them women of good carriage:This is she-ROMEOPeace, peace, Mercutio, peace!Thou talk'st of nothing. MERCUTIOTrue, I talk of dreams,Which are the children of an idle brain,Begot of nothing but vain fantasy,Which is as thin of substance as the airAnd more inconstant than the wind, who wooesEven now the frozen bosom of the north,And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,Turning his face to the dew-dropping south. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOThis wind, you talk of, blows us from ourselves;Supper is done, and we shall come too late. ROMEOI fear, too early: for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the starsShall bitterly begin his fearful dateWith this night's revels and expire the termOf a despised life closed in my breastBy some vile forfeit of untimely death. But He, that hath the steerage of my course,Direct my sail!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.5832033}
{"text": "What care IWhat curious eye doth quote deformities?Here are the beetle brows shall blush for me. BENVOLIOCome, knock and enter; and no sooner in,But every man betake him to his legs. ROMEOA torch for me: let wantons light of heartTickle the senseless rushes with their heels,For I am proverb'd with a grandsire phrase;I'll be a candle-holder, and look on. The game was ne'er so fair, and I am done. MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTut, dun's the mouse, the constable's own word:If thou art dun, we'll draw thee from the mireOf this sir-reverence love, wherein thou stick'stUp to the ears. Come, we burn daylight, ho!ROMEONay, that's not so. MERCUTIOI mean, sir, in delayWe waste our lights in vain, like lamps by day. Take our good meaning, for our judgment sitsFive times in that ere once in our five wits. ROMEOAnd we mean well in going to this mask;But 'tis no wit to go. MERCUTIOWhy, may one ask?ROMEOI dream'd a dream to-night. MERCUTIOAnd so did I.ROMEOWell, what was yours?MERCUTIOThat dreamers often lie. ROMEOIn bed asleep, while they do dream things true. MERCUTIOO, then, I see Queen Mab hath been with you. She is the fairies' midwife, and she comesIn shape no bigger than an agate-stoneOn the fore-finger of an alderman,Drawn with a team of little atomiesAthwart men's noses as they lie asleep;Her wagon-spokes made of long spiders' legs, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe cover of the wings of grasshoppers,The traces of the smallest spider's web,The collars of the moonshine's watery beams,Her whip of cricket's bone, the lash of film,Her wagoner a small grey-coated gnat,Not so big as a round little wormPrick'd from the lazy finger of a maid;Her chariot is an empty hazel-nutMade by the joiner squirrel or old grub,Time out o' mind the fairies' coachmakers. And in this state she gallops night by nightThrough lovers' brains, and then they dream of love;O'er courtiers' knees, that dream on court'sies straight,O'er lawyers' fingers, who straight dream on fees,O'er ladies ' lips, who straight on kisses dream,Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues,Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are:Sometime she gallops o'er a courtier's nose,And then dreams he of smelling out a suit;And sometime comes she with a tithe-pig's tailTickling a parson's nose as a' lies asleep,Then dreams, he of another benefice:Sometime she driveth o'er a soldier's neck,And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats,Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,Of healths five-fathom deep; and then anonDrums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes,And being thus frighted swears a prayer or twoAnd sleeps again. This is that very MabThat plats the manes of horses in the night,And bakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,Which once untangled, much misfortune bodes:This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs,That presses them and learns them first to bear,Making them women of good carriage:This is she-ROMEOPeace, peace, Mercutio, peace!Thou talk'st of nothing. MERCUTIOTrue, I talk of dreams,Which are the children of an idle brain,Begot of nothing but vain fantasy,Which is as thin of substance as the airAnd more inconstant than the wind, who wooesEven now the frozen bosom of the north,And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,Turning his face to the dew-dropping south. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOThis wind, you talk of, blows us from ourselves;Supper is done, and we shall come too late. ROMEOI fear, too early: for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the starsShall bitterly begin his fearful dateWith this night's revels and expire the termOf a despised life closed in my breastBy some vile forfeit of untimely death. But He, that hath the steerage of my course,Direct my sail! On, lusty gentlemen. BENVOLIOStrike, drum. ExeuntSCENE V.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.565871}
{"text": "Come, we burn daylight, ho!ROMEONay, that's not so. MERCUTIOI mean, sir, in delayWe waste our lights in vain, like lamps by day. Take our good meaning, for our judgment sitsFive times in that ere once in our five wits. ROMEOAnd we mean well in going to this mask;But 'tis no wit to go. MERCUTIOWhy, may one ask?ROMEOI dream'd a dream to-night. MERCUTIOAnd so did I.ROMEOWell, what was yours?MERCUTIOThat dreamers often lie. ROMEOIn bed asleep, while they do dream things true. MERCUTIOO, then, I see Queen Mab hath been with you. She is the fairies' midwife, and she comesIn shape no bigger than an agate-stoneOn the fore-finger of an alderman,Drawn with a team of little atomiesAthwart men's noses as they lie asleep;Her wagon-spokes made of long spiders' legs, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe cover of the wings of grasshoppers,The traces of the smallest spider's web,The collars of the moonshine's watery beams,Her whip of cricket's bone, the lash of film,Her wagoner a small grey-coated gnat,Not so big as a round little wormPrick'd from the lazy finger of a maid;Her chariot is an empty hazel-nutMade by the joiner squirrel or old grub,Time out o' mind the fairies' coachmakers. And in this state she gallops night by nightThrough lovers' brains, and then they dream of love;O'er courtiers' knees, that dream on court'sies straight,O'er lawyers' fingers, who straight dream on fees,O'er ladies ' lips, who straight on kisses dream,Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues,Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are:Sometime she gallops o'er a courtier's nose,And then dreams he of smelling out a suit;And sometime comes she with a tithe-pig's tailTickling a parson's nose as a' lies asleep,Then dreams, he of another benefice:Sometime she driveth o'er a soldier's neck,And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats,Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades,Of healths five-fathom deep; and then anonDrums in his ear, at which he starts and wakes,And being thus frighted swears a prayer or twoAnd sleeps again. This is that very MabThat plats the manes of horses in the night,And bakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,Which once untangled, much misfortune bodes:This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs,That presses them and learns them first to bear,Making them women of good carriage:This is she-ROMEOPeace, peace, Mercutio, peace!Thou talk'st of nothing. MERCUTIOTrue, I talk of dreams,Which are the children of an idle brain,Begot of nothing but vain fantasy,Which is as thin of substance as the airAnd more inconstant than the wind, who wooesEven now the frozen bosom of the north,And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,Turning his face to the dew-dropping south. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOThis wind, you talk of, blows us from ourselves;Supper is done, and we shall come too late. ROMEOI fear, too early: for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the starsShall bitterly begin his fearful dateWith this night's revels and expire the termOf a despised life closed in my breastBy some vile forfeit of untimely death. But He, that hath the steerage of my course,Direct my sail! On, lusty gentlemen. BENVOLIOStrike, drum. ExeuntSCENE V. A hall in Capulet's house. Musicians waiting.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.5360086}
{"text": "This is that very MabThat plats the manes of horses in the night,And bakes the elflocks in foul sluttish hairs,Which once untangled, much misfortune bodes:This is the hag, when maids lie on their backs,That presses them and learns them first to bear,Making them women of good carriage:This is she-ROMEOPeace, peace, Mercutio, peace!Thou talk'st of nothing. MERCUTIOTrue, I talk of dreams,Which are the children of an idle brain,Begot of nothing but vain fantasy,Which is as thin of substance as the airAnd more inconstant than the wind, who wooesEven now the frozen bosom of the north,And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence,Turning his face to the dew-dropping south. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOThis wind, you talk of, blows us from ourselves;Supper is done, and we shall come too late. ROMEOI fear, too early: for my mind misgivesSome consequence yet hanging in the starsShall bitterly begin his fearful dateWith this night's revels and expire the termOf a despised life closed in my breastBy some vile forfeit of untimely death. But He, that hath the steerage of my course,Direct my sail! On, lusty gentlemen. BENVOLIOStrike, drum. ExeuntSCENE V. A hall in Capulet's house. Musicians waiting. Enter Servingmen with napkinsFirst ServantWhere's Potpan, that he helps not to take away? Heshift a trencher? He scrape a trencher!Second ServantWhen good manners shall lie all in one or two men'shands and they unwashed too, 'tis a foul thing. First ServantAway with the joint-stools, remove thecourt-cupboard, look to the plate.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.529242}
{"text": "Enter Servingmen with napkinsFirst ServantWhere's Potpan, that he helps not to take away? Heshift a trencher? He scrape a trencher!Second ServantWhen good manners shall lie all in one or two men'shands and they unwashed too, 'tis a foul thing. First ServantAway with the joint-stools, remove thecourt-cupboard, look to the plate. Good thou, saveme a piece of marchpane; and, as thou lovest me, letthe porter let in Susan Grindstone and Nell. Antony, and Potpan!Second ServantAy, boy, ready. First ServantYou are looked for and called for, asked for andsought for, in the great chamber. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSecond ServantWe cannot be here and there too. Cheerly, boys; bebrisk awhile, and the longer liver take all. Enter CAPULET, with JULIET and others of his house, meeting the Guests and MaskersCAPULETWelcome, gentlemen! Ladies that have their toesUnplagued with corns will have a bout with you. Ah ha, my mistresses! Which of you allWill now deny to dance? She that makes dainty,She, I'll swear, hath corns; am I come near ye now?Welcome, gentlemen! I have seen the dayThat I have worn a visor and could tellA whispering tale in a fair lady's ear,Such as would please: 'tis gone, 'tis gone, 'tis gone:You are welcome, gentlemen! Come, musicians, play. A hall, a hall! Give room! And foot it, girls. Music plays, and they danceMore light, you knaves; and turn the tables up,And quench the fire, the room is grown too hot. Ah, sirrah, this unlook'd-for sport comes well. Nay, sit, nay, sit, good cousin Capulet;For you and I are past our dancing days:How long is't now since last yourself and IWere in a mask?Second CapuletBy'r lady, thirty years. CAPULETWhat, man!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.657779}
{"text": "Come, musicians, play. A hall, a hall! Give room! And foot it, girls. Music plays, and they danceMore light, you knaves; and turn the tables up,And quench the fire, the room is grown too hot. Ah, sirrah, this unlook'd-for sport comes well. Nay, sit, nay, sit, good cousin Capulet;For you and I are past our dancing days:How long is't now since last yourself and IWere in a mask?Second CapuletBy'r lady, thirty years. CAPULETWhat, man! '. Tis not so much, 'tis not so much:'Tis since the nuptials of Lucentio,Come pentecost as quickly as it will,Some five and twenty years; and then we mask'd. Second Capulet'Tis more, 'tis more, his son is elder, sir;His son is thirty. CAPULETWill you tell me that?His son was but a ward two years ago. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEO To a Servingman What lady is that, which dothenrich the handOf yonder knight?ServantI know not, sir. ROMEOO, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!It seems she hangs upon the cheek of nightLike a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear;Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows,As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. The measure done, I'll watch her place of stand,And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night. TYBALTThis, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier, boy. What dares the slaveCome hither, cover'd with an antic face,To fleer and scorn at our solemnity?Now, by the stock and honour of my kin,To strike him dead, I hold it not a sin. CAPULETWhy, how now, kinsman!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.6630135}
{"text": "'tis not so much, 'tis not so much:'Tis since the nuptials of Lucentio,Come pentecost as quickly as it will,Some five and twenty years; and then we mask'd. Second Capulet'Tis more, 'tis more, his son is elder, sir;His son is thirty. CAPULETWill you tell me that?His son was but a ward two years ago. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEO To a Servingman What lady is that, which dothenrich the handOf yonder knight?ServantI know not, sir. ROMEOO, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!It seems she hangs upon the cheek of nightLike a rich jewel in an Ethiope's ear;Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows,As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. The measure done, I'll watch her place of stand,And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight!For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night. TYBALTThis, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier, boy. What dares the slaveCome hither, cover'd with an antic face,To fleer and scorn at our solemnity?Now, by the stock and honour of my kin,To strike him dead, I hold it not a sin. CAPULETWhy, how now, kinsman! Wherefore storm you so?TYBALTUncle, this is a Montague, our foe,A villain that is hither come in spite,To scorn at our solemnity this night. CAPULETYoung Romeo is it?TYBALT'Tis he, that villain Romeo. CAPULETContent thee, gentle coz, let him alone;He bears him like a portly gentleman; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd, to say truth, Verona brags of himTo be a virtuous and well-govern'd youth:I would not for the wealth of all the townHere in my house do him disparagement:Therefore be patient, take no note of him:It is my will, the which if thou respect,Show a fair presence and put off these frowns,And ill-beseeming semblance for a feast. TYBALTIt fits, when such a villain is a guest:I'll not endure him. CAPULETHe shall be endured:What, goodman boy!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.6844785}
{"text": "Forswear it, sight!For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night. TYBALTThis, by his voice, should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier, boy. What dares the slaveCome hither, cover'd with an antic face,To fleer and scorn at our solemnity?Now, by the stock and honour of my kin,To strike him dead, I hold it not a sin. CAPULETWhy, how now, kinsman! Wherefore storm you so?TYBALTUncle, this is a Montague, our foe,A villain that is hither come in spite,To scorn at our solemnity this night. CAPULETYoung Romeo is it?TYBALT'Tis he, that villain Romeo. CAPULETContent thee, gentle coz, let him alone;He bears him like a portly gentleman; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd, to say truth, Verona brags of himTo be a virtuous and well-govern'd youth:I would not for the wealth of all the townHere in my house do him disparagement:Therefore be patient, take no note of him:It is my will, the which if thou respect,Show a fair presence and put off these frowns,And ill-beseeming semblance for a feast. TYBALTIt fits, when such a villain is a guest:I'll not endure him. CAPULETHe shall be endured:What, goodman boy! I say, he shall: go to;Am I the master here, or you? Go to. You'll not endure him! God shall mend my soul!You'll make a mutiny among my guests!You will set cock-a-hoop! You'll be the man!TYBALTWhy, uncle, 'tis a shame. CAPULETGo to, go to;You are a saucy boy: is't so, indeed?This trick may chance to scathe you, I know what:You must contrary me! Marry, 'tis time. Well said, my hearts! You are a princox; go:Be quiet, or--More light, more light! For shame!I'll make you quiet.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.7337291}
{"text": "Marry, 'tis time. Well said, my hearts! You are a princox; go:Be quiet, or--More light, more light! For shame!I'll make you quiet. What, cheerly, my hearts!TYBALTPatience perforce with wilful choler meetingMakes my flesh tremble in their different greeting. I will withdraw: but this intrusion shallNow seeming sweet convert to bitter gall. ExitROMEO To JULIET If I profane with my unworthiest handThis holy shrine, the gentle fine is this:My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready standTo smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETGood pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much,Which mannerly devotion shows in this;For saints have hands that pilgrims' hands do touch,And palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss. ROMEOHave not saints lips, and holy palmers too?JULIETAy, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. ROMEOO, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do;They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. JULIETSaints do not move, though grant for prayers' sake. ROMEOThen move not, while my prayer's effect I take. Thus from my lips, by yours, my sin is purged. JULIETThen have my lips the sin that they have took. ROMEOSin from thy lips? O trespass sweetly urged!Give me my sin again. JULIETYou kiss by the book. NurseMadam, your mother craves a word with you. ROMEOWhat is her mother?NurseMarry, bachelor,Her mother is the lady of the house, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd a good lady, and a wise and virtuousI nursed her daughter, that you talk'd withal;I tell you, he that can lay hold of herShall have the chinks. ROMEOIs she a Capulet?O dear account!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.7993045}
{"text": "For shame!I'll make you quiet. What, cheerly, my hearts!TYBALTPatience perforce with wilful choler meetingMakes my flesh tremble in their different greeting. I will withdraw: but this intrusion shallNow seeming sweet convert to bitter gall. ExitROMEO To JULIET If I profane with my unworthiest handThis holy shrine, the gentle fine is this:My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready standTo smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETGood pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much,Which mannerly devotion shows in this;For saints have hands that pilgrims' hands do touch,And palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss. ROMEOHave not saints lips, and holy palmers too?JULIETAy, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. ROMEOO, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do;They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. JULIETSaints do not move, though grant for prayers' sake. ROMEOThen move not, while my prayer's effect I take. Thus from my lips, by yours, my sin is purged. JULIETThen have my lips the sin that they have took. ROMEOSin from thy lips? O trespass sweetly urged!Give me my sin again. JULIETYou kiss by the book. NurseMadam, your mother craves a word with you. ROMEOWhat is her mother?NurseMarry, bachelor,Her mother is the lady of the house, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd a good lady, and a wise and virtuousI nursed her daughter, that you talk'd withal;I tell you, he that can lay hold of herShall have the chinks. ROMEOIs she a Capulet?O dear account! My life is my foe's debt. BENVOLIOAway, begone; the sport is at the best. ROMEOAy, so I fear; the more is my unrest. CAPULETNay, gentlemen, prepare not to be gone;We have a trifling foolish banquet towards. Is it e'en so?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.784587}
{"text": "What, cheerly, my hearts!TYBALTPatience perforce with wilful choler meetingMakes my flesh tremble in their different greeting. I will withdraw: but this intrusion shallNow seeming sweet convert to bitter gall. ExitROMEO To JULIET If I profane with my unworthiest handThis holy shrine, the gentle fine is this:My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready standTo smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETGood pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much,Which mannerly devotion shows in this;For saints have hands that pilgrims' hands do touch,And palm to palm is holy palmers' kiss. ROMEOHave not saints lips, and holy palmers too?JULIETAy, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. ROMEOO, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do;They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. JULIETSaints do not move, though grant for prayers' sake. ROMEOThen move not, while my prayer's effect I take. Thus from my lips, by yours, my sin is purged. JULIETThen have my lips the sin that they have took. ROMEOSin from thy lips? O trespass sweetly urged!Give me my sin again. JULIETYou kiss by the book. NurseMadam, your mother craves a word with you. ROMEOWhat is her mother?NurseMarry, bachelor,Her mother is the lady of the house, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd a good lady, and a wise and virtuousI nursed her daughter, that you talk'd withal;I tell you, he that can lay hold of herShall have the chinks. ROMEOIs she a Capulet?O dear account! My life is my foe's debt. BENVOLIOAway, begone; the sport is at the best. ROMEOAy, so I fear; the more is my unrest. CAPULETNay, gentlemen, prepare not to be gone;We have a trifling foolish banquet towards. Is it e'en so? Why, then, I thank you allI thank you, honest gentlemen; good night. More torches here!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.814759}
{"text": "O trespass sweetly urged!Give me my sin again. JULIETYou kiss by the book. NurseMadam, your mother craves a word with you. ROMEOWhat is her mother?NurseMarry, bachelor,Her mother is the lady of the house, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd a good lady, and a wise and virtuousI nursed her daughter, that you talk'd withal;I tell you, he that can lay hold of herShall have the chinks. ROMEOIs she a Capulet?O dear account! My life is my foe's debt. BENVOLIOAway, begone; the sport is at the best. ROMEOAy, so I fear; the more is my unrest. CAPULETNay, gentlemen, prepare not to be gone;We have a trifling foolish banquet towards. Is it e'en so? Why, then, I thank you allI thank you, honest gentlemen; good night. More torches here! Come on then, let's to bed. Ah, sirrah, by my fay, it waxes late:I'll to my rest. Exeunt all but JULIET and NurseJULIETCome hither, nurse. What is yond gentleman?NurseThe son and heir of old Tiberio. JULIETWhat's he that now is going out of door?NurseMarry, that, I think, be young Petrucio. JULIETWhat's he that follows there, that would not dance?NurseI know not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETGo ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed. NurseHis name is Romeo, and a Montague;The only son of your great enemy. JULIETMy only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late!Prodigious birth of love it is to me,That I must love a loathed enemy. NurseWhat's this?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.8355415}
{"text": "Why, then, I thank you allI thank you, honest gentlemen; good night. More torches here! Come on then, let's to bed. Ah, sirrah, by my fay, it waxes late:I'll to my rest. Exeunt all but JULIET and NurseJULIETCome hither, nurse. What is yond gentleman?NurseThe son and heir of old Tiberio. JULIETWhat's he that now is going out of door?NurseMarry, that, I think, be young Petrucio. JULIETWhat's he that follows there, that would not dance?NurseI know not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETGo ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed. NurseHis name is Romeo, and a Montague;The only son of your great enemy. JULIETMy only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late!Prodigious birth of love it is to me,That I must love a loathed enemy. NurseWhat's this? What's this?JULIETA rhyme I learn'd even nowOf one I danced withal. One calls within 'Juliet. 'NurseAnon, anon!Come, let's away; the strangers all are gone. ExeuntACT IIPROLOGUEEnter ChorusChorusNow old desire doth in his death-bed lie,And young affection gapes to be his heir;That fair for which love groan'd for and would die,With tender Juliet match'd, is now not fair. Now Romeo is beloved and loves again,Alike betwitched by the charm of looks,But to his foe supposed he must complain,And she steal love's sweet bait from fearful hooks:Being held a foe, he may not have accessTo breathe such vows as lovers use to swear; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she as much in love, her means much lessTo meet her new-beloved any where:But passion lends them power, time means, to meetTempering extremities with extreme sweet. ExitSCENE I.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.9656844}
{"text": "Come on then, let's to bed. Ah, sirrah, by my fay, it waxes late:I'll to my rest. Exeunt all but JULIET and NurseJULIETCome hither, nurse. What is yond gentleman?NurseThe son and heir of old Tiberio. JULIETWhat's he that now is going out of door?NurseMarry, that, I think, be young Petrucio. JULIETWhat's he that follows there, that would not dance?NurseI know not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETGo ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed. NurseHis name is Romeo, and a Montague;The only son of your great enemy. JULIETMy only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late!Prodigious birth of love it is to me,That I must love a loathed enemy. NurseWhat's this? What's this?JULIETA rhyme I learn'd even nowOf one I danced withal. One calls within 'Juliet. 'NurseAnon, anon!Come, let's away; the strangers all are gone. ExeuntACT IIPROLOGUEEnter ChorusChorusNow old desire doth in his death-bed lie,And young affection gapes to be his heir;That fair for which love groan'd for and would die,With tender Juliet match'd, is now not fair. Now Romeo is beloved and loves again,Alike betwitched by the charm of looks,But to his foe supposed he must complain,And she steal love's sweet bait from fearful hooks:Being held a foe, he may not have accessTo breathe such vows as lovers use to swear; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she as much in love, her means much lessTo meet her new-beloved any where:But passion lends them power, time means, to meetTempering extremities with extreme sweet. ExitSCENE I. A lane by the wall of Capulet's orchard. Enter ROMEOROMEOCan I go forward when my heart is here?Turn back, dull earth, and find thy centre out. He climbs the wall, and leaps down within itEnter BENVOLIO and MERCUTIOBENVOLIORomeo!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.9103487}
{"text": "What is yond gentleman?NurseThe son and heir of old Tiberio. JULIETWhat's he that now is going out of door?NurseMarry, that, I think, be young Petrucio. JULIETWhat's he that follows there, that would not dance?NurseI know not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETGo ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed. NurseHis name is Romeo, and a Montague;The only son of your great enemy. JULIETMy only love sprung from my only hate!Too early seen unknown, and known too late!Prodigious birth of love it is to me,That I must love a loathed enemy. NurseWhat's this? What's this?JULIETA rhyme I learn'd even nowOf one I danced withal. One calls within 'Juliet. 'NurseAnon, anon!Come, let's away; the strangers all are gone. ExeuntACT IIPROLOGUEEnter ChorusChorusNow old desire doth in his death-bed lie,And young affection gapes to be his heir;That fair for which love groan'd for and would die,With tender Juliet match'd, is now not fair. Now Romeo is beloved and loves again,Alike betwitched by the charm of looks,But to his foe supposed he must complain,And she steal love's sweet bait from fearful hooks:Being held a foe, he may not have accessTo breathe such vows as lovers use to swear; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she as much in love, her means much lessTo meet her new-beloved any where:But passion lends them power, time means, to meetTempering extremities with extreme sweet. ExitSCENE I. A lane by the wall of Capulet's orchard. Enter ROMEOROMEOCan I go forward when my heart is here?Turn back, dull earth, and find thy centre out. He climbs the wall, and leaps down within itEnter BENVOLIO and MERCUTIOBENVOLIORomeo! My cousin Romeo!MERCUTIOHe is wise;And, on my lie, hath stol'n him home to bed. BENVOLIOHe ran this way, and leap'd this orchard wall:Call, good Mercutio. MERCUTIONay, I'll conjure too. Romeo!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.923847}
{"text": "What's this?JULIETA rhyme I learn'd even nowOf one I danced withal. One calls within 'Juliet. 'NurseAnon, anon!Come, let's away; the strangers all are gone. ExeuntACT IIPROLOGUEEnter ChorusChorusNow old desire doth in his death-bed lie,And young affection gapes to be his heir;That fair for which love groan'd for and would die,With tender Juliet match'd, is now not fair. Now Romeo is beloved and loves again,Alike betwitched by the charm of looks,But to his foe supposed he must complain,And she steal love's sweet bait from fearful hooks:Being held a foe, he may not have accessTo breathe such vows as lovers use to swear; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she as much in love, her means much lessTo meet her new-beloved any where:But passion lends them power, time means, to meetTempering extremities with extreme sweet. ExitSCENE I. A lane by the wall of Capulet's orchard. Enter ROMEOROMEOCan I go forward when my heart is here?Turn back, dull earth, and find thy centre out. He climbs the wall, and leaps down within itEnter BENVOLIO and MERCUTIOBENVOLIORomeo! My cousin Romeo!MERCUTIOHe is wise;And, on my lie, hath stol'n him home to bed. BENVOLIOHe ran this way, and leap'd this orchard wall:Call, good Mercutio. MERCUTIONay, I'll conjure too. Romeo! Humours! Madman! Passion!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406256.9389293}
{"text": "Humours! Madman! Passion! Lover!Appear thou in the likeness of a sigh:Speak but one rhyme, and I am satisfied;Cry but 'Ay me!'. Pronounce but 'love' and 'dove;'Speak to my gossip Venus one fair word,One nick-name for her purblind son and heir,Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim,When King Cophetua loved the beggar-maid!He heareth not, he stirreth not, he moveth not;The ape is dead, and I must conjure him. I conjure thee by Rosaline's bright eyes,By her high forehead and her scarlet lip,By her fine foot, straight leg and quivering thighAnd the demesnes that there adjacent lie,That in thy likeness thou appear to us! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOAnd if he hear thee, thou wilt anger him. MERCUTIOThis cannot anger him: 'twould anger himTo raise a spirit in his mistress' circleOf some strange nature, letting it there standTill she had laid it and conjured it down;That were some spite: my invocationIs fair and honest, and in his mistres s' nameI conjure only but to raise up him. BENVOLIOCome, he hath hid himself among these trees,To be consorted with the humorous night:Blind is his love and best befits the dark. MERCUTIOIf love be blind, love cannot hit the mark. Now will he sit under a medlar tree,And wish his mistress were that kind of fruitAs maids call medlars, when they laugh alone. Romeo, that she were, O, that she wereAn open et caetera, thou a poperin pear!Romeo, good night: I'll to my truckle-bed;This field-bed is too cold for me to sleep:Come, shall we go?BENVOLIOGo, then; for 'tis in vainTo seek him here that means not to be found. ExeuntSCENE II. Capulet's orchard. Enter ROMEOROMEOHe jests at scars that never felt a wound. JULIET appears above at a windowBut, soft!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.0429945}
{"text": "Passion! Lover!Appear thou in the likeness of a sigh:Speak but one rhyme, and I am satisfied;Cry but 'Ay me!'. Pronounce but 'love' and 'dove;'Speak to my gossip Venus one fair word,One nick-name for her purblind son and heir,Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim,When King Cophetua loved the beggar-maid!He heareth not, he stirreth not, he moveth not;The ape is dead, and I must conjure him. I conjure thee by Rosaline's bright eyes,By her high forehead and her scarlet lip,By her fine foot, straight leg and quivering thighAnd the demesnes that there adjacent lie,That in thy likeness thou appear to us! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOAnd if he hear thee, thou wilt anger him. MERCUTIOThis cannot anger him: 'twould anger himTo raise a spirit in his mistress' circleOf some strange nature, letting it there standTill she had laid it and conjured it down;That were some spite: my invocationIs fair and honest, and in his mistres s' nameI conjure only but to raise up him. BENVOLIOCome, he hath hid himself among these trees,To be consorted with the humorous night:Blind is his love and best befits the dark. MERCUTIOIf love be blind, love cannot hit the mark. Now will he sit under a medlar tree,And wish his mistress were that kind of fruitAs maids call medlars, when they laugh alone. Romeo, that she were, O, that she wereAn open et caetera, thou a poperin pear!Romeo, good night: I'll to my truckle-bed;This field-bed is too cold for me to sleep:Come, shall we go?BENVOLIOGo, then; for 'tis in vainTo seek him here that means not to be found. ExeuntSCENE II. Capulet's orchard. Enter ROMEOROMEOHe jests at scars that never felt a wound. JULIET appears above at a windowBut, soft! What light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with grief, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThat thou her maid art far more fair than she:Be not her maid, since she is envious;Her vestal livery is but sick and greenAnd none but fools do wear it; cast it off. It is my lady, O, it is my love!O, that she knew she were!She speaks yet she says nothing: what of that?Her eye discourses; I will answer it. I am too bold, 'tis not to me she speaks:Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,Having some business, do entreat her eyesTo twinkle in their spheres till they return. What if her eyes were there, they in her head?The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars,As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heavenWould through the airy region stream so brightThat birds would sing and think it were not night. See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand!O, that I were a glove upon that hand,That I might touch that cheek!JULIETAy me!ROMEOShe speaks:O, speak again, bright angel!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.11633}
{"text": "Lover!Appear thou in the likeness of a sigh:Speak but one rhyme, and I am satisfied;Cry but 'Ay me!'. Pronounce but 'love' and 'dove;'Speak to my gossip Venus one fair word,One nick-name for her purblind son and heir,Young Adam Cupid, he that shot so trim,When King Cophetua loved the beggar-maid!He heareth not, he stirreth not, he moveth not;The ape is dead, and I must conjure him. I conjure thee by Rosaline's bright eyes,By her high forehead and her scarlet lip,By her fine foot, straight leg and quivering thighAnd the demesnes that there adjacent lie,That in thy likeness thou appear to us! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOAnd if he hear thee, thou wilt anger him. MERCUTIOThis cannot anger him: 'twould anger himTo raise a spirit in his mistress' circleOf some strange nature, letting it there standTill she had laid it and conjured it down;That were some spite: my invocationIs fair and honest, and in his mistres s' nameI conjure only but to raise up him. BENVOLIOCome, he hath hid himself among these trees,To be consorted with the humorous night:Blind is his love and best befits the dark. MERCUTIOIf love be blind, love cannot hit the mark. Now will he sit under a medlar tree,And wish his mistress were that kind of fruitAs maids call medlars, when they laugh alone. Romeo, that she were, O, that she wereAn open et caetera, thou a poperin pear!Romeo, good night: I'll to my truckle-bed;This field-bed is too cold for me to sleep:Come, shall we go?BENVOLIOGo, then; for 'tis in vainTo seek him here that means not to be found. ExeuntSCENE II. Capulet's orchard. Enter ROMEOROMEOHe jests at scars that never felt a wound. JULIET appears above at a windowBut, soft! What light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with grief, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThat thou her maid art far more fair than she:Be not her maid, since she is envious;Her vestal livery is but sick and greenAnd none but fools do wear it; cast it off. It is my lady, O, it is my love!O, that she knew she were!She speaks yet she says nothing: what of that?Her eye discourses; I will answer it. I am too bold, 'tis not to me she speaks:Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,Having some business, do entreat her eyesTo twinkle in their spheres till they return. What if her eyes were there, they in her head?The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars,As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heavenWould through the airy region stream so brightThat birds would sing and think it were not night. See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand!O, that I were a glove upon that hand,That I might touch that cheek!JULIETAy me!ROMEOShe speaks:O, speak again, bright angel! For thou artAs glorious to this night, being o'er my headAs is a winged messenger of heavenUnto the white-upturned wondering eyesOf mortals that fall back to gaze on himWhen he bestrides the lazy-pacing cloudsAnd sails upon the bosom of the air. JULIETO Romeo, Romeo!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.2050455}
{"text": "Capulet's orchard. Enter ROMEOROMEOHe jests at scars that never felt a wound. JULIET appears above at a windowBut, soft! What light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with grief, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThat thou her maid art far more fair than she:Be not her maid, since she is envious;Her vestal livery is but sick and greenAnd none but fools do wear it; cast it off. It is my lady, O, it is my love!O, that she knew she were!She speaks yet she says nothing: what of that?Her eye discourses; I will answer it. I am too bold, 'tis not to me she speaks:Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,Having some business, do entreat her eyesTo twinkle in their spheres till they return. What if her eyes were there, they in her head?The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars,As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heavenWould through the airy region stream so brightThat birds would sing and think it were not night. See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand!O, that I were a glove upon that hand,That I might touch that cheek!JULIETAy me!ROMEOShe speaks:O, speak again, bright angel! For thou artAs glorious to this night, being o'er my headAs is a winged messenger of heavenUnto the white-upturned wondering eyesOf mortals that fall back to gaze on himWhen he bestrides the lazy-pacing cloudsAnd sails upon the bosom of the air. JULIETO Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?Deny thy father and refuse thy name;Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,And I'll no longer be a Capulet. ROMEO Aside Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this?JULIET'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. What's Montague?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.1022677}
{"text": "What light through yonder window breaks?It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,Who is already sick and pale with grief, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThat thou her maid art far more fair than she:Be not her maid, since she is envious;Her vestal livery is but sick and greenAnd none but fools do wear it; cast it off. It is my lady, O, it is my love!O, that she knew she were!She speaks yet she says nothing: what of that?Her eye discourses; I will answer it. I am too bold, 'tis not to me she speaks:Two of the fairest stars in all the heaven,Having some business, do entreat her eyesTo twinkle in their spheres till they return. What if her eyes were there, they in her head?The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars,As daylight doth a lamp; her eyes in heavenWould through the airy region stream so brightThat birds would sing and think it were not night. See, how she leans her cheek upon her hand!O, that I were a glove upon that hand,That I might touch that cheek!JULIETAy me!ROMEOShe speaks:O, speak again, bright angel! For thou artAs glorious to this night, being o'er my headAs is a winged messenger of heavenUnto the white-upturned wondering eyesOf mortals that fall back to gaze on himWhen he bestrides the lazy-pacing cloudsAnd sails upon the bosom of the air. JULIETO Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?Deny thy father and refuse thy name;Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,And I'll no longer be a Capulet. ROMEO Aside Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this?JULIET'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. What's Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBelonging to a man.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.1829457}
{"text": "For thou artAs glorious to this night, being o'er my headAs is a winged messenger of heavenUnto the white-upturned wondering eyesOf mortals that fall back to gaze on himWhen he bestrides the lazy-pacing cloudsAnd sails upon the bosom of the air. JULIETO Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?Deny thy father and refuse thy name;Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,And I'll no longer be a Capulet. ROMEO Aside Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this?JULIET'Tis but thy name that is my enemy;Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. What's Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!What's in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owesWithout that title.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.158613}
{"text": "It is nor hand, nor foot,Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBelonging to a man. O, be some other name!What's in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owesWithout that title. Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself. ROMEOI take thee at thy word:Call me but love, and I'll be new baptized;Henceforth I never will be Romeo. JULIETWhat man art thou that thus bescreen'd in nightSo stumblest on my counsel?ROMEOBy a nameI know not how to tell thee who I am:My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself,Because it is an enemy to thee;Had I it written, I would tear the word. JULIETMy ears have not yet drunk a hundred wordsOf that tongue's utterance, yet I know the sound:Art thou not Romeo and a Montague?ROMEONeither, fair saint, if either thee dislike. JULIETHow camest thou hither, tell me, and wherefore?The orchard walls are high and hard to climb,And the place death, considering who thou art,If any of my kinsmen find thee here. ROMEOWith love's light wings did I o'er-perch these walls;For stony limits cannot hold love out,And what love can do that dares love attempt;Therefore thy kinsmen are no let to me. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIf they do see thee, they will murder thee. ROMEOAlack, there lies more peril in thine eyeThan twenty of their swords: look thou but sweet,And I am proof against their enmity. JULIETI would not for the world they saw thee here. ROMEOI have night's cloak to hide me from their sight;And but thou love me, let them find me here:My life were better ended by their hate,Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. JULIETBy whose direction found'st thou out this place?ROMEOBy love, who first did prompt me to inquire;He lent me counsel and I lent him eyes. I am no pilot; yet, wert thou as farAs that vast shore wash'd with the farthest sea,I would adventure for such merchandise. JULIETThou know'st the mask of night is on my face,Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheekFor that which thou hast heard me speak to-nightFain would I dwell on form, fain, fain denyWhat I have spoke: but farewell compliment!Dost thou love me?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.2932851}
{"text": "O, be some other name!What's in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owesWithout that title. Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself. ROMEOI take thee at thy word:Call me but love, and I'll be new baptized;Henceforth I never will be Romeo. JULIETWhat man art thou that thus bescreen'd in nightSo stumblest on my counsel?ROMEOBy a nameI know not how to tell thee who I am:My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself,Because it is an enemy to thee;Had I it written, I would tear the word. JULIETMy ears have not yet drunk a hundred wordsOf that tongue's utterance, yet I know the sound:Art thou not Romeo and a Montague?ROMEONeither, fair saint, if either thee dislike. JULIETHow camest thou hither, tell me, and wherefore?The orchard walls are high and hard to climb,And the place death, considering who thou art,If any of my kinsmen find thee here. ROMEOWith love's light wings did I o'er-perch these walls;For stony limits cannot hold love out,And what love can do that dares love attempt;Therefore thy kinsmen are no let to me. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIf they do see thee, they will murder thee. ROMEOAlack, there lies more peril in thine eyeThan twenty of their swords: look thou but sweet,And I am proof against their enmity. JULIETI would not for the world they saw thee here. ROMEOI have night's cloak to hide me from their sight;And but thou love me, let them find me here:My life were better ended by their hate,Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. JULIETBy whose direction found'st thou out this place?ROMEOBy love, who first did prompt me to inquire;He lent me counsel and I lent him eyes. I am no pilot; yet, wert thou as farAs that vast shore wash'd with the farthest sea,I would adventure for such merchandise. JULIETThou know'st the mask of night is on my face,Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheekFor that which thou hast heard me speak to-nightFain would I dwell on form, fain, fain denyWhat I have spoke: but farewell compliment!Dost thou love me? I know thou wilt say 'Ay,'And I will take thy word: yet if thou swear'st,Thou mayst prove false; at lovers' perjuriesThen say, Jove laughs.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.337952}
{"text": "That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet;So Romeo would, were he not Romeo call'd,Retain that dear perfection which he owesWithout that title. Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself. ROMEOI take thee at thy word:Call me but love, and I'll be new baptized;Henceforth I never will be Romeo. JULIETWhat man art thou that thus bescreen'd in nightSo stumblest on my counsel?ROMEOBy a nameI know not how to tell thee who I am:My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself,Because it is an enemy to thee;Had I it written, I would tear the word. JULIETMy ears have not yet drunk a hundred wordsOf that tongue's utterance, yet I know the sound:Art thou not Romeo and a Montague?ROMEONeither, fair saint, if either thee dislike. JULIETHow camest thou hither, tell me, and wherefore?The orchard walls are high and hard to climb,And the place death, considering who thou art,If any of my kinsmen find thee here. ROMEOWith love's light wings did I o'er-perch these walls;For stony limits cannot hold love out,And what love can do that dares love attempt;Therefore thy kinsmen are no let to me. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIf they do see thee, they will murder thee. ROMEOAlack, there lies more peril in thine eyeThan twenty of their swords: look thou but sweet,And I am proof against their enmity. JULIETI would not for the world they saw thee here. ROMEOI have night's cloak to hide me from their sight;And but thou love me, let them find me here:My life were better ended by their hate,Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. JULIETBy whose direction found'st thou out this place?ROMEOBy love, who first did prompt me to inquire;He lent me counsel and I lent him eyes. I am no pilot; yet, wert thou as farAs that vast shore wash'd with the farthest sea,I would adventure for such merchandise. JULIETThou know'st the mask of night is on my face,Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheekFor that which thou hast heard me speak to-nightFain would I dwell on form, fain, fain denyWhat I have spoke: but farewell compliment!Dost thou love me? I know thou wilt say 'Ay,'And I will take thy word: yet if thou swear'st,Thou mayst prove false; at lovers' perjuriesThen say, Jove laughs. O gentle Romeo,If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully:Or if thou think'st I am too quickly won,I'll frown and be perverse an say thee nay,So thou wilt woo; but else, not for the world. In truth, fair Montague, I am too fond,And therefore thou mayst think my 'havior light:But trust me, gentleman, I'll prove more trueThan those that have more cunning to be strange. I should have been more strange, I must confess,But that thou overheard'st, ere I was ware,My true love's passion: therefore pardon me, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd not impute this yielding to light love,Which the dark night hath so discovered. ROMEOLady, by yonder blessed moon I swearThat tips with silver all these fruit-tree tops-JULIETO, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon,That monthly changes in her circled orb,Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. ROMEOWhat shall I swear by?JULIETDo not swear at all;Or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious self,Which is the god of my idolatry,And I'll believe thee. ROMEOIf my heart's dear love-JULIETWell, do not swear: although I joy in thee,I have no joy of this contract to-night:It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden;Too like the lightning, which doth cease to beEre one can say 'It lightens.'. Sweet, good night!This bud of love, by summer's ripening breath,May prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. Good night, good night!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.424676}
{"text": "Romeo, doff thy name,And for that name which is no part of theeTake all myself. ROMEOI take thee at thy word:Call me but love, and I'll be new baptized;Henceforth I never will be Romeo. JULIETWhat man art thou that thus bescreen'd in nightSo stumblest on my counsel?ROMEOBy a nameI know not how to tell thee who I am:My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself,Because it is an enemy to thee;Had I it written, I would tear the word. JULIETMy ears have not yet drunk a hundred wordsOf that tongue's utterance, yet I know the sound:Art thou not Romeo and a Montague?ROMEONeither, fair saint, if either thee dislike. JULIETHow camest thou hither, tell me, and wherefore?The orchard walls are high and hard to climb,And the place death, considering who thou art,If any of my kinsmen find thee here. ROMEOWith love's light wings did I o'er-perch these walls;For stony limits cannot hold love out,And what love can do that dares love attempt;Therefore thy kinsmen are no let to me. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIf they do see thee, they will murder thee. ROMEOAlack, there lies more peril in thine eyeThan twenty of their swords: look thou but sweet,And I am proof against their enmity. JULIETI would not for the world they saw thee here. ROMEOI have night's cloak to hide me from their sight;And but thou love me, let them find me here:My life were better ended by their hate,Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. JULIETBy whose direction found'st thou out this place?ROMEOBy love, who first did prompt me to inquire;He lent me counsel and I lent him eyes. I am no pilot; yet, wert thou as farAs that vast shore wash'd with the farthest sea,I would adventure for such merchandise. JULIETThou know'st the mask of night is on my face,Else would a maiden blush bepaint my cheekFor that which thou hast heard me speak to-nightFain would I dwell on form, fain, fain denyWhat I have spoke: but farewell compliment!Dost thou love me? I know thou wilt say 'Ay,'And I will take thy word: yet if thou swear'st,Thou mayst prove false; at lovers' perjuriesThen say, Jove laughs. O gentle Romeo,If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully:Or if thou think'st I am too quickly won,I'll frown and be perverse an say thee nay,So thou wilt woo; but else, not for the world. In truth, fair Montague, I am too fond,And therefore thou mayst think my 'havior light:But trust me, gentleman, I'll prove more trueThan those that have more cunning to be strange. I should have been more strange, I must confess,But that thou overheard'st, ere I was ware,My true love's passion: therefore pardon me, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd not impute this yielding to light love,Which the dark night hath so discovered. ROMEOLady, by yonder blessed moon I swearThat tips with silver all these fruit-tree tops-JULIETO, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon,That monthly changes in her circled orb,Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. ROMEOWhat shall I swear by?JULIETDo not swear at all;Or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious self,Which is the god of my idolatry,And I'll believe thee. ROMEOIf my heart's dear love-JULIETWell, do not swear: although I joy in thee,I have no joy of this contract to-night:It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden;Too like the lightning, which doth cease to beEre one can say 'It lightens.'. Sweet, good night!This bud of love, by summer's ripening breath,May prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. Good night, good night! As sweet repose and restCome to thy heart as that within my breast!ROMEOO, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied?JULIETWhat satisfaction canst thou have to-night?ROMEOThe exchange of thy love's faithful vow for mine. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI gave thee mine before thou didst request it:And yet I would it were to give again. ROMEOWouldst thou withdraw it?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.4758937}
{"text": "I know thou wilt say 'Ay,'And I will take thy word: yet if thou swear'st,Thou mayst prove false; at lovers' perjuriesThen say, Jove laughs. O gentle Romeo,If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully:Or if thou think'st I am too quickly won,I'll frown and be perverse an say thee nay,So thou wilt woo; but else, not for the world. In truth, fair Montague, I am too fond,And therefore thou mayst think my 'havior light:But trust me, gentleman, I'll prove more trueThan those that have more cunning to be strange. I should have been more strange, I must confess,But that thou overheard'st, ere I was ware,My true love's passion: therefore pardon me, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd not impute this yielding to light love,Which the dark night hath so discovered. ROMEOLady, by yonder blessed moon I swearThat tips with silver all these fruit-tree tops-JULIETO, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon,That monthly changes in her circled orb,Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. ROMEOWhat shall I swear by?JULIETDo not swear at all;Or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious self,Which is the god of my idolatry,And I'll believe thee. ROMEOIf my heart's dear love-JULIETWell, do not swear: although I joy in thee,I have no joy of this contract to-night:It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden;Too like the lightning, which doth cease to beEre one can say 'It lightens.'. Sweet, good night!This bud of love, by summer's ripening breath,May prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. Good night, good night! As sweet repose and restCome to thy heart as that within my breast!ROMEOO, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied?JULIETWhat satisfaction canst thou have to-night?ROMEOThe exchange of thy love's faithful vow for mine. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI gave thee mine before thou didst request it:And yet I would it were to give again. ROMEOWouldst thou withdraw it? For what purpose, love?JULIETBut to be frank, and give it thee again. And yet I wish but for the thing I have:My bounty is as boundless as the sea,My love as deep; the more I give to thee,The more I have, for both are infinite. Nurse calls withinI hear some noise within; dear love, adieu!Anon, good nurse!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.4944181}
{"text": "O gentle Romeo,If thou dost love, pronounce it faithfully:Or if thou think'st I am too quickly won,I'll frown and be perverse an say thee nay,So thou wilt woo; but else, not for the world. In truth, fair Montague, I am too fond,And therefore thou mayst think my 'havior light:But trust me, gentleman, I'll prove more trueThan those that have more cunning to be strange. I should have been more strange, I must confess,But that thou overheard'st, ere I was ware,My true love's passion: therefore pardon me, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd not impute this yielding to light love,Which the dark night hath so discovered. ROMEOLady, by yonder blessed moon I swearThat tips with silver all these fruit-tree tops-JULIETO, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon,That monthly changes in her circled orb,Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. ROMEOWhat shall I swear by?JULIETDo not swear at all;Or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious self,Which is the god of my idolatry,And I'll believe thee. ROMEOIf my heart's dear love-JULIETWell, do not swear: although I joy in thee,I have no joy of this contract to-night:It is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden;Too like the lightning, which doth cease to beEre one can say 'It lightens.'. Sweet, good night!This bud of love, by summer's ripening breath,May prove a beauteous flower when next we meet. Good night, good night! As sweet repose and restCome to thy heart as that within my breast!ROMEOO, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied?JULIETWhat satisfaction canst thou have to-night?ROMEOThe exchange of thy love's faithful vow for mine. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI gave thee mine before thou didst request it:And yet I would it were to give again. ROMEOWouldst thou withdraw it? For what purpose, love?JULIETBut to be frank, and give it thee again. And yet I wish but for the thing I have:My bounty is as boundless as the sea,My love as deep; the more I give to thee,The more I have, for both are infinite. Nurse calls withinI hear some noise within; dear love, adieu!Anon, good nurse! Sweet Montague, be true. Stay but a little, I will come again. Exit, aboveROMEOO blessed, blessed night!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.5173135}
{"text": "As sweet repose and restCome to thy heart as that within my breast!ROMEOO, wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied?JULIETWhat satisfaction canst thou have to-night?ROMEOThe exchange of thy love's faithful vow for mine. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI gave thee mine before thou didst request it:And yet I would it were to give again. ROMEOWouldst thou withdraw it? For what purpose, love?JULIETBut to be frank, and give it thee again. And yet I wish but for the thing I have:My bounty is as boundless as the sea,My love as deep; the more I give to thee,The more I have, for both are infinite. Nurse calls withinI hear some noise within; dear love, adieu!Anon, good nurse! Sweet Montague, be true. Stay but a little, I will come again. Exit, aboveROMEOO blessed, blessed night! I am afeard. Being in night, all this is but a dream,Too flattering-sweet to be substantial. Re-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETThree words, dear Romeo, and good night indeed. If that thy bent of love be honourable,Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow,By one that I'll procure to come to thee,Where and what time thou wilt perform the rite;And all my fortunes at thy foot I'll layAnd follow thee my lord throughout the world. Nurse Within Madam!JULIETI come, anon.--But if thou mean'st not well,I do beseech thee-Nurse Within Madam! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETBy and by, I come:-To cease thy suit, and leave me to my grief:To-morrow will I send. ROMEOSo thrive my soul-JULIETA thousand times good night!Exit, aboveROMEOA thousand times the worse, to want thy light. Love goes toward love, as schoolboys fromtheir books,But love from love, toward school with heavy looks. RetiringRe-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETHist!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.597733}
{"text": "For what purpose, love?JULIETBut to be frank, and give it thee again. And yet I wish but for the thing I have:My bounty is as boundless as the sea,My love as deep; the more I give to thee,The more I have, for both are infinite. Nurse calls withinI hear some noise within; dear love, adieu!Anon, good nurse! Sweet Montague, be true. Stay but a little, I will come again. Exit, aboveROMEOO blessed, blessed night! I am afeard. Being in night, all this is but a dream,Too flattering-sweet to be substantial. Re-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETThree words, dear Romeo, and good night indeed. If that thy bent of love be honourable,Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow,By one that I'll procure to come to thee,Where and what time thou wilt perform the rite;And all my fortunes at thy foot I'll layAnd follow thee my lord throughout the world. Nurse Within Madam!JULIETI come, anon.--But if thou mean'st not well,I do beseech thee-Nurse Within Madam! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETBy and by, I come:-To cease thy suit, and leave me to my grief:To-morrow will I send. ROMEOSo thrive my soul-JULIETA thousand times good night!Exit, aboveROMEOA thousand times the worse, to want thy light. Love goes toward love, as schoolboys fromtheir books,But love from love, toward school with heavy looks. RetiringRe-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETHist! Romeo, hist!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.5898285}
{"text": "Sweet Montague, be true. Stay but a little, I will come again. Exit, aboveROMEOO blessed, blessed night! I am afeard. Being in night, all this is but a dream,Too flattering-sweet to be substantial. Re-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETThree words, dear Romeo, and good night indeed. If that thy bent of love be honourable,Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow,By one that I'll procure to come to thee,Where and what time thou wilt perform the rite;And all my fortunes at thy foot I'll layAnd follow thee my lord throughout the world. Nurse Within Madam!JULIETI come, anon.--But if thou mean'st not well,I do beseech thee-Nurse Within Madam! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETBy and by, I come:-To cease thy suit, and leave me to my grief:To-morrow will I send. ROMEOSo thrive my soul-JULIETA thousand times good night!Exit, aboveROMEOA thousand times the worse, to want thy light. Love goes toward love, as schoolboys fromtheir books,But love from love, toward school with heavy looks. RetiringRe-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETHist! Romeo, hist! O, for a falconer's voice,To lure this tassel-gentle back again!Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud;Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies,And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine,With repetition of my Romeo's name. ROMEOIt is my soul that calls upon my name:How silver-sweet sound lovers' tongues by night,Like softest music to attending ears!JULIETRomeo!ROMEOMy dear?JULIETAt what o'clock to-morrowShall I send to thee? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOAt the hour of nine. JULIETI will not fail: 'tis twenty years till then. I have forgot why I did call thee back. ROMEOLet me stand here till thou remember it. JULIETI shall forget, to have thee still stand there,Remembering how I love thy company. ROMEOAnd I'll still stay, to have thee still forget,Forgetting any other home but this. JULIET'Tis almost morning; I would have thee gone:And yet no further than a wanton's bird;Who lets it hop a little from her hand,Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves,And with a silk thread plucks it back again,So loving-jealous of his liberty. ROMEOI would I were thy bird. JULIETSweet, so would I:Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. Good night, good night!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.664974}
{"text": "I am afeard. Being in night, all this is but a dream,Too flattering-sweet to be substantial. Re-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETThree words, dear Romeo, and good night indeed. If that thy bent of love be honourable,Thy purpose marriage, send me word to-morrow,By one that I'll procure to come to thee,Where and what time thou wilt perform the rite;And all my fortunes at thy foot I'll layAnd follow thee my lord throughout the world. Nurse Within Madam!JULIETI come, anon.--But if thou mean'st not well,I do beseech thee-Nurse Within Madam! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETBy and by, I come:-To cease thy suit, and leave me to my grief:To-morrow will I send. ROMEOSo thrive my soul-JULIETA thousand times good night!Exit, aboveROMEOA thousand times the worse, to want thy light. Love goes toward love, as schoolboys fromtheir books,But love from love, toward school with heavy looks. RetiringRe-enter JULIET, aboveJULIETHist! Romeo, hist! O, for a falconer's voice,To lure this tassel-gentle back again!Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud;Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies,And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine,With repetition of my Romeo's name. ROMEOIt is my soul that calls upon my name:How silver-sweet sound lovers' tongues by night,Like softest music to attending ears!JULIETRomeo!ROMEOMy dear?JULIETAt what o'clock to-morrowShall I send to thee? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOAt the hour of nine. JULIETI will not fail: 'tis twenty years till then. I have forgot why I did call thee back. ROMEOLet me stand here till thou remember it. JULIETI shall forget, to have thee still stand there,Remembering how I love thy company. ROMEOAnd I'll still stay, to have thee still forget,Forgetting any other home but this. JULIET'Tis almost morning; I would have thee gone:And yet no further than a wanton's bird;Who lets it hop a little from her hand,Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves,And with a silk thread plucks it back again,So loving-jealous of his liberty. ROMEOI would I were thy bird. JULIETSweet, so would I:Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. Good night, good night! Parting is suchsweet sorrow,That I shall say good night till it be morrow. Exit aboveROMEOSleep dwell upon thine eyes, peace in thy breast!Would I were sleep and peace, so sweet to rest!Hence will I to my ghostly father's cell,His help to crave, and my dear hap to tell. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSCENE III.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.7342298}
{"text": "Romeo, hist! O, for a falconer's voice,To lure this tassel-gentle back again!Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud;Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies,And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine,With repetition of my Romeo's name. ROMEOIt is my soul that calls upon my name:How silver-sweet sound lovers' tongues by night,Like softest music to attending ears!JULIETRomeo!ROMEOMy dear?JULIETAt what o'clock to-morrowShall I send to thee? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOAt the hour of nine. JULIETI will not fail: 'tis twenty years till then. I have forgot why I did call thee back. ROMEOLet me stand here till thou remember it. JULIETI shall forget, to have thee still stand there,Remembering how I love thy company. ROMEOAnd I'll still stay, to have thee still forget,Forgetting any other home but this. JULIET'Tis almost morning; I would have thee gone:And yet no further than a wanton's bird;Who lets it hop a little from her hand,Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves,And with a silk thread plucks it back again,So loving-jealous of his liberty. ROMEOI would I were thy bird. JULIETSweet, so would I:Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. Good night, good night! Parting is suchsweet sorrow,That I shall say good night till it be morrow. Exit aboveROMEOSleep dwell upon thine eyes, peace in thy breast!Would I were sleep and peace, so sweet to rest!Hence will I to my ghostly father's cell,His help to crave, and my dear hap to tell. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSCENE III. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE, with a basketFRIAR LAURENCEThe grey-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night,Chequering the eastern clouds with streaks of light,And flecked darkness like a drunkard reelsFrom forth day's path and Titan's fiery wheels:Now, ere the sun advance his burning eye,The day to cheer and night's dank dew to dry,I must up-fill this osier cage of oursWith baleful weeds and precious-juiced flowers. The earth that's nature's mother is her tomb;What is her burying grave that is her womb,And from her womb children of divers kindWe sucking on her natural bosom find,Many for many virtues excellent,None but for some and yet all different. O, mickle is the powerful grace that liesIn herbs, plants, stones, and their true qualities:For nought so vile that on the earth doth liveBut to the earth some special good doth give,Nor aught so good but strain'd from that fair useRevolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse:Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied;And vice sometimes by action dignified. Within the infant rind of this small flowerPoison hath residence and medicine power:For this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part;Being tasted, slays all senses with the heart. Two such opposed kings encamp them stillIn man as well as herbs, grace and rude will;And where the worser is predominant,Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. Enter ROMEOROMEOGood morrow, father. FRIAR LAURENCEBenedicite!What early tongue so sweet saluteth me?Young son, it argues a distemper'd headSo soon to bid good morrow to thy bed:Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye,And where care lodges, sleep will never lie;But where unbruised youth with unstuff'd brain Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMDoth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign:Therefore thy earliness doth me assureThou art up-roused by some distemperature;Or if not so, then here I hit it right,Our Romeo hath not been in bed to-night. ROMEOThat last is true; the sweeter rest was mine. FRIAR LAURENCEGod pardon sin!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.814018}
{"text": "O, for a falconer's voice,To lure this tassel-gentle back again!Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud;Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies,And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine,With repetition of my Romeo's name. ROMEOIt is my soul that calls upon my name:How silver-sweet sound lovers' tongues by night,Like softest music to attending ears!JULIETRomeo!ROMEOMy dear?JULIETAt what o'clock to-morrowShall I send to thee? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOAt the hour of nine. JULIETI will not fail: 'tis twenty years till then. I have forgot why I did call thee back. ROMEOLet me stand here till thou remember it. JULIETI shall forget, to have thee still stand there,Remembering how I love thy company. ROMEOAnd I'll still stay, to have thee still forget,Forgetting any other home but this. JULIET'Tis almost morning; I would have thee gone:And yet no further than a wanton's bird;Who lets it hop a little from her hand,Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves,And with a silk thread plucks it back again,So loving-jealous of his liberty. ROMEOI would I were thy bird. JULIETSweet, so would I:Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. Good night, good night! Parting is suchsweet sorrow,That I shall say good night till it be morrow. Exit aboveROMEOSleep dwell upon thine eyes, peace in thy breast!Would I were sleep and peace, so sweet to rest!Hence will I to my ghostly father's cell,His help to crave, and my dear hap to tell. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSCENE III. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE, with a basketFRIAR LAURENCEThe grey-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night,Chequering the eastern clouds with streaks of light,And flecked darkness like a drunkard reelsFrom forth day's path and Titan's fiery wheels:Now, ere the sun advance his burning eye,The day to cheer and night's dank dew to dry,I must up-fill this osier cage of oursWith baleful weeds and precious-juiced flowers. The earth that's nature's mother is her tomb;What is her burying grave that is her womb,And from her womb children of divers kindWe sucking on her natural bosom find,Many for many virtues excellent,None but for some and yet all different. O, mickle is the powerful grace that liesIn herbs, plants, stones, and their true qualities:For nought so vile that on the earth doth liveBut to the earth some special good doth give,Nor aught so good but strain'd from that fair useRevolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse:Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied;And vice sometimes by action dignified. Within the infant rind of this small flowerPoison hath residence and medicine power:For this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part;Being tasted, slays all senses with the heart. Two such opposed kings encamp them stillIn man as well as herbs, grace and rude will;And where the worser is predominant,Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. Enter ROMEOROMEOGood morrow, father. FRIAR LAURENCEBenedicite!What early tongue so sweet saluteth me?Young son, it argues a distemper'd headSo soon to bid good morrow to thy bed:Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye,And where care lodges, sleep will never lie;But where unbruised youth with unstuff'd brain Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMDoth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign:Therefore thy earliness doth me assureThou art up-roused by some distemperature;Or if not so, then here I hit it right,Our Romeo hath not been in bed to-night. ROMEOThat last is true; the sweeter rest was mine. FRIAR LAURENCEGod pardon sin! Wast thou with Rosaline?ROMEOWith Rosaline, my ghostly father?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.8347204}
{"text": "Parting is suchsweet sorrow,That I shall say good night till it be morrow. Exit aboveROMEOSleep dwell upon thine eyes, peace in thy breast!Would I were sleep and peace, so sweet to rest!Hence will I to my ghostly father's cell,His help to crave, and my dear hap to tell. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSCENE III. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE, with a basketFRIAR LAURENCEThe grey-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night,Chequering the eastern clouds with streaks of light,And flecked darkness like a drunkard reelsFrom forth day's path and Titan's fiery wheels:Now, ere the sun advance his burning eye,The day to cheer and night's dank dew to dry,I must up-fill this osier cage of oursWith baleful weeds and precious-juiced flowers. The earth that's nature's mother is her tomb;What is her burying grave that is her womb,And from her womb children of divers kindWe sucking on her natural bosom find,Many for many virtues excellent,None but for some and yet all different. O, mickle is the powerful grace that liesIn herbs, plants, stones, and their true qualities:For nought so vile that on the earth doth liveBut to the earth some special good doth give,Nor aught so good but strain'd from that fair useRevolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse:Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied;And vice sometimes by action dignified. Within the infant rind of this small flowerPoison hath residence and medicine power:For this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part;Being tasted, slays all senses with the heart. Two such opposed kings encamp them stillIn man as well as herbs, grace and rude will;And where the worser is predominant,Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. Enter ROMEOROMEOGood morrow, father. FRIAR LAURENCEBenedicite!What early tongue so sweet saluteth me?Young son, it argues a distemper'd headSo soon to bid good morrow to thy bed:Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye,And where care lodges, sleep will never lie;But where unbruised youth with unstuff'd brain Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMDoth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign:Therefore thy earliness doth me assureThou art up-roused by some distemperature;Or if not so, then here I hit it right,Our Romeo hath not been in bed to-night. ROMEOThat last is true; the sweeter rest was mine. FRIAR LAURENCEGod pardon sin! Wast thou with Rosaline?ROMEOWith Rosaline, my ghostly father? No;I have forgot that name, and that name's woe. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's my good son: but where hast thou been, then?ROMEOI'll tell thee, ere thou ask it me again. I have been feasting with mine enemy,Where on a sudden one hath wounded me,That's by me wounded: both our remediesWithin thy help and holy physic lies:I bear no hatred, blessed man, for, lo,My intercession likewise steads my foe. FRIAR LAURENCEBe plain, good son, and homely in thy drift;Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. ROMEOThen plainly know my heart's dear love is setOn the fair daughter of rich Capulet:As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine;And all combined, save what thou must combineBy holy marriage: when and where and howWe met, we woo'd and made exchange of vow,I'll tell thee as we pass; but this I pray,That thou consent to marry us to-day. FRIAR LAURENCEHoly Saint Francis, what a change is here!Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear,So soon forsaken?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.8877113}
{"text": "Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE, with a basketFRIAR LAURENCEThe grey-eyed morn smiles on the frowning night,Chequering the eastern clouds with streaks of light,And flecked darkness like a drunkard reelsFrom forth day's path and Titan's fiery wheels:Now, ere the sun advance his burning eye,The day to cheer and night's dank dew to dry,I must up-fill this osier cage of oursWith baleful weeds and precious-juiced flowers. The earth that's nature's mother is her tomb;What is her burying grave that is her womb,And from her womb children of divers kindWe sucking on her natural bosom find,Many for many virtues excellent,None but for some and yet all different. O, mickle is the powerful grace that liesIn herbs, plants, stones, and their true qualities:For nought so vile that on the earth doth liveBut to the earth some special good doth give,Nor aught so good but strain'd from that fair useRevolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse:Virtue itself turns vice, being misapplied;And vice sometimes by action dignified. Within the infant rind of this small flowerPoison hath residence and medicine power:For this, being smelt, with that part cheers each part;Being tasted, slays all senses with the heart. Two such opposed kings encamp them stillIn man as well as herbs, grace and rude will;And where the worser is predominant,Full soon the canker death eats up that plant. Enter ROMEOROMEOGood morrow, father. FRIAR LAURENCEBenedicite!What early tongue so sweet saluteth me?Young son, it argues a distemper'd headSo soon to bid good morrow to thy bed:Care keeps his watch in every old man's eye,And where care lodges, sleep will never lie;But where unbruised youth with unstuff'd brain Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMDoth couch his limbs, there golden sleep doth reign:Therefore thy earliness doth me assureThou art up-roused by some distemperature;Or if not so, then here I hit it right,Our Romeo hath not been in bed to-night. ROMEOThat last is true; the sweeter rest was mine. FRIAR LAURENCEGod pardon sin! Wast thou with Rosaline?ROMEOWith Rosaline, my ghostly father? No;I have forgot that name, and that name's woe. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's my good son: but where hast thou been, then?ROMEOI'll tell thee, ere thou ask it me again. I have been feasting with mine enemy,Where on a sudden one hath wounded me,That's by me wounded: both our remediesWithin thy help and holy physic lies:I bear no hatred, blessed man, for, lo,My intercession likewise steads my foe. FRIAR LAURENCEBe plain, good son, and homely in thy drift;Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. ROMEOThen plainly know my heart's dear love is setOn the fair daughter of rich Capulet:As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine;And all combined, save what thou must combineBy holy marriage: when and where and howWe met, we woo'd and made exchange of vow,I'll tell thee as we pass; but this I pray,That thou consent to marry us to-day. FRIAR LAURENCEHoly Saint Francis, what a change is here!Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear,So soon forsaken? Young men's love then lies Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNot truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. Jesu Maria, what a deal of brineHath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline!How much salt water thrown away in waste,To season love, that of it doth not taste!The sun not yet thy sighs from heaven clears,Thy old groans ring yet in my ancient ears;Lo, here upon thy cheek the stain doth sitOf an old tear that is not wash'd off yet:If e'er thou wast thyself and these woes thine,Thou and these woes were all for Rosaline:And art thou changed?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406257.9797614}
{"text": "Wast thou with Rosaline?ROMEOWith Rosaline, my ghostly father? No;I have forgot that name, and that name's woe. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's my good son: but where hast thou been, then?ROMEOI'll tell thee, ere thou ask it me again. I have been feasting with mine enemy,Where on a sudden one hath wounded me,That's by me wounded: both our remediesWithin thy help and holy physic lies:I bear no hatred, blessed man, for, lo,My intercession likewise steads my foe. FRIAR LAURENCEBe plain, good son, and homely in thy drift;Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. ROMEOThen plainly know my heart's dear love is setOn the fair daughter of rich Capulet:As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine;And all combined, save what thou must combineBy holy marriage: when and where and howWe met, we woo'd and made exchange of vow,I'll tell thee as we pass; but this I pray,That thou consent to marry us to-day. FRIAR LAURENCEHoly Saint Francis, what a change is here!Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear,So soon forsaken? Young men's love then lies Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNot truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. Jesu Maria, what a deal of brineHath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline!How much salt water thrown away in waste,To season love, that of it doth not taste!The sun not yet thy sighs from heaven clears,Thy old groans ring yet in my ancient ears;Lo, here upon thy cheek the stain doth sitOf an old tear that is not wash'd off yet:If e'er thou wast thyself and these woes thine,Thou and these woes were all for Rosaline:And art thou changed? Pronounce this sentence then,Women may fall, when there's no strength in men. ROMEOThou chid'st me oft for loving Rosaline. FRIAR LAURENCEFor doting, not for loving, pupil mine. ROMEOAnd bad'st me bury love. FRIAR LAURENCENot in a grave,To lay one in, another out to have. ROMEOI pray thee, chide not; she whom I love nowDoth grace for grace and love for love allow;The other did not so. FRIAR LAURENCEO, she knew wellThy love did read by rote and could not spell. But come, young waverer, come, go with me,In one respect I'll thy assistant be;For this alliance may so happy prove,To turn your households' rancour to pure love. ROMEOO, let us hence; I stand on sudden haste. FRIAR LAURENCEWisely and slow; they stumble that run fast. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExeuntSCENE IV.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.0181737}
{"text": "No;I have forgot that name, and that name's woe. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's my good son: but where hast thou been, then?ROMEOI'll tell thee, ere thou ask it me again. I have been feasting with mine enemy,Where on a sudden one hath wounded me,That's by me wounded: both our remediesWithin thy help and holy physic lies:I bear no hatred, blessed man, for, lo,My intercession likewise steads my foe. FRIAR LAURENCEBe plain, good son, and homely in thy drift;Riddling confession finds but riddling shrift. ROMEOThen plainly know my heart's dear love is setOn the fair daughter of rich Capulet:As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine;And all combined, save what thou must combineBy holy marriage: when and where and howWe met, we woo'd and made exchange of vow,I'll tell thee as we pass; but this I pray,That thou consent to marry us to-day. FRIAR LAURENCEHoly Saint Francis, what a change is here!Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear,So soon forsaken? Young men's love then lies Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNot truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. Jesu Maria, what a deal of brineHath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline!How much salt water thrown away in waste,To season love, that of it doth not taste!The sun not yet thy sighs from heaven clears,Thy old groans ring yet in my ancient ears;Lo, here upon thy cheek the stain doth sitOf an old tear that is not wash'd off yet:If e'er thou wast thyself and these woes thine,Thou and these woes were all for Rosaline:And art thou changed? Pronounce this sentence then,Women may fall, when there's no strength in men. ROMEOThou chid'st me oft for loving Rosaline. FRIAR LAURENCEFor doting, not for loving, pupil mine. ROMEOAnd bad'st me bury love. FRIAR LAURENCENot in a grave,To lay one in, another out to have. ROMEOI pray thee, chide not; she whom I love nowDoth grace for grace and love for love allow;The other did not so. FRIAR LAURENCEO, she knew wellThy love did read by rote and could not spell. But come, young waverer, come, go with me,In one respect I'll thy assistant be;For this alliance may so happy prove,To turn your households' rancour to pure love. ROMEOO, let us hence; I stand on sudden haste. FRIAR LAURENCEWisely and slow; they stumble that run fast. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExeuntSCENE IV. A street. Enter BENVOLIO and MERCUTIOMERCUTIOWhere the devil should this Romeo be?Came he not home to-night?BENVOLIONot to his father's; I spoke with his man. MERCUTIOAh, that same pale hard-hearted wench, that Rosaline. Torments him so, that he will sure run mad. BENVOLIOTybalt, the kinsman of old Capulet,Hath sent a letter to his father's house. MERCUTIOA challenge, on my life. BENVOLIORomeo will answer it. MERCUTIOAny man that can write may answer a letter. BENVOLIONay, he will answer the letter's master, how hedares, being dared. MERCUTIOAlas poor Romeo!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.043672}
{"text": "Young men's love then lies Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNot truly in their hearts, but in their eyes. Jesu Maria, what a deal of brineHath wash'd thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline!How much salt water thrown away in waste,To season love, that of it doth not taste!The sun not yet thy sighs from heaven clears,Thy old groans ring yet in my ancient ears;Lo, here upon thy cheek the stain doth sitOf an old tear that is not wash'd off yet:If e'er thou wast thyself and these woes thine,Thou and these woes were all for Rosaline:And art thou changed? Pronounce this sentence then,Women may fall, when there's no strength in men. ROMEOThou chid'st me oft for loving Rosaline. FRIAR LAURENCEFor doting, not for loving, pupil mine. ROMEOAnd bad'st me bury love. FRIAR LAURENCENot in a grave,To lay one in, another out to have. ROMEOI pray thee, chide not; she whom I love nowDoth grace for grace and love for love allow;The other did not so. FRIAR LAURENCEO, she knew wellThy love did read by rote and could not spell. But come, young waverer, come, go with me,In one respect I'll thy assistant be;For this alliance may so happy prove,To turn your households' rancour to pure love. ROMEOO, let us hence; I stand on sudden haste. FRIAR LAURENCEWisely and slow; they stumble that run fast. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExeuntSCENE IV. A street. Enter BENVOLIO and MERCUTIOMERCUTIOWhere the devil should this Romeo be?Came he not home to-night?BENVOLIONot to his father's; I spoke with his man. MERCUTIOAh, that same pale hard-hearted wench, that Rosaline. Torments him so, that he will sure run mad. BENVOLIOTybalt, the kinsman of old Capulet,Hath sent a letter to his father's house. MERCUTIOA challenge, on my life. BENVOLIORomeo will answer it. MERCUTIOAny man that can write may answer a letter. BENVOLIONay, he will answer the letter's master, how hedares, being dared. MERCUTIOAlas poor Romeo! He is already dead; stabbed with awhite wench's black eye; shot through the ear with alove-song; the very pin of his heart cleft with theblind bow-boy's butt-shaft: and is he a man toencounter Tybalt?BENVOLIOWhy, what is Tybalt? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIOMore than prince of cats, I can tell you.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.0846002}
{"text": "Pronounce this sentence then,Women may fall, when there's no strength in men. ROMEOThou chid'st me oft for loving Rosaline. FRIAR LAURENCEFor doting, not for loving, pupil mine. ROMEOAnd bad'st me bury love. FRIAR LAURENCENot in a grave,To lay one in, another out to have. ROMEOI pray thee, chide not; she whom I love nowDoth grace for grace and love for love allow;The other did not so. FRIAR LAURENCEO, she knew wellThy love did read by rote and could not spell. But come, young waverer, come, go with me,In one respect I'll thy assistant be;For this alliance may so happy prove,To turn your households' rancour to pure love. ROMEOO, let us hence; I stand on sudden haste. FRIAR LAURENCEWisely and slow; they stumble that run fast. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExeuntSCENE IV. A street. Enter BENVOLIO and MERCUTIOMERCUTIOWhere the devil should this Romeo be?Came he not home to-night?BENVOLIONot to his father's; I spoke with his man. MERCUTIOAh, that same pale hard-hearted wench, that Rosaline. Torments him so, that he will sure run mad. BENVOLIOTybalt, the kinsman of old Capulet,Hath sent a letter to his father's house. MERCUTIOA challenge, on my life. BENVOLIORomeo will answer it. MERCUTIOAny man that can write may answer a letter. BENVOLIONay, he will answer the letter's master, how hedares, being dared. MERCUTIOAlas poor Romeo! He is already dead; stabbed with awhite wench's black eye; shot through the ear with alove-song; the very pin of his heart cleft with theblind bow-boy's butt-shaft: and is he a man toencounter Tybalt?BENVOLIOWhy, what is Tybalt? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIOMore than prince of cats, I can tell you. O, he isthe courageous captain of compliments.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.134552}
{"text": "A street. Enter BENVOLIO and MERCUTIOMERCUTIOWhere the devil should this Romeo be?Came he not home to-night?BENVOLIONot to his father's; I spoke with his man. MERCUTIOAh, that same pale hard-hearted wench, that Rosaline. Torments him so, that he will sure run mad. BENVOLIOTybalt, the kinsman of old Capulet,Hath sent a letter to his father's house. MERCUTIOA challenge, on my life. BENVOLIORomeo will answer it. MERCUTIOAny man that can write may answer a letter. BENVOLIONay, he will answer the letter's master, how hedares, being dared. MERCUTIOAlas poor Romeo! He is already dead; stabbed with awhite wench's black eye; shot through the ear with alove-song; the very pin of his heart cleft with theblind bow-boy's butt-shaft: and is he a man toencounter Tybalt?BENVOLIOWhy, what is Tybalt? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIOMore than prince of cats, I can tell you. O, he isthe courageous captain of compliments. He fights asyou sing prick-song, keeps time, distance, andproportion; rests me his minim rest, one, two, andthe third in your bosom: the very butcher of a silkbutton, a duellist, a duellist; a gentleman of thevery first house, of the first and second cause:ah, the immortal passado! The punto reverso! Thehai!BENVOLIOThe what?MERCUTIOThe pox of such antic, lisping, affectingfantasticoes; these new tuners of accents! '. By Jesu,a very good blade! A very tall man! A very goodwhore!'. Why, is not this a lamentable thing,grandsire, that we should be thus afflicted withthese strange flies, these fashion-mongers, theseperdona-mi's, who stand so much on the new form,that they cannot at ease on the old bench?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.1777382}
{"text": "'By Jesu,a very good blade! A very tall man! A very goodwhore!'. Why, is not this a lamentable thing,grandsire, that we should be thus afflicted withthese strange flies, these fashion-mongers, theseperdona-mi's, who stand so much on the new form,that they cannot at ease on the old bench? O, theirbones, their bones!Enter ROMEOBENVOLIOHere comes Romeo, here comes Romeo. MERCUTIOWithout his roe, like a dried herring: flesh, flesh,how art thou fishified! Now is he for the numbersthat Petrarch flowed in: Laura to his lady was but akitchen-wench; marry, she had a better love tobe-rhyme her; Dido a dowdy; Cleopatra a gipsy;Helen and Hero hildings and harlots; Thisbe a greyeye or so, but not to the purpose. SigniorRomeo, bon jour! There's a French salutationto your French slop. You gave us the counterfeitfairly last night. ROMEOGood morrow to you both.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.1004102}
{"text": "SigniorRomeo, bon jour! There's a French salutationto your French slop. You gave us the counterfeitfairly last night. ROMEOGood morrow to you both. What counterfeit did I give you?MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe ship, sir, the slip; can you not conceive?ROMEOPardon, good Mercutio, my business was great; and insuch a case as mine a man may strain courtesy. MERCUTIOThat's as much as to say, such a case as yoursconstrains a man to bow in the hams. ROMEOMeaning, to court'sy. MERCUTIOThou hast most kindly hit it. ROMEOA most courteous exposition. MERCUTIONay, I am the very pink of courtesy. ROMEOPink for flower. MERCUTIORight. ROMEOWhy, then is my pump well flowered. MERCUTIOWell said: follow me this jest now till thou hastworn out thy pump, that when the single sole of itis worn, the jest may remain after the wearing sole singular. ROMEOO single-soled jest, solely singular for thesingleness. MERCUTIOCome between us, good Benvolio; my wits faint. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOSwitch and spurs, switch and spurs; or I'll cry a match. MERCUTIONay, if thy wits run the wild-goose chase, I havedone, for thou hast more of the wild-goose in one ofthy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five:was I with you there for the goose?ROMEOThou wast never with me for any thing when thou wastnot there for the goose. MERCUTIOI will bite thee by the ear for that jest. ROMEONay, good goose, bite not. MERCUTIOThy wit is a very bitter sweeting; it is a mostsharp sauce. ROMEOAnd is it not well served in to a sweet goose?MERCUTIOO here's a wit of cheveril, that stretches from aninch narrow to an ell broad!ROMEOI stretch it out for that word 'broad;' which addedto the goose, proves thee far and wide a broad goose. MERCUTIOWhy, is not this better now than groaning for love?now art thou sociable, now art thou Romeo; now artthou what thou art, by art as well as by nature:for this drivelling love is like a great natural,that runs lolling up and down to hide his bauble in a hole. BENVOLIOStop there, stop there. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIOThou desirest me to stop in my tale against the hair. BENVOLIOThou wouldst else have made thy tale large. MERCUTIOO, thou art deceived; I would have made it short:for I was come to the whole depth of my tale; andmeant, indeed, to occupy the argument no longer. ROMEOHere's goodly gear!Enter Nurse and PETERMERCUTIOA sail, a sail!BENVOLIOTwo, two; a shirt and a smock. NursePeter!PETERAnon!NurseMy fan, Peter. MERCUTIOGood Peter, to hide her face; for her fan's thefairer face. NurseGod ye good morrow, gentlemen. MERCUTIOGod ye good den, fair gentlewoman. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIs it good den?MERCUTIO'Tis no less, I tell you, for the bawdy hand of thedial is now upon the prick of noon. NurseOut upon you!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.3265073}
{"text": "There's a French salutationto your French slop. You gave us the counterfeitfairly last night. ROMEOGood morrow to you both. What counterfeit did I give you?MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe ship, sir, the slip; can you not conceive?ROMEOPardon, good Mercutio, my business was great; and insuch a case as mine a man may strain courtesy. MERCUTIOThat's as much as to say, such a case as yoursconstrains a man to bow in the hams. ROMEOMeaning, to court'sy. MERCUTIOThou hast most kindly hit it. ROMEOA most courteous exposition. MERCUTIONay, I am the very pink of courtesy. ROMEOPink for flower. MERCUTIORight. ROMEOWhy, then is my pump well flowered. MERCUTIOWell said: follow me this jest now till thou hastworn out thy pump, that when the single sole of itis worn, the jest may remain after the wearing sole singular. ROMEOO single-soled jest, solely singular for thesingleness. MERCUTIOCome between us, good Benvolio; my wits faint. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOSwitch and spurs, switch and spurs; or I'll cry a match. MERCUTIONay, if thy wits run the wild-goose chase, I havedone, for thou hast more of the wild-goose in one ofthy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five:was I with you there for the goose?ROMEOThou wast never with me for any thing when thou wastnot there for the goose. MERCUTIOI will bite thee by the ear for that jest. ROMEONay, good goose, bite not. MERCUTIOThy wit is a very bitter sweeting; it is a mostsharp sauce. ROMEOAnd is it not well served in to a sweet goose?MERCUTIOO here's a wit of cheveril, that stretches from aninch narrow to an ell broad!ROMEOI stretch it out for that word 'broad;' which addedto the goose, proves thee far and wide a broad goose. MERCUTIOWhy, is not this better now than groaning for love?now art thou sociable, now art thou Romeo; now artthou what thou art, by art as well as by nature:for this drivelling love is like a great natural,that runs lolling up and down to hide his bauble in a hole. BENVOLIOStop there, stop there. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIOThou desirest me to stop in my tale against the hair. BENVOLIOThou wouldst else have made thy tale large. MERCUTIOO, thou art deceived; I would have made it short:for I was come to the whole depth of my tale; andmeant, indeed, to occupy the argument no longer. ROMEOHere's goodly gear!Enter Nurse and PETERMERCUTIOA sail, a sail!BENVOLIOTwo, two; a shirt and a smock. NursePeter!PETERAnon!NurseMy fan, Peter. MERCUTIOGood Peter, to hide her face; for her fan's thefairer face. NurseGod ye good morrow, gentlemen. MERCUTIOGod ye good den, fair gentlewoman. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIs it good den?MERCUTIO'Tis no less, I tell you, for the bawdy hand of thedial is now upon the prick of noon. NurseOut upon you! What a man are you!ROMEOOne, gentlewoman, that God hath made for himself tomar. NurseBy my troth, it is well said; 'for himself to mar,'quoth a'?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.333311}
{"text": "You gave us the counterfeitfairly last night. ROMEOGood morrow to you both. What counterfeit did I give you?MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe ship, sir, the slip; can you not conceive?ROMEOPardon, good Mercutio, my business was great; and insuch a case as mine a man may strain courtesy. MERCUTIOThat's as much as to say, such a case as yoursconstrains a man to bow in the hams. ROMEOMeaning, to court'sy. MERCUTIOThou hast most kindly hit it. ROMEOA most courteous exposition. MERCUTIONay, I am the very pink of courtesy. ROMEOPink for flower. MERCUTIORight. ROMEOWhy, then is my pump well flowered. MERCUTIOWell said: follow me this jest now till thou hastworn out thy pump, that when the single sole of itis worn, the jest may remain after the wearing sole singular. ROMEOO single-soled jest, solely singular for thesingleness. MERCUTIOCome between us, good Benvolio; my wits faint. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOSwitch and spurs, switch and spurs; or I'll cry a match. MERCUTIONay, if thy wits run the wild-goose chase, I havedone, for thou hast more of the wild-goose in one ofthy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five:was I with you there for the goose?ROMEOThou wast never with me for any thing when thou wastnot there for the goose. MERCUTIOI will bite thee by the ear for that jest. ROMEONay, good goose, bite not. MERCUTIOThy wit is a very bitter sweeting; it is a mostsharp sauce. ROMEOAnd is it not well served in to a sweet goose?MERCUTIOO here's a wit of cheveril, that stretches from aninch narrow to an ell broad!ROMEOI stretch it out for that word 'broad;' which addedto the goose, proves thee far and wide a broad goose. MERCUTIOWhy, is not this better now than groaning for love?now art thou sociable, now art thou Romeo; now artthou what thou art, by art as well as by nature:for this drivelling love is like a great natural,that runs lolling up and down to hide his bauble in a hole. BENVOLIOStop there, stop there. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIOThou desirest me to stop in my tale against the hair. BENVOLIOThou wouldst else have made thy tale large. MERCUTIOO, thou art deceived; I would have made it short:for I was come to the whole depth of my tale; andmeant, indeed, to occupy the argument no longer. ROMEOHere's goodly gear!Enter Nurse and PETERMERCUTIOA sail, a sail!BENVOLIOTwo, two; a shirt and a smock. NursePeter!PETERAnon!NurseMy fan, Peter. MERCUTIOGood Peter, to hide her face; for her fan's thefairer face. NurseGod ye good morrow, gentlemen. MERCUTIOGod ye good den, fair gentlewoman. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIs it good den?MERCUTIO'Tis no less, I tell you, for the bawdy hand of thedial is now upon the prick of noon. NurseOut upon you! What a man are you!ROMEOOne, gentlewoman, that God hath made for himself tomar. NurseBy my troth, it is well said; 'for himself to mar,'quoth a'? Gentlemen, can any of you tell me where Imay find the young Romeo?ROMEOI can tell you; but young Romeo will be older whenyou have found him than he was when you sought him:I am the youngest of that name, for fault of a worse. NurseYou say well. MERCUTIOYea, is the worst well?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.2919104}
{"text": "What counterfeit did I give you?MERCUTIO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThe ship, sir, the slip; can you not conceive?ROMEOPardon, good Mercutio, my business was great; and insuch a case as mine a man may strain courtesy. MERCUTIOThat's as much as to say, such a case as yoursconstrains a man to bow in the hams. ROMEOMeaning, to court'sy. MERCUTIOThou hast most kindly hit it. ROMEOA most courteous exposition. MERCUTIONay, I am the very pink of courtesy. ROMEOPink for flower. MERCUTIORight. ROMEOWhy, then is my pump well flowered. MERCUTIOWell said: follow me this jest now till thou hastworn out thy pump, that when the single sole of itis worn, the jest may remain after the wearing sole singular. ROMEOO single-soled jest, solely singular for thesingleness. MERCUTIOCome between us, good Benvolio; my wits faint. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOSwitch and spurs, switch and spurs; or I'll cry a match. MERCUTIONay, if thy wits run the wild-goose chase, I havedone, for thou hast more of the wild-goose in one ofthy wits than, I am sure, I have in my whole five:was I with you there for the goose?ROMEOThou wast never with me for any thing when thou wastnot there for the goose. MERCUTIOI will bite thee by the ear for that jest. ROMEONay, good goose, bite not. MERCUTIOThy wit is a very bitter sweeting; it is a mostsharp sauce. ROMEOAnd is it not well served in to a sweet goose?MERCUTIOO here's a wit of cheveril, that stretches from aninch narrow to an ell broad!ROMEOI stretch it out for that word 'broad;' which addedto the goose, proves thee far and wide a broad goose. MERCUTIOWhy, is not this better now than groaning for love?now art thou sociable, now art thou Romeo; now artthou what thou art, by art as well as by nature:for this drivelling love is like a great natural,that runs lolling up and down to hide his bauble in a hole. BENVOLIOStop there, stop there. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIOThou desirest me to stop in my tale against the hair. BENVOLIOThou wouldst else have made thy tale large. MERCUTIOO, thou art deceived; I would have made it short:for I was come to the whole depth of my tale; andmeant, indeed, to occupy the argument no longer. ROMEOHere's goodly gear!Enter Nurse and PETERMERCUTIOA sail, a sail!BENVOLIOTwo, two; a shirt and a smock. NursePeter!PETERAnon!NurseMy fan, Peter. MERCUTIOGood Peter, to hide her face; for her fan's thefairer face. NurseGod ye good morrow, gentlemen. MERCUTIOGod ye good den, fair gentlewoman. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIs it good den?MERCUTIO'Tis no less, I tell you, for the bawdy hand of thedial is now upon the prick of noon. NurseOut upon you! What a man are you!ROMEOOne, gentlewoman, that God hath made for himself tomar. NurseBy my troth, it is well said; 'for himself to mar,'quoth a'? Gentlemen, can any of you tell me where Imay find the young Romeo?ROMEOI can tell you; but young Romeo will be older whenyou have found him than he was when you sought him:I am the youngest of that name, for fault of a worse. NurseYou say well. MERCUTIOYea, is the worst well? Very well took, i' faith;wisely, wisely. Nurseif you be he, sir, I desire some confidence withyou. BENVOLIOShe will indite him to some supper. MERCUTIOA bawd, a bawd, a bawd!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.4158206}
{"text": "What a man are you!ROMEOOne, gentlewoman, that God hath made for himself tomar. NurseBy my troth, it is well said; 'for himself to mar,'quoth a'? Gentlemen, can any of you tell me where Imay find the young Romeo?ROMEOI can tell you; but young Romeo will be older whenyou have found him than he was when you sought him:I am the youngest of that name, for fault of a worse. NurseYou say well. MERCUTIOYea, is the worst well? Very well took, i' faith;wisely, wisely. Nurseif you be he, sir, I desire some confidence withyou. BENVOLIOShe will indite him to some supper. MERCUTIOA bawd, a bawd, a bawd! So ho!ROMEOWhat hast thou found? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMERCUTIONo hare, sir; unless a hare, sir, in a lenten pie,that is something stale and hoar ere it be spent. SingsAn old hare hoar,And an old hare hoar,Is very good meat in lentBut a hare that is hoarIs too much for a score,When it hoars ere it be spent. Romeo, will you come to your father's? We'llto dinner, thither. ROMEOI will follow you. MERCUTIOFarewell, ancient lady; farewell,Singing'lady, lady, lady. 'Exeunt MERCUTIO and BENVOLIONurseMarry, farewell! I pray you, sir, what saucymerchant was this, that was so full of his ropery?ROMEOA gentleman, nurse, that loves to hear himself talk,and will speak more in a minute than he will standto in a month. NurseAn a' speak any thing against me, I'll take himdown, an a' were lustier than he is, and twenty suchJacks; and if I cannot, I'll find those that shall. Scurvy knave! I am none of his flirt-gills; I amnone of his skains-mates.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.4309316}
{"text": "We'llto dinner, thither. ROMEOI will follow you. MERCUTIOFarewell, ancient lady; farewell,Singing'lady, lady, lady. 'Exeunt MERCUTIO and BENVOLIONurseMarry, farewell! I pray you, sir, what saucymerchant was this, that was so full of his ropery?ROMEOA gentleman, nurse, that loves to hear himself talk,and will speak more in a minute than he will standto in a month. NurseAn a' speak any thing against me, I'll take himdown, an a' were lustier than he is, and twenty suchJacks; and if I cannot, I'll find those that shall. Scurvy knave! I am none of his flirt-gills; I amnone of his skains-mates. And thou must stand bytoo, and suffer every knave to use me at his pleasure?PETERI saw no man use you a pleasure; if I had, my weaponshould quickly have been out, I warrant you: I dare Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMdraw as soon as another man, if I see occasion in agood quarrel, and the law on my side. NurseNow, afore God, I am so vexed, that every part aboutme quivers. Scurvy knave! Pray you, sir, a word:and as I told you, my young lady bade me inquire youout; what she bade me say, I will keep to myself:but first let me tell ye, if ye should lead her intoa fool's paradise, as they say, it were a very grosskind of behavior, as they say: for the gentlewomanis young; and, therefore, if you should deal doublewith her, truly it were an ill thing to be offeredto any gentlewoman, and very weak dealing. ROMEONurse, commend me to thy lady and mistress. Iprotest unto thee-NurseGood heart, and, i' faith, I will tell her as much:Lord, Lord, she will be a joyful woman. ROMEOWhat wilt thou tell her, nurse?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.4678466}
{"text": "Scurvy knave! Pray you, sir, a word:and as I told you, my young lady bade me inquire youout; what she bade me say, I will keep to myself:but first let me tell ye, if ye should lead her intoa fool's paradise, as they say, it were a very grosskind of behavior, as they say: for the gentlewomanis young; and, therefore, if you should deal doublewith her, truly it were an ill thing to be offeredto any gentlewoman, and very weak dealing. ROMEONurse, commend me to thy lady and mistress. Iprotest unto thee-NurseGood heart, and, i' faith, I will tell her as much:Lord, Lord, she will be a joyful woman. ROMEOWhat wilt thou tell her, nurse? Thou dost not mark me. NurseI will tell her, sir, that you do protest; which, asI take it, is a gentlemanlike offer. ROMEOBid her deviseSome means to come to shrift this afternoon;And there she shall at Friar Laurence' cellBe shrived and married. Here is for thy pains. NurseNo truly sir; not a penny. ROMEOGo to; I say you shall. NurseThis afternoon, sir? Well, she shall be there. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOAnd stay, good nurse, behind the abbey wall:Within this hour my man shall be with theeAnd bring thee cords made like a tackled stair;Which to the high top-gallant of my joyMust be my convoy in the secret night. Farewell; be trusty, and I'll quit thy pains:Farewell; commend me to thy mistress. NurseNow God in heaven bless thee! Hark you, sir. ROMEOWhat say'st thou, my dear nurse?NurseIs your man secret? Did you ne'er hear say,Two may keep counsel, putting one away?ROMEOI warrant thee, my man's as true as steel. NURSEWell, sir; my mistress is the sweetest lady--Lord,Lord!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.4763148}
{"text": "Well, she shall be there. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMROMEOAnd stay, good nurse, behind the abbey wall:Within this hour my man shall be with theeAnd bring thee cords made like a tackled stair;Which to the high top-gallant of my joyMust be my convoy in the secret night. Farewell; be trusty, and I'll quit thy pains:Farewell; commend me to thy mistress. NurseNow God in heaven bless thee! Hark you, sir. ROMEOWhat say'st thou, my dear nurse?NurseIs your man secret? Did you ne'er hear say,Two may keep counsel, putting one away?ROMEOI warrant thee, my man's as true as steel. NURSEWell, sir; my mistress is the sweetest lady--Lord,Lord! When 'twas a little prating thing:--O, thereis a nobleman in town, one Paris, that would fainlay knife aboard; but she, good soul, had as liefsee a toad, a very toad, as see him. I anger hersometimes and tell her that Paris is the propererman; but, I'll warrant you, when I say so, she looksas pale as any clout in the versal world. Doth notrosemary and Romeo begin both with a letter?ROMEOAy, nurse; what of that? Both with an R.NurseAh. Mocker! That's the dog's name; R is forthe--No; I know it begins with some otherletter:--and she hath the prettiest sententious ofit, of you and rosemary, that it would do you goodto hear it. ROMEOCommend me to thy lady. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNurseAy, a thousand times. Exit RomeoPeter!PETERAnon!NursePeter, take my fan, and go before and apace. ExeuntSCENE V.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.5205941}
{"text": "Both with an R.NurseAh. Mocker! That's the dog's name; R is forthe--No; I know it begins with some otherletter:--and she hath the prettiest sententious ofit, of you and rosemary, that it would do you goodto hear it. ROMEOCommend me to thy lady. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNurseAy, a thousand times. Exit RomeoPeter!PETERAnon!NursePeter, take my fan, and go before and apace. ExeuntSCENE V. Capulet's orchard. Enter JULIETJULIETThe clock struck nine when I did send the nurse;In half an hour she promised to return. Perchance she cannot meet him: that's not so. O, she is lame! Love's heralds should be thoughts,Which ten times faster glide than the sun's beams,Driving back shadows over louring hills:Therefore do nimble-pinion'd doves draw love,And therefore hath the wind-swift Cupid wings. Now is the sun upon the highmost hillOf this day's journey, and from nine till twelveIs three long hours, yet she is not come. Had she affections and warm youthful blood,She would be as swift in motion as a ball;My words would bandy her to my sweet love,And his to me:But old folks, many feign as they were dead;Unwieldy, slow, heavy and pale as lead. O God, she comes!Enter Nurse and PETERO honey nurse, what news?Hast thou met with him? Send thy man away. NursePeter, stay at the gate. Exit PETER Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETNow, good sweet nurse,--O Lord, why look'st thou sad?Though news be sad, yet tell them merrily;If good, thou shamest the music of sweet newsBy playing it to me with so sour a face. NurseI am a-weary, give me leave awhile:Fie, how my bones ache!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.577146}
{"text": "Capulet's orchard. Enter JULIETJULIETThe clock struck nine when I did send the nurse;In half an hour she promised to return. Perchance she cannot meet him: that's not so. O, she is lame! Love's heralds should be thoughts,Which ten times faster glide than the sun's beams,Driving back shadows over louring hills:Therefore do nimble-pinion'd doves draw love,And therefore hath the wind-swift Cupid wings. Now is the sun upon the highmost hillOf this day's journey, and from nine till twelveIs three long hours, yet she is not come. Had she affections and warm youthful blood,She would be as swift in motion as a ball;My words would bandy her to my sweet love,And his to me:But old folks, many feign as they were dead;Unwieldy, slow, heavy and pale as lead. O God, she comes!Enter Nurse and PETERO honey nurse, what news?Hast thou met with him? Send thy man away. NursePeter, stay at the gate. Exit PETER Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETNow, good sweet nurse,--O Lord, why look'st thou sad?Though news be sad, yet tell them merrily;If good, thou shamest the music of sweet newsBy playing it to me with so sour a face. NurseI am a-weary, give me leave awhile:Fie, how my bones ache! What a jaunt have I had!JULIETI would thou hadst my bones, and I thy news:Nay, come, I pray thee, speak; good, good nurse, speak. NurseJesu, what haste? Can you not stay awhile?Do you not see that I am out of breath?JULIETHow art thou out of breath, when thou hast breathTo say to me that thou art out of breath?The excuse that thou dost make in this delayIs longer than the tale thou dost excuse. Is thy news good, or bad? Answer to that;Say either, and I'll stay the circumstance:Let me be satisfied, is't good or bad?NurseWell, you have made a simple choice; you know nothow to choose a man: Romeo!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.6064274}
{"text": "What a jaunt have I had!JULIETI would thou hadst my bones, and I thy news:Nay, come, I pray thee, speak; good, good nurse, speak. NurseJesu, what haste? Can you not stay awhile?Do you not see that I am out of breath?JULIETHow art thou out of breath, when thou hast breathTo say to me that thou art out of breath?The excuse that thou dost make in this delayIs longer than the tale thou dost excuse. Is thy news good, or bad? Answer to that;Say either, and I'll stay the circumstance:Let me be satisfied, is't good or bad?NurseWell, you have made a simple choice; you know nothow to choose a man: Romeo! No, not he; though hisface be better than any man's, yet his leg excelsall men's; and for a hand, and a foot, and a body,though they be not to be talked on, yet they arepast compare: he is not the flower of courtesy,but, I'll warrant him, as gentle as a lamb. Go thyways, wench; serve God. What, have you dined at home?JULIETNo, no: but all this did I know before. What says he of our marriage? What of that?NurseLord, how my head aches! What a head have I!It beats as it would fall in twenty pieces. My back o' t' other side,--O, my back, my back! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBeshrew your heart for sending me about,To catch my death with jaunting up and down!JULIETI' faith, I am sorry that thou art not well. Sweet, sweet, sweet nurse, tell me, what says my love?NurseYour love says, like an honest gentleman, and acourteous, and a kind, and a handsome, and, Iwarrant, a virtuous,--Where is your mother?JULIETWhere is my mother! Why, she is within;Where should she be? How oddly thou repliest!'Your love says, like an honest gentleman,Where is your mother?'NurseO God's lady dear!Are you so hot?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.6297545}
{"text": "What a head have I!It beats as it would fall in twenty pieces. My back o' t' other side,--O, my back, my back! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBeshrew your heart for sending me about,To catch my death with jaunting up and down!JULIETI' faith, I am sorry that thou art not well. Sweet, sweet, sweet nurse, tell me, what says my love?NurseYour love says, like an honest gentleman, and acourteous, and a kind, and a handsome, and, Iwarrant, a virtuous,--Where is your mother?JULIETWhere is my mother! Why, she is within;Where should she be? How oddly thou repliest!'Your love says, like an honest gentleman,Where is your mother?'NurseO God's lady dear!Are you so hot? Marry, come up, I trow;Is this the poultice for my aching bones?Henceforward do your messages yourself. JULIETHere's such a coil! Come, what says Romeo?NurseHave you got leave to go to shrift to-day?JULIETI have. NurseThen hie you hence to Friar Laurence' cell;There stays a husband to make you a wife:Now comes the wanton blood up in your cheeks,They'll be in scarlet straight at any news. Hie you to church; I must another way,To fetch a ladder, by the which your loveMust climb a bird's nest soon when it is dark:I am the drudge and toil in your delight,But you shall bear the burden soon at night. Go; I'll to dinner: hie you to the cell. JULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHie to high fortune! Honest nurse, farewell. ExeuntSCENE VI. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE and ROMEOFRIAR LAURENCESo smile the heavens upon this holy act,That after hours with sorrow chide us not!ROMEOAmen, amen!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.6474311}
{"text": "A public place. Enter MERCUTIO, BENVOLIO, Page, and ServantsBENVOLIOI pray thee, good Mercutio, let's retire:The day is hot, the Capulets abroad,And, if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl;For now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring. MERCUTIOThou art like one of those fellows that when heenters the confines of a tavern claps me his swordupon the table and says 'God send me no need ofthee!'. And by the operation of the second cup drawsit on the drawer, when indeed there is no need. BENVOLIOAm I like such a fellow?MERCUTIOCome, come, thou art as hot a Jack in thy mood asany in Italy, and as soon moved to be moody, and assoon moody to be moved. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOAnd what to?MERCUTIONay, an there were two such, we should have noneshortly, for one would kill the other. Thou! Why,thou wilt quarrel with a man that hath a hair more,or a hair less, in his beard, than thou hast: thouwilt quarrel with a man for cracking nuts, having noother reason but because thou hast hazel eyes: whateye but such an eye would spy out such a quarrel?Thy head is as fun of quarrels as an egg is full ofmeat, and yet thy head hath been beaten as addle asan egg for quarrelling: thou hast quarrelled with aman for coughing in the street, because he hathwakened thy dog that hath lain asleep in the sun:didst thou not fall out with a tailor for wearinghis new doublet before Easter? With another, fortying his new shoes with old riband? And yet thouwilt tutor me from quarrelling!BENVOLIOAn I were so apt to quarrel as thou art, any manshould buy the fee-simple of my life for an hour and a quarter. MERCUTIOThe fee-simple!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.7246945}
{"text": "Why,thou wilt quarrel with a man that hath a hair more,or a hair less, in his beard, than thou hast: thouwilt quarrel with a man for cracking nuts, having noother reason but because thou hast hazel eyes: whateye but such an eye would spy out such a quarrel?Thy head is as fun of quarrels as an egg is full ofmeat, and yet thy head hath been beaten as addle asan egg for quarrelling: thou hast quarrelled with aman for coughing in the street, because he hathwakened thy dog that hath lain asleep in the sun:didst thou not fall out with a tailor for wearinghis new doublet before Easter? With another, fortying his new shoes with old riband? And yet thouwilt tutor me from quarrelling!BENVOLIOAn I were so apt to quarrel as thou art, any manshould buy the fee-simple of my life for an hour and a quarter. MERCUTIOThe fee-simple! O simple!BENVOLIOBy my head, here come the Capulets. MERCUTIOBy my heel, I care not. Enter TYBALT and othersTYBALTFollow me close, for I will speak to them. Gentlemen, good den: a word with one of you. MERCUTIOAnd but one word with one of us? Couple it withsomething; make it a word and a blow. TYBALT Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou shall find me apt enough to that, sir, an youwill give me occasion. MERCUTIOCould you not take some occasion without giving?TYBALTMercutio, thou consort'st with Romeo,-MERCUTIOConsort! What, dost thou make us minstrels? Anthou make minstrels of us, look to hear nothing butdiscords: here's my fiddlestick; here's that shallmake you dance.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.707783}
{"text": "Couple it withsomething; make it a word and a blow. TYBALT Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou shall find me apt enough to that, sir, an youwill give me occasion. MERCUTIOCould you not take some occasion without giving?TYBALTMercutio, thou consort'st with Romeo,-MERCUTIOConsort! What, dost thou make us minstrels? Anthou make minstrels of us, look to hear nothing butdiscords: here's my fiddlestick; here's that shallmake you dance. '. Zounds, consort!BENVOLIOWe talk here in the public haunt of men:Either withdraw unto some private place,And reason coldly of your grievances,Or else depart; here all eyes gaze on us. MERCUTIOMen's eyes were made to look, and let them gaze;I will not budge for no man's pleasure, I.Enter ROMEOTYBALTWell, peace be with you, sir: here comes my man. MERCUTIOBut I'll be hanged, sir, if he wear your livery:Marry, go before to field, he'll be your follower;Your worship in that sense may call him 'man. 'TYBALTRomeo, the hate I bear thee can affordNo better term than this,--thou art a villain. ROMEOTybalt, the reason that I have to love theeDoth much excuse the appertaining rageTo such a greeting: villain am I none;Therefore farewell; I see thou know'st me not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTYBALTBoy, this shall not excuse the injuriesThat thou hast done me; therefore turn and draw. ROMEOI do protest, I never injured thee,But love thee better than thou canst devise,Till thou shalt know the reason of my love:And so, good Capulet,--which name I tenderAs dearly as my own,--be satisfied. MERCUTIOO calm, dishonourable, vile submission!Alla stoccata carries it away. DrawsTybalt, you rat-catcher, will you walk?TYBALTWhat wouldst thou have with me?MERCUTIOGood king of cats, nothing but one of your ninelives; that I mean to make bold withal, and as youshall use me hereafter, drybeat the rest of theeight.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.7524433}
{"text": "What, dost thou make us minstrels? Anthou make minstrels of us, look to hear nothing butdiscords: here's my fiddlestick; here's that shallmake you dance. '. Zounds, consort!BENVOLIOWe talk here in the public haunt of men:Either withdraw unto some private place,And reason coldly of your grievances,Or else depart; here all eyes gaze on us. MERCUTIOMen's eyes were made to look, and let them gaze;I will not budge for no man's pleasure, I.Enter ROMEOTYBALTWell, peace be with you, sir: here comes my man. MERCUTIOBut I'll be hanged, sir, if he wear your livery:Marry, go before to field, he'll be your follower;Your worship in that sense may call him 'man. 'TYBALTRomeo, the hate I bear thee can affordNo better term than this,--thou art a villain. ROMEOTybalt, the reason that I have to love theeDoth much excuse the appertaining rageTo such a greeting: villain am I none;Therefore farewell; I see thou know'st me not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTYBALTBoy, this shall not excuse the injuriesThat thou hast done me; therefore turn and draw. ROMEOI do protest, I never injured thee,But love thee better than thou canst devise,Till thou shalt know the reason of my love:And so, good Capulet,--which name I tenderAs dearly as my own,--be satisfied. MERCUTIOO calm, dishonourable, vile submission!Alla stoccata carries it away. DrawsTybalt, you rat-catcher, will you walk?TYBALTWhat wouldst thou have with me?MERCUTIOGood king of cats, nothing but one of your ninelives; that I mean to make bold withal, and as youshall use me hereafter, drybeat the rest of theeight. Will you pluck your sword out of his pitcherby the ears?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.7799346}
{"text": "Anthou make minstrels of us, look to hear nothing butdiscords: here's my fiddlestick; here's that shallmake you dance. '. Zounds, consort!BENVOLIOWe talk here in the public haunt of men:Either withdraw unto some private place,And reason coldly of your grievances,Or else depart; here all eyes gaze on us. MERCUTIOMen's eyes were made to look, and let them gaze;I will not budge for no man's pleasure, I.Enter ROMEOTYBALTWell, peace be with you, sir: here comes my man. MERCUTIOBut I'll be hanged, sir, if he wear your livery:Marry, go before to field, he'll be your follower;Your worship in that sense may call him 'man. 'TYBALTRomeo, the hate I bear thee can affordNo better term than this,--thou art a villain. ROMEOTybalt, the reason that I have to love theeDoth much excuse the appertaining rageTo such a greeting: villain am I none;Therefore farewell; I see thou know'st me not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTYBALTBoy, this shall not excuse the injuriesThat thou hast done me; therefore turn and draw. ROMEOI do protest, I never injured thee,But love thee better than thou canst devise,Till thou shalt know the reason of my love:And so, good Capulet,--which name I tenderAs dearly as my own,--be satisfied. MERCUTIOO calm, dishonourable, vile submission!Alla stoccata carries it away. DrawsTybalt, you rat-catcher, will you walk?TYBALTWhat wouldst thou have with me?MERCUTIOGood king of cats, nothing but one of your ninelives; that I mean to make bold withal, and as youshall use me hereafter, drybeat the rest of theeight. Will you pluck your sword out of his pitcherby the ears? Make haste, lest mine be about yourears ere it be out. TYBALTI am for you. DrawingROMEOGentle Mercutio, put thy rapier up. MERCUTIOCome, sir, your passado. They fightROMEODraw, Benvolio; beat down their weapons. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage!Tybalt, Mercutio, the prince expressly hathForbidden bandying in Verona streets:Hold, Tybalt!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.867977}
{"text": "'Zounds, consort!BENVOLIOWe talk here in the public haunt of men:Either withdraw unto some private place,And reason coldly of your grievances,Or else depart; here all eyes gaze on us. MERCUTIOMen's eyes were made to look, and let them gaze;I will not budge for no man's pleasure, I.Enter ROMEOTYBALTWell, peace be with you, sir: here comes my man. MERCUTIOBut I'll be hanged, sir, if he wear your livery:Marry, go before to field, he'll be your follower;Your worship in that sense may call him 'man. 'TYBALTRomeo, the hate I bear thee can affordNo better term than this,--thou art a villain. ROMEOTybalt, the reason that I have to love theeDoth much excuse the appertaining rageTo such a greeting: villain am I none;Therefore farewell; I see thou know'st me not. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTYBALTBoy, this shall not excuse the injuriesThat thou hast done me; therefore turn and draw. ROMEOI do protest, I never injured thee,But love thee better than thou canst devise,Till thou shalt know the reason of my love:And so, good Capulet,--which name I tenderAs dearly as my own,--be satisfied. MERCUTIOO calm, dishonourable, vile submission!Alla stoccata carries it away. DrawsTybalt, you rat-catcher, will you walk?TYBALTWhat wouldst thou have with me?MERCUTIOGood king of cats, nothing but one of your ninelives; that I mean to make bold withal, and as youshall use me hereafter, drybeat the rest of theeight. Will you pluck your sword out of his pitcherby the ears? Make haste, lest mine be about yourears ere it be out. TYBALTI am for you. DrawingROMEOGentle Mercutio, put thy rapier up. MERCUTIOCome, sir, your passado. They fightROMEODraw, Benvolio; beat down their weapons. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage!Tybalt, Mercutio, the prince expressly hathForbidden bandying in Verona streets:Hold, Tybalt! Good Mercutio!TYBALT under ROMEO's arm stabs MERCUTIO, and flies with his followersMERCUTIOI am hurt. A plague o' both your houses!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.8318965}
{"text": "Will you pluck your sword out of his pitcherby the ears? Make haste, lest mine be about yourears ere it be out. TYBALTI am for you. DrawingROMEOGentle Mercutio, put thy rapier up. MERCUTIOCome, sir, your passado. They fightROMEODraw, Benvolio; beat down their weapons. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGentlemen, for shame, forbear this outrage!Tybalt, Mercutio, the prince expressly hathForbidden bandying in Verona streets:Hold, Tybalt! Good Mercutio!TYBALT under ROMEO's arm stabs MERCUTIO, and flies with his followersMERCUTIOI am hurt. A plague o' both your houses! I am sped. Is he gone, and hath nothing?BENVOLIOWhat, art thou hurt?MERCUTIOAy, ay, a scratch, a scratch; marry, 'tis enough. Where is my page? Go, villain, fetch a surgeon. Exit PageROMEOCourage, man; the hurt cannot be much. MERCUTIONo, 'tis not so deep as a well, nor so wide as achurch-door; but 'tis enough,'twill serve: ask forme to-morrow, and you shall find me a grave man. Iam peppered, I warrant, for this world. A plague o'both your houses! '. Zounds, a dog, a rat, a mouse, acat, to scratch a man to death! A braggart, arogue, a villain, that fights by the book ofarithmetic! Why the devil came you between us? Iwas hurt under your arm. ROMEOI thought all for the best. MERCUTIOHelp me into some house, Benvolio,Or I shall faint.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.8782828}
{"text": "A braggart, arogue, a villain, that fights by the book ofarithmetic! Why the devil came you between us? Iwas hurt under your arm. ROMEOI thought all for the best. MERCUTIOHelp me into some house, Benvolio,Or I shall faint. A plague o' both your houses!They have made worms' meat of me: I have it,And soundly too: your houses!Exeunt MERCUTIO and BENVOLIOROMEO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThis gentleman, the prince's near ally,My very friend, hath got his mortal hurtIn my behalf; my reputation stain'dWith Tybalt's slander,--Tybalt, that an hourHath been my kinsman! O sweet Juliet,Thy beauty hath made me effeminateAnd in my temper soften'd valour's steel!Re-enter BENVOLIOBENVOLIOO Romeo, Romeo, brave Mercutio's dead!That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds,Which too untimely here did scorn the earth. ROMEOThis day's black fate on more days doth depend;This but begins the woe, others must end. BENVOLIOHere comes the furious Tybalt back again. ROMEOAlive, in triumph!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.8416455}
{"text": "Iwas hurt under your arm. ROMEOI thought all for the best. MERCUTIOHelp me into some house, Benvolio,Or I shall faint. A plague o' both your houses!They have made worms' meat of me: I have it,And soundly too: your houses!Exeunt MERCUTIO and BENVOLIOROMEO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThis gentleman, the prince's near ally,My very friend, hath got his mortal hurtIn my behalf; my reputation stain'dWith Tybalt's slander,--Tybalt, that an hourHath been my kinsman! O sweet Juliet,Thy beauty hath made me effeminateAnd in my temper soften'd valour's steel!Re-enter BENVOLIOBENVOLIOO Romeo, Romeo, brave Mercutio's dead!That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds,Which too untimely here did scorn the earth. ROMEOThis day's black fate on more days doth depend;This but begins the woe, others must end. BENVOLIOHere comes the furious Tybalt back again. ROMEOAlive, in triumph! And Mercutio slain!Away to heaven, respective lenity,And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now!Re-enter TYBALTNow, Tybalt, take the villain back again,That late thou gavest me; for Mercutio's soulIs but a little way above our heads,Staying for thine to keep him company:Either thou, or I, or both, must go with him. TYBALTThou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here,Shalt with him hence. ROMEOThis shall determine that. They fight; TYBALT fallsBENVOLIORomeo, away, be gone!The citizens are up, and Tybalt slain. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMStand not amazed: the prince will doom thee death,If thou art taken: hence, be gone, away!ROMEOO, I am fortune's fool!BENVOLIOWhy dost thou stay?Exit ROMEOEnter Citizens, cFirst CitizenWhich way ran he that kill'd Mercutio?Tybalt, that murderer, which way ran he?BENVOLIOThere lies that Tybalt. First CitizenUp, sir, go with me;I charge thee in the princes name, obey. Enter Prince, attended; MONTAGUE, CAPULET, their Wives, and othersPRINCEWhere are the vile beginners of this fray?BENVOLIOO noble prince, I can discover allThe unlucky manage of this fatal brawl:There lies the man, slain by young Romeo,That slew thy kinsman, brave Mercutio. LADY CAPULETTybalt, my cousin!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.9892747}
{"text": "A plague o' both your houses!They have made worms' meat of me: I have it,And soundly too: your houses!Exeunt MERCUTIO and BENVOLIOROMEO Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThis gentleman, the prince's near ally,My very friend, hath got his mortal hurtIn my behalf; my reputation stain'dWith Tybalt's slander,--Tybalt, that an hourHath been my kinsman! O sweet Juliet,Thy beauty hath made me effeminateAnd in my temper soften'd valour's steel!Re-enter BENVOLIOBENVOLIOO Romeo, Romeo, brave Mercutio's dead!That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds,Which too untimely here did scorn the earth. ROMEOThis day's black fate on more days doth depend;This but begins the woe, others must end. BENVOLIOHere comes the furious Tybalt back again. ROMEOAlive, in triumph! And Mercutio slain!Away to heaven, respective lenity,And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now!Re-enter TYBALTNow, Tybalt, take the villain back again,That late thou gavest me; for Mercutio's soulIs but a little way above our heads,Staying for thine to keep him company:Either thou, or I, or both, must go with him. TYBALTThou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here,Shalt with him hence. ROMEOThis shall determine that. They fight; TYBALT fallsBENVOLIORomeo, away, be gone!The citizens are up, and Tybalt slain. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMStand not amazed: the prince will doom thee death,If thou art taken: hence, be gone, away!ROMEOO, I am fortune's fool!BENVOLIOWhy dost thou stay?Exit ROMEOEnter Citizens, cFirst CitizenWhich way ran he that kill'd Mercutio?Tybalt, that murderer, which way ran he?BENVOLIOThere lies that Tybalt. First CitizenUp, sir, go with me;I charge thee in the princes name, obey. Enter Prince, attended; MONTAGUE, CAPULET, their Wives, and othersPRINCEWhere are the vile beginners of this fray?BENVOLIOO noble prince, I can discover allThe unlucky manage of this fatal brawl:There lies the man, slain by young Romeo,That slew thy kinsman, brave Mercutio. LADY CAPULETTybalt, my cousin! O my brother's child!O prince!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.0093763}
{"text": "O sweet Juliet,Thy beauty hath made me effeminateAnd in my temper soften'd valour's steel!Re-enter BENVOLIOBENVOLIOO Romeo, Romeo, brave Mercutio's dead!That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds,Which too untimely here did scorn the earth. ROMEOThis day's black fate on more days doth depend;This but begins the woe, others must end. BENVOLIOHere comes the furious Tybalt back again. ROMEOAlive, in triumph! And Mercutio slain!Away to heaven, respective lenity,And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now!Re-enter TYBALTNow, Tybalt, take the villain back again,That late thou gavest me; for Mercutio's soulIs but a little way above our heads,Staying for thine to keep him company:Either thou, or I, or both, must go with him. TYBALTThou, wretched boy, that didst consort him here,Shalt with him hence. ROMEOThis shall determine that. They fight; TYBALT fallsBENVOLIORomeo, away, be gone!The citizens are up, and Tybalt slain. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMStand not amazed: the prince will doom thee death,If thou art taken: hence, be gone, away!ROMEOO, I am fortune's fool!BENVOLIOWhy dost thou stay?Exit ROMEOEnter Citizens, cFirst CitizenWhich way ran he that kill'd Mercutio?Tybalt, that murderer, which way ran he?BENVOLIOThere lies that Tybalt. First CitizenUp, sir, go with me;I charge thee in the princes name, obey. Enter Prince, attended; MONTAGUE, CAPULET, their Wives, and othersPRINCEWhere are the vile beginners of this fray?BENVOLIOO noble prince, I can discover allThe unlucky manage of this fatal brawl:There lies the man, slain by young Romeo,That slew thy kinsman, brave Mercutio. LADY CAPULETTybalt, my cousin! O my brother's child!O prince! O cousin! Husband! O, the blood is spiltO my dear kinsman!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.0252917}
{"text": "O cousin! Husband! O, the blood is spiltO my dear kinsman! Prince, as thou art true,For blood of ours, shed blood of Montague. O cousin, cousin!PRINCEBenvolio, who began this bloody fray? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOTybalt, here slain, whom Romeo's hand did slay;Romeo that spoke him fair, bade him bethinkHow nice the quarrel was, and urged withalYour high displeasure: all this utteredWith gentle breath, calm look, knees humbly bow'd,Could not take truce with the unruly spleenOf Tybalt deaf to peace, but that he tiltsWith piercing steel at bold Mercutio's breast,Who all as hot, turns deadly point to point,And, with a martial scorn, with one hand beatsCold death aside, and with the other sendsIt back to Tybalt, whose dexterity,Retorts it: Romeo he cries aloud,'Hold, friends!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406258.9341977}
{"text": "Husband! O, the blood is spiltO my dear kinsman! Prince, as thou art true,For blood of ours, shed blood of Montague. O cousin, cousin!PRINCEBenvolio, who began this bloody fray? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOTybalt, here slain, whom Romeo's hand did slay;Romeo that spoke him fair, bade him bethinkHow nice the quarrel was, and urged withalYour high displeasure: all this utteredWith gentle breath, calm look, knees humbly bow'd,Could not take truce with the unruly spleenOf Tybalt deaf to peace, but that he tiltsWith piercing steel at bold Mercutio's breast,Who all as hot, turns deadly point to point,And, with a martial scorn, with one hand beatsCold death aside, and with the other sendsIt back to Tybalt, whose dexterity,Retorts it: Romeo he cries aloud,'Hold, friends! Friends, part!'. And, swifter thanhis tongue,His agile arm beats down their fatal points,And 'twixt them rushes; underneath whose armAn envious thrust from Tybalt hit the lifeOf stout Mercutio, and then Tybalt fled;But by and by comes back to Romeo,Who had but newly entertain'd revenge,And to 't they go like lightning, for, ere ICould draw to part them, was stout Tybalt slain. And, as he fell, did Romeo turn and fly. This is the truth, or let Benvolio die. LADY CAPULETHe is a kinsman to the Montague;Affection makes him false; he speaks not true:Some twenty of them fought in this black strife,And all those twenty could but kill one life. I beg for justice, which thou, prince, must give;Romeo slew Tybalt, Romeo must not live. PRINCERomeo slew him, he slew Mercutio;Who now the price of his dear blood doth owe?MONTAGUENot Romeo, prince, he was Mercutio's friend;His fault concludes but what the law should end,The life of Tybalt. PRINCEAnd for that offenceImmediately we do exile him hence:I have an interest in your hate's proceeding, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMy blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;But I'll amerce you with so strong a fineThat you shall all repent the loss of mine:I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses:Therefore use none: let Romeo hence in haste,Else, when he's found, that hour is his last. Bear hence this body and attend our will:Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. ExeuntSCENE II.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.0991027}
{"text": "O, the blood is spiltO my dear kinsman! Prince, as thou art true,For blood of ours, shed blood of Montague. O cousin, cousin!PRINCEBenvolio, who began this bloody fray? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOTybalt, here slain, whom Romeo's hand did slay;Romeo that spoke him fair, bade him bethinkHow nice the quarrel was, and urged withalYour high displeasure: all this utteredWith gentle breath, calm look, knees humbly bow'd,Could not take truce with the unruly spleenOf Tybalt deaf to peace, but that he tiltsWith piercing steel at bold Mercutio's breast,Who all as hot, turns deadly point to point,And, with a martial scorn, with one hand beatsCold death aside, and with the other sendsIt back to Tybalt, whose dexterity,Retorts it: Romeo he cries aloud,'Hold, friends! Friends, part!'. And, swifter thanhis tongue,His agile arm beats down their fatal points,And 'twixt them rushes; underneath whose armAn envious thrust from Tybalt hit the lifeOf stout Mercutio, and then Tybalt fled;But by and by comes back to Romeo,Who had but newly entertain'd revenge,And to 't they go like lightning, for, ere ICould draw to part them, was stout Tybalt slain. And, as he fell, did Romeo turn and fly. This is the truth, or let Benvolio die. LADY CAPULETHe is a kinsman to the Montague;Affection makes him false; he speaks not true:Some twenty of them fought in this black strife,And all those twenty could but kill one life. I beg for justice, which thou, prince, must give;Romeo slew Tybalt, Romeo must not live. PRINCERomeo slew him, he slew Mercutio;Who now the price of his dear blood doth owe?MONTAGUENot Romeo, prince, he was Mercutio's friend;His fault concludes but what the law should end,The life of Tybalt. PRINCEAnd for that offenceImmediately we do exile him hence:I have an interest in your hate's proceeding, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMy blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;But I'll amerce you with so strong a fineThat you shall all repent the loss of mine:I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses:Therefore use none: let Romeo hence in haste,Else, when he's found, that hour is his last. Bear hence this body and attend our will:Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. ExeuntSCENE II. Capulet's orchard. Enter JULIETJULIETGallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,Towards Phoebus' lodging: such a wagonerAs Phaethon would whip you to the west,And bring in cloudy night immediately. Spread thy close curtain, love-performing night,That runaway's eyes may wink and RomeoLeap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen. Lovers can see to do their amorous ritesBy their own beauties; or, if love be blind,It best agrees with night.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.1563032}
{"text": "Prince, as thou art true,For blood of ours, shed blood of Montague. O cousin, cousin!PRINCEBenvolio, who began this bloody fray? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBENVOLIOTybalt, here slain, whom Romeo's hand did slay;Romeo that spoke him fair, bade him bethinkHow nice the quarrel was, and urged withalYour high displeasure: all this utteredWith gentle breath, calm look, knees humbly bow'd,Could not take truce with the unruly spleenOf Tybalt deaf to peace, but that he tiltsWith piercing steel at bold Mercutio's breast,Who all as hot, turns deadly point to point,And, with a martial scorn, with one hand beatsCold death aside, and with the other sendsIt back to Tybalt, whose dexterity,Retorts it: Romeo he cries aloud,'Hold, friends! Friends, part!'. And, swifter thanhis tongue,His agile arm beats down their fatal points,And 'twixt them rushes; underneath whose armAn envious thrust from Tybalt hit the lifeOf stout Mercutio, and then Tybalt fled;But by and by comes back to Romeo,Who had but newly entertain'd revenge,And to 't they go like lightning, for, ere ICould draw to part them, was stout Tybalt slain. And, as he fell, did Romeo turn and fly. This is the truth, or let Benvolio die. LADY CAPULETHe is a kinsman to the Montague;Affection makes him false; he speaks not true:Some twenty of them fought in this black strife,And all those twenty could but kill one life. I beg for justice, which thou, prince, must give;Romeo slew Tybalt, Romeo must not live. PRINCERomeo slew him, he slew Mercutio;Who now the price of his dear blood doth owe?MONTAGUENot Romeo, prince, he was Mercutio's friend;His fault concludes but what the law should end,The life of Tybalt. PRINCEAnd for that offenceImmediately we do exile him hence:I have an interest in your hate's proceeding, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMy blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;But I'll amerce you with so strong a fineThat you shall all repent the loss of mine:I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses:Therefore use none: let Romeo hence in haste,Else, when he's found, that hour is his last. Bear hence this body and attend our will:Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. ExeuntSCENE II. Capulet's orchard. Enter JULIETJULIETGallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,Towards Phoebus' lodging: such a wagonerAs Phaethon would whip you to the west,And bring in cloudy night immediately. Spread thy close curtain, love-performing night,That runaway's eyes may wink and RomeoLeap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen. Lovers can see to do their amorous ritesBy their own beauties; or, if love be blind,It best agrees with night. Come, civil night,Thou sober-suited matron, all in black,And learn me how to lose a winning match,Play'd for a pair of stainless maidenhoods:Hood my unmann'd blood, bating in my cheeks,With thy black mantle; till strange love, grown bold,Think true love acted simple modesty. Come, night; come, Romeo; come, thou day in night;For thou wilt lie upon the wings of nightWhiter than new snow on a raven's back. Come, gentle night, come, loving, black-brow'd night,Give me my Romeo; and, when he shall die,Take him and cut him out in little stars,And he will make the face of heaven so fineThat all the world will be in love with nightAnd pay no worship to the garish sun. O, I have bought the mansion of a love,But not possess'd it, and, though I am sold,Not yet enjoy'd: so tedious is this dayAs is the night before some festivalTo an impatient child that hath new robesAnd may not wear them.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.1519105}
{"text": "Friends, part!'. And, swifter thanhis tongue,His agile arm beats down their fatal points,And 'twixt them rushes; underneath whose armAn envious thrust from Tybalt hit the lifeOf stout Mercutio, and then Tybalt fled;But by and by comes back to Romeo,Who had but newly entertain'd revenge,And to 't they go like lightning, for, ere ICould draw to part them, was stout Tybalt slain. And, as he fell, did Romeo turn and fly. This is the truth, or let Benvolio die. LADY CAPULETHe is a kinsman to the Montague;Affection makes him false; he speaks not true:Some twenty of them fought in this black strife,And all those twenty could but kill one life. I beg for justice, which thou, prince, must give;Romeo slew Tybalt, Romeo must not live. PRINCERomeo slew him, he slew Mercutio;Who now the price of his dear blood doth owe?MONTAGUENot Romeo, prince, he was Mercutio's friend;His fault concludes but what the law should end,The life of Tybalt. PRINCEAnd for that offenceImmediately we do exile him hence:I have an interest in your hate's proceeding, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMMy blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;But I'll amerce you with so strong a fineThat you shall all repent the loss of mine:I will be deaf to pleading and excuses;Nor tears nor prayers shall purchase out abuses:Therefore use none: let Romeo hence in haste,Else, when he's found, that hour is his last. Bear hence this body and attend our will:Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. ExeuntSCENE II. Capulet's orchard. Enter JULIETJULIETGallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,Towards Phoebus' lodging: such a wagonerAs Phaethon would whip you to the west,And bring in cloudy night immediately. Spread thy close curtain, love-performing night,That runaway's eyes may wink and RomeoLeap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen. Lovers can see to do their amorous ritesBy their own beauties; or, if love be blind,It best agrees with night. Come, civil night,Thou sober-suited matron, all in black,And learn me how to lose a winning match,Play'd for a pair of stainless maidenhoods:Hood my unmann'd blood, bating in my cheeks,With thy black mantle; till strange love, grown bold,Think true love acted simple modesty. Come, night; come, Romeo; come, thou day in night;For thou wilt lie upon the wings of nightWhiter than new snow on a raven's back. Come, gentle night, come, loving, black-brow'd night,Give me my Romeo; and, when he shall die,Take him and cut him out in little stars,And he will make the face of heaven so fineThat all the world will be in love with nightAnd pay no worship to the garish sun. O, I have bought the mansion of a love,But not possess'd it, and, though I am sold,Not yet enjoy'd: so tedious is this dayAs is the night before some festivalTo an impatient child that hath new robesAnd may not wear them. O, here comes my nurse,And she brings news; and every tongue that speaksBut Romeo's name speaks heavenly eloquence. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMEnter Nurse, with cordsNow, nurse, what news?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.1980693}
{"text": "Capulet's orchard. Enter JULIETJULIETGallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,Towards Phoebus' lodging: such a wagonerAs Phaethon would whip you to the west,And bring in cloudy night immediately. Spread thy close curtain, love-performing night,That runaway's eyes may wink and RomeoLeap to these arms, untalk'd of and unseen. Lovers can see to do their amorous ritesBy their own beauties; or, if love be blind,It best agrees with night. Come, civil night,Thou sober-suited matron, all in black,And learn me how to lose a winning match,Play'd for a pair of stainless maidenhoods:Hood my unmann'd blood, bating in my cheeks,With thy black mantle; till strange love, grown bold,Think true love acted simple modesty. Come, night; come, Romeo; come, thou day in night;For thou wilt lie upon the wings of nightWhiter than new snow on a raven's back. Come, gentle night, come, loving, black-brow'd night,Give me my Romeo; and, when he shall die,Take him and cut him out in little stars,And he will make the face of heaven so fineThat all the world will be in love with nightAnd pay no worship to the garish sun. O, I have bought the mansion of a love,But not possess'd it, and, though I am sold,Not yet enjoy'd: so tedious is this dayAs is the night before some festivalTo an impatient child that hath new robesAnd may not wear them. O, here comes my nurse,And she brings news; and every tongue that speaksBut Romeo's name speaks heavenly eloquence. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMEnter Nurse, with cordsNow, nurse, what news? What hast thou there? The cordsThat Romeo bid thee fetch?NurseAy, ay, the cords. Throws them downJULIETAy me! What news? Why dost thou wring thy hands?NurseAh, well-a-day! He's dead, he's dead, he's dead!We are undone, lady, we are undone!Alack the day!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.2112193}
{"text": "What news? Why dost thou wring thy hands?NurseAh, well-a-day! He's dead, he's dead, he's dead!We are undone, lady, we are undone!Alack the day! He's gone, he's kill'd, he's dead!JULIETCan heaven be so envious?NurseRomeo can,Though heaven cannot: O Romeo, Romeo!Who ever would have thought it? Romeo!JULIETWhat devil art thou, that dost torment me thus?This torture should be roar'd in dismal hell. Hath Romeo slain himself? Say thou but 'I,'And that bare vowel 'I' shall poison moreThan the death-darting eye of cockatrice:I am not I, if there be such an I;Or those eyes shut, that make thee answer 'I.'If he be slain, say 'I'; or if not, no:Brief sounds determine of my weal or woe. NurseI saw the wound, I saw it with mine eyes,-God save the mark!--here on his manly breast:A piteous corse, a bloody piteous corse;Pale, pale as ashes, all bedaub'd in blood,All in gore-blood; I swounded at the sight. JULIETO, break, my heart! Poor bankrupt, break at once! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTo prison, eyes, ne'er look on liberty!Vile earth, to earth resign; end motion here;And thou and Romeo press one heavy bier!NurseO Tybalt, Tybalt, the best friend I had!O courteous Tybalt! Honest gentleman!That ever I should live to see thee dead!JULIETWhat storm is this that blows so contrary?Is Romeo slaughter'd, and is Tybalt dead?My dear-loved cousin, and my dearer lord?Then, dreadful trumpet, sound the general doom!For who is living, if those two are gone?NurseTybalt is gone, and Romeo banished;Romeo that kill'd him, he is banished. JULIETO God!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.2249262}
{"text": "Say thou but 'I,'And that bare vowel 'I' shall poison moreThan the death-darting eye of cockatrice:I am not I, if there be such an I;Or those eyes shut, that make thee answer 'I.'If he be slain, say 'I'; or if not, no:Brief sounds determine of my weal or woe. NurseI saw the wound, I saw it with mine eyes,-God save the mark!--here on his manly breast:A piteous corse, a bloody piteous corse;Pale, pale as ashes, all bedaub'd in blood,All in gore-blood; I swounded at the sight. JULIETO, break, my heart! Poor bankrupt, break at once! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMTo prison, eyes, ne'er look on liberty!Vile earth, to earth resign; end motion here;And thou and Romeo press one heavy bier!NurseO Tybalt, Tybalt, the best friend I had!O courteous Tybalt! Honest gentleman!That ever I should live to see thee dead!JULIETWhat storm is this that blows so contrary?Is Romeo slaughter'd, and is Tybalt dead?My dear-loved cousin, and my dearer lord?Then, dreadful trumpet, sound the general doom!For who is living, if those two are gone?NurseTybalt is gone, and Romeo banished;Romeo that kill'd him, he is banished. JULIETO God! Did Romeo's hand shed Tybalt's blood?NurseIt did, it did; alas the day, it did!JULIETO serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?Beautiful tyrant! Fiend angelical!Dove-feather'd raven! Wolvish-ravening lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seem'st,A damned saint, an honourable villain!O nature, what hadst thou to do in hell,When thou didst bower the spirit of a fiendIn moral paradise of such sweet flesh?Was ever book containing such vile matterSo fairly bound?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.2396584}
{"text": "Did Romeo's hand shed Tybalt's blood?NurseIt did, it did; alas the day, it did!JULIETO serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?Beautiful tyrant! Fiend angelical!Dove-feather'd raven! Wolvish-ravening lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seem'st,A damned saint, an honourable villain!O nature, what hadst thou to do in hell,When thou didst bower the spirit of a fiendIn moral paradise of such sweet flesh?Was ever book containing such vile matterSo fairly bound? O that deceit should dwellIn such a gorgeous palace!NurseThere's no trust,No faith, no honesty in men; all perjured,All forsworn, all naught, all dissemblers. Ah, where's my man? Give me some aqua vitae: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThese griefs, these woes, these sorrows make me old. Shame come to Romeo!JULIETBlister'd be thy tongueFor such a wish!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.2688644}
{"text": "Wolvish-ravening lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seem'st,A damned saint, an honourable villain!O nature, what hadst thou to do in hell,When thou didst bower the spirit of a fiendIn moral paradise of such sweet flesh?Was ever book containing such vile matterSo fairly bound? O that deceit should dwellIn such a gorgeous palace!NurseThere's no trust,No faith, no honesty in men; all perjured,All forsworn, all naught, all dissemblers. Ah, where's my man? Give me some aqua vitae: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThese griefs, these woes, these sorrows make me old. Shame come to Romeo!JULIETBlister'd be thy tongueFor such a wish! He was not born to shame:Upon his brow shame is ashamed to sit;For 'tis a throne where honour may be crown'dSole monarch of the universal earth. O, what a beast was I to chide at him!NurseWill you speak well of him that kill'd your cousin?JULIETShall I speak ill of him that is my husband?Ah, poor my lord, what tongue shall smooth thy name,When I, thy three-hours wife, have mangled it?But, wherefore, villain, didst thou kill my cousin?That villain cousin would have kill'd my husband:Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring;Your tributary drops belong to woe,Which you, mistaking, offer up to joy. My husband lives, that Tybalt would have slain;And Tybalt's dead, that would have slain my husband:All this is comfort; wherefore weep I then?Some word there was, worser than Tybalt's death,That murder'd me: I would forget it fain;But, O, it presses to my memory,Like damned guilty deeds to sinners' minds:'Tybalt is dead, and Romeo--banished;'That 'banished,' that one word 'banished,'Hath slain ten thousand Tybalts.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.3306456}
{"text": "O that deceit should dwellIn such a gorgeous palace!NurseThere's no trust,No faith, no honesty in men; all perjured,All forsworn, all naught, all dissemblers. Ah, where's my man? Give me some aqua vitae: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThese griefs, these woes, these sorrows make me old. Shame come to Romeo!JULIETBlister'd be thy tongueFor such a wish! He was not born to shame:Upon his brow shame is ashamed to sit;For 'tis a throne where honour may be crown'dSole monarch of the universal earth. O, what a beast was I to chide at him!NurseWill you speak well of him that kill'd your cousin?JULIETShall I speak ill of him that is my husband?Ah, poor my lord, what tongue shall smooth thy name,When I, thy three-hours wife, have mangled it?But, wherefore, villain, didst thou kill my cousin?That villain cousin would have kill'd my husband:Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring;Your tributary drops belong to woe,Which you, mistaking, offer up to joy. My husband lives, that Tybalt would have slain;And Tybalt's dead, that would have slain my husband:All this is comfort; wherefore weep I then?Some word there was, worser than Tybalt's death,That murder'd me: I would forget it fain;But, O, it presses to my memory,Like damned guilty deeds to sinners' minds:'Tybalt is dead, and Romeo--banished;'That 'banished,' that one word 'banished,'Hath slain ten thousand Tybalts. Tybalt's deathWas woe enough, if it had ended there:Or, if sour woe delights in fellowshipAnd needly will be rank'd with other griefs,Why follow'd not, when she said 'Tybalt's dead,'Thy father, or thy mother, nay, or both,Which modern lamentations might have moved?But with a rear-ward following Tybalt's death,'Romeo is banished,' to speak that word,Is father, mother, Tybalt, Romeo, Juliet,All slain, all dead.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.2991118}
{"text": "Give me some aqua vitae: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMThese griefs, these woes, these sorrows make me old. Shame come to Romeo!JULIETBlister'd be thy tongueFor such a wish! He was not born to shame:Upon his brow shame is ashamed to sit;For 'tis a throne where honour may be crown'dSole monarch of the universal earth. O, what a beast was I to chide at him!NurseWill you speak well of him that kill'd your cousin?JULIETShall I speak ill of him that is my husband?Ah, poor my lord, what tongue shall smooth thy name,When I, thy three-hours wife, have mangled it?But, wherefore, villain, didst thou kill my cousin?That villain cousin would have kill'd my husband:Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring;Your tributary drops belong to woe,Which you, mistaking, offer up to joy. My husband lives, that Tybalt would have slain;And Tybalt's dead, that would have slain my husband:All this is comfort; wherefore weep I then?Some word there was, worser than Tybalt's death,That murder'd me: I would forget it fain;But, O, it presses to my memory,Like damned guilty deeds to sinners' minds:'Tybalt is dead, and Romeo--banished;'That 'banished,' that one word 'banished,'Hath slain ten thousand Tybalts. Tybalt's deathWas woe enough, if it had ended there:Or, if sour woe delights in fellowshipAnd needly will be rank'd with other griefs,Why follow'd not, when she said 'Tybalt's dead,'Thy father, or thy mother, nay, or both,Which modern lamentations might have moved?But with a rear-ward following Tybalt's death,'Romeo is banished,' to speak that word,Is father, mother, Tybalt, Romeo, Juliet,All slain, all dead. '. Romeo is banished!'There is no end, no limit, measure, bound,In that word's death; no words can that woe sound. Where is my father, and my mother, nurse?NurseWeeping and wailing over Tybalt's corse: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWill you go to them?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.324771}
{"text": "He was not born to shame:Upon his brow shame is ashamed to sit;For 'tis a throne where honour may be crown'dSole monarch of the universal earth. O, what a beast was I to chide at him!NurseWill you speak well of him that kill'd your cousin?JULIETShall I speak ill of him that is my husband?Ah, poor my lord, what tongue shall smooth thy name,When I, thy three-hours wife, have mangled it?But, wherefore, villain, didst thou kill my cousin?That villain cousin would have kill'd my husband:Back, foolish tears, back to your native spring;Your tributary drops belong to woe,Which you, mistaking, offer up to joy. My husband lives, that Tybalt would have slain;And Tybalt's dead, that would have slain my husband:All this is comfort; wherefore weep I then?Some word there was, worser than Tybalt's death,That murder'd me: I would forget it fain;But, O, it presses to my memory,Like damned guilty deeds to sinners' minds:'Tybalt is dead, and Romeo--banished;'That 'banished,' that one word 'banished,'Hath slain ten thousand Tybalts. Tybalt's deathWas woe enough, if it had ended there:Or, if sour woe delights in fellowshipAnd needly will be rank'd with other griefs,Why follow'd not, when she said 'Tybalt's dead,'Thy father, or thy mother, nay, or both,Which modern lamentations might have moved?But with a rear-ward following Tybalt's death,'Romeo is banished,' to speak that word,Is father, mother, Tybalt, Romeo, Juliet,All slain, all dead. '. Romeo is banished!'There is no end, no limit, measure, bound,In that word's death; no words can that woe sound. Where is my father, and my mother, nurse?NurseWeeping and wailing over Tybalt's corse: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWill you go to them? I will bring you thither. JULIETWash they his wounds with tears: mine shall be spent,When theirs are dry, for Romeo's banishment. Take up those cords: poor ropes, you are beguiled,Both you and I; for Romeo is exiled:He made you for a highway to my bed;But I, a maid, die maiden-widowed. Come, cords, come, nurse; I'll to my wedding-bed;And death, not Romeo, take my maidenhead!NurseHie to your chamber: I'll find RomeoTo comfort you: I wot well where he is. Hark ye, your Romeo will be here at night:I'll to him; he is hid at Laurence' cell. JULIETO, find him!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.3871198}
{"text": "Tybalt's deathWas woe enough, if it had ended there:Or, if sour woe delights in fellowshipAnd needly will be rank'd with other griefs,Why follow'd not, when she said 'Tybalt's dead,'Thy father, or thy mother, nay, or both,Which modern lamentations might have moved?But with a rear-ward following Tybalt's death,'Romeo is banished,' to speak that word,Is father, mother, Tybalt, Romeo, Juliet,All slain, all dead. '. Romeo is banished!'There is no end, no limit, measure, bound,In that word's death; no words can that woe sound. Where is my father, and my mother, nurse?NurseWeeping and wailing over Tybalt's corse: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWill you go to them? I will bring you thither. JULIETWash they his wounds with tears: mine shall be spent,When theirs are dry, for Romeo's banishment. Take up those cords: poor ropes, you are beguiled,Both you and I; for Romeo is exiled:He made you for a highway to my bed;But I, a maid, die maiden-widowed. Come, cords, come, nurse; I'll to my wedding-bed;And death, not Romeo, take my maidenhead!NurseHie to your chamber: I'll find RomeoTo comfort you: I wot well where he is. Hark ye, your Romeo will be here at night:I'll to him; he is hid at Laurence' cell. JULIETO, find him! Give this ring to my true knight,And bid him come to take his last farewell. ExeuntSCENE III. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCEFRIAR LAURENCERomeo, come forth; come forth, thou fearful man:Affliction is enamour'd of thy parts,And thou art wedded to calamity. Enter ROMEOROMEOFather, what news?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.4029632}
{"text": "Be merciful, say 'death;'For exile hath more terror in his look,Much more than death: do not say 'banishment. 'FRIAR LAURENCEHence from Verona art thou banished:Be patient, for the world is broad and wide. ROMEOThere is no world without Verona walls,But purgatory, torture, hell itself. Hence-banished is banish'd from the world,And world's exile is death: then banished,Is death mis-term'd: calling death banishment,Thou cutt'st my head off with a golden axe,And smilest upon the stroke that murders me. FRIAR LAURENCEO deadly sin! O rude unthankfulness!Thy fault our law calls death; but the kind prince,Taking thy part, hath rush'd aside the law,And turn'd that black word death to banishment:This is dear mercy, and thou seest it not. ROMEO'Tis torture, and not mercy: heaven is here,Where Juliet lives; and every cat and dogAnd little mouse, every unworthy thing,Live here in heaven and may look on her;But Romeo may not: more validity,More honourable state, more courtship livesIn carrion-flies than Romeo: they my seizeOn the white wonder of dear Juliet's handAnd steal immortal blessing from her lips,Who even in pure and vestal modesty,Still blush, as thinking their own kisses sin;But Romeo may not; he is banished:Flies may do this, but I from this must fly:They are free men, but I am banished. And say'st thou yet that exile is not death? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHadst thou no poison mix'd, no sharp-ground knife,No sudden mean of death, though ne'er so mean,But 'banished' to kill me?--'banished'?O friar, the damned use that word in hell;Howlings attend it: how hast thou the heart,Being a divine, a ghostly confessor,A sin-absolver, and my friend profess'd,To mangle me with that word 'banished'?FRIAR LAURENCEThou fond mad man, hear me but speak a word. ROMEOO, thou wilt speak again of banishment. FRIAR LAURENCEI'll give thee armour to keep off that word:Adversity's sweet milk, philosophy,To comfort thee, though thou art banished. ROMEOYet 'banished'? Hang up philosophy!Unless philosophy can make a Juliet,Displant a town, reverse a prince's doom,It helps not, it prevails not: talk no more. FRIAR LAURENCEO, then I see that madmen have no ears. ROMEOHow should they, when that wise men have no eyes?FRIAR LAURENCELet me dispute with thee of thy estate. ROMEOThou canst not speak of that thou dost not feel:Wert thou as young as I, Juliet thy love,An hour but married, Tybalt murdered,Doting like me and like me banished,Then mightst thou speak, then mightst thou tear thy hair,And fall upon the ground, as I do now,Taking the measure of an unmade grave. Knocking within Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFRIAR LAURENCEArise; one knocks; good Romeo, hide thyself. ROMEONot I; unless the breath of heartsick groans,Mist-like, infold me from the search of eyes. KnockingFRIAR LAURENCEHark, how they knock! Who's there?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.444338}
{"text": "O rude unthankfulness!Thy fault our law calls death; but the kind prince,Taking thy part, hath rush'd aside the law,And turn'd that black word death to banishment:This is dear mercy, and thou seest it not. ROMEO'Tis torture, and not mercy: heaven is here,Where Juliet lives; and every cat and dogAnd little mouse, every unworthy thing,Live here in heaven and may look on her;But Romeo may not: more validity,More honourable state, more courtship livesIn carrion-flies than Romeo: they my seizeOn the white wonder of dear Juliet's handAnd steal immortal blessing from her lips,Who even in pure and vestal modesty,Still blush, as thinking their own kisses sin;But Romeo may not; he is banished:Flies may do this, but I from this must fly:They are free men, but I am banished. And say'st thou yet that exile is not death? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHadst thou no poison mix'd, no sharp-ground knife,No sudden mean of death, though ne'er so mean,But 'banished' to kill me?--'banished'?O friar, the damned use that word in hell;Howlings attend it: how hast thou the heart,Being a divine, a ghostly confessor,A sin-absolver, and my friend profess'd,To mangle me with that word 'banished'?FRIAR LAURENCEThou fond mad man, hear me but speak a word. ROMEOO, thou wilt speak again of banishment. FRIAR LAURENCEI'll give thee armour to keep off that word:Adversity's sweet milk, philosophy,To comfort thee, though thou art banished. ROMEOYet 'banished'? Hang up philosophy!Unless philosophy can make a Juliet,Displant a town, reverse a prince's doom,It helps not, it prevails not: talk no more. FRIAR LAURENCEO, then I see that madmen have no ears. ROMEOHow should they, when that wise men have no eyes?FRIAR LAURENCELet me dispute with thee of thy estate. ROMEOThou canst not speak of that thou dost not feel:Wert thou as young as I, Juliet thy love,An hour but married, Tybalt murdered,Doting like me and like me banished,Then mightst thou speak, then mightst thou tear thy hair,And fall upon the ground, as I do now,Taking the measure of an unmade grave. Knocking within Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFRIAR LAURENCEArise; one knocks; good Romeo, hide thyself. ROMEONot I; unless the breath of heartsick groans,Mist-like, infold me from the search of eyes. KnockingFRIAR LAURENCEHark, how they knock! Who's there? Romeo, arise;Thou wilt be taken.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.3909795}
{"text": "Hang up philosophy!Unless philosophy can make a Juliet,Displant a town, reverse a prince's doom,It helps not, it prevails not: talk no more. FRIAR LAURENCEO, then I see that madmen have no ears. ROMEOHow should they, when that wise men have no eyes?FRIAR LAURENCELet me dispute with thee of thy estate. ROMEOThou canst not speak of that thou dost not feel:Wert thou as young as I, Juliet thy love,An hour but married, Tybalt murdered,Doting like me and like me banished,Then mightst thou speak, then mightst thou tear thy hair,And fall upon the ground, as I do now,Taking the measure of an unmade grave. Knocking within Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFRIAR LAURENCEArise; one knocks; good Romeo, hide thyself. ROMEONot I; unless the breath of heartsick groans,Mist-like, infold me from the search of eyes. KnockingFRIAR LAURENCEHark, how they knock! Who's there? Romeo, arise;Thou wilt be taken. Stay awhile! Stand up;KnockingRun to my study. By and by! God's will,What simpleness is this! I come, I come!KnockingWho knocks so hard? Whence come you? What's your will?Nurse Within Let me come in, and you shall knowmy errand;I come from Lady Juliet. FRIAR LAURENCEWelcome, then. Enter NurseNurseO holy friar, O, tell me, holy friar,Where is my lady's lord, where's Romeo?FRIAR LAURENCEThere on the ground, with his own tears made drunk. NurseO, he is even in my mistress' case,Just in her case! O woful sympathy!Piteous predicament!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.4560652}
{"text": "Whence come you? What's your will?Nurse Within Let me come in, and you shall knowmy errand;I come from Lady Juliet. FRIAR LAURENCEWelcome, then. Enter NurseNurseO holy friar, O, tell me, holy friar,Where is my lady's lord, where's Romeo?FRIAR LAURENCEThere on the ground, with his own tears made drunk. NurseO, he is even in my mistress' case,Just in her case! O woful sympathy!Piteous predicament! Even so lies she,Blubbering and weeping, weeping and blubbering. Stand up, stand up; stand, and you be a man:For Juliet's sake, for her sake, rise and stand; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWhy should you fall into so deep an O?ROMEONurse!NurseAh sir! Ah sir! Well, death's the end of all. ROMEOSpakest thou of Juliet? How is it with her?Doth she not think me an old murderer,Now I have stain'd the childhood of our joyWith blood removed but little from her own?Where is she? And how doth she? And what saysMy conceal'd lady to our cancell'd love?NurseO, she says nothing, sir, but weeps and weeps;And now falls on her bed; and then starts up,And Tybalt calls; and then on Romeo cries,And then down falls again. ROMEOAs if that name,Shot from the deadly level of a gun,Did murder her; as that name's cursed handMurder'd her kinsman. O, tell me, friar, tell me,In what vile part of this anatomyDoth my name lodge? Tell me, that I may sackThe hateful mansion. Drawing his swordFRIAR LAURENCEHold thy desperate hand:Art thou a man? Thy form cries out thou art:Thy tears are womanish; thy wild acts denoteThe unreasonable fury of a beast:Unseemly woman in a seeming man!Or ill-beseeming beast in seeming both!Thou hast amazed me: by my holy order,I thought thy disposition better temper'd. Hast thou slain Tybalt?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.5189078}
{"text": "O, tell me, friar, tell me,In what vile part of this anatomyDoth my name lodge? Tell me, that I may sackThe hateful mansion. Drawing his swordFRIAR LAURENCEHold thy desperate hand:Art thou a man? Thy form cries out thou art:Thy tears are womanish; thy wild acts denoteThe unreasonable fury of a beast:Unseemly woman in a seeming man!Or ill-beseeming beast in seeming both!Thou hast amazed me: by my holy order,I thought thy disposition better temper'd. Hast thou slain Tybalt? Wilt thou slay thyself?And stay thy lady too that lives in thee,By doing damned hate upon thyself?Why rail'st thou on thy birth, the heaven, and earth?Since birth, and heaven, and earth, all three do meet Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIn thee at once; which thou at once wouldst lose. Fie, fie, thou shamest thy shape, thy love, thy wit;Which, like a usurer, abound'st in all,And usest none in that true use indeedWhich should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit:Thy noble shape is but a form of wax,Digressing from the valour of a man;Thy dear love sworn but hollow perjury,Killing that love which thou hast vow'd to cherish;Thy wit, that ornament to shape and love,Misshapen in the conduct of them both,Like powder in a skitless soldier's flask,Is set afire by thine own ignorance,And thou dismember'd with thine own defence. What, rouse thee, man!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.464357}
{"text": "Tell me, that I may sackThe hateful mansion. Drawing his swordFRIAR LAURENCEHold thy desperate hand:Art thou a man? Thy form cries out thou art:Thy tears are womanish; thy wild acts denoteThe unreasonable fury of a beast:Unseemly woman in a seeming man!Or ill-beseeming beast in seeming both!Thou hast amazed me: by my holy order,I thought thy disposition better temper'd. Hast thou slain Tybalt? Wilt thou slay thyself?And stay thy lady too that lives in thee,By doing damned hate upon thyself?Why rail'st thou on thy birth, the heaven, and earth?Since birth, and heaven, and earth, all three do meet Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIn thee at once; which thou at once wouldst lose. Fie, fie, thou shamest thy shape, thy love, thy wit;Which, like a usurer, abound'st in all,And usest none in that true use indeedWhich should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit:Thy noble shape is but a form of wax,Digressing from the valour of a man;Thy dear love sworn but hollow perjury,Killing that love which thou hast vow'd to cherish;Thy wit, that ornament to shape and love,Misshapen in the conduct of them both,Like powder in a skitless soldier's flask,Is set afire by thine own ignorance,And thou dismember'd with thine own defence. What, rouse thee, man! Thy Juliet is alive,For whose dear sake thou wast but lately dead;There art thou happy: Tybalt would kill thee,But thou slew'st Tybalt; there are thou happy too:The law that threaten'd death becomes thy friendAnd turns it to exile; there art thou happy:A pack of blessings lights up upon thy back;Happiness courts thee in her best array;But, like a misbehaved and sullen wench,Thou pout'st upon thy fortune and thy love:Take heed, take heed, for such die miserable. Go, get thee to thy love, as was decreed,Ascend her chamber, hence and comfort her:But look thou stay not till the watch be set,For then thou canst not pass to Mantua;Where thou shalt live, till we can find a timeTo blaze your marriage, reconcile your friends,Beg pardon of the prince, and call thee backWith twenty hundred thousand times more joyThan thou went'st forth in lamentation. Go before, nurse: commend me to thy lady;And bid her hasten all the house to bed,Which heavy sorrow makes them apt unto:Romeo is coming. NurseO Lord, I could have stay'd here all the nightTo hear good counsel: O, what learning is!My lord, I'll tell my lady you will come. ROMEODo so, and bid my sweet prepare to chide. NurseHere, sir, a ring she bid me give you, sir: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHie you, make haste, for it grows very late. ExitROMEOHow well my comfort is revived by this!FRIAR LAURENCEGo hence; good night; and here stands all your state:Either be gone before the watch be set,Or by the break of day disguised from hence:Sojourn in Mantua; I'll find out your man,And he shall signify from time to timeEvery good hap to you that chances here:Give me thy hand; 'tis late: farewell; good night. ROMEOBut that a joy past joy calls out on me,It were a grief, so brief to part with thee: Farewell. ExeuntSCENE IV.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.573442}
{"text": "Thy form cries out thou art:Thy tears are womanish; thy wild acts denoteThe unreasonable fury of a beast:Unseemly woman in a seeming man!Or ill-beseeming beast in seeming both!Thou hast amazed me: by my holy order,I thought thy disposition better temper'd. Hast thou slain Tybalt? Wilt thou slay thyself?And stay thy lady too that lives in thee,By doing damned hate upon thyself?Why rail'st thou on thy birth, the heaven, and earth?Since birth, and heaven, and earth, all three do meet Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIn thee at once; which thou at once wouldst lose. Fie, fie, thou shamest thy shape, thy love, thy wit;Which, like a usurer, abound'st in all,And usest none in that true use indeedWhich should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit:Thy noble shape is but a form of wax,Digressing from the valour of a man;Thy dear love sworn but hollow perjury,Killing that love which thou hast vow'd to cherish;Thy wit, that ornament to shape and love,Misshapen in the conduct of them both,Like powder in a skitless soldier's flask,Is set afire by thine own ignorance,And thou dismember'd with thine own defence. What, rouse thee, man! Thy Juliet is alive,For whose dear sake thou wast but lately dead;There art thou happy: Tybalt would kill thee,But thou slew'st Tybalt; there are thou happy too:The law that threaten'd death becomes thy friendAnd turns it to exile; there art thou happy:A pack of blessings lights up upon thy back;Happiness courts thee in her best array;But, like a misbehaved and sullen wench,Thou pout'st upon thy fortune and thy love:Take heed, take heed, for such die miserable. Go, get thee to thy love, as was decreed,Ascend her chamber, hence and comfort her:But look thou stay not till the watch be set,For then thou canst not pass to Mantua;Where thou shalt live, till we can find a timeTo blaze your marriage, reconcile your friends,Beg pardon of the prince, and call thee backWith twenty hundred thousand times more joyThan thou went'st forth in lamentation. Go before, nurse: commend me to thy lady;And bid her hasten all the house to bed,Which heavy sorrow makes them apt unto:Romeo is coming. NurseO Lord, I could have stay'd here all the nightTo hear good counsel: O, what learning is!My lord, I'll tell my lady you will come. ROMEODo so, and bid my sweet prepare to chide. NurseHere, sir, a ring she bid me give you, sir: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHie you, make haste, for it grows very late. ExitROMEOHow well my comfort is revived by this!FRIAR LAURENCEGo hence; good night; and here stands all your state:Either be gone before the watch be set,Or by the break of day disguised from hence:Sojourn in Mantua; I'll find out your man,And he shall signify from time to timeEvery good hap to you that chances here:Give me thy hand; 'tis late: farewell; good night. ROMEOBut that a joy past joy calls out on me,It were a grief, so brief to part with thee: Farewell. ExeuntSCENE IV. A room in Capulet's house. Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, and PARISCAPULETThings have fall'n out, sir, so unluckily,That we have had no time to move our daughter:Look you, she loved her kinsman Tybalt dearly,And so did I:--Well, we were born to die. 'Tis very late, she'll not come down to-night:I promise you, but for your company,I would have been a-bed an hour ago. PARISThese times of woe afford no time to woo. Madam, good night: commend me to your daughter. LADY CAPULETI will, and know her mind early to-morrow;To-night she is mew'd up to her heaviness. CAPULETSir Paris, I will make a desperate tenderOf my child's love: I think she will be ruled Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIn all respects by me; nay, more, I doubt it not. Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed;Acquaint her here of my son Paris' love;And bid her, mark you me, on Wednesday next-But, soft!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.6369417}
{"text": "Wilt thou slay thyself?And stay thy lady too that lives in thee,By doing damned hate upon thyself?Why rail'st thou on thy birth, the heaven, and earth?Since birth, and heaven, and earth, all three do meet Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIn thee at once; which thou at once wouldst lose. Fie, fie, thou shamest thy shape, thy love, thy wit;Which, like a usurer, abound'st in all,And usest none in that true use indeedWhich should bedeck thy shape, thy love, thy wit:Thy noble shape is but a form of wax,Digressing from the valour of a man;Thy dear love sworn but hollow perjury,Killing that love which thou hast vow'd to cherish;Thy wit, that ornament to shape and love,Misshapen in the conduct of them both,Like powder in a skitless soldier's flask,Is set afire by thine own ignorance,And thou dismember'd with thine own defence. What, rouse thee, man! Thy Juliet is alive,For whose dear sake thou wast but lately dead;There art thou happy: Tybalt would kill thee,But thou slew'st Tybalt; there are thou happy too:The law that threaten'd death becomes thy friendAnd turns it to exile; there art thou happy:A pack of blessings lights up upon thy back;Happiness courts thee in her best array;But, like a misbehaved and sullen wench,Thou pout'st upon thy fortune and thy love:Take heed, take heed, for such die miserable. Go, get thee to thy love, as was decreed,Ascend her chamber, hence and comfort her:But look thou stay not till the watch be set,For then thou canst not pass to Mantua;Where thou shalt live, till we can find a timeTo blaze your marriage, reconcile your friends,Beg pardon of the prince, and call thee backWith twenty hundred thousand times more joyThan thou went'st forth in lamentation. Go before, nurse: commend me to thy lady;And bid her hasten all the house to bed,Which heavy sorrow makes them apt unto:Romeo is coming. NurseO Lord, I could have stay'd here all the nightTo hear good counsel: O, what learning is!My lord, I'll tell my lady you will come. ROMEODo so, and bid my sweet prepare to chide. NurseHere, sir, a ring she bid me give you, sir: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHie you, make haste, for it grows very late. ExitROMEOHow well my comfort is revived by this!FRIAR LAURENCEGo hence; good night; and here stands all your state:Either be gone before the watch be set,Or by the break of day disguised from hence:Sojourn in Mantua; I'll find out your man,And he shall signify from time to timeEvery good hap to you that chances here:Give me thy hand; 'tis late: farewell; good night. ROMEOBut that a joy past joy calls out on me,It were a grief, so brief to part with thee: Farewell. ExeuntSCENE IV. A room in Capulet's house. Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, and PARISCAPULETThings have fall'n out, sir, so unluckily,That we have had no time to move our daughter:Look you, she loved her kinsman Tybalt dearly,And so did I:--Well, we were born to die. 'Tis very late, she'll not come down to-night:I promise you, but for your company,I would have been a-bed an hour ago. PARISThese times of woe afford no time to woo. Madam, good night: commend me to your daughter. LADY CAPULETI will, and know her mind early to-morrow;To-night she is mew'd up to her heaviness. CAPULETSir Paris, I will make a desperate tenderOf my child's love: I think she will be ruled Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIn all respects by me; nay, more, I doubt it not. Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed;Acquaint her here of my son Paris' love;And bid her, mark you me, on Wednesday next-But, soft! What day is this?PARISMonday, my lord,CAPULETMonday!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.5542047}
{"text": "Thy Juliet is alive,For whose dear sake thou wast but lately dead;There art thou happy: Tybalt would kill thee,But thou slew'st Tybalt; there are thou happy too:The law that threaten'd death becomes thy friendAnd turns it to exile; there art thou happy:A pack of blessings lights up upon thy back;Happiness courts thee in her best array;But, like a misbehaved and sullen wench,Thou pout'st upon thy fortune and thy love:Take heed, take heed, for such die miserable. Go, get thee to thy love, as was decreed,Ascend her chamber, hence and comfort her:But look thou stay not till the watch be set,For then thou canst not pass to Mantua;Where thou shalt live, till we can find a timeTo blaze your marriage, reconcile your friends,Beg pardon of the prince, and call thee backWith twenty hundred thousand times more joyThan thou went'st forth in lamentation. Go before, nurse: commend me to thy lady;And bid her hasten all the house to bed,Which heavy sorrow makes them apt unto:Romeo is coming. NurseO Lord, I could have stay'd here all the nightTo hear good counsel: O, what learning is!My lord, I'll tell my lady you will come. ROMEODo so, and bid my sweet prepare to chide. NurseHere, sir, a ring she bid me give you, sir: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHie you, make haste, for it grows very late. ExitROMEOHow well my comfort is revived by this!FRIAR LAURENCEGo hence; good night; and here stands all your state:Either be gone before the watch be set,Or by the break of day disguised from hence:Sojourn in Mantua; I'll find out your man,And he shall signify from time to timeEvery good hap to you that chances here:Give me thy hand; 'tis late: farewell; good night. ROMEOBut that a joy past joy calls out on me,It were a grief, so brief to part with thee: Farewell. ExeuntSCENE IV. A room in Capulet's house. Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, and PARISCAPULETThings have fall'n out, sir, so unluckily,That we have had no time to move our daughter:Look you, she loved her kinsman Tybalt dearly,And so did I:--Well, we were born to die. 'Tis very late, she'll not come down to-night:I promise you, but for your company,I would have been a-bed an hour ago. PARISThese times of woe afford no time to woo. Madam, good night: commend me to your daughter. LADY CAPULETI will, and know her mind early to-morrow;To-night she is mew'd up to her heaviness. CAPULETSir Paris, I will make a desperate tenderOf my child's love: I think she will be ruled Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMIn all respects by me; nay, more, I doubt it not. Wife, go you to her ere you go to bed;Acquaint her here of my son Paris' love;And bid her, mark you me, on Wednesday next-But, soft! What day is this?PARISMonday, my lord,CAPULETMonday! Ha, ha!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.6214044}
{"text": "Juliet wills it so. How is't, my soul? Let's talk; it is not day. JULIETIt is, it is: hie hence, be gone, away!It is the lark that sings so out of tune,Straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps. Some say the lark makes sweet division;This doth not so, for she divideth us:Some say the lark and loathed toad change eyes,O, now I would they had changed voices too!Since arm from arm that voice doth us affray,Hunting thee hence with hunt's-up to the day,O, now be gone; more light and light it grows. ROMEOMore light and light; more dark and dark our woes!Enter Nurse, to the chamberNurseMadam!JULIETNurse? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMNurseYour lady mother is coming to your chamber:The day is broke; be wary, look about. ExitJULIETThen, window, let day in, and let life out. ROMEOFarewell, farewell! One kiss, and I'll descend. He goeth downJULIETArt thou gone so? Love, lord, ay, husband, friend!I must hear from thee every day in the hour,For in a minute there are many days:O, by this count I shall be much in yearsEre I again behold my Romeo!ROMEOFarewell!I will omit no opportunityThat may convey my greetings, love, to thee. JULIETO think'st thou we shall ever meet again?ROMEOI doubt it not; and all these woes shall serveFor sweet discourses in our time to come. JULIETO God, I have an ill-divining soul!Methinks I see thee, now thou art below,As one dead in the bottom of a tomb:Either my eyesight fails, or thou look'st pale. ROMEOAnd trust me, love, in my eye so do you:Dry sorrow drinks our blood. Adieu, adieu!Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETO fortune, fortune!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.6822684}
{"text": "One kiss, and I'll descend. He goeth downJULIETArt thou gone so? Love, lord, ay, husband, friend!I must hear from thee every day in the hour,For in a minute there are many days:O, by this count I shall be much in yearsEre I again behold my Romeo!ROMEOFarewell!I will omit no opportunityThat may convey my greetings, love, to thee. JULIETO think'st thou we shall ever meet again?ROMEOI doubt it not; and all these woes shall serveFor sweet discourses in our time to come. JULIETO God, I have an ill-divining soul!Methinks I see thee, now thou art below,As one dead in the bottom of a tomb:Either my eyesight fails, or thou look'st pale. ROMEOAnd trust me, love, in my eye so do you:Dry sorrow drinks our blood. Adieu, adieu!Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETO fortune, fortune! All men call thee fickle:If thou art fickle, what dost thou with him. That is renown'd for faith? Be fickle, fortune;For then, I hope, thou wilt not keep him long,But send him back. LADY CAPULET Within Ho, daughter! Are you up?JULIETWho is't that calls?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.6088057}
{"text": "All men call thee fickle:If thou art fickle, what dost thou with him. That is renown'd for faith? Be fickle, fortune;For then, I hope, thou wilt not keep him long,But send him back. LADY CAPULET Within Ho, daughter! Are you up?JULIETWho is't that calls? Is it my lady mother?Is she not down so late, or up so early?What unaccustom'd cause procures her hither?Enter LADY CAPULETLADY CAPULETWhy, how now, Juliet!JULIETMadam, I am not well. LADY CAPULETEvermore weeping for your cousin's death?What, wilt thou wash him from his grave with tears?An if thou couldst, thou couldst not make him live;Therefore, have done: some grief shows much of love;But much of grief shows still some want of wit. JULIETYet let me weep for such a feeling loss. LADY CAPULETSo shall you feel the loss, but not the friendWhich you weep for. JULIETFeeling so the loss,Cannot choose but ever weep the friend. LADY CAPULETWell, girl, thou weep'st not so much for his death,As that the villain lives which slaughter'd him. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETWhat villain madam?LADY CAPULETThat same villain, Romeo. JULIET Aside Villain and he be many miles asunder.-God Pardon him! I do, with all my heart;And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. LADY CAPULETThat is, because the traitor murderer lives. JULIETAy, madam, from the reach of these my hands:Would none but I might venge my cousin's death!LADY CAPULETWe will have vengeance for it, fear thou not:Then weep no more.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.697595}
{"text": "Are you up?JULIETWho is't that calls? Is it my lady mother?Is she not down so late, or up so early?What unaccustom'd cause procures her hither?Enter LADY CAPULETLADY CAPULETWhy, how now, Juliet!JULIETMadam, I am not well. LADY CAPULETEvermore weeping for your cousin's death?What, wilt thou wash him from his grave with tears?An if thou couldst, thou couldst not make him live;Therefore, have done: some grief shows much of love;But much of grief shows still some want of wit. JULIETYet let me weep for such a feeling loss. LADY CAPULETSo shall you feel the loss, but not the friendWhich you weep for. JULIETFeeling so the loss,Cannot choose but ever weep the friend. LADY CAPULETWell, girl, thou weep'st not so much for his death,As that the villain lives which slaughter'd him. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETWhat villain madam?LADY CAPULETThat same villain, Romeo. JULIET Aside Villain and he be many miles asunder.-God Pardon him! I do, with all my heart;And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. LADY CAPULETThat is, because the traitor murderer lives. JULIETAy, madam, from the reach of these my hands:Would none but I might venge my cousin's death!LADY CAPULETWe will have vengeance for it, fear thou not:Then weep no more. I'll send to one in Mantua,Where that same banish'd runagate doth live,Shall give him such an unaccustom'd dram,That he shall soon keep Tybalt company:And then, I hope, thou wilt be satisfied. JULIETIndeed, I never shall be satisfiedWith Romeo, till I behold him--dead-Is my poor heart for a kinsman vex'd. Madam, if you could find out but a manTo bear a poison, I would temper it;That Romeo should, upon receipt thereof,Soon sleep in quiet.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.7205975}
{"text": "Is it my lady mother?Is she not down so late, or up so early?What unaccustom'd cause procures her hither?Enter LADY CAPULETLADY CAPULETWhy, how now, Juliet!JULIETMadam, I am not well. LADY CAPULETEvermore weeping for your cousin's death?What, wilt thou wash him from his grave with tears?An if thou couldst, thou couldst not make him live;Therefore, have done: some grief shows much of love;But much of grief shows still some want of wit. JULIETYet let me weep for such a feeling loss. LADY CAPULETSo shall you feel the loss, but not the friendWhich you weep for. JULIETFeeling so the loss,Cannot choose but ever weep the friend. LADY CAPULETWell, girl, thou weep'st not so much for his death,As that the villain lives which slaughter'd him. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETWhat villain madam?LADY CAPULETThat same villain, Romeo. JULIET Aside Villain and he be many miles asunder.-God Pardon him! I do, with all my heart;And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. LADY CAPULETThat is, because the traitor murderer lives. JULIETAy, madam, from the reach of these my hands:Would none but I might venge my cousin's death!LADY CAPULETWe will have vengeance for it, fear thou not:Then weep no more. I'll send to one in Mantua,Where that same banish'd runagate doth live,Shall give him such an unaccustom'd dram,That he shall soon keep Tybalt company:And then, I hope, thou wilt be satisfied. JULIETIndeed, I never shall be satisfiedWith Romeo, till I behold him--dead-Is my poor heart for a kinsman vex'd. Madam, if you could find out but a manTo bear a poison, I would temper it;That Romeo should, upon receipt thereof,Soon sleep in quiet. O, how my heart abhorsTo hear him named, and cannot come to him. To wreak the love I bore my cousinUpon his body that slaughter'd him!LADY CAPULETFind thou the means, and I'll find such a man. But now I'll tell thee joyful tidings, girl. JULIETAnd joy comes well in such a needy time:What are they, I beseech your ladyship? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMLADY CAPULETWell, well, thou hast a careful father, child;One who, to put thee from thy heaviness,Hath sorted out a sudden day of joy,That thou expect'st not nor I look'd not for. JULIETMadam, in happy time, what day is that?LADY CAPULETMarry, my child, early next Thursday morn,The gallant, young and noble gentleman,The County Paris, at Saint Peter's Church,Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride. JULIETNow, by Saint Peter's Church and Peter too,He shall not make me there a joyful bride. I wonder at this haste; that I must wedEre he, that should be husband, comes to woo. I pray you, tell my lord and father, madam,I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear,It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate,Rather than Paris.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.7825956}
{"text": "I do, with all my heart;And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. LADY CAPULETThat is, because the traitor murderer lives. JULIETAy, madam, from the reach of these my hands:Would none but I might venge my cousin's death!LADY CAPULETWe will have vengeance for it, fear thou not:Then weep no more. I'll send to one in Mantua,Where that same banish'd runagate doth live,Shall give him such an unaccustom'd dram,That he shall soon keep Tybalt company:And then, I hope, thou wilt be satisfied. JULIETIndeed, I never shall be satisfiedWith Romeo, till I behold him--dead-Is my poor heart for a kinsman vex'd. Madam, if you could find out but a manTo bear a poison, I would temper it;That Romeo should, upon receipt thereof,Soon sleep in quiet. O, how my heart abhorsTo hear him named, and cannot come to him. To wreak the love I bore my cousinUpon his body that slaughter'd him!LADY CAPULETFind thou the means, and I'll find such a man. But now I'll tell thee joyful tidings, girl. JULIETAnd joy comes well in such a needy time:What are they, I beseech your ladyship? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMLADY CAPULETWell, well, thou hast a careful father, child;One who, to put thee from thy heaviness,Hath sorted out a sudden day of joy,That thou expect'st not nor I look'd not for. JULIETMadam, in happy time, what day is that?LADY CAPULETMarry, my child, early next Thursday morn,The gallant, young and noble gentleman,The County Paris, at Saint Peter's Church,Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride. JULIETNow, by Saint Peter's Church and Peter too,He shall not make me there a joyful bride. I wonder at this haste; that I must wedEre he, that should be husband, comes to woo. I pray you, tell my lord and father, madam,I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear,It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate,Rather than Paris. These are news indeed!LADY CAPULETHere comes your father; tell him so yourself,And see how he will take it at your hands. Enter CAPULET and NurseCAPULETWhen the sun sets, the air doth drizzle dew;But for the sunset of my brother's sonIt rains downright. How now!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.8150895}
{"text": "I'll send to one in Mantua,Where that same banish'd runagate doth live,Shall give him such an unaccustom'd dram,That he shall soon keep Tybalt company:And then, I hope, thou wilt be satisfied. JULIETIndeed, I never shall be satisfiedWith Romeo, till I behold him--dead-Is my poor heart for a kinsman vex'd. Madam, if you could find out but a manTo bear a poison, I would temper it;That Romeo should, upon receipt thereof,Soon sleep in quiet. O, how my heart abhorsTo hear him named, and cannot come to him. To wreak the love I bore my cousinUpon his body that slaughter'd him!LADY CAPULETFind thou the means, and I'll find such a man. But now I'll tell thee joyful tidings, girl. JULIETAnd joy comes well in such a needy time:What are they, I beseech your ladyship? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMLADY CAPULETWell, well, thou hast a careful father, child;One who, to put thee from thy heaviness,Hath sorted out a sudden day of joy,That thou expect'st not nor I look'd not for. JULIETMadam, in happy time, what day is that?LADY CAPULETMarry, my child, early next Thursday morn,The gallant, young and noble gentleman,The County Paris, at Saint Peter's Church,Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride. JULIETNow, by Saint Peter's Church and Peter too,He shall not make me there a joyful bride. I wonder at this haste; that I must wedEre he, that should be husband, comes to woo. I pray you, tell my lord and father, madam,I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear,It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate,Rather than Paris. These are news indeed!LADY CAPULETHere comes your father; tell him so yourself,And see how he will take it at your hands. Enter CAPULET and NurseCAPULETWhen the sun sets, the air doth drizzle dew;But for the sunset of my brother's sonIt rains downright. How now! A conduit, girl?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.7563214}
{"text": "O, how my heart abhorsTo hear him named, and cannot come to him. To wreak the love I bore my cousinUpon his body that slaughter'd him!LADY CAPULETFind thou the means, and I'll find such a man. But now I'll tell thee joyful tidings, girl. JULIETAnd joy comes well in such a needy time:What are they, I beseech your ladyship? Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMLADY CAPULETWell, well, thou hast a careful father, child;One who, to put thee from thy heaviness,Hath sorted out a sudden day of joy,That thou expect'st not nor I look'd not for. JULIETMadam, in happy time, what day is that?LADY CAPULETMarry, my child, early next Thursday morn,The gallant, young and noble gentleman,The County Paris, at Saint Peter's Church,Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride. JULIETNow, by Saint Peter's Church and Peter too,He shall not make me there a joyful bride. I wonder at this haste; that I must wedEre he, that should be husband, comes to woo. I pray you, tell my lord and father, madam,I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear,It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate,Rather than Paris. These are news indeed!LADY CAPULETHere comes your father; tell him so yourself,And see how he will take it at your hands. Enter CAPULET and NurseCAPULETWhen the sun sets, the air doth drizzle dew;But for the sunset of my brother's sonIt rains downright. How now! A conduit, girl? What, still in tears?Evermore showering? In one little bodyThou counterfeit'st a bark, a sea, a wind;For still thy eyes, which I may call the sea,Do ebb and flow with tears; the bark thy body is,Sailing in this salt flood; the winds, thy sighs;Who, raging with thy tears, and they with them,Without a sudden calm, will oversetThy tempest-tossed body.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.7701757}
{"text": "A conduit, girl? What, still in tears?Evermore showering? In one little bodyThou counterfeit'st a bark, a sea, a wind;For still thy eyes, which I may call the sea,Do ebb and flow with tears; the bark thy body is,Sailing in this salt flood; the winds, thy sighs;Who, raging with thy tears, and they with them,Without a sudden calm, will oversetThy tempest-tossed body. How now, wife!Have you deliver'd to her our decree?LADY CAPULET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAy, sir; but she will none, she gives you thanks. I would the fool were married to her grave!CAPULETSoft! Take me with you, take me with you, wife. How! Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks?Is she not proud? Doth she not count her blest,Unworthy as she is, that we have wroughtSo worthy a gentleman to be her bridegroom?JULIETNot proud, you have; but thankful, that you have:Proud can I never be of what I hate;But thankful even for hate, that is meant love. CAPULETHow now, how now, chop-logic! What is this?'Proud,' and 'I thank you,' and 'I thank you not;'And yet 'not proud,' mistress minion, you,Thank me no thankings, nor, proud me no prouds,But fettle your fine joints 'gainst Thursday next,To go with Paris to Saint Peter's Church,Or I will drag thee on a hurdle thither. Out, you green-sickness carrion! Out, you baggage!You tallow-face!LADY CAPULETFie, fie! What, are you mad?JULIETGood father, I beseech you on my knees,Hear me with patience but to speak a word. CAPULETHang thee, young baggage! Disobedient wretch!I tell thee what: get thee to church o' Thursday,Or never after look me in the face:Speak not, reply not, do not answer me;My fingers itch.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.8476968}
{"text": "Out, you baggage!You tallow-face!LADY CAPULETFie, fie! What, are you mad?JULIETGood father, I beseech you on my knees,Hear me with patience but to speak a word. CAPULETHang thee, young baggage! Disobedient wretch!I tell thee what: get thee to church o' Thursday,Or never after look me in the face:Speak not, reply not, do not answer me;My fingers itch. Wife, we scarce thought us blestThat God had lent us but this only child;But now I see this one is one too much,And that we have a curse in having her:Out on her, hilding!NurseGod in heaven bless her! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. CAPULETAnd why, my lady wisdom? Hold your tongue,Good prudence; smatter with your gossips, go. NurseI speak no treason. CAPULETO, God ye god-den. NurseMay not one speak?CAPULETPeace, you mumbling fool!Utter your gravity o'er a gossip's bowl;For here we need it not. LADY CAPULETYou are too hot. CAPULETGod's bread!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.8123696}
{"text": "Disobedient wretch!I tell thee what: get thee to church o' Thursday,Or never after look me in the face:Speak not, reply not, do not answer me;My fingers itch. Wife, we scarce thought us blestThat God had lent us but this only child;But now I see this one is one too much,And that we have a curse in having her:Out on her, hilding!NurseGod in heaven bless her! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. CAPULETAnd why, my lady wisdom? Hold your tongue,Good prudence; smatter with your gossips, go. NurseI speak no treason. CAPULETO, God ye god-den. NurseMay not one speak?CAPULETPeace, you mumbling fool!Utter your gravity o'er a gossip's bowl;For here we need it not. LADY CAPULETYou are too hot. CAPULETGod's bread! It makes me mad:Day, night, hour, tide, time, work, play,Alone, in company, still my care hath beenTo have her match'd: and having now providedA gentleman of noble parentage,Of fair demesnes, youthful, and nobly train'd,Stuff'd, as they say, with honourable parts,Proportion'd as one's thought would wish a man;And then to have a wretched puling fool,A whining mammet, in her fortune's tender,To answer 'I'll not wed; I cannot love,I am too young; I pray you, pardon me. 'But, as you will not wed, I'll pardon you:Graze where you will you shall not house with me:Look to't, think on't, I do not use to jest. Thursday is near; lay hand on heart, advise:An you be mine, I'll give you to my friend;And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die inthe streets,For, by my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee,Nor what is mine shall never do thee good:Trust to't, bethink you; I'll not be forsworn. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExitJULIETIs there no pity sitting in the clouds,That sees into the bottom of my grief?O, sweet my mother, cast me not away!Delay this marriage for a month, a week;Or, if you do not, make the bridal bedIn that dim monument where Tybalt lies. LADY CAPULETTalk not to me, for I'll not speak a word:Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. ExitJULIETO God!--O nurse, how shall this be prevented?My husband is on earth, my faith in heaven;How shall that faith return again to earth,Unless that husband send it me from heavenBy leaving earth?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.872379}
{"text": "Wife, we scarce thought us blestThat God had lent us but this only child;But now I see this one is one too much,And that we have a curse in having her:Out on her, hilding!NurseGod in heaven bless her! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou are to blame, my lord, to rate her so. CAPULETAnd why, my lady wisdom? Hold your tongue,Good prudence; smatter with your gossips, go. NurseI speak no treason. CAPULETO, God ye god-den. NurseMay not one speak?CAPULETPeace, you mumbling fool!Utter your gravity o'er a gossip's bowl;For here we need it not. LADY CAPULETYou are too hot. CAPULETGod's bread! It makes me mad:Day, night, hour, tide, time, work, play,Alone, in company, still my care hath beenTo have her match'd: and having now providedA gentleman of noble parentage,Of fair demesnes, youthful, and nobly train'd,Stuff'd, as they say, with honourable parts,Proportion'd as one's thought would wish a man;And then to have a wretched puling fool,A whining mammet, in her fortune's tender,To answer 'I'll not wed; I cannot love,I am too young; I pray you, pardon me. 'But, as you will not wed, I'll pardon you:Graze where you will you shall not house with me:Look to't, think on't, I do not use to jest. Thursday is near; lay hand on heart, advise:An you be mine, I'll give you to my friend;And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die inthe streets,For, by my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee,Nor what is mine shall never do thee good:Trust to't, bethink you; I'll not be forsworn. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExitJULIETIs there no pity sitting in the clouds,That sees into the bottom of my grief?O, sweet my mother, cast me not away!Delay this marriage for a month, a week;Or, if you do not, make the bridal bedIn that dim monument where Tybalt lies. LADY CAPULETTalk not to me, for I'll not speak a word:Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. ExitJULIETO God!--O nurse, how shall this be prevented?My husband is on earth, my faith in heaven;How shall that faith return again to earth,Unless that husband send it me from heavenBy leaving earth? Comfort me, counsel me. Alack, alack, that heaven should practise stratagemsUpon so soft a subject as myself!What say'st thou?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.9131684}
{"text": "Hold your tongue,Good prudence; smatter with your gossips, go. NurseI speak no treason. CAPULETO, God ye god-den. NurseMay not one speak?CAPULETPeace, you mumbling fool!Utter your gravity o'er a gossip's bowl;For here we need it not. LADY CAPULETYou are too hot. CAPULETGod's bread! It makes me mad:Day, night, hour, tide, time, work, play,Alone, in company, still my care hath beenTo have her match'd: and having now providedA gentleman of noble parentage,Of fair demesnes, youthful, and nobly train'd,Stuff'd, as they say, with honourable parts,Proportion'd as one's thought would wish a man;And then to have a wretched puling fool,A whining mammet, in her fortune's tender,To answer 'I'll not wed; I cannot love,I am too young; I pray you, pardon me. 'But, as you will not wed, I'll pardon you:Graze where you will you shall not house with me:Look to't, think on't, I do not use to jest. Thursday is near; lay hand on heart, advise:An you be mine, I'll give you to my friend;And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die inthe streets,For, by my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee,Nor what is mine shall never do thee good:Trust to't, bethink you; I'll not be forsworn. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExitJULIETIs there no pity sitting in the clouds,That sees into the bottom of my grief?O, sweet my mother, cast me not away!Delay this marriage for a month, a week;Or, if you do not, make the bridal bedIn that dim monument where Tybalt lies. LADY CAPULETTalk not to me, for I'll not speak a word:Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. ExitJULIETO God!--O nurse, how shall this be prevented?My husband is on earth, my faith in heaven;How shall that faith return again to earth,Unless that husband send it me from heavenBy leaving earth? Comfort me, counsel me. Alack, alack, that heaven should practise stratagemsUpon so soft a subject as myself!What say'st thou? Hast thou not a word of joy?Some comfort, nurse. NurseFaith, here it is. Romeo is banish'd; and all the world to nothing,That he dares ne'er come back to challenge you;Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth. Then, since the case so stands as now it doth,I think it best you married with the county. O, he's a lovely gentleman!Romeo's a dishclout to him: an eagle, madam,Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eyeAs Paris hath.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.9254515}
{"text": "It makes me mad:Day, night, hour, tide, time, work, play,Alone, in company, still my care hath beenTo have her match'd: and having now providedA gentleman of noble parentage,Of fair demesnes, youthful, and nobly train'd,Stuff'd, as they say, with honourable parts,Proportion'd as one's thought would wish a man;And then to have a wretched puling fool,A whining mammet, in her fortune's tender,To answer 'I'll not wed; I cannot love,I am too young; I pray you, pardon me. 'But, as you will not wed, I'll pardon you:Graze where you will you shall not house with me:Look to't, think on't, I do not use to jest. Thursday is near; lay hand on heart, advise:An you be mine, I'll give you to my friend;And you be not, hang, beg, starve, die inthe streets,For, by my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee,Nor what is mine shall never do thee good:Trust to't, bethink you; I'll not be forsworn. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExitJULIETIs there no pity sitting in the clouds,That sees into the bottom of my grief?O, sweet my mother, cast me not away!Delay this marriage for a month, a week;Or, if you do not, make the bridal bedIn that dim monument where Tybalt lies. LADY CAPULETTalk not to me, for I'll not speak a word:Do as thou wilt, for I have done with thee. ExitJULIETO God!--O nurse, how shall this be prevented?My husband is on earth, my faith in heaven;How shall that faith return again to earth,Unless that husband send it me from heavenBy leaving earth? Comfort me, counsel me. Alack, alack, that heaven should practise stratagemsUpon so soft a subject as myself!What say'st thou? Hast thou not a word of joy?Some comfort, nurse. NurseFaith, here it is. Romeo is banish'd; and all the world to nothing,That he dares ne'er come back to challenge you;Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth. Then, since the case so stands as now it doth,I think it best you married with the county. O, he's a lovely gentleman!Romeo's a dishclout to him: an eagle, madam,Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eyeAs Paris hath. Beshrew my very heart,I think you are happy in this second match,For it excels your first: or if it did not,Your first is dead; or 'twere as good he were,As living here and you no use of him. JULIETSpeakest thou from thy heart?Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd from my soul too;Or else beshrew them both. JULIETAmen!NurseWhat?JULIETWell, thou hast comforted me marvellous much. Go in: and tell my lady I am gone,Having displeased my father, to Laurence' cell,To make confession and to be absolved. NurseMarry, I will; and this is wisely done. ExitJULIETAncient damnation!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.9577982}
{"text": "Comfort me, counsel me. Alack, alack, that heaven should practise stratagemsUpon so soft a subject as myself!What say'st thou? Hast thou not a word of joy?Some comfort, nurse. NurseFaith, here it is. Romeo is banish'd; and all the world to nothing,That he dares ne'er come back to challenge you;Or, if he do, it needs must be by stealth. Then, since the case so stands as now it doth,I think it best you married with the county. O, he's a lovely gentleman!Romeo's a dishclout to him: an eagle, madam,Hath not so green, so quick, so fair an eyeAs Paris hath. Beshrew my very heart,I think you are happy in this second match,For it excels your first: or if it did not,Your first is dead; or 'twere as good he were,As living here and you no use of him. JULIETSpeakest thou from thy heart?Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd from my soul too;Or else beshrew them both. JULIETAmen!NurseWhat?JULIETWell, thou hast comforted me marvellous much. Go in: and tell my lady I am gone,Having displeased my father, to Laurence' cell,To make confession and to be absolved. NurseMarry, I will; and this is wisely done. ExitJULIETAncient damnation! O most wicked fiend!Is it more sin to wish me thus forsworn,Or to dispraise my lord with that same tongueWhich she hath praised him with above compareSo many thousand times? Go, counsellor;Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. I'll to the friar, to know his remedy:If all else fail, myself have power to die. ExitACT IVSCENE I. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE and PARISFRIAR LAURENCEOn Thursday, sir?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406259.9766507}
{"text": "O most wicked fiend!Is it more sin to wish me thus forsworn,Or to dispraise my lord with that same tongueWhich she hath praised him with above compareSo many thousand times? Go, counsellor;Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. I'll to the friar, to know his remedy:If all else fail, myself have power to die. ExitACT IVSCENE I. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE and PARISFRIAR LAURENCEOn Thursday, sir? The time is very short. PARISMy father Capulet will have it so;And I am nothing slow to slack his haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou say you do not know the lady's mind:Uneven is the course, I like it not. PARISImmoderately she weeps for Tybalt's death,And therefore have I little talk'd of love;For Venus smiles not in a house of tears. Now, sir, her father counts it dangerousThat she doth give her sorrow so much sway,And in his wisdom hastes our marriage,To stop the inundation of her tears;Which, too much minded by herself alone,May be put from her by society:Now do you know the reason of this haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Aside I would I knew not why it should be slow'd. Look, sir, here comes the lady towards my cell. Enter JULIETPARISHappily met, my lady and my wife!JULIETThat may be, sir, when I may be a wife. PARISThat may be must be, love, on Thursday next. JULIETWhat must be shall be. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's a certain text. PARISCome you to make confession to this father?JULIETTo answer that, I should confess to you. PARISDo not deny to him that you love me. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETI will confess to you that I love him. PARISSo will ye, I am sure, that you love me. JULIETIf I do so, it will be of more price,Being spoke behind your back, than to your face. PARISPoor soul, thy face is much abused with tears. JULIETThe tears have got small victory by that;For it was bad enough before their spite. PARISThou wrong'st it, more than tears, with that report. JULIETThat is no slander, sir, which is a truth;And what I spake, I spake it to my face. PARISThy face is mine, and thou hast slander'd it. JULIETIt may be so, for it is not mine own. Are you at leisure, holy father, now;Or shall I come to you at evening mass?FRIAR LAURENCEMy leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now. My lord, we must entreat the time alone. PARISGod shield I should disturb devotion!Juliet, on Thursday early will I rouse ye:Till then, adieu; and keep this holy kiss. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETO shut the door!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.0530388}
{"text": "Go, counsellor;Thou and my bosom henceforth shall be twain. I'll to the friar, to know his remedy:If all else fail, myself have power to die. ExitACT IVSCENE I. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE and PARISFRIAR LAURENCEOn Thursday, sir? The time is very short. PARISMy father Capulet will have it so;And I am nothing slow to slack his haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou say you do not know the lady's mind:Uneven is the course, I like it not. PARISImmoderately she weeps for Tybalt's death,And therefore have I little talk'd of love;For Venus smiles not in a house of tears. Now, sir, her father counts it dangerousThat she doth give her sorrow so much sway,And in his wisdom hastes our marriage,To stop the inundation of her tears;Which, too much minded by herself alone,May be put from her by society:Now do you know the reason of this haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Aside I would I knew not why it should be slow'd. Look, sir, here comes the lady towards my cell. Enter JULIETPARISHappily met, my lady and my wife!JULIETThat may be, sir, when I may be a wife. PARISThat may be must be, love, on Thursday next. JULIETWhat must be shall be. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's a certain text. PARISCome you to make confession to this father?JULIETTo answer that, I should confess to you. PARISDo not deny to him that you love me. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETI will confess to you that I love him. PARISSo will ye, I am sure, that you love me. JULIETIf I do so, it will be of more price,Being spoke behind your back, than to your face. PARISPoor soul, thy face is much abused with tears. JULIETThe tears have got small victory by that;For it was bad enough before their spite. PARISThou wrong'st it, more than tears, with that report. JULIETThat is no slander, sir, which is a truth;And what I spake, I spake it to my face. PARISThy face is mine, and thou hast slander'd it. JULIETIt may be so, for it is not mine own. Are you at leisure, holy father, now;Or shall I come to you at evening mass?FRIAR LAURENCEMy leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now. My lord, we must entreat the time alone. PARISGod shield I should disturb devotion!Juliet, on Thursday early will I rouse ye:Till then, adieu; and keep this holy kiss. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETO shut the door! And when thou hast done so,Come weep with me; past hope, past cure, past help!FRIAR LAURENCEAh, Juliet, I already know thy grief;It strains me past the compass of my wits:I hear thou must, and nothing may prorogue it,On Thursday next be married to this county. JULIETTell me not, friar, that thou hear'st of this,Unless thou tell me how I may prevent it:If, in thy wisdom, thou canst give no help,Do thou but call my resolution wise,And with this knife I'll help it presently. God join'd my heart and Romeo's, thou our hands;And ere this hand, by thee to Romeo seal'd,Shall be the label to another deed,Or my true heart with treacherous revoltTurn to another, this shall slay them both:Therefore, out of thy long-experienced time,Give me some present counsel, or, behold,'Twixt my extremes and me this bloody knifeShall play the umpire, arbitrating thatWhich the commission of thy years and artCould to no issue of true honour bring. Be not so long to speak; I long to die,If what thou speak'st speak not of remedy. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, daughter: I do spy a kind of hope,Which craves as desperate an execution. As that is desperate which we would prevent. If, rather than to marry County Paris,Thou hast the strength of will to slay thyself,Then is it likely thou wilt undertakeA thing like death to chide away this shame,That copest with death himself to scape from it:And, if thou darest, I'll give thee remedy. JULIETO, bid me leap, rather than marry Paris,From off the battlements of yonder tower;Or walk in thievish ways; or bid me lurkWhere serpents are; chain me with roaring bears;Or shut me nightly in a charnel-house,O'er-cover'd quite with dead men's rattling bones, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls;Or bid me go into a new-made graveAnd hide me with a dead man in his shroud;Things that, to hear them told, have made me tremble;And I will do it without fear or doubt,To live an unstain'd wife to my sweet love. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, then; go home, be merry, give consentTo marry Paris: Wednesday is to-morrow:To-morrow night look that thou lie alone;Let not thy nurse lie with thee in thy chamber:Take thou this vial, being then in bed,And this distilled liquor drink thou off;When presently through all thy veins shall runA cold and drowsy humour, for no pulseShall keep his native progress, but surcease:No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest;The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fadeTo paly ashes, thy eyes' windows fall,Like death, when he shuts up the day of life;Each part, deprived of supple government,Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death:And in this borrow'd likeness of shrunk deathThou shalt continue two and forty hours,And then awake as from a pleasant sleep. Now, when the bridegroom in the morning comesTo rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead:Then, as the manner of our country is,In thy best robes uncover'd on the bierThou shalt be borne to that same ancient vaultWhere all the kindred of the Capulets lie. In the mean time, against thou shalt awake,Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,And hither shall he come: and he and IWill watch thy waking, and that very nightShall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua. And this shall free thee from this present shame;If no inconstant toy, nor womanish fear,Abate thy valour in the acting it. JULIETGive me, give me!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.1595373}
{"text": "Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE and PARISFRIAR LAURENCEOn Thursday, sir? The time is very short. PARISMy father Capulet will have it so;And I am nothing slow to slack his haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou say you do not know the lady's mind:Uneven is the course, I like it not. PARISImmoderately she weeps for Tybalt's death,And therefore have I little talk'd of love;For Venus smiles not in a house of tears. Now, sir, her father counts it dangerousThat she doth give her sorrow so much sway,And in his wisdom hastes our marriage,To stop the inundation of her tears;Which, too much minded by herself alone,May be put from her by society:Now do you know the reason of this haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Aside I would I knew not why it should be slow'd. Look, sir, here comes the lady towards my cell. Enter JULIETPARISHappily met, my lady and my wife!JULIETThat may be, sir, when I may be a wife. PARISThat may be must be, love, on Thursday next. JULIETWhat must be shall be. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's a certain text. PARISCome you to make confession to this father?JULIETTo answer that, I should confess to you. PARISDo not deny to him that you love me. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETI will confess to you that I love him. PARISSo will ye, I am sure, that you love me. JULIETIf I do so, it will be of more price,Being spoke behind your back, than to your face. PARISPoor soul, thy face is much abused with tears. JULIETThe tears have got small victory by that;For it was bad enough before their spite. PARISThou wrong'st it, more than tears, with that report. JULIETThat is no slander, sir, which is a truth;And what I spake, I spake it to my face. PARISThy face is mine, and thou hast slander'd it. JULIETIt may be so, for it is not mine own. Are you at leisure, holy father, now;Or shall I come to you at evening mass?FRIAR LAURENCEMy leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now. My lord, we must entreat the time alone. PARISGod shield I should disturb devotion!Juliet, on Thursday early will I rouse ye:Till then, adieu; and keep this holy kiss. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETO shut the door! And when thou hast done so,Come weep with me; past hope, past cure, past help!FRIAR LAURENCEAh, Juliet, I already know thy grief;It strains me past the compass of my wits:I hear thou must, and nothing may prorogue it,On Thursday next be married to this county. JULIETTell me not, friar, that thou hear'st of this,Unless thou tell me how I may prevent it:If, in thy wisdom, thou canst give no help,Do thou but call my resolution wise,And with this knife I'll help it presently. God join'd my heart and Romeo's, thou our hands;And ere this hand, by thee to Romeo seal'd,Shall be the label to another deed,Or my true heart with treacherous revoltTurn to another, this shall slay them both:Therefore, out of thy long-experienced time,Give me some present counsel, or, behold,'Twixt my extremes and me this bloody knifeShall play the umpire, arbitrating thatWhich the commission of thy years and artCould to no issue of true honour bring. Be not so long to speak; I long to die,If what thou speak'st speak not of remedy. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, daughter: I do spy a kind of hope,Which craves as desperate an execution. As that is desperate which we would prevent. If, rather than to marry County Paris,Thou hast the strength of will to slay thyself,Then is it likely thou wilt undertakeA thing like death to chide away this shame,That copest with death himself to scape from it:And, if thou darest, I'll give thee remedy. JULIETO, bid me leap, rather than marry Paris,From off the battlements of yonder tower;Or walk in thievish ways; or bid me lurkWhere serpents are; chain me with roaring bears;Or shut me nightly in a charnel-house,O'er-cover'd quite with dead men's rattling bones, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls;Or bid me go into a new-made graveAnd hide me with a dead man in his shroud;Things that, to hear them told, have made me tremble;And I will do it without fear or doubt,To live an unstain'd wife to my sweet love. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, then; go home, be merry, give consentTo marry Paris: Wednesday is to-morrow:To-morrow night look that thou lie alone;Let not thy nurse lie with thee in thy chamber:Take thou this vial, being then in bed,And this distilled liquor drink thou off;When presently through all thy veins shall runA cold and drowsy humour, for no pulseShall keep his native progress, but surcease:No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest;The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fadeTo paly ashes, thy eyes' windows fall,Like death, when he shuts up the day of life;Each part, deprived of supple government,Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death:And in this borrow'd likeness of shrunk deathThou shalt continue two and forty hours,And then awake as from a pleasant sleep. Now, when the bridegroom in the morning comesTo rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead:Then, as the manner of our country is,In thy best robes uncover'd on the bierThou shalt be borne to that same ancient vaultWhere all the kindred of the Capulets lie. In the mean time, against thou shalt awake,Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,And hither shall he come: and he and IWill watch thy waking, and that very nightShall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua. And this shall free thee from this present shame;If no inconstant toy, nor womanish fear,Abate thy valour in the acting it. JULIETGive me, give me! O, tell not me of fear!FRIAR LAURENCEHold; get you gone, be strong and prosperousIn this resolve: I'll send a friar with speedTo Mantua, with my letters to thy lord. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETLove give me strength!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.154631}
{"text": "The time is very short. PARISMy father Capulet will have it so;And I am nothing slow to slack his haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMYou say you do not know the lady's mind:Uneven is the course, I like it not. PARISImmoderately she weeps for Tybalt's death,And therefore have I little talk'd of love;For Venus smiles not in a house of tears. Now, sir, her father counts it dangerousThat she doth give her sorrow so much sway,And in his wisdom hastes our marriage,To stop the inundation of her tears;Which, too much minded by herself alone,May be put from her by society:Now do you know the reason of this haste. FRIAR LAURENCE Aside I would I knew not why it should be slow'd. Look, sir, here comes the lady towards my cell. Enter JULIETPARISHappily met, my lady and my wife!JULIETThat may be, sir, when I may be a wife. PARISThat may be must be, love, on Thursday next. JULIETWhat must be shall be. FRIAR LAURENCEThat's a certain text. PARISCome you to make confession to this father?JULIETTo answer that, I should confess to you. PARISDo not deny to him that you love me. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETI will confess to you that I love him. PARISSo will ye, I am sure, that you love me. JULIETIf I do so, it will be of more price,Being spoke behind your back, than to your face. PARISPoor soul, thy face is much abused with tears. JULIETThe tears have got small victory by that;For it was bad enough before their spite. PARISThou wrong'st it, more than tears, with that report. JULIETThat is no slander, sir, which is a truth;And what I spake, I spake it to my face. PARISThy face is mine, and thou hast slander'd it. JULIETIt may be so, for it is not mine own. Are you at leisure, holy father, now;Or shall I come to you at evening mass?FRIAR LAURENCEMy leisure serves me, pensive daughter, now. My lord, we must entreat the time alone. PARISGod shield I should disturb devotion!Juliet, on Thursday early will I rouse ye:Till then, adieu; and keep this holy kiss. Exit Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETO shut the door! And when thou hast done so,Come weep with me; past hope, past cure, past help!FRIAR LAURENCEAh, Juliet, I already know thy grief;It strains me past the compass of my wits:I hear thou must, and nothing may prorogue it,On Thursday next be married to this county. JULIETTell me not, friar, that thou hear'st of this,Unless thou tell me how I may prevent it:If, in thy wisdom, thou canst give no help,Do thou but call my resolution wise,And with this knife I'll help it presently. God join'd my heart and Romeo's, thou our hands;And ere this hand, by thee to Romeo seal'd,Shall be the label to another deed,Or my true heart with treacherous revoltTurn to another, this shall slay them both:Therefore, out of thy long-experienced time,Give me some present counsel, or, behold,'Twixt my extremes and me this bloody knifeShall play the umpire, arbitrating thatWhich the commission of thy years and artCould to no issue of true honour bring. Be not so long to speak; I long to die,If what thou speak'st speak not of remedy. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, daughter: I do spy a kind of hope,Which craves as desperate an execution. As that is desperate which we would prevent. If, rather than to marry County Paris,Thou hast the strength of will to slay thyself,Then is it likely thou wilt undertakeA thing like death to chide away this shame,That copest with death himself to scape from it:And, if thou darest, I'll give thee remedy. JULIETO, bid me leap, rather than marry Paris,From off the battlements of yonder tower;Or walk in thievish ways; or bid me lurkWhere serpents are; chain me with roaring bears;Or shut me nightly in a charnel-house,O'er-cover'd quite with dead men's rattling bones, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls;Or bid me go into a new-made graveAnd hide me with a dead man in his shroud;Things that, to hear them told, have made me tremble;And I will do it without fear or doubt,To live an unstain'd wife to my sweet love. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, then; go home, be merry, give consentTo marry Paris: Wednesday is to-morrow:To-morrow night look that thou lie alone;Let not thy nurse lie with thee in thy chamber:Take thou this vial, being then in bed,And this distilled liquor drink thou off;When presently through all thy veins shall runA cold and drowsy humour, for no pulseShall keep his native progress, but surcease:No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest;The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fadeTo paly ashes, thy eyes' windows fall,Like death, when he shuts up the day of life;Each part, deprived of supple government,Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death:And in this borrow'd likeness of shrunk deathThou shalt continue two and forty hours,And then awake as from a pleasant sleep. Now, when the bridegroom in the morning comesTo rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead:Then, as the manner of our country is,In thy best robes uncover'd on the bierThou shalt be borne to that same ancient vaultWhere all the kindred of the Capulets lie. In the mean time, against thou shalt awake,Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,And hither shall he come: and he and IWill watch thy waking, and that very nightShall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua. And this shall free thee from this present shame;If no inconstant toy, nor womanish fear,Abate thy valour in the acting it. JULIETGive me, give me! O, tell not me of fear!FRIAR LAURENCEHold; get you gone, be strong and prosperousIn this resolve: I'll send a friar with speedTo Mantua, with my letters to thy lord. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETLove give me strength! And strength shall help afford. Farewell, dear father!ExeuntSCENE II.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.1649714}
{"text": "And when thou hast done so,Come weep with me; past hope, past cure, past help!FRIAR LAURENCEAh, Juliet, I already know thy grief;It strains me past the compass of my wits:I hear thou must, and nothing may prorogue it,On Thursday next be married to this county. JULIETTell me not, friar, that thou hear'st of this,Unless thou tell me how I may prevent it:If, in thy wisdom, thou canst give no help,Do thou but call my resolution wise,And with this knife I'll help it presently. God join'd my heart and Romeo's, thou our hands;And ere this hand, by thee to Romeo seal'd,Shall be the label to another deed,Or my true heart with treacherous revoltTurn to another, this shall slay them both:Therefore, out of thy long-experienced time,Give me some present counsel, or, behold,'Twixt my extremes and me this bloody knifeShall play the umpire, arbitrating thatWhich the commission of thy years and artCould to no issue of true honour bring. Be not so long to speak; I long to die,If what thou speak'st speak not of remedy. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, daughter: I do spy a kind of hope,Which craves as desperate an execution. As that is desperate which we would prevent. If, rather than to marry County Paris,Thou hast the strength of will to slay thyself,Then is it likely thou wilt undertakeA thing like death to chide away this shame,That copest with death himself to scape from it:And, if thou darest, I'll give thee remedy. JULIETO, bid me leap, rather than marry Paris,From off the battlements of yonder tower;Or walk in thievish ways; or bid me lurkWhere serpents are; chain me with roaring bears;Or shut me nightly in a charnel-house,O'er-cover'd quite with dead men's rattling bones, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWith reeky shanks and yellow chapless skulls;Or bid me go into a new-made graveAnd hide me with a dead man in his shroud;Things that, to hear them told, have made me tremble;And I will do it without fear or doubt,To live an unstain'd wife to my sweet love. FRIAR LAURENCEHold, then; go home, be merry, give consentTo marry Paris: Wednesday is to-morrow:To-morrow night look that thou lie alone;Let not thy nurse lie with thee in thy chamber:Take thou this vial, being then in bed,And this distilled liquor drink thou off;When presently through all thy veins shall runA cold and drowsy humour, for no pulseShall keep his native progress, but surcease:No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest;The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fadeTo paly ashes, thy eyes' windows fall,Like death, when he shuts up the day of life;Each part, deprived of supple government,Shall, stiff and stark and cold, appear like death:And in this borrow'd likeness of shrunk deathThou shalt continue two and forty hours,And then awake as from a pleasant sleep. Now, when the bridegroom in the morning comesTo rouse thee from thy bed, there art thou dead:Then, as the manner of our country is,In thy best robes uncover'd on the bierThou shalt be borne to that same ancient vaultWhere all the kindred of the Capulets lie. In the mean time, against thou shalt awake,Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift,And hither shall he come: and he and IWill watch thy waking, and that very nightShall Romeo bear thee hence to Mantua. And this shall free thee from this present shame;If no inconstant toy, nor womanish fear,Abate thy valour in the acting it. JULIETGive me, give me! O, tell not me of fear!FRIAR LAURENCEHold; get you gone, be strong and prosperousIn this resolve: I'll send a friar with speedTo Mantua, with my letters to thy lord. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETLove give me strength! And strength shall help afford. Farewell, dear father!ExeuntSCENE II. Hall in Capulet's house. Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, Nurse, and two ServingmenCAPULETSo many guests invite as here are writ. Exit First ServantSirrah, go hire me twenty cunning cooks. Second ServantYou shall have none ill, sir; for I'll try if theycan lick their fingers. CAPULETHow canst thou try them so?Second ServantMarry, sir, 'tis an ill cook that cannot lick hisown fingers: therefore he that cannot lick hisfingers goes not with me. CAPULETGo, be gone. Exit Second ServantWe shall be much unfurnished for this time. What, is my daughter gone to Friar Laurence?NurseAy, forsooth. CAPULETWell, he may chance to do some good on her:A peevish self-will'd harlotry it is. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSee where she comes from shrift with merry look. Enter JULIETCAPULETHow now, my headstrong!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.2472427}
{"text": "O, tell not me of fear!FRIAR LAURENCEHold; get you gone, be strong and prosperousIn this resolve: I'll send a friar with speedTo Mantua, with my letters to thy lord. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMJULIETLove give me strength! And strength shall help afford. Farewell, dear father!ExeuntSCENE II. Hall in Capulet's house. Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, Nurse, and two ServingmenCAPULETSo many guests invite as here are writ. Exit First ServantSirrah, go hire me twenty cunning cooks. Second ServantYou shall have none ill, sir; for I'll try if theycan lick their fingers. CAPULETHow canst thou try them so?Second ServantMarry, sir, 'tis an ill cook that cannot lick hisown fingers: therefore he that cannot lick hisfingers goes not with me. CAPULETGo, be gone. Exit Second ServantWe shall be much unfurnished for this time. What, is my daughter gone to Friar Laurence?NurseAy, forsooth. CAPULETWell, he may chance to do some good on her:A peevish self-will'd harlotry it is. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSee where she comes from shrift with merry look. Enter JULIETCAPULETHow now, my headstrong! Where have you been gadding?JULIETWhere I have learn'd me to repent the sinOf disobedient oppositionTo you and your behests, and am enjoin'dBy holy Laurence to fall prostrate here,And beg your pardon: pardon, I beseech you!Henceforward I am ever ruled by you. CAPULETSend for the county; go tell him of this:I'll have this knot knit up to-morrow morning. JULIETI met the youthful lord at Laurence' cell;And gave him what becomed love I might,Not step o'er the bounds of modesty. CAPULETWhy, I am glad on't; this is well: stand up:This is as't should be.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.2423224}
{"text": "And strength shall help afford. Farewell, dear father!ExeuntSCENE II. Hall in Capulet's house. Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, Nurse, and two ServingmenCAPULETSo many guests invite as here are writ. Exit First ServantSirrah, go hire me twenty cunning cooks. Second ServantYou shall have none ill, sir; for I'll try if theycan lick their fingers. CAPULETHow canst thou try them so?Second ServantMarry, sir, 'tis an ill cook that cannot lick hisown fingers: therefore he that cannot lick hisfingers goes not with me. CAPULETGo, be gone. Exit Second ServantWe shall be much unfurnished for this time. What, is my daughter gone to Friar Laurence?NurseAy, forsooth. CAPULETWell, he may chance to do some good on her:A peevish self-will'd harlotry it is. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSee where she comes from shrift with merry look. Enter JULIETCAPULETHow now, my headstrong! Where have you been gadding?JULIETWhere I have learn'd me to repent the sinOf disobedient oppositionTo you and your behests, and am enjoin'dBy holy Laurence to fall prostrate here,And beg your pardon: pardon, I beseech you!Henceforward I am ever ruled by you. CAPULETSend for the county; go tell him of this:I'll have this knot knit up to-morrow morning. JULIETI met the youthful lord at Laurence' cell;And gave him what becomed love I might,Not step o'er the bounds of modesty. CAPULETWhy, I am glad on't; this is well: stand up:This is as't should be. Let me see the county;Ay, marry, go, I say, and fetch him hither. Now, afore God!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.2163498}
{"text": "Hall in Capulet's house. Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, Nurse, and two ServingmenCAPULETSo many guests invite as here are writ. Exit First ServantSirrah, go hire me twenty cunning cooks. Second ServantYou shall have none ill, sir; for I'll try if theycan lick their fingers. CAPULETHow canst thou try them so?Second ServantMarry, sir, 'tis an ill cook that cannot lick hisown fingers: therefore he that cannot lick hisfingers goes not with me. CAPULETGo, be gone. Exit Second ServantWe shall be much unfurnished for this time. What, is my daughter gone to Friar Laurence?NurseAy, forsooth. CAPULETWell, he may chance to do some good on her:A peevish self-will'd harlotry it is. Nurse Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSee where she comes from shrift with merry look. Enter JULIETCAPULETHow now, my headstrong! Where have you been gadding?JULIETWhere I have learn'd me to repent the sinOf disobedient oppositionTo you and your behests, and am enjoin'dBy holy Laurence to fall prostrate here,And beg your pardon: pardon, I beseech you!Henceforward I am ever ruled by you. CAPULETSend for the county; go tell him of this:I'll have this knot knit up to-morrow morning. JULIETI met the youthful lord at Laurence' cell;And gave him what becomed love I might,Not step o'er the bounds of modesty. CAPULETWhy, I am glad on't; this is well: stand up:This is as't should be. Let me see the county;Ay, marry, go, I say, and fetch him hither. Now, afore God! This reverend holy friar,Our whole city is much bound to him. JULIETNurse, will you go with me into my closet,To help me sort such needful ornamentsAs you think fit to furnish me to-morrow?LADY CAPULETNo, not till Thursday; there is time enough. CAPULETGo, nurse, go with her: we'll to church to-morrow. Exeunt JULIET and NurseLADY CAPULET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWe shall be short in our provision:'Tis now near night. CAPULETTush, I will stir about,And all things shall be well, I warrant thee, wife:Go thou to Juliet, help to deck up her;I'll not to bed to-night; let me alone;I'll play the housewife for this once.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.260729}
{"text": "Where have you been gadding?JULIETWhere I have learn'd me to repent the sinOf disobedient oppositionTo you and your behests, and am enjoin'dBy holy Laurence to fall prostrate here,And beg your pardon: pardon, I beseech you!Henceforward I am ever ruled by you. CAPULETSend for the county; go tell him of this:I'll have this knot knit up to-morrow morning. JULIETI met the youthful lord at Laurence' cell;And gave him what becomed love I might,Not step o'er the bounds of modesty. CAPULETWhy, I am glad on't; this is well: stand up:This is as't should be. Let me see the county;Ay, marry, go, I say, and fetch him hither. Now, afore God! This reverend holy friar,Our whole city is much bound to him. JULIETNurse, will you go with me into my closet,To help me sort such needful ornamentsAs you think fit to furnish me to-morrow?LADY CAPULETNo, not till Thursday; there is time enough. CAPULETGo, nurse, go with her: we'll to church to-morrow. Exeunt JULIET and NurseLADY CAPULET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWe shall be short in our provision:'Tis now near night. CAPULETTush, I will stir about,And all things shall be well, I warrant thee, wife:Go thou to Juliet, help to deck up her;I'll not to bed to-night; let me alone;I'll play the housewife for this once. What, ho!They are all forth. Well, I will walk myselfTo County Paris, to prepare him upAgainst to-morrow: my heart is wondrous light,Since this same wayward girl is so reclaim'd. ExeuntSCENE III.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.290648}
{"text": "This reverend holy friar,Our whole city is much bound to him. JULIETNurse, will you go with me into my closet,To help me sort such needful ornamentsAs you think fit to furnish me to-morrow?LADY CAPULETNo, not till Thursday; there is time enough. CAPULETGo, nurse, go with her: we'll to church to-morrow. Exeunt JULIET and NurseLADY CAPULET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWe shall be short in our provision:'Tis now near night. CAPULETTush, I will stir about,And all things shall be well, I warrant thee, wife:Go thou to Juliet, help to deck up her;I'll not to bed to-night; let me alone;I'll play the housewife for this once. What, ho!They are all forth. Well, I will walk myselfTo County Paris, to prepare him upAgainst to-morrow: my heart is wondrous light,Since this same wayward girl is so reclaim'd. ExeuntSCENE III. Juliet's chamber. Enter JULIET and NurseJULIETAy, those attires are best: but, gentle nurse,I pray thee, leave me to my self to-night,For I have need of many orisonsTo move the heavens to smile upon my state,Which, well thou know'st, is cross, and full of sin. Enter LADY CAPULETLADY CAPULETWhat, are you busy, ho? Need you my help?JULIETNo, madam; we have cull'd such necessariesAs are behoveful for our state to-morrow:So please you, let me now be left alone,And let the nurse this night sit up with you;For, I am sure, you have your hands full all,In this so sudden business. LADY CAPULETGood night:Get thee to bed, and rest; for thou hast need. Exeunt LADY CAPULET and NurseJULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFarewell!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.3277295}
{"text": "Well, I will walk myselfTo County Paris, to prepare him upAgainst to-morrow: my heart is wondrous light,Since this same wayward girl is so reclaim'd. ExeuntSCENE III. Juliet's chamber. Enter JULIET and NurseJULIETAy, those attires are best: but, gentle nurse,I pray thee, leave me to my self to-night,For I have need of many orisonsTo move the heavens to smile upon my state,Which, well thou know'st, is cross, and full of sin. Enter LADY CAPULETLADY CAPULETWhat, are you busy, ho? Need you my help?JULIETNo, madam; we have cull'd such necessariesAs are behoveful for our state to-morrow:So please you, let me now be left alone,And let the nurse this night sit up with you;For, I am sure, you have your hands full all,In this so sudden business. LADY CAPULETGood night:Get thee to bed, and rest; for thou hast need. Exeunt LADY CAPULET and NurseJULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFarewell! God knows when we shall meet again. I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins,That almost freezes up the heat of life:I'll call them back again to comfort me:Nurse! What should she do here?My dismal scene I needs must act alone. Come, vial. What if this mixture do not work at all?Shall I be married then to-morrow morning?No, no: this shall forbid it: lie thou there. Laying down her daggerWhat if it be a poison, which the friarSubtly hath minister'd to have me dead,Lest in this marriage he should be dishonour'd,Because he married me before to Romeo?I fear it is: and yet, methinks, it should not,For he hath still been tried a holy man. How if, when I am laid into the tomb,I wake before the time that RomeoCome to redeem me?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.3148534}
{"text": "Need you my help?JULIETNo, madam; we have cull'd such necessariesAs are behoveful for our state to-morrow:So please you, let me now be left alone,And let the nurse this night sit up with you;For, I am sure, you have your hands full all,In this so sudden business. LADY CAPULETGood night:Get thee to bed, and rest; for thou hast need. Exeunt LADY CAPULET and NurseJULIET Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFarewell! God knows when we shall meet again. I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins,That almost freezes up the heat of life:I'll call them back again to comfort me:Nurse! What should she do here?My dismal scene I needs must act alone. Come, vial. What if this mixture do not work at all?Shall I be married then to-morrow morning?No, no: this shall forbid it: lie thou there. Laying down her daggerWhat if it be a poison, which the friarSubtly hath minister'd to have me dead,Lest in this marriage he should be dishonour'd,Because he married me before to Romeo?I fear it is: and yet, methinks, it should not,For he hath still been tried a holy man. How if, when I am laid into the tomb,I wake before the time that RomeoCome to redeem me? There's a fearful point!Shall I not, then, be stifled in the vault,To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in,And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes?Or, if I live, is it not very like,The horrible conceit of death and night,Together with the terror of the place,-As in a vault, an ancient receptacle,Where, for these many hundred years, the bonesOf all my buried ancestors are packed:Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in earth,Lies festering in his shroud; where, as they say,At some hours in the night spirits resort;-Alack, alack, is it not like that I,So early waking, what with loathsome smells,And shrieks like mandrakes' torn out of the earth,That living mortals, hearing them, run mad:-O, if I wake, shall I not be distraught,Environed with all these hideous fears?And madly play with my forefather's joints?And pluck the mangled Tybalt from his shroud?And, in this rage, with some great kinsman's bone,As with a club, dash out my desperate brains?O, look!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.3444676}
{"text": "God knows when we shall meet again. I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins,That almost freezes up the heat of life:I'll call them back again to comfort me:Nurse! What should she do here?My dismal scene I needs must act alone. Come, vial. What if this mixture do not work at all?Shall I be married then to-morrow morning?No, no: this shall forbid it: lie thou there. Laying down her daggerWhat if it be a poison, which the friarSubtly hath minister'd to have me dead,Lest in this marriage he should be dishonour'd,Because he married me before to Romeo?I fear it is: and yet, methinks, it should not,For he hath still been tried a holy man. How if, when I am laid into the tomb,I wake before the time that RomeoCome to redeem me? There's a fearful point!Shall I not, then, be stifled in the vault,To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in,And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes?Or, if I live, is it not very like,The horrible conceit of death and night,Together with the terror of the place,-As in a vault, an ancient receptacle,Where, for these many hundred years, the bonesOf all my buried ancestors are packed:Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in earth,Lies festering in his shroud; where, as they say,At some hours in the night spirits resort;-Alack, alack, is it not like that I,So early waking, what with loathsome smells,And shrieks like mandrakes' torn out of the earth,That living mortals, hearing them, run mad:-O, if I wake, shall I not be distraught,Environed with all these hideous fears?And madly play with my forefather's joints?And pluck the mangled Tybalt from his shroud?And, in this rage, with some great kinsman's bone,As with a club, dash out my desperate brains?O, look! Methinks I see my cousin's ghostSeeking out Romeo, that did spit his bodyUpon a rapier's point: stay, Tybalt, stay!Romeo, I come! This do I drink to thee. She falls upon her bed, within the curtainsSCENE IV.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.362542}
{"text": "There's a fearful point!Shall I not, then, be stifled in the vault,To whose foul mouth no healthsome air breathes in,And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes?Or, if I live, is it not very like,The horrible conceit of death and night,Together with the terror of the place,-As in a vault, an ancient receptacle,Where, for these many hundred years, the bonesOf all my buried ancestors are packed:Where bloody Tybalt, yet but green in earth,Lies festering in his shroud; where, as they say,At some hours in the night spirits resort;-Alack, alack, is it not like that I,So early waking, what with loathsome smells,And shrieks like mandrakes' torn out of the earth,That living mortals, hearing them, run mad:-O, if I wake, shall I not be distraught,Environed with all these hideous fears?And madly play with my forefather's joints?And pluck the mangled Tybalt from his shroud?And, in this rage, with some great kinsman's bone,As with a club, dash out my desperate brains?O, look! Methinks I see my cousin's ghostSeeking out Romeo, that did spit his bodyUpon a rapier's point: stay, Tybalt, stay!Romeo, I come! This do I drink to thee. She falls upon her bed, within the curtainsSCENE IV. Hall in Capulet's house. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMEnter LADY CAPULET and NurseLADY CAPULETHold, take these keys, and fetch more spices, nurse. NurseThey call for dates and quinces in the pastry. Enter CAPULETCAPULETCome, stir, stir, stir! The second cock hath crow'd,The curfew-bell hath rung, 'tis three o'clock:Look to the baked meats, good Angelica:Spare not for the cost. NurseGo, you cot-quean, go,Get you to bed; faith, You'll be sick to-morrowFor this night's watching. CAPULETNo, not a whit: what!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.420966}
{"text": "This do I drink to thee. She falls upon her bed, within the curtainsSCENE IV. Hall in Capulet's house. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMEnter LADY CAPULET and NurseLADY CAPULETHold, take these keys, and fetch more spices, nurse. NurseThey call for dates and quinces in the pastry. Enter CAPULETCAPULETCome, stir, stir, stir! The second cock hath crow'd,The curfew-bell hath rung, 'tis three o'clock:Look to the baked meats, good Angelica:Spare not for the cost. NurseGo, you cot-quean, go,Get you to bed; faith, You'll be sick to-morrowFor this night's watching. CAPULETNo, not a whit: what! I have watch'd ere nowAll night for lesser cause, and ne'er been sick. LADY CAPULETAy, you have been a mouse-hunt in your time;But I will watch you from such watching now. Exeunt LADY CAPULET and NurseCAPULETA jealous hood, a jealous hood!Enter three or four Servingmen, with spits, logs, and basketsNow, fellow,What's there?First ServantThings for the cook, sir; but I know not what. CAPULETMake haste, make haste. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMExit First ServantSirrah, fetch drier logs:Call Peter, he will show thee where they are. Second ServantI have a head, sir, that will find out logs,And never trouble Peter for the matter. ExitCAPULETMass, and well said; a merry whoreson, ha!Thou shalt be logger-head. Good faith, 'tis day:The county will be here with music straight,For so he said he would: I hear him near. Music withinNurse! Wife! What, ho!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.414659}
{"text": "Good faith, 'tis day:The county will be here with music straight,For so he said he would: I hear him near. Music withinNurse! Wife! What, ho! What, nurse, I say!Re-enter NurseGo waken Juliet, go and trim her up;I'll go and chat with Paris: hie, make haste,Make haste; the bridegroom he is come already:Make haste, I say. ExeuntSCENE V. Juliet's chamber. Enter NurseNurseMistress! What, mistress! Juliet! Fast, I warrant her, she:Why, lamb! Why, lady! Fie, you slug-a-bed!Why, love, I say! Madam! Sweet-heart! Why, bride!What, not a word? You take your pennyworths now;Sleep for a week; for the next night, I warrant,The County Paris hath set up his rest,That you shall rest but little. God forgive me,Marry, and amen, how sound is she asleep!I must needs wake her. Madam, madam, madam!Ay, let the county take you in your bed;He'll fright you up, i' faith. Will it not be?Undraws the curtainsWhat, dress'd! And in your clothes! And down again! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI must needs wake you; Lady! Lady! Lady!Alas, alas! Help, help! My lady's dead!O, well-a-day, that ever I was born!Some aqua vitae, ho! My lord! My lady!Enter LADY CAPULETLADY CAPULETWhat noise is here?NurseO lamentable day!LADY CAPULETWhat is the matter?NurseLook, look! O heavy day!LADY CAPULETO me, O me! My child, my only life,Revive, look up, or I will die with thee!Help, help! Call help. Enter CAPULETCAPULETFor shame, bring Juliet forth; her lord is come. NurseShe's dead, deceased, she's dead; alack the day!LADY CAPULETAlack the day, she's dead, she's dead, she's dead!CAPULETHa!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.4501858}
{"text": "O heavy day!LADY CAPULETO me, O me! My child, my only life,Revive, look up, or I will die with thee!Help, help! Call help. Enter CAPULETCAPULETFor shame, bring Juliet forth; her lord is come. NurseShe's dead, deceased, she's dead; alack the day!LADY CAPULETAlack the day, she's dead, she's dead, she's dead!CAPULETHa! Let me see her: out, alas! She's cold:Her blood is settled, and her joints are stiff;Life and these lips have long been separated:Death lies on her like an untimely frostUpon the sweetest flower of all the field. NurseO lamentable day! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMLADY CAPULETO woful time!CAPULETDeath, that hath ta'en her hence to make me wail,Ties up my tongue, and will not let me speak. Enter FRIAR LAURENCE and PARIS, with MusiciansFRIAR LAURENCECome, is the bride ready to go to church?CAPULETReady to go, but never to return. O son! The night before thy wedding-dayHath Death lain with thy wife. There she lies,Flower as she was, deflowered by him. Death is my son-in-law, Death is my heir;My daughter he hath wedded: I will die,And leave him all; life, living, all is Death's. PARISHave I thought long to see this morning's face,And doth it give me such a sight as this?LADY CAPULETAccursed, unhappy, wretched, hateful day!Most miserable hour that e'er time sawIn lasting labour of his pilgrimage!But one, poor one, one poor and loving child,But one thing to rejoice and solace in,And cruel death hath catch'd it from my sight!NurseO woe! O woful, woful, woful day!Most lamentable day, most woful day,That ever, ever, I did yet behold!O day! O day! O day!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.397079}
{"text": "Alack! My child is dead;And with my child my joys are buried. FRIAR LAURENCEPeace, ho, for shame! Confusion's cure lives notIn these confusions. Heaven and yourselfHad part in this fair maid; now heaven hath all,And all the better is it for the maid:Your part in her you could not keep from death,But heaven keeps his part in eternal life. The most you sought was her promotion;For 'twas your heaven she should be advanced:And weep ye now, seeing she is advancedAbove the clouds, as high as heaven itself?O, in this love, you love your child so ill,That you run mad, seeing that she is well:She's not well married that lives married long;But she's best married that dies married young. Dry up your tears, and stick your rosemaryOn this fair corse; and, as the custom is,In all her best array bear her to church:For though fond nature bids us an lament,Yet nature's tears are reason's merriment. CAPULETAll things that we ordained festival,Turn from their office to black funeral;Our instruments to melancholy bells,Our wedding cheer to a sad burial feast,Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change,Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse,And all things change them to the contrary. FRIAR LAURENCESir, go you in; and, madam, go with him;And go, Sir Paris; every one prepareTo follow this fair corse unto her grave:The heavens do lour upon you for some ill;Move them no more by crossing their high will. Exeunt CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, PARIS, and FRIAR LAURENCEFirst Musician Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFaith, we may put up our pipes, and be gone. NurseHonest goodfellows, ah, put up, put up;For, well you know, this is a pitiful case. ExitFirst MusicianAy, by my troth, the case may be amended. Enter PETERPETERMusicians, O, musicians, 'Heart's ease, Heart'sease:' O, an you will have me live, play 'Heart's ease. 'First MusicianWhy 'Heart's ease?'PETERO, musicians, because my heart itself plays 'Myheart is full of woe:' O, play me some merry dump,to comfort me. First MusicianNot a dump we; 'tis no time to play now. PETERYou will not, then?First MusicianNo. PETERI will then give it you soundly. First MusicianWhat will you give us?PETERNo money, on my faith, but the gleek;I will give you the minstrel. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFirst MusicianThen I will give you the serving-creature. PETERThen will I lay the serving-creature's dagger onyour pate.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.494806}
{"text": "My child is dead;And with my child my joys are buried. FRIAR LAURENCEPeace, ho, for shame! Confusion's cure lives notIn these confusions. Heaven and yourselfHad part in this fair maid; now heaven hath all,And all the better is it for the maid:Your part in her you could not keep from death,But heaven keeps his part in eternal life. The most you sought was her promotion;For 'twas your heaven she should be advanced:And weep ye now, seeing she is advancedAbove the clouds, as high as heaven itself?O, in this love, you love your child so ill,That you run mad, seeing that she is well:She's not well married that lives married long;But she's best married that dies married young. Dry up your tears, and stick your rosemaryOn this fair corse; and, as the custom is,In all her best array bear her to church:For though fond nature bids us an lament,Yet nature's tears are reason's merriment. CAPULETAll things that we ordained festival,Turn from their office to black funeral;Our instruments to melancholy bells,Our wedding cheer to a sad burial feast,Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change,Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse,And all things change them to the contrary. FRIAR LAURENCESir, go you in; and, madam, go with him;And go, Sir Paris; every one prepareTo follow this fair corse unto her grave:The heavens do lour upon you for some ill;Move them no more by crossing their high will. Exeunt CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, PARIS, and FRIAR LAURENCEFirst Musician Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFaith, we may put up our pipes, and be gone. NurseHonest goodfellows, ah, put up, put up;For, well you know, this is a pitiful case. ExitFirst MusicianAy, by my troth, the case may be amended. Enter PETERPETERMusicians, O, musicians, 'Heart's ease, Heart'sease:' O, an you will have me live, play 'Heart's ease. 'First MusicianWhy 'Heart's ease?'PETERO, musicians, because my heart itself plays 'Myheart is full of woe:' O, play me some merry dump,to comfort me. First MusicianNot a dump we; 'tis no time to play now. PETERYou will not, then?First MusicianNo. PETERI will then give it you soundly. First MusicianWhat will you give us?PETERNo money, on my faith, but the gleek;I will give you the minstrel. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFirst MusicianThen I will give you the serving-creature. PETERThen will I lay the serving-creature's dagger onyour pate. I will carry no crotchets: I'll re you,I'll fa you; do you note me?First MusicianAn you re us and fa us, you note us. Second MusicianPray you, put up your dagger, and put out your wit. PETERThen have at you with my wit!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.5224407}
{"text": "Confusion's cure lives notIn these confusions. Heaven and yourselfHad part in this fair maid; now heaven hath all,And all the better is it for the maid:Your part in her you could not keep from death,But heaven keeps his part in eternal life. The most you sought was her promotion;For 'twas your heaven she should be advanced:And weep ye now, seeing she is advancedAbove the clouds, as high as heaven itself?O, in this love, you love your child so ill,That you run mad, seeing that she is well:She's not well married that lives married long;But she's best married that dies married young. Dry up your tears, and stick your rosemaryOn this fair corse; and, as the custom is,In all her best array bear her to church:For though fond nature bids us an lament,Yet nature's tears are reason's merriment. CAPULETAll things that we ordained festival,Turn from their office to black funeral;Our instruments to melancholy bells,Our wedding cheer to a sad burial feast,Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change,Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse,And all things change them to the contrary. FRIAR LAURENCESir, go you in; and, madam, go with him;And go, Sir Paris; every one prepareTo follow this fair corse unto her grave:The heavens do lour upon you for some ill;Move them no more by crossing their high will. Exeunt CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, PARIS, and FRIAR LAURENCEFirst Musician Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFaith, we may put up our pipes, and be gone. NurseHonest goodfellows, ah, put up, put up;For, well you know, this is a pitiful case. ExitFirst MusicianAy, by my troth, the case may be amended. Enter PETERPETERMusicians, O, musicians, 'Heart's ease, Heart'sease:' O, an you will have me live, play 'Heart's ease. 'First MusicianWhy 'Heart's ease?'PETERO, musicians, because my heart itself plays 'Myheart is full of woe:' O, play me some merry dump,to comfort me. First MusicianNot a dump we; 'tis no time to play now. PETERYou will not, then?First MusicianNo. PETERI will then give it you soundly. First MusicianWhat will you give us?PETERNo money, on my faith, but the gleek;I will give you the minstrel. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFirst MusicianThen I will give you the serving-creature. PETERThen will I lay the serving-creature's dagger onyour pate. I will carry no crotchets: I'll re you,I'll fa you; do you note me?First MusicianAn you re us and fa us, you note us. Second MusicianPray you, put up your dagger, and put out your wit. PETERThen have at you with my wit! I will dry-beat youwith an iron wit, and put up my iron dagger.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.5580583}
{"text": "Heaven and yourselfHad part in this fair maid; now heaven hath all,And all the better is it for the maid:Your part in her you could not keep from death,But heaven keeps his part in eternal life. The most you sought was her promotion;For 'twas your heaven she should be advanced:And weep ye now, seeing she is advancedAbove the clouds, as high as heaven itself?O, in this love, you love your child so ill,That you run mad, seeing that she is well:She's not well married that lives married long;But she's best married that dies married young. Dry up your tears, and stick your rosemaryOn this fair corse; and, as the custom is,In all her best array bear her to church:For though fond nature bids us an lament,Yet nature's tears are reason's merriment. CAPULETAll things that we ordained festival,Turn from their office to black funeral;Our instruments to melancholy bells,Our wedding cheer to a sad burial feast,Our solemn hymns to sullen dirges change,Our bridal flowers serve for a buried corse,And all things change them to the contrary. FRIAR LAURENCESir, go you in; and, madam, go with him;And go, Sir Paris; every one prepareTo follow this fair corse unto her grave:The heavens do lour upon you for some ill;Move them no more by crossing their high will. Exeunt CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, PARIS, and FRIAR LAURENCEFirst Musician Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFaith, we may put up our pipes, and be gone. NurseHonest goodfellows, ah, put up, put up;For, well you know, this is a pitiful case. ExitFirst MusicianAy, by my troth, the case may be amended. Enter PETERPETERMusicians, O, musicians, 'Heart's ease, Heart'sease:' O, an you will have me live, play 'Heart's ease. 'First MusicianWhy 'Heart's ease?'PETERO, musicians, because my heart itself plays 'Myheart is full of woe:' O, play me some merry dump,to comfort me. First MusicianNot a dump we; 'tis no time to play now. PETERYou will not, then?First MusicianNo. PETERI will then give it you soundly. First MusicianWhat will you give us?PETERNo money, on my faith, but the gleek;I will give you the minstrel. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFirst MusicianThen I will give you the serving-creature. PETERThen will I lay the serving-creature's dagger onyour pate. I will carry no crotchets: I'll re you,I'll fa you; do you note me?First MusicianAn you re us and fa us, you note us. Second MusicianPray you, put up your dagger, and put out your wit. PETERThen have at you with my wit! I will dry-beat youwith an iron wit, and put up my iron dagger. Answerme like men:'When griping grief the heart doth wound,And doleful dumps the mind oppress,Then music with her silver sound'-why 'silver sound'?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.5428383}
{"text": "I will carry no crotchets: I'll re you,I'll fa you; do you note me?First MusicianAn you re us and fa us, you note us. Second MusicianPray you, put up your dagger, and put out your wit. PETERThen have at you with my wit! I will dry-beat youwith an iron wit, and put up my iron dagger. Answerme like men:'When griping grief the heart doth wound,And doleful dumps the mind oppress,Then music with her silver sound'-why 'silver sound'? Why 'music with her silversound'? What say you, Simon Catling?MusicianMarry, sir, because silver hath a sweet sound. PETERPretty! What say you, Hugh Rebeck?Second MusicianI say 'silver sound,' because musicians sound for silver. PETERPretty too! What say you, James Soundpost?Third MusicianFaith, I know not what to say. PETERO, I cry you mercy; you are the singer: I will sayfor you. It is 'music with her silver sound,'because musicians have no gold for sounding: Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PM'Then music with her silver soundWith speedy help doth lend redress. 'ExitFirst MusicianWhat a pestilent knave is this same!Second MusicianHang him, Jack! Come, we'll in here; tarry for themourners, and stay dinner. ExeuntACT VSCENE I. Mantua. A street. Enter ROMEOROMEOIf I may trust the flattering truth of sleep,My dreams presage some joyful news at hand:My bosom's lord sits lightly in his throne;And all this day an unaccustom'd spiritLifts me above the ground with cheerful thoughts. I dreamt my lady came and found me dead-Strange dream, that gives a dead man leaveto think!-And breathed such life with kisses in my lips,That I revived, and was an emperor. Ah me! How sweet is love itself possess'd,When but love's shadows are so rich in joy!Enter BALTHASAR, bootedNews from Verona!--How now, Balthasar!Dost thou not bring me letters from the friar?How doth my lady?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.5718465}
{"text": "Mantua. A street. Enter ROMEOROMEOIf I may trust the flattering truth of sleep,My dreams presage some joyful news at hand:My bosom's lord sits lightly in his throne;And all this day an unaccustom'd spiritLifts me above the ground with cheerful thoughts. I dreamt my lady came and found me dead-Strange dream, that gives a dead man leaveto think!-And breathed such life with kisses in my lips,That I revived, and was an emperor. Ah me! How sweet is love itself possess'd,When but love's shadows are so rich in joy!Enter BALTHASAR, bootedNews from Verona!--How now, Balthasar!Dost thou not bring me letters from the friar?How doth my lady? Is my father well?How fares my Juliet? That I ask again;For nothing can be ill, if she be well. BALTHASARThen she is well, and nothing can be ill:Her body sleeps in Capel's monument,And her immortal part with angels lives. I saw her laid low in her kindred's vault,And presently took post to tell it you:O, pardon me for bringing these ill news, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSince you did leave it for my office, sir. ROMEOIs it even so?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.5914774}
{"text": "How sweet is love itself possess'd,When but love's shadows are so rich in joy!Enter BALTHASAR, bootedNews from Verona!--How now, Balthasar!Dost thou not bring me letters from the friar?How doth my lady? Is my father well?How fares my Juliet? That I ask again;For nothing can be ill, if she be well. BALTHASARThen she is well, and nothing can be ill:Her body sleeps in Capel's monument,And her immortal part with angels lives. I saw her laid low in her kindred's vault,And presently took post to tell it you:O, pardon me for bringing these ill news, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSince you did leave it for my office, sir. ROMEOIs it even so? Then I defy you, stars!Thou know'st my lodging: get me ink and paper,And hire post-horses; I will hence to-night. BALTHASARI do beseech you, sir, have patience:Your looks are pale and wild, and do importSome misadventure. ROMEOTush, thou art deceived:Leave me, and do the thing I bid thee do. Hast thou no letters to me from the friar?BALTHASARNo, my good lord. ROMEONo matter: get thee gone,And hire those horses; I'll be with thee straight. Exit BALTHASARWell, Juliet, I will lie with thee to-night. Let's see for means: O mischief, thou art swiftTo enter in the thoughts of desperate men!I do remember an apothecary,-And hereabouts he dwells,--which late I notedIn tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,Culling of simples; meagre were his looks,Sharp misery had worn him to the bones:And in his needy shop a tortoise hung,An alligator stuff'd, and other skinsOf ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelvesA beggarly account of empty boxes,Green earthen pots, bladders and musty seeds,Remnants of packthread and old cakes of roses,Were thinly scatter'd, to make up a show. Noting this penury, to myself I said'An if a man did need a poison now,Whose sale is present death in Mantua,Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him. 'O, this same thought did but forerun my need;And this same needy man must sell it me. As I remember, this should be the house. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBeing holiday, the beggar's shop is shut. What, ho!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.6450868}
{"text": "Is my father well?How fares my Juliet? That I ask again;For nothing can be ill, if she be well. BALTHASARThen she is well, and nothing can be ill:Her body sleeps in Capel's monument,And her immortal part with angels lives. I saw her laid low in her kindred's vault,And presently took post to tell it you:O, pardon me for bringing these ill news, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSince you did leave it for my office, sir. ROMEOIs it even so? Then I defy you, stars!Thou know'st my lodging: get me ink and paper,And hire post-horses; I will hence to-night. BALTHASARI do beseech you, sir, have patience:Your looks are pale and wild, and do importSome misadventure. ROMEOTush, thou art deceived:Leave me, and do the thing I bid thee do. Hast thou no letters to me from the friar?BALTHASARNo, my good lord. ROMEONo matter: get thee gone,And hire those horses; I'll be with thee straight. Exit BALTHASARWell, Juliet, I will lie with thee to-night. Let's see for means: O mischief, thou art swiftTo enter in the thoughts of desperate men!I do remember an apothecary,-And hereabouts he dwells,--which late I notedIn tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,Culling of simples; meagre were his looks,Sharp misery had worn him to the bones:And in his needy shop a tortoise hung,An alligator stuff'd, and other skinsOf ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelvesA beggarly account of empty boxes,Green earthen pots, bladders and musty seeds,Remnants of packthread and old cakes of roses,Were thinly scatter'd, to make up a show. Noting this penury, to myself I said'An if a man did need a poison now,Whose sale is present death in Mantua,Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him. 'O, this same thought did but forerun my need;And this same needy man must sell it me. As I remember, this should be the house. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBeing holiday, the beggar's shop is shut. What, ho! Apothecary!Enter ApothecaryApothecaryWho calls so loud?ROMEOCome hither, man.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.6342885}
{"text": "That I ask again;For nothing can be ill, if she be well. BALTHASARThen she is well, and nothing can be ill:Her body sleeps in Capel's monument,And her immortal part with angels lives. I saw her laid low in her kindred's vault,And presently took post to tell it you:O, pardon me for bringing these ill news, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMSince you did leave it for my office, sir. ROMEOIs it even so? Then I defy you, stars!Thou know'st my lodging: get me ink and paper,And hire post-horses; I will hence to-night. BALTHASARI do beseech you, sir, have patience:Your looks are pale and wild, and do importSome misadventure. ROMEOTush, thou art deceived:Leave me, and do the thing I bid thee do. Hast thou no letters to me from the friar?BALTHASARNo, my good lord. ROMEONo matter: get thee gone,And hire those horses; I'll be with thee straight. Exit BALTHASARWell, Juliet, I will lie with thee to-night. Let's see for means: O mischief, thou art swiftTo enter in the thoughts of desperate men!I do remember an apothecary,-And hereabouts he dwells,--which late I notedIn tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,Culling of simples; meagre were his looks,Sharp misery had worn him to the bones:And in his needy shop a tortoise hung,An alligator stuff'd, and other skinsOf ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelvesA beggarly account of empty boxes,Green earthen pots, bladders and musty seeds,Remnants of packthread and old cakes of roses,Were thinly scatter'd, to make up a show. Noting this penury, to myself I said'An if a man did need a poison now,Whose sale is present death in Mantua,Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him. 'O, this same thought did but forerun my need;And this same needy man must sell it me. As I remember, this should be the house. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBeing holiday, the beggar's shop is shut. What, ho! Apothecary!Enter ApothecaryApothecaryWho calls so loud?ROMEOCome hither, man. I see that thou art poor:Hold, there is forty ducats: let me haveA dram of poison, such soon-speeding gearAs will disperse itself through all the veinsThat the life-weary taker may fall deadAnd that the trunk may be discharged of breathAs violently as hasty powder firedDoth hurry from the fatal cannon's womb. ApothecarySuch mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's lawIs death to any he that utters them. ROMEOArt thou so bare and full of wretchedness,And fear'st to die?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.6709616}
{"text": "Then I defy you, stars!Thou know'st my lodging: get me ink and paper,And hire post-horses; I will hence to-night. BALTHASARI do beseech you, sir, have patience:Your looks are pale and wild, and do importSome misadventure. ROMEOTush, thou art deceived:Leave me, and do the thing I bid thee do. Hast thou no letters to me from the friar?BALTHASARNo, my good lord. ROMEONo matter: get thee gone,And hire those horses; I'll be with thee straight. Exit BALTHASARWell, Juliet, I will lie with thee to-night. Let's see for means: O mischief, thou art swiftTo enter in the thoughts of desperate men!I do remember an apothecary,-And hereabouts he dwells,--which late I notedIn tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,Culling of simples; meagre were his looks,Sharp misery had worn him to the bones:And in his needy shop a tortoise hung,An alligator stuff'd, and other skinsOf ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelvesA beggarly account of empty boxes,Green earthen pots, bladders and musty seeds,Remnants of packthread and old cakes of roses,Were thinly scatter'd, to make up a show. Noting this penury, to myself I said'An if a man did need a poison now,Whose sale is present death in Mantua,Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him. 'O, this same thought did but forerun my need;And this same needy man must sell it me. As I remember, this should be the house. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMBeing holiday, the beggar's shop is shut. What, ho! Apothecary!Enter ApothecaryApothecaryWho calls so loud?ROMEOCome hither, man. I see that thou art poor:Hold, there is forty ducats: let me haveA dram of poison, such soon-speeding gearAs will disperse itself through all the veinsThat the life-weary taker may fall deadAnd that the trunk may be discharged of breathAs violently as hasty powder firedDoth hurry from the fatal cannon's womb. ApothecarySuch mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's lawIs death to any he that utters them. ROMEOArt thou so bare and full of wretchedness,And fear'st to die? Famine is in thy cheeks,Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes,Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back;The world is not thy friend nor the world's law;The world affords no law to make thee rich;Then be not poor, but break it, and take this. ApothecaryMy poverty, but not my will, consents. ROMEOI pay thy poverty, and not thy will. ApothecaryPut this in any liquid thing you will,And drink it off; and, if you had the strengthOf twenty men, it would dispatch you straight. ROMEOThere is thy gold, worse poison to men's souls,Doing more murders in this loathsome world,Than these poor compounds that thou mayst not sell. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI sell thee poison; thou hast sold me none. Farewell: buy food, and get thyself in flesh. Come, cordial and not poison, go with meTo Juliet's grave; for there must I use thee. ExeuntSCENE II.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.7281098}
{"text": "Apothecary!Enter ApothecaryApothecaryWho calls so loud?ROMEOCome hither, man. I see that thou art poor:Hold, there is forty ducats: let me haveA dram of poison, such soon-speeding gearAs will disperse itself through all the veinsThat the life-weary taker may fall deadAnd that the trunk may be discharged of breathAs violently as hasty powder firedDoth hurry from the fatal cannon's womb. ApothecarySuch mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's lawIs death to any he that utters them. ROMEOArt thou so bare and full of wretchedness,And fear'st to die? Famine is in thy cheeks,Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes,Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back;The world is not thy friend nor the world's law;The world affords no law to make thee rich;Then be not poor, but break it, and take this. ApothecaryMy poverty, but not my will, consents. ROMEOI pay thy poverty, and not thy will. ApothecaryPut this in any liquid thing you will,And drink it off; and, if you had the strengthOf twenty men, it would dispatch you straight. ROMEOThere is thy gold, worse poison to men's souls,Doing more murders in this loathsome world,Than these poor compounds that thou mayst not sell. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI sell thee poison; thou hast sold me none. Farewell: buy food, and get thyself in flesh. Come, cordial and not poison, go with meTo Juliet's grave; for there must I use thee. ExeuntSCENE II. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR JOHNFRIAR JOHNHoly Franciscan friar!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.7246974}
{"text": "I see that thou art poor:Hold, there is forty ducats: let me haveA dram of poison, such soon-speeding gearAs will disperse itself through all the veinsThat the life-weary taker may fall deadAnd that the trunk may be discharged of breathAs violently as hasty powder firedDoth hurry from the fatal cannon's womb. ApothecarySuch mortal drugs I have; but Mantua's lawIs death to any he that utters them. ROMEOArt thou so bare and full of wretchedness,And fear'st to die? Famine is in thy cheeks,Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes,Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back;The world is not thy friend nor the world's law;The world affords no law to make thee rich;Then be not poor, but break it, and take this. ApothecaryMy poverty, but not my will, consents. ROMEOI pay thy poverty, and not thy will. ApothecaryPut this in any liquid thing you will,And drink it off; and, if you had the strengthOf twenty men, it would dispatch you straight. ROMEOThere is thy gold, worse poison to men's souls,Doing more murders in this loathsome world,Than these poor compounds that thou mayst not sell. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI sell thee poison; thou hast sold me none. Farewell: buy food, and get thyself in flesh. Come, cordial and not poison, go with meTo Juliet's grave; for there must I use thee. ExeuntSCENE II. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR JOHNFRIAR JOHNHoly Franciscan friar! Brother, ho!Enter FRIAR LAURENCEFRIAR LAURENCEThis same should be the voice of Friar John. Welcome from Mantua: what says Romeo?Or, if his mind be writ, give me his letter. FRIAR JOHNGoing to find a bare-foot brother outOne of our order, to associate me,Here in this city visiting the sick,And finding him, the searchers of the town,Suspecting that we both were in a houseWhere the infectious pestilence did reign,Seal'd up the doors, and would not let us forth;So that my speed to Mantua there was stay'd. FRIAR LAURENCEWho bare my letter, then, to Romeo?FRIAR JOHNI could not send it,--here it is again,-Nor get a messenger to bring it thee,So fearful were they of infection. FRIAR LAURENCEUnhappy fortune!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.7421315}
{"text": "Famine is in thy cheeks,Need and oppression starveth in thine eyes,Contempt and beggary hangs upon thy back;The world is not thy friend nor the world's law;The world affords no law to make thee rich;Then be not poor, but break it, and take this. ApothecaryMy poverty, but not my will, consents. ROMEOI pay thy poverty, and not thy will. ApothecaryPut this in any liquid thing you will,And drink it off; and, if you had the strengthOf twenty men, it would dispatch you straight. ROMEOThere is thy gold, worse poison to men's souls,Doing more murders in this loathsome world,Than these poor compounds that thou mayst not sell. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI sell thee poison; thou hast sold me none. Farewell: buy food, and get thyself in flesh. Come, cordial and not poison, go with meTo Juliet's grave; for there must I use thee. ExeuntSCENE II. Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR JOHNFRIAR JOHNHoly Franciscan friar! Brother, ho!Enter FRIAR LAURENCEFRIAR LAURENCEThis same should be the voice of Friar John. Welcome from Mantua: what says Romeo?Or, if his mind be writ, give me his letter. FRIAR JOHNGoing to find a bare-foot brother outOne of our order, to associate me,Here in this city visiting the sick,And finding him, the searchers of the town,Suspecting that we both were in a houseWhere the infectious pestilence did reign,Seal'd up the doors, and would not let us forth;So that my speed to Mantua there was stay'd. FRIAR LAURENCEWho bare my letter, then, to Romeo?FRIAR JOHNI could not send it,--here it is again,-Nor get a messenger to bring it thee,So fearful were they of infection. FRIAR LAURENCEUnhappy fortune! By my brotherhood,The letter was not nice but full of chargeOf dear import, and the neglecting itMay do much danger.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.7571273}
{"text": "Friar Laurence's cell. Enter FRIAR JOHNFRIAR JOHNHoly Franciscan friar! Brother, ho!Enter FRIAR LAURENCEFRIAR LAURENCEThis same should be the voice of Friar John. Welcome from Mantua: what says Romeo?Or, if his mind be writ, give me his letter. FRIAR JOHNGoing to find a bare-foot brother outOne of our order, to associate me,Here in this city visiting the sick,And finding him, the searchers of the town,Suspecting that we both were in a houseWhere the infectious pestilence did reign,Seal'd up the doors, and would not let us forth;So that my speed to Mantua there was stay'd. FRIAR LAURENCEWho bare my letter, then, to Romeo?FRIAR JOHNI could not send it,--here it is again,-Nor get a messenger to bring it thee,So fearful were they of infection. FRIAR LAURENCEUnhappy fortune! By my brotherhood,The letter was not nice but full of chargeOf dear import, and the neglecting itMay do much danger. Friar John, go hence;Get me an iron crow, and bring it straightUnto my cell. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFRIAR JOHNBrother, I'll go and bring it thee. ExitFRIAR LAURENCENow must I to the monument alone;Within three hours will fair Juliet wake:She will beshrew me much that RomeoHath had no notice of these accidents;But I will write again to Mantua,And keep her at my cell till Romeo come;Poor living corse, closed in a dead man's tomb!ExitSCENE III.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.7984235}
{"text": "Brother, ho!Enter FRIAR LAURENCEFRIAR LAURENCEThis same should be the voice of Friar John. Welcome from Mantua: what says Romeo?Or, if his mind be writ, give me his letter. FRIAR JOHNGoing to find a bare-foot brother outOne of our order, to associate me,Here in this city visiting the sick,And finding him, the searchers of the town,Suspecting that we both were in a houseWhere the infectious pestilence did reign,Seal'd up the doors, and would not let us forth;So that my speed to Mantua there was stay'd. FRIAR LAURENCEWho bare my letter, then, to Romeo?FRIAR JOHNI could not send it,--here it is again,-Nor get a messenger to bring it thee,So fearful were they of infection. FRIAR LAURENCEUnhappy fortune! By my brotherhood,The letter was not nice but full of chargeOf dear import, and the neglecting itMay do much danger. Friar John, go hence;Get me an iron crow, and bring it straightUnto my cell. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFRIAR JOHNBrother, I'll go and bring it thee. ExitFRIAR LAURENCENow must I to the monument alone;Within three hours will fair Juliet wake:She will beshrew me much that RomeoHath had no notice of these accidents;But I will write again to Mantua,And keep her at my cell till Romeo come;Poor living corse, closed in a dead man's tomb!ExitSCENE III. A churchyard; in it a tomb belonging to the Capulets. Enter PARIS, and his Page bearing flowers and a torchPARISGive me thy torch, boy: hence, and stand aloof:Yet put it out, for I would not be seen. Under yond yew-trees lay thee all along,Holding thine ear close to the hollow ground;So shall no foot upon the churchyard tread,Being loose, unfirm, with digging up of graves,But thou shalt hear it: whistle then to me,As signal that thou hear'st something approach. Give me those flowers.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.8422668}
{"text": "By my brotherhood,The letter was not nice but full of chargeOf dear import, and the neglecting itMay do much danger. Friar John, go hence;Get me an iron crow, and bring it straightUnto my cell. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMFRIAR JOHNBrother, I'll go and bring it thee. ExitFRIAR LAURENCENow must I to the monument alone;Within three hours will fair Juliet wake:She will beshrew me much that RomeoHath had no notice of these accidents;But I will write again to Mantua,And keep her at my cell till Romeo come;Poor living corse, closed in a dead man's tomb!ExitSCENE III. A churchyard; in it a tomb belonging to the Capulets. Enter PARIS, and his Page bearing flowers and a torchPARISGive me thy torch, boy: hence, and stand aloof:Yet put it out, for I would not be seen. Under yond yew-trees lay thee all along,Holding thine ear close to the hollow ground;So shall no foot upon the churchyard tread,Being loose, unfirm, with digging up of graves,But thou shalt hear it: whistle then to me,As signal that thou hear'st something approach. Give me those flowers. Do as I bid thee, go. PAGE Aside I am almost afraid to stand aloneHere in the churchyard; yet I will adventure. RetiresPARISSweet flower, with flowers thy bridal bed I strew,-O woe! Thy canopy is dust and stones;-Which with sweet water nightly I will dew,Or, wanting that, with tears distill'd by moans:The obsequies that I for thee will keepNightly shall be to strew thy grave and weep. The Page whistlesThe boy gives warning something doth approach. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWhat cursed foot wanders this way to-night,To cross my obsequies and true love's rite?What with a torch!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.788128}
{"text": "A churchyard; in it a tomb belonging to the Capulets. Enter PARIS, and his Page bearing flowers and a torchPARISGive me thy torch, boy: hence, and stand aloof:Yet put it out, for I would not be seen. Under yond yew-trees lay thee all along,Holding thine ear close to the hollow ground;So shall no foot upon the churchyard tread,Being loose, unfirm, with digging up of graves,But thou shalt hear it: whistle then to me,As signal that thou hear'st something approach. Give me those flowers. Do as I bid thee, go. PAGE Aside I am almost afraid to stand aloneHere in the churchyard; yet I will adventure. RetiresPARISSweet flower, with flowers thy bridal bed I strew,-O woe! Thy canopy is dust and stones;-Which with sweet water nightly I will dew,Or, wanting that, with tears distill'd by moans:The obsequies that I for thee will keepNightly shall be to strew thy grave and weep. The Page whistlesThe boy gives warning something doth approach. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWhat cursed foot wanders this way to-night,To cross my obsequies and true love's rite?What with a torch! Muffle me, night, awhile. RetiresEnter ROMEO and BALTHASAR, with a torch, mattock, cROMEOGive me that mattock and the wrenching iron. Hold, take this letter; early in the morningSee thou deliver it to my lord and father. Give me the light: upon thy life, I charge thee,Whate'er thou hear'st or seest, stand all aloof,And do not interrupt me in my course. Why I descend into this bed of death,Is partly to behold my lady's face;But chiefly to take thence from her dead fingerA precious ring, a ring that I must useIn dear employment: therefore hence, be gone:But if thou, jealous, dost return to pryIn what I further shall intend to do,By heaven, I will tear thee joint by jointAnd strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs:The time and my intents are savage-wild,More fierce and more inexorable farThan empty tigers or the roaring sea. BALTHASARI will be gone, sir, and not trouble you. ROMEOSo shalt thou show me friendship.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.8255937}
{"text": "Do as I bid thee, go. PAGE Aside I am almost afraid to stand aloneHere in the churchyard; yet I will adventure. RetiresPARISSweet flower, with flowers thy bridal bed I strew,-O woe! Thy canopy is dust and stones;-Which with sweet water nightly I will dew,Or, wanting that, with tears distill'd by moans:The obsequies that I for thee will keepNightly shall be to strew thy grave and weep. The Page whistlesThe boy gives warning something doth approach. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWhat cursed foot wanders this way to-night,To cross my obsequies and true love's rite?What with a torch! Muffle me, night, awhile. RetiresEnter ROMEO and BALTHASAR, with a torch, mattock, cROMEOGive me that mattock and the wrenching iron. Hold, take this letter; early in the morningSee thou deliver it to my lord and father. Give me the light: upon thy life, I charge thee,Whate'er thou hear'st or seest, stand all aloof,And do not interrupt me in my course. Why I descend into this bed of death,Is partly to behold my lady's face;But chiefly to take thence from her dead fingerA precious ring, a ring that I must useIn dear employment: therefore hence, be gone:But if thou, jealous, dost return to pryIn what I further shall intend to do,By heaven, I will tear thee joint by jointAnd strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs:The time and my intents are savage-wild,More fierce and more inexorable farThan empty tigers or the roaring sea. BALTHASARI will be gone, sir, and not trouble you. ROMEOSo shalt thou show me friendship. Take thou that:Live, and be prosperous: and farewell, good fellow. BALTHASAR Aside For all this same, I'll hide me hereabout:His looks I fear, and his intents I doubt. RetiresROMEOThou detestable maw, thou womb of death,Gorged with the dearest morsel of the earth,Thus I enforce thy rotten jaws to open,And, in despite, I'll cram thee with more food!Opens the tomb Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMPARISThis is that banish'd haughty Montague,That murder'd my love's cousin, with which grief,It is supposed, the fair creature died;And here is come to do some villanous shameTo the dead bodies: I will apprehend him. Comes forwardStop thy unhallow'd toil, vile Montague!Can vengeance be pursued further than death?Condemned villain, I do apprehend thee:Obey, and go with me; for thou must die. ROMEOI must indeed; and therefore came I hither. Good gentle youth, tempt not a desperate man;Fly hence, and leave me: think upon these gone;Let them affright thee.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.8768022}
{"text": "Thy canopy is dust and stones;-Which with sweet water nightly I will dew,Or, wanting that, with tears distill'd by moans:The obsequies that I for thee will keepNightly shall be to strew thy grave and weep. The Page whistlesThe boy gives warning something doth approach. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMWhat cursed foot wanders this way to-night,To cross my obsequies and true love's rite?What with a torch! Muffle me, night, awhile. RetiresEnter ROMEO and BALTHASAR, with a torch, mattock, cROMEOGive me that mattock and the wrenching iron. Hold, take this letter; early in the morningSee thou deliver it to my lord and father. Give me the light: upon thy life, I charge thee,Whate'er thou hear'st or seest, stand all aloof,And do not interrupt me in my course. Why I descend into this bed of death,Is partly to behold my lady's face;But chiefly to take thence from her dead fingerA precious ring, a ring that I must useIn dear employment: therefore hence, be gone:But if thou, jealous, dost return to pryIn what I further shall intend to do,By heaven, I will tear thee joint by jointAnd strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs:The time and my intents are savage-wild,More fierce and more inexorable farThan empty tigers or the roaring sea. BALTHASARI will be gone, sir, and not trouble you. ROMEOSo shalt thou show me friendship. Take thou that:Live, and be prosperous: and farewell, good fellow. BALTHASAR Aside For all this same, I'll hide me hereabout:His looks I fear, and his intents I doubt. RetiresROMEOThou detestable maw, thou womb of death,Gorged with the dearest morsel of the earth,Thus I enforce thy rotten jaws to open,And, in despite, I'll cram thee with more food!Opens the tomb Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMPARISThis is that banish'd haughty Montague,That murder'd my love's cousin, with which grief,It is supposed, the fair creature died;And here is come to do some villanous shameTo the dead bodies: I will apprehend him. Comes forwardStop thy unhallow'd toil, vile Montague!Can vengeance be pursued further than death?Condemned villain, I do apprehend thee:Obey, and go with me; for thou must die. ROMEOI must indeed; and therefore came I hither. Good gentle youth, tempt not a desperate man;Fly hence, and leave me: think upon these gone;Let them affright thee. I beseech thee, youth,Put not another sin upon my head,By urging me to fury: O, be gone!By heaven, I love thee better than myself;For I come hither arm'd against myself:Stay not, be gone; live, and hereafter say,A madman's mercy bade thee run away. PARISI do defy thy conjurations,And apprehend thee for a felon here. ROMEOWilt thou provoke me?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.9184434}
{"text": "Muffle me, night, awhile. RetiresEnter ROMEO and BALTHASAR, with a torch, mattock, cROMEOGive me that mattock and the wrenching iron. Hold, take this letter; early in the morningSee thou deliver it to my lord and father. Give me the light: upon thy life, I charge thee,Whate'er thou hear'st or seest, stand all aloof,And do not interrupt me in my course. Why I descend into this bed of death,Is partly to behold my lady's face;But chiefly to take thence from her dead fingerA precious ring, a ring that I must useIn dear employment: therefore hence, be gone:But if thou, jealous, dost return to pryIn what I further shall intend to do,By heaven, I will tear thee joint by jointAnd strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs:The time and my intents are savage-wild,More fierce and more inexorable farThan empty tigers or the roaring sea. BALTHASARI will be gone, sir, and not trouble you. ROMEOSo shalt thou show me friendship. Take thou that:Live, and be prosperous: and farewell, good fellow. BALTHASAR Aside For all this same, I'll hide me hereabout:His looks I fear, and his intents I doubt. RetiresROMEOThou detestable maw, thou womb of death,Gorged with the dearest morsel of the earth,Thus I enforce thy rotten jaws to open,And, in despite, I'll cram thee with more food!Opens the tomb Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMPARISThis is that banish'd haughty Montague,That murder'd my love's cousin, with which grief,It is supposed, the fair creature died;And here is come to do some villanous shameTo the dead bodies: I will apprehend him. Comes forwardStop thy unhallow'd toil, vile Montague!Can vengeance be pursued further than death?Condemned villain, I do apprehend thee:Obey, and go with me; for thou must die. ROMEOI must indeed; and therefore came I hither. Good gentle youth, tempt not a desperate man;Fly hence, and leave me: think upon these gone;Let them affright thee. I beseech thee, youth,Put not another sin upon my head,By urging me to fury: O, be gone!By heaven, I love thee better than myself;For I come hither arm'd against myself:Stay not, be gone; live, and hereafter say,A madman's mercy bade thee run away. PARISI do defy thy conjurations,And apprehend thee for a felon here. ROMEOWilt thou provoke me? Then have at thee, boy!They fightPAGEO Lord, they fight!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.904458}
{"text": "Take thou that:Live, and be prosperous: and farewell, good fellow. BALTHASAR Aside For all this same, I'll hide me hereabout:His looks I fear, and his intents I doubt. RetiresROMEOThou detestable maw, thou womb of death,Gorged with the dearest morsel of the earth,Thus I enforce thy rotten jaws to open,And, in despite, I'll cram thee with more food!Opens the tomb Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMPARISThis is that banish'd haughty Montague,That murder'd my love's cousin, with which grief,It is supposed, the fair creature died;And here is come to do some villanous shameTo the dead bodies: I will apprehend him. Comes forwardStop thy unhallow'd toil, vile Montague!Can vengeance be pursued further than death?Condemned villain, I do apprehend thee:Obey, and go with me; for thou must die. ROMEOI must indeed; and therefore came I hither. Good gentle youth, tempt not a desperate man;Fly hence, and leave me: think upon these gone;Let them affright thee. I beseech thee, youth,Put not another sin upon my head,By urging me to fury: O, be gone!By heaven, I love thee better than myself;For I come hither arm'd against myself:Stay not, be gone; live, and hereafter say,A madman's mercy bade thee run away. PARISI do defy thy conjurations,And apprehend thee for a felon here. ROMEOWilt thou provoke me? Then have at thee, boy!They fightPAGEO Lord, they fight! I will go call the watch. ExitPARISO, I am slain!FallsIf thou be merciful,Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMDiesROMEOIn faith, I will. Let me peruse this face. Mercutio's kinsman, noble County Paris!What said my man, when my betossed soulDid not attend him as we rode?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.9325185}
{"text": "Then have at thee, boy!They fightPAGEO Lord, they fight! I will go call the watch. ExitPARISO, I am slain!FallsIf thou be merciful,Open the tomb, lay me with Juliet. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMDiesROMEOIn faith, I will. Let me peruse this face. Mercutio's kinsman, noble County Paris!What said my man, when my betossed soulDid not attend him as we rode? I thinkHe told me Paris should have married Juliet:Said he not so? Or did I dream it so?Or am I mad, hearing him talk of Juliet,To think it was so? O, give me thy hand,One writ with me in sour misfortune's book!I'll bury thee in a triumphant grave;A grave? O no! A lantern, slaughter'd youth,For here lies Juliet, and her beauty makesThis vault a feasting presence full of light. Death, lie thou there, by a dead man interr'd. Laying PARIS in the tombHow oft when men are at the point of deathHave they been merry! Which their keepers callA lightning before death: O, how may ICall this a lightning? O my love! My wife!Death, that hath suck'd the honey of thy breath,Hath had no power yet upon thy beauty:Thou art not conquer'd; beauty's ensign yetIs crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks,And death's pale flag is not advanced there. Tybalt, liest thou there in thy bloody sheet?O, what more favour can I do to thee,Than with that hand that cut thy youth in twainTo sunder his that was thine enemy?Forgive me, cousin! Ah, dear Juliet,Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believeThat unsubstantial death is amorous,And that the lean abhorred monster keepsThee here in dark to be his paramour?For fear of that, I still will stay with thee;And never from this palace of dim nightDepart again: here, here will I remainWith worms that are thy chamber-maids; O, hereWill I set up my everlasting rest,And shake the yoke of inauspicious starsFrom this world-wearied flesh.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.969902}
{"text": "My wife!Death, that hath suck'd the honey of thy breath,Hath had no power yet upon thy beauty:Thou art not conquer'd; beauty's ensign yetIs crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks,And death's pale flag is not advanced there. Tybalt, liest thou there in thy bloody sheet?O, what more favour can I do to thee,Than with that hand that cut thy youth in twainTo sunder his that was thine enemy?Forgive me, cousin! Ah, dear Juliet,Why art thou yet so fair? Shall I believeThat unsubstantial death is amorous,And that the lean abhorred monster keepsThee here in dark to be his paramour?For fear of that, I still will stay with thee;And never from this palace of dim nightDepart again: here, here will I remainWith worms that are thy chamber-maids; O, hereWill I set up my everlasting rest,And shake the yoke of inauspicious starsFrom this world-wearied flesh. Eyes, look your last!Arms, take your last embrace! And, lips, O youThe doors of breath, seal with a righteous kissA dateless bargain to engrossing death!Come, bitter conduct, come, unsavoury guide!Thou desperate pilot, now at once run onThe dashing rocks thy sea-sick weary bark! Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMHere's to my love!DrinksO true apothecary!Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. DiesEnter, at the other end of the churchyard, FRIAR LAURENCE, with a lantern, crow, andspadeFRIAR LAURENCESaint Francis be my speed! How oft to-nightHave my old feet stumbled at graves! Who's there?BALTHASARHere's one, a friend, and one that knows you well. FRIAR LAURENCEBliss be upon you! Tell me, good my friend,What torch is yond, that vainly lends his lightTo grubs and eyeless skulls?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.9794757}
{"text": "How oft to-nightHave my old feet stumbled at graves! Who's there?BALTHASARHere's one, a friend, and one that knows you well. FRIAR LAURENCEBliss be upon you! Tell me, good my friend,What torch is yond, that vainly lends his lightTo grubs and eyeless skulls? As I discern,It burneth in the Capel's monument. BALTHASARIt doth so, holy sir; and there's my master,One that you love. FRIAR LAURENCEWho is it?BALTHASARRomeo. FRIAR LAURENCEHow long hath he been there?BALTHASARFull half an hour. FRIAR LAURENCEGo with me to the vault. BALTHASAR Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMI dare not, sirMy master knows not but I am gone hence;And fearfully did menace me with death,If I did stay to look on his intents. FRIAR LAURENCEStay, then; I'll go alone. Fear comes upon me:O, much I fear some ill unlucky thing. BALTHASARAs I did sleep under this yew-tree here,I dreamt my master and another fought,And that my master slew him. FRIAR LAURENCERomeo!AdvancesAlack, alack, what blood is this, which stainsThe stony entrance of this sepulchre?What mean these masterless and gory swordsTo lie discolour'd by this place of peace?Enters the tombRomeo! O, pale! Who else? What, Paris too?And steep'd in blood? Ah, what an unkind hourIs guilty of this lamentable chance!The lady stirs. JULIET wakesJULIETO comfortable friar! Where is my lord?I do remember well where I should be,And there I am. Where is my Romeo?Noise withinFRIAR LAURENCEI hear some noise. Lady, come from that nestOf death, contagion, and unnatural sleep:A greater power than we can contradictHath thwarted our intents. Come, come away. Thy husband in thy bosom there lies dead;And Paris too.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.0052059}
{"text": "Where is my Romeo?Noise withinFRIAR LAURENCEI hear some noise. Lady, come from that nestOf death, contagion, and unnatural sleep:A greater power than we can contradictHath thwarted our intents. Come, come away. Thy husband in thy bosom there lies dead;And Paris too. Come, I'll dispose of theeAmong a sisterhood of holy nuns:Stay not to question, for the watch is coming; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMCome, go, good Juliet,Noise againI dare no longer stay. JULIETGo, get thee hence, for I will not away. Exit FRIAR LAURENCEWhat's here? A cup, closed in my true love's hand?Poison, I see, hath been his timeless end:O churl! Drunk all, and left no friendly dropTo help me after? I will kiss thy lips;Haply some poison yet doth hang on them,To make die with a restorative. Kisses himThy lips are warm. First Watchman Within Lead, boy: which way?JULIETYea, noise? Then I'll be brief. O happy dagger!Snatching ROMEO's daggerThis is thy sheath;Stabs herselfthere rust, and let me die. Falls on ROMEO's body, and diesEnter Watch, with the Page of PARISPAGEThis is the place; there, where the torch doth burn. First WatchmanThe ground is bloody; search about the churchyard:Go, some of you, whoe'er you find attach. Pitiful sight!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406260.9941819}
{"text": "I will kiss thy lips;Haply some poison yet doth hang on them,To make die with a restorative. Kisses himThy lips are warm. First Watchman Within Lead, boy: which way?JULIETYea, noise? Then I'll be brief. O happy dagger!Snatching ROMEO's daggerThis is thy sheath;Stabs herselfthere rust, and let me die. Falls on ROMEO's body, and diesEnter Watch, with the Page of PARISPAGEThis is the place; there, where the torch doth burn. First WatchmanThe ground is bloody; search about the churchyard:Go, some of you, whoe'er you find attach. Pitiful sight! Here lies the county slain,And Juliet bleeding, warm, and newly dead,Who here hath lain these two days buried. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGo, tell the prince: run to the Capulets:Raise up the Montagues: some others search:We see the ground whereon these woes do lie;But the true ground of all these piteous woesWe cannot without circumstance descry. Re-enter some of the Watch, with BALTHASARSecond WatchmanHere's Romeo's man; we found him in the churchyard. First WatchmanHold him in safety, till the prince come hither. Re-enter others of the Watch, with FRIAR LAURENCEThird WatchmanHere is a friar, that trembles, sighs and weeps:We took this mattock and this spade from him,As he was coming from this churchyard side. First WatchmanA great suspicion: stay the friar too. Enter the PRINCE and AttendantsPRINCEWhat misadventure is so early up,That calls our person from our morning's rest?Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, and othersCAPULETWhat should it be, that they so shriek abroad?LADY CAPULETThe people in the street cry Romeo,Some Juliet, and some Paris; and all run,With open outcry toward our monument. PRINCEWhat fear is this which startles in our ears?First WatchmanSovereign, here lies the County Paris slain; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd Romeo dead; and Juliet, dead before,Warm and new kill'd. PRINCESearch, seek, and know how this foul murder comes. First WatchmanHere is a friar, and slaughter'd Romeo's man;With instruments upon them, fit to openThese dead men's tombs. CAPULETO heavens!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.0661576}
{"text": "Then I'll be brief. O happy dagger!Snatching ROMEO's daggerThis is thy sheath;Stabs herselfthere rust, and let me die. Falls on ROMEO's body, and diesEnter Watch, with the Page of PARISPAGEThis is the place; there, where the torch doth burn. First WatchmanThe ground is bloody; search about the churchyard:Go, some of you, whoe'er you find attach. Pitiful sight! Here lies the county slain,And Juliet bleeding, warm, and newly dead,Who here hath lain these two days buried. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGo, tell the prince: run to the Capulets:Raise up the Montagues: some others search:We see the ground whereon these woes do lie;But the true ground of all these piteous woesWe cannot without circumstance descry. Re-enter some of the Watch, with BALTHASARSecond WatchmanHere's Romeo's man; we found him in the churchyard. First WatchmanHold him in safety, till the prince come hither. Re-enter others of the Watch, with FRIAR LAURENCEThird WatchmanHere is a friar, that trembles, sighs and weeps:We took this mattock and this spade from him,As he was coming from this churchyard side. First WatchmanA great suspicion: stay the friar too. Enter the PRINCE and AttendantsPRINCEWhat misadventure is so early up,That calls our person from our morning's rest?Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, and othersCAPULETWhat should it be, that they so shriek abroad?LADY CAPULETThe people in the street cry Romeo,Some Juliet, and some Paris; and all run,With open outcry toward our monument. PRINCEWhat fear is this which startles in our ears?First WatchmanSovereign, here lies the County Paris slain; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd Romeo dead; and Juliet, dead before,Warm and new kill'd. PRINCESearch, seek, and know how this foul murder comes. First WatchmanHere is a friar, and slaughter'd Romeo's man;With instruments upon them, fit to openThese dead men's tombs. CAPULETO heavens! O wife, look how our daughter bleeds!This dagger hath mista'en--for, lo, his houseIs empty on the back of Montague,-And it mis-sheathed in my daughter's bosom!LADY CAPULETO me!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.0396283}
{"text": "O happy dagger!Snatching ROMEO's daggerThis is thy sheath;Stabs herselfthere rust, and let me die. Falls on ROMEO's body, and diesEnter Watch, with the Page of PARISPAGEThis is the place; there, where the torch doth burn. First WatchmanThe ground is bloody; search about the churchyard:Go, some of you, whoe'er you find attach. Pitiful sight! Here lies the county slain,And Juliet bleeding, warm, and newly dead,Who here hath lain these two days buried. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGo, tell the prince: run to the Capulets:Raise up the Montagues: some others search:We see the ground whereon these woes do lie;But the true ground of all these piteous woesWe cannot without circumstance descry. Re-enter some of the Watch, with BALTHASARSecond WatchmanHere's Romeo's man; we found him in the churchyard. First WatchmanHold him in safety, till the prince come hither. Re-enter others of the Watch, with FRIAR LAURENCEThird WatchmanHere is a friar, that trembles, sighs and weeps:We took this mattock and this spade from him,As he was coming from this churchyard side. First WatchmanA great suspicion: stay the friar too. Enter the PRINCE and AttendantsPRINCEWhat misadventure is so early up,That calls our person from our morning's rest?Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, and othersCAPULETWhat should it be, that they so shriek abroad?LADY CAPULETThe people in the street cry Romeo,Some Juliet, and some Paris; and all run,With open outcry toward our monument. PRINCEWhat fear is this which startles in our ears?First WatchmanSovereign, here lies the County Paris slain; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd Romeo dead; and Juliet, dead before,Warm and new kill'd. PRINCESearch, seek, and know how this foul murder comes. First WatchmanHere is a friar, and slaughter'd Romeo's man;With instruments upon them, fit to openThese dead men's tombs. CAPULETO heavens! O wife, look how our daughter bleeds!This dagger hath mista'en--for, lo, his houseIs empty on the back of Montague,-And it mis-sheathed in my daughter's bosom!LADY CAPULETO me! This sight of death is as a bell,That warns my old age to a sepulchre. Enter MONTAGUE and othersPRINCECome, Montague; for thou art early up,To see thy son and heir more early down. MONTAGUEAlas, my liege, my wife is dead to-night;Grief of my son's exile hath stopp'd her breath:What further woe conspires against mine age?PRINCELook, and thou shalt see. MONTAGUEO thou untaught!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.0930247}
{"text": "Here lies the county slain,And Juliet bleeding, warm, and newly dead,Who here hath lain these two days buried. Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMGo, tell the prince: run to the Capulets:Raise up the Montagues: some others search:We see the ground whereon these woes do lie;But the true ground of all these piteous woesWe cannot without circumstance descry. Re-enter some of the Watch, with BALTHASARSecond WatchmanHere's Romeo's man; we found him in the churchyard. First WatchmanHold him in safety, till the prince come hither. Re-enter others of the Watch, with FRIAR LAURENCEThird WatchmanHere is a friar, that trembles, sighs and weeps:We took this mattock and this spade from him,As he was coming from this churchyard side. First WatchmanA great suspicion: stay the friar too. Enter the PRINCE and AttendantsPRINCEWhat misadventure is so early up,That calls our person from our morning's rest?Enter CAPULET, LADY CAPULET, and othersCAPULETWhat should it be, that they so shriek abroad?LADY CAPULETThe people in the street cry Romeo,Some Juliet, and some Paris; and all run,With open outcry toward our monument. PRINCEWhat fear is this which startles in our ears?First WatchmanSovereign, here lies the County Paris slain; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd Romeo dead; and Juliet, dead before,Warm and new kill'd. PRINCESearch, seek, and know how this foul murder comes. First WatchmanHere is a friar, and slaughter'd Romeo's man;With instruments upon them, fit to openThese dead men's tombs. CAPULETO heavens! O wife, look how our daughter bleeds!This dagger hath mista'en--for, lo, his houseIs empty on the back of Montague,-And it mis-sheathed in my daughter's bosom!LADY CAPULETO me! This sight of death is as a bell,That warns my old age to a sepulchre. Enter MONTAGUE and othersPRINCECome, Montague; for thou art early up,To see thy son and heir more early down. MONTAGUEAlas, my liege, my wife is dead to-night;Grief of my son's exile hath stopp'd her breath:What further woe conspires against mine age?PRINCELook, and thou shalt see. MONTAGUEO thou untaught! What manners is in this?To press before thy father to a grave?PRINCESeal up the mouth of outrage for a while,Till we can clear these ambiguities,And know their spring, their head, theirtrue descent;And then will I be general of your woes, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd lead you even to death: meantime forbear,And let mischance be slave to patience. Bring forth the parties of suspicion. FRIAR LAURENCEI am the greatest, able to do least,Yet most suspected, as the time and placeDoth make against me of this direful murder;And here I stand, both to impeach and purgeMyself condemned and myself excused. PRINCEThen say at once what thou dost know in this. FRIAR LAURENCEI will be brief, for my short date of breathIs not so long as is a tedious tale. Romeo, there dead, was husband to that Juliet;And she, there dead, that Romeo's faithful wife:I married them; and their stol'n marriage-dayWas Tybalt's dooms-day, whose untimely deathBanish'd the new-made bridegroom from the city,For whom, and not for Tybalt, Juliet pined. You, to remove that siege of grief from her,Betroth'd and would have married her perforceTo County Paris: then comes she to me,And, with wild looks, bid me devise some meanTo rid her from this second marriage,Or in my cell there would she kill herself. Then gave I her, so tutor'd by my art,A sleeping potion; which so took effectAs I intended, for it wrought on herThe form of death: meantime I writ to Romeo,That he should hither come as this dire night,To help to take her from her borrow'd grave,Being the time the potion's force should cease. But he which bore my letter, Friar John,Was stay'd by accident, and yesternightReturn'd my letter back.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.1506689}
{"text": "O wife, look how our daughter bleeds!This dagger hath mista'en--for, lo, his houseIs empty on the back of Montague,-And it mis-sheathed in my daughter's bosom!LADY CAPULETO me! This sight of death is as a bell,That warns my old age to a sepulchre. Enter MONTAGUE and othersPRINCECome, Montague; for thou art early up,To see thy son and heir more early down. MONTAGUEAlas, my liege, my wife is dead to-night;Grief of my son's exile hath stopp'd her breath:What further woe conspires against mine age?PRINCELook, and thou shalt see. MONTAGUEO thou untaught! What manners is in this?To press before thy father to a grave?PRINCESeal up the mouth of outrage for a while,Till we can clear these ambiguities,And know their spring, their head, theirtrue descent;And then will I be general of your woes, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd lead you even to death: meantime forbear,And let mischance be slave to patience. Bring forth the parties of suspicion. FRIAR LAURENCEI am the greatest, able to do least,Yet most suspected, as the time and placeDoth make against me of this direful murder;And here I stand, both to impeach and purgeMyself condemned and myself excused. PRINCEThen say at once what thou dost know in this. FRIAR LAURENCEI will be brief, for my short date of breathIs not so long as is a tedious tale. Romeo, there dead, was husband to that Juliet;And she, there dead, that Romeo's faithful wife:I married them; and their stol'n marriage-dayWas Tybalt's dooms-day, whose untimely deathBanish'd the new-made bridegroom from the city,For whom, and not for Tybalt, Juliet pined. You, to remove that siege of grief from her,Betroth'd and would have married her perforceTo County Paris: then comes she to me,And, with wild looks, bid me devise some meanTo rid her from this second marriage,Or in my cell there would she kill herself. Then gave I her, so tutor'd by my art,A sleeping potion; which so took effectAs I intended, for it wrought on herThe form of death: meantime I writ to Romeo,That he should hither come as this dire night,To help to take her from her borrow'd grave,Being the time the potion's force should cease. But he which bore my letter, Friar John,Was stay'd by accident, and yesternightReturn'd my letter back. Then all aloneAt the prefixed hour of her waking,Came I to take her from her kindred's vault;Meaning to keep her closely at my cell,Till I conveniently could send to Romeo:But when I came, some minute ere the timeOf her awaking, here untimely layThe noble Paris and true Romeo dead. She wakes; and I entreated her come forth,And bear this work of heaven with patience:But then a noise did scare me from the tomb; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she, too desperate, would not go with me,But, as it seems, did violence on herself. All this I know; and to the marriageHer nurse is privy: and, if aught in thisMiscarried by my fault, let my old lifeBe sacrificed, some hour before his time,Unto the rigour of severest law. PRINCEWe still have known thee for a holy man. Where's Romeo's man?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.177471}
{"text": "This sight of death is as a bell,That warns my old age to a sepulchre. Enter MONTAGUE and othersPRINCECome, Montague; for thou art early up,To see thy son and heir more early down. MONTAGUEAlas, my liege, my wife is dead to-night;Grief of my son's exile hath stopp'd her breath:What further woe conspires against mine age?PRINCELook, and thou shalt see. MONTAGUEO thou untaught! What manners is in this?To press before thy father to a grave?PRINCESeal up the mouth of outrage for a while,Till we can clear these ambiguities,And know their spring, their head, theirtrue descent;And then will I be general of your woes, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd lead you even to death: meantime forbear,And let mischance be slave to patience. Bring forth the parties of suspicion. FRIAR LAURENCEI am the greatest, able to do least,Yet most suspected, as the time and placeDoth make against me of this direful murder;And here I stand, both to impeach and purgeMyself condemned and myself excused. PRINCEThen say at once what thou dost know in this. FRIAR LAURENCEI will be brief, for my short date of breathIs not so long as is a tedious tale. Romeo, there dead, was husband to that Juliet;And she, there dead, that Romeo's faithful wife:I married them; and their stol'n marriage-dayWas Tybalt's dooms-day, whose untimely deathBanish'd the new-made bridegroom from the city,For whom, and not for Tybalt, Juliet pined. You, to remove that siege of grief from her,Betroth'd and would have married her perforceTo County Paris: then comes she to me,And, with wild looks, bid me devise some meanTo rid her from this second marriage,Or in my cell there would she kill herself. Then gave I her, so tutor'd by my art,A sleeping potion; which so took effectAs I intended, for it wrought on herThe form of death: meantime I writ to Romeo,That he should hither come as this dire night,To help to take her from her borrow'd grave,Being the time the potion's force should cease. But he which bore my letter, Friar John,Was stay'd by accident, and yesternightReturn'd my letter back. Then all aloneAt the prefixed hour of her waking,Came I to take her from her kindred's vault;Meaning to keep her closely at my cell,Till I conveniently could send to Romeo:But when I came, some minute ere the timeOf her awaking, here untimely layThe noble Paris and true Romeo dead. She wakes; and I entreated her come forth,And bear this work of heaven with patience:But then a noise did scare me from the tomb; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she, too desperate, would not go with me,But, as it seems, did violence on herself. All this I know; and to the marriageHer nurse is privy: and, if aught in thisMiscarried by my fault, let my old lifeBe sacrificed, some hour before his time,Unto the rigour of severest law. PRINCEWe still have known thee for a holy man. Where's Romeo's man? What can he say in this?BALTHASARI brought my master news of Juliet's death;And then in post he came from MantuaTo this same place, to this same monument. This letter he early bid me give his father,And threatened me with death, going in the vault,I departed not and left him there. PRINCEGive me the letter; I will look on it. Where is the county's page, that raised the watch?Sirrah, what made your master in this place?PAGEHe came with flowers to strew his lady's grave;And bid me stand aloof, and so I did:Anon comes one with light to ope the tomb;And by and by my master drew on him;And then I ran away to call the watch. PRINCEThis letter doth make good the friar's words,Their course of love, the tidings of her death:And here he writes that he did buy a poisonOf a poor 'pothecary, and therewithalCame to this vault to die, and lie with Juliet. Where be these enemies?", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.2308328}
{"text": "What manners is in this?To press before thy father to a grave?PRINCESeal up the mouth of outrage for a while,Till we can clear these ambiguities,And know their spring, their head, theirtrue descent;And then will I be general of your woes, Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd lead you even to death: meantime forbear,And let mischance be slave to patience. Bring forth the parties of suspicion. FRIAR LAURENCEI am the greatest, able to do least,Yet most suspected, as the time and placeDoth make against me of this direful murder;And here I stand, both to impeach and purgeMyself condemned and myself excused. PRINCEThen say at once what thou dost know in this. FRIAR LAURENCEI will be brief, for my short date of breathIs not so long as is a tedious tale. Romeo, there dead, was husband to that Juliet;And she, there dead, that Romeo's faithful wife:I married them; and their stol'n marriage-dayWas Tybalt's dooms-day, whose untimely deathBanish'd the new-made bridegroom from the city,For whom, and not for Tybalt, Juliet pined. You, to remove that siege of grief from her,Betroth'd and would have married her perforceTo County Paris: then comes she to me,And, with wild looks, bid me devise some meanTo rid her from this second marriage,Or in my cell there would she kill herself. Then gave I her, so tutor'd by my art,A sleeping potion; which so took effectAs I intended, for it wrought on herThe form of death: meantime I writ to Romeo,That he should hither come as this dire night,To help to take her from her borrow'd grave,Being the time the potion's force should cease. But he which bore my letter, Friar John,Was stay'd by accident, and yesternightReturn'd my letter back. Then all aloneAt the prefixed hour of her waking,Came I to take her from her kindred's vault;Meaning to keep her closely at my cell,Till I conveniently could send to Romeo:But when I came, some minute ere the timeOf her awaking, here untimely layThe noble Paris and true Romeo dead. She wakes; and I entreated her come forth,And bear this work of heaven with patience:But then a noise did scare me from the tomb; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she, too desperate, would not go with me,But, as it seems, did violence on herself. All this I know; and to the marriageHer nurse is privy: and, if aught in thisMiscarried by my fault, let my old lifeBe sacrificed, some hour before his time,Unto the rigour of severest law. PRINCEWe still have known thee for a holy man. Where's Romeo's man? What can he say in this?BALTHASARI brought my master news of Juliet's death;And then in post he came from MantuaTo this same place, to this same monument. This letter he early bid me give his father,And threatened me with death, going in the vault,I departed not and left him there. PRINCEGive me the letter; I will look on it. Where is the county's page, that raised the watch?Sirrah, what made your master in this place?PAGEHe came with flowers to strew his lady's grave;And bid me stand aloof, and so I did:Anon comes one with light to ope the tomb;And by and by my master drew on him;And then I ran away to call the watch. PRINCEThis letter doth make good the friar's words,Their course of love, the tidings of her death:And here he writes that he did buy a poisonOf a poor 'pothecary, and therewithalCame to this vault to die, and lie with Juliet. Where be these enemies? Capulet!", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.2164283}
{"text": "Then all aloneAt the prefixed hour of her waking,Came I to take her from her kindred's vault;Meaning to keep her closely at my cell,Till I conveniently could send to Romeo:But when I came, some minute ere the timeOf her awaking, here untimely layThe noble Paris and true Romeo dead. She wakes; and I entreated her come forth,And bear this work of heaven with patience:But then a noise did scare me from the tomb; Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMAnd she, too desperate, would not go with me,But, as it seems, did violence on herself. All this I know; and to the marriageHer nurse is privy: and, if aught in thisMiscarried by my fault, let my old lifeBe sacrificed, some hour before his time,Unto the rigour of severest law. PRINCEWe still have known thee for a holy man. Where's Romeo's man?what can he say in this?BALTHASARI brought my master news of Juliet's death;And then in post he came from MantuaTo this same place, to this same monument. This letter he early bid me give his father,And threatened me with death, going in the vault,I departed not and left him there. PRINCEGive me the letter; I will look on it. Where is the county's page, that raised the watch?Sirrah, what made your master in this place?PAGEHe came with flowers to strew his lady's grave;And bid me stand aloof, and so I did:Anon comes one with light to ope the tomb;And by and by my master drew on him;And then I ran away to call the watch. PRINCEThis letter doth make good the friar's words,Their course of love, the tidings of her death:And here he writes that he did buy a poisonOf a poor 'pothecary, and therewithalCame to this vault to die, and lie with Juliet. Where be these enemies?Capulet!Montague!See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love. And I for winking at your discords tooHave lost a brace of kinsmen: all are punish'd. CAPULETO brother Montague, give me thy hand:This is my daughter's jointure, for no more Romeo and Juliet: Entire Playhttp: www-tech.mit.edu Shakespeare romeo juliet full.html1 18 2007 12:23 PMCan I demand. MONTAGUEBut I can give thee more:For I will raise her statue in pure gold;That while Verona by that name is known,There shall no figure at such rate be setAs that of true and faithful Juliet. CAPULETAs rich shall Romeo's by his lady's lie;Poor sacrifices of our enmity!PRINCEA glooming peace this morning with it brings;The sun, for sorrow, will not show his head:Go hence, to have more talk of these sad things;Some shall be pardon'd, and some punished:For never was a story of more woeThan this of Juliet and her Romeo. Exeunt.", "metadata": {"source": "ROMEO-AND-JULIET-BY-WILLIAM-SHAKESPEARE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.262053}
{"text": "PSE C- ESSAYS BASED ON SET TEXTS Optional I- SHORT STORIES 1. Half a Day and Other Stories Comment on how ignorance, greed and corruption have led to the suffering of people in Saida, Hagi-Dirie Herzi s Government by Magic Spell 2. Macmillan Ed Half a day and other stories The Hands The Hands of the Blacks is a case of racial biasness . Discuss this statement using Luis Bernado Honwana s . The Hands of the Blacks 3. The short story: Macmillan Ed Half a day and other stories. Write a composition to justify the statement John is to blame for the death of Wamuhu basing your illustrations on Ngugi Wa Thiongo s A meeting in the Dark 4. Macmillan Ed , half a day and other stories. Write a composition highlighting the challenges of inter-racial relationships as revealed in the story Breaking Loose by Moyez Vassanji 5. Macmillan Ed. ,. Half a Day and other stories with reference to story The Hands of the Blacks by Luis Bernado Honwana, justify the assertion that racism is a creation of individuals. 20mks 6. Macmilan Ed , Half a Day and Other Stories. With reference to the short story Hands of the blacks by Luis Bernado Honwana, write a composition on how whites attempt to justify their mistreatment and exploitation of the black race. 7. Macmillan E.d. ,. Half a Day and other stories With illustrations from Peter Nazareth s Money Man , write an essay to illustrate the saying: money cannot buy happiness . 8. Macmillan Ed , Half a Day and other stories Write an essay on the complications that arise from Akoto and Yasmin s relationship right from the start-basing your illustrations on Moyez Vassanj s story Breaking Loose 9. Macmillan Ed Half a Day and Other Stories Drawing your illustrations from Government by magic spell by Saida Magi- Dirre Menzi, Write an essay on the saying Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. 10.", "metadata": {"source": "ESSAYS-BASED-ON-SET-TEXTS-Q.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.251331}
{"text": "8. Macmillan Ed , Half a Day and other stories Write an essay on the complications that arise from Akoto and Yasmin s relationship right from the start-basing your illustrations on Moyez Vassanj s story Breaking Loose 9. Macmillan Ed Half a Day and Other Stories Drawing your illustrations from Government by magic spell by Saida Magi- Dirre Menzi, Write an essay on the saying Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. 10. Macmillan Ed Half A Day and Other Stories Drawing your illustrations from Government by magic spell by Saida Hagi Dirre Henzi, write an essay on the saying, Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely 11. Macmillan Ed , Half a day and Other stories Write an essay entitled: Africans should not celebrate the new millennium. Base your argument on the reason given in Havua Tuma s story- Who cares for the new millennium. 12. Half a Day and Other Stories: 20mks Hama Tuma is against ills in society . Write an essay in support of the statement. Draw your illustrations from Hama Tuma s short story, Government by Magic spell . 13. Macmillan ed , Half a Day and other Stories School is not a punishment. It is the factory that makes useful men out of boys. Write a composition in 14. Half a day and other stories- Basing on Ngugi s story a meeting in the dark, write an essay to highlight problems of premarital sex. 15. Macmillan Ed , Half a Day and other Stories Using Ngugi wa Thiong o Martyr write an essay to show that Njoroge was bound to die as he did 16. Macmillan Ed. Half a Day and other stories Saida Hagi-Dirie Herzie Against the Pleasure Principles . Write a composition to show that Rahma and other women did not go through circumcision but female genital mutilation. 17. Macmillan Ed half a day and other stories.", "metadata": {"source": "ESSAYS-BASED-ON-SET-TEXTS-Q.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.2838602}
{"text": "Write a composition to show that Rahma and other women did not go through circumcision but female genital mutilation. 17. Macmillan Ed half a day and other stories. PSE Power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely justify this statement basing your argument on Saida Hagi Diries story Government by Magic Spell II- THE DRAMA SHREDS OF TENDERNESS 1. Write a composition showing the problems caused by war 2. Write an essay showing Odie s feelings and fears towards his step brother Wak. 3. Whenever there is turmoil that leads to war, women and young girls suffer most . Write a composition showing how this happens to Stella. 4. Illustrating your answer with examples from Shreds of Tenderness, write a composition entitled, the prevalence of betrayal in human relationships. 5. In case of political tribulance in a country, those who remain in the country suffer as much as those who seek refuge elsewhere. Write a composition to illustrate this assertion basing your argument on John Ruganda s Shreds of Tenderness. 6. Drawing illustrations from John Ruganda s Shreds of Tenderness , write an essay in support of this statement: John Ruganda has successfully used the style play within a play in his book Shreds of tenderness 7. With close reference to the play Shreds of Tenderness , show why the title of the text is a suitable one. 8. Imagine that your school has organized a joint debate whose motion is: Military take over should not be given any room in this millennium. Propose this motion using illustrations from John Ruganda s Shreds of Tenderness 9. Drawing your illustrations from John Ruganda s Shreds of Tenderness , write an essay supporting the statement Betrayal in human relationships lead to the suffering of both the betrayed and the betrayer . 10. Write a composition on how the author has displayed the female character in the society. Refer to John Ruganda s Shreds of Tenderness. 11. Write an essay on the plight of women in a country under civil strife. Refer to John Rugandas Shreds of Tenderness. 12 Write an essay on ironies in Shreds of Tenderness using at least 4 illustrations of irony 13.", "metadata": {"source": "ESSAYS-BASED-ON-SET-TEXTS-Q.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.30966}
{"text": "Write an essay on the plight of women in a country under civil strife. Refer to John Rugandas Shreds of Tenderness. 12 Write an essay on ironies in Shreds of Tenderness using at least 4 illustrations of irony 13. Odie is his own enemy . Write a composition to validate the truth of this statement in relation to Shreds of Tenderness 14. Illustrating your answer with examples from Shreds of Tenderness, write an essay entitled The pivotal character traits of the Girl child. 15. Odie s father is an epitome of an African man. Discuss. 20mks 16. Using illustrations from John Ruganda; Shreds of Tenderness Write a composition and show that sibling rivalry is dangerous 17. Write a composition showing the problems caused by war III THE NOVEL HOME STRETCH VELMA POLLARD 1. Using illustrations from Velma Pollard s Homestretch , write an essay on the problems a black person is likely to encounter while in America and England 20mks 2. Illustrating your answers with examples from Homestretch write an essay on how any three women offer help to Brenda in the foreign country. 3. Write a composition on experiences which forced Brenda to develop negative attitude towards Jamaica. Give illustrations from Velma pollard s Homestretch 4. Home stretch is a novel that explores the search for identify and belonging. Discuss the validity of this statement basing your answer on Velma Pollard s novel, Home Stretch. 5. Write a composition on the challenges that immigrants encounter. Refer to the novel Homestretch Velma Pollard. 6. One can make home be the best place by engaging in community development activities PSE With close reference to Velma pollard s Homestretch , write an essay to show how David and Edith prove the validity of the above statement. 7. Specifically focusing on Brenda in the novel, Homestretch by Velma Pollard; Write a composition to illustrate how early childhood experiences shape one s perception of life. 8. Write an essay showing how Brenda s contact with Laura changes her attitude towards Jamaica. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "ESSAYS-BASED-ON-SET-TEXTS-Q.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.362269}
{"text": "8.Write an essay showing how Brenda s contact with Laura changes her attitude towards Jamaica.9.With illustrations from the novel Homestretch , write an essay on the problems that people who migrate to foreign countries encounter 10.Write a composition on the beauty of homecoming after a period of absence abroad. Draw your illustrations from Velma Pollards Homestretch 11.Using at least two characters from Velma Pollands Homestretch write an essay on the role played by women in the community.12. If well planned for, retirement is not to be feared. It can in fact be a useful period in a person s life. Basing your reasoning on what happens in the novel ,write a composition to explain this statement.13.Write a composition on challenges!Problems experienced by Africans in the diaspora. Draw your illustrations from the novel Homestretch by Velma Pollard.14.Despite challenges, women still become usefully successful. Using any two of the characters given below from Pollard s novel Homestretch support this statement. I Brenda ii Edith iii Mama Joy 15.Using illustrations from Velma Pollard; Homestretch write an essay how Laura helps Edith and David to settle down in Jamaica.", "metadata": {"source": "ESSAYS-BASED-ON-SET-TEXTS-Q.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.3193276}
{"text": "Sample Essays Margaret A. Ogola, The River and the Source 1. Gender imbalance only causes misery in society. Write an essay in support of this statement, drawing your illustrations from The River and the Source. 20 marks In the societies that are male dominated and male oriented, women are subjected to all forms of misery ranging from assault to emotional abuse. In The River and the Source, there are various manifestations of gender imbalance all of which reveal the suffering of women. Preference for sons in the traditional society is evident at the onset of the story. When Akoko is born, she yells so lustily that Chief Odero Gogni thinks with satisfaction that he has got another rock for my sling , another son. That the chief shows open preference for a son yet he already has seven sons and not a single daughter indicates preference for the boy child, a means of ensuring continuity of the family. This bias against the girl child is also revealed when Owuor Kembo s father fumes with silent fury because he has only two sons and twentytwo daughters, wanderers who would only depart to go and cook for some other clan. A woman s importance starts and ends with her ability to bear children especially sons. Owuor Kembo comes under great pressure form his mother, Nyar Asembo and the council of Jodongo because Akoko has difficulties conceiving as regularly as expected. Akoko suffersfalse accusations of witchcraft due to her inability to reproduce at the rate of her mother-inlaw s expectations. Gender inequality at Aluor Mission is expressed in the biased provision of eduation; with the girl child getting fewer chances of acquiring formal education. In a class of thirty-two pupils that Awiti joins, there is only one other girl who drops out soon after. While the boys drop out for the plausible reason of lack of three shillings levied as school fees, the girl drops out to get married. She is a victim of the traditional role assigned to women; till the land and rear children. Injustice against women is explicitly expressed when Otieno, Akoko s brother-in-law robs her of her late husband s wealth, her hard earned wealth and her grandson of his rightful position to the chieftaincy. Nyabera also deciphers injustice against women in the institution of tero .", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.3471942}
{"text": "She is a victim of the traditional role assigned to women; till the land and rear children. Injustice against women is explicitly expressed when Otieno, Akoko s brother-in-law robs her of her late husband s wealth, her hard earned wealth and her grandson of his rightful position to the chieftaincy. Nyabera also deciphers injustice against women in the institution of tero . Widow inheritance by a relative who only offers minimal comfort to the widow and whose only obligation is to sire more children for his dead brother or cousin, children he has no obligation to. Gender insensitivity is exposed at the university when Aoro, taking Wandia for granted addresses his anatomy study group as hey man yet a woman is part of it. It takes Wandia s assertive nature to correct the situation by insisting that people be referred to by their names. At the end of the anatomy course when Wandia defeats all, Aoro observes offensively that it was the first time he has been beaten by a girl and goes on to credit Wandia with the masculine quality of being tough. This insinuation makes Wandia a little disappointed. In conclusion, forms of gender prejudice such as preference for boys, the traditional role assigned to women, biased provision of education, injustices and insensitivity indeed cause untold suffering to women. Women should come out strongly and break off to an independent and dignified existence. 2. A river is as good as its source. Drawing examples from the lives of Akoko and her descendants in The River and the source, write an essay illustrating the truth of this statement. 20 marks A permanent river always has a good and reliable source. Such a river continues flowing and sustaining the lives of many generations without any fear of drying up. Akoko is symbolically the point of origin of the reliable family line river described in The River and the Source. Akoko s river starts flowing when she is born. She yells so lustily that her father imagines, wrongly of course, that he has another son. Later, he acknowledges the importance of a daughter by saying that a home without daughters is like a river without a source . Akoko is born to serve as the source of a great river that keeps flowing from her to Nyabera and Awiti who are strong women like her.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.4063613}
{"text": "She yells so lustily that her father imagines, wrongly of course, that he has another son. Later, he acknowledges the importance of a daughter by saying that a home without daughters is like a river without a source . Akoko is born to serve as the source of a great river that keeps flowing from her to Nyabera and Awiti who are strong women like her. Although Nyabera initially meanders in some form of confusion, she eventually comes to terms with her being and guides her daughter Awiti to a strong foundation just like Akoko did to her. Akoko s river keeps on flowing and when it looks like it is drying up in the death of her son Obura, her husband Owuor Kembo, her only remaining son Owang Sino and Nyabera s children in childhood, the river emerges yet again when Nyabera gives birth to a child that survives. The river gathers momentum in Awiti and her seven children. Most of these children such as Vera, Aoro and Tony are like Akoko. Even Wandia, Aoro s wife, who is not a blood relative of Akoko is described as the most Akoko-like by Elizabeth. Akoko is the source of the admirable character traits that flow in her offspring. She is determined to reclaim her wealth and Owuor Sino s chieftaincy from Otieno and she succeeds through the help of Sirikal . Akoko s determination is evident in Awiti who is said to have developed her grandmother s steely determination. It is also evident in Aoro who in pursuing Wandia says he is Akoko s grandson and therefore does not know the meaning of giving up. As a strong believer in Were and God of the new religion, Akoko s religious nature acts as a foundation to her offspring s religious practice one of who is a bishop Peter , a priest Tony and a non-marrying member of Opus Dei Vera . Akoko is the source of the fight against male domination which is later embraced by her descendants. Her journey to Kisuma is said to have opened up new vistas for her family. Soon after, we see Nyabera breaking from chik and seeking a new way of life in the new religion.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.3969698}
{"text": "Akoko is the source of the fight against male domination which is later embraced by her descendants. Her journey to Kisuma is said to have opened up new vistas for her family. Soon after, we see Nyabera breaking from chik and seeking a new way of life in the new religion. Awiti, an only girl in the examination class of eleven candidates beats all of them and wins herself a place in a teachers training college from where she graduates successfully in spite of all odds against her. Akoko s fight against unreasonable domination therefore leadsher female offspring to the liberal society in which they find themselves in later years. In a nutshell, Akoko is indeed the source of her lineage that exactly resembles her in terms of deeds and character traits. Akoko s descendants such as Nyabera, Awiti, Peter, Aoro Vera and Tony resemble Akoko in many aspects. 3. As far as marriage is concerned, change is for the best. Write an essay to justify this statement. Refer to Ogola s The River and the Source for your illustrations. 20 marks Most people in our contemporary society fear change. They are not sure whether it will have a negative or positive impact. I will use The River and the Source to justify the fact that the institution of marriage has undergone positive changes over time. Change is witnessed in matters to do with the choice of a husband. In the traditional society, it was the girl s father who decided the man who would marry his daughter. Chief Odero Gogni chose Owuor Kembo after sending away twelve other suitors who had come to seek Akoko s hand in marriage. Akoko had completely no say over the man to marry her and could only watch the proceedings from her mother s hut. This practice changes when Awiti chooses Mark and merely informs Nyabera and Akoko about him. Radical change is witnessed later when Wandia proposes to Aoro when she feels that he is taking long to do so. Traditionally, a boy sent a jawan gyo to inspect the girl he intended to marry in order to find out her antecedents and character; if there were traces of witchcraft, madness, theft, laziness or any other undesirable traits among her relatives. Owuor Kembo s jawan gyo had told him that Akoko had a most beautiful neck With time, young men do not find it necessary to send any spy to inspect the girl.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.455347}
{"text": "Radical change is witnessed later when Wandia proposes to Aoro when she feels that he is taking long to do so. Traditionally, a boy sent a jawan gyo to inspect the girl he intended to marry in order to find out her antecedents and character; if there were traces of witchcraft, madness, theft, laziness or any other undesirable traits among her relatives. Owuor Kembo s jawan gyo had told him that Akoko had a most beautiful neck With time, young men do not find it necessary to send any spy to inspect the girl. Apart from the little information Mark and Elizabeth pick from each other during their courtship, they hardly know each other s relatives at the time they decide to get married. All that Mark knows is that Elizabeth s mother is called Maria and her grandmother Akoko. Awiti does not even know the names of Mark s parents. Bride price, previously deemed as a source of wealth at Akoko s time when Owuor Kembo pays thirty head of cattle for her is reduced to a token bull, two cows and six goats at Awiti s time. However, Mark Sigu s relatives take this minimal bride price with misgivings. They had readied twenty-four head of cattle, double the normal amount, and were ready to pay even more. Further change is witnessed when Wandia s mother tells Aoro that the only thing she wants from him is for him to live in peace with her daughter. Tradition dictated that after bride price had been paid, young men from the village of the husband-to-be steal the bride to her husband s home. There was a mock fight between the thieves and the young men of the bride s village. The bride resisted the attempt to be carried away from her parents by letting out one piercing yell after another. All these happen at Akoko s marriage. In place of these traditional practices comes the church wedding. Mark and Elizabeth marry in a simple wedding at Aluor Parish presided by the newly ordained Fr. Peter Owuor Kembo. Likewise Aoro and Wandia wed in church and everybody chips in to make their wedding a resounding success. Initially, one was expected to marry within the tribe.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.4329648}
{"text": "Peter Owuor Kembo. Likewise Aoro and Wandia wed in church and everybody chips in to make their wedding a resounding success. Initially, one was expected to marry within the tribe. During Awiti s betrothal, Mark s deceptive light complexion made the hosts to wonder if their daughter had decided to marry a ja-mwa , a foreigner as marriage to even a Luhya from across the border was considered a catastrophe. This attitude changes when inter-ethnic marriages take place. Aoro, a Luo young man readily marries Wandia a Kikuyu from Murang a and the marriage works perfectly well. Inter-racial marriage is also evident when Becky, an African marriage John Courtney a Canadian. This marriage would have succeeded had it not been for Becky s promiscuity because John is said to be a very nice man. The polygamous marriage of the traditional society changes to a monogamous relationship. This change begins with Owuor Kembo when he finds love and fulfilment in Akoko that he loses interest in all other women. He sticks to his one wife in spite of immense pressure from his mother and the Jodongo to marry a second wife and at a time when a monogamous man is an unknown animal . With the coming of Christianity, monogamy is cemented as seen in Elizabeth-Mark s marriage as well as that of Wandia and Aoro. These marriages are characterized by love and respect that are missing in Otieno s polygamous marriage for he treats his wives as sluts. To conclude, marriage indeed changes for the better as time progresses. This is in matters to do with choice, bride price, departure of the bride from her parents home, ethnic considerations and the relationship that exists between the husband and the wife. 4. The novel is rich in oral literature devices. Write an essay describing three such devices and indicate how they contribute to The River and the Source. 20 marks Writers use stylistic devices to advance various messages in their texts. Being an African writer, Margaret Ogola borrows from the oral literature of her people in order to effectively write the story of The River and the Source. Proverbs are used mainly in the first two parts of the novel.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.4969187}
{"text": "20 marks Writers use stylistic devices to advance various messages in their texts. Being an African writer, Margaret Ogola borrows from the oral literature of her people in order to effectively write the story of The River and the Source. Proverbs are used mainly in the first two parts of the novel. Yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow for each day rises fresh from the hands of Were is used by Akoko when she goes to encourage her daughter Nyabera, who has just lost her two sons to a ferocious attack of measles. This proverb serves to console Nyabera that one day Were will give her a child that will survive. The proverb also reveals Akoko as religious and optimistic. During the negotiation for Akoko s return to her matrimonial home, Aloo K Olima, Akoko s family spokesman, uses the proverb, After all who knows the goodness of a tree but he who sits under its shade and eats its fruit? This proverb is used to convince the audience about a woman s worth to her husband. This is in reference to the successful and fulfilling monogamous marriage between Akoko and Owuor. The proverb therefore highlights thetheme of the importance of love in marriage. The proverb, How can you know where you are going if you do not know where you come from? Is used by Akoko during the reconciliation talks to emphasize the values of the Luo society. It serves to explain her upbringing, her selfpride and respect thus it underlines the society s disapproval of impropriety, self disgrace and disrespect. It summarises the fact that has been brought up well and her past has been free from witchcraft and use of charms and spells Another oral literature device used in the novel is song and chants. While driving cattle into Chief Odero Gogni s homestead for Akoko s bride price, the young men from Sakwa chant their personal praise names, one of them bragging that he is Ochieng Suna, the mosquito who although tiny, when he bites even the great elephant flaps his big ears. Another young man, Oloo Polo claims that he is the sky and that when he rumbles and sends signs and wonders, even the brave tremble. This chant is mainly a source of humour. The young men praise themselves in very comical ways. A happy relaxed atmosphere is also created through the self- praises.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.4712746}
{"text": "This chant is mainly a source of humour. The young men praise themselves in very comical ways. A happy relaxed atmosphere is also created through the self- praises. In addition, the chant reveals the young men s logical thinking as they are able to link some qualities that they have with the power of some animals or force of nature. The author also uses a song, the dirge that Akoko sings when her beloved husband dies. In the dirge, Akoko recognizes Owuor Kembo as an exemplary man different from what other women have given birth to. She appreciates the friendship that had existed between them which she contrasts with men who live with their wives like cats and dogs, ravens and chicken. She even reveals how her heart was smitten by his nyadhi . This song makes vivid the sombre atmosphere caused by Owuor Kembo s death. It expresses. Akoko s sense of loss of herhusband who was loving. It ridicules men who do not value their lives and by extension encourages harmony in the family. Oral narratives are also used in the novel. On their epic journey to Kisuma, Akoko as an adult takes her role responsibly to inculcate knowledge of the history of the tribe by narrating to the younger generation, Opiyo and Odongo myths and legends of the Luo. She narrates to them the story of Were , the creator of the father of the tribe Ramogi and his wife Nyar Nam who had many children. These offspring settled around the lake tilling land, taming animals and fishing. She goes ahead to mention legendary figures who have risen from Ramogi s children such as the super-human warrior Lwanda Magere, Gor Mahia, the wily one as well as renown women like Lela Kabanda the mighty warrior, Nyamgodho of mighty wealth and many others. This myth educates not only Opiyo and Odongo but also the reader about the origin and culture of the Luo tribe. Legendary figures provide heroes for emulation. All in all, the author s use of proverbs, songs and oral narratives lend the text the rich African culture that it deserves. It is through the use of these oral literature devices that the authentic geographical setting of the text is captured. 5. It requires a strong character to survive in a male-dominated society. Write an essay illustrating the truth of this statement with reference to Akoko in The River and the Source.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.51371}
{"text": "It is through the use of these oral literature devices that the authentic geographical setting of the text is captured. 5. It requires a strong character to survive in a male-dominated society. Write an essay illustrating the truth of this statement with reference to Akoko in The River and the Source. 20 marks In a patriarchal society, women have to come out forcefully, upset the old order and liberate themselves from the oppressive forces of men. In order to pioneer this uphill task, one has to have a strong character like that of Akoko in The River and the Source. Akoko is determined, a quality that is noticed in her right from childhood and enables her to make several achievements at that stage. She sits earlier than expected; at four months, cruises around with the help of objects at seven months, walks without support at seven and half months and speaks her first words, dwaro mara , at ten months. On watching her grow, villagers correctly say that she would be a very determined person some day. Indeed this determination is evident throughout her adult life especially in her struggle to get back her husband s property, her hard-earned wealth and Owuor Sino s right to become chief all of which had been grabbed by Otieno. As an overly determined woman in a male dominated society, she travels all the way to Kisuma, a place she has never been to before in order to seek justice from the colonial administration. Akoko s courageous nature also enables her to fit in her patriarchal society. He first words are dwaro mara , want mine, to claim what rightly belongs to her that her older brother Oloo dares to take away. In her relationship with her husband, Akoko wins Owuor Kembo over with her confidence, her ability to make her opinion on any subject known. It is Akoko s boldnessthat enables her to brave Otieno s arrogance and male chauvinism. When Otieno calls her a she wolf and threatens to teach her a lesson for having addressed the villagers about Nyar Asembo s accusation of witchcraft, Akoko looks at him in the face and dares him to try making Otieno to quickly retreat.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.548779}
{"text": "In her relationship with her husband, Akoko wins Owuor Kembo over with her confidence, her ability to make her opinion on any subject known. It is Akoko s boldnessthat enables her to brave Otieno s arrogance and male chauvinism. When Otieno calls her a she wolf and threatens to teach her a lesson for having addressed the villagers about Nyar Asembo s accusation of witchcraft, Akoko looks at him in the face and dares him to try making Otieno to quickly retreat. Similarly, when Otieno, whip in hand, threatens to whip, kill and send her back to her village for having reported him to Sirikali , Akoko dares him to a fight, calls him a village fool and her boldness makes Otieno s fear to take the better of him upon which he retreats once again. Akoko is wise. She knows that being not only a woman but also a widow and a sonless mother in this male dominated society, she has no chance against her brother-in-law Otieno when it comes to reclaiming her husband s property, her personal wealth and her grandson of his right to become the chief of Sakwa. She wisely seeks the assistance of the colonial government and succeeds when the DC rules the case in her favour. When she comes back from Kisuma and finds that the plunder of her cattle had reached major proportions , Akoko s first impulse is to confront Otieno but reason soon reasserts itself and she wisely thinks that there is no advantage is knocking one s head against a tree trunk as at best one may chip off a bark but in return get a large bruise on the head. She bids her time, approaches the robbery cautiously and wisely and eventually gets all her property back. Akoko survives male dominance because she is responsible. She takes up her role as a mother seriously and ensures that her children grow up to be hard-working and intelligent. Under her tutelage, Obura learns that the sun should never rise and find a man asleep and Nyaberalearns to be hard-working. Akoko always stands by Nyabera in very difficult times like the death of her children and teaches her how to overcome suffering. Akoko plays the role of both father and mother to her grandchildren Owuor Sino and Awiti.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.5370839}
{"text": "Under her tutelage, Obura learns that the sun should never rise and find a man asleep and Nyaberalearns to be hard-working. Akoko always stands by Nyabera in very difficult times like the death of her children and teaches her how to overcome suffering. Akoko plays the role of both father and mother to her grandchildren Owuor Sino and Awiti. She looks after Owuor Sino when his father dies and his mother Alando nyar Uyoma abandons him. She looks after Awiti when Nyabera goes to Aluor in search of the new religion. She further ensures that Awiti has fees for school and organizes Awiti s wedding according to chik . Fully aware that there is no one else to protect her family, Akoko assumes a strong sense of responsibility and makes an epic journey to Kisuma to protest against Chief Otieno Kembo s excesses. In summary, Akoko is determined, courageous, wise and responsible. These traits make her a strong character who cannot be put down in the male dominated society she is born and lives. 6. Gender imbalance should not be an impediment to a woman s success. Write an essay in support of this statement, drawing your illustrations from The River and the Source. 20 marks A society in which gender inequality is rampant disadvantages women in almost all aspects of life such as the economy, education and politics. In The River and the Source, we encounter strong-willed women who break the barriers imposed on them and make several achievements. Akoko s assertive nature enables her to overcome male domination right from childhood. Her first words are dwaro mara , want mine, which she screams at her elder brother Oloo whenhe dares to take away what she is playing with. She fights aggressively to survive in a household consisting of nine brothers and she succeeds because she is physically fearless. She also succeeds in winning her father s affection at a time when the Chief s attention should be focused on sons. She is an irresistible and precious child. Later, when Otieno her brother-inlaw robs her of her late husband s property, her hard-earned wealth and her grandson of the chieftaincy, Akoko takes a bold step and makes a journey to Kisuma to seek the intervention of sirikal .", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.5969872}
{"text": "She also succeeds in winning her father s affection at a time when the Chief s attention should be focused on sons. She is an irresistible and precious child. Later, when Otieno her brother-inlaw robs her of her late husband s property, her hard-earned wealth and her grandson of the chieftaincy, Akoko takes a bold step and makes a journey to Kisuma to seek the intervention of sirikal . She succeeds when the DC rule that Otieno should forcibly be removed from the chief s stool and be made to return all he was grabbed from her. Nyabera s fighting spirit enables her to resist tradition and fate that threaten to shutter her life. Having lost her husband and all her children except Awiti, she decides to break from chik which degrades and suppresses sonless widows. When she realizes that she might never have a surviving son with her inheritor, she resolves to seek a new way of life in the new religion. She is said to equal her mother in making ruthless decisions. She embarks on a long journey alone through the bush from Yimbo to Aluor Mission following Pilipo s directions. She succeeds because Christianity gives her, together with Akoko and the children Awiti and Owuor Sino who join her later, spiritual satisfaction and a place to settle and earn a living away from the atrocities of tradition in their male dominated society. Awiti makes a break through in education despite the bias against the girl child at Aluor Mission. In a class of thirty-two that she joins, there is only one other girl who drops out soon after in order to get married. Awiti, motivated by her grandmother s and mother s pioneeringand daring spirit, hangs on as Akoko and Nyabera struggle to raise three shillings levied per year. Awiti is even derided for being bright at this time when education is considered superfluous for girls but she ignores all these, puts all her effort in her studies and succeeds in an extraordinary manner. She becomes top in a class of eleven who sit for the final examination beating all the boys. This wins her a place at the teachers training college from where she graduates successfully. Gender imbalance in the society does not prevent her from being a teacher as well as a proud mother of seven children. At the university, Wandia breaks barriers of gender imbalance.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.5825503}
{"text": "This wins her a place at the teachers training college from where she graduates successfully. Gender imbalance in the society does not prevent her from being a teacher as well as a proud mother of seven children. At the university, Wandia breaks barriers of gender imbalance. She rejects gender insensitivity by insisting that people be referred to by their names and not their gender when Aoro, taking her for granted, addresses his anatomy study group as hey man . She and Aoro are the first to courageously make ago at the cadaver when the other members of table six are yet to overcome their nervousness. She defeats all in the tough anatomy course beating her main rival Aoro with 78 against his 77 points. She specializes in pathology, pursues her studies and gets a masters and finally a Doctorate in Medicine. As a professor of Medicine and the chairperson of the Department of Pathology at the University of Nairobi, Wandia has all that a modern woman would wish to achieve with an ordinary looking family on her side. In conclusion, women like Akoko, Nyabera, Awiti and Wandia indeed succeed in the face of gender imbalance in the society. Their courage is what sees them through------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Drawing examples from the lives of married couples in The River and the Source, write an essay on the importance of commitment to family. 20 marks In our contemporary society, many marriages have broken due to lack of commitment to family. Couples are unable to overcome the challenges that face them and decide to separate or divorce. In The River and the Source, most families survive various setbacks because couples are committed to family ideals. Akoko and Owuor Kembo display a lot of commitment to one another and their three children. The author describes their family as close knit , full of love and respect for each. Owuor Kembo treats his wife as a queen and she never fails him. He refuses to marry a second wife despite pressure to do so by his mother and the council of Jodongo . So concerned about the welfare of Akoko that when her delivery of Owang Sino is harrowing, he finds himself wishing fervently that no more children would come . Akoko on her part lives for and gives her all for the survival of her family.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.6044874}
{"text": "He refuses to marry a second wife despite pressure to do so by his mother and the council of Jodongo . So concerned about the welfare of Akoko that when her delivery of Owang Sino is harrowing, he finds himself wishing fervently that no more children would come . Akoko on her part lives for and gives her all for the survival of her family. This couple is perturbed when their son Obura expresses a wish to go and see the outside world and when he disappears from home and eventually dies in the first big war:, Akoko and Owuor are heartbroken. They bear the loss only by the mercy of Were . In fact Owuor develops an illness that he ends up succumbing to nine years later. Commitment is also wident in Elizabeth s and Mark s family. Although Mark inadvertently drifts into unfaithfulness during the emergency period, he comes to his senses and resolves to have devoted love of his wife and the affection of all her children . He and Elizabeth are united in bringing up their seven children and are totally committed to their well-being. Mark even studies privately and this enables him to get a promotion and improve the welfare of his family. He takes to an unmanly act of helping his overworked wife around the house. The couple does all it can to make sure that each of their children gets good education. The two are also uncompromising as far as the discipline of their children is concerned. Their commitment bears fruit as most of their children succeed in their education and end up in incrative careers. Vera becomes an electronics expert, Aoro a doctor and Opiyo a manager. Aoro and Wandia are also very committed to family, nuclear and extended. Their professional lives with Aoro as a busy surgeon and Wandia as pathologist and professor does not prevent them from raising four children as well as Becky s two children. Aoro appreciates Wandia s wonderful job with the children as well as her cordial relationship with his mother Elizabeth. On her part, Wandia counts Aoro the best among her blessings. Their commitment to family in spite of their busy schedule becomes a pivotal part of the extended family as Elizabeth and Mark age and sets a good example for other people who aspire to achieve in life. Becky s and John Courtney s marriage reveals what lack of commitment to family can cause.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.6474578}
{"text": "On her part, Wandia counts Aoro the best among her blessings. Their commitment to family in spite of their busy schedule becomes a pivotal part of the extended family as Elizabeth and Mark age and sets a good example for other people who aspire to achieve in life. Becky s and John Courtney s marriage reveals what lack of commitment to family can cause. Though John is loving, Becky is promiscuous and this leads to divorce when John discovers Becky s affair with other men whenever he is on trips abroad. Although she leaves a lot of wealth for her two children, she leaves them confused and were it not for Wandia and Aoro who adopt them, they would not have made it in life. From the foregoing, it can be concluded that commitment to family is the glue that holds couples together and guarantees success in their children. Those who aspire to raise a good family should therefore borrow a leaf from Akoko and Owuor kembo, Elizabeth and Mark as well as Wandia and Aoro.", "metadata": {"source": "SAMPLE-ESSAYS-THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.6773546}
{"text": "Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.2ADEFINITIVEGUIDETOINHERITANCETheAuthor DavidKakutaMulwawasbornon9thApril1945intheplainsofMukaainMakueniCounty. Hiswritingwasinfluencedbyhisfather,PastorJohnMulwa,andhisteachersfrom primaryschooltotheuniversity. David Mulwa wentto Machakos Boys High School,then toAllianceHighSchoolforhisA-levels. HejoinedtheUniversityofNairobiwhere he studied Literature instructed byTaban LoLiyong'andOkotP 'Bitek. HeproceededtotheUniversityofCaliforniainLosAngelesunderascholarshipwherehestudiedMastersinArts. Mulwahasalsowrittenotherbooksincluding'Redemption' 1989 ,'MasterandServant' 1979 ,'WeComeinPeace','GlassHouses,' Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.3amongothersbooks. Davidiscurrentlyawriter,lecturer,actorandthedirectorofKenyaPerformingArtsinNairobi. TheSetting ThestoryissetincolonialAfricaintheKutulacolonyundertheBritishrule. Thecolonialmasterslivelavishlyattheexpenseofthepoornativeswhoserveastheirslaves. ThetraditionalrulerofthenativesisKingKutulaXV.ThekingisbentonoverthrowingtheBritishleadershipbyallmeans. Heleadshispeopleinanationaluprisingagainstthewhitesettlersandoutrightlytellsthewhitegovernorthat\"...yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie. Everyoneofthem ...GovernorMacayandnoone'llhelpyou...Ihavespoken.\". Pg13 . AftertheexitoftheBritish,KutulabecomesarepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooafterthedeathofhis Lacuna's father,KingKutulaXV. LacunaKasoo'sleadershipturnsouttobeworsethantheleadershipof the colonialmasters. It is marred with greed,corruption,incompetenceandassassinations. Hisdictatorialregimetriggersapeacefulcivilrevolutionthatsuccessfullyoverthrowshisleadership. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.4TheTitle Theplay'Inheritance'revolvesaroundaconflictbetweentheAfricannatives and the white settlers overthe inheritance ofland,itsresourcesandleadership. TheBritishinvasioninAfricanismotivatedbythedesiretotapresourcesfrom Africathroughtheircolonialruleundertheguiseofbringingcivilizationinform ofeducation,infrastructure,andhospitalstothe\"primitive\"Africans. Oncesettled,thecolonialmastersgraduallygrabbedvastareasoflandfrom thenativesforagriculture,miningandsettlementtherebydisplacingandenslavingthenatives. TheBritishEmpiredependedonAfricaforsurvival,hencethedesiretoruleandcontrolAfricawiththeirresources. Thenatives,throughtheirKingKutula,realizetheurgentneedtoinheritwhatthewhitesettlershaverobbedthem.", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.7113743}
{"text": "Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.2ADEFINITIVEGUIDETOINHERITANCETheAuthor DavidKakutaMulwawasbornon9thApril1945intheplainsofMukaainMakueniCounty. Hiswritingwasinfluencedbyhisfather,PastorJohnMulwa,andhisteachersfrom primaryschooltotheuniversity. David Mulwa wentto Machakos Boys High School,then toAllianceHighSchoolforhisA-levels. HejoinedtheUniversityofNairobiwhere he studied Literature instructed byTaban LoLiyong'andOkotP 'Bitek. HeproceededtotheUniversityofCaliforniainLosAngelesunderascholarshipwherehestudiedMastersinArts. Mulwahasalsowrittenotherbooksincluding'Redemption' 1989 ,'MasterandServant' 1979 ,'WeComeinPeace','GlassHouses,' Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.3amongothersbooks. Davidiscurrentlyawriter,lecturer,actorandthedirectorofKenyaPerformingArtsinNairobi. TheSetting ThestoryissetincolonialAfricaintheKutulacolonyundertheBritishrule. Thecolonialmasterslivelavishlyattheexpenseofthepoornativeswhoserveastheirslaves. ThetraditionalrulerofthenativesisKingKutulaXV.ThekingisbentonoverthrowingtheBritishleadershipbyallmeans. Heleadshispeopleinanationaluprisingagainstthewhitesettlersandoutrightlytellsthewhitegovernorthat\"...yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie. Everyoneofthem ...GovernorMacayandnoone'llhelpyou...Ihavespoken.\". Pg13 . AftertheexitoftheBritish,KutulabecomesarepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooafterthedeathofhis Lacuna's father,KingKutulaXV. LacunaKasoo'sleadershipturnsouttobeworsethantheleadershipof the colonialmasters. It is marred with greed,corruption,incompetenceandassassinations. Hisdictatorialregimetriggersapeacefulcivilrevolutionthatsuccessfullyoverthrowshisleadership. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.4TheTitle Theplay'Inheritance'revolvesaroundaconflictbetweentheAfricannatives and the white settlers overthe inheritance ofland,itsresourcesandleadership. TheBritishinvasioninAfricanismotivatedbythedesiretotapresourcesfrom Africathroughtheircolonialruleundertheguiseofbringingcivilizationinform ofeducation,infrastructure,andhospitalstothe\"primitive\"Africans. Oncesettled,thecolonialmastersgraduallygrabbedvastareasoflandfrom thenativesforagriculture,miningandsettlementtherebydisplacingandenslavingthenatives. TheBritishEmpiredependedonAfricaforsurvival,hencethedesiretoruleandcontrolAfricawiththeirresources. Thenatives,throughtheirKingKutula,realizetheurgentneedtoinheritwhatthewhitesettlershaverobbedthem. Wewanttobuildandrunourhomeinourownway. Thislandisourmother. Wewantourchildrentoliveandshareequallywhatshegivesus...allthatyoutakefrom her.\". P.12 .A countrywideuprising beginsand theWhiteman'sruleends. KingKutulaXVinheritstheleadershipfromtheBritishmasters. KingKutula'sleadershipislaterinheritedbyhisson,LacunaKasoo. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.5Lacunaismanipulatedanddeceivedbytheimperialiststokillhisownfather. GoldsteinisawareofLacuna'sinsatiablegreed. Hepromisestogroom LacunatoleadershipaslongasKingKutulaisoutoftheway. HisintentionistogetLacuna,whoiseasytocontrol,Prologue TheprologueopensinGovernorThorneMacay'smansion,whichisdescribedaslavishandonethatrentstheairofpowerandauthority. The Governoris seemingly angry atthe natives'ineptitude andincompetenceandfeelsdisempoweredbytheabolitionofthewhipasthenativeshavenowdownedtheirtools. TheGovernor'sattendanthaskeptBishopMenninger, brainoftheempire PrincessSangoi,andKingKutula,whohavecometoseethegovernor,waitingforanhourbecausethelatterisonatea-break,andwhenaskedwhyhekeepstheguestsforthatlongreplies,.yourordersis:Donotdisturbhisexcellenttea-timeandmeditetioninghour...\" p.3-4 . Thenativeshaveriotedagainstthewhitesettlers,destroyedtheirproperty,molestedthewomenandchildrenandhavebreachedtheagreementandtrustmadeearlier asituationthatcouldleadtoalongbloodywar...!\". P.8 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.6 BishopMenningerhasdocumentedadvicefortheGovernor. Hepointsoutinthedocumentthatnativeswouldneverchangefrom theirconfused simple nature and thatthey would neverbe like thesophisticatedandcivilizedwhitesbutwouldonlyremainascopycats. Healsopointsouttothegovernorthattheimperialistswouldhavetocontinuetoruleandlaybasicrulesforthenativessinceleftontheirown;theywouldoffernothingofsignificance. KingKutula'sentrytothegovernor'smansionisusheredinbyanattendantwhoregardshimwithaweandreverence. Headdressesthekingas\"Thesonoftheking from thestarsandtheheaven, pg6 GovernorThorneMacayhasneverunderstoodthe'infernalallegiance thatnativeshavetheirleadersbutMenningerisborn from theirinabilitytoreasonandthink. Heseesthem ascommonanimalswaybelowthewhiteswhomhetermsasdemocraticandcivilized. Governor thorne has summoned the king to register hisdisappointmentaboutkingKutula ssilenceontheescalatingviolenceinhiskingdom resultingfrom thenationwideupraisingbythenativesagainstthewhiteleaders. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.7 King Kutula dismisses Thorne s concerns by quoting an AfricanproverbtomocktheGovernor. Hesays Thechameleontoldthehare:makeyourstepImakemine;itisgoodcompany friend. Pg8 ThorneisoffendedandthreatenstoimprisonthekingforlifebeforeMenningerremindshim thatheistalkingtotheking. HeasksThorneto askdirectquestionsand avoid thelong winged proverbsandproverbialdrivelswhenthekingbeginstobombardthegovernorwithmanymoreproverbsandsayings. ThorneisthenshockedwhenKutulaadmitshisknowledgeofthecountrywideuprising and hissupportoftheviolenceagainstthegovernor speopledespitetheirgoodwilltobringcivilizationtothenatives. Hesays, Icannotshutthevoicesofmyfather pg10 ThegovernorisshockedbythesuddenchangeofattitudewhenKutulabluntlytellshimthat wedonotwantyouhere! Pg10 Kutularegretswhyhisfathersassentedtotheimperialistdraftedagreementthathadallowedthecolonialisttosubjecthispeopleto Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.8devastatingeffectsoftheiroppressiverulesandexcessivezeal. Kutulathreatensthegovernorthathispeoplewillcontinuetodieifhewon tletthenativesbuildandruntheirhome. He,however,hasnoobjectiontothewhitemanteachingthenativeshiswasbutwithmoderation. Sangoijoinstheleaderandexpressesherwillingnesstogoabroadandpursuethewhiteman'seducation. GovernorThorne'sfearoverKingKutula'seffortstogroomhisadopteddaughteristhatshewillbeanempoweredmatriarchandalionesstocontendwithinthefuture. MenningerisquicktoconsoleThornethatSangoi'seducationwouldonlyconfuseher. TheBishop'splanistounleashSangoiagainsthersimplefolkuponthecompletionofhereducationfortheirbenefit. Tasks1.WhatdoesThornemeanbythestatement,\"Africasupports,naymaintains,theempire\" pg.4 ? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.92.\"Make hera slave...again...Revisithistory,Menninger...revisit...\" pg.5 .", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406261.7526264}
{"text": "Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.2ADEFINITIVEGUIDETOINHERITANCETheAuthor DavidKakutaMulwawasbornon9thApril1945intheplainsofMukaainMakueniCounty. Hiswritingwasinfluencedbyhisfather,PastorJohnMulwa,andhisteachersfrom primaryschooltotheuniversity. David Mulwa wentto Machakos Boys High School,then toAllianceHighSchoolforhisA-levels. HejoinedtheUniversityofNairobiwhere he studied Literature instructed byTaban LoLiyong'andOkotP 'Bitek. HeproceededtotheUniversityofCaliforniainLosAngelesunderascholarshipwherehestudiedMastersinArts. Mulwahasalsowrittenotherbooksincluding'Redemption' 1989 ,'MasterandServant' 1979 ,'WeComeinPeace','GlassHouses,' Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.3amongothersbooks. Davidiscurrentlyawriter,lecturer,actorandthedirectorofKenyaPerformingArtsinNairobi. TheSetting ThestoryissetincolonialAfricaintheKutulacolonyundertheBritishrule. Thecolonialmasterslivelavishlyattheexpenseofthepoornativeswhoserveastheirslaves. ThetraditionalrulerofthenativesisKingKutulaXV.ThekingisbentonoverthrowingtheBritishleadershipbyallmeans. Heleadshispeopleinanationaluprisingagainstthewhitesettlersandoutrightlytellsthewhitegovernorthat\"...yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie. Everyoneofthem ...GovernorMacayandnoone'llhelpyou...Ihavespoken.\". Pg13 . AftertheexitoftheBritish,KutulabecomesarepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooafterthedeathofhis Lacuna's father,KingKutulaXV. LacunaKasoo'sleadershipturnsouttobeworsethantheleadershipof the colonialmasters. It is marred with greed,corruption,incompetenceandassassinations. Hisdictatorialregimetriggersapeacefulcivilrevolutionthatsuccessfullyoverthrowshisleadership. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.4TheTitle Theplay'Inheritance'revolvesaroundaconflictbetweentheAfricannatives and the white settlers overthe inheritance ofland,itsresourcesandleadership. TheBritishinvasioninAfricanismotivatedbythedesiretotapresourcesfrom Africathroughtheircolonialruleundertheguiseofbringingcivilizationinform ofeducation,infrastructure,andhospitalstothe\"primitive\"Africans. Oncesettled,thecolonialmastersgraduallygrabbedvastareasoflandfrom thenativesforagriculture,miningandsettlementtherebydisplacingandenslavingthenatives. TheBritishEmpiredependedonAfricaforsurvival,hencethedesiretoruleandcontrolAfricawiththeirresources. Thenatives,throughtheirKingKutula,realizetheurgentneedtoinheritwhatthewhitesettlershaverobbedthem. Wewanttobuildandrunourhomeinourownway. Thislandisourmother. Wewantourchildrentoliveandshareequallywhatshegivesus...allthatyoutakefrom her.\". P.12 .A countrywideuprising beginsand theWhiteman'sruleends. KingKutulaXVinheritstheleadershipfromtheBritishmasters. KingKutula'sleadershipislaterinheritedbyhisson,LacunaKasoo. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.5Lacunaismanipulatedanddeceivedbytheimperialiststokillhisownfather. GoldsteinisawareofLacuna'sinsatiablegreed. Hepromisestogroom LacunatoleadershipaslongasKingKutulaisoutoftheway. HisintentionistogetLacuna,whoiseasytocontrol,Prologue TheprologueopensinGovernorThorneMacay'smansion,whichisdescribedaslavishandonethatrentstheairofpowerandauthority. The Governoris seemingly angry atthe natives'ineptitude andincompetenceandfeelsdisempoweredbytheabolitionofthewhipasthenativeshavenowdownedtheirtools. TheGovernor'sattendanthaskeptBishopMenninger, brainoftheempire PrincessSangoi,andKingKutula,whohavecometoseethegovernor,waitingforanhourbecausethelatterisonatea-break,andwhenaskedwhyhekeepstheguestsforthatlongreplies,.yourordersis:Donotdisturbhisexcellenttea-timeandmeditetioninghour...\" p.3-4 . Thenativeshaveriotedagainstthewhitesettlers,destroyedtheirproperty,molestedthewomenandchildrenandhavebreachedtheagreementandtrustmadeearlier asituationthatcouldleadtoalongbloodywar...!\". P.8 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.6 BishopMenningerhasdocumentedadvicefortheGovernor. Hepointsoutinthedocumentthatnativeswouldneverchangefrom theirconfused simple nature and thatthey would neverbe like thesophisticatedandcivilizedwhitesbutwouldonlyremainascopycats. Healsopointsouttothegovernorthattheimperialistswouldhavetocontinuetoruleandlaybasicrulesforthenativessinceleftontheirown;theywouldoffernothingofsignificance. KingKutula'sentrytothegovernor'smansionisusheredinbyanattendantwhoregardshimwithaweandreverence. Headdressesthekingas\"Thesonoftheking from thestarsandtheheaven, pg6 GovernorThorneMacayhasneverunderstoodthe'infernalallegiance thatnativeshavetheirleadersbutMenningerisborn from theirinabilitytoreasonandthink. Heseesthem ascommonanimalswaybelowthewhiteswhomhetermsasdemocraticandcivilized. Governor thorne has summoned the king to register hisdisappointmentaboutkingKutula ssilenceontheescalatingviolenceinhiskingdom resultingfrom thenationwideupraisingbythenativesagainstthewhiteleaders. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.7 King Kutula dismisses Thorne s concerns by quoting an AfricanproverbtomocktheGovernor. Hesays Thechameleontoldthehare:makeyourstepImakemine;itisgoodcompany friend. Pg8 ThorneisoffendedandthreatenstoimprisonthekingforlifebeforeMenningerremindshim thatheistalkingtotheking. HeasksThorneto askdirectquestionsand avoid thelong winged proverbsandproverbialdrivelswhenthekingbeginstobombardthegovernorwithmanymoreproverbsandsayings. ThorneisthenshockedwhenKutulaadmitshisknowledgeofthecountrywideuprising and hissupportoftheviolenceagainstthegovernor speopledespitetheirgoodwilltobringcivilizationtothenatives. Hesays, Icannotshutthevoicesofmyfather pg10 ThegovernorisshockedbythesuddenchangeofattitudewhenKutulabluntlytellshimthat wedonotwantyouhere! Pg10 Kutularegretswhyhisfathersassentedtotheimperialistdraftedagreementthathadallowedthecolonialisttosubjecthispeopleto Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.8devastatingeffectsoftheiroppressiverulesandexcessivezeal. Kutulathreatensthegovernorthathispeoplewillcontinuetodieifhewon tletthenativesbuildandruntheirhome. He,however,hasnoobjectiontothewhitemanteachingthenativeshiswasbutwithmoderation. Sangoijoinstheleaderandexpressesherwillingnesstogoabroadandpursuethewhiteman'seducation. GovernorThorne'sfearoverKingKutula'seffortstogroomhisadopteddaughteristhatshewillbeanempoweredmatriarchandalionesstocontendwithinthefuture. MenningerisquicktoconsoleThornethatSangoi'seducationwouldonlyconfuseher. TheBishop'splanistounleashSangoiagainsthersimplefolkuponthecompletionofhereducationfortheirbenefit. Tasks1.WhatdoesThornemeanbythestatement,\"Africasupports,naymaintains,theempire\" pg.4 ? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.92.\"Make hera slave...again...Revisithistory,Menninger...revisit...\" pg.5 . What is your understanding of thisstatement?3.Inwhatwaysdothenativesexhibit'infernalallegiance'totheirleaders?4.Identifytheproverbsintheprologueandtheirrelevance.5.Menningeradmitstouseof\"excessivezeal. \"Howhavethenativesreactedtoit?6.\"Thekingisdangerous. LiketheQueenbee...\"Demonstratethetruthofthisstatement.7.Commentontheconflictthatarisesintheprologue.8.WhatdoesThornemeanwhenhesays\"TurmoilinAfricameansagreatlosstotheempire\" pg.4 ? 9.Outline the reasons King Kutula gives forwanting theimperialiststoleaveKutula.10.Pointoutatinstances in the prologue thatrevealThorneMacay'sattitudetowardsthenatives.11.Whatistheprologueallabout? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.10Commentary TheprologuecaptureslifeinKutuladuringthecolonialeraundertheauthoritarianandoppressiveleadershipofthecolonialists. MulwaportraysthecolonyofKutulaasoneundertheharshruleofGovernorThornewhoisapparentlyangrywiththecolonialofficethathasabolishedwhippingthenatives. HeisdispleasedwiththecolonialofficerinLondonforhisadvocacyonsimulatedhumanitarianism fordeclaringthewhipasobsolete. Hesays,\"ThefooldrinkingcoffeeinLondonwhileImollycoddlenatives.theydowntheirtoolsandnothinggetsdone.\". Page3 TheGovernormistreatsandabusesthenativeblackservantandcallstheattendant,a\"ditheryidiot\"andregardshim asimpudentandthencompareshim tocommonanimals. Hisleadershipisexcessivelyzealousandhumiliating. A conflicthasensued between theAfricansand theirwhitemastersoverland,leadershipandresources. TheWhitemanhasbeenrobbingtheAfricansoftheirvaluablesandexportingthem Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.11tohismotherland. KingKutulaXVtakesdispleasureintheapparentinheritanceandinsiststhatnativesmustsharewhatcomesfrom theirland. Itisclearthatincaseofarevolution,theBritishEmpirestandstolosein the eventthatthe natives take overgovernance. This isbecause\"Africasupportstheempire...\" p.4 . Interracialconflictandrevolutionisdemonstratedbythereprisalandescalatingviolencebetweenthenativesandwhitesettlers. ThenativesdestroytheWhite'spropertyandmolesttheirchildrenandwomen. Theauthorbringsouttheconflictofattitudewherethewhitesettlersconsider themselvescivilized, democraticandmodernized. Theyalsoclaim tohavebroughtchangethrougheducation,hospitals,roads,churches,employment to theprimitive,ignorantandungratefulnatives. However,Kutulainsiststhatjustasabeetlecarriesitshouseonits back whetherstinking ornot,the natives willgovernthemselvesdespitetheirignoranceandinability. Pg11 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.12 Ironyisemployedintheprologue. GovernorThorneregardsthenatives'customsasprimitive. Menningerseesthem aslackingoriginalityandcommonreasonyettheycanhardlycomprehendthewisdominthe'longwindedproverbs'ofthenatives. Theyalsodependonthenatives'republictosustaintheirempire. ItisironicalthattheBritishclaim tohavebroughtcivilizationtothenativesthroughschoolsyettheirmainmotiveistorobthesamenativesoftheirvaluables. TheyfearKingKutulaandregardhimas\"aningenious rascal\" p.15 .andadangerousman. 'Thiskingisdangerouslikethequeenbee,hesanctionsthestingandthetoilingworkersindiscriminatelydescenduponourpeople TheuseofproverbsisastylethatportraysKingKutula asassertive,independentmindedandingeniousdespitethewhiteman'scontrolandmanipulation. Heisalsocalm andcollected. Theauthortreatsthereadertodetaileddescriptionaboutthecharactersandsetting. Menningeris\"...middleaged,powerfullybuiltman ...An airofkeen intelligence and extreme selfimportanceabouthim... page4 .KingKutulaisdescribedasatall,leanandathleticmaninhislatefiftiesamostself-assuredrulerwithanunnervingprese. Nce. P.7 . GovernorThorneisportrayedasanabusiveleader. Heinsultsthe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.13attendantasa'ditheringidiot'impliesthatheisimprudent,referstothecolonialofficeroverseesas'Thefool'. Heisalsoshorttempered;hehandlestheattendantroughlyandisimpatientwithhim, don tgecko-gawkatme!\"HeaddressesKingKutulawi01insultsthus\"Damnall,KingKutula\". Page8 . Thegovernorisoppressive,authoritarianandselfish. Hefeelsdisadvantagedafterthewhipisabolishedbecauseheusesitforhisownconvenience. HeisdishonestandpretendstosupportSangoi'seducationyethewantstouseitagainstthenativesandbenefitfromdividingthemasadvisedbyBishopMenninger. KingKutulaXVisfirm andassertive. HetellsThornethatheissilentabouttheuprisingandthat\"yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie.\". Pg.13 .Hewillnotbow toimperialism. TheKingiswise. Hequotesmanyproverbsandnarrativesappropriatelytopassimportantmessages. King Kutula is calm and collected,and responds with admirablecalmnesstoGovernorThorne'soutburstsofanger. Heisaconfidentmanwhoisunafraidofthewhiteman'sthreats. \"DoyouknowIcanclapyouinforlife?\"Heresponds,'.eldersdon'tbandyinsults.\". P.8 Menningerissanctimoniousdespitebeingamanofthecloth. Hepropagatesoppression,imperialism,deceitandopportunism totheimperialmajestythrough hisadvice and counsel. He completely Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.14disregardsthevirtuousandgoodnewsmessagethathisreligionpreaches. Heseesnativesasrabbleswithoutunderstandingandcivilization. HeintendstomisguideSangoisothattheWesterneducationmakeshera\"...goddessofconfusionandusehertomanipulatethenatives...\" p.15 . AttendantIlisextremelyloyaltotheKing. Heispatientandforebearing and isableto workunderThorne. Sangoiisambitious,obedient,trustingandloyalSheobeysandtrustsherfatherwithwhomshespendsalotoftimewith. MovementOneSummaryLeadershipInheritance Kutula,thirtyyearslater,isanindependentRepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooyetthestandardsoflivingarepoor. TaminaZenMeloisemaciatedandolderthanheragewithnoproperhousingandfood. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.15 Bengo,apoliticalactivistwhohasjustarrivedfrom jailinthecapital,istreatedtoacoldwelcomebyTaminawhostillholdstoage-oldbitterness. TaminaexplainstoBengothatthewatertheyusedtogetfromthenearbyspringsandbrookshasbeendivertedbyCouncilorChipandeto BukelengeMountainsfifteenkilometersawaytomakeadam despiteReverendSangoi'sprotests. Infact,aninaugurationforthedamisdoneandreceivesmuchpraise. ThenativeshavebeendeniedlicensestogrowcoffeeandtheirlandstakenbyChipandeaftertheWhitemanleftmakingthemslavesintheirownfarms. Taminasays\"Mycoffeefarm inBukelengeMountains?Allgone. Now ImustpickcoffeeforChipandeonthefarmthathehadmeselltohimforpeanuts.\". P.24 . Tamina is bitterwith Bengo because ofhis indulgence inoppositionpoliticsthatledtotheneardeathofherhusband,JudahZenMelo,whowasLacuna'sspokespersonandpartyman,afterhisrefusaltokillhisbrotherwhowas\"Lacuna'sthorninhispoliticalside.\". P.23 . ThisearnsJudahunemploymentandheisexiled. Taminalosteverythingincludingthegoodlifesheoncelived. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.16 Bengo,whoispopularandwouldhavewontheelectionswithalandslide,istakentojailtopavewayforChipande,Lacuna'scrony. Luluarriveshomefrom schoolearlierthanusualtocollectthetwothousandshillingfeesbalancefortheconstructionofaperimeterfenceandthecomputerlaboratorydespitepayingonethousandthepreviousday. Taminacomplainsofherlackofbasicslikefoodandwaterandwondersaboutthe essenceofeducation. Lulu isbitterandsomewhatinsolentanddisrespectfultohermother. Luluisfrustratedbyhermother'shelplessnessandpovertyandthreatensher,\"lwillusemybeautythen!Imustcompleteschoolandbesomebody...inanyway pg31 UnlikehermotherLuluwantstobefreefrompovertyandoppression. JudaharrivesfromthetownofPatolaandiswarmlywelcomedbyhiswife. Hesaysjobswerenotforthcomingandthepaywaslow. Besides,youneededyourowntribesmantogetajob. Hesacrificeshismoralsforemploymentbecause,religiondoesn'tsitwellonanemptystomach...\" p.36 .HethereforebeginsdrinkingandbribesMithambowithbeertogetajobasaMachineOperator. Heworksforlonghoursandcompetitionis Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.17stiff. Meanwhile,theirsonsarealsointownslookingforjobs. BeforeJudahcanrest,heleavesto\"sayhellotothecrowdandescortthe sunset\" pg.38 butleaves Tamina eighthundredshillingsbesidestheassortmentofgroceriesthathehasbroughthome. Luluisbackandapologeticfordisrespectinghermother. Shelearnsofherfather'sreturnwithexcitement. Sangoihas been appointed a ministerin the Ministry ofReclamation and Remedies byLacuna againstherwill. SheacceptsthepostforfearthatLacunamightassassinatehernowthatduringhiscoronation,peoplepreferredSangoiforLacunatobetheirleaderafterKingKutula'sdeath. Thegovernmentplanstoevacuatepeoplefrom thevalleyandSangoihopes thatLacuna would change his mind overtheevacuation before Kutula's much publicized commemorationceremony. Tamina is against Lulu's attendance of the king Kutulacommemorationceremony,despiteherkeyroleasaleaddancerintheschool'sdancetroupeinvitedbyLacunahimself. ItisonlythroughSangoi'sinterventionthatTaminapermitsLulutoattendwhatshecalls\"apaganritual\" pg.43 onconditionthat Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.18shewouldrunbackhomeafterthefestival. SangoipromisestowatchoverLuluandevenpayherschoolfeesbalance. Meloreturnshomedrunk. Hesaysheruleshisfamilywithloveand not machines and police guards like Lacuna. JudahcelebrateshisfamilyandreferstoTaminaasbeautyqueen...sobeautiful...\"andLuluas\"Girl,you'reablackqueenand...ori...hic...ginal!\". Pg.48 andchallengesLulutoworkhardandachieveherdreamsofbecomingadoctorandthenhegoestobed. Luluistotallyuninspiredbyherparents'marriage. Shesays,\"Ifthisiswhatitmeanstobeaparent,Iwon'tfollowtheirfootstepstobecrownedqueenofrags\". Pg.51 .Tasksl. Outlinethecounter-productivityofChipande'sdamproject.2.WhyisTaminastillbitterwithBengo?3.InwhatwaysisBengo\"...athorninLacuna'spoliticalside\"?4.State the challenges thatparents like Tamina with school-goingchildrenmustundergo.5.How does Judah Zen Melo's absence contribute to Tamina'schallenges? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.196.\"Idon'twantthislife!Idon't!Idon't!\". Pg.31 .WhatexactlydoesLulumeanbythisstatement?7.DescribehowZenMelogetshisjobasamachineoperator.8.WhatcharacterofLuludemonstratesherunderstandingofhergoalsinlife?9.Givethreeillustrationsofincidencesofdisillusionmentinthisepisode. Commentary Itisironicalthatmuchasthenativesexpectedbetterlivesafterindependence,theworstishappeningtothem inform ofneocolonialism. Lacunaismoregreedy,corruptanddictatorialthanhispredecessors. Thenativesarebitter. Tamina'sbitternessisbornofthemiseriesshehasbeenthrough,broughtbyKutula'spoorleadershipmarredbygreedanddictatorship. SheisbitterwithBengowhoseroleasanactivistplungedherfamilyinmisery. Herhusbandisexiled,hersonsareawayinsearchofjobsandherdaughterisinandoutofschoolduetolackofschoolfees. Thenativesarelivinginfear. Thereisfearofbeingassassinatedincaseonefallsoutwiththeleader. BengoisnearlykilledforfightingLacuna'sleadership. JudahZenMelogoesintoself-exile Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.20forfearofbeingkilledoutofdisobeyingLacuna. Taminasays,\"YoumustsitontherightsideofLeaderLacuna...ifyouaretolive.\". Pg.21 SangoitakesuptheappointmentasaministerforfearofbeingkilledbyLacuna. Lacuna thrives on nepotism. He rewards sycophants andclansmenleavingmostqualifiedcitizensunemployed. Thosethatareemployedarepoorlypaidandovertaxed. Zensays,\"...itpaystoknowtheleader'stribesmen\" pg.34 . Inaflashback,TaminarevealstothereaderreasonsbehindBengo'simprisonmentandJudah'sexile. ItturnsoutthatKutularequiresJudahtokillhisbrother,BengoforbeingathorninLacuna'spoliticalside. WhenJudahZenMelodisobeys,heisalmostkilledashismangledbodyisfounddampedoutsidetheirhouseandDr. Jonathansaveshim. LaterBengoisimprisoned. TaminareferstoLacunaandhiscroniesasanoctopusthatimpliesthestrongpowerandtheabilitytostretchout,toreachandcontrolanyoneandanythingtheywishtoget. PovertyanddespondencyareportrayedintheMovement. Taminastilllivesinheroldgrass-thatchedhut. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.21 Shewakesupbeforecock-crow topickcoffeebeansfarfromhome. Shehastowalkfifteenkilometerstofetchwaterfrom BukelengeMountains. HasonlytwoacresoflandleftafterChipandebuysherlandforpeanutstostarthismonopolyofgrowingcoffee. Luluissenthomeforschoolfeesbalanceoftwothousandshillings. Taminahasnomoney. Theleadershavetoldthepeoplethatthereare\"nofreethings\"andtheyshould tightenyourbelts.\". Pg.27 . Misrule and greed are seen through the leaders. Lacunademandsunyieldingloyaltyfromhissubjects. Hewantshisspokesman,JudahZenMelo,tokillhisownbrother,Bengo,whoistheleader'sthornintheflesh. JudahisalmostkilledfordisobeyingLacuna. Bengoisjailedformanyyears. LacunaispreoccupiedwithhelpinghisclansmenandhaslittleregardforKutulacitizens. Childrenaresentawayforschoolfeesfortheschooltoerecta Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.22perimeterfence,constructacomputerlaboratoryandpayfortheteachers'extraworkwhenresidentslackwaterandbasicneeds. JudahMeloisvirtuousandamanofintegrity. Herefusestokillhisbrother,Bengoeventhough'thegestureswon'tbeinvain' pg.23 .ThusLacunapromisestorewardhim ifhekillsthebrotherbutZenrefusestoobey. Heisaschemerforthesakeofsurvival. Hedoesn'tcallhisfamilyafterhisself-exilebutinsteadinvestsinbribingMithambowithdrinkstohirehim asamachineoperatorandhegetsit,getsadoublepayandcanaffordtoprovideforhisfamily. Judahisanescapist. He,\"deliberatelyshutshisinnerearfromhearing\" pg.33 thewife'spain. Hefailstocallorwritetotellhisfamilyabouthiswhereabout. Hedoesn'twanttokillwhatisleftintheirsinkinghearts. Bengoispatriotic. Hefightsthegovernment'sdictatorialrulethatoppressesthecitizens. Heisjailedforyearsandnowthatheisback,hevowsto\"takeupthefightwhereIleftoff.\". Pg.22 .Heisoptimisticinthatafterbeingjailedforyears,hereturnsreadytocontinuethefighthopingtoliberatethepeople. Bengoisrealisticbecauseheadmitstohavingbroughttroubletohisfamilyalbeitwiththerightmotives. HegivesTaminasome Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.23money. HeisbraveenoughtoopposeaLacunagovernmentandisalmostkilledforthesame. Taminaisresilient. Shestickstoherfamilyandfendsforherchildrendespitethedisappearanceofherhusbandan. Dlossofproperty. Sheworksfrom beforecock-crowtolateevening. Shefetcheswater15kilometersaway. Sheisassertive. SheoutrightlytellsBengooffforhisroleinscatteringherfamily. ShecriticizesKingKutula'scommemorationceremonyandthe\"invitationofherdaughtertotheceremonythatshetermsasa paganfestival.\". Pg.42 . Lacunaisdictatorial. Herulesbyanironfist. HedemandsthatJudahkillshisbrotherBengo,\"rubmypainingsidewiththeredbalm ofloyalty\" pg.23 .Heismurderous. HeordersthekillingofBengotwiceandfortunatelyforthelatter,hecheatsdeath. Beingapoormanager,heinauguratesthedam leadingtothedryingofstreamsandbrooks. Chipande'sgreedisevidentthroughhisrequesttoLacunatogivehim thesolemandatetoplantcoffee. Healsobuyslandfrompeople atvery low prices and he is largely selfish as hemisadvisesthegovernmentforhisselfishgains. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.24MovementTwoSceneOneSummaryKutula'sCommemorationCeremony ThesceneissetatKutulaPeoples'Park. ThestageissetforthecelebrationofaNationalCommemorationDayandalltheleaders,delegates,bosom friendsofKutulaRepublicandothercitizensaregatheredatthepark. MissGerima,theteacherishelpingthedancerswiththefinaltouchesofrehearsalsbeforetheritualbegins. Lacuna steps forward to the royalgrave to perform thecommemorationritual. ApitcherwithwaterishandedtoLuluwhowashesLacuna'shands. LacunathenpourswateratthefootofthegraveandthenLuluputsthecrownonhishead,giveshimthemandatetoleadanddeclaresthedaytobeanationalrestday. MelissacommentsthatthecrowndoesnotfitLacuna'sheadandSangoiisquicktosayit'stimeLacunaputthecrownasideashedoesn'tfitthemandate. Aftertheceremony,LacunainvitesSangoiandtheschool Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.25childrentoabanquetinhispalace. HeistodiscusswithSangoimattersofevacuationofthepeople,topavewayfortheirrigationproject,althoughheisawarethatsheisagainsttheproposal. LacunathenleadshisguestsinthebanquetandistolatershareamealwithLuluathisprivatechambersasrequiredbythecustom. Tasksl .", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.0422668}
{"text": "Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.2ADEFINITIVEGUIDETOINHERITANCETheAuthor DavidKakutaMulwawasbornon9thApril1945intheplainsofMukaainMakueniCounty. Hiswritingwasinfluencedbyhisfather,PastorJohnMulwa,andhisteachersfrom primaryschooltotheuniversity. David Mulwa wentto Machakos Boys High School,then toAllianceHighSchoolforhisA-levels. HejoinedtheUniversityofNairobiwhere he studied Literature instructed byTaban LoLiyong'andOkotP 'Bitek. HeproceededtotheUniversityofCaliforniainLosAngelesunderascholarshipwherehestudiedMastersinArts. Mulwahasalsowrittenotherbooksincluding'Redemption' 1989 ,'MasterandServant' 1979 ,'WeComeinPeace','GlassHouses,' Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.3amongothersbooks. Davidiscurrentlyawriter,lecturer,actorandthedirectorofKenyaPerformingArtsinNairobi. TheSetting ThestoryissetincolonialAfricaintheKutulacolonyundertheBritishrule. Thecolonialmasterslivelavishlyattheexpenseofthepoornativeswhoserveastheirslaves. ThetraditionalrulerofthenativesisKingKutulaXV.ThekingisbentonoverthrowingtheBritishleadershipbyallmeans. Heleadshispeopleinanationaluprisingagainstthewhitesettlersandoutrightlytellsthewhitegovernorthat\"...yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie. Everyoneofthem ...GovernorMacayandnoone'llhelpyou...Ihavespoken.\". Pg13 . AftertheexitoftheBritish,KutulabecomesarepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooafterthedeathofhis Lacuna's father,KingKutulaXV. LacunaKasoo'sleadershipturnsouttobeworsethantheleadershipof the colonialmasters. It is marred with greed,corruption,incompetenceandassassinations. Hisdictatorialregimetriggersapeacefulcivilrevolutionthatsuccessfullyoverthrowshisleadership. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.4TheTitle Theplay'Inheritance'revolvesaroundaconflictbetweentheAfricannatives and the white settlers overthe inheritance ofland,itsresourcesandleadership. TheBritishinvasioninAfricanismotivatedbythedesiretotapresourcesfrom Africathroughtheircolonialruleundertheguiseofbringingcivilizationinform ofeducation,infrastructure,andhospitalstothe\"primitive\"Africans. Oncesettled,thecolonialmastersgraduallygrabbedvastareasoflandfrom thenativesforagriculture,miningandsettlementtherebydisplacingandenslavingthenatives. TheBritishEmpiredependedonAfricaforsurvival,hencethedesiretoruleandcontrolAfricawiththeirresources. Thenatives,throughtheirKingKutula,realizetheurgentneedtoinheritwhatthewhitesettlershaverobbedthem. Wewanttobuildandrunourhomeinourownway. Thislandisourmother. Wewantourchildrentoliveandshareequallywhatshegivesus...allthatyoutakefrom her.\". P.12 .A countrywideuprising beginsand theWhiteman'sruleends. KingKutulaXVinheritstheleadershipfromtheBritishmasters. KingKutula'sleadershipislaterinheritedbyhisson,LacunaKasoo. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.5Lacunaismanipulatedanddeceivedbytheimperialiststokillhisownfather. GoldsteinisawareofLacuna'sinsatiablegreed. Hepromisestogroom LacunatoleadershipaslongasKingKutulaisoutoftheway. HisintentionistogetLacuna,whoiseasytocontrol,Prologue TheprologueopensinGovernorThorneMacay'smansion,whichisdescribedaslavishandonethatrentstheairofpowerandauthority. The Governoris seemingly angry atthe natives'ineptitude andincompetenceandfeelsdisempoweredbytheabolitionofthewhipasthenativeshavenowdownedtheirtools. TheGovernor'sattendanthaskeptBishopMenninger, brainoftheempire PrincessSangoi,andKingKutula,whohavecometoseethegovernor,waitingforanhourbecausethelatterisonatea-break,andwhenaskedwhyhekeepstheguestsforthatlongreplies,.yourordersis:Donotdisturbhisexcellenttea-timeandmeditetioninghour...\" p.3-4 . Thenativeshaveriotedagainstthewhitesettlers,destroyedtheirproperty,molestedthewomenandchildrenandhavebreachedtheagreementandtrustmadeearlier asituationthatcouldleadtoalongbloodywar...!\". P.8 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.6 BishopMenningerhasdocumentedadvicefortheGovernor. Hepointsoutinthedocumentthatnativeswouldneverchangefrom theirconfused simple nature and thatthey would neverbe like thesophisticatedandcivilizedwhitesbutwouldonlyremainascopycats. Healsopointsouttothegovernorthattheimperialistswouldhavetocontinuetoruleandlaybasicrulesforthenativessinceleftontheirown;theywouldoffernothingofsignificance. KingKutula'sentrytothegovernor'smansionisusheredinbyanattendantwhoregardshimwithaweandreverence. Headdressesthekingas\"Thesonoftheking from thestarsandtheheaven, pg6 GovernorThorneMacayhasneverunderstoodthe'infernalallegiance thatnativeshavetheirleadersbutMenningerisborn from theirinabilitytoreasonandthink. Heseesthem ascommonanimalswaybelowthewhiteswhomhetermsasdemocraticandcivilized. Governor thorne has summoned the king to register hisdisappointmentaboutkingKutula ssilenceontheescalatingviolenceinhiskingdom resultingfrom thenationwideupraisingbythenativesagainstthewhiteleaders. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.7 King Kutula dismisses Thorne s concerns by quoting an AfricanproverbtomocktheGovernor. Hesays Thechameleontoldthehare:makeyourstepImakemine;itisgoodcompany friend. Pg8 ThorneisoffendedandthreatenstoimprisonthekingforlifebeforeMenningerremindshim thatheistalkingtotheking. HeasksThorneto askdirectquestionsand avoid thelong winged proverbsandproverbialdrivelswhenthekingbeginstobombardthegovernorwithmanymoreproverbsandsayings. ThorneisthenshockedwhenKutulaadmitshisknowledgeofthecountrywideuprising and hissupportoftheviolenceagainstthegovernor speopledespitetheirgoodwilltobringcivilizationtothenatives. Hesays, Icannotshutthevoicesofmyfather pg10 ThegovernorisshockedbythesuddenchangeofattitudewhenKutulabluntlytellshimthat wedonotwantyouhere! Pg10 Kutularegretswhyhisfathersassentedtotheimperialistdraftedagreementthathadallowedthecolonialisttosubjecthispeopleto Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.8devastatingeffectsoftheiroppressiverulesandexcessivezeal. Kutulathreatensthegovernorthathispeoplewillcontinuetodieifhewon tletthenativesbuildandruntheirhome. He,however,hasnoobjectiontothewhitemanteachingthenativeshiswasbutwithmoderation. Sangoijoinstheleaderandexpressesherwillingnesstogoabroadandpursuethewhiteman'seducation. GovernorThorne'sfearoverKingKutula'seffortstogroomhisadopteddaughteristhatshewillbeanempoweredmatriarchandalionesstocontendwithinthefuture. MenningerisquicktoconsoleThornethatSangoi'seducationwouldonlyconfuseher. TheBishop'splanistounleashSangoiagainsthersimplefolkuponthecompletionofhereducationfortheirbenefit. Tasks1.WhatdoesThornemeanbythestatement,\"Africasupports,naymaintains,theempire\" pg.4 ? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.92.\"Make hera slave...again...Revisithistory,Menninger...revisit...\" pg.5 . What is your understanding of thisstatement?3.Inwhatwaysdothenativesexhibit'infernalallegiance'totheirleaders?4.Identifytheproverbsintheprologueandtheirrelevance.5.Menningeradmitstouseof\"excessivezeal. \"Howhavethenativesreactedtoit?6.\"Thekingisdangerous. LiketheQueenbee...\"Demonstratethetruthofthisstatement.7.Commentontheconflictthatarisesintheprologue.8.WhatdoesThornemeanwhenhesays\"TurmoilinAfricameansagreatlosstotheempire\" pg.4 ? 9.Outline the reasons King Kutula gives forwanting theimperialiststoleaveKutula.10.Pointoutatinstances in the prologue thatrevealThorneMacay'sattitudetowardsthenatives.11.Whatistheprologueallabout? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.10Commentary TheprologuecaptureslifeinKutuladuringthecolonialeraundertheauthoritarianandoppressiveleadershipofthecolonialists. MulwaportraysthecolonyofKutulaasoneundertheharshruleofGovernorThornewhoisapparentlyangrywiththecolonialofficethathasabolishedwhippingthenatives. HeisdispleasedwiththecolonialofficerinLondonforhisadvocacyonsimulatedhumanitarianism fordeclaringthewhipasobsolete. Hesays,\"ThefooldrinkingcoffeeinLondonwhileImollycoddlenatives.theydowntheirtoolsandnothinggetsdone.\". Page3 TheGovernormistreatsandabusesthenativeblackservantandcallstheattendant,a\"ditheryidiot\"andregardshim asimpudentandthencompareshim tocommonanimals. Hisleadershipisexcessivelyzealousandhumiliating. A conflicthasensued between theAfricansand theirwhitemastersoverland,leadershipandresources. TheWhitemanhasbeenrobbingtheAfricansoftheirvaluablesandexportingthem Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.11tohismotherland. KingKutulaXVtakesdispleasureintheapparentinheritanceandinsiststhatnativesmustsharewhatcomesfrom theirland. Itisclearthatincaseofarevolution,theBritishEmpirestandstolosein the eventthatthe natives take overgovernance. This isbecause\"Africasupportstheempire...\" p.4 . Interracialconflictandrevolutionisdemonstratedbythereprisalandescalatingviolencebetweenthenativesandwhitesettlers. ThenativesdestroytheWhite'spropertyandmolesttheirchildrenandwomen. Theauthorbringsouttheconflictofattitudewherethewhitesettlersconsider themselvescivilized, democraticandmodernized. Theyalsoclaim tohavebroughtchangethrougheducation,hospitals,roads,churches,employment to theprimitive,ignorantandungratefulnatives. However,Kutulainsiststhatjustasabeetlecarriesitshouseonits back whetherstinking ornot,the natives willgovernthemselvesdespitetheirignoranceandinability. Pg11 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.12 Ironyisemployedintheprologue. GovernorThorneregardsthenatives'customsasprimitive. Menningerseesthem aslackingoriginalityandcommonreasonyettheycanhardlycomprehendthewisdominthe'longwindedproverbs'ofthenatives. Theyalsodependonthenatives'republictosustaintheirempire. ItisironicalthattheBritishclaim tohavebroughtcivilizationtothenativesthroughschoolsyettheirmainmotiveistorobthesamenativesoftheirvaluables. TheyfearKingKutulaandregardhimas\"aningenious rascal\" p.15 .andadangerousman. 'Thiskingisdangerouslikethequeenbee,hesanctionsthestingandthetoilingworkersindiscriminatelydescenduponourpeople TheuseofproverbsisastylethatportraysKingKutula asassertive,independentmindedandingeniousdespitethewhiteman'scontrolandmanipulation. Heisalsocalm andcollected. Theauthortreatsthereadertodetaileddescriptionaboutthecharactersandsetting. Menningeris\"...middleaged,powerfullybuiltman ...An airofkeen intelligence and extreme selfimportanceabouthim... page4 .KingKutulaisdescribedasatall,leanandathleticmaninhislatefiftiesamostself-assuredrulerwithanunnervingprese. Nce. P.7 . GovernorThorneisportrayedasanabusiveleader. Heinsultsthe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.13attendantasa'ditheringidiot'impliesthatheisimprudent,referstothecolonialofficeroverseesas'Thefool'. Heisalsoshorttempered;hehandlestheattendantroughlyandisimpatientwithhim, don tgecko-gawkatme!\"HeaddressesKingKutulawi01insultsthus\"Damnall,KingKutula\". Page8 . Thegovernorisoppressive,authoritarianandselfish. Hefeelsdisadvantagedafterthewhipisabolishedbecauseheusesitforhisownconvenience. HeisdishonestandpretendstosupportSangoi'seducationyethewantstouseitagainstthenativesandbenefitfromdividingthemasadvisedbyBishopMenninger. KingKutulaXVisfirm andassertive. HetellsThornethatheissilentabouttheuprisingandthat\"yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie.\". Pg.13 .Hewillnotbow toimperialism. TheKingiswise. Hequotesmanyproverbsandnarrativesappropriatelytopassimportantmessages. King Kutula is calm and collected,and responds with admirablecalmnesstoGovernorThorne'soutburstsofanger. Heisaconfidentmanwhoisunafraidofthewhiteman'sthreats. \"DoyouknowIcanclapyouinforlife?\"Heresponds,'.eldersdon'tbandyinsults.\". P.8 Menningerissanctimoniousdespitebeingamanofthecloth. Hepropagatesoppression,imperialism,deceitandopportunism totheimperialmajestythrough hisadvice and counsel. He completely Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.14disregardsthevirtuousandgoodnewsmessagethathisreligionpreaches. Heseesnativesasrabbleswithoutunderstandingandcivilization. HeintendstomisguideSangoisothattheWesterneducationmakeshera\"...goddessofconfusionandusehertomanipulatethenatives...\" p.15 . AttendantIlisextremelyloyaltotheKing. Heispatientandforebearing and isableto workunderThorne. Sangoiisambitious,obedient,trustingandloyalSheobeysandtrustsherfatherwithwhomshespendsalotoftimewith. MovementOneSummaryLeadershipInheritance Kutula,thirtyyearslater,isanindependentRepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooyetthestandardsoflivingarepoor. TaminaZenMeloisemaciatedandolderthanheragewithnoproperhousingandfood. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.15 Bengo,apoliticalactivistwhohasjustarrivedfrom jailinthecapital,istreatedtoacoldwelcomebyTaminawhostillholdstoage-oldbitterness. TaminaexplainstoBengothatthewatertheyusedtogetfromthenearbyspringsandbrookshasbeendivertedbyCouncilorChipandeto BukelengeMountainsfifteenkilometersawaytomakeadam despiteReverendSangoi'sprotests. Infact,aninaugurationforthedamisdoneandreceivesmuchpraise. ThenativeshavebeendeniedlicensestogrowcoffeeandtheirlandstakenbyChipandeaftertheWhitemanleftmakingthemslavesintheirownfarms. Taminasays\"Mycoffeefarm inBukelengeMountains?Allgone. Now ImustpickcoffeeforChipandeonthefarmthathehadmeselltohimforpeanuts.\". P.24 . Tamina is bitterwith Bengo because ofhis indulgence inoppositionpoliticsthatledtotheneardeathofherhusband,JudahZenMelo,whowasLacuna'sspokespersonandpartyman,afterhisrefusaltokillhisbrotherwhowas\"Lacuna'sthorninhispoliticalside.\". P.23 . ThisearnsJudahunemploymentandheisexiled. Taminalosteverythingincludingthegoodlifesheoncelived. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.16 Bengo,whoispopularandwouldhavewontheelectionswithalandslide,istakentojailtopavewayforChipande,Lacuna'scrony. Luluarriveshomefrom schoolearlierthanusualtocollectthetwothousandshillingfeesbalancefortheconstructionofaperimeterfenceandthecomputerlaboratorydespitepayingonethousandthepreviousday. Taminacomplainsofherlackofbasicslikefoodandwaterandwondersaboutthe essenceofeducation. Lulu isbitterandsomewhatinsolentanddisrespectfultohermother. Luluisfrustratedbyhermother'shelplessnessandpovertyandthreatensher,\"lwillusemybeautythen!Imustcompleteschoolandbesomebody...inanyway pg31 UnlikehermotherLuluwantstobefreefrompovertyandoppression. JudaharrivesfromthetownofPatolaandiswarmlywelcomedbyhiswife. Hesaysjobswerenotforthcomingandthepaywaslow. Besides,youneededyourowntribesmantogetajob. Hesacrificeshismoralsforemploymentbecause,religiondoesn'tsitwellonanemptystomach...\" p.36 .HethereforebeginsdrinkingandbribesMithambowithbeertogetajobasaMachineOperator. Heworksforlonghoursandcompetitionis Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.17stiff. Meanwhile,theirsonsarealsointownslookingforjobs. BeforeJudahcanrest,heleavesto\"sayhellotothecrowdandescortthe sunset\" pg.38 butleaves Tamina eighthundredshillingsbesidestheassortmentofgroceriesthathehasbroughthome. Luluisbackandapologeticfordisrespectinghermother. Shelearnsofherfather'sreturnwithexcitement. Sangoihas been appointed a ministerin the Ministry ofReclamation and Remedies byLacuna againstherwill. SheacceptsthepostforfearthatLacunamightassassinatehernowthatduringhiscoronation,peoplepreferredSangoiforLacunatobetheirleaderafterKingKutula'sdeath. Thegovernmentplanstoevacuatepeoplefrom thevalleyandSangoihopes thatLacuna would change his mind overtheevacuation before Kutula's much publicized commemorationceremony. Tamina is against Lulu's attendance of the king Kutulacommemorationceremony,despiteherkeyroleasaleaddancerintheschool'sdancetroupeinvitedbyLacunahimself. ItisonlythroughSangoi'sinterventionthatTaminapermitsLulutoattendwhatshecalls\"apaganritual\" pg.43 onconditionthat Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.18shewouldrunbackhomeafterthefestival. SangoipromisestowatchoverLuluandevenpayherschoolfeesbalance. Meloreturnshomedrunk. Hesaysheruleshisfamilywithloveand not machines and police guards like Lacuna. JudahcelebrateshisfamilyandreferstoTaminaasbeautyqueen...sobeautiful...\"andLuluas\"Girl,you'reablackqueenand...ori...hic...ginal!\". Pg.48 andchallengesLulutoworkhardandachieveherdreamsofbecomingadoctorandthenhegoestobed. Luluistotallyuninspiredbyherparents'marriage. Shesays,\"Ifthisiswhatitmeanstobeaparent,Iwon'tfollowtheirfootstepstobecrownedqueenofrags\". Pg.51 .Tasksl. Outlinethecounter-productivityofChipande'sdamproject.2.WhyisTaminastillbitterwithBengo?3.InwhatwaysisBengo\"...athorninLacuna'spoliticalside\"?4.State the challenges thatparents like Tamina with school-goingchildrenmustundergo.5.How does Judah Zen Melo's absence contribute to Tamina'schallenges? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.196.\"Idon'twantthislife!Idon't!Idon't!\". Pg.31 .WhatexactlydoesLulumeanbythisstatement?7.DescribehowZenMelogetshisjobasamachineoperator.8.WhatcharacterofLuludemonstratesherunderstandingofhergoalsinlife?9.Givethreeillustrationsofincidencesofdisillusionmentinthisepisode. Commentary Itisironicalthatmuchasthenativesexpectedbetterlivesafterindependence,theworstishappeningtothem inform ofneocolonialism. Lacunaismoregreedy,corruptanddictatorialthanhispredecessors. Thenativesarebitter. Tamina'sbitternessisbornofthemiseriesshehasbeenthrough,broughtbyKutula'spoorleadershipmarredbygreedanddictatorship. SheisbitterwithBengowhoseroleasanactivistplungedherfamilyinmisery. Herhusbandisexiled,hersonsareawayinsearchofjobsandherdaughterisinandoutofschoolduetolackofschoolfees. Thenativesarelivinginfear. Thereisfearofbeingassassinatedincaseonefallsoutwiththeleader. BengoisnearlykilledforfightingLacuna'sleadership. JudahZenMelogoesintoself-exile Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.20forfearofbeingkilledoutofdisobeyingLacuna. Taminasays,\"YoumustsitontherightsideofLeaderLacuna...ifyouaretolive.\". Pg.21 SangoitakesuptheappointmentasaministerforfearofbeingkilledbyLacuna. Lacuna thrives on nepotism. He rewards sycophants andclansmenleavingmostqualifiedcitizensunemployed. Thosethatareemployedarepoorlypaidandovertaxed. Zensays,\"...itpaystoknowtheleader'stribesmen\" pg.34 . Inaflashback,TaminarevealstothereaderreasonsbehindBengo'simprisonmentandJudah'sexile. ItturnsoutthatKutularequiresJudahtokillhisbrother,BengoforbeingathorninLacuna'spoliticalside. WhenJudahZenMelodisobeys,heisalmostkilledashismangledbodyisfounddampedoutsidetheirhouseandDr. Jonathansaveshim. LaterBengoisimprisoned. TaminareferstoLacunaandhiscroniesasanoctopusthatimpliesthestrongpowerandtheabilitytostretchout,toreachandcontrolanyoneandanythingtheywishtoget. PovertyanddespondencyareportrayedintheMovement. Taminastilllivesinheroldgrass-thatchedhut. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.21 Shewakesupbeforecock-crow topickcoffeebeansfarfromhome. Shehastowalkfifteenkilometerstofetchwaterfrom BukelengeMountains. HasonlytwoacresoflandleftafterChipandebuysherlandforpeanutstostarthismonopolyofgrowingcoffee. Luluissenthomeforschoolfeesbalanceoftwothousandshillings. Taminahasnomoney. Theleadershavetoldthepeoplethatthereare\"nofreethings\"andtheyshould tightenyourbelts.\". Pg.27 . Misrule and greed are seen through the leaders. Lacunademandsunyieldingloyaltyfromhissubjects. Hewantshisspokesman,JudahZenMelo,tokillhisownbrother,Bengo,whoistheleader'sthornintheflesh. JudahisalmostkilledfordisobeyingLacuna. Bengoisjailedformanyyears. LacunaispreoccupiedwithhelpinghisclansmenandhaslittleregardforKutulacitizens. Childrenaresentawayforschoolfeesfortheschooltoerecta Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.22perimeterfence,constructacomputerlaboratoryandpayfortheteachers'extraworkwhenresidentslackwaterandbasicneeds. JudahMeloisvirtuousandamanofintegrity. Herefusestokillhisbrother,Bengoeventhough'thegestureswon'tbeinvain' pg.23 .ThusLacunapromisestorewardhim ifhekillsthebrotherbutZenrefusestoobey. Heisaschemerforthesakeofsurvival. Hedoesn'tcallhisfamilyafterhisself-exilebutinsteadinvestsinbribingMithambowithdrinkstohirehim asamachineoperatorandhegetsit,getsadoublepayandcanaffordtoprovideforhisfamily. Judahisanescapist. He,\"deliberatelyshutshisinnerearfromhearing\" pg.33 thewife'spain. Hefailstocallorwritetotellhisfamilyabouthiswhereabout. Hedoesn'twanttokillwhatisleftintheirsinkinghearts. Bengoispatriotic. Hefightsthegovernment'sdictatorialrulethatoppressesthecitizens. Heisjailedforyearsandnowthatheisback,hevowsto\"takeupthefightwhereIleftoff.\". Pg.22 .Heisoptimisticinthatafterbeingjailedforyears,hereturnsreadytocontinuethefighthopingtoliberatethepeople. Bengoisrealisticbecauseheadmitstohavingbroughttroubletohisfamilyalbeitwiththerightmotives. HegivesTaminasome Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.23money. HeisbraveenoughtoopposeaLacunagovernmentandisalmostkilledforthesame. Taminaisresilient. Shestickstoherfamilyandfendsforherchildrendespitethedisappearanceofherhusbandan. Dlossofproperty. Sheworksfrom beforecock-crowtolateevening. Shefetcheswater15kilometersaway. Sheisassertive. SheoutrightlytellsBengooffforhisroleinscatteringherfamily. ShecriticizesKingKutula'scommemorationceremonyandthe\"invitationofherdaughtertotheceremonythatshetermsasa paganfestival.\". Pg.42 . Lacunaisdictatorial. Herulesbyanironfist. HedemandsthatJudahkillshisbrotherBengo,\"rubmypainingsidewiththeredbalm ofloyalty\" pg.23 .Heismurderous. HeordersthekillingofBengotwiceandfortunatelyforthelatter,hecheatsdeath. Beingapoormanager,heinauguratesthedam leadingtothedryingofstreamsandbrooks. Chipande'sgreedisevidentthroughhisrequesttoLacunatogivehim thesolemandatetoplantcoffee. Healsobuyslandfrompeople atvery low prices and he is largely selfish as hemisadvisesthegovernmentforhisselfishgains. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.24MovementTwoSceneOneSummaryKutula'sCommemorationCeremony ThesceneissetatKutulaPeoples'Park. ThestageissetforthecelebrationofaNationalCommemorationDayandalltheleaders,delegates,bosom friendsofKutulaRepublicandothercitizensaregatheredatthepark. MissGerima,theteacherishelpingthedancerswiththefinaltouchesofrehearsalsbeforetheritualbegins. Lacuna steps forward to the royalgrave to perform thecommemorationritual. ApitcherwithwaterishandedtoLuluwhowashesLacuna'shands. LacunathenpourswateratthefootofthegraveandthenLuluputsthecrownonhishead,giveshimthemandatetoleadanddeclaresthedaytobeanationalrestday. MelissacommentsthatthecrowndoesnotfitLacuna'sheadandSangoiisquicktosayit'stimeLacunaputthecrownasideashedoesn'tfitthemandate. Aftertheceremony,LacunainvitesSangoiandtheschool Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.25childrentoabanquetinhispalace. HeistodiscusswithSangoimattersofevacuationofthepeople,topavewayfortheirrigationproject,althoughheisawarethatsheisagainsttheproposal. LacunathenleadshisguestsinthebanquetandistolatershareamealwithLuluathisprivatechambersasrequiredbythecustom. Tasksl . Describe the rituals performed during the commemorationchronologically.2.What does Lacuna mean by \"customs must bow to nationalemergencies\" pg.57 ? 3.Identifytheironyofthequoteinnumber2above.4.CommentonSangoi'ssaying,\"Whenthedeadmurmurinaconscience,theguiltyhearinittheterrorofthunder,ourforefathersaidit\" pg.56 .5.HowdoyouthinkthenationalrestthatLacunadeclaresimpactsontheeconomy?6.WhydoyouthinkSangoi,theeldersandthetwowhitemenfailtorespondtoMalipoa? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.267.Explainthesymbolism inLacuna'scrownthatdoesnotfitandislopsidedonhishead.8.WhoisGerimaandwhatisherroleinthecommemorationceremony?9.DescribeMelissa'sroleintheepisode. Commentary TheauthordemonstratesthesuperstitioustraditionalpracticesofcommemoratingthedepartedleadersinKutula. Thecurrentleaderisgiventhemandatetolead,bytheyouth,aftertheperformanceofaritual.\"... Ourancestorsdemandthatouryouthsgiveusmandatetoleadthemtotheirfuture...\" p.53 . Melissa and Sangoi's criticism ofLacuna's crown indicates adisapprovalofleadershipandalackofrespectandsupportforhim.\"... Thecrowndoesnotfithim...\" p.55 .\"...Itislop-sidedonhishead...\" Pg.55 . Melissa'sdisinterestintheritualisbasicallybecauseLacunahaschosen Lulu,a nineteen-year-old schoolgoing girl,as themessenger. Heissettogetintimatewithherintheprocess. Lacuna'saddresstothegraveofhisfatherisacaseofapostrophe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.27intheplay. Headdresseshislatefathertobringouttheimmediacyofthefestival. Traditionsdemandthatthedeadmustnotbeoffended.\".. Lfourfatherswouldhaveussharethesameplatform...\" p.55 .Thedispleasureofthedeadcanbeunbearabletotheliving. Lacunaisasticklerfortraditionandsuperstition. Heperformstheritualasrequiredbycustom. HereadilyagreestotheadviceandguidancethatheisgivenbyMalipoa,histraditionaladvisor. MelissaandSangoiarecriticalandobservant. Theyarekeentonoticethelop-sidedcrownonLacuna'shead,Theyimplythatheisnotfitforleadership. SceneTwoSummaryLacuna'sBusinessDealswiththeImperialists Thesettingshiftstotheleader'spalaceformally,Governor Macay'sresidencewhichhasnowbeenextensivelymodernized. ItisherethatLacuna,GoldsteinandRobert'smeetingtakesplace. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.28 ChipandewelcomesGoldsteinandRoberttothepalace. TheyarecatchinguponthejustendedcommemorationceremonybeforeLacunaarrives. Chipanderudelyhandlestheattendant. Hebragsabouthow hetreatsthem insummarystatementsinthenameofdemocracyanddevelopmentwhilefaultingKingKutulaforhavingtreatedeveryoneequally. Robertsarcasticallypointsathow Africanslovecelebrationsatthe expense ofserious issues like time managementandeconomy. Chipandecomesindefensesaying.thedrumsofprayerandthanksgivingareintendedtobringthedeadandthelivingtocommunion.\". Pg.59 . Robert'scontemptforAfricansisevidentwhenhesaysthewhitesaresuperiorandthat\"it'schokingme.doingbusinesswithimmoralragamumns...\" pg.60 .HeaddsthatAfricanleadersborrowmoniesabroadinthenameofthenativesonlytoenrichthemselves-themoneyhasavailednothingtothepeople. Withreferencetotheextravagantandunnecessarybanquet,henotesthatmostdrinksandmealsservedareimported. ThecoffeeisgrownbythelocalsbutthenexportedtoLondonforprocessingthensoldbacktothem. Robertwonders,\"Howcanwe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.29dobusinesswithpeoplelikethese?\". Pg.61 . Goldstein'sperspectiveofbusinessistolend,makeprofitandenslavethenativesby\"...puttingthenoose theWhitemanandpoisonedhisownfathertodeath. \"Helovedme,butIkilledhim.\". Pg.69 .However,hegoesaheadtojustifythemurder,\"..myfatherlovedmebut Ilovedmypeoplemore...that'swhyhehadtodie.\". Pg.69 . GoldsteinrecountswhattheyhavedoneforLacunaandthenatives\" financed his inauguration....", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.2016327}
{"text": "Wewanttobuildandrunourhomeinourownway. Thislandisourmother. Wewantourchildrentoliveandshareequallywhatshegivesus...allthatyoutakefrom her.\". P.12 .A countrywideuprising beginsand theWhiteman'sruleends. KingKutulaXVinheritstheleadershipfromtheBritishmasters. KingKutula'sleadershipislaterinheritedbyhisson,LacunaKasoo. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.5Lacunaismanipulatedanddeceivedbytheimperialiststokillhisownfather. GoldsteinisawareofLacuna'sinsatiablegreed. Hepromisestogroom LacunatoleadershipaslongasKingKutulaisoutoftheway. HisintentionistogetLacuna,whoiseasytocontrol,Prologue TheprologueopensinGovernorThorneMacay'smansion,whichisdescribedaslavishandonethatrentstheairofpowerandauthority. The Governoris seemingly angry atthe natives'ineptitude andincompetenceandfeelsdisempoweredbytheabolitionofthewhipasthenativeshavenowdownedtheirtools. TheGovernor'sattendanthaskeptBishopMenninger, brainoftheempire PrincessSangoi,andKingKutula,whohavecometoseethegovernor,waitingforanhourbecausethelatterisonatea-break,andwhenaskedwhyhekeepstheguestsforthatlongreplies,.yourordersis:Donotdisturbhisexcellenttea-timeandmeditetioninghour...\" p.3-4 . Thenativeshaveriotedagainstthewhitesettlers,destroyedtheirproperty,molestedthewomenandchildrenandhavebreachedtheagreementandtrustmadeearlier asituationthatcouldleadtoalongbloodywar...!\". P.8 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.6 BishopMenningerhasdocumentedadvicefortheGovernor. Hepointsoutinthedocumentthatnativeswouldneverchangefrom theirconfused simple nature and thatthey would neverbe like thesophisticatedandcivilizedwhitesbutwouldonlyremainascopycats. Healsopointsouttothegovernorthattheimperialistswouldhavetocontinuetoruleandlaybasicrulesforthenativessinceleftontheirown;theywouldoffernothingofsignificance. KingKutula'sentrytothegovernor'smansionisusheredinbyanattendantwhoregardshimwithaweandreverence. Headdressesthekingas\"Thesonoftheking from thestarsandtheheaven, pg6 GovernorThorneMacayhasneverunderstoodthe'infernalallegiance thatnativeshavetheirleadersbutMenningerisborn from theirinabilitytoreasonandthink. Heseesthem ascommonanimalswaybelowthewhiteswhomhetermsasdemocraticandcivilized. Governor thorne has summoned the king to register hisdisappointmentaboutkingKutula ssilenceontheescalatingviolenceinhiskingdom resultingfrom thenationwideupraisingbythenativesagainstthewhiteleaders. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.7 King Kutula dismisses Thorne s concerns by quoting an AfricanproverbtomocktheGovernor. Hesays Thechameleontoldthehare:makeyourstepImakemine;itisgoodcompany friend. Pg8 ThorneisoffendedandthreatenstoimprisonthekingforlifebeforeMenningerremindshim thatheistalkingtotheking. HeasksThorneto askdirectquestionsand avoid thelong winged proverbsandproverbialdrivelswhenthekingbeginstobombardthegovernorwithmanymoreproverbsandsayings. ThorneisthenshockedwhenKutulaadmitshisknowledgeofthecountrywideuprising and hissupportoftheviolenceagainstthegovernor speopledespitetheirgoodwilltobringcivilizationtothenatives. Hesays, Icannotshutthevoicesofmyfather pg10 ThegovernorisshockedbythesuddenchangeofattitudewhenKutulabluntlytellshimthat wedonotwantyouhere! Pg10 Kutularegretswhyhisfathersassentedtotheimperialistdraftedagreementthathadallowedthecolonialisttosubjecthispeopleto Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.8devastatingeffectsoftheiroppressiverulesandexcessivezeal. Kutulathreatensthegovernorthathispeoplewillcontinuetodieifhewon tletthenativesbuildandruntheirhome. He,however,hasnoobjectiontothewhitemanteachingthenativeshiswasbutwithmoderation. Sangoijoinstheleaderandexpressesherwillingnesstogoabroadandpursuethewhiteman'seducation. GovernorThorne'sfearoverKingKutula'seffortstogroomhisadopteddaughteristhatshewillbeanempoweredmatriarchandalionesstocontendwithinthefuture. MenningerisquicktoconsoleThornethatSangoi'seducationwouldonlyconfuseher. TheBishop'splanistounleashSangoiagainsthersimplefolkuponthecompletionofhereducationfortheirbenefit. Tasks1.WhatdoesThornemeanbythestatement,\"Africasupports,naymaintains,theempire\" pg.4 ? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.92.\"Make hera slave...again...Revisithistory,Menninger...revisit...\" pg.5 . What is your understanding of thisstatement?3.Inwhatwaysdothenativesexhibit'infernalallegiance'totheirleaders?4.Identifytheproverbsintheprologueandtheirrelevance.5.Menningeradmitstouseof\"excessivezeal. \"Howhavethenativesreactedtoit?6.\"Thekingisdangerous. LiketheQueenbee...\"Demonstratethetruthofthisstatement.7.Commentontheconflictthatarisesintheprologue.8.WhatdoesThornemeanwhenhesays\"TurmoilinAfricameansagreatlosstotheempire\" pg.4 ? 9.Outline the reasons King Kutula gives forwanting theimperialiststoleaveKutula.10.Pointoutatinstances in the prologue thatrevealThorneMacay'sattitudetowardsthenatives.11.Whatistheprologueallabout? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.10Commentary TheprologuecaptureslifeinKutuladuringthecolonialeraundertheauthoritarianandoppressiveleadershipofthecolonialists. MulwaportraysthecolonyofKutulaasoneundertheharshruleofGovernorThornewhoisapparentlyangrywiththecolonialofficethathasabolishedwhippingthenatives. HeisdispleasedwiththecolonialofficerinLondonforhisadvocacyonsimulatedhumanitarianism fordeclaringthewhipasobsolete. Hesays,\"ThefooldrinkingcoffeeinLondonwhileImollycoddlenatives.theydowntheirtoolsandnothinggetsdone.\". Page3 TheGovernormistreatsandabusesthenativeblackservantandcallstheattendant,a\"ditheryidiot\"andregardshim asimpudentandthencompareshim tocommonanimals. Hisleadershipisexcessivelyzealousandhumiliating. A conflicthasensued between theAfricansand theirwhitemastersoverland,leadershipandresources. TheWhitemanhasbeenrobbingtheAfricansoftheirvaluablesandexportingthem Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.11tohismotherland. KingKutulaXVtakesdispleasureintheapparentinheritanceandinsiststhatnativesmustsharewhatcomesfrom theirland. Itisclearthatincaseofarevolution,theBritishEmpirestandstolosein the eventthatthe natives take overgovernance. This isbecause\"Africasupportstheempire...\" p.4 . Interracialconflictandrevolutionisdemonstratedbythereprisalandescalatingviolencebetweenthenativesandwhitesettlers. ThenativesdestroytheWhite'spropertyandmolesttheirchildrenandwomen. Theauthorbringsouttheconflictofattitudewherethewhitesettlersconsider themselvescivilized, democraticandmodernized. Theyalsoclaim tohavebroughtchangethrougheducation,hospitals,roads,churches,employment to theprimitive,ignorantandungratefulnatives. However,Kutulainsiststhatjustasabeetlecarriesitshouseonits back whetherstinking ornot,the natives willgovernthemselvesdespitetheirignoranceandinability. Pg11 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.12 Ironyisemployedintheprologue. GovernorThorneregardsthenatives'customsasprimitive. Menningerseesthem aslackingoriginalityandcommonreasonyettheycanhardlycomprehendthewisdominthe'longwindedproverbs'ofthenatives. Theyalsodependonthenatives'republictosustaintheirempire. ItisironicalthattheBritishclaim tohavebroughtcivilizationtothenativesthroughschoolsyettheirmainmotiveistorobthesamenativesoftheirvaluables. TheyfearKingKutulaandregardhimas\"aningenious rascal\" p.15 .andadangerousman. 'Thiskingisdangerouslikethequeenbee,hesanctionsthestingandthetoilingworkersindiscriminatelydescenduponourpeople TheuseofproverbsisastylethatportraysKingKutula asassertive,independentmindedandingeniousdespitethewhiteman'scontrolandmanipulation. Heisalsocalm andcollected. Theauthortreatsthereadertodetaileddescriptionaboutthecharactersandsetting. Menningeris\"...middleaged,powerfullybuiltman ...An airofkeen intelligence and extreme selfimportanceabouthim... page4 .KingKutulaisdescribedasatall,leanandathleticmaninhislatefiftiesamostself-assuredrulerwithanunnervingpresence. P.7 . GovernorThorneisportrayedasanabusiveleader. Heinsultsthe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.13attendantasa'ditheringidiot'impliesthatheisimprudent,referstothecolonialofficeroverseesas'Thefool'. Heisalsoshorttempered;hehandlestheattendantroughlyandisimpatientwithhim, don tgecko-gawkatme!\"HeaddressesKingKutulawi01insultsthus\"Damnall,KingKutula\". Page8 . Thegovernorisoppressive,authoritarianandselfish. Hefeelsdisadvantagedafterthewhipisabolishedbecauseheusesitforhisownconvenience. HeisdishonestandpretendstosupportSangoi'seducationyethewantstouseitagainstthenativesandbenefitfromdividingthemasadvisedbyBishopMenninger. KingKutulaXVisfirm andassertive. HetellsThornethatheissilentabouttheuprisingandthat\"yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie.\". Pg.13 .Hewillnotbow toimperialism. TheKingiswise. Hequotesmanyproverbsandnarrativesappropriatelytopassimportantmessages. King Kutula is calm and collected,and responds with admirablecalmnesstoGovernorThorne'soutburstsofanger. Heisaconfidentmanwhoisunafraidofthewhiteman'sthreats. \"DoyouknowIcanclapyouinforlife?\"Heresponds,'.eldersdon'tbandyinsults.\". P.8 Menningerissanctimoniousdespitebeingamanofthecloth. Hepropagatesoppression,imperialism,deceitandopportunism totheimperialmajestythrough hisadvice and counsel. He completely Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.14disregardsthevirtuousandgoodnewsmessagethathisreligionpreaches. Heseesnativesasrabbleswithoutunderstandingandcivilization. HeintendstomisguideSangoisothattheWesterneducationmakeshera\"...goddessofconfusionandusehertomanipulatethenatives...\" p.15 . AttendantIlisextremelyloyaltotheKing. Heispatientandforebearing and isableto workunderThorne. Sangoiisambitious,obedient,trustingandloyalSheobeysandtrustsherfatherwithwhomshespendsalotoftimewith. MovementOneSummaryLeadershipInheritance Kutula,thirtyyearslater,isanindependentRepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooyetthestandardsoflivingarepoor. TaminaZenMeloisemaciatedandolderthanheragewithnoproperhousingandfood. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.15 Bengo,apoliticalactivistwhohasjustarrivedfrom jailinthecapital,istreatedtoacoldwelcomebyTaminawhostillholdstoage-oldbitterness. TaminaexplainstoBengothatthewatertheyusedtogetfromthenearbyspringsandbrookshasbeendivertedbyCouncilorChipandeto BukelengeMountainsfifteenkilometersawaytomakeadam despiteReverendSangoi'sprotests. Infact,aninaugurationforthedamisd. Oneandreceivesmuchpraise. ThenativeshavebeendeniedlicensestogrowcoffeeandtheirlandstakenbyChipandeaftertheWhitemanleftmakingthemslavesintheirownfarms. Taminasays\"Mycoffeefarm inBukelengeMountains?Allgone. Now ImustpickcoffeeforChipandeonthefarmthathehadmeselltohimforpeanuts.\". P.24 . Tamina is bitterwith Bengo because ofhis indulgence inoppositionpoliticsthatledtotheneardeathofherhusband,JudahZenMelo,whowasLacuna'sspokespersonandpartyman,afterhisrefusaltokillhisbrotherwhowas\"Lacuna'sthorninhispoliticalside.\". P.23 . ThisearnsJudahunemploymentandheisexiled. Taminalosteverythingincludingthegoodlifesheoncelived. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.16 Bengo,whoispopularandwouldhavewontheelectionswithalandslide,istakentojailtopavewayforChipande,Lacuna'scrony. Luluarriveshomefrom schoolearlierthanusualtocollectthetwothousandshillingfeesbalancefortheconstructionofaperimeterfenceandthecomputerlaboratorydespitepayingonethousandthepreviousday. Taminacomplainsofherlackofbasicslikefoodandwaterandwondersaboutthe essenceofeducation. Lulu isbitterandsomewhatinsolentanddisrespectfultohermother. Luluisfrustratedbyhermother'shelplessnessandpovertyandthreatensher,\"lwillusemybeautythen!Imustcompleteschoolandbesomebody...inanyway pg31 UnlikehermotherLuluwantstobefreefrompovertyandoppression. JudaharrivesfromthetownofPatolaandiswarmlywelcomedbyhiswife. Hesaysjobswerenotforthcomingandthepaywaslow. Besides,youneededyourowntribesmantogetajob. Hesacrificeshismoralsforemploymentbecause,religiondoesn'tsitwellonanemptystomach...\" p.36 .HethereforebeginsdrinkingandbribesMithambowithbeertogetajobasaMachineOperator. Heworksforlonghoursandcompetitionis Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.17stiff. Meanwhile,theirsonsarealsointownslookingforjobs. BeforeJudahcanrest,heleavesto\"sayhellotothecrowdandescortthe sunset\" pg.38 butleaves Tamina eighthundredshillingsbesidestheassortmentofgroceriesthathehasbroughthome. Luluisbackandapologeticfordisrespectinghermother. Shelearnsofherfather'sreturnwithexcitement. Sangoihas been appointed a ministerin the Ministry ofReclamation and Remedies byLacuna againstherwill. SheacceptsthepostforfearthatLacunamightassassinatehernowthatduringhiscoronation,peoplepreferredSangoiforLacunatobetheirleaderafterKingKutula'sdeath. Thegovernmentplanstoevacuatepeoplefrom thevalleyandSangoihopes thatLacuna would change his mind overtheevacuation before Kutula's much publicized commemorationceremony. Tamina is against Lulu's attendance of the king Kutulacommemorationceremony,despiteherkeyroleasaleaddancerintheschool'sdancetroupeinvitedbyLacunahimself. ItisonlythroughSangoi'sinterventionthatTaminapermitsLulutoattendwhatshecalls\"apaganritual\" pg.43 onconditionthat Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.18shewouldrunbackhomeafterthefestival. SangoipromisestowatchoverLuluandevenpayherschoolfeesbalance. Meloreturnshomedrunk. Hesaysheruleshisfamilywithloveand not machines and police guards like Lacuna. JudahcelebrateshisfamilyandreferstoTaminaasbeautyqueen...sobeautiful...\"andLuluas\"Girl,you'reablackqueenand...ori...hic...ginal!\". Pg.48 andchallengesLulutoworkhardandachieveherdreamsofbecomingadoctorandthenhegoestobed. Luluistotallyuninspiredbyherparents'marriage. Shesays,\"Ifthisiswhatitmeanstobeaparent,Iwon'tfollowtheirfootstepstobecrownedqueenofrags\". Pg.51 .Tasksl. Outlinethecounter-productivityofChipande'sdamproject.2.WhyisTaminastillbitterwithBengo?3.InwhatwaysisBengo\"...athorninLacuna'spoliticalside\"?4.State the challenges thatparents like Tamina with school-goingchildrenmustundergo.5.How does Judah Zen Melo's absence contribute to Tamina'schallenges? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.196.\"Idon'twantthislife!Idon't!Idon't!\". Pg.31 .WhatexactlydoesLulumeanbythisstatement?7.DescribehowZenMelogetshisjobasamachineoperator.8.WhatcharacterofLuludemonstratesherunderstandingofhergoalsinlife?9.Givethreeillustrationsofincidencesofdisillusionmentinthisepisode. Commentary Itisironicalthatmuchasthenativesexpectedbetterlivesafterindependence,theworstishappeningtothem inform ofneocolonialism. Lacunaismoregreedy,corruptanddictatorialthanhispredecessors. Thenativesarebitter. Tamina'sbitternessisbornofthemiseriesshehasbeenthrough,broughtbyKutula'spoorleadershipmarredbygreedanddictatorship. SheisbitterwithBengowhoseroleasanactivistplungedherfamilyinmisery. Herhusbandisexiled,hersonsareawayinsearchofjobsandherdaughterisinandoutofschoolduetolackofschoolfees. Thenativesarelivinginfear. Thereisfearofbeingassassinatedincaseonefallsoutwiththeleader. BengoisnearlykilledforfightingLacuna'sleadership. JudahZenMelogoesintoself-exile Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.20forfearofbeingkilledoutofdisobeyingLacuna. Taminasays,\"YoumustsitontherightsideofLeaderLacuna...ifyouaretolive.\". Pg.21 SangoitakesuptheappointmentasaministerforfearofbeingkilledbyLacuna. Lacuna thrives on nepotism. He rewards sycophants andclansmenleavingmostqualifiedcitizensunemployed. Thosethatareemployedarepoorlypaidandovertaxed. Zensays,\"...itpaystoknowtheleader'stribesmen\" pg.34 . Inaflashback,TaminarevealstothereaderreasonsbehindBengo'simprisonmentandJudah'sexile. ItturnsoutthatKutularequiresJudahtokillhisbrother,BengoforbeingathorninLacuna'spoliticalside. WhenJudahZenMelodisobeys,heisalmostkilledashismangledbodyisfounddampedoutsidetheirhouseandDr. Jonathansaveshim. LaterBengoisimprisoned. TaminareferstoLacunaandhiscroniesasanoctopusthatimpliesthestrongpowerandtheabilitytostretchout,toreachandcontrolanyoneandanythingtheywishtoget. PovertyanddespondencyareportrayedintheMovement. Taminastilllivesinheroldgrass-thatchedhut. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.21 Shewakesupbeforecock-crow topickcoffeebeansfarfromhome. Shehastowalkfifteenkilometerstofetchwaterfrom BukelengeMountains. HasonlytwoacresoflandleftafterChipandebuysherlandforpeanutstostarthismonopolyofgrowingcoffee. Luluissenthomeforschoolfeesbalanceoftwothousandshillings. Taminahasnomoney. Theleadershavetoldthepeoplethatthereare\"nofreethings\"andtheyshould tightenyourbelts.\". Pg.27 . Misrule and greed are seen through the leaders. Lacunademandsunyieldingloyaltyfromhissubjects. Hewantshisspokesman,JudahZenMelo,tokillhisownbrother,Bengo,whoistheleader'sthornintheflesh. JudahisalmostkilledfordisobeyingLacuna. Bengoisjailedformanyyears. LacunaispreoccupiedwithhelpinghisclansmenandhaslittleregardforKutulacitizens. Childrenaresentawayforschoolfeesfortheschooltoerecta Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.22perimeterfence,constructacomputerlaboratoryandpayfortheteachers'extraworkwhenresidentslackwaterandbasicneeds. JudahMeloisvirtuousandamanofintegrity. Herefusestokillhisbrother,Bengoeventhough'thegestureswon'tbeinvain' pg.23 .ThusLacunapromisestorewardhim ifhekillsthebrotherbutZenrefusestoobey. Heisaschemerforthesakeofsurvival. Hedoesn'tcallhisfamilyafterhisself-exilebutinsteadinvestsinbribingMithambowithdrinkstohirehim asamachineoperatorandhegetsit,getsadoublepayandcanaffordtoprovideforhisfamily. Judahisanescapist. He,\"deliberatelyshutshisinnerearfromhearing\" pg.33 thewife'spain. Hefailstocallorwritetotellhisfamilyabouthiswhereabout. Hedoesn'twanttokillwhatisleftintheirsinkinghearts. Bengoispatriotic. Hefightsthegovernment'sdictatorialrulethatoppressesthecitizens. Heisjailedforyearsandnowthatheisback,hevowsto\"takeupthefightwhereIleftoff.\". Pg.22 .Heisoptimisticinthatafterbeingjailedforyears,hereturnsreadytocontinuethefighthopingtoliberatethepeople. Bengoisrealisticbecauseheadmitstohavingbroughttroubletohisfamilyalbeitwiththerightmotives. HegivesTaminasome Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.23money. HeisbraveenoughtoopposeaLacunagovernmentandisalmostkilledforthesame. Taminaisresilient. Shestickstoherfamilyandfendsforherchildrendespitethedisappearanceofherhusbandandlossofproperty. Sheworksfrom beforecock-crowtolateevening. Shefetcheswater15kilometersaway. Sheisassertive. SheoutrightlytellsBengooffforhisroleinscatteringherfamily. ShecriticizesKingKutula'scommemorationceremonyandthe\"invitationofherdaughtertotheceremonythatshetermsasa paganfestival.\". Pg.42 . Lacunaisdictatorial. Herulesbyanironfist. HedemandsthatJudahkillshisbrotherBengo,\"rubmypainingsidewiththeredbalm ofloyalty\" pg.23 .Heismurderous. HeordersthekillingofBengotwiceandfortunatelyforthelatter,hecheatsdeath. Beingapoormanager,heinauguratesthedam leadingtothedryingofstreamsandbrooks. Chipande'sgreedisevidentthroughhisrequesttoLacunatogivehim thesolemandatetoplantcoffee. Healsobuyslandfrompeople atvery low prices and he is largely selfish as hemisadvisesthegovernmentforhisselfishgains. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.24MovementTwoSceneOneSummaryKutula'sCommemorationCeremony ThesceneissetatKutulaPeoples'Park. ThestageissetforthecelebrationofaNationalCommemorationDayandalltheleaders,delegates,bosom friendsofKutulaRepublicandothercitizensaregatheredatthepark. MissGerima,theteacherishelpingthedancerswiththefinaltouchesofrehearsalsbeforetheritualbegins. Lacuna steps forward to the royalgrave to perform thecommemorationritual. ApitcherwithwaterishandedtoLuluwhowashesLacuna'shands. LacunathenpourswateratthefootofthegraveandthenLuluputsthecrownonhishead,giveshimthemandatetoleadanddeclaresthedaytobeanationalrestday. MelissacommentsthatthecrowndoesnotfitLacuna'sheadandSangoiisquicktosayit'stimeLacunaputthecrownasideashedoesn'tfitthemandate. Aftertheceremony,LacunainvitesSangoiandtheschool Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.25childrentoabanquetinhispalace. HeistodiscusswithSangoimattersofevacuationofthepeople,topavewayfortheirrigationproject,althoughheisawarethatsheisagainsttheproposal. LacunathenleadshisguestsinthebanquetandistolatershareamealwithLuluathisprivatechambersasrequiredbythecustom. Tasksl . Describe the rituals performed during the commemorationchronologically.2.What does Lacuna mean by \"customs must bow to nationalemergencies\" pg.57 ? 3.Identifytheironyofthequoteinnumber2above.4.CommentonSangoi'ssaying,\"Whenthedeadmurmurinaconscience,theguiltyhearinittheterrorofthunder,ourforefathersaidit\" pg.56 .5.HowdoyouthinkthenationalrestthatLacunadeclaresimpactsontheeconomy?6.WhydoyouthinkSangoi,theeldersandthetwowhitemenfailtorespo. NdtoMalipoa? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.267.Explainthesymbolism inLacuna'scrownthatdoesnotfitandislopsidedonhishead.8.WhoisGerimaandwhatisherroleinthecommemorationceremony?9.DescribeMelissa'sroleintheepisode. Commentary TheauthordemonstratesthesuperstitioustraditionalpracticesofcommemoratingthedepartedleadersinKutula. Thecurrentleaderisgiventhemandatetolead,bytheyouth,aftertheperformanceofaritual.\"... Ourancestorsdemandthatouryouthsgiveusmandatetoleadthemtotheirfuture...\" p.53 . Melissa and Sangoi's criticism ofLacuna's crown indicates adisapprovalofleadershipandalackofrespectandsupportforhim.\"... Thecrowndoesnotfithim...\" p.55 .\"...Itislop-sidedonhishead...\" Pg.55 . Melissa'sdisinterestintheritualisbasicallybecauseLacunahaschosen Lulu,a nineteen-year-old schoolgoing girl,as themessenger. Heissettogetintimatewithherintheprocess. Lacuna'saddresstothegraveofhisfatherisacaseofapostrophe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.27intheplay. Headdresseshislatefathertobringouttheimmediacyofthefestival. Traditionsdemandthatthedeadmustnotbeoffended.\".. Lfourfatherswouldhaveussharethesameplatform...\" p.55 .Thedispleasureofthedeadcanbeunbearabletotheliving. Lacunaisasticklerfortraditionandsuperstition. Heperformstheritualasrequiredbycustom. HereadilyagreestotheadviceandguidancethatheisgivenbyMalipoa,histraditionaladvisor. MelissaandSangoiarecriticalandobservant. Theyarekeentonoticethelop-sidedcrownonLacuna'shead,Theyimplythatheisnotfitforleadership. SceneTwoSummaryLacuna'sBusinessDealswiththeImperialists Thesettingshiftstotheleader'spalaceformally,Governor Macay'sresidencewhichhasnowbeenextensivelymodernized. ItisherethatLacuna,GoldsteinandRobert'smeetingtakesplace. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.28 ChipandewelcomesGoldsteinandRoberttothepalace. TheyarecatchinguponthejustendedcommemorationceremonybeforeLacunaarrives. Chipanderudelyhandlestheattendant. Hebragsabouthow hetreatsthem insummarystatementsinthenameofdemocracyanddevelopmentwhilefaultingKingKutulaforhavingtreatedeveryoneequally. Robertsarcasticallypointsathow Africanslovecelebrationsatthe expense ofserious issues like time managementandeconomy. Chipandecomesindefensesaying.thedrumsofprayerandthanksgivingareintendedtobringthedeadandthelivingtocommunion.\". Pg.59 . Robert'scontemptforAfricansisevidentwhenhesaysthewhitesaresuperiorandthat\"it'schokingme.doingbusinesswithimmoralragamumns...\" pg.60 .HeaddsthatAfricanleadersborrowmoniesabroadinthenameofthenativesonlytoenrichthemselves-themoneyhasavailednothingtothepeople. Withreferencetotheextravagantandunnecessarybanquet,henotesthatmostdrinksandmealsservedareimported. ThecoffeeisgrownbythelocalsbutthenexportedtoLondonforprocessingthensoldbacktothem. Robertwonders,\"Howcanwe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.29dobusinesswithpeoplelikethese?\". Pg.61 . Goldstein'sperspectiveofbusinessistolend,makeprofitandenslavethenativesby\"...puttingthenoose theWhitemanandpoisonedhisownfathertodeath. \"Helovedme,butIkilledhim.\". Pg.69 .However,hegoesaheadtojustifythemurder,\"..myfatherlovedmebut Ilovedmypeoplemore...that'swhyhehadtodie.\". Pg.69 . GoldsteinrecountswhattheyhavedoneforLacunaandthenatives\" financed his inauguration.... Look, around thirtyuniversities with ultra-modern equipmentcomputer....miningCompany RobertandLacunafalloutbecausetheformerisquicktocriticizeLacuna'sleadership. PlanetWorldFinanciersLimitedhadextendedaloanofthirtybilliontosalvageKutula'seconomy. LacunagetsarrogantwhenGoldsteindemandsanaccountofhow themoneywasspentbecausehehasnoanyrecordofexpenditure. HethreatenstoleavetheofficeandtofreezeLacuna'saccountsabroad. Lacunatonesdownandadmitstohaveembezzledthefunds;heboughthimselfasleekaircraftandhasbankedthirtypercentofthemoneyinforeignaccounts. Healsodisclosesthatheshares Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.30themoneywithotherleadersfortheirpersonalbenefits. Lacunacannotaccountfortherestofthemoney. Yetheclaimstobegivingthenativesfreemedicalservices,education,food,etc. GoldsteinisnowseatedonthethroneandtakesadvantageofanintimidatedLacuna'signorance,mismanagementoffundsandpoorgovernancetosethimintobiggerloans. Lacunanowwantsanotherbiggerloantoboostthe economyandreclaim hispopularityamongthepeopleyethasnowayofpayingtheloanbacksincethe\"...exports,silver,runningataloss...\" pg.75 andfanninghasdismalreturns. Todate,KutulahasaloanadvancementofninetyeightbillionexclusiveofinterestandLacunaandhisministersoweRobertandGoldsteinahundredandtwentytwobillionwhichshouldbepaidwithinamonth. However,thedebtwillbepaidbyLacuna'ssubjects. Lacunaisgivenconditionsuponthenewloanextendedtohim byGoldstein. Heistoensuremoneyispaidforjobsdoneandnotofficesandpositionsandtoavoidnepotism. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.31 Heisalsotoremovecontrolsonpricesespeciallyfortheforeignexchange. Heshouldincreasetheproductionofsilverandcoffeeforexport. Lacunaisalsotocutdownonemploymentandensurelongerhoursforworkers. Concerningagriculture,heistoevacuatetheoccupantsofthevalleytopavewayfortheirrigationproject. Tasks1.Stateinstancesofsarcasmanddiscusstheirsignificance.2.Howeffectivelydoesthewriterportraygreedinthisscene?3.ContrastthecharactersofRobertandGoldsteinasportrayedinthescene.4.ExplainthemotivesofbothGoldsteinandLacunathatleadtoKingKutula'sassassination.5.\"Andweletyourunit. Didn'tinterfere\" pg.70 ,ExplainthisstatementasmadebyGoldstein.6.OutlinetheconditionsthatGoldsteinandRobertimposedonLacuna. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.327.DemonstrateinwhatwaybusinessbetweentheWestandKutulahas\"nohumanface\". Pg.82 .8.\"Themotherbefriended theweaverbird\" pg.82 .WhatdidLacuna'sfathermeanbythisstatement?9.Inyouropinion,howdoestheWhitemanstandtobenefitfrom theconditionsheimposesbeforeadvancingaloantoLacuna?Commentary Thereareanumberofinstancesofsarcasm inthescene. Goldsteincommentsaboutthenative'sobsessionwithcelebrations\"...Youpeoplecelebrateeverythingevenwhenthesunshrivels...\" pg59 . Robertsarcasticallysays,\"Oh!I'dlovetosee...thedeadandthelivingsharing!\". P.59 . Goldstein flatters Lacuna's leadership with sarcasm when hecompareshisregimetothatofhislatefather,KingKutula. Hetakesadvantageofhisgreedanduseshim toachievehisagendaasthequeen'srepresentative.\"... Itwastime to bring Kutula backtodignity and high civilization...ourpeople found a man ...yourExcellency...amanofaction...you.\". P.68 . TheauthorsatirizesLacunawhenheblameshislatefatherforhavinglefthimadisastrousleadershipforinheritance. Heblames Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.33Kutula'saversenaturetoeconomicdevelopmentandhisstrangeobsessionwithmultiplicationofmosquesandchurcheswhichleaves the economy in shambles yethe Lacuna has notsustained,andinsomecases,notstartedanyoftheeconomicprojectsforwhichhehasbeenadvancedbillionsofshillingsasloansforfunding. Lacunaiscastfoolishlyasaleaderwhocanneitheraccountfortheexpenditureoftheloan,whichheembezzledwithhiscronies,northeprojectsathand. Itisalsoironicalhow LacunaclaimsthatKutulaisasovereignstateyethehasbroughtitseconomytoitsknees;itisheavilyindebt. Goldsteintellshim \"...Asovereignstatewithoutauthorityandmoneyislowerthanaslave...\" p.74 . Lacunaandhisleadersdemonstrateinsatiablegreed. Theygrabeveryavailablechancetostealfrom thestate. Lacunaandhiscroniesembezzlebillionsofshillingsadvancedasloansleavingwhiteelephantprojectsandindustriesthathavesuffereddiremismanagement. Lacunausespartoftheloanstobuyhimselfanaircraftandheabdicatesthemanagementofthemoneytohiscronieswhoshareitravenously. Hedemandsforcertainpercentagesfor Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.34personalusefrom everyloanadvanced .Goldsteindescribesthesecroniesas\".agreedybunchofincompetentswhocan'tseeadimewithoutgettinglibidinousconvulsionsdowntheirmidriff?\". Pg76 . Racism isevidentthroughRobertwhonotonlyunderminesthenativesbutisalsosickenedbytheirwayoflife. Hecannotstandtheir customs and their nauseating suffocating loyalty of\"...crawlingonthefloor...fawning...mothering...\" p.60 . InternationalbusinesspracticebetweenKutulaandimperialists,whichhasnohumanface,isputtingpressureonbothLacunaandthecitizensandworkingtothedetrimentofthewelfareofKutula. Residentshavetobeevacuatedfromtheirhomestopavewayforagriculture,salaries have to be slashed,people have to beretrenchedandmoreincomehastobegeneratedattheexpenseofthepeople. LacunakillshisownfathertotakeoverleadershipinKutula. Itisanactofbetrayal,assassinationandgreed. Heclaimsthathisfatherrandownthecountryandneededtopayupwithhislife. ItisbecauseofgreedthatLacunafallspreytoGoldstein'smissionof eliminating his father.", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.2543871}
{"text": "What is your understanding of thisstatement?3.Inwhatwaysdothenativesexhibit'infernalallegiance'totheirleaders?4.Identifytheproverbsintheprologueandtheirrelevance.5.Menningeradmitstouseof\"excessivezeal. \"Howhavethenativesreactedtoit?6.\"Thekingisdangerous. LiketheQueenbee...\"Demonstratethetruthofthisstatement.7.Commentontheconflictthatarisesintheprologue.8.WhatdoesThornemeanwhenhesays\"TurmoilinAfricameansagreatlosstotheempire\" pg.4 ? 9.Outline the reasons King Kutula gives forwanting theimperialiststoleaveKutula.10.Pointoutatinstances in the prologue thatrevealThorneMacay'sattitudetowardsthenatives.11.Whatistheprologueallabout? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.10Commentary TheprologuecaptureslifeinKutuladuringthecolonialeraundertheauthoritarianandoppressiveleadershipofthecolonialists. MulwaportraysthecolonyofKutulaasoneundertheharshruleofGovernorThornewhoisapparentlyangrywiththecolonialofficethathasabolishedwhippingthenatives. HeisdispleasedwiththecolonialofficerinLondonforhisadvocacyonsimulatedhumanitarianism fordeclaringthewhipasobsolete. Hesays,\"ThefooldrinkingcoffeeinLondonwhileImollycoddlenatives.theydowntheirtoolsandnothinggetsdone.\". Page3 TheGovernormistreatsandabusesthenativeblackservantandcallstheattendant,a\"ditheryidiot\"andregardshim asimpudentandthencompareshim tocommonanimals. Hisleadershipisexcessivelyzealousandhumiliating. A conflicthasensued between theAfricansand theirwhitemastersoverland,leadershipandresources. TheWhitemanhasbeenrobbingtheAfricansoftheirvaluablesandexportingthem Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.11tohismotherland. KingKutulaXVtakesdispleasureintheapparentinheritanceandinsiststhatnativesmustsharewhatcomesfrom theirland. Itisclearthatincaseofarevolution,theBritishEmpirestandstolosein the eventthatthe natives take overgovernance. This isbecause\"Africasupportstheempire...\" p.4 . Interracialconflictandrevolutionisdemonstratedbythereprisalandescalatingviolencebetweenthenativesandwhitesettlers. ThenativesdestroytheWhite'spropertyandmolesttheirchildrenandwomen. Theauthorbringsouttheconflictofattitudewherethewhitesettlersconsider themselvescivilized, democraticandmodernized. Theyalsoclaim tohavebroughtchangethrougheducation,hospitals,roads,churches,employment to theprimitive,ignorantandungratefulnatives. However,Kutulainsiststhatjustasabeetlecarriesitshouseonits back whetherstinking ornot,the natives willgovernthemselvesdespitetheirignoranceandinability. Pg11 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.12 Ironyisemployedintheprologue. GovernorThorneregardsthenatives'customsasprimitive. Menningerseesthem aslackingoriginalityandcommonreasonyettheycanhardlycomprehendthewisdominthe'longwindedproverbs'ofthenatives. Theyalsodependonthenatives'republictosustaintheirempire. ItisironicalthattheBritishclaim tohavebroughtcivilizationtothenativesthroughschoolsyettheirmainmotiveistorobthesamenativesoftheirvaluables. TheyfearKingKutulaandregardhimas\"aningenious rascal\" p.15 .andadangerousman. 'Thiskingisdangerouslikethequeenbee,hesanctionsthestingandthetoilingworkersindiscriminatelydescenduponourpeople TheuseofproverbsisastylethatportraysKingKutula asassertive,independentmindedandingeniousdespitethewhiteman'scontrolandmanipulation. Heisalsocalm andcollected. Theauthortreatsthereadertodetaileddescriptionaboutthecharactersandsetting. Menningeris\"...middleaged,powerfullybuiltman ...An airofkeen intelligence and extreme selfimportanceabouthim... page4 .KingKutulaisdescribedasatall,leanandathleticmaninhislatefiftiesamostself-assuredrulerwithanunnervingpresence. P.7 . GovernorThorneisportrayedasanabusiveleader. Heinsultsthe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.13attendantasa'ditheringidiot'impliesthatheisimprudent,referstothecolonialofficeroverseesas'Thefool'. Heisalsoshorttempered;hehandlestheattendantroughlyandisimpatientwithhim, don tgecko-gawkatme!\"HeaddressesKingKutulawi01insultsthus\"Damnall,KingKutula\". Page8 . Thegovernorisoppressive,authoritarianandselfish. Hefeelsdisadvantagedafterthewhipisabolishedbecauseheusesitforhisownconvenience. HeisdishonestandpretendstosupportSangoi'seducationyethewantstouseitagainstthenativesandbenefitfromdividingthemasadvisedbyBishopMenninger. KingKutulaXVisfirm andassertive. HetellsThornethatheissilentabouttheuprisingandthat\"yourpeoplewillcontinuetodie.\". Pg.13 .Hewillnotbow toimperialism. TheKingiswise. Hequotesmanyproverbsandnarrativesappropriatelytopassimportantmessages. King Kutula is calm and collected,and responds with admirablecalmnesstoGovernorThorne'soutburstsofanger. Heisaconfidentmanwhoisunafraidofthewhiteman'sthreats. \"DoyouknowIcanclapyouinforlife?\"Heresponds,'.eldersdon'tbandyinsults.\". P.8 Menningerissanctimoniousdespitebeingamanofthecloth. Hepropagatesoppression,imperialism,deceitandopportunism totheimperialmajestythrough hisadvice and counsel. He completely Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.14disregardsthevirtuousandgoodnewsmessagethathisreligionpreaches. Heseesnativesasrabbleswithoutunderstandingandcivilization. HeintendstomisguideSangoisothattheWesterneducationmakeshera\"...goddessofconfusionandusehertomanipulatethenatives...\" p.15 . AttendantIlisextremelyloyaltotheKing. Heispatientandforebearing and isableto workunderThorne. Sangoiisambitious,obedient,trustingandloyalSheobeysandtrustsherfatherwithwhomshespendsalotoftimewith. MovementOneSummaryLeadershipInheritance Kutula,thirtyyearslater,isanindependentRepublicundertheleadershipofLacunaKasooyetthestandardsoflivingarepoor. TaminaZenMeloisemaciatedandolderthanheragewithnoproperhousingandfood. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.15 Bengo,apoliticalactivistwhohasjustarrivedfrom jailinthecapital,istreatedtoacoldwelcomebyTaminawhostillholdstoage-oldbitterness. TaminaexplainstoBengothatthewatertheyusedtogetfromthenearbyspringsandbrookshasbeendivertedbyCouncilorChipandeto BukelengeMountainsfifteenkilometersawaytomakeadam despiteReverendSangoi'sprotests. Infact,aninaugurationforthedamisdoneandreceivesmuchpraise. ThenativeshavebeendeniedlicensestogrowcoffeeandtheirlandstakenbyChipandeaftertheWhitemanleftmakingthemslavesintheirownfarms. Taminasays\"Mycoffeefarm inBukelengeMountains?Allgone. Now ImustpickcoffeeforChipandeonthefarmthathehadmeselltohimforpeanuts.\". P.24 . Tamina is bitterwith Bengo because ofhis indulgence inoppositionpoliticsthatledtotheneardeathofherhusband,JudahZenMelo,whowasLacuna'sspokespersonandpartyman,afterhisrefusaltokillhisbrotherwhowas\"Lacuna'sthorninhispoliticalside.\". P.23 . ThisearnsJudahunemploymentandheisexiled. Taminalosteverythingincludingthegoodlifesheoncelived. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.16 Bengo,whoispopularandwouldhavewontheelectionswithalandslide,istakentojailtopavewayforChipande,Lacuna'scrony. Luluarriveshomefrom schoolearlierthanusualtocollectthetwothousandshillingfeesbalancefortheconstructionofaperimeterfenceandthecomputerlaboratorydespitepayingonethousandthepreviousday. Taminacomplainsofherlackofbasicslikefoodandwaterandwondersaboutthe essenceofeducation. Lulu isbitterandsomewhatinsolentanddisrespectfultohermother. Luluisfrustratedbyhermother'shelplessnessandpovertyandthreatensher,\"lwillusemybeautythen!Imustcompleteschoolandbesomebody...inanyway pg31 UnlikehermotherLuluwantstobefreefrompovertyandoppression. JudaharrivesfromthetownofPatolaandiswarmlywelcomedbyhiswife. Hesaysjobswerenotforthcomingandthepaywaslow. Besides,youneededyourowntribesmantogetajob. Hesacrificeshismoralsforemploymentbecause,religiondoesn'tsitwellonanemptystomach...\" p.36 .HethereforebeginsdrinkingandbribesMithambowithbeertogetajobasaMachineOperator. Heworksforlonghoursandcompetitionis Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.17stiff. Meanwhile,theirsonsarealsointownslookingforjobs. BeforeJudahcanrest,heleavesto\"sayhellotothecrowdandescortthe sunset\" pg.38 butleaves Tamina eighthundredshillingsbesidestheassortmentofgroceriesthathehasbroughthome. Luluisbackandapologeticfordisrespectinghermother. Shelearnsofherfather'sreturnwithexcitement. Sangoihas been appointed a ministerin the Ministry ofReclamation and Remedies byLacuna againstherwill. SheacceptsthepostforfearthatLacunamightassassinatehernowthatduringhiscoronation,peoplepreferredSangoiforLacunatobetheirleaderafterKingKutula'sdeath. Thegovernmentplanstoevacuatepeoplefrom thevalleyandSangoihopes thatLacuna would change his mind overtheevacuation before Kutula's much publicized commemorationceremony. Tamina is against Lulu's attendance of the king Kutulacommemorationceremony,despiteherkeyroleasaleaddancerintheschool'sdancetroupeinvitedbyLacunahimself. ItisonlythroughSangoi'sinterventionthatTaminapermitsLulutoattendwhatshecalls\"apaganritual\" pg.43 onconditionthat Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.18shewouldrunbackhomeafterthefestival. SangoipromisestowatchoverLuluandevenpayherschoolfeesbalance. Meloreturnshomedrunk. Hesaysheruleshisfamilywithloveand not machines and police guards like Lacuna. JudahcelebrateshisfamilyandreferstoTaminaasbeautyqueen...sobeautiful...\"andLuluas\"Girl,you'reablackqueenand...ori...hic...ginal!\". Pg.48 andchallengesLulutoworkhardandachieveherdreamsofbecomingadoctorandthenhegoestobed. Luluistotallyuninspiredbyherparents'marriage. Shesays,\"Ifthisiswhatitmeanstobeaparent,Iwon'tfollowtheirfootstepstobecrownedqueenofrags\". Pg.51 .Tasksl. Outlinethecounter-productivityofChipande'sdamproject.2.WhyisTaminastillbitterwithBengo?3.InwhatwaysisBengo\"...athorninLacuna'spoliticalside\"?4.State the challenges thatparents like Tamina with school-goingchildrenmustundergo.5.How does Judah Zen Melo's absence contribute to Tamina'schallenges? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.196.\"Idon'twantthislife!Idon't!Idon't!\". Pg.31 .WhatexactlydoesLulumeanbythisstatement?7.DescribehowZenMelogetshisjobasamachineoperator.8.WhatcharacterofLuludemonstratesherunderstandingofhergoalsinlife?9.Givethreeillustrationsofincidencesofdisillusionmentinthisepisode. Commentary Itisironicalthatmuchasthenativesexpectedbetterlivesafterindependence,theworstishappeningtothem inform ofneocolonialism. Lacunaismoregreedy,corruptanddictatorialthanhispredecessors. Thenativesarebitter. Tamina'sbitternessisbornofthemis. Eriesshehasbeenthrough,broughtbyKutula'spoorleadershipmarredbygreedanddictatorship. SheisbitterwithBengowhoseroleasanactivistplungedherfamilyinmisery. Herhusbandisexiled,hersonsareawayinsearchofjobsandherdaughterisinandoutofschoolduetolackofschoolfees. Thenativesarelivinginfear. Thereisfearofbeingassassinatedincaseonefallsoutwiththeleader. BengoisnearlykilledforfightingLacuna'sleadership. JudahZenMelogoesintoself-exile Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.20forfearofbeingkilledoutofdisobeyingLacuna. Taminasays,\"YoumustsitontherightsideofLeaderLacuna...ifyouaretolive.\". Pg.21 SangoitakesuptheappointmentasaministerforfearofbeingkilledbyLacuna. Lacuna thrives on nepotism. He rewards sycophants andclansmenleavingmostqualifiedcitizensunemployed. Thosethatareemployedarepoorlypaidandovertaxed. Zensays,\"...itpaystoknowtheleader'stribesmen\" pg.34 . Inaflashback,TaminarevealstothereaderreasonsbehindBengo'simprisonmentandJudah'sexile. ItturnsoutthatKutularequiresJudahtokillhisbrother,BengoforbeingathorninLacuna'spoliticalside. WhenJudahZenMelodisobeys,heisalmostkilledashismangledbodyisfounddampedoutsidetheirhouseandDr. Jonathansaveshim. LaterBengoisimprisoned. TaminareferstoLacunaandhiscroniesasanoctopusthatimpliesthestrongpowerandtheabilitytostretchout,toreachandcontrolanyoneandanythingtheywishtoget. PovertyanddespondencyareportrayedintheMovement. Taminastilllivesinheroldgrass-thatchedhut. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.21 Shewakesupbeforecock-crow topickcoffeebeansfarfromhome. Shehastowalkfifteenkilometerstofetchwaterfrom BukelengeMountains. HasonlytwoacresoflandleftafterChipandebuysherlandforpeanutstostarthismonopolyofgrowingcoffee. Luluissenthomeforschoolfeesbalanceoftwothousandshillings. Taminahasnomoney. Theleadershavetoldthepeoplethatthereare\"nofreethings\"andtheyshould tightenyourbelts.\". Pg.27 . Misrule and greed are seen through the leaders. Lacunademandsunyieldingloyaltyfromhissubjects. Hewantshisspokesman,JudahZenMelo,tokillhisownbrother,Bengo,whoistheleader'sthornintheflesh. JudahisalmostkilledfordisobeyingLacuna. Bengoisjailedformanyyears. LacunaispreoccupiedwithhelpinghisclansmenandhaslittleregardforKutulacitizens. Childrenaresentawayforschoolfeesfortheschooltoerecta Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.22perimeterfence,constructacomputerlaboratoryandpayfortheteachers'extraworkwhenresidentslackwaterandbasicneeds. JudahMeloisvirtuousandamanofintegrity. Herefusestokillhisbrother,Bengoeventhough'thegestureswon'tbeinvain' pg.23 .ThusLacunapromisestorewardhim ifhekillsthebrotherbutZenrefusestoobey. Heisaschemerforthesakeofsurvival. Hedoesn'tcallhisfamilyafterhisself-exilebutinsteadinvestsinbribingMithambowithdrinkstohirehim asamachineoperatorandhegetsit,getsadoublepayandcanaffordtoprovideforhisfamily. Judahisanescapist. He,\"deliberatelyshutshisinnerearfromhearing\" pg.33 thewife'spain. Hefailstocallorwritetotellhisfamilyabouthiswhereabout. Hedoesn'twanttokillwhatisleftintheirsinkinghearts. Bengoispatriotic. Hefightsthegovernment'sdictatorialrulethatoppressesthecitizens. Heisjailedforyearsandnowthatheisback,hevowsto\"takeupthefightwhereIleftoff.\". Pg.22 .Heisoptimisticinthatafterbeingjailedforyears,hereturnsreadytocontinuethefighthopingtoliberatethepeople. Bengoisrealisticbecauseheadmitstohavingbroughttroubletohisfamilyalbeitwiththerightmotives. HegivesTaminasome Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.23money. HeisbraveenoughtoopposeaLacunagovernmentandisalmostkilledforthesame. Taminaisresilient. Shestickstoherfamilyandfendsforherchildrendespitethedisappearanceofherhusbandandlossofproperty. Sheworksfrom beforecock-crowtolateevening. Shefetcheswater15kilometersaway. Sheisassertive. SheoutrightlytellsBengooffforhisroleinscatteringherfamily. ShecriticizesKingKutula'scommemorationceremonyandthe\"invitationofherdaughtertotheceremonythatshetermsasa paganfestival.\". Pg.42 . Lacunaisdictatorial. Herulesbyanironfist. HedemandsthatJudahkillshisbrotherBengo,\"rubmypainingsidewiththeredbalm ofloyalty\" pg.23 .Heismurderous. HeordersthekillingofBengotwiceandfortunatelyforthelatter,hecheatsdeath. Beingapoormanager,heinauguratesthedam leadingtothedryingofstreamsandbrooks. Chipande'sgreedisevidentthroughhisrequesttoLacunatogivehim thesolemandatetoplantcoffee. Healsobuyslandfrompeople atvery low prices and he is largely selfish as hemisadvisesthegovernmentforhisselfishgains. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.24MovementTwoSceneOneSummaryKutula'sCommemorationCeremony ThesceneissetatKutulaPeoples'Park. ThestageissetforthecelebrationofaNationalCommemorationDayandalltheleaders,delegates,bosom friendsofKutulaRepublicandothercitizensaregatheredatthepark. MissGerima,theteacherishelpingthedancerswiththefinaltouchesofrehearsalsbeforetheritualbegins. Lacuna steps forward to the royalgrave to perform thecommemorationritual. ApitcherwithwaterishandedtoLuluwhowashesLacuna'shands. LacunathenpourswateratthefootofthegraveandthenLuluputsthecrownonhishead,giveshimthemandatetoleadanddeclaresthedaytobeanationalrestday. MelissacommentsthatthecrowndoesnotfitLacuna'sheadandSangoiisquicktosayit'stimeLacunaputthecrownasideashedoesn'tfitthemandate. Aftertheceremony,LacunainvitesSangoiandtheschool Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.25childrentoabanquetinhispalace. HeistodiscusswithSangoimattersofevacuationofthepeople,topavewayfortheirrigationproject,althoughheisawarethatsheisagainsttheproposal. LacunathenleadshisguestsinthebanquetandistolatershareamealwithLuluathisprivatechambersasrequiredbythecustom. Tasksl . Describe the rituals performed during the commemorationchronologically.2.What does Lacuna mean by \"customs must bow to nationalemergencies\" pg.57 ? 3.Identifytheironyofthequoteinnumber2above.4.CommentonSangoi'ssaying,\"Whenthedeadmurmurinaconscience,theguiltyhearinittheterrorofthunder,ourforefathersaidit\" pg.56 .5.HowdoyouthinkthenationalrestthatLacunadeclaresimpactsontheeconomy?6.WhydoyouthinkSangoi,theeldersandthetwowhitemenfailtorespondtoMalipoa? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.267.Explainthesymbolism inLacuna'scrownthatdoesnotfitandislopsidedonhishead.8.WhoisGerimaandwhatisherroleinthecommemorationceremony?9.DescribeMelissa'sroleintheepisode. Commentary TheauthordemonstratesthesuperstitioustraditionalpracticesofcommemoratingthedepartedleadersinKutula. Thecurrentleaderisgiventhemandatetolead,bytheyouth,aftertheperformanceofaritual.\"... Ourancestorsdemandthatouryouthsgiveusmandatetoleadthemtotheirfuture...\" p.53 . Melissa and Sangoi's criticism ofLacuna's crown indicates adisapprovalofleadershipandalackofrespectandsupportforhim.\"... Thecrowndoesnotfithim...\" p.55 .\"...Itislop-sidedonhishead...\" Pg.55 . Melissa'sdisinterestintheritualisbasicallybecauseLacunahaschosen Lulu,a nineteen-year-old schoolgoing girl,as themessenger. Heissettogetintimatewithherintheprocess. Lacuna'saddresstothegraveofhisfatherisacaseofapostrophe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.27intheplay. Headdresseshislatefathertobringouttheimmediacyofthefestival. Traditionsdemandthatthedeadmustnotbeoffended.\".. Lfourfatherswouldhaveussharethesameplatform...\" p.55 .Thedispleasureofthedeadcanbeunbearabletotheliving. Lacunaisasticklerfortraditionandsuperstition. Heperformstheritualasrequiredbycustom. HereadilyagreestotheadviceandguidancethatheisgivenbyMalipoa,histraditionaladvisor. MelissaandSangoiarecriticalandobservant. Theyarekeentonoticethelop-sidedcrownonLacuna'shead,Theyimplythatheisnotfitforleadership. SceneTwoSummaryLacuna'sBusinessDealswiththeImperialists Thesettingshiftstotheleader'spalaceformally,Governor Macay'sresidencewhichhasnowbeenextensivelymodernized. ItisherethatLacuna,GoldsteinandRobert'smeetingtakesplace. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.28 ChipandewelcomesGoldsteinandRoberttothepalace. TheyarecatchinguponthejustendedcommemorationceremonybeforeLacunaarrives. Chipanderudelyhandlestheattendant. Hebragsabouthow hetreatsthem insummarystatementsinthenameofdemocracyanddevelopmentwhilefaultingKingKutulaforhavingtreatedeveryoneequally. Robertsarcasticallypointsathow Africanslovecelebrationsatthe expense ofserious issues like time managementandeconomy. Chipandecomesindefensesaying.thedrumsofprayerandthanksgivingareintendedtobringthedeadandthelivingtocommunion.\". Pg.59 . Robert'scontemptforAfricansisevidentwhenhesaysthewhitesaresuperiorandthat\"it'schokingme.doingbusinesswithimmoralragamumns...\" pg.60 .HeaddsthatAfricanleadersborrowmoniesabroadinthenameofthenativesonlytoenrichthemselves-themoneyhasavailednothingtothepeople. Withreferencetotheextravagantandunnecessarybanquet,henotesthatmostdrinksandmealsservedareimported. ThecoffeeisgrownbythelocalsbutthenexportedtoLondonforprocessingthensoldbacktothem. Robertwonders,\"Howcanwe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.29dobusinesswithpeoplelikethese?\". Pg.61 . Goldstein'sperspectiveofbusinessistolend,makeprofitandenslavethenativesby\"...puttingthenoose theWhitemanandpoisonedhisownfathertodeath. \"Helovedme,butIkilledhim.\". Pg.69 .However,hegoesaheadtojustifythemurder,\"..myfatherlovedmebut Ilovedmypeoplemore...that'swhyhehadtodie.\". Pg.69 . GoldsteinrecountswhattheyhavedoneforLacunaandthenatives\" financed his inauguration.... Look, around thirtyuniversities with ultra-modern equipmentcomputer....miningCompany RobertandLacunafalloutbecausetheformerisquicktocriticizeLacuna'sleadership. PlanetWorldFinanciersLimitedhadextendedaloanofthirtybilliontosalvageKutula'seconomy. LacunagetsarrogantwhenGoldsteindemandsanaccountofhow themoneywasspentbecausehehasnoanyrecordofexpenditure. HethreatenstoleavetheofficeandtofreezeLacuna'saccountsabroad. Lacunatonesdownandadmitstohaveembezzledthefunds;heboughthimselfasleekaircraftandhasbankedthirtypercentofthemoneyinforeignaccounts. Healsodisclosesthatheshares Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.30themoneywithotherleadersfortheirpersonalbenefits. Lacunacannotaccountfortherestofthemoney. Yetheclaimstobegivingthenativesfreemedicalservices,education,food,etc. GoldsteinisnowseatedonthethroneandtakesadvantageofanintimidatedLacuna'signorance,mismanagementoffundsandpoorgovernancetosethimintobiggerloans. Lacunanowwantsanotherbiggerloantoboostthe economyandreclai. M hispopularityamongthepeopleyethasnowayofpayingtheloanbacksincethe\"...exports,silver,runningataloss...\" pg.75 andfanninghasdismalreturns. Todate,KutulahasaloanadvancementofninetyeightbillionexclusiveofinterestandLacunaandhisministersoweRobertandGoldsteinahundredandtwentytwobillionwhichshouldbepaidwithinamonth. However,thedebtwillbepaidbyLacuna'ssubjects. Lacunaisgivenconditionsuponthenewloanextendedtohim byGoldstein. Heistoensuremoneyispaidforjobsdoneandnotofficesandpositionsandtoavoidnepotism. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.31 Heisalsotoremovecontrolsonpricesespeciallyfortheforeignexchange. Heshouldincreasetheproductionofsilverandcoffeeforexport. Lacunaisalsotocutdownonemploymentandensurelongerhoursforworkers. Concerningagriculture,heistoevacuatetheoccupantsofthevalleytopavewayfortheirrigationproject. Tasks1.Stateinstancesofsarcasmanddiscusstheirsignificance.2.Howeffectivelydoesthewriterportraygreedinthisscene?3.ContrastthecharactersofRobertandGoldsteinasportrayedinthescene.4.ExplainthemotivesofbothGoldsteinandLacunathatleadtoKingKutula'sassassination.5.\"Andweletyourunit. Didn'tinterfere\" pg.70 ,ExplainthisstatementasmadebyGoldstein.6.OutlinetheconditionsthatGoldsteinandRobertimposedonLacuna. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.327.DemonstrateinwhatwaybusinessbetweentheWestandKutulahas\"nohumanface\". Pg.82 .8.\"Themotherbefriended theweaverbird\" pg.82 .WhatdidLacuna'sfathermeanbythisstatement?9.Inyouropinion,howdoestheWhitemanstandtobenefitfrom theconditionsheimposesbeforeadvancingaloantoLacuna?Commentary Thereareanumberofinstancesofsarcasm inthescene. Goldsteincommentsaboutthenative'sobsessionwithcelebrations\"...Youpeoplecelebrateeverythingevenwhenthesunshrivels...\" pg59 . Robertsarcasticallysays,\"Oh!I'dlovetosee...thedeadandthelivingsharing!\". P.59 . Goldstein flatters Lacuna's leadership with sarcasm when hecompareshisregimetothatofhislatefather,KingKutula. Hetakesadvantageofhisgreedanduseshim toachievehisagendaasthequeen'srepresentative.\"... Itwastime to bring Kutula backtodignity and high civilization...ourpeople found a man ...yourExcellency...amanofaction...you.\". P.68 . TheauthorsatirizesLacunawhenheblameshislatefatherforhavinglefthimadisastrousleadershipforinheritance. Heblames Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.33Kutula'saversenaturetoeconomicdevelopmentandhisstrangeobsessionwithmultiplicationofmosquesandchurcheswhichleaves the economy in shambles yethe Lacuna has notsustained,andinsomecases,notstartedanyoftheeconomicprojectsforwhichhehasbeenadvancedbillionsofshillingsasloansforfunding. Lacunaiscastfoolishlyasaleaderwhocanneitheraccountfortheexpenditureoftheloan,whichheembezzledwithhiscronies,northeprojectsathand. Itisalsoironicalhow LacunaclaimsthatKutulaisasovereignstateyethehasbroughtitseconomytoitsknees;itisheavilyindebt. Goldsteintellshim \"...Asovereignstatewithoutauthorityandmoneyislowerthanaslave...\" p.74 . Lacunaandhisleadersdemonstrateinsatiablegreed. Theygrabeveryavailablechancetostealfrom thestate. Lacunaandhiscroniesembezzlebillionsofshillingsadvancedasloansleavingwhiteelephantprojectsandindustriesthathavesuffereddiremismanagement. Lacunausespartoftheloanstobuyhimselfanaircraftandheabdicatesthemanagementofthemoneytohiscronieswhoshareitravenously. Hedemandsforcertainpercentagesfor Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.34personalusefrom everyloanadvanced .Goldsteindescribesthesecroniesas\".agreedybunchofincompetentswhocan'tseeadimewithoutgettinglibidinousconvulsionsdowntheirmidriff?\". Pg76 . Racism isevidentthroughRobertwhonotonlyunderminesthenativesbutisalsosickenedbytheirwayoflife. Hecannotstandtheir customs and their nauseating suffocating loyalty of\"...crawlingonthefloor...fawning...mothering...\" p.60 . InternationalbusinesspracticebetweenKutulaandimperialists,whichhasnohumanface,isputtingpressureonbothLacunaandthecitizensandworkingtothedetrimentofthewelfareofKutula. Residentshavetobeevacuatedfromtheirhomestopavewayforagriculture,salaries have to be slashed,people have to beretrenchedandmoreincomehastobegeneratedattheexpenseofthepeople. LacunakillshisownfathertotakeoverleadershipinKutula. Itisanactofbetrayal,assassinationandgreed. Heclaimsthathisfatherrandownthecountryandneededtopayupwithhislife. ItisbecauseofgreedthatLacunafallspreytoGoldstein'smissionof eliminating his father. Embezzlement, corruption andmismanagementoftheeconomybyLacunaandhisallieshaverundownthecountrytoshambles. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.35 LeaderLacunaisnepotisticand irresponsible. Hekeepsnorecord ofthe borrowed monies spenton projects. He hasemployed politicalfriendsand clansmen with whom he hassquanderedmoneythatisborrowedandhasrundownmanyaproject. Themachinesarerotten,farminghasfailedyethehasstashedhugeamountsofmoneyinhisforeignaccountsandboughtapersonalaircraftwiththeloan,tostayabovethepeople. ItisironicalthatLacunaregardsKutulaasasovereignstateyetitisbrokeandbeggingforaid. Hismisrulehasmadethestatesinklowerthanthestatusofaslave. Thescenehasnumerousproverbs. LacunaquestionsRobert,\"How isafathertobeifvisitorscometoadvisethechildrenabouttheirtoys?\". Pg.81 .Thisimplies Lacuna 's discontentmentwith the interference in Kutula 'sforeignmattersbytheWhiteman. ThedeathofKingKutulaXVistoldthroughaflashback. Lacunarevealsthedayhepoisonshisfatheranddescribesthemannerinwhichheadministersthepoison. Hisguiltisevidentbuthecoversitthroughthejustificationofhisevilact. Hesays,\"Heboughtitwithhislifesothatwecaninheritacomfortablelife.\". P.69 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.36 Lacunaisportrayedasincompetent. Hecanhardlyaccountforaloanborrowedbythestate. AllprojectstobefundedbytheloanarestalledandyetLacunahasnosufficientinformationoftheprogress. Heisalsogreedy. Lacunademandsforthirtypercentofanygrantsorincomethatthestategets. Hekillshisfathertoinherithisposition. Goldsteinisopportunisticand selfish. Heisonlyconcernedabouttheprofithewillmakefrom doingbusinesswithLacuna. Hedoesn'tcarewhethertheloanheadvancesKutulawillbenefitthepeopleornot. Heismanipulativeanddeceptive;hemanipulatesanddeceivesLacuna to killhis father. Goldstein's plan is to have acompromisingleaderlikeLacunawhom hecanmanipulateandcontrolatwill. TheimperialistsareselfishandopportunistswhoonlycareaboutmakingprofitsinthebusinessdealbetweenKutulaandtheEmpire. Thebusiness'hasnohumanface. 'ImpossibleconditionsdetrimentaltothewelfareofthepeoplearelaiddowniftheloanKutulaneedsistobeadvancedprofitstheystandtomake. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.37SceneThreeSummaryResistanceandRebellion Thesceneisstillinthepalace. Sangoiandrespectedleadersfrom Bukelenge Basin have come to see Lacuna overtheevacuationofpeoplefromthevalleytoSamuka. Lacuna wants the elders to convince the occupants ofthegovernment'sintentiontorelocatethemandusethefertilebasinstoreclaim agricultureastheBukelengevalleyisearmarkedfordevelopment SangoiandtheeldershaveputitplainlytoLacunathattheevacuationwillnotbepossible. LacunaisannoyedbytheirdisobedienceandblamesSangoiforpoisoningtheopinionleadersagainsttheirrigationproject. Hesays,\"...thissilentrebellion...anythingtodowithyou?\". Pg.85 .Lacuna'scontemptforhissubjectsisevidentwhenhesaysthemassisilliterateandtheycannotthinkofinternationalbusiness. LacunathreatenstoeliminateSangoiashetellsChipandethatthatistheonlywayforhim toremainonthethrone. Hesensesstrong opposition from Sangoibearing Sangoi's popularity Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.38amongstthepeoplewhichhedoesnottakeforgranted. LuluisexpectedtospendanightwithLacunaintheRoyalchamberastheAnnualCustom demands. AllthepreparationshavebeendonebyChipande. ApparentlyLuluandLacunafailtoshowup. LacunafearsthathisleadershipwillfailbecauseRobertmighthavedefiledLulu'spuritybeforeunitingLacunawiththepowerfuldeadandtheunbornoftheworld. \"Shestandsinthegapandmustusherintomorrow'ssun. Sheisthebridge.\". Pg.88 . LacunatriestolureLulubyhispowerandaluxuriantlifestyleagainstthatofLuluthatispoor. Hetellsher,\"...whatwillyourmothergiveyou? Pg.93 .ButLuluremainsfirm thatsheistooyoungforhim andstillinschool;besides,sherespectsMelissa. Shewonderswhyshehasbeenconfinedinthepalaceandwantstogohome. TheritualispostponeduntilafterfourweeksandLuluwillbeconfinedinthechamberstobecleansedandtakencareofsothat\"...nottoangerandpainandworrythewiseoneswithinthedeep pg.92 Meanwhile,thereisapeacefuldemonstrationoutsidebythepeoplefrom Malima Temaagainsttherelocationofpeople Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.39from thevalley. Women,menandchildrenarecarryingtwigsanddoves,singing,dancingandmarching. Meshak,thecommanderofthearmedforces,reportsthatthedemonstrationisharmlessandthereisnoneedofusingguns. Lacuna is annoyed to hearthatno one has been shotorimprisoned. Hethreatensthatanyleaderwhowillnotsupporttheevacuationwillbedismissedforthwithandreplacedbypeoplefromtheroyalclanregardlessoftheirlevelofeducation. Tasks1.StateinstancesofsuperstitioninScene3.2.InwhatwaysdoestheBukelengeBasindisappointleaderLacuna?3.ContrastthereprisalofnativesduringKingKutula'sreigntotheprotestbytheBukelengemountainoccupants.4.\"Butletallbedoneinwisdom...\" pg.92 .Show how Lacunatakes eaveofwisdominthisscene.5.WhatcharactertraitofLacunaisrevealedwhenherespondstoSangoisaying,\"Theirsecondalternative,begins,SangoiAndno,gooutthereandeffectobedienceuponmypeople. Twoweeks,Sangoi\" pg.86-87 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.406.Whatis Lacuna's perception ofwomen in lightofhow hedescribesMelissaon pg.94 ? 7.InwhatwaysdoesCommanderMeshackdisappointLacunawithregardtotrackingtheinsurgentsatMalima-TemaMountains?8.Whatisyourunderstandingoftheword\"cannibal\"asusedinthescene?Commentary TheauthordepictstheleadershipconflictbetweenSangoiandLacunaresultingfromtheissueofevacuationoftheoccupantsoftheBukelengevalleyto\"re-organizeourlandandboostproduction.\". P.84 . Lacunabeginstoexperiencetheoppositionoftheopinionleaderswhodisagreewithhisrequesttohavethem convincetheresidents\"astoournationalreasonsforsuchamove\" p.85 . Lacuna'sfaithinthesuperstitionspeggedontheyearlyritualofunitingthepowerfuldeadandtheunbornchildrenremainshisonlyhopeofsustaininghisleadershippositionbymakingthemidnightsacrificesofpoliticalperpetuation. P. OliticalsacrificestartswhenBukelengeoccupantsorganizea Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.41peacefulmarchtothepalacecarryingdoves. Noteventhearmycandisperseorhurtthewomenandchildrenbecausetheyareharmless. \"Theycarrytwigsandfarm toolsinsteadofguns!\". P.91 . The occupants ofBukelenge are portrayed as peacefulandharmonious. Theyallagreetoexpresstheirgrievancesjustastheirleaders'adviceanddirectthem,peacefulandbloodless. LuluisbroughtforthandallshewantsistogohomedespiteLacuna'sattempttotreatherwarmlyandpraiseherbeauty,andenticeherwithhisthroneandpower. \"Isawyou...myeyeshavebeenalldazzle' pg.93 . \"... Makingmeyoungagainbutabeggar,aworshipperatthedoorofyourheart.\". Lacunaisdisrespectfulofhiswife,Melissa. HedescribesherwithinsolenceinhisattempttolureLuluandwhenLuluturnsdownhisproposalclaimingthatsherespects. Melissa,he says,\"A demon!A tongue ofliving lightning,oversizedmatchstickofangrydynamite...oldwarclub,cobraheadedhandgrenade...\" p.94 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.42 CommanderMeshack is dutifuland responsive. He reportspromptlytoLacunaabouttheprogressofthepursuitoftheinsurgentswhichhesayswaswithoutcasualtiesasitwasapeacefulprotest. HeisobedientashefollowsLacuna'sorderstocarryontheevacuationandtodismissanysympathizersoftheprotesters. Heisordered to replacethem withotherpeopleregardlessoftheireducationandobeys. Malipoaisarealisticandcautiousperson. HeconstantlywarnsLacunaagainstoverzealousness.\"... Doallthesethings...letallbedoneinwisdomifyouaretostaysecure.\". Pg.92 . Lacunaisseenasseductive. Heattemptstoseduce19year-oldLuluwhoisattractedtohim andisunwillingtorelatewithhim. \"No!...Iwillnever\" pg93 .\"I'm yourdaughtermanytimesover,\" pg.93 .Hetellsher,\"Ilookatyourbeautyandnobility...makingme...abeggar,aworshipperatthedoorofyourheart.\". Luluisassertive. SheisnotreadytogetintoarelationshipwithLacuna,aleader,whoisasoldasherfather. Sherespectshimandthewife,Melissa. Allshewantsistogohometoherparents. 4345Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.46MovementThreeSceneOneSummaryJudahZenMelo'sDeath ThesceneissetinTaminaZenMelo'shut. ItisintheeveningandTaminahasjustenteredwithabundleoffirewood. Judahhaswrittenalettertoinform herthathewillbecominghomethatdaythesecondofSeptember. Intheletter,Judahwantstoknowthewhereaboutsofhischildren. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.47 ThisremindsTaminahowLulu,theirdaughterhasbeenconfinedinthepalacewithapromiseofanew homeandlandinthemountains which she detests. She says,\"...and he had theprudencetosaltmyrawwoundIspatonhisfaceandheandhisfriendsfledfrommycookingspoon.\". Pg.98 . SangoivisitsTamina'shutshortly. Theissueofevacuationisagraveonebutall,includingTamina,willrallybehindher. ShereportsthatshehasnotseenLuluinthepalaceandthatJudahwasvisitedintheminesconcerningLulu'smarriagetoLacuna. Thoughhiding,SangoibearsthebadnewsofZenMelo'sdeath. Taminasays,\"...myhusbandisdead,that'swhatyoucametotellmebutyoudidn'thavethecourage. Isittrue?\". Pg.100 .Judahdiesatthemineswhenthemachineheoperatessnapsandcrusheshim. Taminaisinconsolablydesperateandbreaksintomourning. BengostopsbyTamina'shouseandfindsherbesideherselfwithgriefandwantstoassignsomewomentotakecareofher. TheMother'sUnioninherchurchwilllookintoherneeds. TaminaisdisillusionedanddisappointedbyLacuna'sleadership. Hehastakenherhusband,sons,Luluherdaughterandhervalley. Shehasnothingandnoonetohelpher. SangoiconsolesTamina. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.48 Tasks1.HowdoesthediscussionbetweenSangoiandTaminaatthestartofthesceneprepareSangoitobreakthenewsofJudah'sdeath?2.DescribetheeventsthatleadtoJudahMelo'sdeath.3.Discussthethemeofhopelessnessanddisillusionmentinthescene,4.\"ThemoledigsGod'searthmerelytolivein...grassgrowsinthesoilhethrewaside. \"Discussthesignificanceofthissayinginthescene.5.WhichdiseaseisSangoireferringtobysaying,\"...thisstrangediseasefromacrosstheseas. Thedisease. \"6.Identifyandexplainaninstanceofbiblicalallusionfromthescene. Commentary The scene begins with fantasy. Tamina is excited aboutapossiblebrightfuturewith herfamilybutironicallydeath isimminent. ZenMeloiskilledinapremeditatedmurderattheminesbythefaultymachines. Hehasservedfaithfullywiththehope to contribute to the quadrupling ofproduction and toprovidefortunestochangethelifeofhisfamilyforthebetter. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.49Taminalooksforwardtobettertimes. Thestatehasbetrayeditsown. Zelodieswiththeefforttoincreasetheproductionofsilvertomeettheconditionsoftheimperialistsyetthestatewon'tprotectitsownwiththerightworkingconditions. The news of Zelo's death creates the atmosphere ofhopelessnessanddespair. ThestrawsofhopethatTaminahadleftareallgone. ZenMelo'sdeathisamarkofherimminentmisery. Patriotism isportrayedbySangoiwhoinsistsuponBengotoensure that'no life is lost'in theirprotestmission againstLacuna'sleadership. Bengoisportrayedassupportive. HerallieshissupportbehindSangoi,\"thepeople'swould-be-saviour,\"\"weareallunited,awomanshallleadus\" p.103 . Lacuna is irrational and impulsive as he asks for thecommander'suniformtoassumetotalcontrolunderstrictmartiallaw. Hedeclaresacurfewandissues'shootonsight'ordersforlaw breakers. His move is received with greatresistance,oppositionandrebellionbythepeople. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.50 Lacunaiscarnal. HeordersMalipoatobringLulualongasheissettomarryherwithoutherconsent. ShetellsLacuna,\"...keepmehereagainstmywill...youkilledmyfather...Iwillneverbeyourwife\" p.121 .Hissolemotivationofgettingintimatewithherisinordertogetthemandateofleadership. SceneTwoSummaryMartialLawandLacuna'sPredicaments Itisinthepalace. LacunahasaheatedargumentwithMalipoaoverwhenhewillhaveLuluasawife. MalipoasaysanotherweekwillbeneededbecauseLuluisstillmourningherfather'sdeath. Lacuna is disappointed by Lulu's consistentresistance to hisadvances. Hehaspouredlibationstoherlatefather'sspirit;hehaschanneledalotoffinancestohercomfortinthepalaceandhasofferedTaminavastlandsandlabourerstotillthelandbutshehasspurnedhisadvances. RobertandGoldsteinarebacktoseeLacunaafteramonthtoassesstheprogressmadeinmeetingtheconditionslaidfortheloangrant. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.51 Apparently,tea,coffee,silver show no promise,themachines are broken down,and the industries are inshamblesbesidesassassinationsofworkers. Theoccupantsofthevalleystillaredueforevacuation Notashillingoftheonetwentybillionborrowedisusedbeyondthepalace. LacunasaysthepoorproductionisasaresultofrottenmachinesandthedeathofJudahwhowasthemachineoperator. However,RoberttellshimthattheyknowJudahwasmurderedandnottheoldmachine'serroraswasreported. GoldsteinholdsthegadgetscreentoLacunatoread,\"MeneMeneTekel' pg.109 ,meaninghehasbeenweighedandfoundwantingandGodhasnumberedhiskingdom. WhenLacunabluntlystatesthathewillpaytheloanwhenhewants,allhismoneyintheprivateaccountsabroadistransferredtopaythedebt. Robertsays,\"Wemustrecoverourdebt.\". Pg.112 . LacunahasbeendisabledcompletelybutordersthearrestofRobertandGoldstein. Healsodeclaresacurfewfrom dawntodusk. LacunaordersChipandetocanceltheevacuationplans,suspendallthe workers'salaries,and interdictallpublicofficialsincluding Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.52councilors,ministers,directorsandprincipals. LacunahimselfistobethecommanderinchiefinplaceofMeshak. Lacunahasextendedahundredpercenttaxontheprofitsmadebyallcorporations,banks,parastatalsandbusinessesandthemoneytobecollectedintothenationalkittyunderhiscustody. Chipandewarnshim ofmoreriotsnowthatthesituationisvolatilebecauseoftheplanstoforcefullyevacuatethepeoplefrom thevalley. LacunawantstobejoinedtoLuluinaholymatrimonybeforesunset. Malipoahasgonetofetchherandbeforehecomesback,LuluenterstomeetLacunawithoutpermissionfrom eithertheattendantorLacunahimself, LacunaaccusesLuluofanaffairwithRobert. Luluobjectstotheaccusationbutthenapologizes. Shewantstogo homeforthesecondintermentofherlatefatherandfearsforhernamebeingtarnishedas\"apalacegolddigger\" pg.119 besides,hermotherhasdisownedher. Luluwantstopursueheracademicsandbecomeadoctor. SherejectsLacuna'sadvancesofloveandallureofpleasures. LacunaisinfuriatedandslapsLulu. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.53 Inannoyance,LuluremindsLacunahow hehaskeptherinthepalaceagainstherwill,killedherfather,impoverishedthem andmadethem slaves. Besides,heistentimesherfather'sageandwillnevergetmarriedtohim. LuluisforcefullyledoutbyChipandeandtheguardandconfinedtoherquartersunderLacuna'scommandpendingaforcefulmarriage. Tasks1.\"Allthewiseoneshaveordered,Ihavefulfilled. \"OutlinealltheordersandhowLacunahasfulfilledthem.2.\"Theymustplaythegame-totally,ifbothpartiesaretobenefit\" pg.107 .WhatdoesRobertmeanbythis?3.WhydoyouthinkJudahMeloismurderedinthemines?4.StatetheforeignbanksthatLacunahassavedhismoneyin.5.Citeinstancesofironyandsarcasminthescene.6.\"Didthesehandsembraceaforeigner?\". Pg.118 .WhatwouldbethetraditionalimplicationofLuluembracingaforeigneronthenightofthecommemoration?7.OutlinetheweaknessofLacuna'sleadershipasportrayedinthescene. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.548.ContrastthecharacterofLacunaasaleaderandasacarnalmanwithreferencetotheadvanceshemakesonLulu. Commentary The scenes present cases of disillusionment.", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.4653141}
{"text": "Describe the rituals performed during the commemorationchronologically.2.What does Lacuna mean by \"customs must bow to nationalemergencies\" pg.57 ? 3.Identifytheironyofthequoteinnumber2above.4.CommentonSangoi'ssaying,\"Whenthedeadmurmurinaconscience,theguiltyhearinittheterrorofthunder,ourforefathersaidit\" pg.56 .5.HowdoyouthinkthenationalrestthatLacunadeclaresimpactsontheeconomy?6.WhydoyouthinkSangoi,theeldersandthetwowhitemenfailtorespondtoMalipoa? Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.267.Explainthesymbolism inLacuna'scrownthatdoesnotfitandislopsidedonhishead.8.WhoisGerimaandwhatisherroleinthecommemorationceremony?9.DescribeMelissa'sroleintheepisode. Commentary TheauthordemonstratesthesuperstitioustraditionalpracticesofcommemoratingthedepartedleadersinKutula. Thecurrentleaderisgiventhemandatetolead,bytheyouth,aftertheperformanceofaritual.\"... Ourancestorsdemandthatouryouthsgiveusmandatetoleadthemtotheirfuture...\" p.53 . Melissa and Sangoi's criticism ofLacuna's crown indicates adisapprovalofleadershipandalackofrespectandsupportforhim.\"... Thecrowndoesnotfithim...\" p.55 .\"...Itislop-sidedonhishead...\" Pg.55 . Melissa'sdisinterestintheritualisbasicallybecauseLacunahaschosen Lulu,a nineteen-year-old schoolgoing girl,as themessenger. Heissettogetintimatewithherintheprocess. Lacuna'saddresstothegraveofhisfatherisacaseofapostrophe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.27intheplay. Headdresseshislatefathertobringouttheimmediacyofthefestival. Traditionsdemandthatthedeadmustnotbeoffended.\".. Lfourfatherswouldhaveussharethesameplatform...\" p.55 .Thedispleasureofthedeadcanbeunbearabletotheliving. Lacunaisasticklerfortraditionandsuperstition. Heperformstheritualasrequiredbycustom. HereadilyagreestotheadviceandguidancethatheisgivenbyMalipoa,histraditionaladvisor. MelissaandSangoiarecriticalandobservant. Theyarekeentonoticethelop-sidedcrownonLacuna'shead,Theyimplythatheisnotfitforleadership. SceneTwoSummaryLacuna'sBusinessDealswiththeImperialists Thesettingshiftstotheleader'spalaceformally,Governor Macay'sresidencewhichhasnowbeenextensivelymodernized. ItisherethatLacuna,GoldsteinandRobert'smeetingtakesplace. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.28 ChipandewelcomesGoldsteinandRoberttothepalace. TheyarecatchinguponthejustendedcommemorationceremonybeforeLacunaarrives. Chipanderudelyhandlestheattendant. Hebragsabouthow hetreatsthem insummarystatementsinthenameofdemocracyanddevelopmentwhilefaultingKingKutulaforhavingtreatedeveryoneequally. Robertsarcasticallypointsathow Africanslovecelebrationsatthe expense ofserious issues like time managementandeconomy. Chipandecomesindefensesaying.thedrumsofprayerandthanksgivingareintendedtobringthedeadandthelivingtocommunion.\". Pg.59 . Robert'scontemptforAfricansisevidentwhenhesaysthewhitesaresuperiorandthat\"it'schokingme.doingbusinesswithimmoralragamumns...\" pg.60 .HeaddsthatAfricanleadersborrowmoniesabroadinthenameofthenativesonlytoenrichthemselves-themoneyhasavailednothingtothepeople. Withreferencetotheextravagantandunnecessarybanquet,henotesthatmostdrinksandmealsservedareimported. ThecoffeeisgrownbythelocalsbutthenexportedtoLondonforprocessingthensoldbacktothem. Robertwonders,\"Howcanwe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.29dobusinesswithpeoplelikethese?\". Pg.61 . Goldstein'sperspectiveofbusinessistolend,makeprofitandenslavethenativesby\"...puttingthenoose theWhitemanandpoisonedhisownfathertodeath. \"Helovedme,butIkilledhim.\". Pg.69 .However,hegoesaheadtojustifythemurder,\"..myfatherlovedmebut Ilovedmypeoplemore...that'swhyhehadtodie.\". Pg.69 . GoldsteinrecountswhattheyhavedoneforLacunaandthenatives\" financed his inauguration.... Look, around thirtyuniversities with ultra-modern equipmentcomputer....miningCompany RobertandLacunafalloutbecausetheformerisquicktocriticizeLacuna'sleadership. PlanetWorldFinanciersLimitedhadextendedaloanofthirtybilliontosalvageKutula'seconomy. LacunagetsarrogantwhenGoldsteindemandsanaccountofhow themoneywasspentbecausehehasnoanyrecordofexpenditure. HethreatenstoleavetheofficeandtofreezeLacuna'saccountsabroad. Lacunatonesdownandadmitstohaveembezzledthefunds;heboughthimselfasleekaircraftandhasbankedthirtypercentofthemoneyinforeignaccounts. Healsodisclosesthatheshares Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.30themoneywithotherleadersfortheirpersonalbenefits. Lacunacannotaccountfortherestofthemoney. Yetheclaimstobegivingthenativesfreemedicalservices,education,food,etc. GoldsteinisnowseatedonthethroneandtakesadvantageofanintimidatedLacuna'signorance,mismanagementoffundsandpoorgovernancetosethimintobiggerloans. Lacunanowwantsanotherbiggerloantoboostthe economyandreclaim hispopularityamongthepeopleyethasnowayofpayingtheloanbacksincethe\"...exports,silver,runningataloss...\" pg.75 andfanninghasdismalreturns. Todate,KutulahasaloanadvancementofninetyeightbillionexclusiveofinterestandLacunaandhisministersoweRobertandGoldsteinahundredandtwentytwobillionwhichshouldbepaidwithinamonth. However,thedebtwillbepaidbyLacuna'ssubjects. Lacunaisgivenconditionsuponthenewloanextendedtohim byGoldstein. Heistoensuremoneyispaidforjobsdoneandnotofficesandpositionsandtoavoidnepotism. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.31 Heisalsotoremovecontrolsonpricesespeciallyfortheforeignexchange. Heshouldincreasetheproductionofsilverandcoffeeforexport. Lacunaisalsotocutdownonemploymentandensurelongerhoursforworkers. Concerningagriculture,heistoevacuatetheoccupantsofthevalleytopavewayfortheirrigationproject. Tasks1.Stateinstancesofsarcasmanddiscusstheirsignificance.2.Howeffectivelydoesthewriterportraygreedinthisscene?3.ContrastthecharactersofRobertandGoldsteinasportrayedinthescene.4.ExplainthemotivesofbothGoldsteinandLacunathatleadtoKingKutula'sassassination.5.\"Andweletyourunit. Didn'tinterfere\" pg.70 ,ExplainthisstatementasmadebyGoldstein.6.OutlinetheconditionsthatGoldsteinandRobertimposedonLacuna. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.327.DemonstrateinwhatwaybusinessbetweentheWestandKutulahas\"nohumanface\". Pg.82 .8.\"Themotherbefriended theweaverbird\" pg.82 .WhatdidLacuna'sfathermeanbythisstatement?9.Inyouropinion,howdoestheWhitemanstandtobenefitfrom theconditionsheimposesbeforeadvancingaloantoLacuna?Commentary Thereareanumberofinstancesofsarcasm inthescene. Goldsteincommentsaboutthenative'sobsessionwithcelebrations\"...Youpeoplecelebrateeverythingevenwhenthesunshrivels...\" pg59 . Robertsarcasticallysays,\"Oh!I'dlovetosee...thedeadandthelivingsharing!\". P.59 . Goldstein flatters Lacuna's leadership with sarcasm when hecompareshisregimetothatofhislatefather,KingKutula. Hetakesadvantageofhisgreedanduseshim toachievehisagendaasthequeen'srepresentative.\"... Itwastime to bring Kutula backtodignity and high civilization...ourpeople found a man ...yourExcellency...amanofaction...you.\". P.68 . TheauthorsatirizesLacunawhenheblameshislatefatherforhavinglefthimadisastrousleadershipforinheritance. Heblames Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.33Kutula'saversenaturetoeconomicdevelopmentandhisstrangeobsessionwithmultiplicationofmosquesandchurcheswhichleaves the economy in shambles yethe Lacuna has notsustained,andinsomecases,notstartedanyoftheeconomicprojectsforwhichhehasbeenadvancedbillionsofshillingsasloansforfunding. Lacunaiscastfoolishlyasaleaderwhocanneitheraccountfortheexpenditureoftheloan,whichheembezzledwithhiscronies,northeprojectsathand. Itisalsoironicalhow LacunaclaimsthatKutulaisasovereignstateyethehasbroughtitseconomytoitsknees;itisheavilyindebt. Goldsteintellshim \"...Asovereignstatewithoutauthorityandmoneyislowerthanaslave...\" p.74 . Lacunaandhisleadersdemonstrateinsatiablegreed. Theygrabeveryavailablechancetostealfrom thestate. Lacunaandhiscroniesembezzlebillionsofshillingsadvancedasloansleavingwhiteelephantprojectsandindustriesthathavesuffereddiremismanagement. Lacunausespartoftheloanstobuyhimselfanaircraftandheabdicatesthemanagementofthemoneytohiscronieswhoshareitravenously. Hedemandsforcertainpercentagesfor Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.34personalusefrom everyloanadvanced .Goldsteindescribesthesecroniesas\".agreedybunchofincompetentswhocan'tseeadimewithoutgettinglibidinousconvulsionsdowntheirmidriff?\". Pg76 . Racism isevidentthroughRobertwhonotonlyunderminesthenativesbutisalsosickenedbytheirwayoflife. Hecannotstandtheir customs and their nauseating suffocating loyalty of\"...crawlingonthefloor...fawning...mothering...\" p.60 . InternationalbusinesspracticebetweenKutulaandimperialists,whichhasnohumanface,isputtingpressureonbothLacunaandthecitizensandworkingtothedetrimentofthewelfareofKutula. Residentshavetobeevacuatedfromtheirhomestopavewayforagriculture,salaries have to be slashed,people have to beretrenchedandmoreincomehastobegeneratedattheexpenseofthepeople. LacunakillshisownfathertotakeoverleadershipinKutula. Itisanactofbetrayal,assassinationandgreed. Heclaimsthathisfatherrandownthecountryandneededtopayupwithhislife. ItisbecauseofgreedthatLacunafallspreytoGoldstein'smissionof eliminating his father. Embezzlement, corruption andmismanagementoftheeconomybyLacunaandhisallieshaverundownthecountrytoshambles. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.35 LeaderLacunaisnepotisticand irresponsible. Hekeepsnorecord ofthe borrowed monies spenton projects. He hasemployed politicalfriendsand clansmen with whom he hassquanderedmoneythatisborrowedandhasrundownmanyaproject. Themachinesarerotten,farminghasfailedyethehasstashedhugeamountsofmoneyinhisforeignaccountsandboughtapersonalaircraftwiththeloan,tostayabovethepeople. ItisironicalthatLacunaregardsKutulaasasovereignstateyetitisbrokeandbeggingforaid. Hismisrulehasmadethestatesinklowerthanthestatusofaslave. Thescenehasnumerousproverbs. LacunaquestionsRobert,\"How isafathertobeifvisitorscometoadvisethechildrenabouttheirtoys?\". Pg.81 .Thisimplies Lacuna 's discontentmentwith the interference in Kutula 'sforeignmattersbytheWhiteman. ThedeathofKingKutulaXVistoldthroughaflashback. Lacunarevealsthedayhepoisonshisfatheranddescribesthemannerinwhichheadministersthepoison. Hisguiltisevidentbuthecoversitthroughthejustificationofhisevilact. Hesays,\"Heboughtitwithhislifesothatwecaninheritacomfortablelife.\". P.69 Contact07152986. 95forothernotes guides.36 Lacunaisportrayedasincompetent. Hecanhardlyaccountforaloanborrowedbythestate. AllprojectstobefundedbytheloanarestalledandyetLacunahasnosufficientinformationoftheprogress. Heisalsogreedy. Lacunademandsforthirtypercentofanygrantsorincomethatthestategets. Hekillshisfathertoinherithisposition. Goldsteinisopportunisticand selfish. Heisonlyconcernedabouttheprofithewillmakefrom doingbusinesswithLacuna. Hedoesn'tcarewhethertheloanheadvancesKutulawillbenefitthepeopleornot. Heismanipulativeanddeceptive;hemanipulatesanddeceivesLacuna to killhis father. Goldstein's plan is to have acompromisingleaderlikeLacunawhom hecanmanipulateandcontrolatwill. TheimperialistsareselfishandopportunistswhoonlycareaboutmakingprofitsinthebusinessdealbetweenKutulaandtheEmpire. Thebusiness'hasnohumanface. 'ImpossibleconditionsdetrimentaltothewelfareofthepeoplearelaiddowniftheloanKutulaneedsistobeadvancedprofitstheystandtomake. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.37SceneThreeSummaryResistanceandRebellion Thesceneisstillinthepalace. Sangoiandrespectedleadersfrom Bukelenge Basin have come to see Lacuna overtheevacuationofpeoplefromthevalleytoSamuka. Lacuna wants the elders to convince the occupants ofthegovernment'sintentiontorelocatethemandusethefertilebasinstoreclaim agricultureastheBukelengevalleyisearmarkedfordevelopment SangoiandtheeldershaveputitplainlytoLacunathattheevacuationwillnotbepossible. LacunaisannoyedbytheirdisobedienceandblamesSangoiforpoisoningtheopinionleadersagainsttheirrigationproject. Hesays,\"...thissilentrebellion...anythingtodowithyou?\". Pg.85 .Lacuna'scontemptforhissubjectsisevidentwhenhesaysthemassisilliterateandtheycannotthinkofinternationalbusiness. LacunathreatenstoeliminateSangoiashetellsChipandethatthatistheonlywayforhim toremainonthethrone. Hesensesstrong opposition from Sangoibearing Sangoi's popularity Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.38amongstthepeoplewhichhedoesnottakeforgranted. LuluisexpectedtospendanightwithLacunaintheRoyalchamberastheAnnualCustom demands. AllthepreparationshavebeendonebyChipande. ApparentlyLuluandLacunafailtoshowup. LacunafearsthathisleadershipwillfailbecauseRobertmighthavedefiledLulu'spuritybeforeunitingLacunawiththepowerfuldeadandtheunbornoftheworld. \"Shestandsinthegapandmustusherintomorrow'ssun. Sheisthebridge.\". Pg.88 . LacunatriestolureLulubyhispowerandaluxuriantlifestyleagainstthatofLuluthatispoor. Hetellsher,\"...whatwillyourmothergiveyou? Pg.93 .ButLuluremainsfirm thatsheistooyoungforhim andstillinschool;besides,sherespectsMelissa. Shewonderswhyshehasbeenconfinedinthepalaceandwantstogohome. TheritualispostponeduntilafterfourweeksandLuluwillbeconfinedinthechamberstobecleansedandtakencareofsothat\"...nottoangerandpainandworrythewiseoneswithinthedeep pg.92 Meanwhile,thereisapeacefuldemonstrationoutsidebythepeoplefrom Malima Temaagainsttherelocationofpeople Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.39from thevalley. Women,menandchildrenarecarryingtwigsanddoves,singing,dancingandmarching. Meshak,thecommanderofthearmedforces,reportsthatthedemonstrationisharmlessandthereisnoneedofusingguns. Lacuna is annoyed to hearthatno one has been shotorimprisoned. Hethreatensthatanyleaderwhowillnotsupporttheevacuationwillbedismissedforthwithandreplacedbypeoplefromtheroyalclanregardlessoftheirlevelofeducation. Tasks1.StateinstancesofsuperstitioninScene3.2.InwhatwaysdoestheBukelengeBasindisappointleaderLacuna?3.ContrastthereprisalofnativesduringKingKutula'sreigntotheprotestbytheBukelengemountainoccupants.4.\"Butletallbedoneinwisdom...\" pg.92 .Show how Lacunatakes eaveofwisdominthisscene.5.WhatcharactertraitofLacunaisrevealedwhenherespondstoSangoisaying,\"Theirsecondalternative,begins,SangoiAndno,gooutthereandeffectobedienceuponmypeople. Twoweeks,Sangoi\" pg.86-87 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.406.Whatis Lacuna's perception ofwomen in lightofhow hedescribesMelissaon pg.94 ? 7.InwhatwaysdoesCommanderMeshackdisappointLacunawithregardtotrackingtheinsurgentsatMalima-TemaMountains?8.Whatisyourunderstandingoftheword\"cannibal\"asusedinthescene?Commentary TheauthordepictstheleadershipconflictbetweenSangoiandLacunaresultingfromtheissueofevacuationoftheoccupantsoftheBukelengevalleyto\"re-organizeourlandandboostproduction.\". P.84 . Lacunabeginstoexperiencetheoppositionoftheopinionleaderswhodisagreewithhisrequesttohavethem convincetheresidents\"astoournationalreasonsforsuchamove\" p.85 . Lacuna'sfaithinthesuperstitionspeggedontheyearlyritualofunitingthepowerfuldeadandtheunbornchildrenremainshisonlyhopeofsustaininghisleadershippositionbymakingthemidnightsacrificesofpoliticalperpetuation. PoliticalsacrificestartswhenBukelengeoccupantsorganizea Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.41peacefulmarchtothepalacecarryingdoves. Noteventhearmycandisperseorhurtthewomenandchildrenbecausetheyareharmless. \"Theycarrytwigsandfarm toolsinsteadofguns!\". P.91 . The occupants ofBukelenge are portrayed as peacefulandharmonious. Theyallagreetoexpresstheirgrievancesjustastheirleaders'adviceanddirectthem,peacefulandbloodless. LuluisbroughtforthandallshewantsistogohomedespiteLacuna'sattempttotreatherwarmlyandpraiseherbeauty,andenticeherwithhisthroneandpower. \"Isawyou...myeyeshavebeenalldazzle' pg.93 . \"... Makingmeyoungagainbutabeggar,aworshipperatthedoorofyourheart.\". Lacunaisdisrespectfulofhiswife,Melissa. HedescribesherwithinsolenceinhisattempttolureLuluandwhenLuluturnsdownhisproposalclaimingthatsherespects. Melissa,he says,\"A demon!A tongue ofliving lightning,oversizedmatchstickofangrydynamite...oldwarclub,cobraheadedhandgrenade...\" p.94 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.42 CommanderMeshack is dutifuland responsive. He reportspromptlytoLacunaabouttheprogressofthepursuitoftheinsurgentswhichhesayswaswithoutcasualtiesasitwasapeacefulprotest. HeisobedientashefollowsLacuna'sorderstocarryontheevacuationandtodismissanysympathizersoftheprotesters. Heisordered to replacethem withotherpeopleregardlessoftheireducationandobeys. Malipoaisarealisticandcautiousperson. HeconstantlywarnsLacunaagainstoverzealousness.\"... Doallthesethings...letallbedoneinwisdomifyouaretostaysecure.\". Pg.92 . Lacunaisseenasseductive. Heattemptstoseduce19year-oldLuluwhoisattractedtohim andisunwillingtorelatewithhim. \"No!...Iwillnever\" pg93 .\"I'm yourdaughtermanytimesover,\" pg.93 .Hetellsher,\"Ilookatyourbeautyandnobility...makingme...abeggar,aworshipperatthedoorofyourheart.\". Luluisassertive. SheisnotreadytogetintoarelationshipwithLacuna,aleader,whoisasoldasherfather. Sherespectshimandthewife,Melissa. Allshewantsistogohometoherparents. 4345Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.46MovementThreeSceneOneSummaryJudahZenMelo'sDeath ThesceneissetinTaminaZenMelo'shut. ItisintheeveningandTaminahasjustenteredwithabundleoffirewood. Judahhaswrittenalettertoinform herthathewillbecominghomethatdaythesecondofSeptember. Intheletter,Judahwantstoknowthewhereaboutsofhischildren. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.47 ThisremindsTaminahowLulu,theirdaughterhasbeenconfinedinthepalacewithapromiseofanew homeandlandinthemountains which she detests. She says,\"...and he had theprudencetosaltmyrawwoundIspatonhisfaceandheandhisfriendsfledfrommycookingspoon.\". Pg.98 . SangoivisitsTamina'shutshortly. Theissueofevacuationisagraveonebutall,includingTamina,willrallybehindher. ShereportsthatshehasnotseenLuluinthepalaceandthatJudahwasvisitedintheminesconcerningLulu'smarriagetoLacuna. Thoughhiding,SangoibearsthebadnewsofZenMelo'sdeath. Taminasays,\"...myhusbandisdead,that'swhatyoucametotellmebutyoudidn'thavethecourage. Isittrue?\". Pg.100 .Judahdiesatthemineswhenthemachineheoperatessnapsandcrusheshim. Taminaisinconsolablydesperateandbreaksintomourning. BengostopsbyTamina'shouseandfindsherbesideherselfwithgriefandwantstoassignsomewomentotakecareofher. TheMother'sUnioninherchurchwilllookintoherneeds. TaminaisdisillusionedanddisappointedbyLacuna'sleadership. Hehastakenherhusband,sons,Luluherdaughterandhervalley. Shehasnothingandnoonetohelpher. SangoiconsolesTamina. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.48 Tasks1.HowdoesthediscussionbetweenSangoiandTaminaatthestartofthesceneprepareSangoitobreakthenewsofJudah'sdeath?2.DescribetheeventsthatleadtoJudahMelo'sdeath.3.Discussthethemeofhopelessnessanddisillusionmentinthescene,4.\"ThemoledigsGod'searthmerelytolivein...grassgrowsinthesoilhethrewaside. \"Discussthesignificanceofthissayinginthescene.5.WhichdiseaseisSangoireferringtobysaying,\"...thisstrangediseasefromacrosstheseas. Thedisease. \"6.Identifyandexplainaninstanceofbiblicalallusionfromthescene. Commentary The scene begins with fantasy. Tamina is excited aboutapossiblebrightfuturewith herfamilybutironicallydeath isimminent. ZenMeloiskilledinapremeditatedmurderattheminesbythefaultymachines. Hehasservedfaithfullywiththehope to contribute to the quadrupling ofproduction and toprovidefortunestochangethelifeofhisfamilyforthebetter. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.49Taminalooksforwardtobettertimes. Thestatehasbetrayeditsown. Zelodieswiththeefforttoincreasetheproductionofsilvertomeettheconditionsoftheimperialistsyetthestatewon'tprotectitsownwiththerightworkingconditions. The news of Zelo's death creates the atmosphere ofhopelessnessanddespair. ThestrawsofhopethatTaminahadleftareallgone. ZenMelo'sdeathisamarkofherimminentmisery. Patriotism isportrayedbySangoiwhoinsistsuponBengotoensure that'no life is lost'in theirprotestmission againstLacuna'sleadership. Bengoisportrayedassupportive. HerallieshissupportbehindSangoi,\"thepeople'swould-be-saviour,\"\"weareallunited,awomanshallleadus\" p.103 . Lacuna is irrational and impulsive as he asks for thecommander'suniformtoassumetotalcontrolunderstrictmartiallaw. Hedeclaresacurfewandissues'shootonsight'ordersforlaw breakers. His move is received with greatresistance,oppositionandrebellionbythepeople. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.50 Lacunaiscarnal. HeordersMalipoatobringLulualongasheissettomarryherwithoutherconsent. ShetellsLacuna,\"...keepmehereagainstmywill...youkilledmyfather...Iwillneverbeyourwife\" p.121 .Hissolemotivationofgettingintimatewithherisinordertogetthemandateofleadership. SceneTwoSummaryMartialLawandLa. Cuna'sPredicaments Itisinthepalace. LacunahasaheatedargumentwithMalipoaoverwhenhewillhaveLuluasawife. MalipoasaysanotherweekwillbeneededbecauseLuluisstillmourningherfather'sdeath. Lacuna is disappointed by Lulu's consistentresistance to hisadvances. Hehaspouredlibationstoherlatefather'sspirit;hehaschanneledalotoffinancestohercomfortinthepalaceandhasofferedTaminavastlandsandlabourerstotillthelandbutshehasspurnedhisadvances. RobertandGoldsteinarebacktoseeLacunaafteramonthtoassesstheprogressmadeinmeetingtheconditionslaidfortheloangrant. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.51 Apparently,tea,coffee,silver show no promise,themachines are broken down,and the industries are inshamblesbesidesassassinationsofworkers. Theoccupantsofthevalleystillaredueforevacuation Notashillingoftheonetwentybillionborrowedisusedbeyondthepalace. LacunasaysthepoorproductionisasaresultofrottenmachinesandthedeathofJudahwhowasthemachineoperator. However,RoberttellshimthattheyknowJudahwasmurderedandnottheoldmachine'serroraswasreported. GoldsteinholdsthegadgetscreentoLacunatoread,\"MeneMeneTekel' pg.109 ,meaninghehasbeenweighedandfoundwantingandGodhasnumberedhiskingdom. WhenLacunabluntlystatesthathewillpaytheloanwhenhewants,allhismoneyintheprivateaccountsabroadistransferredtopaythedebt. Robertsays,\"Wemustrecoverourdebt.\". Pg.112 . LacunahasbeendisabledcompletelybutordersthearrestofRobertandGoldstein. Healsodeclaresacurfewfrom dawntodusk. LacunaordersChipandetocanceltheevacuationplans,suspendallthe workers'salaries,and interdictallpublicofficialsincluding Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.52councilors,ministers,directorsandprincipals. LacunahimselfistobethecommanderinchiefinplaceofMeshak. Lacunahasextendedahundredpercenttaxontheprofitsmadebyallcorporations,banks,parastatalsandbusinessesandthemoneytobecollectedintothenationalkittyunderhiscustody. Chipandewarnshim ofmoreriotsnowthatthesituationisvolatilebecauseoftheplanstoforcefullyevacuatethepeoplefrom thevalley. LacunawantstobejoinedtoLuluinaholymatrimonybeforesunset. Malipoahasgonetofetchherandbeforehecomesback,LuluenterstomeetLacunawithoutpermissionfrom eithertheattendantorLacunahimself, LacunaaccusesLuluofanaffairwithRobert. Luluobjectstotheaccusationbutthenapologizes. Shewantstogo homeforthesecondintermentofherlatefatherandfearsforhernamebeingtarnishedas\"apalacegolddigger\" pg.119 besides,hermotherhasdisownedher. Luluwantstopursueheracademicsandbecomeadoctor. SherejectsLacuna'sadvancesofloveandallureofpleasures. LacunaisinfuriatedandslapsLulu. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.53 Inannoyance,LuluremindsLacunahow hehaskeptherinthepalaceagainstherwill,killedherfather,impoverishedthem andmadethem slaves. Besides,heistentimesherfather'sageandwillnevergetmarriedtohim. LuluisforcefullyledoutbyChipandeandtheguardandconfinedtoherquartersunderLacuna'scommandpendingaforcefulmarriage. Tasks1.\"Allthewiseoneshaveordered,Ihavefulfilled. \"OutlinealltheordersandhowLacunahasfulfilledthem.2.\"Theymustplaythegame-totally,ifbothpartiesaretobenefit\" pg.107 .WhatdoesRobertmeanbythis?3.WhydoyouthinkJudahMeloismurderedinthemines?4.StatetheforeignbanksthatLacunahassavedhismoneyin.5.Citeinstancesofironyandsarcasminthescene.6.\"Didthesehandsembraceaforeigner?\". Pg.118 .WhatwouldbethetraditionalimplicationofLuluembracingaforeigneronthenightofthecommemoration?7.OutlinetheweaknessofLacuna'sleadershipasportrayedinthescene. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.548.ContrastthecharacterofLacunaasaleaderandasacarnalmanwithreferencetotheadvanceshemakesonLulu. Commentary The scenes present cases of disillusionment. Lacuna isdesperateanddisillusionedaseverythingisworkingagainsthim. Luluwon'tgiveintoLacuna;RobertandGoldsteinclearhisforeignaccountstopaytheaccruingdebt;citizensareagainsthisleadershipandthesilentonesareabouttounleashtheirwrathonhimsettinghimupf rdesperation. Hemakesdesperatemoves. Authoritarianism isatapeakinthescene. Lacunadeclaresmartiallaw,declaresadusktodawncurfew,freezessalariesandfirespeopleen-masseandcontinuestodetainLulu,andissuesashootonsightorderforthievesandlooters. Imperialism isportrayedtoo. RobertandGoldsteineffecttheirthreataftertheirfailuretomeettheconditionsandtheimpacttricklesdowntothecitizens. Evacuationwillaffectthem,byemptyingLacuna'saccounts,allorganizationswillbetaxedby Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.55100 .RobertisawarethatJudahwasmurderedinthemine;thewhitesseeminglyknowthenitty-grittyofLacuna'sadministration. Theyareincontrol. \"ItwasmurderforpoorJudah...\" p.109 . Lacunaisgreedyandselfish. Hewantstorecoverhissweptaccountsbyimposinghimselfandstealingfromthepoorcitizens. Hedeclaresmartiallaw andmakesdrasticanderraticorderstargetedatthepeopleandmeanttofrustratethem. HedetainsLuluforonemoreweektomarryherandgetthemandateofleadershipfromher. Luluisboldandcandid. SheconfrontsLacunaforkillingherfather,andforbeingundependable,selfishandanoppressiveleaderwithaperfectedartofkeepingcitizensinpoverty. Shevowsnevertomarryhim. Robertand Goldstein satirize Lacuna's miseries. Theyseemparticularlyexcitedatcatchinghim unawares. Theymuseathisshockontheirknowledgeofhisfinancialstanding,whentheytransferhissavingsfromhismanyforeignaccountstheyaddresshimsarcastically\"...'Twasnicedoingbusinesswithyou,oldpal...\" p.112 .anduseaproverbtomockhim. Goldstein,whatwasthatacrudeproverbyouarefondofusingaboutthesepeople?\". P.110 \"...Atetheredhenhasnopower?\". Goldstein and Robertaremercilessand ruthless. Theyclear Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.56Lacuna'saccountsinanefforttoeffecttheirconsequencesforunmetforeignconditions, TheauthorsatirizesLacunabycastinghim asanignorantandarrogantleader. LacunathreatensGoldsteinwhenheinsiststhatnew playerswillbeinvolvedinbusiness. Lacunatellshim \"...Apythonneverstrikesexceptinhunger...\" pg.108 .WhenGoldsteinandRobertcornerhim andclearhisforeignaccountsinforeigncountries;Lacunapanicsandbeginstopleadforpardonandasecondchance,Nonetheless,theytransferthemoneyfrom hisaccountandhisbalancereadszero. LacunademandsthatGoldsteinandRobertgivehim gunsandammunitiontoforcehispeopleoutofthemountainsiftheyresist,inordertofulfilltheconditionspeggedontheloan. Thisissatiricalandquitelaughable. RobertandGoldsteinseem tohavefirst-handinformationabouteverythinggoingoninKutula. Theyknow thatJudahMeloiskilledinanarrangedmurderinthefactory. WhenLacunaclaimsthathisattempttofulfilloneoftheconditionsgivenproduceddisastrousresults,tomeanthatJudahiskilledbyaccident,Robertrespondssaying,\"ItwasmurderforpoorJudah.\". Pg.108 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.57MovementFourSceneOneSummaryPlanstoOverthrowLacuna'sGovernment Itisatdawninahouseinthedenselyforestedmountains. Bengoischairingameetingofagroupofleadersfrom thevillagebothyoungandold,whichplanstooverthrow Lacuna'sgovernment. Sangoicomesinlater. Thereisaconflictbetweentheyoungmaleleaderandtheelderlyleaderoverthepreviousapproach to issueswheretheelderlyleadershavebeenslow inthecauseoftheiractionsoverseriousmattersinthenameofcautionleadingtothecurrentpredicamentofthepeopleofKutula. Thegrouphastoreviewtheirapproachnowthatacurfewhasbeendeclaredtoensurethesuccessofthedemo. TheyhavethesupportofeverytribeincludingsomeofLacuna'sloyalists. Bengosaysthatthemissionshouldbeaccomplishedwithoutpain,hateorbloodshed. Heinsistsonunitytowinandifnot.atleastdiedsaying,\"no\"totyranny;particularlythetyrannyofourhistoryandinternationalneo-slavery.\". Pg.125 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.58 SangoiisthefavouriteofeverybodyandthesuggestedleaderafterLacunaisoverthrown. However,sheacceptstheleadershipwithaconditiontowithdraw thearmedsectionofthemovement. Thisreceivesalotofobjectionfrom theleaderswhofeeltheyshouldbearmedbecauseLacunahasanarmedarmy,too. Sangoiwillembarkonherchurchrolesandapoliticalleadersoughtafterwards. Tasks1.HowdoestheenemycatchBengoandhisfamilyoff-guardintheentireplay?2.\"Wehavepersistedbecauseweknowandareconvincedthatourcauseisjust,\"Givereasonstojustifythisstatement.3.WhydoyouthinkthepeoplehavesomuchconfidenceinSangoi?4.Whatisthepurposeofthemeeting?5.Explaintheconflictthatarisesbetweentheyoungandtheold.6.\"Canyouimaginethebitternessthroughouttheland?\"Commentonthisstatementwithregardtotheepisode.7.Outlinethedetailsoftheplanonhowtoattackthepalace. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.598.Whatdoestheyoungleadermeanwhenhesays,\"OurleopardsmoveamongLacuna'sforces\" pg.124 ? 9.Outlinethestepsthatthenewleadershipwilltaketorebuildthestate?10.ExplainwhatSangoimeansbysaying\"Theysquandereditandwehavefeltitsyokeonournecks. \"Commentary ItisevidentthattheleadersaredeterminedtobringchangeinKutula. Bengosaystheyarereadyforanyeventuality. \"Ifwelose,posteritywillknowthatatleastwediedsaying,\"no\"totyranny...ifwewin,weshallrejoice...know ...weareaunitedpeople.\". Pg.125 . ThechangeinKutulaisnotonlytheresponsibilityoftheleadersbuteverycitizen'sconcern. Unityofpurposeisevidentastheelderlyleadersays,\"Andwe'vebeenjoinedbymillionsfrom allethnicgroupsandreligiousfaiths\" pg.124 .Bengoreportsthat,\"manyarewithusrightacross...theland.\". Pg.125 . Theneedforchangeismotivatedbythecontinuouspredicament Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.60thenativeshavefacedovertime. Theyarelandlessandservitude,\"Amad hattercontinues to sellus out-slaves on ourown soil.\". Pg.123 ,unemployed,\"...look atme waiting here forallmyeducation. Me!Agraduate.\". Pg.123 amongothers. Bengoisportrayedasasoberandaneffectiveleaderabletocalmdowntheelderswhentheybeginexpressingtheirdifferences. Theleaders'intelligenceisportrayedwhentheyorganizeawellplannedmissionandchooseSangoiasaleadertoguidethem. Theyaretoavoidcausingharm toanyoneandthisissymbolizedbythecarryingofdoves\"..tosignalourpeaceandresolve?\". Pg.127 .TheypretendtobeloyaltoLacuna. \"AndourleopardsmoveamongLacuna'sforces,pretendingloyalty.\". Pg.124 . Theword\"leopards\"isusedmetaphoricallybytheyoungmaleleadertomean\"prowlingspies.\". Sangoiiscastaslevel-headed. Sheadvocatespeacefulprotestsandspeaksagainstbloodshed. Sangoiiscommittedandsincere. Sheiswillingtoprotestagainstherbrother'sleadershipwhichshedoesnotrelateto. Sheisfightingforjustice. The\"fivefoolishvirgins\" pg.124 isabiblicalallusionusedtoliken Contact0715298695forothernotes. Guides.61theleadersduringthemeetingatdawntothefoolishvirginsafterSangoientersandtheleadersglidetothecornerreadytotakeoff. SceneTwoSummaryLacuna'sLossofPower ItisinthemorningandanagitatedLacunaandacoweringChipandeareinthepalaceandoutofcontrol. LacunahasfiredeverybodyincludingMalipoa. Peoplehavemobilizedthemselvesandthedemonstrationison. LacunaordersforthemobilizationofthetroopstoattacktherabbleofdissidentsandordersforthedetentionofRobertandGoldstein. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.62 LacunaisobsessedwithhavingLuluashissecondbride.", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.5755196}
{"text": "Look, around thirtyuniversities with ultra-modern equipmentcomputer....miningCompany RobertandLacunafalloutbecausetheformerisquicktocriticizeLacuna'sleadership. PlanetWorldFinanciersLimitedhadextendedaloanofthirtybilliontosalvageKutula'seconomy. LacunagetsarrogantwhenGoldsteindemandsanaccountofhow themoneywasspentbecausehehasnoanyrecordofexpenditure. HethreatenstoleavetheofficeandtofreezeLacuna'saccountsabroad. Lacunatonesdownandadmitstohaveembezzledthefunds;heboughthimselfasleekaircraftandhasbankedthirtypercentofthemoneyinforeignaccounts. Healsodisclosesthatheshares Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.30themoneywithotherleadersfortheirpersonalbenefits. Lacunacannotaccountfortherestofthemoney. Yetheclaimstobegivingthenativesfreemedicalservices,education,food,etc. GoldsteinisnowseatedonthethroneandtakesadvantageofanintimidatedLacuna'signorance,mismanagementoffundsandpoorgovernancetosethimintobiggerloans. Lacunanowwantsanotherbiggerloantoboostthe economyandreclaim hispopularityamongthepeopleyethasnowayofpayingtheloanbacksincethe\"...exports,silver,runningataloss...\" pg.75 andfanninghasdismalreturns. Todate,KutulahasaloanadvancementofninetyeightbillionexclusiveofinterestandLacunaandhisministersoweRobertandGoldsteinahundredandtwentytwobillionwhichshouldbepaidwithinamonth. However,thedebtwillbepaidbyLacuna'ssubjects. Lacunaisgivenconditionsuponthenewloanextendedtohim byGoldstein. Heistoensuremoneyispaidforjobsdoneandnotofficesandpositionsandtoavoidnepotism. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.31 Heisalsotoremovecontrolsonpricesespeciallyfortheforeignexchange. Heshouldincreasetheproductionofsilverandcoffeeforexport. Lacunaisalsotocutdownonemploymentandensurelongerhoursforworkers. Concerningagriculture,heistoevacuatetheoccupantsofthevalleytopavewayfortheirrigationproject. Tasks1.Stateinstancesofsarcasmanddiscusstheirsignificance.2.Howeffectivelydoesthewriterportraygreedinthisscene?3.ContrastthecharactersofRobertandGoldsteinasportrayedinthescene.4.ExplainthemotivesofbothGoldsteinandLacunathatleadtoKingKutula'sassassination.5.\"Andweletyourunit. Didn'tinterfere\" pg.70 ,ExplainthisstatementasmadebyGoldstein.6.OutlinetheconditionsthatGoldsteinandRobertimposedonLacuna. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.327.DemonstrateinwhatwaybusinessbetweentheWestandKutulahas\"nohumanface\". Pg.82 .8.\"Themotherbefriended theweaverbird\" pg.82 .WhatdidLacuna'sfathermeanbythisstatement?9.Inyouropinion,howdoestheWhitemanstandtobenefitfrom theconditionsheimposesbeforeadvancingaloantoLacuna?Commentary Thereareanumberofinstancesofsarcasm inthescene. Goldsteincommentsaboutthenative'sobsessionwithcelebrations\"...Youpeoplecelebrateeverythingevenwhenthesunshrivels...\" pg59 . Robertsarcasticallysays,\"Oh!I'dlovetosee...thedeadandthelivingsharing!\". P.59 . Goldstein flatters Lacuna's leadership with sarcasm when hecompareshisregimetothatofhislatefather,KingKutula. Hetakesadvantageofhisgreedanduseshim toachievehisagendaasthequeen'srepresentative.\"... Itwastime to bring Kutula backtodignity and high civilization...ourpeople found a man ...yourExcellency...amanofaction...you.\". P.68 . TheauthorsatirizesLacunawhenheblameshislatefatherforhavinglefthimadisastrousleadershipforinheritance. Heblames Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.33Kutula'saversenaturetoeconomicdevelopmentandhisstrangeobsessionwithmultiplicationofmosquesandchurcheswhichleaves the economy in shambles yethe Lacuna has notsustained,andinsomecases,notstartedanyoftheeconomicprojectsforwhichhehasbeenadvancedbillionsofshillingsasloansforfunding. Lacunaiscastfoolishlyasaleaderwhocanneitheraccountfortheexpenditureoftheloan,whichheembezzledwithhiscronies,northeprojectsathand. Itisalsoironicalhow LacunaclaimsthatKutulaisasovereignstateyethehasbroughtitseconomytoitsknees;itisheavilyindebt. Goldsteintellshim \"...Asovereignstatewithoutauthorityandmoneyislowerthanaslave...\" p.74 . Lacunaandhisleadersdemonstrateinsatiablegreed. Theygrabeveryavailablechancetostealfrom thestate. Lacunaandhiscroniesembezzlebillionsofshillingsadvancedasloansleavingwhiteelephantprojectsandindustriesthathavesuffereddiremismanagement. Lacunausespartoftheloanstobuyhimselfanaircraftandheabdicatesthemanagementofthemoneytohiscronieswhoshareitravenously. Hedemandsforcertainpercentagesfor Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.34personalusefrom everyloanadvanced .Goldsteindescribesthesecroniesas\".agreedybunchofincompetentswhocan'tseeadimewithoutgettinglibidinousconvulsionsdowntheirmidriff?\". Pg76 . Racism isevidentthroughRobertwhonotonlyunderminesthenativesbutisalsosickenedbytheirwayoflife. Hecannotstandtheir customs and their nauseating suffocating loyalty of\"...crawlingonthefloor...fawning...mothering...\" p.60 . InternationalbusinesspracticebetweenKutulaandimperialists,whichhasnohumanface,isputtingpressureonbothLacunaandthecitizensandworkingtothedetrimentofthewelfareofKutula. Residentshavetobeevacuatedfromtheirhomestopavewayforagriculture,salaries have to be slashed,people have to beretrenchedandmoreincomehastobegeneratedattheexpenseofthepeople. LacunakillshisownfathertotakeoverleadershipinKutula. Itisanactofbetrayal,assassinationandgreed. Heclaimsthathisfatherrandownthecountryandneededtopayupwithhislife. ItisbecauseofgreedthatLacunafallspreytoGoldstein'smissionof eliminating his father. Embezzlement, corruption andmismanagementoftheeconomybyLacunaandhisallieshaverundownthecountrytoshambles. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.35 LeaderLacunaisnepotisticand irresponsible. Hekeepsnorecord ofthe borrowed monies spenton projects. He hasemployed politicalfriendsand clansmen with whom he hassquanderedmoneythatisborrowedandhasrundownmanyaproject. Themachinesarerotten,farminghasfailedyethehasstashedhugeamountsofmoneyinhisforeignaccountsandboughtapersonalaircraftwiththeloan,tostayabovethepeople. ItisironicalthatLacunaregardsKutulaasasovereignstateyetitisbrokeandbeggingforaid. Hismisrulehasmadethestatesinklowerthanthestatusofaslave. Thescenehasnumerousproverbs. LacunaquestionsRobert,\"How isafathertobeifvisitorscometoadvisethechildrenabouttheirtoys?\". Pg.81 .Thisimplies Lacuna 's discontentmentwith the interference in Kutula 'sforeignmattersbytheWhiteman. ThedeathofKingKutulaXVistoldthroughaflashback. Lacunarevealsthedayhepoisonshisfatheranddescribesthemannerinwhichheadministersthepoison. Hisguiltisevidentbuthecoversitthroughthejustificationofhisevilact. Hesays,\"Heboughtitwithhislifesothatwecaninheritacomfortablelife.\". P.69 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.36 Lacunaisportrayedasincompetent. Hecanhardlyaccountforaloanborrowedbythestate. AllprojectstobefundedbytheloanarestalledandyetLacunahasnosufficientinformationoftheprogress. Heisalsogreedy. Lacunademandsforthirtypercentofanygrantsorincomethatthestategets. Hekillshisfathertoinherithisposition. Goldsteinisopportunisticand selfish. Heisonlyconcernedabouttheprofithewillmakefrom doingbusinesswithLacuna. Hedoesn'tcarewhethertheloanheadvancesKutulawillbenefitthepeopleornot. Heismanipulativeanddeceptive;hemanipulatesanddeceivesLacuna to killhis father. Goldstein's plan is to have acompromisingleaderlikeLacunawhom hecanmanipulateandcontrolatwill. TheimperialistsareselfishandopportunistswhoonlycareaboutmakingprofitsinthebusinessdealbetweenKutulaandtheEmpire. Thebusiness'hasnohumanface. 'ImpossibleconditionsdetrimentaltothewelfareofthepeoplearelaiddowniftheloanKutulaneedsistobeadvancedprofitstheystandtomake. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.37SceneThreeSummaryResistanceandRebellion Thesceneisstillinthepalace. Sangoiandrespectedleadersfrom Bukelenge Basin have come to see Lacuna overtheevacuationofpeoplefromthevalleytoSamuka. Lacuna wants the elders to convince the occupants ofthegovernment'sintentiontorelocatethemandusethefertilebasinstoreclaim agricultureastheBukelengevalleyisearmarkedfordevelopment SangoiandtheeldershaveputitplainlytoLacunathattheevacuationwillnotbepossible. LacunaisannoyedbytheirdisobedienceandblamesSangoiforpoisoningtheopinionleadersagainsttheirrigationproject. Hesays,\"...thissilentrebellion...anythingtodowithyou?\". Pg.85 .Lacuna'scontemptforhissubjectsisevidentwhenhesaysthemassisilliterateandtheycannotthinkofinternationalbusiness. LacunathreatenstoeliminateSangoiashetellsChipandethatthatistheonlywayforhim toremainonthethrone. Hesensesstrong opposition from Sangoibearing Sangoi's popularity Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.38amongstthepeoplewhichhedoesnottakeforgranted. LuluisexpectedtospendanightwithLacunaintheRoyalchamberastheAnnualCustom demands. AllthepreparationshavebeendonebyChipande. ApparentlyLuluandLacunafailtoshowup. LacunafearsthathisleadershipwillfailbecauseRobertmighthavedefiledLulu'spuritybeforeunitingLacunawiththepowerfuldeadandtheunbornoftheworld. \"Shestandsinthegapandmustusherintomorrow'ssun. Sheisthebridge.\". Pg.88 . LacunatriestolureLulubyhispowerandaluxuriantlifestyleagainstthatofLuluthatispoor. Hetellsher,\"...whatwillyourmothergiveyou? Pg.93 .ButLuluremainsfirm thatsheistooyoungforhim andstillinschool;besides,sherespectsMelissa. Shewonderswhyshehasbeenconfinedinthepalaceandwantstogohome. TheritualispostponeduntilafterfourweeksandLuluwillbeconfinedinthechamberstobecleansedandtakencareofsothat\"...nottoangerandpainandworrythewiseoneswithinthedeep pg.92 Meanwhile,thereisapeacefuldemonstrationoutsidebythepeoplefrom Malima Temaagainsttherelocationofpeople Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.39from thevalley. Women,menandchildrenarecarryingtwigsanddoves,singing,dancingandmarching. Meshak,thecommanderofthearmedforces,reportsthatthedemonstrationisharmlessandthereisnoneedofusingguns. Lacuna is annoyed to hearthatno one has been shotorimprisoned. Hethreatensthatanyleaderwhowillnotsupporttheevacuationwillbedismissedforthwithandreplacedbypeoplefromtheroyalclanregardlessoftheirlevelofeducation. Tasks1.StateinstancesofsuperstitioninScene3.2.InwhatwaysdoestheBukelengeBasindisappointleaderLacuna?3.ContrastthereprisalofnativesduringKingKutula'sreigntotheprotestbytheBukelengemountainoccupants.4.\"Butletallbedoneinwisdom...\" pg.92 .Show how Lacunatakes eaveofwisdominthisscene.5.WhatcharactertraitofLacunaisrevea. LedwhenherespondstoSangoisaying,\"Theirsecondalternative,begins,SangoiAndno,gooutthereandeffectobedienceuponmypeople. Twoweeks,Sangoi\" pg.86-87 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.406.Whatis Lacuna's perception ofwomen in lightofhow hedescribesMelissaon pg.94 ? 7.InwhatwaysdoesCommanderMeshackdisappointLacunawithregardtotrackingtheinsurgentsatMalima-TemaMountains?8.Whatisyourunderstandingoftheword\"cannibal\"asusedinthescene?Commentary TheauthordepictstheleadershipconflictbetweenSangoiandLacunaresultingfromtheissueofevacuationoftheoccupantsoftheBukelengevalleyto\"re-organizeourlandandboostproduction.\". P.84 . Lacunabeginstoexperiencetheoppositionoftheopinionleaderswhodisagreewithhisrequesttohavethem convincetheresidents\"astoournationalreasonsforsuchamove\" p.85 . Lacuna'sfaithinthesuperstitionspeggedontheyearlyritualofunitingthepowerfuldeadandtheunbornchildrenremainshisonlyhopeofsustaininghisleadershippositionbymakingthemidnightsacrificesofpoliticalperpetuation. PoliticalsacrificestartswhenBukelengeoccupantsorganizea Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.41peacefulmarchtothepalacecarryingdoves. Noteventhearmycandisperseorhurtthewomenandchildrenbecausetheyareharmless. \"Theycarrytwigsandfarm toolsinsteadofguns!\". P.91 . The occupants ofBukelenge are portrayed as peacefulandharmonious. Theyallagreetoexpresstheirgrievancesjustastheirleaders'adviceanddirectthem,peacefulandbloodless. LuluisbroughtforthandallshewantsistogohomedespiteLacuna'sattempttotreatherwarmlyandpraiseherbeauty,andenticeherwithhisthroneandpower. \"Isawyou...myeyeshavebeenalldazzle' pg.93 . \"... Makingmeyoungagainbutabeggar,aworshipperatthedoorofyourheart.\". Lacunaisdisrespectfulofhiswife,Melissa. HedescribesherwithinsolenceinhisattempttolureLuluandwhenLuluturnsdownhisproposalclaimingthatsherespects. Melissa,he says,\"A demon!A tongue ofliving lightning,oversizedmatchstickofangrydynamite...oldwarclub,cobraheadedhandgrenade...\" p.94 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.42 CommanderMeshack is dutifuland responsive. He reportspromptlytoLacunaabouttheprogressofthepursuitoftheinsurgentswhichhesayswaswithoutcasualtiesasitwasapeacefulprotest. HeisobedientashefollowsLacuna'sorderstocarryontheevacuationandtodismissanysympathizersoftheprotesters. Heisordered to replacethem withotherpeopleregardlessoftheireducationandobeys. Malipoaisarealisticandcautiousperson. HeconstantlywarnsLacunaagainstoverzealousness.\"... Doallthesethings...letallbedoneinwisdomifyouaretostaysecure.\". Pg.92 . Lacunaisseenasseductive. Heattemptstoseduce19year-oldLuluwhoisattractedtohim andisunwillingtorelatewithhim. \"No!...Iwillnever\" pg93 .\"I'm yourdaughtermanytimesover,\" pg.93 .Hetellsher,\"Ilookatyourbeautyandnobility...makingme...abeggar,aworshipperatthedoorofyourheart.\". Luluisassertive. SheisnotreadytogetintoarelationshipwithLacuna,aleader,whoisasoldasherfather. Sherespectshimandthewife,Melissa. Allshewantsistogohometoherparents. 4345Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.46MovementThreeSceneOneSummaryJudahZenMelo'sDeath ThesceneissetinTaminaZenMelo'shut. ItisintheeveningandTaminahasjustenteredwithabundleoffirewood. Judahhaswrittenalettertoinform herthathewillbecominghomethatdaythesecondofSeptember. Intheletter,Judahwantstoknowthewhereaboutsofhischildren. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.47 ThisremindsTaminahowLulu,theirdaughterhasbeenconfinedinthepalacewithapromiseofanew homeandlandinthemountains which she detests. She says,\"...and he had theprudencetosaltmyrawwoundIspatonhisfaceandheandhisfriendsfledfrommycookingspoon.\". Pg.98 . SangoivisitsTamina'shutshortly. Theissueofevacuationisagraveonebutall,includingTamina,willrallybehindher. ShereportsthatshehasnotseenLuluinthepalaceandthatJudahwasvisitedintheminesconcerningLulu'smarriagetoLacuna. Thoughhiding,SangoibearsthebadnewsofZenMelo'sdeath. Taminasays,\"...myhusbandisdead,that'swhatyoucametotellmebutyoudidn'thavethecourage. Isittrue?\". Pg.100 .Judahdiesatthemineswhenthemachineheoperatessnapsandcrusheshim. Taminaisinconsolablydesperateandbreaksintomourning. BengostopsbyTamina'shouseandfindsherbesideherselfwithgriefandwantstoassignsomewomentotakecareofher. TheMother'sUnioninherchurchwilllookintoherneeds. TaminaisdisillusionedanddisappointedbyLacuna'sleadership. Hehastakenherhusband,sons,Luluherdaughterandhervalley. Shehasnothingandnoonetohelpher. SangoiconsolesTamina. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.48 Tasks1.HowdoesthediscussionbetweenSangoiandTaminaatthestartofthesceneprepareSangoitobreakthenewsofJudah'sdeath?2.DescribetheeventsthatleadtoJudahMelo'sdeath.3.Discussthethemeofhopelessnessanddisillusionmentinthescene,4.\"ThemoledigsGod'searthmerelytolivein...grassgrowsinthesoilhethrewaside. \"Discussthesignificanceofthissayinginthescene.5.WhichdiseaseisSangoireferringtobysaying,\"...thisstrangediseasefromacrosstheseas. Thedisease. \"6.Identifyandexplainaninstanceofbiblicalallusionfromthescene. Commentary The scene begins with fantasy. Tamina is excited aboutapossiblebrightfuturewith herfamilybutironicallydeath isimminent. ZenMeloiskilledinapremeditatedmurderattheminesbythefaultymachines. Hehasservedfaithfullywiththehope to contribute to the quadrupling ofproduction and toprovidefortunestochangethelifeofhisfamilyforthebetter. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.49Taminalooksforwardtobettertimes. Thestatehasbetrayeditsown. Zelodieswiththeefforttoincreasetheproductionofsilvertomeettheconditionsoftheimperialistsyetthestatewon'tprotectitsownwiththerightworkingconditions. The news of Zelo's death creates the atmosphere ofhopelessnessanddespair. ThestrawsofhopethatTaminahadleftareallgone. ZenMelo'sdeathisamarkofherimminentmisery. Patriotism isportrayedbySangoiwhoinsistsuponBengotoensure that'no life is lost'in theirprotestmission againstLacuna'sleadership. Bengoisportrayedassupportive. HerallieshissupportbehindSangoi,\"thepeople'swould-be-saviour,\"\"weareallunited,awomanshallleadus\" p.103 . Lacuna is irrational and impulsive as he asks for thecommander'suniformtoassumetotalcontrolunderstrictmartiallaw. Hedeclaresacurfewandissues'shootonsight'ordersforlaw breakers. His move is received with greatresistance,oppositionandrebellionbythepeople. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.50 Lacunaiscarnal. HeordersMalipoatobringLulualongasheissettomarryherwithoutherconsent. ShetellsLacuna,\"...keepmehereagainstmywill...youkilledmyfather...Iwillneverbeyourwife\" p.121 .Hissolemotivationofgettingintimatewithherisinordertogetthemandateofleadership. SceneTwoSummaryMartialLawandLacuna'sPredicaments Itisinthepalace. LacunahasaheatedargumentwithMalipoaoverwhenhewillhaveLuluasawife. MalipoasaysanotherweekwillbeneededbecauseLuluisstillmourningherfather'sdeath. Lacuna is disappointed by Lulu's consistentresistance to hisadvances. Hehaspouredlibationstoherlatefather'sspirit;hehaschanneledalotoffinancestohercomfortinthepalaceandhasofferedTaminavastlandsandlabourerstotillthelandbutshehasspurnedhisadvances. RobertandGoldsteinarebacktoseeLacunaafteramonthtoassesstheprogressmadeinmeetingtheconditionslaidfortheloangrant. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.51 Apparently,tea,coffee,silver show no promise,themachines are broken down,and the industries are inshamblesbesidesassassinationsofworkers. Theoccupantsofthevalleystillaredueforevacuation Notashillingoftheonetwentybillionborrowedisusedbeyondthepalace. LacunasaysthepoorproductionisasaresultofrottenmachinesandthedeathofJudahwhowasthemachineoperator. However,RoberttellshimthattheyknowJudahwasmurderedandnottheoldmachine'serroraswasreported. GoldsteinholdsthegadgetscreentoLacunatoread,\"MeneMeneTekel' pg.109 ,meaninghehasbeenweighedandfoundwantingandGodhasnumberedhiskingdom. WhenLacunabluntlystatesthathewillpaytheloanwhenhewants,allhismoneyintheprivateaccountsabroadistransferredtopaythedebt. Robertsays,\"Wemustrecoverourdebt.\". Pg.112 . LacunahasbeendisabledcompletelybutordersthearrestofRobertandGoldstein. Healsodeclaresacurfewfrom dawntodusk. LacunaordersChipandetocanceltheevacuationplans,suspendallthe workers'salaries,and interdictallpublicofficialsincluding Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.52councilors,ministers,directorsandprincipals. LacunahimselfistobethecommanderinchiefinplaceofMeshak. Lacunahasextendedahundredpercenttaxontheprofitsmadebyallcorporations,banks,parastatalsandbusinessesandthemoneytobecollectedintothenationalkittyunderhiscustody. Chipandewarnshim ofmoreriotsnowthatthesituationisvolatilebecauseoftheplanstoforcefullyevacuatethepeoplefrom thevalley. LacunawantstobejoinedtoLuluinaholymatrimonybeforesunset. Malipoahasgonetofetchherandbeforehecomesback,LuluenterstomeetLacunawithoutpermissionfrom eithertheattendantorLacunahimself, LacunaaccusesLuluofanaffairwithRobert. Luluobjectstotheaccusationbutthenapologizes. Shewantstogo homeforthesecondintermentofherlatefatherandfearsforhernamebeingtarnishedas\"apalacegolddigger\" pg.119 besides,hermotherhasdisownedher. Luluwantstopursueheracademicsandbecomeadoctor. SherejectsLacuna'sadvancesofloveandallureofpleasures. LacunaisinfuriatedandslapsLulu. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.53 Inannoyance,LuluremindsLacunahow hehaskeptherinthepalaceagainstherwill,killedherfather,impoverishedthem andmadethem slaves. Besides,heistentimesherfather'sageandwillnevergetmarriedtohim. LuluisforcefullyledoutbyChipandeandtheguardandconfinedtoherquartersunderLacuna'scommandpendingaforcefulmarriage. Tasks1.\"Allthewiseoneshaveordered,Ihavefulfilled. \"OutlinealltheordersandhowLacunahasfulfilledthem.2.\"Theymustplaythegame-totally,ifbothpartiesaretobenefit\" pg.107 .WhatdoesRobertmeanbythis?3.WhydoyouthinkJudahMeloismurderedinthemines?4.StatetheforeignbanksthatLacunahassavedhismoneyin.5.Citeinstancesofironyandsarcasminthescene.6.\"Didthesehandsembraceaforeigner?\". Pg.118 .WhatwouldbethetraditionalimplicationofLuluembracingaforeigneronthenightofthecommemoration?7.OutlinetheweaknessofLacuna'sleadershipasportrayedinthescene. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.548.ContrastthecharacterofLacunaasaleaderandasacarnalmanwithreferencetotheadvanceshemakesonLulu. Commentary The scenes present cases of disillusionment. Lacuna isdesperateanddisillusionedaseverything. Isworkingagainsthim. Luluwon'tgiveintoLacuna;RobertandGoldsteinclearhisforeignaccountstopaytheaccruingdebt;citizensareagainsthisleadershipandthesilentonesareabouttounleashtheirwrathonhimsettinghimupf rdesperation. Hemakesdesperatemoves. Authoritarianism isatapeakinthescene. Lacunadeclaresmartiallaw,declaresadusktodawncurfew,freezessalariesandfirespeopleen-masseandcontinuestodetainLulu,andissuesashootonsightorderforthievesandlooters. Imperialism isportrayedtoo. RobertandGoldsteineffecttheirthreataftertheirfailuretomeettheconditionsandtheimpacttricklesdowntothecitizens. Evacuationwillaffectthem,byemptyingLacuna'saccounts,allorganizationswillbetaxedby Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.55100 .RobertisawarethatJudahwasmurderedinthemine;thewhitesseeminglyknowthenitty-grittyofLacuna'sadministration. Theyareincontrol. \"ItwasmurderforpoorJudah...\" p.109 . Lacunaisgreedyandselfish. Hewantstorecoverhissweptaccountsbyimposinghimselfandstealingfromthepoorcitizens. Hedeclaresmartiallaw andmakesdrasticanderraticorderstargetedatthepeopleandmeanttofrustratethem. HedetainsLuluforonemoreweektomarryherandgetthemandateofleadershipfromher. Luluisboldandcandid. SheconfrontsLacunaforkillingherfather,andforbeingundependable,selfishandanoppressiveleaderwithaperfectedartofkeepingcitizensinpoverty. Shevowsnevertomarryhim. Robertand Goldstein satirize Lacuna's miseries. Theyseemparticularlyexcitedatcatchinghim unawares. Theymuseathisshockontheirknowledgeofhisfinancialstanding,whentheytransferhissavingsfromhismanyforeignaccountstheyaddresshimsarcastically\"...'Twasnicedoingbusinesswithyou,oldpal...\" p.112 .anduseaproverbtomockhim. Goldstein,whatwasthatacrudeproverbyouarefondofusingaboutthesepeople?\". P.110 \"...Atetheredhenhasnopower?\". Goldstein and Robertaremercilessand ruthless. Theyclear Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.56Lacuna'saccountsinanefforttoeffecttheirconsequencesforunmetforeignconditions, TheauthorsatirizesLacunabycastinghim asanignorantandarrogantleader. LacunathreatensGoldsteinwhenheinsiststhatnew playerswillbeinvolvedinbusiness. Lacunatellshim \"...Apythonneverstrikesexceptinhunger...\" pg.108 .WhenGoldsteinandRobertcornerhim andclearhisforeignaccountsinforeigncountries;Lacunapanicsandbeginstopleadforpardonandasecondchance,Nonetheless,theytransferthemoneyfrom hisaccountandhisbalancereadszero. LacunademandsthatGoldsteinandRobertgivehim gunsandammunitiontoforcehispeopleoutofthemountainsiftheyresist,inordertofulfilltheconditionspeggedontheloan. Thisissatiricalandquitelaughable. RobertandGoldsteinseem tohavefirst-handinformationabouteverythinggoingoninKutula. Theyknow thatJudahMeloiskilledinanarrangedmurderinthefactory. WhenLacunaclaimsthathisattempttofulfilloneoftheconditionsgivenproduceddisastrousresults,tomeanthatJudahiskilledbyaccident,Robertrespondssaying,\"ItwasmurderforpoorJudah.\". Pg.108 Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.57MovementFourSceneOneSummaryPlanstoOverthrowLacuna'sGovernment Itisatdawninahouseinthedenselyforestedmountains. Bengoischairingameetingofagroupofleadersfrom thevillagebothyoungandold,whichplanstooverthrow Lacuna'sgovernment. Sangoicomesinlater. Thereisaconflictbetweentheyoungmaleleaderandtheelderlyleaderoverthepreviousapproach to issueswheretheelderlyleadershavebeenslow inthecauseoftheiractionsoverseriousmattersinthenameofcautionleadingtothecurrentpredicamentofthepeopleofKutula. Thegrouphastoreviewtheirapproachnowthatacurfewhasbeendeclaredtoensurethesuccessofthedemo. TheyhavethesupportofeverytribeincludingsomeofLacuna'sloyalists. Bengosaysthatthemissionshouldbeaccomplishedwithoutpain,hateorbloodshed. Heinsistsonunitytowinandifnot.atleastdiedsaying,\"no\"totyranny;particularlythetyrannyofourhistoryandinternationalneo-slavery.\". Pg.125 . Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.58 SangoiisthefavouriteofeverybodyandthesuggestedleaderafterLacunaisoverthrown. However,sheacceptstheleadershipwithaconditiontowithdraw thearmedsectionofthemovement. Thisreceivesalotofobjectionfrom theleaderswhofeeltheyshouldbearmedbecauseLacunahasanarmedarmy,too. Sangoiwillembarkonherchurchrolesandapoliticalleadersoughtafterwards. Tasks1.HowdoestheenemycatchBengoandhisfamilyoff-guardintheentireplay?2.\"Wehavepersistedbecauseweknowandareconvincedthatourcauseisjust,\"Givereasonstojustifythisstatement.3.WhydoyouthinkthepeoplehavesomuchconfidenceinSangoi?4.Whatisthepurposeofthemeeting?5.Explaintheconflictthatarisesbetweentheyoungandtheold.6.\"Canyouimaginethebitternessthroughouttheland?\"Commentonthisstatementwithregardtotheepisode.7.Outlinethedetailsoftheplanonhowtoattackthepalace. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.598.Whatdoestheyoungleadermeanwhenhesays,\"OurleopardsmoveamongLacuna'sforces\" pg.124 ? 9.Outlinethestepsthatthenewleadershipwilltaketorebuildthestate?10.ExplainwhatSangoimeansbysaying\"Theysquandereditandwehavefeltitsyokeonournecks. \"Commentary ItisevidentthattheleadersaredeterminedtobringchangeinKutula. Bengosaystheyarereadyforanyeventuality. \"Ifwelose,posteritywillknowthatatleastwediedsaying,\"no\"totyranny...ifwewin,weshallrejoice...know ...weareaunitedpeople.\". Pg.125 . ThechangeinKutulaisnotonlytheresponsibilityoftheleadersbuteverycitizen'sconcern. Unityofpurposeisevidentastheelderlyleadersays,\"Andwe'vebeenjoinedbymillionsfrom allethnicgroupsandreligiousfaiths\" pg.124 .Bengoreportsthat,\"manyarewithusrightacross...theland.\". Pg.125 . Theneedforchangeismotivatedbythecontinuouspredicament Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.60thenativeshavefacedovertime. Theyarelandlessandservitude,\"Amad hattercontinues to sellus out-slaves on ourown soil.\". Pg.123 ,unemployed,\"...look atme waiting here forallmyeducation. Me!Agraduate.\". Pg.123 amongothers. Bengoisportrayedasasoberandaneffectiveleaderabletocalmdowntheelderswhentheybeginexpressingtheirdifferences. Theleaders'intelligenceisportrayedwhentheyorganizeawellplannedmissionandchooseSangoiasaleadertoguidethem. Theyaretoavoidcausingharm toanyoneandthisissymbolizedbythecarryingofdoves\"..tosignalourpeaceandresolve?\". Pg.127 .TheypretendtobeloyaltoLacuna. \"AndourleopardsmoveamongLacuna'sforces,pretendingloyalty.\". Pg.124 . Theword\"leopards\"isusedmetaphoricallybytheyoungmaleleadertomean\"prowlingspies.\". Sangoiiscastaslevel-headed. Sheadvocatespeacefulprotestsandspeaksagainstbloodshed. Sangoiiscommittedandsincere. Sheiswillingtoprotestagainstherbrother'sleadershipwhichshedoesnotrelateto. Sheisfightingforjustice. The\"fivefoolishvirgins\" pg.124 isabiblicalallusionusedtoliken Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.61theleadersduringthemeetingatdawntothefoolishvirginsafterSangoientersandtheleadersglidetothecornerreadytotakeoff. SceneTwoSummaryLacuna'sLossofPower ItisinthemorningandanagitatedLacunaandacoweringChipandeareinthepalaceandoutofcontrol. LacunahasfiredeverybodyincludingMalipoa. Peoplehavemobilizedthemselvesandthedemonstrationison. LacunaordersforthemobilizationofthetroopstoattacktherabbleofdissidentsandordersforthedetentionofRobertandGoldstein. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.62 LacunaisobsessedwithhavingLuluashissecondbride. HeinstructsChipandeamidsttheconfusiontopreparetobethebestmanduringtheceremony. Lacunaisadamantuntilhehearsthesoundsofgunshots. AttendantIlshowshim themarchhasdrawnclosetothepalacefrom alldirections. Thecityisunderattack,thebarrackshavefallenandthepalacehasbeenbesieged. Theprotestorssurroundthepalacechanting,\"DownwithLacuna!Corruptingourchildren!Stealingfromthepoor!Starvingthepoor!\"....\"Weshallnotbemoved\"Downwithtyrants!\"\"Downwithcurfewsinfreeland!\". Pg.132 . MeanwhileBengo,SangoiandTaminacomeclosertoLacunaasBengoaddressesthecrowdabouttheneedforjusticeandrestrainspeoplefromusingviolenceagainstLacuna. ReverendSangoiaddressesthecrowdamidcheersandchantsofrevengetoperpetratorsofevilfrom thecrowd. Sheconfirmstheneedtodealwiththeevilsofthepastbeforeforgingforwardwiththereconstructionandhealingoftheland. Sangoiisquicktopointoutthattheeviloneshavereducedthe Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.63peopletobeggarsintheirownhomeland,theyouthintocriminalsanddrugaddicts,disintegrationoffamilies,\"...TaminaZenMeloandothers....sincedisasterstruckherhome,shehaslosthermind.. '' pg.135 . LacunaisorderedtojoinRobertandGoldstein. Thecrowdreferstothem asleechesthatbleedthecountrydry. Lacunaisguiltyoftyrannyandsinkingthecountryintodebts. SangoicommandsLacuna,MalipoaandChipandetobejailed. LacunablameshisadvisorsbutChipandesaysLacunaalwaysgaveorders. EvenafterSangoiiseducatedabroadandmarriedbyawhite,shedoes notspare Goldstein and Robert. The two foreigners aredeportedbacktotheircountry. SheinformsRobertinresponsetohisdemandfortheirdebtthatthemoneywasborrowedinthenameofthenativesbutsquanderedbyLacunaandhiscronies. LulumovestothefrontwheresheembraceshermotherTamina. SangoiquestionsLacunaoverLulu'sconfinementandTaminaoutofrageslapsLacunaforconfiningherdaughterformanydays. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.64Tasks1.\"Icanseefurtherwithoutglassesthanhewithhisspiritualbinoculars. \"ShowtheironyofLacuna'sstatementinlightoftheeventslaterinthescene.2.WhatisSangoi'sroleinliberatingherpeople?3.\"IAM POPULAR!Notso?\"Commenton the irony ofthisstatement.4.OutlinetheevilsthatthenativeshavesufferedduetoLacuna'sleadership.5.WhatisBengo'sroleduringthedemonstrations?6.\"Hangtheleeches!Bleedingourcountrydry!\"Explaintheabovestatements.7.Identifyandexplaintheuseoflanguageinthisepisode.8.WhatisSangoi'sattitudetowardsLacuna,RobertandGoldstein?Commentary There is a revolution as people overthrow theirleader. AsuccessfulcoupisstagedwherethepalaceissurroundedandLacunatakenhostagebythepeopleandforthepeople. They Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.65declare,\"...unitedinasinglejustcause,we,byourowneffort,canraiseourselvesupagain...\" p.133 ItisironicalthatGoldsteinthoughtthateducatingSangoiinthewestwouldmakeherdividethepeoplefurtherbyindoctrinatingthem tosupportthewhitesbutsheturnsouttobethelionesshefearedshewouldbecome. BetrayalofloyaltyisseenwhenChipandedisownsLacunaandsaysthathisroleasadviserwasoverruledbyhisorders. Freedom andliberationcometothepeoplewhentheaustereleaderistakenhostage. Sangoidemonstrates her authoritativeness when Goldstein,Robert,Lacuna,Chipandea. NdMalipoatakeherorders. Thewhitemenaredeportedandtheotherthreearelockedup. Bengodemonstratesmaturityinleadershipbyrestrainingthecrowdfromanyformofviolence. Theauthorsatirizestheleaders. AllislostforthetoughtalkingRobertandGoldsteinastheysetouttodestabilizethecitizens. Lacunabowsandisnolongerpowerful. Heisinthehandsoftheverypeopleheoppressed. ChipandeandMalipoajointheirleaderincustody. Contact0715298695forothernotes guides.66 Lacunaisdishonestandanescapist. HeblameshistyrannyonMalipoaandChipande. Hedeniesthathistimeisupandinsists,\"Thepeopleloveme,I'mpopular,\" pg.131 .END.", "metadata": {"source": "INHERITANCE-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.6240506}
{"text": "731 . GENERAL MATHEMATICS FORMULAE Length The units of length that are used include the following: millimetre mm centimetre cm decimetre dm Metre m Dekametre Dm Hectometre Hm From the illustration: 10mm 1cm 10cm 1dm Kilometre Km 2 . 10dm 1m 10m 1 Dm 10Dm 1Hm 10 Hm 1Km The relationship between the units of lengths may be clearly seen if the units are written with a 10 between them. So to find how many small units are equivalent to another, multiply the number of tens between the units, hence: Km 1 Hm 10 Dm 100 M 1000 dm 10000 cm 100000 mm 1000000 Mass 1000 g 1Kg 1000 Kg 1Tonne 1000000 g 1Tonne Volume and Capacity 1 cm3 1 Ml millilitre 3 . 1000 cm3 1 L litre 100 cm3 1 dl decilitre 1 m3 1000 litre 1000000 cm3 1 m3 10 dl 1 Litre 1000ml Time 1 Litre 60 Seconds 1 Minute 60 Minutes 1Hour 3600 Seconds 1 Hour 24 Hours 1 day 7 Days 1 Week Area a Rectangle Area Length x Width A L X W b Square4 . Area Side x Side A S x S A S2 c Parallelogram A base x Height A b x h d Rhombus Area base x height A b x h TriangleArea 1 Traperium Atea 4x sum of paral lnes x heightA 2 eyxh 2z hardy2 Circle, half circle, quarter circle6 .", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.313543}
{"text": "The diagram below represents a solid whose dimensions are shown. 36 . What is the volume in cm3? A.30000 B.300000 C.3000 D.3000000 Working Volume Area of the Cross-section x length Volume of the top 20 x 10 x 150 30,000cm3 Volume of the bottom 60 x 30 x150 270,000cm3 Whole solid top bottom 30,000 270,000 300,000cm3 The correct answer is B 300 000 3. In the month of October, a farmer delivered 48750kg of maize to a miller. In November the amount of maize delivered was 1850kg more than that of October. The amount delivered in December was 2450kg less than that of November. What was the total mass, in tonnes, was delivered by the farmer in the 3 months? 37 . A.145.65 B. 147.5 C.152.4 D. 150.55 Working October 48750 kg November 48750 1850 kg 50,600 kg December 50,600-2,450 kg 48,150 kg Total mass 48750 50600 48150 147500 1000 tonnes 147.5 tonnes. The correct answer is B 147.5 4. A rectangular tank measures 1.2m by 80cm by 50cm. Water is poured into the tank to a height of 15cm. How many more liters of water are needed to fill the tank? A.144 Working B.14.4 C.33.6 D.336 Capacity of the tank 120 x 80 x 50 480,000cm3 Convert to litres 480,000 1000 480litres Volume of the water poured 120 x 80 x 50 144000cm3 Convert to litres 144000 1000 144 litres Volume of water needed 480 144 366litres. 38 . The correct answer is D 366 5. The diagram below represents a solid triangular prism. What is the volume in cm3? A.2400 B.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.4461386}
{"text": "58 B. 5.8 C. 6 D. 60 Working Convert decilitres into litres 1 dl litres 5 dl litres 7.5 dl litres 0.75 litres Hence 43 litres 5dl 43.5 litres41 . No of containers 43.5 0.75 58 containers The correct answer is 58 A 10. The figure below shows a cylindrical solid of diameter 28cm and length 20 cm. Asquare hole of side 1.5 cm has been removed. What is the volume of the material in the solid, in 3cm3? A.12320 B. 4500 C 8400 D 7820 Working Volume of solid volume of a cylinder - volume of the square hole x 14 x 14x 20 - 15 x 15 x 20 12320 - 4500 7,820 cm3 The correct answer is D 7,820cm3 42 . 4. MONEY 4.1 Specific Objectives By the end of the unit, the learner should be able to: a Work out problems involving percentage profit and loss b Work out problems involving bills. C Solve problems involving discount, percentage, discount, commission and percentage commission d Work out problems involving hire purchase e Work out problems involving simple interest f Work out problems involving compound interest g Work out problems involving postal charges 4.2 Worked Exercise 1. Mutiso paid sh.330 for an item after the shopkeeper gave him a 12 discount. What was the marked price of the radio? A.sh300 Working B. sh369.60 C. sh375 D. sh350 Marked price 100 Discount 12 S.P 100 - 12 88 If 88 330 100 ? 43 . 100 x 300 Sh375 88 The correct answer is C 375 2. Olang borrowed sh.54000 from a bank which charged interest at the rate of 18 p.a. He repaid the whole loan after 8 months .How much did he pay back? A sh6480 B. sh60, 480 C.sh14580 D.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.5449638}
{"text": "He repaid the whole loan after 8 months .How much did he pay back? A sh6480 B. sh60, 480 C.sh14580 D. sh77760 Working I PRT 100 54000 x 18 x 8 100 x 12 sh6480 Amount P I 54,000 6,480 shillings Ksh 60, 480 The correct answer is B 3. The cash price of a microwave is sh. 18000. The hire purchase price of the microwave is 20 more than the cash price. Bernice bought it on hire purchase terms by paying 40 of the hire purchase price as the deposit and the balance equal monthly installments of sh1620. How many installments did she pay? A. 12 B. 10 C. 9 D. 8 Working Let the cash price be 100 Hire purchase 100 20 120 of the cash price44 . 120 x 1800 100 sh.21, 600 Deposit 40 of HPP 40 x 21,600 100 sh.8, 640 HPP D MI I HPP - D MI 21600 8640 1620 8 Months The correct answer is D 8 4. Salim deposited sh25000 in a bank which paid compound interest at the rate of 10 per annum. If he withdraws all his money after years, how much interest did his money gain? A. sh5250 B. sh2500 C. sh1375 D. sh387 Working Interest for year 1 I PRT 100 25000 x 10 x 1 100 Sh2500 Amount 25000 250045 . 27,500 Interest for 2nd year I PRT 100 27,500 x 10 x 100 Sh13775 Total interest 2,500 1,375 Sh3875 The correct answer is D Sh 3875 5. Kamaru bought bananas in groups of 20 at sh20 per group. He grouped them into smaller groups of 5 bananas each and sold them at sh10 per group. What percentage profit did he make? A. 40 B. 50 C. 60 D.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.554927}
{"text": "40 B. 50 C. 60 D. 70 Working For every 20 bananas sh 25 One group produces 4 smaller groups of 5 bananas each S. P 4x 10 sh40 B.P price sh25 Profit 40 25 sh15 profit P x 100 BP 60 46 . The correct answer is C 60 . 6. A shopkeeper bought 3 trays of eggs at sh 150 per tray. On the way to the shop, he realized 20 of the eggs were broken. He sold the rest at sh 72 per dozen. How much loss did he make? A.sh450 B.sh432 C.sh18 D.sh28 Working B.P for 3 trays 3 x 150 sh450 Number of eggs 3 x 30 90 eggs 20 eggs broke 20 x 90 100 18 eggs broken Therefore remained 90 - 18 eggs 72 eggs 1 dozen 12 eggs ? 72 eggs 6 dozens 1 dozen sh.72 6 dozens ? Loss B.P S.P 450 - 432 sh18 The correct answer is C sh18 47 . 7. A Salesperson earns a basic salary of sh7500 per month. He is also paid a 5 commission on all sales above sh30, 000. In a certain month his total earnings were sh.14250. What was his total sales for that month? A.sh135000 B.sh285000 C. sh165000 D.sh315000 Working Commission sh14250 sh7500 sh6750 5 sh6750 100 ? 100 x 6750 5 Sh. 135,000 Total sales 135,000 30,000 sh165000 The correct answer is C sh 165,000 8. Shiku bought the following items from a shop 6kg of sugar sh45 of tea for sh90 3 kg of rice sh30 2kg of fat sh70 If she used one thousand shillings to pay for the items, what balance did she receive? 48 .", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.6131296}
{"text": "Sh240 Working Two letters 95g Sh35.00 10 . The table below shows postal charges for sending letters; Mass of letter Sh ct Up to 20g 00 25 Over 20g up to 50g 30 00 Over 50g up to 100g 35 00 Over 100g up to 250g 50 00 Over 250g up to 500g 00 85 Over 500g up to 1kg 135 00 Over 1kg up to 2kg 190 00 Namu posted two letters each weighing 95g and another one weighing 450g. How much50 . 95g Sh35 .00 Another 450g Sh85.00 The correct answer is C sh155 51 . 5. TIME, SPEED AND TEMPERATURE 5.1 Specific Objectives By the end of this unit, the learner should be able to: a Work out problems involving time, speed, distance and average speed. B Work out problems involving temperature in degree Celsius. 5.2 Worked Exercise 1. An airplane took 4 hours to fly from Cairo to Zambia. If it landed in Nairobi at Nairobi at 0215 h on Saturday, when did it take off from Cairo? A. Friday 2145 h B. Saturday 2245h C. Friday 2245h D. Saturday 2145 h Working The time the aeroplane took from midnight to 0215h of Saturday 2h 15min The difference 4h 30min 2h 15min is the time the aero plane took on Friday night. Time on Friday night h min 4 30 - 2 15 2 15 2h 15min before midnight Time of takeoff from Cairo h min 24 0052 . -. 2 15 21 45 on Friday The correct answer is A Friday 2145 h 2. A train let Mombasa on Monday at 2125 h and took sixteen and half hours to reach Kisauni. When did the train reach Kisumu? A. Tuesday 1.55 a.m B. Tuesday 1.55 p.m C. Wednesday 1.55 p.m D.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.647206}
{"text": "Tuesday 1.55 a.m B. Tuesday 1.55 p.m C. Wednesday 1.55 p.m D. Monday 1:55 a.m Working Monday: from 2125h to midnight 2400h - 2125h 2h 35min Tuesday: Number of hours traveled from midnight 16h 30min - 2h 35 min 13h 55min The train arrived at Kisumu on Tuesday at 1355h This is the same as 1.55p.m The correct answer is B Tuesday 1.55pm 3. A meeting started at quarter to noon. If the meeting lasted for 2 h 35min, what time in 24-h clock system did the meeting end? A. 1320h B. 1420h C. 1310h D. 1410h Working The meeting started at 11.45 Add the meeting time53 . H min 11 45 2 35 14 20 The meeting ended at 1420h The correct answer is B 1420 h 4. A wall clock gains 3 seconds every one hour. The clock was set correct at 1pm on Tuesday. What time was it showing at 1pm on Friday on the following week? Working The number of days from Tuesday 1 pm to Friday 1pm the following week 10days. Number of hours 24 x 10 240 hrs. The clock gains 3 seconds after every hour in ten days. 240 x 3 720 seconds Min 12 min Hence it will show 1 p.m. 12 min 1.12 pm In 24 h clock system 1312h The correct answer is B 1312h 54 . 5. A cyclist traveled from Nairobi to Nyeri for 4h 30min at a speed of 80km h. He drove back to Nairobi taking 4 hours. What is his speed, in km h? A .90 B. 72 C. 80 D. 100 Working Distance speed x time 80 x 4 360 km From Nyeri - Nairobi distance 360km Time taken 4hrs Therefore speed Distance Time 90km h The correct answer is A 90km hr 6. A motorist crosses a bridge at a speed of 25m s.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.6519597}
{"text": "100km h C. 60km h D. 150 km h Working Total distance from M to N and back 150 x 2 300 km Total time taken From 9.30 - 11.00 1 h 30 min Time spent in town 1 h 50 min Time taken from N to M 1430h 1250h 1h 40min Total time 5 hours Average speed Total distance Total time taken 60km h The correct answer is C 60km h 9. The temperature of an object was 20 C below the freezing point. It was warmed until there was a rise of 40 in temperature. What is the reading in the thermometer? 57 . A. 60 C B. 40C C. 20C D. 20C Working Below freezing point means; - 20 Rose by 40 Therefore - 20 40 20 C The correct answer is C 20 C 6. GEOMETRY 6.1 Specific Objectives By the end of this unit, the learner should be able to: a Construct triangles, b Construct circles touching the three sides of a triangle. C Work out problems using Pythagorean Theorem, d Construct of parallelogram and rhombuses, e Work out problems involving properties of square, rectangles, parallelograms, rhombuses and trapeziums and angles on straight lines, f Recognize and identify triangular and square based pyramids and g Identify nets of pyramids and prisms. Worked Exercise 1. Find the value of x in the following. 58 . Working X 45 50 1800 Angles on a straight lines are supplementary i.e. add up to 1800 X 95 1800 X 850 The value of x 850 2. Find the sum of angle a and angle b in the figure below. 50 0 45 0 x59 . Working Lines AB and C D are transversals Co-interior angles are Therefore 90 b 1800 supplementally Therefore b 180-90 B 900 Angle a 1200 - Corresponding angles Therefore a 1200 Sum of a and b 120 90 210060 . 3.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.6841595}
{"text": "72,000cm cm 7.2cm If 1cm 10,000cm 55,000cm 55,000 cm 10,000 5.5cm Perimeter. Working 79 . P 2 L W 2 7.2 5.5 25.4 cm The correct answer is C 5. The scale of a map is 1: 50000. What is the length of this map of a road 20km long? A. 40cm B. 400 cm C. 4000 cm D. 4 cm Scale 1 : 50000 means 1cm on the map represents 50000 cm on the ground. 20 km 20 x 1000 x 100 2000000 cm 50,000cm represents 1 cm 2,000,000 represents 2,000,000 50,000 40cm. Working 80 . The correct answer is A 40 cm . 81 . 10. RATIO AND PROPORTION 10.1 Specific Objectives By the end of the unit, the learner should be able to: a Work out problems involving ratio, b Work out problems involving simple direct and indirect proportions and c Compare using ratio. D Sharing using ratio e Increase and decrease quantities using ratio 10.2 Worked Exercise 1. Muraya and Dan each made 126kg of a mixture of maize and beans. Muraya mixed maize and beans in the ratio 4:3 while Dan mixed maize and beans in the ratio 4:3 while Dan mixed maize and beans in the ratio of 5:4. How many more kilograms? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6 Working In Muraya s mixture, maize: beans 4:3 maize Ratio of maize x No of kg Total ratio x 126 72 kg In Dan s mixture, maize: beans 5: 4 Maize Ratio of maize x No of kg Total ratio. 82 . X 126 70kg Difference 72 - 70 kg 2kg The correct answer is A 2kg 2.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.7114503}
{"text": "Sh200 D.Sh192 Working Let the amount Paul got be t.84 .Therefore Elijah got t-120 Therefore t -120 : t 5 : 8 t 120 5 t 8 8t 960 5t 8t 5t 960 3t 960 t sh320 Therefore Paul got sh 320 The correct answer is B sh320 5.A contractor employed 60 men to complete a piece of work in 150 days. How many more days would 50 men take to complete the same work?A.180 B.30 C.40 D.50 Working 60 men take 150 days 1 man take 150x60 days Therefore 50 men will take 150 x 60 days 50 180 days How many more? 180 150 days 30 days The correct answer is B 30 days 6.Eighteen men can finish to dig a piece of land in 45 days. How many days would 15 men take to finish the same piece of land?.85 .A.54 B.25 C.7 D.9 Working 18 men take 45 days 1 man takes 45 x 18 days Therefore 15 men will take 45 x 18 15 54 days The correct answer is A 54 days.", "metadata": {"source": "MATHEMATICS-REVISION-NOTES-STD-7-8.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.693144}
{"text": "The Pearlby John Steinbeck\"In the town they tell the story of the great pearl - how it was found and how it was lost again. They tell of Kino, the fisherman, and of his wife, Juana, and of the baby, Coyotito. And because the story has been told so often, it has taken root in every man's mind. And, as with all retold tales that are in people's hearts, there are only good and bad things and black and white things and good and evil things and no in-between anywhere. If this story is a parable, perhaps everyone takes his own meaning from it and reads his own life into it. In any case, they say in the town that...\"IKino awakened in the near dark. The stars still shone and the day had drawn only a pale wash of light in the lower sky to the east. The roosters had been crowing for some time, and the early pigs were already beginning their ceaseless turning of twigs and bits of wood to see whether anything to eat had been overlooked. Outside the brush house in the tuna clump, a covey of little birds chittered and flurried with their wings. Kino's eyes opened, and he looked first at the lightening square which was the door and then he looked at the hanging box where Coyotito slept. And last he turned his head to Juana, his wife, who lay beside him on the mat, her blue head-shawl over her nose and over her breasts and around the small of her back. Juana's eyes were open too. Kino could never remember seeing them closed when he awakened. Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened. Kino heard the little splash of morning waves on the beach. It was very good - Kino closed his eyes again to listen to his music. Perhaps he alone did this and perhaps all of his people did it. His people had once been great makers of songs so that everything they saw or thought or did or heard became a song. That was very long ago. The songs remained; Kino knew them, but no new songs were added. That does not mean that there were no personal songs.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.7464066}
{"text": "That was very long ago. The songs remained; Kino knew them, but no new songs were added. That does not mean that there were no personal songs. In Kino's head there was a song now, clear and soft, and if he had been able to speak of it, he would have called it the Song of the Family. His blanket was over his nose to protect him from the dank air. His eyes flicked to a rustle beside him. It was Juana arising, almost soundlessly. On her hard bare feet she went to the hanging box where Coyotito slept, and she leaned over and said a little reassuring word. Coyotito looked up for a moment and closed his eyes and slept again. Juana went to the fire pit and uncovered a coal and fanned it alive while she broke little pieces of brush over it. Now Kino got up and wrapped his blanket about his head and nose and shoulders. He slipped his feet into his sandals and went outside to watch the dawn. Outside the door he squatted down and gathered the blanket ends about his knees. He saw the specks of Gulf clouds flame high in the air. And a goat came near and sniffed at him and stared with its cold yellow eyes. Behind him Juanas fire leaped into flame and threw spears of light through the chinks of the brush-house wall and threw a wavering square of light out the door. A late moth blustered in to find the fire. The Song of the Family came now from behind Kino. And the rhythm of the family song was the grinding stone where Juana worked the corn for the morning cakes. The dawn came quickly now, a wash, a glow, a lightness, and then an explosion of fire as the sun arose out of the Gulf. Kino looked down to cover his eyes from the glare. He could hear the pat of the corncakes in the house and the rich smell of them on the cooking plate. The ants were busy on the ground, big black ones with shiny bodies, and little dusty quick ants. Kino watched with the detachment of God while a dusty ant frantically tried to escape the sand trap an ant lion had dug for him. A thin, timid dog came close and, at a soft word from Kino, curled up, arranged its tail neatly over its feet, and laid its chin delicately on the pile. It was a black dog with yellow-gold spots where its eyebrows should have been.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.812505}
{"text": "Kino watched with the detachment of God while a dusty ant frantically tried to escape the sand trap an ant lion had dug for him. A thin, timid dog came close and, at a soft word from Kino, curled up, arranged its tail neatly over its feet, and laid its chin delicately on the pile. It was a black dog with yellow-gold spots where its eyebrows should have been. It was a morning like other mornings and yet perfect among mornings. Kino heard the creak of the rope when Juana took Coyotito out of his hanging box and cleaned him and hammocked him in her shawl in a loop that placed him close to her breast. Kino could see these things without looking at them. Juana sang softly an ancient song that had only three notes and yet endless variety of interval. And this was part of the family song too. It was all part. Sometimes it rose to an aching chord that caught the throat, saying this is safety, this is warmth, this is the Whole. Across the brush fence were other brush houses, and the smoke camefrom them too, and the sound of breakfast, but those were other songs, their pigs were other pigs, their wives were not Juana. Kino was young and strong and his black hair hung over his brown forehead. His eyes were warm and fierce and bright and his mustache was thin and coarse. He lowered his blanket from his nose now, for the dark poisonous air was gone and the yellow sunlight fell on the house. Near the brush fence two roosters bowed and feinted at each other with squared wings and neck feathers ruffed out. It would be a clumsy fight. They were not game chickens. Kino watched them for a moment, and then his eyes went up to a flight of wild doves twinkling inland to the hills. The world was awake now, and Kino arose and went into his brush house. As he came through the door Juana stood up from the glowing fire pit. She put Coyotito back in his hanging box and then she combed her black hair and braided it in two braids and tied the ends with thin green ribbon. Kino squatted by the fire pit and rolled a hot corn-cake and dipped it in sauce and ate it. And he drank a little pulque and that was breakfast. That was the only breakfast he had ever known outside of feast days and one incredible fiesta on cookies that had nearly killed him.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.7984047}
{"text": "Kino squatted by the fire pit and rolled a hot corn-cake and dipped it in sauce and ate it. And he drank a little pulque and that was breakfast. That was the only breakfast he had ever known outside of feast days and one incredible fiesta on cookies that had nearly killed him. When Kino had finished, Juana came back to the fire and ate her breakfast. They had spoken once, but there is not needfor speech if it is only a habit anyway. Kino sighed with satisfaction - and that was conversation. The sun was warming the brush house, breaking through its crevices in long streaks. And one of the streaks fell on the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and on the ropes that held it. It was a tiny movement that drew their eyes to the hanging box. Kino and Juana froze in their positions. Down the rope that hung the baby's box from the roof support a scorpion moved slowly. His stinging tail was straight out behind him, but he could whip it up in a flash of time. Kino's breath whistled in his nostrils and he opened his mouth to stop it. And then the startled look was gone from him and the rigidity from his body. In his mind a new song had come, the Song of Evil, the music of the enemy, of any foe of the family, a savage, secret, dangerous melody, and underneath, the Song of the Family cried plaintively. The scorpion moved delicately down the rope toward the box. Under her breath Juana repeated an ancient magic to guard against such evil, and on top of that she muttered a Hail Mary between clenched teeth. But Kino was in motion. His body glided quietly across the room, noiselessly and smoothly. His hands were in front of him, palms down, and his eyes were on the scorpion. Beneath it in the hanging box Coyotito laughed and reached up his hand toward it. It sensed danger when Kino was almost within reach of it. It stopped, and its tail rose up over its back in little jerks and the curved thorn on the tail's end glistened. Kino stood perfectly still. He could hear Juana whispering the old magic again, and he could hear the evil music of the enemy. He could not move until the scorpion moved, and it felt for the source of the death that was coming to it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.8021073}
{"text": "It stopped, and its tail rose up over its back in little jerks and the curved thorn on the tail's end glistened. Kino stood perfectly still. He could hear Juana whispering the old magic again, and he could hear the evil music of the enemy. He could not move until the scorpion moved, and it felt for the source of the death that was coming to it. Kino's hand went forward very slowly, very smoothly. The thorned tail jerked upright. And at that moment the laughing Coyotito shook the rope and the scorpion fell. Kino's hand leaped to catch it, but it fell past his fingers, fell on the baby's shoulder, landed and struck. Then, snarling, Kino had it, had it in his fingers, rubbing it to a paste in his hands. He threw it down and beat it into the earth floor with his fist, and Coyotito screamed with pain in his box. But Kino beat and stamped the enemy until it was only a fragment and a moist place in the dirt. His teeth were bared and fury flared in his eyes and the Song of the Enemy roared in his ears. But Juana had the baby in her arms now. She found the puncture with redness starting from it already. She put her lips down over the puncture and sucked hard and spat and sucked again while Coyotito screamed. Kino hovered; he was helpless, he was in the way. The screams of the baby brought the neighbors. Out of their brush houses they poured - Kino's brother Juan Tom s and his fat wife Apolonia and their four children crowded in the door and blocked the entrance, while behind them others tried to look in, and one small boy crawled among legs to have a look. And those in front passed the word back to those behind - \"Scorpion. The baby has been stung. \"Juana stopped sucking the puncture for a moment. The little hole was slightly enlarged and its edges whitened from the sucking, but the red swelling extended farther around it in a hard lymphatic mound. And all of these people knew about the scorpion. An adult might be very ill from the sting, but a baby could easily die from the poison. First, they knew, would come swelling and fever and tightened throat, and then cramps in the stomach, and then Coyotito might die if enough of the poison had gone in.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.8334317}
{"text": "And all of these people knew about the scorpion. An adult might be very ill from the sting, but a baby could easily die from the poison. First, they knew, would come swelling and fever and tightened throat, and then cramps in the stomach, and then Coyotito might die if enough of the poison had gone in. But the stinging pain of the bite was going away. Coyotito's screams turned to moans. Kino had wondered often at the iron in his patient, fragile wife. She, who was obedient and respectful and cheerful and patient, could bear physical pain with hardly a cry. She could stand fatigue and hunger almost better than Kino himself. In the canoe she was like a strong man. And now she did a most surprising thing. \"The doctor,\" she said. \". Go to get the doctor. \"The word was passed out among the neighbors where they stood close-packed in the little yard behind the brush fence. And they repeated among themselves, \"Juana wants the doctor.\". A wonderful thing, a memorable thing, to want the doctor. To get him would be a remarkable thing. The doctor never came to the cluster of brush houses. Why should he, when he had more than he could do to take care of the rich people who lived in the stone and plaster houses of the town?\"He would not come,\" the people in the yard said. \"He would not come,\" the people in the door said, and the thought got into Kino. \"The doctor would not come,\" Kino said to Juana. She looked up at him, her eyes as cold as the eyes of a lioness. This was Juana's first baby - this was nearly everything there was in Juana's world. And Kino saw her determination and the music of the family sounded in his head with a steely tone. \"Then we will go to him,\" Juana said, and with one hand she arranged her dark blue shawl over her head and made of one end of it a sling to hold the moaning baby and made of the other end of it a shade over his eyes to protect him from the light. The people in the door pushed against those behind to let her through. Kino followed her. They went out of the gate to the rutted path and the neighbours followed them. The thing had become a neighbourhood affair.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.880353}
{"text": "The people in the door pushed against those behind to let her through. Kino followed her. They went out of the gate to the rutted path and the neighbours followed them. The thing had become a neighbourhood affair. They made a quick soft-footed procession into the center of the town, first Juana and Kino, and behind them Juan Tom s andApolonia, her big stomach jiggling with the strenuous pace, then all the neighbours with the children trotting on the flanks. And the yellow sun threw their black shadows ahead of them so that they walked on their own shadows. They came to the place where the brush houses stopped and the city of stone and plaster began, the city of harsh outer walls and inner cool gardens where a little water played and the bougainvillaea crusted the walls with purple and brick-red and white. They heard from the secret gardens the singing of caged birds and heard the splash of cooling water on hot flagstones. The procession crossed the blinding plaza and passed in front of the church. It had grown now, and on the outskirts the hurrying newcomers were being softly informed how the baby had been stung by a scorpion, how the father and mother were taking it to the doctor. And the newcomers, particularly the beggars from the front of the church who were great experts in financial analysis, looked quickly at Juana's old blue skirt, saw the tears in her shawl, appraised the green ribbon on her braids, read the age of Kino's blanket and the thousand washings of his clothes, and set them down as poverty people and went along to see what kind of drama might develop. The four beggars in front of the church knew everything in the town. They were students of the expressions of young women as they went into confession, and they saw them as they came out and read the nature of the sin. They knew every little scandal and some very big crimes. They slept at their posts in the shadow of the church so that no one crept in for consolation without their knowledge. And they knew the doctor. They knew his ignorance, his cruelty, his avarice, his appetites, his sins. They knew his clumsy abortions and the little brown pennies he gave sparingly for alms. They had seen his corpses go into the church.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.911743}
{"text": "They knew his ignorance, his cruelty, his avarice, his appetites, his sins. They knew his clumsy abortions and the little brown pennies he gave sparingly for alms. They had seen his corpses go into the church. And, since early Mass was over and business was slow, they followed the procession, these endless searchers after perfect knowledge of their fellow men, to see what the fat lazy doctor would do about an indigent baby with a scorpion bite. The scurrying procession came at last to the big gate in the wall ofthe doctor's house. They could hear the splashing water and the singing of caged birds and the sweep of the long brooms on the flagstones. And they could smell the frying of good bacon from the doctor's house. Kino hesitated a moment. This doctor was not of his people. This doctor was of a race which for nearly four hundred years had beaten and starved and robbed and despised Kino's race, and frightened it too, so that the indigene came humbly to the door. And as always when he came near to one of this race, Kino felt weak and afraid and angry at the same time. Rage and terror went together. He could kill the doctor more easily than he could talk to him, for all of thedoctor's race spoke to all of Kino's race as though they were simple animals. And as Kino raised his right hand to the iron ring knocker in the gate, rage swelled in him, and the pounding music of the enemy beat in his ears, and his lips drew tight against his teeth - but with his left hand he reached to take off his hat. The iron ring pounded against the gate. Kino took off his hat and stood waiting. Coyotito moaned a little in Juana's arms, and she spoke softly to him. The procession crowded close the better to see and hear. After a moment the big gate opened a few inches. Kino could see the green coolness of the garden and little splashing fountain through the opening. The man who looked out at him was one of his own race. Kino spoke to him in the old language. \". The little one - the firstborn - has been poisoned by the scorpion,\" Kino said. \". He requires the skill of the healer. \"The gate closed a little, and the servant refused to speak in the old language. \". A little moment,\" he said.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.9092216}
{"text": "\"The little one - the firstborn - has been poisoned by the scorpion,\" Kino said. \". He requires the skill of the healer. \"The gate closed a little, and the servant refused to speak in the old language. \". A little moment,\" he said. \". I go to inform myself,\" and he closed the gate and slid the bolt home. The glaring sun threw the bunched shadows of the people blackly on the white wall. In his chamber the doctor sat up in his high bed. He had on his dressing-gown of red watered silk that had come from Paris, a little tight over the chest now if it was buttoned. On his lap was a silver tray with a silver chocolate pot and a tiny cup of egg-shell china, so delicate that it looked silly when he lifted it with his big hand, lifted it with the tips of thumb and forefinger and spread theother three fingers wide to get them out of the way. His eyes rested in puffy little hammocks of flesh and his mouth drooped with discontent. He was growing very stout, and his voice was hoarse with the fat that pressed on his throat. Beside him on a table was a small Oriental gong and a bowl of cigarettes. The furnishings of the room were heavy and dark and gloomy. The pictures were religious, even the large tinted photograph of his dead wife, who, if Masses willed and paid for out of her own estate could do it, was in Heaven. The doctor had once for a short time been a part of the great world and his whole subsequent life was memory and longing for France. \". That,\" he said, \"was civilized living\" - by which he meant that on a small income he had been able to enjoy some luxury and eat in restaurants. He poured his second cup of chocolate and crumbled a sweet biscuit in his fingers. The servant from the gate came to the open door and stood waiting to be noticed. \"Yes?\". The doctor asked. \"It is a little Indian with a baby. He says a scorpion stung it. \"The doctor put his cup down gently before he let his anger rise. \"Have I nothing better to do than cure insect bites for 'little Indians'? I am a doctor, not a veterinary. \"\"Yes, Patron,\" said the servant. \"Has he any money?\". The doctor demanded. \". No, they never have any money. I, I alone in the world am supposed to work for nothing - and I am tired of it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.8938928}
{"text": "I am a doctor, not a veterinary. \"\"Yes, Patron,\" said the servant. \"Has he any money?\". The doctor demanded. \". No, they never have any money. I, I alone in the world am supposed to work for nothing - and I am tired of it. See if he has any money!\"At the gate the servant opened the door a trifle and looked out at the waiting people. And this time he spoke in the old language. \"Have you money to pay for the treatment?\"Now Kino reached into a secret place somewhere under his blanket. He brought out a paper folded many times. Crease by crease he unfolded it, until at last there came to view eight small misshapen seed pearls, as ugly and gray as little ulcers, flattened and almost valueless. The servant took the paper and closed the gate again, but this time he was not gone long. He opened the gate just wide enough to pass the paper back. \"The doctor has gone out,\" he said. \". He was called to a serious case.\". And he shut the gate quickly out of shame. And now a wave of shame went over the whole procession. They melted away. The beggars went back to the church steps, the stragglers moved off, and the neighbors departed so that the public shaming of Kino would not be in their eyes. For a long time Kino stood in front of the gate with Juana beside him. Slowly he put his suppliant hat on his head. Then, without warning, he struck the gate a crushing blow with his fist. He looked down in wonder at his split knuckles and at the blood that flowed down between his fingers. IIThe town lay on a broad estuary, its old yellow plastered buildings hugging the beach. And on the beach the white and blue canoes that came from Nayarit were drawn up, canoes preserved for generations by a hard shell-like waterproof plaster whose making was a secret of the fishing people. They were high and graceful canoes with curving bow and stern and a braced section midships where a mast could be stepped to carry a small lateen sail. The beach was yellow sand, but at the water's edge a rubble of shell and algae took its place. Fiddler crabs bubbled and sputtered in their holes in the sand, and in the shallows little lobsters popped in and out of their tiny homes in the rubble and sand. The sea bottom was rich with crawling and swimming and growing things.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.980213}
{"text": "They were high and graceful canoes with curving bow and stern and a braced section midships where a mast could be stepped to carry a small lateen sail. The beach was yellow sand, but at the water's edge a rubble of shell and algae took its place. Fiddler crabs bubbled and sputtered in their holes in the sand, and in the shallows little lobsters popped in and out of their tiny homes in the rubble and sand. The sea bottom was rich with crawling and swimming and growing things. The brown algae waved in the gentle currents and the green eel grass swayed and little sea horses clung to its stems. Spotted botete, the poison fish, lay on the bottom in the eel-grass beds, and the bright-coloured swimming crabs scampered over them. On the beach the hungry dogs and the hungry pigs of the town searched endlessly for any dead fish or sea bird that might have floated in on a rising tide. Although the morning was young, the hazy mirage was up. The uncertain air that magnified some things and blotted out others hung over the whole Gulf so that all sights were unreal and vision could not be trusted; so that sea and land had the sharp clarities and the vagueness of a dream. Thus it might be that the people of the Gulf trust things of the spirit and things of the imagination, but they do not trust their eyes to show them distance or clear outline or any optical exactness. Across the estuary from the town one section of mangroves stood clear and telescopically defined, while another mangrove clump was a hazy black-green blob. Part of the far shore disappeared into a shimmer thatlooked like water. There was no certainty in seeing, no proof that what you saw was there or was not there. And the people of the Gulf expected all places were that way, and it was not strange to them. A copper haze hung over the water, and the hot morning sun beat on it and made it vibrate blindingly. The brush houses of the fishing people were back from the beach on the right-hand side of the town, and the canoes were drawn up in front of this area. Kino and Juana came slowly down to the beach and to Kino's canoe, which was the one thing of value he owned in the world. It was very old.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.9706469}
{"text": "And the people of the Gulf expected all places were that way, and it was not strange to them. A copper haze hung over the water, and the hot morning sun beat on it and made it vibrate blindingly. The brush houses of the fishing people were back from the beach on the right-hand side of the town, and the canoes were drawn up in front of this area. Kino and Juana came slowly down to the beach and to Kino's canoe, which was the one thing of value he owned in the world. It was very old. Kino's grandfather had brought it from Nayarit, and he had given it to Kino's father, and so it had come to Kino. It was at once property and source of food, for a man with a boat can guarantee a woman that she will eat something. It is the bulwark against starvation. And every year Kino refinished his canoe with the hard shell-like plaster by the secret method that had also come to him from his father. Now he came to the canoe and touched the bow tenderly as he always did. He laid his diving rock and his basket and the two ropes in the sand by the canoe. And he folded his blanket and laid it in the bow. Juana laid Coyotito on the blanket, and she placed her shawl over him so that the hot sun could not shine on him. He was quiet now, but the swelling on his shoulder had continued up his neck and under his ear and his face was puffed and feverish. Juana went to the water and waded in. She gathered some brown seaweed and made a flat damp poultice of it, and this she applied to the baby's swollen shoulder, which was as good a remedy as any and probably better than the doctor could have done. But the remedy lacked his authority because it was simple and didn't cost anything. The stomach cramps had not come to Coyotito. Perhaps Juana had sucked out the poison in time, but she had not sucked out her worry over her first-born.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.0031545}
{"text": "But the remedy lacked his authority because it was simple and didn't cost anything. The stomach cramps had not come to Coyotito. Perhaps Juana had sucked out the poison in time, but she had not sucked out her worry over her first-born. She had not prayed directly for the recovery of the baby - she had prayed that they might find a pearl with which to hire the doctor to cure the baby, for the minds of people are as unsubstantial as the mirage of the Gulf. Now Kino and Juana slid the canoe down the beach to the water, and when the bow floated, Juana climbed in, while Kino pushed the stern in and waded beside it until it floated lightly and trembled on the little breaking waves. Then in co-ordination Juana and Kino drove their double-bladed paddles into the sea, and the canoe creased the water and hissed with speed. The other pearlers were gone out long since. In a few moments Kino could see them clustered in the haze, riding over the oyster bed. Light filtered down through the water to the bed where the frilly pearl oysters lay fastened to the rubbly bottom, a bottom strewn with shells of broken, opened oysters. This was the bed that had raised the King of Spain to be a great power in Europe in past years, had helped to pay for his wars, and had decorated the churches for his soul's sake. The gray oysters with ruffles like skirts on the shells, the barnacle-crusted oysters with little bits of weed clinging to the skirts and small crabs climbing over them. An accident could happen to these oysters, a grain of sand could lie in the folds of muscle and irritate the flesh until in self-protection the flesh coated the grain with a layer of smooth cement. But once started, the flesh continued to coat the foreign body until it fell free in sometidal flurry or until the oyster was destroyed. For centuries men had dived down and torn the oysters from the beds and ripped them open, looking for the coated grains of sand. Swarms of fish lived near the bed to live near the oysters thrown back by the searching men and to nibble at the shining inner shells. But the pearls were accidents, and the finding of one was luck, a little pat on the back by God or the gods or both. Kino had two ropes, one tied to a heavy stone and one to a basket.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406262.9943483}
{"text": "For centuries men had dived down and torn the oysters from the beds and ripped them open, looking for the coated grains of sand. Swarms of fish lived near the bed to live near the oysters thrown back by the searching men and to nibble at the shining inner shells. But the pearls were accidents, and the finding of one was luck, a little pat on the back by God or the gods or both. Kino had two ropes, one tied to a heavy stone and one to a basket. He stripped off his shirt and trousers and laid his hat in the bottom of the canoe. The water was oily smooth. He took his rock in one hand and his basket in the other, and he slipped feet first over the side and the rock carried him to the bottom. The bubbles rose behind him until the water cleared and he could see. Above, the surface of the water was an undulating mirror of brightness, and he could see the bottoms of the canoes sticking through it. Kino moved cautiously so that the water would not be obscured with mud or sand. He hooked his foot in the loop on his rock and his hands worked quickly, tearing the oysters loose, some singly, others in clusters. He laid them in his basket. In some places the oysters clung to one another so that they came free in lumps. Now, Kino's people had sung of everything that happened or existed. They had made songs to the fishes, to the sea in anger and to the sea in calm, to the light and the dark and the sun and the moon, and the songs were all in Kino and in his people - every song that had ever been made, even the ones forgotten. And as he filled his basket the song was in Kino, and the beat of the song was his pounding heart as it ate the oxygen from his held breath, and the melody of the song was the gray-green water and the little scuttling animals and the clouds of fish that flitted by and were gone. But in the song there was a secret little inner song, hardly perceptible, but always there, sweet and secret and clinging, almost hiding in the counter-melody, and this was the Song of the Pearl That Might Be, for every shell thrown in the basket might contain a pearl. Chance was against it, but luck and the gods might be for it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.0648978}
{"text": "And as he filled his basket the song was in Kino, and the beat of the song was his pounding heart as it ate the oxygen from his held breath, and the melody of the song was the gray-green water and the little scuttling animals and the clouds of fish that flitted by and were gone. But in the song there was a secret little inner song, hardly perceptible, but always there, sweet and secret and clinging, almost hiding in the counter-melody, and this was the Song of the Pearl That Might Be, for every shell thrown in the basket might contain a pearl. Chance was against it, but luck and the gods might be for it. And in the canoe above him Kino knew that Juana was making the magic of prayer, her face set rigid and her muscles hard to force the luck, to tear the luck out of the gods' hands, for she needed the luck for the swollen shoulder of Coyotito. And because the need was great and the desire was great, the little secret melody of the pearl that might be was stronger this morning. Whole phrases of it came clearly and softly into the Song of the Undersea. Kino, in his pride and youth and strength, could remain down over two minutes without strain, so that he worked deliberately, selecting the largest shells. Because they were disturbed, the oyster shells were tightly closed. A little to his right a hummock of rubbly rock stuck up, covered with young oysters not ready to take. Kino moved next to the hummock, and then, beside it, under a little overhang, he saw a very large oyster lying by itself, not covered with its clinging brothers. The shell was partly open, for the overhang protected this ancient oyster, and in the lip-like muscle Kino saw a ghostly gleam, and then the shell closed down. His heart beat out a heavy rhythm and the melody of the maybe pearl shrilled in his ears. Slowly he forced the oyster loose and held it tightly against his breast. He kicked his foot free from the rock loop, and his body rose to thesurface and his black hair gleamed in the sunlight. He reached over the side of the canoe and laid the oyster in the bottom. Then Juana steadied the boat while he climbed in. His eyes wereshining with excitement, but in decency he pulled up his rock, and then he pulled up his basket of oysters and lifted them in.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.0893958}
{"text": "He kicked his foot free from the rock loop, and his body rose to thesurface and his black hair gleamed in the sunlight. He reached over the side of the canoe and laid the oyster in the bottom. Then Juana steadied the boat while he climbed in. His eyes wereshining with excitement, but in decency he pulled up his rock, and then he pulled up his basket of oysters and lifted them in. Juana sensed his excitement, and she pretended to look away. It is not good to want a thing too much. It sometimes drives the luck away. You must want it just enough, and you must be very tactful with God or the gods. But Juana stopped breathing. Very deliberately Kino opened his short strong knife. He looked speculatively at the basket. Perhaps it would be better to open the oyster last. He took a small oyster from the basket, cut the muscle, searched the folds of flesh, and threw it in the water. Then he seemed to see the great oyster for the first time. He squatted in the bottom of the canoe, picked up the shell and examined it. The flutes were shining black to brown, and only a few small barnacles adhered to the shell. Now Kino was reluctant to open it. What he had seen, he knew, might be a reflection, a piece of flat shell accidently drifted in or a complete illusion. In this Gulf of uncertain light there were more illusions than realities. But Juana's eyes were on him and she could not wait. She put her hand on Coyotito's covered head. \". Open it,\" she said softly. Kino deftly slipped his knife into the edge of the shell. Through the knife he could feel the muscle tighten hard. He worked the blade lever-wise and the closing muscle parted and the shell fell apart. The lip-like flesh writhed up and then subsided. Kino lifted the flesh, and there it lay, the great pearl, perfect as the moon. It captured the light and refined it and gave it back in silver incandescence. It was as large as a sea-gull's egg. It was the greatest pearl in the world. Juana caught her breath and moaned a little. And to Kino the secret melody of the maybe pearl broke clear and beautiful, rich and warm and lovely, glowing and gloating and triumphant. In the surface of the great pearl he could see dream forms.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.080024}
{"text": "It was the greatest pearl in the world. Juana caught her breath and moaned a little. And to Kino the secret melody of the maybe pearl broke clear and beautiful, rich and warm and lovely, glowing and gloating and triumphant. In the surface of the great pearl he could see dream forms. He picked the pearl from the dying flesh and held it in his palm, and he turned it over and saw that its curve was perfect. Juana came near to stare at it in his hand, and it was the hand he had smashed against the doctor's gate, and the torn flesh of the knuckles was turned grayish white by the sea water. Instinctively Juana went to Coyotito where he lay on his father's blanket. She lifted the poultice of seaweed and looked at the shoulder. \". Kino,\" she cried shrilly. He looked past his pearl, and he saw that the swelling was going out of the baby's shoulder, the poison was receding from its body. Then Kino's fist closed over the pearl and his emotion broke over him. He put back his head and howled. His eyes rolled up and he screamed and his body was rigid. The men in the other canoes looked up, startled, and then they dug their paddles into the sea and raced toward Kino's canoe. IIIA town is a thing like a colonial animal. A town has a nervous system and a head and shoulders and feet. A town is a thing separate from all other towns, so that there are no two towns alike. And a town has a whole emotion. How news travels through a town is a mystery not easily to be solved. News seems to move faster than small boys can scramble and dart to tell it, faster than women can call it over the fences. Before Kino and Juana and the other fishers had come to Kino's brush house, the nerves of the town were pulsing and vibrating with the news - Kino had found the Pearl of the World. Before panting little boys could strangle out the words, their mothers knew it. The news swept on past the brush houses, and it washed in a foaming wave into the town of stone and plaster. It came to the priest walking in his garden, and it put a thoughtful look in his eyes and a memory of certain repairs necessary to the church. He wondered what the pearl would be worth.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.0687778}
{"text": "The news swept on past the brush houses, and it washed in a foaming wave into the town of stone and plaster. It came to the priest walking in his garden, and it put a thoughtful look in his eyes and a memory of certain repairs necessary to the church. He wondered what the pearl would be worth. And he wondered whether he had baptized Kino's baby, or married him for that matter. The news came to the shopkeepers, and they looked at men's clothes that had not sold so well. The news came to the doctor where he sat with a woman whose illness was age, though neither she nor the doctor would admit it. And when it was made plain who Kino was, the doctor grew stern and judicious at the same time. \". He is a client of mine,\" the doctor said. \". I am treating his child for a scorpion sting.\". And the doctor's eyes rolled up a little in their fat hammocks and he thought of Paris. He remembered the room he had lived in there as a great and luxurious place. The doctor looked past his aged patient and saw himself sitting in a restaurant in Paris and a waiter was just opening a bottle of wine. The news came early to the beggars in front of the church, and it made them giggle a little with pleasure, for they knew that there is no alms giver in the world like a poor man who is suddenly lucky. Kino has found the Pearl of the World. In the town, in little offices, sat the men who bought pearls from the fishers. They waited in their chairs until the pearls came in, and then they cackled and fought and shouted and threatened until they reached the lowest price the fisherman would stand. But there was a price below which they dared not go, for it had happened that a fisherman in despair had given his pearls to the church. And when the buying was over, these buyers sat alone and their fingers played restlessly with the pearls, and they wished they owned the pearls. For there were not many buyers really - there was only one, and he kept these agents in separate offices to give a semblance of competition. The news came to these men, and their eyes squinted and their finger-tips burned a little, and each one thought how the patron could not live forever and someone had to take his place.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.146679}
{"text": "And when the buying was over, these buyers sat alone and their fingers played restlessly with the pearls, and they wished they owned the pearls. For there were not many buyers really - there was only one, and he kept these agents in separate offices to give a semblance of competition. The news came to these men, and their eyes squinted and their finger-tips burned a little, and each one thought how the patron could not live forever and someone had to take his place. And each one thought how with some capital he could get a new start. All manner of people grew interested in Kino - people with things to sell and people with favours to ask. Kino had found the Pearl of theWorld. The essence of pearl mixed with essence of men and a curious dark residue was precipitated. Every man suddenly became related to Kino's pearl, and Kino's pearl went into the dreams, the speculations, the schemes, the plans, the futures, the wishes, the needs, the lusts, the hungers, of everyone,and only one person stood in the way and that was Kino, so that he became curiously every man's enemy. The news stirred up something infinitely black and evil in the town; the black distillate was like the scorpion, or like hunger in the smell of food, or like loneliness when love is withheld. The poison sacs of the town began to manufacture venom, and the town swelled and puffed with the pressure of it. But Kino and Juana did not know these things. Because they were happy and excited they thought everyone shared their joy. Juan Tom s and Apolonia did, and they were the world too. In the afternoon, when the sun had gone over the mountains of the Peninsula to sink in the outward sea, Kino squatted in his house with Juana beside him. And the brush house was crowded with neighbors. Kino held the great pearl in his hand, and it was warm and alive in his hand. And the music of the pearl had merged with the music of the family so that one beautified the other.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.1315694}
{"text": "And the brush house was crowded with neighbors. Kino held the great pearl in his hand, and it was warm and alive in his hand. And the music of the pearl had merged with the music of the family so that one beautified the other. The neighbors looked at the pearl in Kino's hand and they wondered how such luck could come to any man. And Juan Tom s, who squatted on Kino's right hand because he was his brother, asked, \"What will you do now that you have become a rich man?\"Kino looked into his pearl, and Juana cast her eyelashes down and arranged her shawl to cover her face so that her excitement could not be seen. And in the incandescence of the pearl the pictures formed of the things Kino's mind had considered in the past and had given up as impossible. In the pearl he saw Juana and Coyotito and himself standing and kneeling at the high altar, and they were being married now that they could pay. He spoke softly: \"We will be married - in the church. \"In the pearl he saw how they were dressed - Juana in a shawl stiff with newness and a new skirt, and from under the long skirt Kino could see that she wore shoes. It was in the pearl - the picture glowing there. He himself was dressed in new white clothes, and he carried a new hat - not of straw but of fine black felt - and he too wore shoes - not sandals but shoes that laced. But Coyotito - he was the one - he wore a blue sailor suit from the United States and a little yachting cap such as Kino had seen once when a pleasure boat put into the estuary. All of these things Kino saw in the lucent pearl and he said: \"We will have new clothes. \"And the music of the pearl rose like a chorus of trumpets in his ears. Then to the lovely gray surface of the pearl came the little things Kino wanted: a harpoon to take the place of one lost a year ago, a new harpoon of iron with a ring in the end of the shaft; and - his mind could hardly make the leap - a rifle - but why not, since hewas so rich? And Kino saw Kino in the pearl, Kino holding a Winchester carbine. It was the wildest day-dreaming and very pleasant. His lips moved hesitantly over this - \"A rifle,\" he said.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.1775815}
{"text": "And Kino saw Kino in the pearl, Kino holding a Winchester carbine. It was the wildest day-dreaming and very pleasant. His lips moved hesitantly over this - \"A rifle,\" he said. \". Perhaps a rifle. \"It was the rifle that broke down the barriers. This was an impossibility, and if he could think of having a rifle whole horizons were burst and he could rush on. For it is said that humans are never satisfied, that you give them one thing and they want something more. And this is said in disparagement, whereas it is oneof the greatest talents the species has and one that has made it superior to animals that are satisfied with what they have. The neighbors, close pressed and silent in the house, nodded their heads at his wild imaginings. And a man in the rear murmured: \"Arifle. He will have a rifle. \"But the music of the pearl was shrilling with triumph in Kino. Juana looked up, and her eyes were wide at Kino's courage and at his imagination. And electric strength had come to him now the horizons were kicked out. In the pearl he saw Coyotito sitting at a little desk in a school, just as Kino had once seen it through an open door. And Coyotito was dressed in a jacket, and he had on a white collar, and a broad silken tie. Moreover, Coyotito was writing on a big piece of paper. Kino looked at his neighbours fiercely. \". My son will go to school,\" he said, and the neighbours were hushed. Juana caught her breath sharply. Her eyes were bright as she watched him, and she looked quickly down at Coyotito in her arms to see whether this might be possible. But Kino's face shone with prophecy. \". My son will read and open the books, and my son will write and will know writing. And my son will make numbers, and these things will make us free because he will know - he will know and through him we will know.\". And in the pearl Kino saw himself and Juana squatting by the little fire in the brush hut while Coyotito read from a great book. \". This is what the pearl will do,\" said Kino. And he had never said so many words together in his life. And suddenly he was afraid of his talking. His hand closed down over the pearl and cut the light away from it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.1585577}
{"text": "And he had never said so many words together in his life. And suddenly he was afraid of his talking. His hand closed down over the pearl and cut the light away from it. Kino was afraid as a man is afraid who says, \"I will,\" without knowing. Now the neighbours knew they had witnessed a great marvel. They knew that time would now date from Kino's pearl, and that they would discuss this moment for many years to come. If these things came to pass, they would recount how Kino looked and what he said and how his eyes shone, and they would say: \"He was a man transfigured. Some power was given to him, and there it started. You see what a great man he has become, starting from that moment. And I myself saw it. \"And if Kino's planning came to nothing, those same neighbours would say: \"There it started. A foolish madness came over him so that he spoke foolish words. God keep us from such things. Yes, God punished Kino because he rebelled against the way things are. You see what has become of him. And I myself saw the moment when his reason left him. \"Kino looked down at his closed hand and the knuckles were scabbed over and tight where he had struck the gate. Now the dusk was coming. And Juana looped her shawl under the baby so that he hung against her hip, and she went to the fire hole and duga coal from the ashes and broke a few twigs over it and fanned a flame alive. The little flames danced on the faces of the neighbours. They knew they should go to their own dinners, but they were reluctant to leave. The dark was almost in, and Juana's fire threw shadows on the brush walls when the whisper came in, passed from mouth to mouth. \". The Father is coming - the priest is coming.\". The men uncovered their heads and stepped back from the door, and the women gathered their shawls about their faces and cast down their eyes. Kino and Juan Tom s, his brother, stood up. The priest came in - a graying, ageing man with an old skin and a young sharp eye. Children, he considered these people, and he treated them like children. \"Kino,\" he said softly, \"thou art named after a great man - and a great Father of the Church.\". He made it sound like a benediction.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.254362}
{"text": "Kino and Juan Tom s, his brother, stood up. The priest came in - a graying, ageing man with an old skin and a young sharp eye. Children, he considered these people, and he treated them like children. \"Kino,\" he said softly, \"thou art named after a great man - and a great Father of the Church.\". He made it sound like a benediction. \". Thy namesake tamed the desert and sweetened the minds of thy people, didst thou know that? It is in the books. \"Kino looked quickly down at Coyotito's head, where he hung on Juana's hip. Some day, his mind said, that boy would know what things were in the books and what things were not. The music had gone out of Kino's head, but now, thinly, slowly, the melody of the morning, the music of evil, of the enemy, sounded, but it was faint and weak. And Kino looked at his neighbours to see who might have brought this song in. But the priest was speaking again. \". It has come to me that thou hast found a great fortune, a great pearl. \"Kino opened his hand and held it out, and the priest gasped a little at the size and beauty of the pearl. And then he said: \"I hope thou wilt remember to give thanks, my son, to Him who has given thee this treasure, and to pray for guidance in the future. \"Kino nodded dumbly, and it was Juana who spoke softly. \". We will, Father. And we will be married now. Kino has said so.\". She looked at the neighbours for confirmation, and they nodded their heads solemnly. The priest said, \"It is pleasant to see that your first thoughts are good thoughts. God bless you, my children.\". He turned and left quietly, and the people let him through. But Kino's hand had closed tightly on the pearl again, and he was glancing about suspiciously, for the evil song was in his ears, shrilling against the music of the pearl. The neighbours slipped away to go to their houses, and Juana squatted by the fire and set her clay pot of boiled beans over the little flame. Kino stepped to the doorway and looked out.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.2311397}
{"text": "Kino has said so.\". She looked at the neighbours for confirmation, and they nodded their heads solemnly. The priest said, \"It is pleasant to see that your first thoughts are good thoughts. God bless you, my children.\". He turned and left quietly, and the people let him through. But Kino's hand had closed tightly on the pearl again, and he was glancing about suspiciously, for the evil song was in his ears, shrilling against the music of the pearl. The neighbours slipped away to go to their houses, and Juana squatted by the fire and set her clay pot of boiled beans over the little flame. Kino stepped to the doorway and looked out. As always, he could smell the smoke from many fires, and he could see the hazy stars and feel the damp of the night air so that he covered his nose from it. The thin dog came to him and threshed itself in greeting like a wind-blown flag, and Kino looked down at it and didn't see it. He had broken through the horizons into a cold and lonely outside. He felt alone and unprotected, and scraping crickets and shrilling tree frogs and croaking toads seemed to be carrying the melody of evil. Kino shivered a little and drew his blanket more tightly against his nose. He carried the pearl still in his hand, tightly closed in his palm, and it was warm and smooth against his skin. Behind him he heard Juana patting the cakes before she put them down on the claycooking sheet. Kino felt all the warmth and security of his family behind him, and the Song of the Family came from behind him like the purring of a kitten. But now, by saying what his future was going to be like, he had created it. A plan is a real thing, and things projected are experienced. A plan once made and visualized becomes a reality along with other realities - never to be destroyed but easily to be attacked. Thus Kino's future was real, but having set it up, other forces were set up to destroy it, and this he knew, so that he had to prepare to meet the attack. And this Kino knew also - that the gods do not love men's plans, and the gods do not love success unless it comes by accident. He knew that the gods take their revenge on a man if he be successful through his own efforts. Consequently Kino was afraid of plans, but having made one, he could never destroy it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.2169738}
{"text": "Thus Kino's future was real, but having set it up, other forces were set up to destroy it, and this he knew, so that he had to prepare to meet the attack. And this Kino knew also - that the gods do not love men's plans, and the gods do not love success unless it comes by accident. He knew that the gods take their revenge on a man if he be successful through his own efforts. Consequently Kino was afraid of plans, but having made one, he could never destroy it. And to meet the attack, Kino was already making a hard skin for himself against the world. His eyes and his mind probed for danger before it appeared. Standing in the door, he saw two men approach; and one of them carried a lantern which lighted the ground and the legs of the men. They turned in through the opening of Kino's brush fence and came to his door. And Kino saw that one was the doctor and the other the servant who had opened the gate in the morning. The split knuckles on Kino's right hand burned when he saw who they were. The doctor said, \"I was not in when you came this morning. But now, at the first chance, I have come to see the baby. \"Kino stood in the door, filling it, and hatred raged and flamed in back of his eyes, and fear too, for the hundreds of years of subjugation were cut deep in him. \"The baby is nearly well now,\" he said curtly. The doctor smiled, but his eyes in their little lymph-lined hammocks did not smile. He said: \"Sometimes, my friend, the scorpion sting has a curious effect. There will be apparent improvement, and then without warning - pouf!\". He pursed his lips and made a little explosion to show how quick it could be, and he shifted his small black doctor's bag about so that the light of the lamp fell upon it, for he knew that Kino's race love the tools of any craft and trust them. \". Sometimes,\" the doctor went on in a liquid tone, \"sometimes there will be a withered leg or a blind eye or a crumpled back. Oh, I know the sting of the scorpion, my friend, and I can cure it. \"Kino felt the rage and hatred melting toward fear. He did not know, and perhaps this doctor did. And he could not take the chance of putting his certain ignorance against this man's possible knowledge.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.2786012}
{"text": "Oh, I know the sting of the scorpion, my friend, and I can cure it. \"Kino felt the rage and hatred melting toward fear. He did not know, and perhaps this doctor did. And he could not take the chance of putting his certain ignorance against this man's possible knowledge. He was trapped as his people were always trapped, and would be until, as he had said, they could be sure that the things in the books were really in the books. He could not take a chance - not with the life or with the straightness of Coyotito. He stood aside and let the doctor and his man enter the brush hut. Juana stood up from the fire and backed away as he entered, and she covered the baby's face with the fringe of her shawl. And when the doctor went to her and held out his hand, she clutched the baby tight and looked at Kino where he stood with the fire shadows leaping on his face. Kino nodded, and only then did she let the doctor take the baby. \"Hold the light,\" the doctor said, and when the servant held the lantern high, the doctor looked for a moment at the wound on the baby's shoulder. He was thoughtful for a moment and then he rolled back the baby's eyelid and looked at the eyeball. He nodded his head while Coyotito struggled against him. \"It is as I thought,\" he said. \". The poison has gone inwards and it will strike soon. Come look!\". He held the eyelid down. \". See - it is blue.\". And Kino, looking anxiously, saw that indeed it was a little blue. And he didn't know whether or not it was always a little blue. But the trap was set. He couldn't take the chance. The doctor's eyes watered in their little hammocks. \". I will give him something to try to turn the poison aside,\" he said. And he handed the baby to Kino. Then from his bag he took a little bottle of white powder and a capsule of gelatine. He filled the capsule with the powder and closed it, and then around the first capsule he fitted a second capsule and closed it. Then he worked very deftly. He took the baby and pinched its lower lip until it opened its mouth.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.3152127}
{"text": "He filled the capsule with the powder and closed it, and then around the first capsule he fitted a second capsule and closed it. Then he worked very deftly. He took the baby and pinched its lower lip until it opened its mouth. His fat fingers placed the capsule far back on the baby's tongue, back of the point where he could spit it out, and then from the floor he picked up the little pitcher of pulque and gave Coyotito a drink, and it was done. He looked again at the baby's eyeball and he pursed his lips and seemed to think. At last he handed the baby back to Juana, and he turned to Kino. \"I think the poison will attack within the hour,\" he said. \". The medicine may save the baby from hurt, but I will come back in an hour. Perhaps I am in time to save him.\". He took a deep breath and went out of the hut, and his servant followed him with the lantern. Now Juana had the baby under her shawl, and she stared at it with anxiety and fear. Kino came to her, and he lifted the shawl and stared at the baby. He moved his hand to look under the eyelid, and only then saw that the pearl was still in his hand. Then he went to a box by the wall, and from it he brought a piece of rag. He wrapped the pearl in the rag, then went to the corner of the brush house and dug a little hole with his fingers in the dirt floor, and he put the pearl in the hole and covered it up and concealed the place. And then he went to the fire where Juana was squatting, watching the baby's face. The doctor, back in his house, settled into his chair and looked at his watch. His people brought him a little supper of chocolate and sweet cakes and fruit, and he stared at the food discontentedly. In the houses of the neighbours the subject that would lead all conversations for a long time to come was aired for the first time to see how it would go. The neighbours showed one another with their thumbs how big the pearl was, and they made little caressing gestures to show how lovely it was. From now on they would watch Kino and Juana very closely to see whether riches turned their heads, as riches turn all people's heads. Everyone knew why the doctor had come.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.291442}
{"text": "The neighbours showed one another with their thumbs how big the pearl was, and they made little caressing gestures to show how lovely it was. From now on they would watch Kino and Juana very closely to see whether riches turned their heads, as riches turn all people's heads. Everyone knew why the doctor had come. He was not good at dissembling and he was very well understood. Out in the estuary a tight-woven school of small fishes glittered and broke water to escape a school of great fishes that drove in to eat them. And in the houses the people could hear the swish of the small ones and the bouncing splash of the great ones as the slaughter went on. The dampness arose out of the Gulf and was deposited on bushes and cacti and on little trees in salty drops. And the night mice crept about on the ground and the little night hawks hunted them silently. The skinny black puppy with flame spots over his eyes came to Kino's door and looked in. He nearly shook his hind quarters loose when Kino glanced up at him, and he subsided when Kino looked away. The puppy did not enter the house, but he watched with frantic interest while Kino ate his beans from the little pottery dish and wiped it clean with a corn-cake and ate the cake and washed the whole down with a drink of pulque. Kino was finished and was rolling a cigarette when Juana spoke sharply. \". Kino.\". He glanced at her and then got up and went quickly to her for he saw fright in her eyes. He stood over her, looking down, but the light was very dim. He kicked a pile of twigs into the fire hole to make a blaze, and then he could see the face of Coyotito. The baby's face was flushed and his throat was working and a little thick drool of saliva issued from his lips. The spasm of the stomach muscles began, and the baby was very sick. Kino knelt beside his wife. \". So the doctor knew,\" he said, but he said it for himself as well as for his wife, for his mind was hard and suspicious and he was remembering the white powder. Juana rocked from side to side and moaned out the little Song of the Family as though it could ward off the danger, and the baby vomited and writhed in her arms.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.36738}
{"text": "The spasm of the stomach muscles began, and the baby was very sick. Kino knelt beside his wife. \". So the doctor knew,\" he said, but he said it for himself as well as for his wife, for his mind was hard and suspicious and he was remembering the white powder. Juana rocked from side to side and moaned out the little Song of the Family as though it could ward off the danger, and the baby vomited and writhed in her arms. Now uncertainty was in Kino, and the music of evil throbbed in his head and nearly drove out Juana's song. The doctor finished his chocolate and nibbled the little fallen pieces of sweet cake. He brushed his fingers on a napkin, looked at his watch, arose, and took up his little bag. The news of the baby's illness travelled quickly among the brush houses, for sickness is second only to hunger as the enemy of poor people. And some said softly, \"Luck, you see, brings bitter friends.\". And they nodded and got up to go to Kino's house. The neighbours scuttled with covered noses through the dark until they crowded into Kino's house again. They stood and gazed, and they made little comments on the sadness that this should happen at a time of joy, and they said, \"All things are in God's hands.\". The oldwomen squatted down beside Juana to try to give her aid if they could and comfort if they could not. Then the doctor hurried in, followed by his man. He scattered the old women like chickens. He took the baby and examined it and felt its head. \". The poison it has worked,\" he said. \". I think I can defeat it. I will try my best.\". He asked for water, and in the cup of it he put three drops of ammonia, and he pried open the baby's mouth and poured it down. The baby spluttered and screeched under the treatment, and Juana watched him with haunted eyes. The doctor spoke a little as he worked. \". It is lucky that I know about the poison of the scorpion, otherwise-\" and he shrugged to show what could have happened. But Kino was suspicious, and he could not take his eyes from the doctor's open bag, and from the bottle of white powder there. Gradually the spasms subsided and the baby relaxed under the doctor's hands.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.358405}
{"text": "The baby spluttered and screeched under the treatment, and Juana watched him with haunted eyes. The doctor spoke a little as he worked. \". It is lucky that I know about the poison of the scorpion, otherwise-\" and he shrugged to show what could have happened. But Kino was suspicious, and he could not take his eyes from the doctor's open bag, and from the bottle of white powder there. Gradually the spasms subsided and the baby relaxed under the doctor's hands. And then Coyotito sighed deeply and went to sleep, for he was very tired with vomiting. The doctor put the baby in Juana's arms. \". He will get well now,\" he said. \". I have won the fight.\". And Juana looked at him with adoration. The doctor was closing his bag now. He said, \"When do you think you can pay this bill?\". He said it even kindly. \"When I have sold my pearl I will pay you,\" Kino said. \"You have a pearl? A good pearl?\". The doctor asked with interest. And then the chorus of the neighbours broke in. \". He has found the Pearl of the World,\" they cried, and they joined forefinger with thumb to show how great the pearl was. \"Kino will be a rich man,\" they clamoured. \". It is a pearl such as one has never seen. \"The doctor looked surprised. \". I had not heard of it. Do you keep this pearl in a safe place? Perhaps you would like me to put it in my safe?\"Kino's eyes were hooded now, his cheeks were drawn taut. \". I have it secure,\" he said. \". Tomorrow I will sell it and then I will pay you. \"The doctor shrugged, and his wet eyes never left Kino's eyes. He knew the pearl would be buried in the house, and he thought Kino might look toward the place where it was buried. \". It would be a shame to have it stolen before you could sell it,\" the doctor said, and he saw Kino's eyes flick involuntarily to the floor near the side post of the brush house. When the doctor had gone and all the neighbours had reluctantly returned to their houses, Kino squatted beside the little glowing coals in the fire hole and listened to the night sound, the soft sweep of the little waves on the shore and the distant barking of dogs, thecreeping of the breeze through the brush house roof and the soft speech of his neighbours in their houses in the village.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.3940513}
{"text": "\"Tomorrow I will sell it and then I will pay you. \"The doctor shrugged, and his wet eyes never left Kino's eyes. He knew the pearl would be buried in the house, and he thought Kino might look toward the place where it was buried. \". It would be a shame to have it stolen before you could sell it,\" the doctor said, and he saw Kino's eyes flick involuntarily to the floor near the side post of the brush house. When the doctor had gone and all the neighbours had reluctantly returned to their houses, Kino squatted beside the little glowing coals in the fire hole and listened to the night sound, the soft sweep of the little waves on the shore and the distant barking of dogs, thecreeping of the breeze through the brush house roof and the soft speech of his neighbours in their houses in the village. For these people do not sleep soundly all night; they awaken at intervals and talk a little and then go to sleep again. And after a while Kino got up and went to the door of his house. He smelled the breeze and he listened for any foreign sound of secrecy or creeping, and his eyes searched the darkness, for the music of evil was sounding in his head and he was fierce and afraid. After he had probed the night with his senses he went to the place by the side post where the pearl was buried, and he dug it up and brought it to his sleeping mat, and under his sleeping mat he dug another little hole in the dirt floor and buried his pearl and covered it up again. And Juana, sitting by the fire hole, watched him with questioning eyes, and when he had buried his pearl she asked: \"Who do you fear?\"Kino searched for a true answer, and at last he said: \"Everyone.\". And he could feel a shell of hardness drawing over him. After a while they lay down together on the sleeping mat, and Juana did not put the baby in his box tonight, but cradled him on her arms and covered his face with her head shawl. And the last light went out of the embers in the fire hole. But Kino's brain burned, even during his sleep, and he dreamed that Coyotito could read, that one of his own people could tell him the truth of things. And in his dream, Coyotito was reading from a book as large as a house, with letters as big as dogs, and the words galloped and played on the book.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.4231586}
{"text": "After he had probed the night with his senses he went to the place by the side post where the pearl was buried, and he dug it up and brought it to his sleeping mat, and under his sleeping mat he dug another little hole in the dirt floor and buried his pearl and covered it up again. And Juana, sitting by the fire hole, watched him with questioning eyes, and when he had buried his pearl she asked: \"Who do you fear?\"Kino searched for a true answer, and at last he said: \"Everyone.\". And he could feel a shell of hardness drawing over him. After a while they lay down together on the sleeping mat, and Juana did not put the baby in his box tonight, but cradled him on her arms and covered his face with her head shawl. And the last light went out of the embers in the fire hole. But Kino's brain burned, even during his sleep, and he dreamed that Coyotito could read, that one of his own people could tell him the truth of things. And in his dream, Coyotito was reading from a book as large as a house, with letters as big as dogs, and the words galloped and played on the book. And then darkness spread over the page, and with the darkness came the music of evil again, and Kino stirred in his sleep; and when he stirred, Juana's eyes opened in the darkness. And then Kino awakened, with the evil music pulsing in him, and he lay in the darkness with his ears alert. Then from the corner of the house came a sound so soft that it might have been simply a thought, a little furtive movement, a touch of a foot on earth, the almost inaudible purr of controlled breathing. Kino held his breath to listen, and he knew that whatever dark thing was in his house was holding its breath too, to listen. For a time no sound at all came from the corner of the brush house. Then Kino might have thought he had imagined the sound. But Juana's hand came creeping over to him in warning, and then the sound came again! The whisper of a foot on dry earth and the scratch of fingers in the soil. And now a wild fear surged in Kino's breast, and on the fear came rage, as it always did.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.444802}
{"text": "Then Kino might have thought he had imagined the sound. But Juana's hand came creeping over to him in warning, and then the sound came again! The whisper of a foot on dry earth and the scratch of fingers in the soil. And now a wild fear surged in Kino's breast, and on the fear came rage, as it always did. Kino's hand crept into his breast where his knife hung on a string, and then he sprang like an angry cat, leaped striking and spitting for the dark thing he knew was in the corner of the house. He felt cloth, struck at it with his knife and missed, and struck again and felt his knife go through cloth, and then his head crashed with lightning and exploded with pain. There was a soft scurry in the doorway, and running steps for a moment, and then silence. Kino could feel warm blood running down from his forehead, and he could hear Juana calling to him. \". Kino! Kino!\". And there was terror in her voice. Then coldness came over him as quickly as the rage had, and he said: \"I am all right. The thing has gone. \"He groped his way back to the sleeping mat. Already Juana was working at the fire. She uncovered an ember from the ashes and shredded little pieces of corn-husk over it and blew a little flame into the corn-husks so that a tiny light danced through the hut. And then from a secret place Juana brought a little piece of consecrated candle and lighted it at the flame and set it upright on a fireplace stone. She worked quickly, crooning as she moved about. She dipped the end of her head shawl in water and swabbed the blood from Kino's bruised forehead. \". It is nothing,\" Kino said, but his eyes and his voice were hard and cold and a brooding hate was growing in him. Now the tension which had been growing in Juana boiled up to the surface and her lips were thin. \". This thing is evil,\" she cried harshly. \". This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us,\" and her voice rose shrilly. \". Throw it away, Kino. Let us break it between stones. Let us bury it and forget the place. Let us throw it back into the sea. It has brought evil.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.4546459}
{"text": "Let us bury it and forget the place. Let us throw it back into the sea. It has brought evil. Kino, my husband, it will destroy us.\". And in the firelight her lips and her eyes were alive with her fear. But Kino's face was set, and his mind and his will were set. \". This is our one chance,\" he said. \". Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that holds us in. \"\"It will destroy us all,\" Juana cried. \". Even our son. \"\"Hush,\" said Kino. \". Do not speak any more. In the morning we will sell the pearl, and then the evil will be gone, and only the good remain. Now hush, my wife.\". His dark eyes scowled into the little fire, and for the first time he knew that his knife was still in his hands, and he raised the blade and looked at it and saw a little line of blood on the steel. For a moment he seemed about to wipe the blade on his trousers but then he plunged the knife into the earth and so cleansed it. The distant roosters began to crow and the air changed and the dawn was coming. The wind of the morning ruffled the water of the estuary and whispered through the mangroves, and the little waves beat on the rubbly beach with an increased tempo. Kino raised the sleeping mat and dug up his pearl and put it in front of him and stared at it. And the beauty of the pearl, winking and glimmering in the light of the little candle, cozened his brain with its beauty. So lovely it was, so soft, and its own music came from it - its music of promise and delight, its guarantee of the future, of comfort, of security. Its warm lucence promised a poultice against illness and a wall against insult. It closed a door on hunger. And as he stared at it Kino's eyes softened and his face relaxed. He could see the little image of the consecrated candle reflected in the soft surface of the pearl, and he heard again in his ears the lovely music of the undersea, the tone of the diffused green light of the sea bottom. Juana, glancing secretly at him, saw him smile. And because they were in some way one thing and one purpose, she smiled with him.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.4984598}
{"text": "He could see the little image of the consecrated candle reflected in the soft surface of the pearl, and he heard again in his ears the lovely music of the undersea, the tone of the diffused green light of the sea bottom. Juana, glancing secretly at him, saw him smile. And because they were in some way one thing and one purpose, she smiled with him. And they began this day with hope. IVIt is wonderful the way a little town keeps track of itself and of all its units. If every single man and woman, child and baby, acts and conducts itself in a known pattern and breaks no walls and differs with no one and experiments in no way and is not sick and does not endanger the ease and peace of mind or steady unbroken flow of the town, then that unit can disappear and never be heard of. But let one man step out of the regular thought or the known and trusted pattern, and the nerves of the townspeople ring with nervousness and communication travels over the nerve lines of the town. Then every unit communicates to the whole. Thus, in La Paz, it was known in the early morning through the whole town that Kino was going to sell his pearl that day. It was known among the neighbours in the brush huts, among the pearl fishermen; it was known among the Chinese grocery-store owners; it was known in the church, for the altar boys whispered about it. Word of it crept in among the nuns; the beggars in front of the church spoke of it, for they would be there to take the tithe of the first fruits of the luck. The little boys knew about it with excitement, but most of all the pearl buyers knew about it, and when the day had come, in the offices of the pearl buyers, each man sat alone with his little black velvet tray, and each man rolled the pearls about with his finger-tips and considered his part in the picture. It was supposed that the pearl buyers were individuals acting alone, bidding against one another for the pearls the fishermen brought in. And once it had been so. But this was a wasteful method, for often, in the excitement of bidding for a fine pearl, too great a price had been paid to the fishermen. This was extravagant and not to be countenanced.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.505971}
{"text": "And once it had been so. But this was a wasteful method, for often, in the excitement of bidding for a fine pearl, too great a price had been paid to the fishermen. This was extravagant and not to be countenanced. Now there was only one pearl buyer with many hands, and the men who sat in their offices and waited for Kino knew what price they would offer, how high they would bid, and what method each one would use. And although these men would not profit beyond their salaries, there was excitement among the pearl buyers, for there was excitement in the hunt, and if it be a man's function to break down a price, then he must take joy and satisfaction in breaking it as far down as possible. For every man in the world functions to the best of his ability, and no one does less than his best, no matter what he may think about it. Quite apart from any reward they might get, from any word of praise, from any promotion, a pearl buyer was a pearl buyer, and the best and happiest pearl buyer was he who bought for the lowest prices. The sun was hot yellow that morning, and it drew the moisture from the estuary and from the Gulf and hung it in shimmering scarves in the air so that the air vibrated and vision was insubstantial. A vision hung in the air to the north of the city - the vision of a mountain that was over two hundred miles away, and the high slopes of this mountain were swaddled with pines and a great stone peak arose above the timber line. And the morning of this day the canoes lay lined up on the beach; the fishermen did not go out to dive for pearls, for there would be too much happening, too many things to see, when Kino went to sell the great pearl. In the brush houses by the shore Kino's neighbours sat long over their breakfasts, and they spoke of what they would do if they had found the pearl. And one man said that he would give it as a present to the Holy Father in Rome. Another said that he would buy Masses for the souls of his family for a thousand years. Another thought he might take the money and distribute it among the poor of La Paz; and a fourth thought of all the good things one could do with the money from the pearl, of all the charities, benefits, of all the rescues one could perform if one had money.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.5352046}
{"text": "And one man said that he would give it as a present to the Holy Father in Rome. Another said that he would buy Masses for the souls of his family for a thousand years. Another thought he might take the money and distribute it among the poor of La Paz; and a fourth thought of all the good things one could do with the money from the pearl, of all the charities, benefits, of all the rescues one could perform if one had money. All of the neighbours hoped that sudden wealth would not turn Kino's head, would not make a rich man of him, would not graft onto him the evil limbs of greed and hatred and coldness. For Kino was a well-liked man; it would be a shame if the pearl destroyed him. \". That good wife Juana,\" they said, \"and the beautiful baby Coyotito, and the others to come. What a pity it would be if the pearl should destroy them all. \"For Kino and Juana this was the morning of mornings of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born. This was to be the day from which all other days would take their arrangement. Thus they would say: \"It was two years before we sold the pearl,\" or, \"It was six weeks after we sold the pearl.\". Juana, considering the matter, threw caution to the winds, and she dressed Coyotito in the clothes she had prepared for his baptism, when there would be money for his baptism. And Juana combed and braided her hair and tied the ends with two little bows of red ribbon, and she put on her marriage skirt and waist. The sun was quarter high when they were ready. Kino's ragged white clothes were clean at least, and this was the last day of his raggedness. For tomorrow, or even this afternoon, he would have new clothes. The neighbours, watching Kino's door through the crevices in their brush houses, were dressed and ready too. There was no self-consciousness about their joining Kino and Juana to go pearl selling. It was expected, it was an historic moment, they would be crazy if they didn't go.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.5255306}
{"text": "For tomorrow, or even this afternoon, he would have new clothes. The neighbours, watching Kino's door through the crevices in their brush houses, were dressed and ready too. There was no self-consciousness about their joining Kino and Juana to go pearl selling. It was expected, it was an historic moment, they would be crazy if they didn't go. It would be almost a sign of unfriendship. Juana put on her head shawl carefully, and she draped one long end under her right elbow and gathered it with her right hand so that a hammock hung under her arm, and in this little hammock she placed Coyotito, propped up against the head shawl so that he could see everything and perhaps remember. Kino put on his large straw hat and felt it with his hand to see that it was properly placed, not on the back or side of his head, like a rash, unmarried, irresponsible man, and not flat as an elder would wear it, but tilted a little forward to show aggressiveness and seriousness and vigor. There is a great deal to be seen in the tilt of a hat on a man. Kino slipped his feet into his sandals and pulled the thongs up over his heels. The great pearl was wrapped in an old soft piece of deerskin and placed in a little leather bag, and the leather bag was in a pocket in Kino's shirt. He folded his blanket carefully and draped it in a narrow strip over his left shoulder, and now they were ready. Kino stepped with dignity out of the house, and Juana followed him, carrying Coyotito. And as they marched up the freshet-washed alley toward the town, the neighbours joined them. The houses belched people; the doorways spewed out children. But because of the seriousness of the occasion, only one man walked with Kino, and that was his brother, Juan Tom s.Juan Tom s cautioned his brother. \". You must be careful to see they do not cheat you,\" he said. And: \"Very careful,\" Kino agreed. \"We do not know what prices are paid in other places,\" said Juan Tom s. \"How can we know what is a fair price, if we do not know what the pearl buyer gets for the pearl in another place. \"\"That is true,\" said Kino, \"but how can we know?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.605368}
{"text": "But because of the seriousness of the occasion, only one man walked with Kino, and that was his brother, Juan Tom s.Juan Tom s cautioned his brother. \". You must be careful to see they do not cheat you,\" he said. And: \"Very careful,\" Kino agreed. \"We do not know what prices are paid in other places,\" said Juan Tom s. \"How can we know what is a fair price, if we do not know what the pearl buyer gets for the pearl in another place. \"\"That is true,\" said Kino, \"but how can we know? We are here, we are not there. \"As they walked up towards the city the crowd grew behind them, and Juan Tom s, in pure nervousness, went on speaking. \"Before you were born, Kino,\" he said, \"the old ones thought of a way to get more money for their pearls. They thought it would be better if they had an agent who took all the pearls to the capital and sold them there and kept only his share of the profit. \"Kino nodded his head. \". I know,\" he said. \". It was a good thought. \"\"And so they got such a man,\" said Juan Tom s, \"and they pooled the pearls, and they started him off. And he was never heard of again and the pearls were lost. Then they got another man, and they started him off, and he was never heard of again. And so they gave the whole thing up and went back to the old way. \"\"I know,\" said Kino. \". I have heard our father tell of it. It was a good idea, but it was against religion, and the Father made that very clear. The loss of the pearl was a punishment visited on those who tried to leave their station. And the Father made it clear that each man and woman is like a soldier sent by God to guard some part of the castle of the Universe. And some are in the ramparts and some far deep in the darkness of the walls. But each one must remain faithful to his post and must not go running about, else the castle is in danger from the assaults of Hell. \"\"I have heard him make that sermon,\" said Juan Tom s. \"He makes it every year. \"The brothers, as they walked along, squinted their eyes a little, as they and their grandfathers and their great-grandfathers had done for four hundred years, since first the strangers came with argument and authority and gunpowder to back up both.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.5849264}
{"text": "And some are in the ramparts and some far deep in the darkness of the walls. But each one must remain faithful to his post and must not go running about, else the castle is in danger from the assaults of Hell. \"\"I have heard him make that sermon,\" said Juan Tom s. \"He makes it every year. \"The brothers, as they walked along, squinted their eyes a little, as they and their grandfathers and their great-grandfathers had done for four hundred years, since first the strangers came with argument and authority and gunpowder to back up both. And in the four hundred years Kino's people had learned only one defense - a slight slitting oftheeyes and a slight tightening of the lips and a retirement. Nothing could break down this wall, and they could remain whole within the wall. The gathering procession was solemn, for they sensed the importance of this day, and any children who showed a tendency to scuffle, to scream, to cry out, to steal hats and rumple hair, were hissed to silence by their elders. So important was this day that an old man came to see, riding on the stalwart shoulders of his nephew. The procession left the brush huts and entered the stone and plaster city where the streets were a little wider and there were narrow pavements beside the building. And as before, the beggars joined them as they passed the church; the grocers looked out at them as they went by; the little saloons lost their customers and the owners closed up shop and went along. And the sun beat down on the streets of the city and even tiny stones threw shadows on the ground. The news of the approach of the procession ran ahead of it, and in their little dark offices the pearl buyers stiffened and grew alert. They got out papers so that they could be at work when Kino appeared, and they put their pearls in the desks, for it is not good to let an inferior pearl be seen beside a beauty. And word of the loveliness of Kino's pearl had come to them. The pearl buyers' offices were clustered together in one narrow street, and they were barred at the windows, and wooden slats cut out the light so that only a soft gloom entered the offices. A stout slow man sat in an office waiting. His face was fatherly and benign, and his eyes twinkled with friendship.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.6304235}
{"text": "And word of the loveliness of Kino's pearl had come to them. The pearl buyers' offices were clustered together in one narrow street, and they were barred at the windows, and wooden slats cut out the light so that only a soft gloom entered the offices. A stout slow man sat in an office waiting. His face was fatherly and benign, and his eyes twinkled with friendship. He was a caller of good mornings, a ceremonious shaker of hands, a jolly man who knew all jokes and yet who hovered close to sadness, for in the midst of a laugh he could remember the death of your aunt, and his eyes could become wet with sorrow for your loss. This morning he had placed a flower in a vase on his desk, a single scarlet hibiscus, and the vase sat beside the black velvet-lined pearl tray in front of him. He was shaved close to the blue roots of his beard, and his hands were clean and his nails polished. His door stood open to the morning, and he hummed under his breath while his right hand practiced legerdemain. He rolled a coin back and forth over his knuckles and made it appear and disappear, made it spin and sparkle. The coin winked into sight and as quickly slipped out of sight, and the man did not even watch his own performance. The fingers did it all mechanically, precisely, while the man hummed to himself and peered out the door. Then he heard the tramp of feet of the approaching crowd, and the fingers of his right hand worked faster and faster until, as the figure of Kino filled the doorway, the coin flashed and disappeared. \"Good morning, my friend,\" the stout man said. \". What can I do for you?\"Kino stared into the dimness of the little office, for his eyes were squeezed from the outside glare. But the buyer's eyes had become as steady and cruel and unwinking as a hawk's eyes, while the rest of his face smiled in greeting. And secretly, behind his desk, his right hand practiced with the coin. \"I have a pearl,\" said Kino. And Juan Tom s stood beside him and snorted a little at the understatement. The neighbours peered around the doorway, and a line of little boysclambered on the window bars and looked through. Several little boys, on their hands and knees, watched the scene around Kino's legs. \"You have a pearl,\" the dealer said.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.6189978}
{"text": "And Juan Tom s stood beside him and snorted a little at the understatement. The neighbours peered around the doorway, and a line of little boysclambered on the window bars and looked through. Several little boys, on their hands and knees, watched the scene around Kino's legs. \"You have a pearl,\" the dealer said. \". Sometimes a man brings in a dozen. Well, let us see your pearl. We will value it and give you the best price.\". And his fingers worked furiously with the coin. Now Kino instinctively knew his own dramatic effects. Slowly he brought out the leather bag, slowly took from it the soft and dirty piece of deerskin, and then he let the great pearl roll into the black velvet tray, and instantly his eyes went to the buyer's face. But there was no sign, no movement, the face did not change, but the secret hand behind the desk missed in its precision. The coin stumbled over a knuckle and slipped silently into the dealer's lap. And the fingers behind the desk curled into a fist. When the right hand came out of hiding, the forefinger touched the great pearl, rolled it on the black velvet; thumb and forefinger picked it up and brought it near to the dealer's eyes and twirled it in the air. Kino held his breath, and the neighbours held their breath, and the whispering went back through the crowd. \". He is inspecting it - No price has been mentioned yet - They have not come to a price. \"Now the dealer's hand had become a personality. The hand tossed the great pearl back in the tray, the forefinger poked and insulted it, and on the dealer's face there came a sad and contemptuous smile. \"I am sorry, my friend,\" he said, and his shoulders rose a little to indicate that the misfortune was no fault of his. \"It is a pearl of great value,\" Kino said. The dealer's fingers spurned the pearl so that it bounced and rebounded softly from the side of the velvet tray. \"You have heard of fool's gold,\" the dealer said. \". This pearl is like fool's gold. It is too large. Who would buy it? There is no market for such things. It is a curiosity only. I am sorry. You thought it was a thing of value, and it is only a curiosity. \"Now Kino's face was perplexed and worried. \". It is the Pearl of theWorld,\" he cried.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.6738465}
{"text": "I am sorry. You thought it was a thing of value, and it is only a curiosity. \"Now Kino's face was perplexed and worried. \". It is the Pearl of theWorld,\" he cried. \". No one has ever seen such a pearl. \"\"On the contrary,\" said the dealer, \"it is large and clumsy. As a curiosity it has interest; some museum might perhaps take it to place in a collection of seashells. I can give you, say, a thousand pesos. \"Kino's face grew dark and dangerous. \". It is worth fifty thousand,\" he said. \". You know it. You want to cheat me. \"And the dealer heard a little grumble go through the crowd as they heard his price. And the dealer felt a little tremor of fear. \"Do not blame me,\" he said quickly. \". I am only an appraiser. Ask the others. Go to their offices and show your pearl - or better, let them come here, so that you can see there is no collusion. Boy,\" he called. And when his servant looked through the rear door: \"Boy, go to such a one, and such another one and such a third one. Ask them to step in here and do not tell them why. Just say that I will be pleased to see them.\". And his right hand went behind the desk and pulled another coin from his pocket, and the coin rolled back and forth over the knuckles. Kino's neighbours whispered together. They had been afraid of something like this. The pearl was large, but it had a strange colour. They had been suspicious of it from the first. And after all, a thousand pesos was not to be thrown away. It was comparative wealth to a man who was not wealthy. And suppose Kino took a thousand pesos. Only yesterday he had nothing. But Kino had grown tight and hard. He felt the creeping of fate, the circling of wolves, the hover of vultures. He felt the evil coagulating about him, and he was helpless to protect himself. He heard in his ears the evil music. And on the black velvet the great pearl glistened, so that the dealer could not keep his eyes from it. The crowd in the doorway wavered and broke and let the three pearl dealers through. The crowd was silent now, fearing to miss a word, to fail to see a gesture or an expression. Kino was silent and watchful.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.7112494}
{"text": "And on the black velvet the great pearl glistened, so that the dealer could not keep his eyes from it. The crowd in the doorway wavered and broke and let the three pearl dealers through. The crowd was silent now, fearing to miss a word, to fail to see a gesture or an expression. Kino was silent and watchful. He felt a little tugging at his back, and he turned and looked in Juana's eyes, and when he looked away he had renewed strength. The dealers did not glance at one another nor at the pearl. The man behind the desk said: \"I have put a value on this pearl. The owner here does not think it fair. I will ask you to examine this - this thing and make an offer. Notice,\" he said to Kino, \"I have not mentioned what I have offered. \"The first dealer, dry and stringy, seemed now to see the pearl for the first time. He took it up, rolled it quickly between thumb and forefinger, and then cast it contemptuously back into the tray. \"Do not include me in the discussion,\" he said dryly. \". I will make no offer at all. I do not want it. This is not a pearl - it is a monstrosity.\". His thin lips curled. Now the second dealer, a little man with a shy soft voice, took up the pearl, and he examined it carefully. He took a glass from his pocket and inspected it under magnification. Then he laughed softly. \"Better pearls are made of paste,\" he said. \". I know these things. This is soft and chalky, it will lose its color and die in a few months. Look-\" He offered the glass to Kino, showedhim how to use it, and Kino, who had never seen a pearl's surface magnified, was shocked at the strange-looking surface. The third dealer took the pearl from Kino's hands. \". One of my clients likes such things,\" he said. \". I will offer five hundred pesos, and perhaps I can sell it to my client for six hundred. \"Kino reached quickly and snatched the pearl from his hand. He wrapped it in the deerskin and thrust it inside his shirt. The man behind the desk said, \"I'm a fool, I know, but my first offer stands. I still offer one thousand. What are you doing?\". He asked, as Kino thrust the pearl out of sight. \"I am cheated,\" Kino cried fiercely.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.6964505}
{"text": "He wrapped it in the deerskin and thrust it inside his shirt. The man behind the desk said, \"I'm a fool, I know, but my first offer stands. I still offer one thousand. What are you doing?\". He asked, as Kino thrust the pearl out of sight. \"I am cheated,\" Kino cried fiercely. \". My pearl is not for sale here. I will go, perhaps even to the capital. \"Now the dealers glanced quickly at one another. They knew they had played too hard; they knew they would be disciplined for their failure, and the man at the desk said quickly, \"I might go to fifteen hundred. \"But Kino was pushing his way through the crowd. The hum of talk came to him dimly, his rage blood pounded in his ears, and he burst through and strode away. Juana followed, trotting after him. When the evening came, the neighbours in the brush houses sat eating their corncakes and beans, and they discussed the great theme of the morning. They did not know, it seemed a fine pearl to them, but they had never seen such a pearl before, and surely the dealers knew more about the value of pearls than they. \". And mark this,\" they said. \". Those dealers did not discuss these things. Each of the three knew the pearl was valueless. \"\"But suppose they had arranged it before?\"\"If that is so, then all of us have been cheated all of our lives. \"Perhaps, some argued, perhaps it would have been better if Kino took the one thousand five hundred pesos. That is a great deal of money, more than he has ever seen. Maybe Kino is being a pig-headed fool. Suppose he should really go to the capital and find no buyer for his pearl. He would never live that down. And now, said other fearful ones, now that he had defied them, those buyers will not want to deal with him at all. Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself. And others said, Kino is a brave man, and a fierce man; he is right. From his courage we may all profit. These were proud of Kino. In his house Kino squatted on his sleeping mat, brooding. He had buried his pearl under a stone of the fire hole in his house, and he stared at the woven tules of his sleeping-mat until the crossed design danced in his head. He had lost one world and had not gained another. And Kino was afraid.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.723307}
{"text": "He had buried his pearl under a stone of the fire hole in his house, and he stared at the woven tules of his sleeping-mat until the crossed design danced in his head. He had lost one world and had not gained another. And Kino was afraid. Never in his life had he been far from home. He was afraid of strangers and of strange places. He was terrified of that monster of strangeness they called the capital. It lay over the water and through the mountains, over a thousand miles, and every strange terrible mile was frightening. But Kino had lost his old world and he must clamber on to a new one. For his dream of the future was real and never to be destroyed, and he had said \"I will go,\" and that made a real thing too. To determine to go and to say it was to be halfway there. Juana watched him while he buried his pearl, and she watched him while she cleaned Coyotito and nursed him, and Juana made the corn-cakes for supper. Juan Tom s came in and squatted down beside Kino and remained silent for a long time, until at last Kino demanded: \"What else could I do? They are cheats. \"Juan Tom s nodded gravely. He was the elder, and Kino looked to him for wisdom. \". It is hard to know,\" he said. \". We do know that we are cheated from birth to the overcharge on our coffins. But we survive. You have defied not the pearl buyers, but the whole structure, the whole way of life, and I am afraid for you. \"\"What have I to fear but starvation?\". Kino asked. But Juan Tom s shook his head slowly. \". That we must all fear. But suppose you are correct - suppose your pearl is of great value - do you think then the game is over?\"\"What do you mean?\"\"I don't know,\" said Juan Tom s, \"but I am afraid for you. It is new ground you are walking on, you do not know the way. \"\"I will go. I will go soon,\" said Kino. \"Yes,\" Juan Tom s agreed. \". That you must do. But I wonder if you will find it any different in the capital. Here, you have friends and me, your brother. There, you will have no one. \"\"What can I do?\". Kino cried. \". Some deep outrage is here. My son must have a chance. That is what they are striking at.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.7688565}
{"text": "\"Some deep outrage is here. My son must have a chance. That is what they are striking at. My friends will protect me. \"\"Only so long as they are not in danger or discomfort from it,\" said Juan Tom s. He arose, saying: \"Go with God. \"And Kino said: \"Go with God,\" and did not even look up, for the words had a strange chill in them. Long after Juan Tom s had gone Kino sat brooding on his sleeping-mat. A lethargy had settled on him, and a little gray hopelessness. Every road seemed blocked against him. In his head he heard only the dark music of the enemy. His senses were burningly alive, but his mind went back to the deep participation with all things, the gift he had from his people. He heard every little sound of the gathering night, the sleepy complaint of settling birds, the love agony of cats, the strike and withdrawal of little waves on the beach, and the simple hiss of distance. And he could smell the sharp odour of exposed kelp from the receding tide. The little flare of the twig fire made the design on his sleeping-mat jump before his entranced eyes. Juana watched him with worry, but she knew him and she knew she could help him best by being silent and by being near. And as though she too could hear the Song of Evil, she fought it, singing softly the melody of the family, of the safety and warmth and wholeness of the family. She held Coyotito in her arms and sang the song to him, to keep the evil out, and her voice was brave against the threat of the dark music. Kino did not move nor ask for his supper. She knew he would ask when he wanted it. His eyes were entranced, and he could sense the wary, watchful evil outside the brush house; he could feel the dark creeping things waiting for him to go out into the night. It was shadowy and dreadful, and yet it called to him and threatened him and challenged him. His right hand went into his shirt and felt his knife; his eyes were wide; he stood up and walked to the doorway. Juana willed to stop him; she raised her hand to stop him, and her mouth opened with terror. For a long moment Kino looked out into the darkness and then he stepped outside. Juana heard the little rush, the grunting struggle, the blow.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.813198}
{"text": "His right hand went into his shirt and felt his knife; his eyes were wide; he stood up and walked to the doorway. Juana willed to stop him; she raised her hand to stop him, and her mouth opened with terror. For a long moment Kino looked out into the darkness and then he stepped outside. Juana heard the little rush, the grunting struggle, the blow. She froze with terror for a moment, and then her lips drew back from her teeth like a cat's lips. She set Coyotito down on the ground. She seized a stone from the fireplace and rushed outside, but it was over by then. Kino lay on the ground, struggling to rise, and there was no one near him. Only the shadows and the strike and rush of waves and the hiss of distance. But the evil was all about, hidden behind the brush fence, crouched beside the house in the shadow, hovering in the air. Juana dropped her stone, and she put her arms around Kino and helped him to his feet and supported him into the house. Blood oozed down from his scalp and there was a long deep cut in his cheek from ear to chin, a deep, bleeding slash. And Kino was only half conscious. He shook his head from side to side. His shirt was torn open and his clothes half pulled off. Juana sat him down on his sleeping-mat and she wiped the thickening blood from his face with her skirt. She brought him pulque to drink in a little pitcher, and still he shook his head to clear out the darkness. \"Who?\". Juana asked. \"I don't know,\" Kino said. \". I didn't see. \"Now Juana brought her clay pot of water and she washed the cut on his face while he stared dazed ahead of him. \"Kino, my husband,\" she cried, and his eyes stared past her. \". Kino, can you hear me?\"\"I hear you,\" he said dully. \"Kino, this pearl is evil. Let us destroy it before it destroys us. Let us crush it between two stones. Let us - let us throw it back in the sea where it belongs. Kino, it is evil, it is evil!\"And as she spoke the light came back in Kino's eyes so that they glowed fiercely and his muscles hardened and his will hardened. \"No,\" he said. \". I will fight this thing. I will win over it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.7593048}
{"text": "Kino, it is evil, it is evil!\"And as she spoke the light came back in Kino's eyes so that they glowed fiercely and his muscles hardened and his will hardened. \"No,\" he said. \". I will fight this thing. I will win over it. We will have our chance.\". His fist pounded the sleeping-mat. \". No one shall take our good fortune from us,\" he said. His eyes softened then and he raised a gentle hand to Juana's shoulder. \". Believe me,\" he said. \". I am a man.\". And his face grew crafty. \"In the morning we will take our canoe and we will go over the sea and over the mountains to the capital, you and I. We will not be cheated. I am a man. \"\"Kino,\" she said huskily, \"I am afraid. A man can be killed. Let us throw the pearl back into the sea. \"\"Hush,\" he said fiercely. \". I am a man. Hush.\". And she was silent, for his voice was command. \". Let us sleep a little,\" he said. \". In the first light we will start. You are not afraid to go with me?\"\"No, my husband. \"His eyes were soft and warm on her then, his hand touched her cheek. \". Let us sleep a little,\" he said. VThe late moon arose before the first rooster crowed. Kino opened his eyes in the darkness, for he sensed movement near him, but he did not move. Only his eyes searched the darkness, and in the pale light of the moon that crept through the holes in the brush house Kino saw Juana arise silently from beside him. He saw her move toward the fireplace. So carefully did she work that he heard only the lightest sound when she moved the fireplace stone. And then like a shadow she glided toward the door. She paused for a moment beside the hanging box where Coyotito lay, then for a second she was black in the doorway, and then she was gone. And rage surged in Kino. He rolled up to his feet and followed her as silently as she had gone, and he could hear her quick footsteps going toward the shore. Quietly he tracked her, and his brain was red with anger. She burst clear out of the brush line and stumbled over the little boulders toward the water, and then she heard him coming and she broke into a run.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.8330233}
{"text": "He rolled up to his feet and followed her as silently as she had gone, and he could hear her quick footsteps going toward the shore. Quietly he tracked her, and his brain was red with anger. She burst clear out of the brush line and stumbled over the little boulders toward the water, and then she heard him coming and she broke into a run. Her arm was up to throw when he leaped at her and caught her arm and wrenched the pearl from her. He struck her in the face with his clenched fist and she fell among the boulders, and he kicked her in the side. In the pale light he could see the little waves break over her, and her skirt floated about and clung to her legs as the water receded. Kino looked down at her and his teeth were bared. He hissed at her like a snake, and Juana stared at him with wide unfrightened eyes, like a sheep before the butcher. She knew there was murder in him, and it was all right; she had accepted it, and she would not resist or even protest. And then the rage left him and a sick disgust took its place. He turned away from her and walked up the beach and through the brush line. His senses were dulled by his emotion. He heard the rush, got his knife out and lunged at one dark figure and felt his knife go home, and then he was swept to his knees and swept again to the ground. Greedy fingers went through his clothes, frantic fingers searched him, and the pearl, knocked from his hand, lay winking behind a little stone in the pathway. It glinted in the soft moonlight. Juana dragged herself up from the rocks on the edge of the water. Her face was a dull pain and her side ached. She steadied herself on her knees for a while and her wet skirt clung to her. There was no anger in her for Kino. He had said: \"I am a man,\" and that meant certain things to Juana. It meant that he was half insane and half god. It meant that Kino would drive his strength against a mountain and plunge his strength against the sea. Juana, in her woman's soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.8500693}
{"text": "It meant that he was half insane and half god. It meant that Kino would drive his strength against a mountain and plunge his strength against the sea. Juana, in her woman's soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it. And yet it was this thing that made him a man, half insane and half god, and Juana had need of a man; she could not live without a man. Although she might be puzzled by these differences between man and woman, she knew them and accepted them and needed them. Of course she would follow him, there was no question of that. Sometimes the quality of woman, the reason, the caution, the sense of preservation, could cut through Kino's manness and save them all. She climbed painfully to her feet, and she dipped her cupped palms in the little waves and washed her bruised face with the stinging salt water, and then she went creeping up the beach after Kino. A flight of herring clouds had moved over the sky from the south. The pale moon dipped in and out of the strands of clouds so that Juana walked in darkness for a moment and in light the next. Her back was bent with pain and her head was low. She went through the line of brush when the moon was covered, and when it looked through she saw the glimmer of the great pearl in the path behind the rock. She sank to her knees and picked it up, and the moon went into the darkness of the clouds again. Juana remained on her knees while she considered whether to go back to the sea and finish her job, and as she considered, the light came again, and she saw two dark figures lying in the path ahead ofher. She leaped forward and saw that one was Kino and the other a stranger with dark shiny fluid leaking from his throat. Kino moved sluggishly, arms and legs stirred like those of a crushed bug, and a thick muttering came from his mouth. Now, in an instant, Juana knew that the old life was gone forever. A dead man in the path and Kino's knife, dark-bladed beside him, convinced her. All of the time Juana had been trying to rescue something of the old peace, of the time before the pearl. But now it was gone, and there was no retrieving it. And knowing this, she abandoned the past instantly.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.8691032}
{"text": "All of the time Juana had been trying to rescue something of the old peace, of the time before the pearl. But now it was gone, and there was no retrieving it. And knowing this, she abandoned the past instantly. There was nothing to do but to save themselves. Her pain was gone now, her slowness. Quickly she dragged the dead man from the pathway into the shelter of the brush. She went to Kino and sponged his face with her wet skirt. His senses were coming back and he moaned. \"They have taken the pearl. I have lost it. Now it is over,\" he said. \". The pearl is gone. \"Juana quieted him as she would quiet a sick child. \". Hush,\" she said. \". Here is your pearl. I found it in the path. Can you hear me now? Here is your pearl. Can you understand? You have killed a man. We must go away. They will come for us, can you understand? We must be gone before the daylight comes. \"\"I was attacked,\" Kino said uneasily. \". I struck to save my life. \"\"Do you remember yesterday?\". Juana asked. \". Do you think that will matter? Do you remember the men of the city? Do you think your explanation will help?\"Kino drew a great breath and fought off his weakness. \". No,\" he said. \". You are right.\". And his will hardened and he was a man again. \"Go to our house and bring Coyotito,\" he said, \"and bring all the corn we have. I will drag the canoe into the water and we will go. \"He took his knife and left her. He stumbled toward the beach and he came to his canoe. And when the light broke through again he saw that a great hole had been knocked in the bottom. And a searing rage came to him and gave him strength. Now the darkness was closing in on his family; now the evil music filled the night, hung over the mangroves, skirled in the wave beat. The canoe of his grandfather, plastered over and over, and a splintered hole broken in it. This was an evil beyond thinking. The killing of a man was not so evil as the killing of a boat. For a boat does not have sons, and a boat cannot protect itself, and a wounded boat does not heal. There was sorrow in Kino's rage, but this last thing had tightened him beyond breaking.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.9091995}
{"text": "The killing of a man was not so evil as the killing of a boat. For a boat does not have sons, and a boat cannot protect itself, and a wounded boat does not heal. There was sorrow in Kino's rage, but this last thing had tightened him beyond breaking. He was an animal now, for hiding, for attacking, and he lived only to preserve himself and his family. He was not conscious of the pain in his head. He leaped up the beach, through the brush line toward his brush house, and it did not occur to him to take one of the canoes of his neighbours. Never once did the thought enter his head, any more than he could have conceived breaking a boat. The roosters were crowing and the dawn was not far off. Smoke of the first fires seeped out through the walls of the brush houses, and the first smell of cooking corncakes was in the air. Already the dawn birds were scampering in the bushes. The weak moon was losing its light and the clouds thickened and curdled to the southward. The wind blew freshly into the estuary, a nervous, restless wind with the smell of storm on its breath, and there was change and uneasiness in the air. Kino, hurrying toward his house, felt a surge of exhilaration. Now he was not confused, for there was only one thing to do, and Kino's hand went first to the great pearl in his shirt and then to his knife hanging under his shirt. He saw a little glow ahead of him, and then without interval a tall flame leaped up in the dark with a crackling roar, and a tall edifice of fire lighted the pathway. Kino broke into a run; it was his brush house, he knew. And he knew that these houses could burn down in a very few moments. And as he ran a scuttling figure ran toward him - Juana, with Coyotito in her arms and Kino's shoulder blanket-clutched in her hand. The baby moaned with fright, and Juana's eyes were wide and terrified. Kino could see the house was gone, and he did not question Juana. He knew, but she said: \"It was torn up and the floor dug - even the baby's box turned out, and as I looked they put the fire to the outside. \"The fierce light of the burning house lighted Kino's face strongly.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.921965}
{"text": "The baby moaned with fright, and Juana's eyes were wide and terrified. Kino could see the house was gone, and he did not question Juana. He knew, but she said: \"It was torn up and the floor dug - even the baby's box turned out, and as I looked they put the fire to the outside. \"The fierce light of the burning house lighted Kino's face strongly. \". Who?\". He demanded. \"I don't know,\" she said. \". The dark ones. \"The neighbours were tumbling from their houses now, and they watched the falling sparks and stamped them out to save their own houses. Suddenly Kino was afraid. The light made him afraid. He remembered the man lying dead in the brush beside the path, and he took Juana by the arm and drew her into the shadow of a house away from the light, for light was danger to him. For a moment he considered and then he worked among the shadows until he came to the house of Juan Tom s, his brother, and he slipped into the doorway and drew Juana after him. Outside, he could hear the squeal of children and the shouts of the neighbours, for his friends thought he might be inside the burning house. The house of Juan Tom s was almost exactly like Kino's house; nearly all the brush houses were alike, and all leaked light and air, so that Juana and Kino, sitting in the corner of the brother's house, could see the leaping flames through the wall. They saw the flames tall and furious, they saw the roof fall and watched the fire die down as quickly as a twig fire dies. They heard the cries of warning of their friends, and the shrill, keening cry of Apolonia, wife of Juan Tom s. She, being the nearest woman relative, raised a formal lament for the dead of the family. Apolonia realized that she was wearing her second-best head-shawl and she rushed to her house to get her fine new one. As she rummaged in a box by the wall, Kino's voice said quietly: \"Apolonia, do not cry out. We are not hurt. \"\"How do you come here?\". She demanded. \"Do not question,\" he said. \". Go now to Juan Tom s and bring him here and tell no one else.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.932485}
{"text": "As she rummaged in a box by the wall, Kino's voice said quietly: \"Apolonia, do not cry out. We are not hurt. \"\"How do you come here?\". She demanded. \"Do not question,\" he said. \". Go now to Juan Tom s and bring him here and tell no one else. This is important to us, Apolonia. \"She paused, her hands helpless in front of her, and then: \"Yes, my brother-in-law,\" she said. In a few moments Juan Tom s came back with her. He lighted a candle and came to them where they crouched in a corner and he said: \"Apolonia, see to the door, and do not let anyone enter.\". He was older, Juan Tom s, and he assumed the authority. \". Now, my brother,\" he said. \"I was attacked in the dark,\" said Kino. \". And in the fight I have killed a man. \"\"Who?\". Asked Juan Tom s quickly. \"I do not know. It is all darkness - all darkness and shape of darkness. \"\"It is the pearl,\" said Juan Tom s. \"There is a devil in this pearl. You should have sold it and passed on the devil. Perhaps you can still sell it and buy peace for yourself. \"And Kino said: \"Oh, my brother, an insult has been put on me that is deeper than my life. For on the beach my canoe is broken, my house is burned, and in the brush a dead man lies. Every escape is cut off. You must hide us, my brother. \"And Kino, looking closely, saw deep worry come into his brother's eyes and he forestalled him in a possible refusal. \". Not for long,\" he said quickly. \". Only until a day has passed and the new night has come. Then we will go. \"\"I will hide you,\" said Juan Tom s.\"I do not want to bring danger to you,\" Kino said. \". I know I am like a leprosy. I will go tonight and then you will be safe. \"\"I will protect you,\" said Juan Tom s, and he called: \"Apolonia, close up the door. Do not even whisper that Kino is here. \"They sat silently all day in the darkness of the house, and they could hear the neighbours speaking of them. Through the walls of the house they could watch their neighbours raking through the ashes to find the bones.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.9663672}
{"text": "I will go tonight and then you will be safe. \"\"I will protect you,\" said Juan Tom s, and he called: \"Apolonia, close up the door. Do not even whisper that Kino is here. \"They sat silently all day in the darkness of the house, and they could hear the neighbours speaking of them. Through the walls of the house they could watch their neighbours raking through the ashes to find the bones. Crouching in the house of Juan Tom s, they heard the shock go into their neighbours' minds at the news of the broken boat. Juan Tom s went out among the neighbours to divert their suspicions, and he gave them theories and ideas of what had happened to Kino and to Juana and to the baby. To one he said: \"I think they have gone south along the coast to escape the evil that was on them. \"And to another: \"Kino would never leave the sea. Perhaps he found another boat.\". And he said: \"Apolonia is ill with grief. \"And in that day the wind rose up to beat the Gulf and tore the kelps and weeds that lined the shore, and the wind cried through the brush houses and no boat was safe on the water. Then Juan Tom s told among the neighbours: \"Kino is gone. If he went to the sea, he is drowned by now.\". And after each trip among the neighbours Juan Tom s came back with something borrowed. He brought a little woven straw bag of red beans and a gourd full of rice. He borrowed a cup of dried peppers and a block of salt, and he brought in a long working knife, eighteen inches long and heavy, as a small ax, a tool and a weapon. And when Kino saw this knife his eyes lighted up, and he fondled the blade and his thumb tested the edge. The wind screamed over the Gulf and turned the water white, and the mangroves plunged like frightened cattle, and a fine sandy dusta rose from the land and hung in a stifling cloud over the sea. The wind drove off the clouds and skimmed the sky clean and drifted the sand of the country like snow. Then Juan Tom s, when the evening approached, talked long with his brother. \". Where will you go?\"\"To the north,\" said Kino. \". I have heard that there are cities in the north. \"\"Avoid the shore,\" said Juan Tom s. \"They are making a party to search the shore. The men in the city will look for you.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.0088882}
{"text": "\"I have heard that there are cities in the north. \"\"Avoid the shore,\" said Juan Tom s. \"They are making a party to search the shore. The men in the city will look for you. Do you still have the pearl?\"\"I have it,\" said Kino. \". And I will keep it. I might have given it as a gift, but now it is my misfortune and my life and I will keep it.\". His eyes were hard and cruel and bitter. Coyotito whimpered and Juana muttered little magics over him to make him silent. \"The wind is good,\" said Juan Tom s. \"There will be no tracks. \"They left quietly in the dark before the moon had risen. The family stood formally in the house of Juan Tom s. Juana carried Coyotito on her back, covered and held in by her head shawl, and the baby slept, cheek turned sideways against her shoulder. The headshawl covered the baby, and one end of it came across Juana's nose to protect her from the evil night air. Juan Tom s embraced his brother with the double embrace and kissed him on both cheeks. \". Go withGod,\" he said, and it was like a death. \". You will not give up the pearl?\"\"This pearl has become my soul,\" said Kino. \". If I give it up I shall lose my soul. Go thou also with God. \"VIThe wind blew fierce and strong, and it pelted them with bits of sticks, sand, and little rocks. Juana and Kino gathered their clothing tighter about them and covered their noses and went out into the world. The sky was brushed clean by the wind and the stars were cold in a black sky. The two walked carefully, and they avoided the center of the town where some sleeper in a doorway might see them pass. For the town closed itself in against the night, and anyone who moved about in the darkness would be noticeable. Kino threaded his way around the edge of the city and turned north, north by the stars, and found the rutted sandy road that led through the brushy country towards Loreto, where the miraculous Virgin has her station. Kino could feel the blown sand against his ankles and he was glad, for he knew there would be no tracks. The little light from the stars made out for him the narrow road through the brushy country. And Kino could hear the pad of Juana's feet behind him.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406263.9936013}
{"text": "Kino threaded his way around the edge of the city and turned north, north by the stars, and found the rutted sandy road that led through the brushy country towards Loreto, where the miraculous Virgin has her station. Kino could feel the blown sand against his ankles and he was glad, for he knew there would be no tracks. The little light from the stars made out for him the narrow road through the brushy country. And Kino could hear the pad of Juana's feet behind him. He went quickly and quietly, and Juana trotted behind him to keep up. Some ancient thing stirred in Kino. Through his fear of dark and the devils that haunt the night, there came a rush of exhilaration; some animal thing was moving in him so that he was cautious and wary and dangerous; some ancient thing out of the past of his people was alive in him. The wind was at his back and the stars guided him. The wind cried and whisked in the brush, and the family went on monotonously, hour after hour. They passed no one and saw no one. At last, to their right, the waning moon arose, and when it came up the wind died down, and the land was still. Now they could see the little road ahead of them, deep cut with sand-drifted wheel tracks. With the wind gone there would be footprints, but they were a good distance from the town and perhaps their tracks might not be noticed. Kino walked carefully in a wheel-rut, and Juana followed in his path. One big cart, going to the town in the morning, could wipe out every trace of their passage. All night they walked and never changed their pace. Once Coyotito awakened, and Juana shifted him in front of her and soothed him until he went to sleep again. And the evils of the night were about them. The coyotes cried and laughed in the brush, and the owls screeched and hissed over their heads. And once some large animal lumbered away, crackling the undergrowth as it went. And Kino gripped the handle of the big working knife and took a sense of protection from it. The music of the pearl was triumphant in Kino's head, and the quiet melody of the family underlay it, and they wove themselves into the soft padding of sandalled feet in the dust.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.028806}
{"text": "The coyotes cried and laughed in the brush, and the owls screeched and hissed over their heads. And once some large animal lumbered away, crackling the undergrowth as it went. And Kino gripped the handle of the big working knife and took a sense of protection from it. The music of the pearl was triumphant in Kino's head, and the quiet melody of the family underlay it, and they wove themselves into the soft padding of sandalled feet in the dust. All night they walked, and in the first dawn Kino searched the roadside for a covert to lie in during the day. He found his place near to the road, a little clearing where deer might have lain, and it was curtained thickly with the dry brittle trees that lined the road. And when Juana had seated herself and had settled to nurse the baby, Kino went back to the road. He broke a branch and carefully swept the footprints where they had turned from the roadway. And then, in the first light, he heard the creak of a wagon, and he crouched beside the road and watched a heavy two-wheeled cart go by, drawn by slouching oxen. And when it had passed out of sight, he went back to the roadway and looked at the rutand found that the footprints weregone. And again he swept out his traces and went back to Juana. She gave him the soft corn-cakes Apolonia had packed for them, and after a while she slept a little. But Kino sat on the ground and stared at the earth in front of him. He watched the ants moving, a little column of them near to his foot, and he put his foot in their path. Then the column climbed over his instep and continued on itsway, and Kino left his foot there and watched them move over it. The sun arose hotly. They were not near the Gulf now, and the air was dry and hot so that the brush cricked with heat and a good resinous smell came from it. And when Juana awakened, when the sun was high, Kino told her things she knew already. \"Beware of that kind of tree there,\" he said, pointing. \". Do not touch it, for if you do and then touch your eyes, it will blind you. And beware of the tree that bleeds. See, that one over there.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.0579083}
{"text": "\"Do not touch it, for if you do and then touch your eyes, it will blind you. And beware of the tree that bleeds. See, that one over there. For if you break it the red blood will flow from it, and it is evil luck.\". And she nodded and smiled a little at him, for she knew these things. \"Will they follow us?\". She asked. \". Do you think they will try to find us?\"\"They will try,\" said Kino. \". Whoever finds us will take the pearl. Oh, they will try. \"And Juana said: \"Perhaps the dealers were right and the pearl has no value. Perhaps this has all been an illusion. \"Kino reached into his clothes and brought out the pearl. He let the sun play on it until it burned in his eyes. \". No,\" he said, \"they would not have tried to steal it if it had been valueless. \"\"Do you know who attacked you? Was it the dealers?\"\"I do not know,\" he said. \". I didn't see them. \"He looked into his pearl to find his vision. \". When we sell it at last, I will have a rifle,\" he said, and he looked into the shining surface for his rifle, but he saw only a huddled dark body on the ground with shining blood dripping from its throat. And he said quickly: \"We will be married in a great church.\". And in the pearl he saw Juana with her beaten face crawling home through the night. \". Our son must learn to read,\" he said frantically. And there in the pearl Coyotito's face, thick and feverish from the medicine. And Kino thrust the pearl back into his clothing, and the music of the pearl had become sinister in his ears, and it was interwoven with the music of evil. The hot sun beat on the earth so that Kino and Juana moved into the lacy shade of the brush, and small gray birds scampered on the ground in the shade. In the heat of the dayKino relaxed and covered his eyes with his hat and wrapped his blanket about his face to keep the flies off, and he slept. But Juana did not sleep. She sat quiet as a stone and her face was quiet. Her mouth was still swollen where Kino had struck her, and big flies buzzed around the cut on her chin.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.1136327}
{"text": "In the heat of the dayKino relaxed and covered his eyes with his hat and wrapped his blanket about his face to keep the flies off, and he slept. But Juana did not sleep. She sat quiet as a stone and her face was quiet. Her mouth was still swollen where Kino had struck her, and big flies buzzed around the cut on her chin. But she sat as still as a sentinel, and when Coyotito awakened she placed him on the ground in front of her and watched him wave his arms and kick his feet, and he smiled and gurgled at her until she smiled too. She picked up a little twig from the ground and tickled him, and she gave him water from the gourd she carried in her bundle. Kino stirred in a dream, and he cried out in a guttural voice, and his hand moved in symbolic fighting. And then he moaned and sat up suddenly, his eyes wide and his nostrils flaring. He listened and heard only the cricking heat and the hiss of distance. \"What is it?\". Juana asked. \"Hush,\" he said. \"You were dreaming. \"\"Perhaps.\". But he was restless, and when she gave him a corn-cake from her store he paused in his chewing to listen. He was uneasy and nervous; he glanced over his shoulder; he lifted the big knife and felt its edge. When Coyotito gurgled on the ground Kino said: \"Keep him quiet. \"\"What is the matter?\". Juana asked. \"I don't know. \"He listened again, an animal light in his eyes. He stood up then, silently; and crouched low, he threaded his way through the brush towards the road. But he did not step into the road; he crept into the cover of a thorny tree and peered out along the way he had come. And then he saw them moving along. His body stiffened and he drew down his head and peeked out from under a fallen branch. In the distance he could see three figures, two on foot and one on horseback. But he knew what they were, and a chill of fear went through him. Even in the distance he could see the two on foot moving slowly along, bent low to the ground. Here, one would pause and look at the earth, while the other joined him. They were the trackers, they could follow the trail of a big horn sheep in the stone mountains. They were as sensitive as hounds.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.0759408}
{"text": "Here, one would pause and look at the earth, while the other joined him. They were the trackers, they could follow the trail of a big horn sheep in the stone mountains. They were as sensitive as hounds. Here, he and Juana might have stepped out of the wheel rut, and these people from the inland, these hunters, could follow, could read a broken straw or a little tumbled pile of dust. Behind them, on a horse, was a dark man, his nose covered with a blanket, and across his saddle a rifle gleamed in the sun. Kino lay as rigid as the tree limb. He barely breathed, and his eyes went to the place where he had swept out the track. Even the sweeping might be a message to the trackers. He knew these inland hunters. In a country where there was little game they managed to live because of their ability to hunt, and they were hunting him. They scuttled over the ground like animals and found a sign and crouched over it while the horseman waited. The trackers whined a little, like excited dogs on a warming trail. Kino slowly drew his big knife to his hand and made it ready. He knew what he must do. If the trackers found the swept place, he must leap for the horseman, kill him quickly and take the rifle. That was his only chance in the world. And as the three drew nearer on the road, Kino dug little pits with his sandalled toes so that he could leap without warning, so that his feet would not slip. He had only a little vision under the fallen limb. Now Juana, back in her hidden place, heard the pad of the horse's hoofs, and Coyotito gurgled. She took him up quickly and put him under her shawl and gave him her breast and he was silent. When the trackers came near, Kino could see only their legs and only the legs of the horse from under the fallen branch. He saw the dark horny feet of the men and their ragged white clothes, and he heard the creak of leather of the saddle and the clink of spurs. The trackers stopped at the swept place and studied it, and the horseman stopped. The horse flung his head up against the bit and the bit-roller clicked under his tongue and the horse snorted.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.1295679}
{"text": "She took him up quickly and put him under her shawl and gave him her breast and he was silent. When the trackers came near, Kino could see only their legs and only the legs of the horse from under the fallen branch. He saw the dark horny feet of the men and their ragged white clothes, and he heard the creak of leather of the saddle and the clink of spurs. The trackers stopped at the swept place and studied it, and the horseman stopped. The horse flung his head up against the bit and the bit-roller clicked under his tongue and the horse snorted. Then the dark trackers turned and studied the horse and watched his ears. Kino was not breathing, but his back arched a little and the muscles of his arms and legs stood out with tension and a line of sweat formed on his upper lip. For a long moment the trackers bent over the road, and then they moved on slowly, studying the ground ahead of them, and the horseman moved after them. The trackers scuttled along, stopping, looking, and hurrying on. They would be back, Kino knew. They would be circling and searching, peeping, stopping, and they would come back sooner or later to his covered track. He slid backward and did not bother to cover his tracks. He could not; too many little signs were there, too many broken twigs and scuffed places and displaced stones. And there was a panic in Kino now, a panic of flight. The trackers would find his trail, he knew it. There was no escape, except in flight. He edged away from the road and went quickly and silently to the hidden place where Juana was. She looked up at him in question. \"Trackers,\" he said. \". Come!\"And then a helplessness and a hopelessness swept over him, and his face went black and his eyes were sad. \". Perhaps I should let them take me. \"Instantly Juana was on her feet and her hand lay on his arm. \". You have the pearl,\" she cried hoarsely. \". Do you think they would take you back alive to say they had stolen it?\"His hand strayed limply to the place where the pearl was hidden under his clothes. \". They will find it,\" he said weakly. \"Come,\" she said. \". Come!\"And when he did not respond, \"Do you think they would let me live?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.1756003}
{"text": "\"Do you think they would take you back alive to say they had stolen it?\"His hand strayed limply to the place where the pearl was hidden under his clothes. \". They will find it,\" he said weakly. \"Come,\" she said. \". Come!\"And when he did not respond, \"Do you think they would let me live? Do you think they would let the little one here live?\"Her goading struck into his brain; his lips snarled and his eyes were fierce again. \". Come,\" he said. \". We will go into the mountains. Maybe we can lose them in the mountains. \"Frantically he gathered the gourds and the little bags that were their property. Kino carried a bundle in his left hand, but the big knife swung free in his right hand. He parted the brush for Juana and they hurried to the west, towards the high stone mountains. They trotted quickly through the tangle of the undergrowth. This was panic flight. Kino did not try to conceal his passage; he trotted, kicking the stones, knocking the tell-tale leaves from the little trees. The high sun streamed down on the dry creaking earth so that even the vegetation ticked in protest. But ahead were the naked granite mountains, rising out of erosion rubble and standing monolithic against the sky. And Kino ran for the high place, as nearly all animals do when they are pursued. This land was waterless, furred with the cacti which could store water and with the greatrooted brush which could reach deep into the earth for a little moisture and get along on very little. And underfoot was not soil but broken rock, split into small cubes, great slabs, but none of it water-rounded. Little tufts of sad dry grass grew between the stones, grass that had sprouted with one single rain and headed, dropped its seed, and died. Horned toads watched the family go by and turned their little pivoting dragon heads. And now and then a great jack-rabbit, disturbed in his shade, bumped away and hid behind the nearest rock. The singing heat lay over this desert country, and ahead the stone mountains looked cool and welcoming. And Kino fled. He knew what would happen. A little way along the road the trackers would become aware that they had missed the path, and they would come back, searching and judging, and in a little while they would find the place where Kino and Juana had rested.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.144564}
{"text": "The singing heat lay over this desert country, and ahead the stone mountains looked cool and welcoming. And Kino fled. He knew what would happen. A little way along the road the trackers would become aware that they had missed the path, and they would come back, searching and judging, and in a little while they would find the place where Kino and Juana had rested. From there it would be easy for them - these little stones, the fallen leaves and the whipped branches, the scuffed places where a foot had slipped. Kino could see them in his mind, slipping along the track, whining a little with eagerness, and behind them, dark and half-interested, the horseman with the rifle. His work would come last, for he would not take them back. Oh, the music of evil sang loud in Kino's head now, it sang with the whine of heat and with the dry ringing of snake rattles. It was not large and overwhelming now, but secret and poisonous, and the pounding of his heart gave it undertone and rhythm. The way began to rise, and as it did the rocks grew larger. But now Kino had put a little distance between his family and the trackers. Now, on the first rise, he rested. He climbed a great boulder and looked back over the shimmering country, but he could not see hisenemies, not even the tall horseman riding through the brush. Juana had squatted in the shade of the boulder. She raised her bottle of water to Coyotito's lips; his little dried tongue sucked greedily at it. She looked up at Kino when he came back; she saw him examine her ankles, cut and scratched from the stones and brush, andshe covered them quickly with her skirt. Then she handed the bottle to him, but he shook his head. Her eyes were bright in her tired face. Kino moistened his cracked lips with his tongue. \"Juana,\" he said, \"I will go on and you will hide. I will lead them into the mountains, and when they have gone past, you will go north to Loreto or to Santa Rosalia. Then, if I can escape them, I will come to you. It is the only safe way. \"She looked full into his eyes for a moment. \". No,\" she said. \". We go with you. \"\"I can go faster alone,\" he said harshly.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.1909866}
{"text": "It is the only safe way. \"She looked full into his eyes for a moment. \". No,\" she said. \". We go with you. \"\"I can go faster alone,\" he said harshly. \". You will put the little one in more danger if you go with me. \"\"No,\" said Juana. \"You must. It is the wise thing and it is my wish,\" he said. \"No,\" said Juana. He looked then for weakness in her face, for fear or irresolution, and there was none. Her eyes were very bright. He shrugged his shoulders helplessly then, but he had taken strength from her. When they moved on it was no longer panic flight. The country, as it rose toward the mountains, changed rapidly. Now there were long outcroppings of granite with deep crevices between, and Kino walked on bare unmarkable stone when he could and leaped from ledge to ledge. He knew that wherever the trackers lost his path they must circle and lose time before they found it again. And so he did not go straight for the mountains any more; he moved in zigzags, and sometimes he cut back to the south and left a sign and then went toward the mountains over bare stone again. And the path rose steeply now, so that he panted a little as he went. The sun moved downward toward the bare stone teeth of the mountains, and Kino set his direction for a dark and shadowy cleft in the range. If there were any water at all, it would be there where he could see, even in the distance, a hint of foliage. And if there were any passage through the smooth stone range, it would be by this same deep cleft. It had its danger, for the trackers would think of it too, but the empty water-bottle did not let that consideration enter. And as the sun lowered, Kino and Juana struggled wearily up the steep slope towards the cleft. High in the gray stone mountains, under a frowning peak, a little spring bubbled out of a rupture in the stone. It was fed by shade-preserved snow in the summer, and now and then it died completely and bare rocks and dry algae were on its bottom. But nearly always it gushed out, cold and clean and lovely. In the times when the quick rains fell, itmight become a freshet and send its column of white water crashing down the mountain cleft, but nearly always it was a lean little spring.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.2151718}
{"text": "It was fed by shade-preserved snow in the summer, and now and then it died completely and bare rocks and dry algae were on its bottom. But nearly always it gushed out, cold and clean and lovely. In the times when the quick rains fell, itmight become a freshet and send its column of white water crashing down the mountain cleft, but nearly always it was a lean little spring. It bubbled out into a pool and then fell a hundred feet to another pool, and this one, overflowing, dropped again, so that it continued, down and down, until it came to the rubble of the upland, and there it disappeared altogether. There wasn't much left of it then anyway, for every time it fell over an escarpment the thirsty air drank it, and it splashed from the pools to the dry vegetation. The animals from miles around came to drink from the little pools, and the wild sheep and the deer, the pumas and raccoons, and the mice - all came to drink. And the birds which spent the day in the brushland came at night to the little pools that were like steps in the mountain cleft. Beside this tiny stream, wherever enough earth collected for root-hold, colonies of plants grew, wild grape and little palms, maidenhair fern, hibiscus, and tall pampas grass with feathery rods raised above the spike leaves. And in the pool lived frogs and water-skaters, and water-worms crawled on the bottom of the pool. Everything that loved water came to these few shallow places. The cats took their prey there, and strewed feathers and lapped water through their bloody teeth. The little pools were places of life because of the water, and places of killing becauseof the water, too. The lowest step, where the stream collected before it tumbled down a hundred feet and disappeared into the rubbly desert, was a little platform of stone and sand. Only a pencil of water fell into the pool, but it was enough to keep the pool full and to keep the ferns green in the underhang of the cliff, and wild grape climbed the stone mountain and all manner of little plants found comfort here. The freshets had made a small sandy beach through which the pool flowed, and bright green watercress grew in the damp sand.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.2534328}
{"text": "The little pools were places of life because of the water, and places of killing becauseof the water, too. The lowest step, where the stream collected before it tumbled down a hundred feet and disappeared into the rubbly desert, was a little platform of stone and sand. Only a pencil of water fell into the pool, but it was enough to keep the pool full and to keep the ferns green in the underhang of the cliff, and wild grape climbed the stone mountain and all manner of little plants found comfort here. The freshets had made a small sandy beach through which the pool flowed, and bright green watercress grew in the damp sand. The beach was cut and scarred and padded by the feet of animals that had come to drink and to hunt. The sun had passed over the stone mountains when Kino and Juana struggled up the steep broken slope and came at last to the water. From this step they could look out over the sun-beaten desert to the blue Gulf in the distance. They came utterly weary to the pool, and Juana slumped to her knees and first washed Coyotito's face and then filled her bottle and gave him a drink. And the baby was weary and petulant, and he cried softly until Juana gave him her breast, and then he gurgled and clucked against her. Kino drank long and thirstily at the pool. For a moment, then, he stretched out beside the water and relaxed all his muscles and watched Juana feeding the baby, and then he got to his feet and went to the edge of the step where the water slipped over, and he searched the distance carefully. His eyes set on a point and he became rigid. Far down the slope he could see the two trackers; they were little more than dots or scurrying ants and behind them a larger ant. Juana had turned to look at him and she saw his back stiffen. \"How far?\". She asked quietly. \"They will be here by evening,\" said Kino. He looked up the long steep chimney of the cleft where the water came down. \". We must go west,\" he said, and his eyes searched thestone shoulder behind the cleft. And thirty feet up on the gray shoulder he saw a series of little erosion caves. He slipped off his sandals and clambered up to them, gripping the bare stone with his toes, and he looked into the shallow caves.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.2390137}
{"text": "\"We must go west,\" he said, and his eyes searched thestone shoulder behind the cleft. And thirty feet up on the gray shoulder he saw a series of little erosion caves. He slipped off his sandals and clambered up to them, gripping the bare stone with his toes, and he looked into the shallow caves. They were only a few feet deep, wind-hollowed scoops, but they sloped slightly downward and back. Kino crawled into the largest one and lay down and knew that he could not be seen from the outside. Quickly he went back to Juana. \"You must go up there. Perhaps they will not find us there,\" he said. Without question she filled her water bottle to the top, and then Kino helped her up to the shallow cave and brought up the packages of food and passed them to her. And Juana sat in the cave entrance and watched him. She saw that he did not try to erase their tracks in the sand. Instead, he climbed up the brush cliff beside the water, clawing and tearing at the ferns and wild grape as he went. And when he had climbed a hundred feet to the next bench, he came down again. He looked carefully at the smooth rock shoulder toward the cave to see that there was no trace of passage, and last he climbed up and crept into the cave beside Juana. \"When they go up,\" he said, \"we will slip away, down to the lowlands again. I am afraid only that the baby may cry. You must see that he does not cry. \"\"He will not cry,\" she said, and she raised the baby's face to her own and looked into his eyes and he stared solemnly back at her. \"He knows,\" said Juana. Now Kino lay in the cave entrance, his chin braced on his crossed arms, and he watched the blue shadow of the mountain move out across the brushy desert below until it reached the Gulf, and the long twilight of the shadow was over the land. The trackers were long in coming, as though they had trouble with the trail Kino had left. It was dusk when they came at last to the little pool. And all three were on foot now, for a horse could not climb the last steep slope. From above they were thin figures in the evening. The two trackers scurried about on the little beach, and they saw Kino's progress up the cliff before they drank.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.2997723}
{"text": "And all three were on foot now, for a horse could not climb the last steep slope. From above they were thin figures in the evening. The two trackers scurried about on the little beach, and they saw Kino's progress up the cliff before they drank. The man with the rifle sat down and rested himself, and the trackers squatted near him, and in the evening the points of their cigarettes glowed and receded. And then Kino could see that they were eating, and the soft murmur of their voices came to him. Then darkness fell, deep and black in the mountain cleft. The animals that used the pool came near and smelled men there and drifted away again into the darkness. He heard a murmur behind him. Juana was whispering: \"Coyotito.\". She was begging him to be quiet. Kino heard the baby whimper, and he knew from the muffled sounds that Juana had covered his head with her shawl. Down on the beach a match flared, and in its momentary light Kino saw that two of the men were sleeping, curled up like dogs, while the third watched, and he saw the glint of the rifle in the match light. And then the match died, but it left a picture on Kino's eyes. He could see it, just how each man was, two sleeping curled up and the third squatting in the sand with the rifle between his knees. Kino moved silently back into the cave. Juana's eyes were two sparks reflecting a low star. Kino crawled quietly close to her and he put his lips near to her cheek. \"There is a way,\" he said. \"But they will kill you. \"\"If I get first to the one with the rifle,\" Kino said, \"I must get to him first, then I will be all right. Two are sleeping. \"Her hand crept out from under her shawl and gripped his arm. \". They will see your white clothes in the starlight. \"\"No,\" he said. \". And I must go before moonrise. \"He searched for a soft word and then gave it up. \". If they kill me,\" he said, \"lie quietly. And when they are gone away, go to Loreto. \"Her hand shook a little, holding his wrist. \"There is no choice,\" he said. \". It is the only way. They will find us in the morning. \"Her voice trembled a little.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.2866502}
{"text": "And when they are gone away, go to Loreto. \"Her hand shook a little, holding his wrist. \"There is no choice,\" he said. \". It is the only way. They will find us in the morning. \"Her voice trembled a little. \". Go with God,\" she said. He peered closely at her and he could see her large eyes. His hand fumbled out and found the baby, and for a moment his palm lay on Coyotito's head. And then Kino raised his hand and touched Juana's cheek, and she held her breath. Against the sky in the cave entrance Juana could see that Kino was taking off his white clothes, for dirty and ragged though they were they would show up against the dark night. His own brown skin was a better protection for him. And then she saw how he hooked his amulet neck-string about the horn handle of his great knife, so that it hung down in front of him and left both hands free. He did not come back to her. For a moment his body was black in the cave entrance, crouched and silent, and then he was gone. Juana moved to the entrance and looked out. She peered like an owl from the hole in the mountain, and the baby slept under the blanket on her back, his face turned sideways against her neck and shoulder. She could feel his warm breath against her skin, and Juana whispered her combination of prayer and magic, her Hail Marys and her ancient intercession, against the black unhuman things. The night seemed a little less dark when she looked out, and to the east there was a lightening in the sky, down near the horizon where the moon would show. And, looking down, she could see the cigarette of the man on watch. Kino edged like a slow lizard down the smooth rock shoulder. He had turned his neckstring so that the great knife hung down from his back and could not clash against the stone. His spread fingers gripped the mountain, and his bare toes found support through contact, and even his chest lay against the stone so that he would not slip. For any sound, a rolling pebble or a sigh, a little slip of flesh on rock, would rouse the watchers below. Any sound that was not germane to the night would make them alert.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.3264375}
{"text": "His spread fingers gripped the mountain, and his bare toes found support through contact, and even his chest lay against the stone so that he would not slip. For any sound, a rolling pebble or a sigh, a little slip of flesh on rock, would rouse the watchers below. Any sound that was not germane to the night would make them alert. But the night was not silent; the little tree frogs that lived near the stream twittered like birds, and the high metallic ringing of the cicadas filled the mountain cleft. And Kino's own music was in his head, the music of the enemy, low and pulsing, nearly asleep. But the Song of the Family had become as fierce and sharp and feline as the snarl of a female puma. The family song was alive now and driving him down on the dark enemy. The harsh cicada seemed to take up its melody, and the twittering tree frogs called little phrases of it. And Kino crept silently as a shadow down the smooth mountain face. One bare foot moved a few inches and the toes touched the stone and gripped, and the other foot a few inches, and then the palm of one hand a little downwards, and then the other hand, until the whole body, without seeming to move, had moved. Kino's mouth was open so that even his breath would make no sound, for he knew that he was not invisible. If the watcher, sensing movement, looked at the dark place against the stone which was his body, he could see him. Kino must move so slowly he would not draw the watcher's eyes. It took him a long time to reach the bottom and to crouch behind a little dwarf palm. His heart thundered in his chest and his hands and face were wet with sweat. He crouched and took great slow long breaths to calm himself. Only twenty feet separated him from the enemy now, and he tried to remember the ground between. Was there any stone which might trip him in his rush? He kneaded his legs against cramp and found that his muscles were jerking after their long tension. And then he looked apprehensively to the east. The moon would rise in a few moments now, and he must attack before it rose. He could see the outline of the watcher, but the sleeping men were below his vision. It was the watcher Kino must find - must find quickly and without hesitation.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.3600793}
{"text": "The moon would rise in a few moments now, and he must attack before it rose. He could see the outline of the watcher, but the sleeping men were below his vision. It was the watcher Kino must find - must find quickly and without hesitation. Silently he drew the amulet string over his shoulder and loosened the loop from the horn handle of his great knife. He was too late, for as he rose from his crouch the silver edge of the moon slipped above the eastern horizon, and Kino sank back behind his bush. It was an old and ragged moon, but it threw hard light and hard shadow into the mountain cleft, and now Kino could see the seated figure of the watcher on the little beach beside the pool. The watcher gazed full at the moon, and then he lighted another cigarette, and the match illumined his dark face for a moment. There could be no waiting now; when the watcher turned his head, Kino must leap. His legs were as tight as wound springs. And then from above came a little murmuring cry. The watcher turned his head to listen and then he stood up, and one of the sleepers stirred on the ground and awakened and asked quietly, \"What is it?\"\"I don't know,\" said the watcher. \". It sounded like a cry, almost like a human - like a baby. \"The man who had been sleeping said: \"You can't tell. Some coyote bitch with a litter. I've heard a coyote pup cry like a baby. \"The sweat rolled in drops down Kino's forehead and fell into his eyes and burned them. The little cry came again and the watcher looked up the side of the hill to the dark cave. \"Coyote maybe,\" he said, and Kino heard the harsh click as he cocked the rifle. \"If it's a coyote, this will stop it,\" the watcher said as he raised the gun. Kino was in mid-leap when the gun crashed and the barrel-flash made a picture on his eyes. The great knife swung and crunched hollowly. It bit through neck and deep into chest, and Kino was a terrible machine now. He grasped the rifle even as he wrenched free his knife. His strength and his movement and his speed were a machine. He whirled and struck the head of the seated man like a melon.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.3820963}
{"text": "He grasped the rifle even as he wrenched free his knife. His strength and his movement and his speed were a machine. He whirled and struck the head of the seated man like a melon. The third man scrabbled away like a crab, slipped into the pool, and then he began to climb frantically, to climb up the cliff where the water pencilled down. His hands and feet threshed in the tangle of the wild grapevine, and he whimpered and gibbered as he tried to get up. But Kino had become as cold and deadly as steel. Deliberately he threw the lever of the rifle, and then he raised the gun and aimed deliberately and fired. He saw his enemy tumble backward into the pool, and Kino strode to the water. In the moonlight he could see the frantic eyes, and Kino aimed and fired between the eyes. And then Kino stood uncertainly. Something was wrong, some signal was trying to get through to his brain. Tree frogs and cicadas were silent now. And then Kino's brain cleared from its red concentration and he knew the sound - the keening, moaning, rising hysterical cry from the little cave in the side of the stone mountain, the cry of death. Everyone in La Paz remembers the return of the family; there may be some old ones who saw it, but those whose fathers and whose grandfathers told it to them remember it nevertheless. It is an event that happened to everyone. It was late in the golden afternoon when the first little boys ran hysterically in the town and spread the word that Kino and Juana were coming back. And everyone hurried to see them. The sun was settling toward the western mountains and the shadows on the ground were long. And perhaps that was what left the deep impression on those who saw them. The two came from the rutted country road into the city, and they were not walking in single file, Kino ahead and Juana behind, as usual, but side by side. The sun was behind them and their long shadows stalked ahead, and they seemed to carry two towers of darkness with them. Kino had a rifle across his arm and Juana carried her shawl like a sack over her shoulder. And in it was a small limp heavy bundle. The shawl was crusted with dried blood, and the bundle swayed a little as she walked.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.410977}
{"text": "Kino had a rifle across his arm and Juana carried her shawl like a sack over her shoulder. And in it was a small limp heavy bundle. The shawl was crusted with dried blood, and the bundle swayed a little as she walked. Her face was hard and lined and leathery with fatigue and with the tightness with which she fought fatigue. And her wide eyes stared inward on herself. She was as remote and as removed as Heaven. Kino's lips were thin and his jaws tight, and the people say that he carried fear with him, that he was as dangerous as a rising storm. The people say that the two seemed tobe removed from human experience; that they had gone through pain and had come out on the other side; that there was almost a magical protection about them. And those people who had rushed to see them crowded back and let them pass and did not speak to them. Kino and Juana walked through the city as though it were not there. Their eyes glanced neither right nor left nor up nor down, but stared only straight ahead. Their legs moved a little jerkily, like well-made wooden dolls, and they carried pillars of black fear about them. And as they walked through the stone and plaster city brokers peered at them from barred windows and servants put one eye to a slitted gate and mothers turned the faces of their youngest children inward against their skirts. Kino and Juana strode side by side through the stone and plaster city and down among the brush houses, and the neighbours stood back and let them pass. Juan Tom s raised his hand in greeting and did not say the greeting and left his hand in the air for a moment uncertainly. In Kino's ears the Song of the Family was as fierce as a cry. He was immune and terrible, and his song had become a battle cry. They trudged past the burned square where their house had been without even looking at it. They cleared the brush that edged the beach and picked their way down the shore toward the water. And they did not look toward Kino's broken canoe. And when they came to the water's edge they stopped and stared out over the Gulf. And then Kino laid the rifle down, and he dug among his clothes, and then he held the great pearl in his hand. He looked into its surface and it was gray and ulcerous. Evil faces peered from it into his eyes, and he saw the light of burning.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.4218192}
{"text": "And then Kino laid the rifle down, and he dug among his clothes, and then he held the great pearl in his hand. He looked into its surface and it was gray and ulcerous. Evil faces peered from it into his eyes, and he saw the light of burning. And in the surface of the pearl he saw the frantic eyes of the man in the pool. And in the surface of the pearl he saw Coyotito lying in the little cave with the top of his head shot away. And the pearl was ugly; it was gray, like a malignant growth. And Kino heard the music of the pearl, distorted and insane. Kino's hand shook a little, and he turned slowly to Juana and held the pearl out to her. She stood beside him, still holding her dead bundle over her shoulder. She looked at the pearl in his hand for a moment and then she looked into Kino's eyes and said softly: \"No, you. \"And Kino drew back his arm and flung the pearl with all his might. Kino and Juana watched it go, winking and glimmering under the setting sun. They saw the little splash in the distance, and they stood side by side watching the place for a long time. And the pearl settled into the lovely green water and dropped towards the bottom. The waving branches of the algae called to it and beckoned to it. The lights on its surface were green and lovely. It settled down to the sand bottom among the fern-like plants. Above, the surface of the water was a green mirror. And the pearl lay on the floor of the sea. A crab scampering over the bottom raised a little cloud of sand, and when it settled the pearl was gone. And the music of the pearl drifted to a whisper and disappeared.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-JOHN-STEINBECK.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.4333847}
{"text": "1 AGRICULTURE FORM II NOTES 9.0.0 Soil Fertility II Inorganic Fertilizers 12 Lessons 10.0.0 Crop Production II Planting 16 Lessons 11.0.0 Crop Production III Nursery Practices 16 Lessons 12.0.0 Crop Production IV Field Practices 14 Lessons 13.0.0 Crop Production V Vegetables 16 Lessons 14.0.0 Livestock Health I Introduction 16 Lessons 15.0.0 Livestock Health II Parasites 16 Lessons 16.0.0 Livestock Production II Nutrition 12 Lessons Soil Fertility II Inorganic Fertilizers Introduction Plant nutrients occur in the soil in form of soluble substances. These substances are taken in by the plants in different quantities depending on their roles in the plant tissues. Essential Elements These are nutrients needed by plants for various uses. They are divided into two broad categories namely: Macronutrients micronutrients. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2 Macro-nutrients These are also referred to as major nutrients. They are required by the plant in large quantities. They include; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phophorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium magnesium. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are referred to as fertilizer elements, Calcium, magnesium and sulphur, are referred to as liming elements. Role of Macronutrients in Plants Nitrogen NO3,NH4 Sources: Artificial fertilizers Organic matter Atmospheric fixation by lightning Nitrogen fixing bacteria. Role of Nitrogen in Plants Vegetative growth Chlorophyll formation Build up of protoplasm. Improves leaf quality in leafy crops such as tea and cabbages. Deficiency Symptoms Yellowing of the leaves chlorosis. Stunted growth. Premature ripening. Premature shedding of the leaves. Light seeds. Effect of Excess Nitrogen Scorching of the leaves. Delayed maturity. Loss of Nitrogen From the Soil: Soil erosion. Leaching. Volatilization. Crop removal. Used by microorganisms.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.4645863}
{"text": "Corrects the soil acidity. Deficiency symptoms Young leaves remain closed. There are light green bands along the margins of the leaves. Leaves in the terminal bud become hooked in appearance there is a die-back at the tip and along the margins. Loss of Calcium Crop removal Leaching Soil erosion Magnesium Mg2 Sources: Crop residues and organic manures Commercial fertilizers Weathering of soil minerals. Agricultural limes. Role of Magnesium in Plants Forms part of chlorophyll. Promotes the growth of the soil bacteria and enhances the nitrogen fixing power of the legumes. Activates the production and transport of carbohydrates and proteins in the growing plant. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5 Deficiency symptoms Loss in green colour which starts from the bottom leaves and gradually moves upwards. The veins remain green. Leaves curve upwards along the margins. Stalks become weak and the plant develops long branched roots. The leaves become streaked. Sulphur S04 2- ,SO2 Sources: Commercial fertilizers. Soil mineral containing sulphides Atmospheric sulphur from industries. Rain water Role of Sulphur in Plants Formation and activation of coenzyme-A. Sulphur is a constituent of amino acids. Influence plant physiological processes. Deficiency Symptoms Small plants stunted growth. Poor nodulation in legumes. Light green to yellowish leaves chlorosis. Delayed maturity. Micro-nutrients Also referred to as trace or minor nutrients. They are required in small quantities traces. They are essential for proper growth and development of plants. They include; Iron, Manganese, Copper, Boron, Molybdenum Chlorine. Role of Micronutrients and Their Deficiency Symptoms Copper Role in oxidation-reduction reactions. Respiration and utilization of iron Deficiency symptoms-yellowing of young leaves. Iron Synthesis of proteins. Takes part in oxidation-reduction reactions. Deficiency symptoms - leaf chlorosis For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Molybdenum Nitrogen transformation in plants.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.5011387}
{"text": "Iron Synthesis of proteins. Takes part in oxidation-reduction reactions. Deficiency symptoms - leaf chlorosis For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Molybdenum Nitrogen transformation in plants. Metabolization of nitrates to amino acids and proteins Deficiency symptoms -leaf curl and scathing. Manganese - Same as molybdenum. Zinc Formation of growth hormone. Reproduction process Deficiency symptoms - white bud formation. Boron Absorption of water. Translocation of sugar Inorganic Fertilizers These are chemically produced substances added to the soil to improve fertility. Classification According to: Nutrients contained Straight - contain only one macronutrient. Compound fertilizers - contain more than one macronutrient Time of application Some applied when planting. Top dressing after crop emergence Effects on the soil pH. Acidic fertilizers. Neutral fertilizers. Basic fertilizers. Properties and Identification of Fertilizers Nitrogenous Fertilizers Characteristics Highly soluble in water. Highly mobile in the soil hence it is applied as a top dress. Easily leached because of the high solubility hence does not have residual effect on the soil. Has scorching effect on young crops during wet seasons. Easy to volatilize during hot season. They have a tendency to cake under moist conditions. They are hygroscopic hence should be stored in dry conditions. Examples: Sulphate of Ammonia NH4 2 SO4 Physical appearance: white crystals, Has acidic effect, Contains 20 N. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate NH4 2 SO4 NH4 NO3 Colour: granules which appear yellow orange, less acidic, contains 26 N. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN Colour: greyish granules, neutral in nature, contains 21 N.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.4846482}
{"text": "Examples: Sulphate of Ammonia NH4 2 SO4 Physical appearance: white crystals, Has acidic effect, Contains 20 N. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate NH4 2 SO4 NH4 NO3 Colour: granules which appear yellow orange, less acidic, contains 26 N. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN Colour: greyish granules, neutral in nature, contains 21 N. Urea Colour: small whitish granules Easily leached or volatilized, contains 45- 46 N. Phosphate Fertilizers Has low solubility and immobile. Non-scorching. Has a high residual effect hence benefit the next season's crop. Easy to store because they are not hygroscopic. Examples; Single super-phosphate Appearance: whitish, creamy white granules, contains 20-21 P2O5 Double super-phosphate Appearance: dark greyish granules, Contains 40-42 P2O5 Triple super-phosphate Appearance: small greyish granules, Contain 44-48 P2O5 Potassic Fertilizers Characteristics: Has moderate scorching effect. Moderately soluble in water. Most Kenyan soils have sufficient potassium. Examples; Muriate of Potash KCl Contain 60 - 62 K2O Slightly hygroscopic. Appearance amorphous white. Sulphate of Potash 50 K2O Compound or Mixed Fertilizers For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 These are fertilizers which supply 2 or more of the macronutrients. Examples; Mono ammonium phosphate. Di-ammonium phosphate 20:20:20, 23:23:23 Advantages of application of compound fertilizers Saves time and money. Mixture gives improved storage properties and better handling. Disadvantages of compound fertilizers application Expensive. Wasteful.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.4894946}
{"text": "Mixture gives improved storage properties and better handling. Disadvantages of compound fertilizers application Expensive. Wasteful. Mixing may not be thorough. Incompatibility of the individual fertilizers. Methods of fertilizer application Broadcasting - random scattering of the fertilizers on the ground. Placement method - application of fertilizers in the planting holes. Side dressing - fertilizer is placed at the side of the plant within the root zone, in bands or spot-rings. Foliar spraying - specially formulated fertilizer solution applied on the foliage in spray form. Drip method - applied through irrigation water. Determination of Fertilizer Rates Contents of fertilizers are expressed as fertilizer grade or fertilizer analysis. Fertilizer grade indicate the guaranteed minimum of the active ingredients N, P2O5, K 2O in the mixture. It is expressed as a percentage on a weight to weight basis or percentage by weigh Example 10:20:0 means for every 10kg of the mixture there are 10kg of nitrogen, 20kg of P2O 5 and 0kg of K2O. Example A farmer was asked to apply fertilizers as follows: 60 kg ha nitrogen top dressing 60 kg ha P2O5 in planting hole . 60 kg ha K2O. How much sulphate of ammonia 20 would be required per hectare? How much double super-phosphate 40 P2O5would be required per hectare? How much muriate of potash 50 K2O would be required per hectare?", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.5255373}
{"text": "How much sulphate of ammonia 20 would be required per hectare? How much double super-phosphate 40 P2O5would be required per hectare? How much muriate of potash 50 K2O would be required per hectare? Answer Solution Sulphate of ammonia SA which gives 60kg ha N 60 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 9 20x 100 300kg SA Double super phosphate 40 P2O5 which gives 60kg ha P2O5 60 40x 100 150kg DSP Muriate of potash 60 K2O which gives 60kg hK2O 60 x 100 100kg muriate of potash 60 Example A farmer was asked to apply fertilizers as follows: 200kg ha of DSP 40 P2O5 150kg ha of muriate of potash 60 K2O 150kg ha of sulphate of ammonia 20 N How much P2O5 did the farmer apply per acre? How much K2O did the farmer apply per hectare? How much N did the farmer apply per hectare? Solution Answer P2O5 applied per hectare from 200kg of DSP 40 100x 200 80kg ha P2O 5 K2O5 applied per hectare from 150kg of muriate of potash 60 100x150 90kg ha K2O N applied per hectare from 150kg ha sulphate of ammonia 20 100 x 150 30kg ha N Soil Sampling Refers to obtaining of small quantity of soil that is representative in all aspects of the entire farm. Soil Sampling Procedures Clear the vegetation over the site. Dig out soil at depths of 15-25cm. Place the dug out soil in a clean container. Mix thoroughly the soil in the container. Take a sample and send it to National Agricultural Laboratory for analysis. The container carrying the sample should be properly labeled as follows: Name of the farmer, Location, District Address of the farmer.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.5951035}
{"text": "They are not bulky therefore storage is easy. They are easy to handle during planting making operation easy. When planting seeds, it is easy to use machines like seed planters and drillers. It is easy to apply manures and fertilizers together with seeds during planting. Fertilizers and manures application can be easily mechanized. It is possible to develop new crop varieties due to cross pollination. Disantivantages of using seeds as planting materials. Some seeds have long dormancy and they may need special treatment in order to germinate. Plants raised from seeds have variations from the mother plant due to cross pollination, This may introduce undesirable characteristics. Soil borne pests may damage seeds if left for sometime in the soil before rain falls. Some seeds may lose viability if stored for a long time. This leads to gaps in the farm. 1. Vegetative materials. These are plant parts which have the ability to produce roots, they grow and develop in to new plants. Plant parts such as leaves, roots or stems can be used for planting as long as they are capable of rooting. Advantages of using vegetative materials for planting. Crops originating from vegetative materials matures faster than those from seeds. The crops shows uniformity in such qualities as disease resistance, seed size, colour, keeping or storing quality and chemical composition. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 It is possible to produce many varieties of compatible crops on the same root stock. Use of the vegetative materials is easier and faster, especially where seeds show prolonged dormancy. The resulting plant has desired shape and size for ease of harvesting and spraying. It facilitates the propagation of crops which are seedless or those that produce seeds which are not viable or have a long dormancy period. Such crops include sugar-cane, bananas, Napier grass and others. Disadvantages. Vegetative propagation does not result in new crop varieties. Keeping the materials free of diseases is difficult. Materials cannot be stored for long. The materials are bulky and there fore difficult to store and transport. Plant parts used for vegetative propagation. I Bulbils. These are tiny sisal plants produced in the inflorescence almost at the end of the plant growth cycle. They resemble the mother plant except that they are smaller in size.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.5522797}
{"text": "I Bulbils. These are tiny sisal plants produced in the inflorescence almost at the end of the plant growth cycle. They resemble the mother plant except that they are smaller in size. They are produced by the branches of the sisal pole. When manure they mature they develop rudimentary roots and fall off to the ground just below the pole. They are the collected and raised in the nurseries before they are transplanted t o the main field. One sisal pole may produce as many as 3,000 bulbils. They are usually 10cm long. They make good planting materials and are better than sucke ii Splits These are plantlets divided from the existing mother plant with complete with complete leaves and rooting system. They are used to propagate most pasture grasses and pyrethrum. Pyrethrum splits are raised first in nursery and then transplanted to the field. Iii Crowns and slips These are materials used to propagate pineapples Crowns are born on top of the fruits and are broken off and prepared for planting. They are more preferred to suckers because they give uniform growth and take two years to reach maturity. Slips are borne to the base of the pineapple fruits. They are cut and prepared for plantings. Their growth rate is faster than for crowns giving average uniformity. They take 22 months from planting to maturity. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 13 Crowns and slips are planted in the nurseries first before transplanting to the main seed bed. Iv Suckers These are small plants that grow from the base of the main stem. They have adventitious roots which grow quickly when planted to form a new plant. They are used to propagate bananas, sisal, and pineapples. When planted, suckers give uneven growth leading to maturity at different times. T hey should be planted when they are young. V Tubers These are underground food storage organs which are short and thick. They are used as vegetative propagation materials because they sprout and produce roots for growth. There are mainly two types of tubers, the stem and root tubers. Root tubers develop from the thickening of the adventitious roots. Root tubers are not commonly used for propagation since they produce weak stems.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.587021}
{"text": "There are mainly two types of tubers, the stem and root tubers. Root tubers develop from the thickening of the adventitious roots. Root tubers are not commonly used for propagation since they produce weak stems. A good example of a root tuber is the sweet potato. On the other hand stem tubers have some auxiliary buds which are sometimes referred to as eyes . These eyes sprout to produce stems which grow into plants. Stem tubers are therefore swollen stems with scales leaves. A good example of a stem tuber is Irish potato. Vi Vines. These are soft wood cuttings which produce roots easily upon planting to give rise to new plants. They are cut from the mother plants and planted directly into the field. Soft wood cuttings vines are taken from rapidly growing shoots. The soft upper parts of the shoots are preferred. When preparing the cuttings, some leaves and nodes are included. Roots are produced from the nodes. Vii Cuttings and setts o Cuttings are portion of plants parts which are cut and then planted. O They may be from stems, roots or leaves. O A stem cutting must have a bud which develops into shoot. O The root cutting must have an eye. Cutting must have an eye. O Cuttings must produce leaves as soon as possible so that they can start making their own food. O Sometimes cuttings are induced to produce roots by use of rooting hormones. O Once the cuttings have developed roots, they give rise to new plants. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 14 o In some crops, the cuttings are big enough to be planted directly to the main seedbed whereas there are some plants whose cuttings are first raised in special nurseries before they are transplanted to the seedbed. O The cuttings of Napier grass and sugar-cane are planted directly on the seedbed but those of tea; have to be raised in special nursery before they are transferred to the seed bed. O Examples of crops which are propagated by use of stem cuttings include: tea, cassava, and sugar-cane and Napier grass. O The stem cuttings used to propagate sugar-cane are known as setts . Setts are stem cuttings which have 3-5 nodes are usually 30-45 cm long. Factors affecting rooting of cuttings.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.575319}
{"text": "O The stem cuttings used to propagate sugar-cane are known as setts . Setts are stem cuttings which have 3-5 nodes are usually 30-45 cm long. Factors affecting rooting of cuttings. Temperature: for the cuttings to produce roots warm temperatures are required around the root zone while cool temperatures are important for the aerial part of the cuttings. For most species optimum day and light temperatures for rooting are 22 -27 c and 15-21 c respectively. A Relative humidity: Proper rooting of cuttings requires high humidity which lower the transpiration rate. It also increases and maintains leaf turgidity all the time. As such, cuttings should be rooted in green houses or under shady conditions, where relative humidity can be regulated. Sometimes the propagation area can be sprayed with water to keep it moist. B Light intensity: soft wood cuttings need high intensity light to produce roots. This is because light promotes the production of roots since it affects the rate of photosynthesis. Hard wood cuttings do well in dark conditions since they have high amount of stored carbohydrates and therefore rooting is excellent in darkness. C Oxygen supply: plentiful supply of oxygen is required for root formation. The rooting medium used must therefore be capable of allowing proper aeration. D Chemical treatment: these rooting hormones which promote the production of roots in cuttings. The common ones include IAA Indoleacetic acid . E Leaf area: Soft woods cuttings require a lot of leaves for photosynthesis while hardwood cuttings will produce roots better without leaves. Selection of planting materials When selecting materials for planting the following factors must be considered: Suitability to the ecological conditions the selected planting materials should be well adapted to the soil conditions, temperatures and amount of rainfall in the area. There are many varieties of maize, for example, which are suitable to different ecological conditions. Hybrid 622f or example is mainly for the high altitudes areas of Kenya 513 for the medium altitudes and the Katumani composites for the low rainfall areas while the coast composites are suitable for the coastal conditions each variety will grow well and produce high yields if grown under the correct conditions Purity of the materials - planting materials should be pure and not mixed with other off types the percentage purity of planting materials will affect the seed while higher seeds rates are used for impure seeds.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.6263866}
{"text": "Selection of planting materials When selecting materials for planting the following factors must be considered: Suitability to the ecological conditions the selected planting materials should be well adapted to the soil conditions, temperatures and amount of rainfall in the area. There are many varieties of maize, for example, which are suitable to different ecological conditions. Hybrid 622f or example is mainly for the high altitudes areas of Kenya 513 for the medium altitudes and the Katumani composites for the low rainfall areas while the coast composites are suitable for the coastal conditions each variety will grow well and produce high yields if grown under the correct conditions Purity of the materials - planting materials should be pure and not mixed with other off types the percentage purity of planting materials will affect the seed while higher seeds rates are used for impure seeds. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 15 Germination percentage - This is a measure of the germination potential of seeds it is expressed as a percentage for example a germination percentage of 80 means that for every 10 seeds planted 80 of them are expected to germinate. Germination percentage helps to determine the seed rates of crops lower seed rates are used for crops with higher germination percentage while higher seed rates are used for those with lower germination percentage. Certified seeds - These are seeds which have been tested and proven to have 100 germination potential and free from diseases and pests they give high yields after the first planting but the subsequent yields decline if replaced therefore in this case it is always advisable to buy new seeds which are certified every time planting is done In Kenya certified seeds are produced by the Kenya seed company KSC and distributed by Kenya Farmers Association KFA and other agents. PREPARATION OF PLANTING MATERIALS. After the planting materials are selected they are prepared in different ways before they are planted. Some of the methods used to prepare planting materials include the following: a Breaking the seed dormancy. Some seeds undergo a dormancy period between maturity and the time they sprout. The dormancy period is the stage whereby a seed cannot germinate, the stage of inhibited growth of seed. It should be broken before the seed is planted. Methods of breaking seed dormancy. The following methods are used to break seed dormancy: I Mechanical method: This is a method which aims at scratching the seed coat to make it permeable to water.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.6543946}
{"text": "It should be broken before the seed is planted. Methods of breaking seed dormancy. The following methods are used to break seed dormancy: I Mechanical method: This is a method which aims at scratching the seed coat to make it permeable to water. Scarification is done by rubbing small sized seeds against hard surface such as sand paper, while filling or nicking the seed coat with a knife is done to large sized seeds such as croton seeds. Ii Heat treatment: this involves the use of hot water or burning the seeds lightly. It softens the seed coat making it permeable to water and thus is able to germinate. The seeds are soaked in hot water about 80 c for 3-4 minutes after which the water is allowed to drain off. Example of seeds treated in this way include: leucean 7 2 32 22 calliadra and acacia. Light burning also serves the same purpose as hot water treatment. In this case trash is spread over the seeds which are already covered with a thin layer of soil. The trash is burned, after which the seeds are retrieved and planted. Examples include acacia and wattle tree seeds. Overheating should be avoided as this will cook the seeds. Iii Chemical treatment: seeds are dipped in specific chemicals such as concentrated sulphuric acid, for two minutes and then removed. The chemical wears off the seed coat making it permeable to water. Care should be taken not to leave the seeds in the chemicals for too long as this will kill the embryo. Cotton seeds are normally treated with chemicals to remove the lint or fibres. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 16 iv Soaking in water: seeds are soaked in water for a period of between 24 48 hours until they swell. They are then removed and planted immediately. The seeds treated thus germinate very fast. Pre-germinated seeds are used when raising rice in the nurseries. B Seed dressing This is the coating of seeds with fungicides or an insecticide or a combination of the two chemicals. This is particularly common with cereals, sugar-cane and legumes. The chemicals protect the seedlings from soil-borne diseases and pests. Certified seeds which are sold by seed merchants in Kenya have been dressed with these chemicals. Farmers can also buy the chemicals and dress their own seeds.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.7034078}
{"text": "The chemicals protect the seedlings from soil-borne diseases and pests. Certified seeds which are sold by seed merchants in Kenya have been dressed with these chemicals. Farmers can also buy the chemicals and dress their own seeds. C Seed inoculation In areas where soils are deficient in nitrogen, legumes such as beans, clovers and peas should be coated with an inoculant. An innoculant is a preparation which contains the right strain of Rhizobium depending on the type of legume and encourages nodulation, hence nitrogen fixation. Below is a table showing different legume crops and their right strain of Rhizobium. Crop inoculation group Rhizobium Species Lucerne R. melioti Clover R. trifoli Pea R. leguminosarum Bean R. phaseoli Lupin R. lupini soyabean R. japonicum When handling inoculated seeds, care should be taken to prevent them from coming in contact with chemicals. This means that inoculated seeds should not be dressed with chemicals as these will kill the bacterium. They should also be planted when the soil is moist to avoid dehydration which kills the bacterium. D Chitting This practice is also referred to as sprouting. The selected seed potatoes setts which are used as planting materials are sprouted before planting to break their dormancy. The setts of about 3-6 cm in diameter are arranged in layers of 2 or 3 tubers deep in a partially darkened room. The setts should be arranged with the rose- end facing upwards and the heel-end downwards. Diffused light encourages the production of short, green and healthy sprouts. If Chitting is done in complete darkness, long, pale thin sprouts develop which break easily during planting. During Chitting potato aphids and tuber months should be controlled by dusting or spraying the sett with dimethoate. Sometimes a chemical For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 17 known as Rendite is used to break dormancy, thus inducing sprouting. Chitting is done mainly to make sure that growth commences immediately the seed is planted so as to make maximum use of rains for high yields. Time of planting The timing of planting or sowing is influenced by the type of crop to be planted and the environmental conditions of the area. Factors to consider in timing planting. The rainfall pattern moisture condition of the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.665514}
{"text": "Time of planting The timing of planting or sowing is influenced by the type of crop to be planted and the environmental conditions of the area. Factors to consider in timing planting. The rainfall pattern moisture condition of the soil. Type of crop to be planted. Soil type. Market demand. Prevalence of pests and diseases. Weed control. Timely planting is necessary and should be done at the onset of rains. In some areas where rainfall is scare dry planting is recommended. Advantages of timely planting. Crops make maximum use of rainfall and suitable soil temperature, leading to vigorous growth. Crops usually escape serious pests and diseases attack. Crops benefit from nitrogen flush which is available at the beginning of the rain. For horticultural crops, proper timing ensures that the produce is marketed when prices are high. Crops establish earlier than the weeds, hence smothering them. Methods of planting. There are two main methods of planting :- Broadcasting. Row planting. Broadcasting. This method involves scattering the seeds all over the field in a random manner. It is commonly adapted for light tiny seeds such as those of pasture grasses. It is easier, quicker and cheaper than row planting. However, it uses more seeds than row planting and the seeds are spread unevenly leading to crowding of plants in some places. This results in poor performance due to competition. Broadcasting gives a good ground cover, but weeding cannot be mechanized. For good results, the seedbed should be weed-free, firm and have a fine tilth. Row planting. The seeds or other planting materials are placed in holes, drills or furrows in rows. The distance between one row to the other and from one hole to the other is known. In Kenya, both large and small scale farmers practice row planting. It is practiced when planting many types of crops, especially perennial, annual and root crops. Advantages of row planting. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 18 Machines can be used easily between the rows. It is easy to establish the correct plant population. Lower seed rate is used than if broadcasting is adopted. It is easy to carry out cultural practices such as weeding, spraying and harvesting. Disadvantages of row planting. It does not provide an ample foliage cover. Thus the soil is liable to being eroded by wind and water.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.720331}
{"text": "Disadvantages of row planting. It does not provide an ample foliage cover. Thus the soil is liable to being eroded by wind and water. It is more expensive than broadcasting because of consuming a lot of labour and time. It requires some skill in measuring the distances between and within the rows. Seeds can also be planted by dibbling where the planting holes are dug by use of pangas or jembe, or by a dibbling stick dibbler . Most of the dibbling is done randomly although rows can also be used when using a planting line. Random dibbling is not popular in commercial farming due to low levels of production. It is only common among conservative farmers in planting of legumes such as beans, pigeon peas and cow peas. Over-sowing. This is the introduction of a pasture legume such as desmodium in an existing grass pasture. Some form of growth suppression of existing grass such as burning, slashing or hard grazing plus slight soil disturbance is recommended before over sowing. A heavy dose of superphosphate, preferably single supers at a rate of 200400 kg ha is applied. The grass must be kept short until the legume is fully established. Regardless of the method of establishment, the pastures and fodder stands should be ready for light grazing 4-5 months after planting if rainfall and soil fertility are not limiting. Under-sowing. This refers to the establishment of pasture under a cover crop, usually maize. Maize is planted as recommended and weeded 2-3 weeks after the onset of rains. Pasture seeds are then broadcasted with half the recommended basal fertilizer. No further weeding should be done and maize should be harvested early to expose the young pasture seedlings to sunlight. The benefits of under sowing include facilitating more intensive land utilization and encouraging an early establishment of pastures. Fodder crops and vegetetively propagated pasture species may also be under sown as long as rainfall is adequate for their establishment. Timing is not very crucial in this case and planting can be done as late as 6-8 weeks after the onset of rains. Plant population This refers to the ideal number of plants that can be comfortably accommodated in any given area, without overcrowding or too few to waste space. Agricultural research has arrived at the optimum number of various crop plants to be recommended to farmers. Plant population is determined by dividing the planting area by spacing of the crop.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.7370367}
{"text": "For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 20 The space between the rows should allow free passage of the machinery which can be used in the field. For example, the spacing between rows of coffee is supposed to allow movement of tractor drawn implements. Soil fertility A fertile soil can support high plant population. Therefore closer spacing is possible. The size of plant Tall crop varieties require wider spacing while short varieties require closer spacing, for example, Kitale hybrid maize is widely spaced than Katumani maize. Moisture availability. Areas with higher rainfall are capable of supporting a large number of plants hence closer spacing than areas of low rainfall. Use of crop. Crop grown for the supply of forage or silage material is planted at a closer spacing than for grain production. Pest and diseases control. When crops are properly spaced, pests might find it difficult to move from one place to the other, for example, aphids in groundnuts. Growth habit. Spreading and tillering crop varieties require wider spacing than erect type. Seed rate. Seed rate is the amount of seeds to be planted in a given unit area governed by ultimate crop stand which is desired. The objective of correct spacing of crop is to obtain the maximum yields from a unit area without sacrificing quality. Most crops are seeded at lighter rates under drier conditions than under wet or irrigated conditions. Seeds with low germination percentage are planted at higher rates than those which have about 100 germination percentage. There is an optimal seed rate for various crops. For example, the seed rate for maize is 22 kg per hectare, wheat is 110 kg per hectare and cotton is between 17 to 45 kg per hectare. Factors to consider in choosing seed rates. Seed purity. When planting seed which is pure or with a high germination percentage, less seed is required. On the contrary, more seeds are required when using impure or mixed seeds. Germination percentage. Less seed is used when its germination percentage is higher. Seed of lower germination percentage is required in large amounts. Spacing. At closer spacing, more seeds are used than in a wider spacing. Number of seeds per hole. When two or more seeds are planted per hole, higher seed rate is required than when only one seed is planted per hole. The purpose of the crop. A crop to be used for silage making is spaced more closely than one meant for grain production.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.7787442}
{"text": "When two or more seeds are planted per hole, higher seed rate is required than when only one seed is planted per hole. The purpose of the crop. A crop to be used for silage making is spaced more closely than one meant for grain production. This would require use of more seeds. Maize to be used for silage making, for example, requires more seeds than that meant for production of grain. Depth of planting. This is the distance from the soil surface to where the seed is placed. The correct depth of planting is determined by: Soil type: seeds will emerge from grater depths in sandy soil that are lighter than in clay soils. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 21 Soil moisture content: It is recommended that one plants deep in dry soils in order to place the seeds in a zone with moist soil. Size of the seed: Larger seeds are planted deeper in the soil because they have enough food reserves to make them shoot and emerge through the soil to the surface. Type of germination: seeds with epigeal type of germination carry cotyledons above the soil surface such as beans, should be planted shallower than those with hypogeal type of germination leave cotyledons under the soil such as maize. Suggested Activities. 1. Learners to carry out planting using broadcasting method and planting rows. 2. Learners to identify different vegetative propagation materials displayed by the teacher. 3. Learners to determine the correct plant population for a given area by mathematical calculations. 4. Learners to collect samples of different tree seeds and prepare them for planting by various methods of breaking seed dormancy. 5. Learners to determine the germination percentage of different samples of cereals and legume seeds. Crop Production III Nursery Practices Introduction Planting materials are either planted directly in a seedbed or indirectly through a nursery bed. A seedbed is a piece of land which could be small or large and prepared to receive planting materials. A nursery bed on the other hand is a small plot of land specially prepared for raising seedlings or planting materials before transplanting. It is usually 1m wide and any convenient length depending on the quantity of seedlings to be raised.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.7665224}
{"text": "A seedbed is a piece of land which could be small or large and prepared to receive planting materials. A nursery bed on the other hand is a small plot of land specially prepared for raising seedlings or planting materials before transplanting. It is usually 1m wide and any convenient length depending on the quantity of seedlings to be raised. A seedling bed is a special type of nursery bed used for raising seedlings pricked out from the nursery bed due to overcrowding before they are ready for transplanting. Pricking out refers to the removal of seedlings from a nursery bed to a seedling bed. Nursery practices refer to all the activities carried out throughout a nursery life to raise seedlings. . Importance of Nursery Bed in Crop Production To facilitate the production of many seedlings in a small area. It is easy to carry out management practices in a nursery than in the seedbed. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 22 It facilitates the planting of small seeds which develop into strong seedlings that are easily transplanted. It ensures transplanting of only healthy and vigorous growing seedlings. It reduces the period taken by the crop in the field. Excess seedlings from the nursery may be sold to earn income. Selection of a Nursery Site Factors to consider; Nearness to the water source. Type of soil.-should be well drained, deep and fertile, preferably loam soil. Topography.-it should be situated on a gentle slope to prevent flooding and erosion through surface run-off. Previous cropping.-to avoid build up of pests and diseases associated with particular plant families, consider the preceding crops. Security.-select a site that is protected from theft and destruction by animals. Protection against strong winds and heat of the sun.-select a sheltered place. I.e. to avoid excessive evapotranspiration and uprooting seedlings. Types of Nurseries Categories of nurseries: Vegetable Nursery: They are used for raising the seedlings of vegetable crops. Tomatoes, cabbages, kale, onions, brinjals and peppers. Vegetable Propagation Nurseries: They are used for inducing root production in cuttings before they are transplanted, The cuttings can be planted directly in the soil and hence called bare root nurseries.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.8059664}
{"text": "Types of Nurseries Categories of nurseries: Vegetable Nursery: They are used for raising the seedlings of vegetable crops. Tomatoes, cabbages, kale, onions, brinjals and peppers. Vegetable Propagation Nurseries: They are used for inducing root production in cuttings before they are transplanted, The cuttings can be planted directly in the soil and hence called bare root nurseries. Or planted into containers such as pots, polythene bags and others, hence called containerized nurseries. Tree Nurseries: These are used for raising tree seedlings. The seedlings can be raised in bare root nurseries or in containerized nurseries. Nursery Management Practices: These are the practices carried out in the nursery while the planting materials are growing. They include: Mulching. Light mulch should be applied on thenursery bed. It be should be removed on the 4th day Weed control. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 23 Shading. Pricking out. Pests and disease control. Hardening off Watering. Preparation of vegetative materials for planting: Cuttings -These are plant parts such as stems, leaves and roots induced to produce roots and used as planting materials. Grafting It is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems. The part bearing the roots is referred to as root stock while the part which is grafted onto the rootstock is known as scion. The scion has buds which develop into the future plant. The ability of the rootstock and the scion to form a successful union is termed as compatibility. Methods of Grafting Whip or tongue grafting: In this case the diameter of the rootstock and the scion are the same. It is carried out when the diameter of the scion and the rootstock is 'pencil' thick. Side grafting: In this case the diameter of the rootstock is bigger than that of the scion. Other types of grafting include ; Approach grafting, Notch grafting Bark grafting. Budding: It is the practice of uniting a vegetative bud to a seedling of another plant.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.7971902}
{"text": "Side grafting: In this case the diameter of the rootstock is bigger than that of the scion. Other types of grafting include ; Approach grafting, Notch grafting Bark grafting. Budding: It is the practice of uniting a vegetative bud to a seedling of another plant. The scion has only one bud and some bark with or without wood. The bud is inserted in a slit made on the bark of the stock. It is held tightly on the stock by tying with a budding tape until it produces a shoot. Methods of Budding: T-budding Top budding Patch budding. Importance of Budding and Grafting: Plants with desirable root characteristics but with undesirable products may be used to produce desirable products for example lemon-orange graft. They facilitate the changing of the top of the tree from being undesirable to desirable For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 24 They make it possible to grow more than one type of fruit or flower on the same plant. They help to propagate clones that cannot be propagated in any other way. They help to shorten the maturity period. Layering It is the process by which a part of a plant is induced to produce roots while still attached to the mother plant. Once the roots have been produced, the stem is then cut off and planted. Types of layering; Marcotting or aerial layering. Tip layering. Trench layering. Compound or serpentine. Tissue Culture for Crop Propagation Tissue culture is a biotechnology used in cloning vegetatively propagated plants. It is based on the ability of plant tissue or cells to regenerate other parts of the plant. The tissues are derived from shoot tips where cells are undergoing rapid cell division and are not differentiated. The cells are then provided with the right conditions which enable them to multiply and develop roots. The Right Conditions for tissue culture: Culture medium. Correct temperature. Correct light intensity and Correct relative humidity. Importance of Tissue Culture in Crop Propagation It is used to recover and establish pathogen-free plants especially in the control of viral diseases. It is used in mass production of plantlets or propagules. It is fast and requires less space than the cultural methods of using cutting which requires a bigger space.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.8391657}
{"text": "Importance of Tissue Culture in Crop Propagation It is used to recover and establish pathogen-free plants especially in the control of viral diseases. It is used in mass production of plantlets or propagules. It is fast and requires less space than the cultural methods of using cutting which requires a bigger space. Transplanting Seedlings Transplanting of vegetable and tree seedlings are generally the same. Generally, vegetable seedlings are ready for transplanting when they are one month old or have 4 -6 leaves or are about 10-15cm in height. Before transplanting, the nursery bed is adequately watered 3 - 4 hours before lifting the seedlings. This ensures the seedlings are lifted easily with a ball of earth around the roots to minimize root damage. Tree seedlings take a little longer to reach transplanting age compared to vegetable crop seedlings. The roots are trimmed before lifting the seedlings. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 25 Transplanting should be done at the onset of the long rains to give the young trees a good start. After transplanting the young trees should be protected from damage by animals for a period of about one year. Crop production IV Field Practices I Introduction Field practices are activities carried out on the field to facilitate proper growth and maximum yield of the various crops grown. They include the following: Crop Rotation Mulching R0uting field practices Crop protection Harvesting Crop Rotation This is the growing of different types on the same piece of land in different seasons, in an orderly sequence. Importance of Crop Rotation Maximizes use of nutrients and moisture. Breaks the life cycle of pests and disease agents. Maintains good soil structure. Reduces soil erosion due to adequate soil cover. Controls weeds that are specific to certain crops e.g. striga on cereals Improves soil fertility when legumes are included in crop rotation. Factors Influencing Rotational Programme Growth habits and nutrient req uirements. Liability to soil erosion. Crops attacked by the same pests and diseases should not follow one another in the programme. Availability of capital and market for example beans or peas in legumes.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.885897}
{"text": "Liability to soil erosion. Crops attacked by the same pests and diseases should not follow one another in the programme. Availability of capital and market for example beans or peas in legumes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 26 Mulching This is the placement of materials such as banana leaves or polythene sheets on the ground next to the growing crop. These materials should not come into contact with the base of the crop as they may encourage pest attack. Importance of Mulching Reduction of evaporation rate. Smothers weeds. Moderation of soil temperature. Reduction of speed of run offs. Types of Mulching Materials Organic mulching materials such as; Sawdust, wood shavings, coffee pulps, rice husks, Dry grass, banana leaves, dry maize stalk, napier grass. Inorganic or synthetic materials commonly used are either black or transparent polythene sheets. Advantages of Mulching Prevents water evaporation thus maintaining moisture in the soil for crop use. Acts as an insulator thus modifying the soil temperature. It helps to control soil erosion. It controls weeds by suppressing them. After decomposition organic mulch add nutrients to the soil thus improving its fertility. Humus produced after the decomposition of organic mulch improves soil structure and the water holding capacity of the soil. Disadvantages of Mulching It is a fire risk. Provides a breeding ground as well as a hiding place for pests that finally may attack the crops. Traps the light showers of rainfall thus lowering the chances of rain drops reaching the soil. It is expensive to acquire, transport and apply. Routine Field Practices Thinning Removal of excess, weak, damaged or diseased seedlings. Allows the remaining seedlings to get enough nutrients and moisture. It is aimed at obtaining optimum plant population. Gapping Filling the gaps so as to maintain proper plant population. Gaps occur as a result of failure of seeds to germinate or dying of seedlings. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 27 It should be done early enough for the seedlings to catch up with the other plants Rogueing This is the removal and destruction of a diseased part of a plant or the whole plant. The destruction can be achieved through burning of the uprooted plant.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.9167283}
{"text": "Gaps occur as a result of failure of seeds to germinate or dying of seedlings. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 27 It should be done early enough for the seedlings to catch up with the other plants Rogueing This is the removal and destruction of a diseased part of a plant or the whole plant. The destruction can be achieved through burning of the uprooted plant. Pruning Removal of extra unwanted parts of the plant. Reasons for pruning are: To remove old, unproductive or diseased, damaged parts of the plant. To train plants to take a desirable shape for example formative pruning in tea. To control crop leave ratio hence avoiding overbearing. To control diseases and pests for example antestia bugs in coffee. To facilitate other operations such as spraying, picking and seeding. To reduce wastage of chemicals applied on the crop. To remove branches that interfere with traffic, telephone lines and view. Open up the plant to allow free air circulation and exposure of leaves to sunlight. Note: Tools used are secateur, pruning saw and pruning knife. Earthing-up This is the placement of soil in form of a heap around the base of the plant. It is mostly carried out in tuber crops such as Irish and sweet potatoes to improve tuber formation. It is also carried out in groundnuts and maize. In groundnuts it promotes production of pods while in maize it provides support to prevent lodging. Crop Protection Weed Control Weeds are plants growing where they are not wanted, that is a plant out of place. Such plants include blackjack, couch grass, thorn apple and Mcdonald's eye. Such plants should be eradicated or controlled using recommended methods. Pest Control Crop pests are living organisms that are harmful to the crops. They include; insects, nematodes, rodents, thrips and mites. They cause great damage to crops in the field and stored produce. Control of Crop Diseases A disease is any alteration in the state of an organism and functions of a plant or its parts. Disease causing organisms are known as pathogens. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 28 They include fungi, viruses and bacteria. Diseases caused by fungi are referred to as fungal diseases while those caused by viruses and bacteria are referred to as viral and bacterial respectively.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.9041183}
{"text": "Disease causing organisms are known as pathogens. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 28 They include fungi, viruses and bacteria. Diseases caused by fungi are referred to as fungal diseases while those caused by viruses and bacteria are referred to as viral and bacterial respectively. Harvesting It is the gathering or of the farm produce after maturity. Time of harvesting depends on: Stage of maturity of the crops. Use of the crop. Tastes and preferences of consumers. Weather conditions, hence liability to spoilage. Moisture. Methods of harvesting is determined by: Scale of farming for example large scale farming machines are used. Type of crop for example pyrethrum is harvested by hand. Uniformity in ripening of the crop for example wheat is harvested by use of combined harvester while coffee is harvested by hand. Uniformity in height of the crop and size of seed, fruits and flowers. Financial status of the farmer. Part of the plant to be harvested. Post-Harvest Practices These are the preparations carried out on crop produce before it gets to the consumer. They include; Threshing shelling. Drying. Cleaning. Sorting and grading. Dusting. Processing. Packaging. Storage Purpose of storage is to; Prevent spoilage Make the produce available for future use To await good market prices. Requirements for proper store are: It should be clean. It should be well ventilated. It should be raised from the ground to prevent damp conditions. It should be dry. It should be strong to hold crop produce. It should be easy to clean. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 29 It should be vermin-proof. It should be secure from theft. It should be treated against pests such as weevils. Types of Storage Traditional storage structures. Modern storage structures. Preparation of the Store Cleaning the store. Maintenance Dusting the store with appropriate chemicals. Clearing the vegetation around the store to keep off vermin. Crop Production V: Vegetables Introduction A vegetable is any crop that is grown and eaten fresh. Vegetables are important both for nutritional and commercial reasons. They are categorized on the basis of the part used as food.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.9326158}
{"text": "Crop Production V: Vegetables Introduction A vegetable is any crop that is grown and eaten fresh. Vegetables are important both for nutritional and commercial reasons. They are categorized on the basis of the part used as food. Such parts include; Leaves, Stems, Roots, Fruits, Flowers, Pods Bulbs. Vegetables are grouped into the following categories: Leaf vegetables for example kales and cabbages. Root vegetables for example carrots, beets, radishes and turnips. Fruit vegetables for example French beans and okra. Stem vegetables for example asparagus, leeks and spring onions. Bulb vegetables for example bulbed onions and garlic. Tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum Tomatoes are fruit vegetables widely grown in Kenya. The ripe fruit may be eaten raw cooked or processed to make tomato sauces, juices and pastes. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 0-2100m above sea level. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 30 Rainfall: 7S0-1300mm per annum. Soils: deep, fertile and well drained. Varieties Fresh market varieties: Money maker, Marglobe, hundred fold, Beef eater, Hot set, Super marmande Ponderosa. Processing varieties: Kenya beauty, San -marzano, Roma, Heinz 13S0, Primabel, Rutgers hybrid Cal- J. Nursery Practices Choose a site which has not been grown Solanaceae crop in the last three years. Nursery beds are raised about 15cm above the ground level. Make drills of 20cm apart and 1cm deep drill and cover the seeds. Provide shade or mulch material. Water twice a day. Apply phosphatic fertilizers during planting. Seedbed Preparation The land should be dug deeply to control weeds. Transplanting Seedlings are ready for transplanting when they are 10-15cmhigh after about one month. Holes are made at a spacing of 60cm x 90cm. Apply 20gm of DSP in the planting hole.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.9493773}
{"text": "Transplanting Seedlings are ready for transplanting when they are 10-15cmhigh after about one month. Holes are made at a spacing of 60cm x 90cm. Apply 20gm of DSP in the planting hole. Transplant with a ball of soil around the roots. Apply mulch around each seedling. Transplanting is normally in the evening or on a cloudy day. Field Maintenance Early control of weeds is necessary. Top dressing is done after crop establishes. Pruning and staking are done to train the plants to grow vertically. Pests Controls American Bollworm Nature of damage: boring holes on the fruits. Control: spraying insecticides. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 31 Tobacco White Fly Nature of damage: suck plant sap from the underside of the leaf, hence may transmit viral diseases. Control: Destroy infected plant and spray insecticides. Disease Control Late Blight Cause: Fungus Symptoms: dry patches on the leaves and fruits. Control: use of fungicides, crop rotation and destruction of affected materials. Blossom-end Rot Caused by; Too much nitrogen in early stages. Irregular or infrequent watering. Calcium deficiency. Control: Apply calcium ammonium nitrate and correction of the above problems. Harvesting For canning, fruits should be fully ripe. For fresh market, fruits should be partially ripe and packed in crates to avoid damage. The fruits should be graded according to; Size, Colour, Ripeness Freedom from blemishes. Cabbage It is a leaf vegetable related to other brassica crops such as kales, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Cabbage leaves may be eaten raw in salads, steamed, boiled or cooked in a variety of ways. The leaves can also be fed to livestock. Ecological Requirements Altitude: Those with small heads: 900-1500m above sea level Those with Large heads: 1800-2700m above sea level. Temperature: require cool condition. Rainfall: 750-2000mm per annum. Should be well distributed throughout the growing period.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406264.9876366}
{"text": "Temperature: require cool condition. Rainfall: 750-2000mm per annum. Should be well distributed throughout the growing period. Soils: Deep, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 32 Fertile Well drained. Varieties Early maturing: Brunswick, Sugar loaf, Early jersey, Copenhagen market, Chinese cabbage, Celery cabbage, Cafe splits kool Gloria, mukuki, Golden acre . Late maturing: Drumhead, Savoy, Perfection, Winningstadt. Nursery Practices The beds should be raised, dimension 1 m wide and any convenient length usually 23m in length . Make drills of 15-20cm apart. Sow seeds by drilling and cover to a depth of 1 cm. Provide shade or mulch material. Apply phosphatic fertilizers and mix thoroughly with soil during planting. Water twice a day. Seedbed Preparation Cultivation should be done during the dry season so that all the weeds are killed. Dig holes at the spacing of 60cm x 60cm. Incorporate farm yard manure in the soil. Transplanting Water the seedlings before uprooting. Seedlings are ready for transplanting after one month that is when they are 1O-15cm in height. Select healthy and vigorous seedlings. Transplant the seedlings with balls of soil to prevent root damage. Plant to the same depth as they were in the nursery. Field Maintenance Apply fertilizers during planting and top dress later. Control weeds to reduce competition. Pest Control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 33 Diamond Black Moth Damage: Eats the underside of the leaf making windows or holes in the leaf. Control: Spray recommended insecticides. Cutworms Damage: Attacks the stem at the ground level causing he plant to fall. Control: Spray recommended insecticides. Disease Control Black Rot Cause: Bacteria Symptoms: Leaves turn yellow and rotting of the stem giving an offensive odour, Control: Closed season, crop rotation, use certified seeds and spray appropriate chemicals.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.0203094}
{"text": "Cutworms Damage: Attacks the stem at the ground level causing he plant to fall. Control: Spray recommended insecticides. Disease Control Black Rot Cause: Bacteria Symptoms: Leaves turn yellow and rotting of the stem giving an offensive odour, Control: Closed season, crop rotation, use certified seeds and spray appropriate chemicals. Black Leg Cause: Fungus Symptoms: Brown to black spots on seedlings and dark canker on the stem. Control: crop rotation, destroy infected materials. Harvesting Cabbages are ready for harvesting 3-4 months after transplanting. The heads are cut when they are solid and compact. Harvested cabbages are sold immediately. Carrots Daucus carota It is a root vegetable grown in the cool areas of Kenya. It is commonly eaten raw in salads but can also be cooked. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 0-2,900m above sea level. Rainfall: 750 - 1,000mm. Well distributed throughout the growing period. Soils: It requires deep, Fine tilth Well drained soils that are free from obstacles to allow for root expansion. Temperatures: it requires cool to warm temperatures as very high temperatures result in the production of pale and short roots. Varieties Fresh market varieties for example Chantenay and Nantes. Canning varieties for example Nantes Fodder varieties for example Oxhast. Land Preparation The field should be well dug to a depth of about 20cm. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 34 The soil clods should be broken to give a fine tilth before planting. Manure should not be applied as it induces forking which reduces the crop quality. Planting Carrots are planted directly into the main seedbed. Seeds are drilled into rows made 20-30cm apart. The seeds are then covered lightly and the soil pressed down. 90kg ha of DSP should be applied at planting time in the drills. It should be mixed well with the soils before placing the seeds. Field Practice Thinning -- it is done 2 weeks after germination. Weed control- the field should be kept weed free.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.0111184}
{"text": "It should be mixed well with the soils before placing the seeds. Field Practice Thinning -- it is done 2 weeks after germination. Weed control- the field should be kept weed free. Earthing up should be done while weeding to encourage root expansion .. Topdressing: after weeding 60kg of nitrogen per hectare should be applied as top dress. Irrigation - this should be carried out where or when there is not enough rainfall. Pest Control Carrots do not have many field pests except the green aphids. These can be controlled by use of the appropriate pesticides. Disease Control Occasionally attached by the mildews especially in wet and humid environment. Thinning can be done to reduce humid conditions. Harvesting and Marketing Carrots are ready for harvesting 3-5 months after planting depending on the variety. They are lifted from the soil and sold fresh or canned. Onions Allium cepa Onions are bulb vegetables grown in the warm areas of Kenya. They are used as a vegetable in salads and for flavouring foods, soups and stews. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 0-2, 100m above sea level. Rainfall: 1,000mm of rain per year Irrigation in dry areas . Soils: Requires well drained fertile soils pH of 6.0 - 7.0 . Temperatures: Onions are a warm climate crops. However, some varieties prefer cool conditions. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 35 They require a fairly long dry period for ripening. Varieties Red creole, Tropicana hybrid White creole. Land Preparation The land should be well prepared leaving a fine tilth. Farm yard manure at 40 - 50 tonnes per hectare should be applied and mixed well with the soil. Planting Direct: Seeds are drilled in rows 30cm apart and 8cm within the rows. 20kg ha of DSP fertilizer is used. Indirect: Seeds are established in the nurseries before transplanting them in rows 30cm apart and 8 cm within the rows. Shallow planting is recommended for bulb expansion.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.0305667}
{"text": "20kg ha of DSP fertilizer is used. Indirect: Seeds are established in the nurseries before transplanting them in rows 30cm apart and 8 cm within the rows. Shallow planting is recommended for bulb expansion. Field Management Practices Thinning It is carried out only in the crop that has been directly planted so as to achieve spacing of 8cm between two plants within the row. The thinned plants referred to as spring onions are used as vegetables in salads. Topdressing Calcium ammonium nitrate at the rate of 250kg per hectare is recommended for topdressing onions. This is done 3 months after planting. Pest Control Onion Thrips: These cause silvering and withering of leaves from the tips downwards. They are controlled by spraying with appropriate insecticides such as Diazinon or fenthion. Disease Control Purple Blotch and Downey Mildew Purple blotch; Characterized by oval greyish lesions with purple centres on leaves. This causes leaf curling and die back. Downey mildew; Characterized by brown spores covering the leaves leading to death of the whole plant. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 36 The two diseases are effectively controlled by crop rotation and application of appropriate fungicides. Harvesting and Marketing Onions are ready for harvesting 5 months after planting. When leaves start drying the tops are broken or bent at the neck. This hastens the withering of the stems. The bulbs are then dug out and left to dry in a shade for a few days. Onions are graded according to size and marketed in nets of about 14 -16kgs. Livestock Health I Introduction to Livestock Health Introduction Health is the state of the body in which all the organs and systems are normal and functioning normally. Disease is any deviation from the normal health of the animal. Importance of Keeping Livestock Healthy: Healthy animals give high income due to low treatment costs. The productive life span of a healthy animal is longer. High production. Healthy animals can multiply regularly. Healthy animals give high quality products for example eggs. Safety of consumers of livestock products. Predisposing Factors to Livestock Diseases These are conditions within or around the animal that make it easy for an animal to contract a disease.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.0669448}
{"text": "Healthy animals give high quality products for example eggs. Safety of consumers of livestock products. Predisposing Factors to Livestock Diseases These are conditions within or around the animal that make it easy for an animal to contract a disease. They include: Animal factors such as; species, breed, age, sex colour of the animal. Environmental factors such as; chilling, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 37 being rained on, exposure to hot sun dampness. Management factors such as; poor feeding, housing, handling hygiene, overcrowding . Signs of ILL-Health in Livestock Abnormal behaviour for example separation from the rest of the herd and restlessness. Abnormal posture for example limping and lameness. Alimentary canal disfunction such as blood stained faeces and abnormal defecation, diarrhoea and dysentery. Urination: high frequency or too low and having strange colour. Skin: rough with scaly skin, blisters on the skin and hair loss. Causes of Diseases Pathogenic causes ; viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, protozoa fungi. Physical causes; fractures, dislocation, sprains . Nutritional disorders for example milk fever. Chemical causes for example poisoning by agrochemicals. Categories of Diseases Notifiable diseases ; These are diseases which cause high economic losses. Any case should be reported to the Chiefs, D.O.s, veterinary officers or the police. Tick-borne diseases - Transmitted by ticks. Breeding diseases - Transmitted through mating. Nutritional diseases for example milk fever and bloat. Parasitic diseases for example ascariosis. General Methods of Disease Control Quarantine. Vaccination. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 38 Control of vectors by use of acaricides and rotational grazing. Disinfecting the equipment and buildings. Use of preventive drugs. Proper feeding of livestock. Culling of the animals which are carriers slaughtering the affected animals. Use of artificial insemination to control breeding diseases.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.1275032}
{"text": "Proper feeding of livestock. Culling of the animals which are carriers slaughtering the affected animals. Use of artificial insemination to control breeding diseases. Proper selection and breeding of animals. Proper housing and hygiene, Isolating sick animals. Appropriate Methods of Handling Livestock Animals are handled for the following reasons: When inspecting the animal to ascertain any abnormality or signs of diseases. When administering any form of treatment such as drenching, injection and mastitis control. When spraying or hand dressing the animal with chemicals to control external parasites. When milking the animal. When performing some of the management practices such as dehorning, disbudding, castration, hoof trimming . When carrying out these activities animals should be restrained in a crush. Other methods of restraining animals include the use of; halters, ropes, bull ring lead stick. Livestock Health II Parasites Introduction A parasite is an organism which obtains its livelihood from another organism host which suffers damage. Parasitism is the association between a parasite and a host. The effects of parasite on the host animal are: Depriving the host of its food. Sucking blood. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 39 Damaging the organs of the host. Cause irritation on the skin of the host. Destruction of hides and skins. Transmission of diseases. Cause obstruction in body passages. General Symptoms of Parasites Infestation: Emaciation. Pot bellied condition. Swellings in the jaw or other areas. Rough hair or rough coat. Anaemia. Diarrhoea. Presence of worm segments and blood stains in the defecation. Types of Parasites There are two types of parasites: External ecto-parasites Internal endo-parasites External parasites are; ticks, tsetse flies, mites, lice, fleas keds Life Cycle of ticks Eggs are laid in cracks on the ground. They hatch in 4-6 weeks into larvae which climb on the grass waiting for a passing animal. One-Host Tick This requires one host to complete its life cycle. Example: blue tick Boophilus decoloratus .", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.099362}
{"text": "They hatch in 4-6 weeks into larvae which climb on the grass waiting for a passing animal. One-Host Tick This requires one host to complete its life cycle. Example: blue tick Boophilus decoloratus . Preferred sites: face, neck, dewlap and side of the body. Disease transmitted: Redwater and anaplasmosis. Two-Host Tick This requires two different hosts to complete its life cycle. Example: The red legged tick Rhipicephalus everts Preferred sites: Ears, anus, udder and the tail. Disease transmitted: Redwater and east coast fever. Example: Bont legged tick amblyomma spp. Preferred sites: Udder, scrotum and tail switch. Disease transmitted: Sweating sickness. Three-Host Tick This requires three hosts to complete its life cycle. Example: The brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Preferred sites: Ears, tail switch and around the eyes. Disease transmitted: East coast fever and redwater. Bont tick transmit heartwater amblyomma spp. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 40 Control of Ticks Dipping spraying hand dressing with acaricides. Rotational grazing. Ploughing the land to break the life cycle. Hand picking and killing. Fencing of the grazing fields to keep off other animals including wild game. Burning of grass to kill them in various stages. Endo-parasites internal Parasites Endoparasites are helminths. They can be divided into: Platyhelminthes flatworms which include; Trematodes flukes Cestodes tapeworms . Nemato-helminthes nematodes. E.g Roundworms. General Symptoms of Helminthiasis Diarrhoea which foul the anal and tail region. Dullness. Anaemia. Big stomach pot bellied condition . Presence of worm segments in faeces. Coughing. Trematodes Liver Fluke There are two species of flukes: Fasciola gigantica Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola hepatica is more common.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.0821512}
{"text": "Coughing. Trematodes Liver Fluke There are two species of flukes: Fasciola gigantica Fasciola hepatica. Fasciola hepatica is more common. It is commonly found in the liver and bile duct of cattle, sheep and goats. Liver fluke is a problem in marshy and low lying wet areas. Life Cycle of the Liver Fluke Adult fluke in the liver of the primary host lays eggs. Eggs pass through the bile duct into the small intestines and are passed out in faeces onto the pasture. Under moist conditions, they hatch into a miracidium larva which swims about in search of a secondary host fresh water snails . In the snail, it develops through sporocyst, redia and cercaria. When it leaves the snail, the cercaria gets encysted on vegetation and becomes metacercaria. This is swallowed by the primary host with grass. The young fluke migrates into the liver through blood vessels when it matures. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 41 Control of Liver Fluke Keep livestock off marshy areas near the rivers streams lakes and dams. Drench affected animals. Drainage of swampy areas. Eradicate the intermediate host by use of molluscicides. Provide water to livestock in elevated troughs. Tapeworms There are many species of tapeworms Eexample; Taenia solium Taenia saginata. The adults live in the small intestines of man the primary host . The intermediate host of Taenia solium is pig . The intermediate host of Taenia saginata is cattle. Life Cycle of Tapeworm Adult tapeworms live in man's intestines where it lays eggs. Eggs are passed out with faeces, Then they develop an outer covering known as onchosphere. The eggs are swallowed by intermediate host. The outer covering is digested and the young worm emerges. This bores into the blood vessels and is carried to specific muscles such as the tongue, heart, thigh muscles. It develops into an encysted form called bladder-worm. When the animal is killed and meat is eaten raw or in an inadequately cooked form, man gets infected by the bladder-worm.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.1540217}
{"text": "For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 43 Acts as a lubricant. Acts as constituent of body fluids. Factors Determining the Requirements of Water by Livestock Production level. Amount of dry matter eaten. Temperature of the surrounding area. Type of animal. Type of food eaten. Protein Sources: Groundnut cakes, cotton seed cakes, fish meal, meat meal. Functions: Growth of new tissues. Repair of worn out tissues body building . Synthesis of antibodies. Synthesis of hormones and enzymes. Production of energy during starvation. Digestion of Proteins In non-ruminants, protein digestion takes placed in the stomach. Food is subjected to mechanical breakdown through chewing into small particles. Protein is acted on by enzymes to turn into amino acid which is assimilated into the bloodstream. In ruminants, protein digestion initially takes place in the rumen. Food is acted on by micro-organisms into microbial protein. Later, enzymatic action takes place in the \"true stomach\" or abomasum where proteins are broken down into amino acids which are then assimilated into the bloodstream. Carbohydrates Sources: Cereals, tubers commercially mixed feeds. Functions: Supply energy and heat to the body. Excess is stored in form of fat for insulation of the body. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 44 Digestion of Carbohydrates In non-ruminants; carbohydrate feeds are broken down by chewing into small particles. Then enzymatic action further breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, fructose and galactose which are then assimilated into the bloodstream. In ruminants; mechanical breakdown of carbohydrate feeds is followed by microbial activities which break down cellulose into volatile fatty acids. These are absorbed through the rumen walls. Some carbohydrates are broken down by enzymatic action in the \"true stomach\" or abomasum. Fats and Oils Sources: Cotton seeds, soya beans groundnuts. Functions: Supply energy and heat to the body. Excess is stored as fat adipose tissues. Source of metabolic water in the body. Required for the development of neural system. Insulator in the body.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.1794984}
{"text": "Source of metabolic water in the body. Required for the development of neural system. Insulator in the body. Digestion of lipids in Ruminants Fats are hydrolysed in the rumen into fatty acids and glycerol. Others are fermented into propionic acid, The shorter chains are passed to the true stomach where enzymatic action takes place. Vitamins Sources: Green materials, dried grass fish liver oil. Functions: Protects the body against diseases. Regulate the functions of all parts of the body. It acts as a co-enzyme in the body. Examples: Vitamin A, vitamin B2 vitamin C, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 45 vitamin E vitamin K. Minerals Sources: Salt licks, bone meal, legumes cereals. Functions: Form part of the tissues such as bones and teeth. Work together with the enzymes. Act as acid -base balances. Act as electrolyte in the body. Regulate osmotic balance in the body. Examples: Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, iodine, sodium chlorine. Calcium and phosphorus - Needed for teeth and bone formation. Lack of these minerals leads to rickets, osteomalacia. Lack of iron leads to anaemia. Classification of Animal Feeds This is based on nutrient composition: Roughages. Concentrates. Feed additives. Roughages Are feeds of low available nutrients per unit weight and high fibre content. Examples: Dry roughages, succulent roughages, residues from agricultural by products and conserved materials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 46 Characteristics Low level of available nutrients. Have high level of calcium especially legumes. Good source of vitamin A. Have high fibre content. Concentrates Are feeds of high available nutrients per unit weight. Examples: Maize germ and bran, malt extract, milk products, soyabeans, oil seed cakes, meat meal, bonemeal bloodmeal. Characteristics Low fibre content. Feed content is consistently high. High digestibility of the feed. High in nutrient content.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.167186}
{"text": "Feed content is consistently high. High digestibility of the feed. High in nutrient content. Feed Additives These are substances added to the feed to increase; palatability, medication or hormones to make animals produce more. There are two types: Nutritive additives, such as mineral licks maclick . Non-nutritives additives, such as; medicants coccidiostats , Stilboestrol used in beef animals oxytocin to increase milk let down . Functions Stimulate growth and production. Improve feed efficiency. Prevent disease causing organisms. Compounded Feeds These are the feeds prepared and mixed by use of machines. These feeds can be round, pelleted, pencils, cubes or mash. Poultry feeds can be categorized as: Chick mash having 20 D.C.P. given to chicks. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 Growers mash having 16 D.C.P. given to growers. Layers mash having 12-15 D.C.P. given to layers. Meaning of terms used to express feed values Nutritive ratio NR : Is the proportion of protein to carbohydrates and fats. In young animals 1:3:6 In old animals 1:8. Crude protein C.P : Is the total amount of protein contained in a feed. Digestible Crude Protein D.C.P : Is the portion of crude protein which an animal is capable of digesting. Crude Fibre C.F. : Is the total amount of fibre contained in a feed. It is mainly lignin and cellulose. Digestible Fibre D.F. : Is the portion of the total fibre contained in a feed which an animal is capable of digesting. Dry Matter D.M. : Is the material left in a feed after water has been removed. Starch equivalent S.E. : Is the amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed. Total Digestible Nutrients T.D.N. : Is the sum of all the digestible organic nutrients such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates and fibre.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.20294}
{"text": "Dry Matter D.M. : Is the material left in a feed after water has been removed. Starch equivalent S.E. : Is the amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed. Total Digestible Nutrients T.D.N. : Is the sum of all the digestible organic nutrients such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates and fibre. Computation of Livestock Rations Ration: Is the amount of food that will provide essential nutrients to an animal in a 24 hour period to enable that animal to meet its maintenance and production requirements. Balanced ration: Is the ration that contains all the essential nutrients in required amounts and in the right proportion. Maintenance ration: is the portion of a feed required by an animal to continue with the vital body processes with no loss or gain in weight. Production ration: Is the feed required by animals over and above maintenance ration to enable the animal to produce; for example; milk, eggs, wool, grow in size, perform work, reproduce and fatten. Steps in ration formulation Finding out the animal's feed requirement based on body weight. List all the available feeds, with their nutrient composition and their prices. Calculate the amount of ingredients required in the ration to meet the animals needs. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 48 Methods used in ration formulation Trial and error method Pearson s square method Graphical method Linear programming use of computers Examples; Mix a Pigs ration 22 protein using soya bean meal 40 DCP and maize meal containing 8 DCP. Soya bean meal 14 100 43.75kg 32 Maize meal 18 100 56.25kg 32 Digestion and digestive systems Digestion is the process through which food is broken down into small particles in the alimentary canal ready for absorption into the blood stream. Digestion of food in livestock takes place in three stages; Mechanical breakdown and chewing Microbial breakdown by bacteria and protozoa in the rumen of ruminants Chemical breakdown by enzymes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 49 Rumen- Breakdown of food by micro-organisms and also stores food. Synthesis of vitamin B-complex.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.2581537}
{"text": "Digestion of food in livestock takes place in three stages; Mechanical breakdown and chewing Microbial breakdown by bacteria and protozoa in the rumen of ruminants Chemical breakdown by enzymes. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 49 Rumen- Breakdown of food by micro-organisms and also stores food. Synthesis of vitamin B-complex. Synthesis of amino acids from ammonia gas. Proteins are broken to peptides and amino acids. Carbohydrates are broken to volatile fatty acids. Reticulum: Separates large food particles from the small particles. Retains foreign materials such as stones, hard wood and sand. Omasum: Breaks up food by grinding. Reduction of water content from the feed stuff. Abomasum: Enzymatic digestion takes place here .. Contains some microbes which digest cellulose. Breaks up food by grinding. It is also found in non-ruminants. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 50 Comparison Between Digestion in Ruminant and Nonruminants Differences Ruminants Non -ruminants Chew the cud. Do not chew the cud. Have four stomach chambers-thus Have one stomach chamber polygastric. -. Thus monogastric. Regurgitate food. Cannot regurgitate food once Can digest cellulose. Have swallowed. Micro-organisms in the rumen Have no micro-organisms that digest cellulose. In the stomach hence cannot 5. Have no Ptyalin in saliva hence digest cellulose except those no enzymatic digestion in the mouth. Animals with micro-organisms Most digestion and absorption takes in the caecum. Place in the rumen. Have Ptyalin in the saliva hence Have alkaline saliva due to presence enzymatic digestion starts in the mouth of ammonia. Most digestion and absorption takes in the small intestines. The saliva is neutral pH. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 51 Functions of the Parts of Poultry Crop: Storage of food. Softening of food by secretions from small glands in the walls. Proventriculus: Enzymes start the breakdown of food.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.2455308}
{"text": "For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 51 Functions of the Parts of Poultry Crop: Storage of food. Softening of food by secretions from small glands in the walls. Proventriculus: Enzymes start the breakdown of food. Gizzard:-Crushes and grinds the coarse food has small grit and gravel .Comparison Between Digestion In Ruminants and Non-Ruminants Similarities Between Digestion In Ruminants and Non-Ruminants Digestion in young ruminants is similar to that in non-ruminants as they do not have a developed rumen-reticulum complex. Final protein digestion takes place in the small intestines in both cases. Water absorption takes place in the colon in both ruminants and non ruminants For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-2-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.211746}
{"text": "I STUDY GUIDE TO THE BLOSSOMS OF THE SAVANNAH BY HENRY OLE KULET 2015iiiii ABSTRACT This study interrogates re presentation of women characters in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. It looks at how such re presentation of female characters defines and redefines femininity within the Maasai social environment of the texts. The research then focuses on a comparative analysis of such re presentation of femininity in both texts. To satisfy these objectives I have employed the use of Womanism strand of feminism whose proponent Nigerian Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi contends serves as the rallying point for the women of African ancestry in their struggle to effectively assert their humanity in the face of the malevolent attitude of the men folk towards their self-fulfillment in life. Applying Womanism theory the study has done a close textual analysis of the two novels on the condition of the women characters in every text independently. My findings on Blossoms of the Savannah shows how the protagonist Resian s determination to pursue education in spite of resistance from a community still tied to retrogressive practices like FGM redefines the position of the women in that society. In Vanishing Herds the lead character is a woman called Norpisia. She redefines femininity in the society she lives in by her aggressive character when she fights for the conservation of the environment from degradation. In many instances she reminds us of the iconic environmentalist conservationist Wangari Maathai whose efforts at conservation of the environment won her accolades. Within the scope and limitation of my study I was restrained from expounding more on style in the two books. However, I feel that there is room for more research on the stylistic features of the two texts. It is an area that deserves scholarly attention as concerns the works of Henry ole Kulet and the role that he givesiv women. Such research will not only aid better understanding of his repertoire, but also shed light into how literature1 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Introduction Over time, literature has revealed that there are variations in the feminist discourse all around the world. Acknowledging the difference in women s experience of patriarchy, literature has shown that femininity is culturally determined and society specific. We can therefore say that cultural variables are determinants of female expression. Different societies have cultural variables that fashion behavior of women and even their worldview.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.293105}
{"text": "Acknowledging the difference in women s experience of patriarchy, literature has shown that femininity is culturally determined and society specific. We can therefore say that cultural variables are determinants of female expression. Different societies have cultural variables that fashion behavior of women and even their worldview. For that the question of femininity must also be looked at in terms of how the various unique cultures produce norms that then reproduce specific kinds of behaviours of women which are unique to that particular society. A look into African-American literature reveals that the black women feminism caucus took note of the fact that the black woman faced different challenges compared to the European-American woman. The black woman faced a double patriarchal order that emanated from her own race and from the white race. As such writers like Alice Walker in The Colour Purple and Maya Angelou in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings endeavored in their writing to unravel this experience that was peculiar to the black woman. The kind of feminist texts that dealt with the specific question of the black woman in America is what gave rise to Black femininity. Black femininity is the expression of feminism within the black culture. It emphasizes the cultural determinants within the black race and how it is shaped by forces from without White America and how the totality of this experience affects the feminist reaction that we find in black literature. 2 In the same vein, my study of femininity deals with how the image of the woman is conceptualized within the Maasai culture and how literature from that society represents the phenomenon. It also deals with how women deal with the conceived image of the ideal, either subverting them or abiding by the required image. So, on one hand, when I talk about Maasai femininity I am talking about the traditionally accepted image of a woman according to Maasai traditions as revealed in a work of literature. On the other hand, when I talk about redefinition of Maasai femininity I am alluding to the changes that happen to the traditional image of the Maasai woman when Maasai traditions come into collision with modernity. My focus is on two novels by Henry ole Kulet: Vanishing Herds 2011 and Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 . Henry ole Kulet is a Kenyan writer whose repertoire exploits Maasai culture for artistic expression. The works that he has produced thus far have dealt with the question of cultural determinism within the Maasai world.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.2743442}
{"text": "My focus is on two novels by Henry ole Kulet: Vanishing Herds 2011 and Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 . Henry ole Kulet is a Kenyan writer whose repertoire exploits Maasai culture for artistic expression. The works that he has produced thus far have dealt with the question of cultural determinism within the Maasai world. He is a writer whose works represent not only the affirmation of the evolution of culture but also the catalysts that drive that change. In his vision Henry ole Kulet projects a point of view that is empathetic to the condition of women in the society. He has strong female protagonists who drive change in society. This is a departure from the previous decades when many African female scholars criticized the male African writers for neglecting female characters in their works. Such scholars are Mary Kolawole 1997 , Gloria Chukukere 1995 , Omolara, Flora Nwapa 1984 among others. Charles Fonchingong 2006 argues that Kolawole 1997 notes: by omission or commission, most male writers in the early phase of African literature encouraged the marginalization of women. In this context, female characters are made marginal to the plot of the fiction, while only a few emerge as powerful and credible protagonists 135 . Chukukere 1995 says, The female characters, who3 the male writers created, acted within the framework of her traditional roles as wife and mother 135 . Chukukere 1995 views that a woman, hence, is respected and loved due to, her adaptations to these roles that she did perform 135 . Therefore, the male writers showed that the women could only perform very well as wives and not in any other role. Such writers include Chinua Achebe 1958 , Elechi Amadi 1966 , Cyprian Ekwensi 1962 , Wole Soyinka 1973 and Ngugi wa Thiong o 1980 . However, the discourse that sidelined women has shifted. Contemporary female and male writers have come out to redefine and argue against the one-sided presentation of the African woman in literature. Lapin 1984 observes that three dozen women are currently recognized as authors across the African continent, and they have been joined by some male writers in giving serious treatment and a realistic characterization and all rounded perspective of the female gender.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.3465993}
{"text": "However, the discourse that sidelined women has shifted. Contemporary female and male writers have come out to redefine and argue against the one-sided presentation of the African woman in literature. Lapin 1984 observes that three dozen women are currently recognized as authors across the African continent, and they have been joined by some male writers in giving serious treatment and a realistic characterization and all rounded perspective of the female gender. Writers tackle the gender equation in various ways as they strive to reverse aspects of female marginalization 142 . Writers such as Buchi Emecheta 1974 Mariama Ba 1981 , Ama Ata Aidoo 1996 , Flora Nwapa 1990 , Sembene Ousmane 1970 and Leopold Sedar Senghor attempt to bridge the gender rifts in the African literary landscape 135 . Henry ole Kulet, who comes from a patriarchal society, is among the writers whose later works portrays an all-rounded woman. Statement of the Problem The two novels Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 and Vanishing Herds 2011 by Henry ole Kulet show the writer s concern with the role of the Maasai woman in society. He uses women protagonists in the two novels to elevate the roles of women in the society. However, what is worth investigating is how the roles he gives to the women define and redefine their position within the4 Maasai society. Therefore, in this study I set out to investigate how the position of the Maasai woman is defined and re defined in the two novels. Objectives 1. To examine femininity in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. 2. To do a comparative analysis of femininity in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. Hypothesis 1. Examining femininity in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds reveals a definition and redefinition of Maasai femininity. 2. A comparison of the two novels would reveal the different shades of Maasai femininities that Henry ole Kulet projects in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. Justification Interrogating the re definition of femininity in Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 and Vanishing Herds 2011 helps to highlight the peculiar nature in which Henry ole Kulet positions his vision of the Maasai woman character.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.325869}
{"text": "2. A comparison of the two novels would reveal the different shades of Maasai femininities that Henry ole Kulet projects in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. Justification Interrogating the re definition of femininity in Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 and Vanishing Herds 2011 helps to highlight the peculiar nature in which Henry ole Kulet positions his vision of the Maasai woman character. Literary variables like characterization and plot development can help realize the inherent vision that Henry ole Kulet re presents in his work with regards to the destiny of the woman in the Maasai community. It is in the analysis of the re definition of the women that we can capture the unique feminism that emanates from Henry ole Kulet s creative works. Unraveling this kind of femininity would help to not only appreciate the nature of feminism within Maasai culture but also act as a pointer to the variant views on feminism which come from5 various cultures but which, the end, project the same vision of liberating the woman from traditions and customs that time has rendered untenable like female genital mutilation. It is imperative that a comparison of the two novels is done so as to show how the two books handle the issue of femininity. This shall help us see the issue of feminism in Maasai culture in totality with regard to how Henry ole Kulet handles it in the two texts. The two novels share similarities and differences that when looked at keenly reveal the vision of the author. The comparison also shows the techniques that the author has employed in different texts so as to bring out the presentation of the woman character and in so doing give a vision of what I term Maasai femininity. Literature Review A good research is one which is anchored in existing knowledge. This review looks at the existing literature related to this study under different topics. There are scholars who have previously done critical analyses of the works of Henry ole Kulet. A number of scholars have analyzed the images of women in Henry ole Kulet s novel based on subordination of women such as Everlyne Mengo 2010 but my study focuses on wholesome re presentation of women in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. It also aims at doing additional work to the previous works done by other scholars on the concept of femininity especially work that reflects on Henry ole Kulet s novels.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.3661473}
{"text": "There are scholars who have previously done critical analyses of the works of Henry ole Kulet. A number of scholars have analyzed the images of women in Henry ole Kulet s novel based on subordination of women such as Everlyne Mengo 2010 but my study focuses on wholesome re presentation of women in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. It also aims at doing additional work to the previous works done by other scholars on the concept of femininity especially work that reflects on Henry ole Kulet s novels. It provides a comprehensive study of woman re presentation on Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. One of the critical interests on Henry ole Kulet s works has come from Khaemba Wanyonyi 2003 who focuses on tension, uncertainties and conflicts among the Maasai as reproduced in the texts. This is caused by the invasion of foreign education as well as cultures. He analyses Blossoms of the Savannah and Daughter of Maa in support of his argument. He closely looks at representation6 of beliefs and cultural values by characters that have received formal education and the backdrop of Maasai cultural practices in the selected novels. Wanyonyi 2003 argues that the introduction of Western education precipitated change in the status of the Maasai women transformation that has created tension and conflict. Wanyonyi s argument is useful to my study since the issue of education acts as one of the agents that leads to women redefining themselves in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. Mengo 2010 portrays the way Maasai women are culturally mistreated within the Maasai community, her work provides an insight of the patriarchy society of the Maasai. Though dealing with the Maasai culture and how women have been subordinated she did not deal with the changes that are currently taking place in Maasai community hence emerging a different kind of woman as compared to the cultural expectations. However, her study is reflected in my study in terms of how patriarchy shapes the Maasai woman to be at the periphery. Peter Mbugua 2004 discusses Issues of Identity in Henry ole Kulet, Is it possible? And To Become a Man . He has highlighted different identities of the female characters in Is it Possible? 1971 and To Become a Man 1972 . This work is relevant to my study since it builds on presentation of women.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.3866005}
{"text": "He has highlighted different identities of the female characters in Is it Possible? 1971 and To Become a Man 1972 . This work is relevant to my study since it builds on presentation of women. This study is reflected in my works since am focusing on the issue of patriarchy and its domination of the women character who struggle to assert themselves. Another critic who argues that the Maasai regard women as children is Ciarunji Chesaina 1997 . When a Maasai man talks about his children, he automatically means his wife wives along with children, reason being that women were to be guided and protected by men Ciarunji, 89 . This argument is reflected in my study in terms of how patriarchal Maasai community views women. This aspect of addressing the women as children is also seen in my study and how women are7 treated as equals to the children forms also part of my study because this is part of women s subordination that the women characters want to redefine themselves from. Susan Andrade 2000 interviews both Ogunyemi and Wanjira on their ideologies. In this interview Wanjira and Ogunyemi disassociate themselves from Western feminists whose ideologies such as lesbianism do not fit African community. An African woman should not alienate the man in her attempt to redefine her assertiveness, they argue. They also talk about the gender sensitization program that Wanjira is working on. Ogunyemi argues that feminism does not see beyond Western societies and hence ignores or marginalizes the specific problems of African women Susan, 174 . This interview is relevant to my study since my work employs the theory of Womanism as articulated by Ogunyemi. This interview helps in building the perspective on Womanism in this study. My study also values the role of the man in women s attempt to redefine their assertiveness such as is the case of Norpisia in Vanishing Herds, who values the role of Kedoki in saving the environment while Taiyo in Blossoms of the Savannah values Parmuat s assistance to rescue her from the humiliation of FGM.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.40237}
{"text": "This interview is relevant to my study since my work employs the theory of Womanism as articulated by Ogunyemi. This interview helps in building the perspective on Womanism in this study. My study also values the role of the man in women s attempt to redefine their assertiveness such as is the case of Norpisia in Vanishing Herds, who values the role of Kedoki in saving the environment while Taiyo in Blossoms of the Savannah values Parmuat s assistance to rescue her from the humiliation of FGM. Another critic is Akote Amouzou 2006 who demonstrates how Flora Nwapa has contributed to the Redefinition of the female gender and a counter-identification to men s voices in literature, a fight to initiate change in the minds of her people in order to restore women s images and dignity as mothers and wives and promote collaboration and complementarily among the sexes in Nigeria and more generally in Africa Amouzou, 97 . Amouzou observes that in Nigeria the male writers are generally the mouth piece of their society and they treat the female characters as disdainful, indifferent or at times in a cruel manner in which women are regarded in Nigerian society Amouzou, 97 . For Ebele Eko 1986 , these writers invariably cast all women in the strict sexist8 roles of mothers and wives, submissive to the norms and regulations that restrict them Amouzou, 211 . Amouzou further argues that before the publication of Flora Nwapa s Efuru 1966 The female portraiture by men was restricted to a kind of idealization, rigid conventionally, stereotyping and a superficiality that left to be desired. Infact, women were made peripheral Amouzou, 98 . Amouzou gives the example of Charles Nnolim 1989 who analyzed the works of Chinua Achebe, Cyprian Ekwensi and Elechi Amadi and argues that the women were stereotyped as helpless, dependent, brutalized, disparaged prostitutes or concubines or good time girls Nnolim, 59 . Such women include Ekwensi s Jagua Nana , Amadi s Ihuoma The Concubine and Wole Soyinka s Simi The Interpreters .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.4188993}
{"text": "Infact, women were made peripheral Amouzou, 98 . Amouzou gives the example of Charles Nnolim 1989 who analyzed the works of Chinua Achebe, Cyprian Ekwensi and Elechi Amadi and argues that the women were stereotyped as helpless, dependent, brutalized, disparaged prostitutes or concubines or good time girls Nnolim, 59 . Such women include Ekwensi s Jagua Nana , Amadi s Ihuoma The Concubine and Wole Soyinka s Simi The Interpreters . For Chinua Achebe, The man is made the subject of the narratives; he is significant and dominates Nnolim, 98 . Redefinition of female gender by Flora Nwapa is relevant to my study because it offers a benchmark for viewing what redefinition of the role of the woman character is all about in literature. This study also supports the argument by Charles Fonchingong 2006 who argues that the earlier works of Chinua Achebe, Cyprian Ekwensi, Wole Soyinka, Ngugi wa Thiong o among other writers placed men as central figures and powerful unlike women. Amouzou 2006 argues that the female characters fight the prejudices of the past in order to restore women to their rightful place in society . Writers, such as, Buchi Emecheta and Flora Nwapa, Present the developmental nature of the female character through a varied exploration of the theme of female assertiveness in the various societal facets which enslave the female Amouzou, 143 . In this works, the key message is that, although women are faced with oppressive cultural norms they must strive to assert themselves. This picture of women undergoing oppressive9 cultural norms is vividly portrayed in the works of Henry ole Kulet but through the characters he shows that they can triumph because at the end Resian and Taiyo join Egerton university while Norpisia is awarded the best environmentalist award. Mary Kolawole 1998 contends that Generally, African women are presented as a subaltern group in the margin of society, docile, and accepting the multiple levels of subjugation gracefully Kolawole, 223 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.4453065}
{"text": "In this works, the key message is that, although women are faced with oppressive cultural norms they must strive to assert themselves. This picture of women undergoing oppressive9 cultural norms is vividly portrayed in the works of Henry ole Kulet but through the characters he shows that they can triumph because at the end Resian and Taiyo join Egerton university while Norpisia is awarded the best environmentalist award. Mary Kolawole 1998 contends that Generally, African women are presented as a subaltern group in the margin of society, docile, and accepting the multiple levels of subjugation gracefully Kolawole, 223 . Flora Nwapa s fiction seems to be a cry against that degraded position of Nigerian literature . Flora Nwapa creates a seemingly decent society for women. It is a society respectful of its women. She openly confronts the issues of gender and distribution of power by the patriarchal society. She moves her female characters from the innocent and helpless position to a state of self-empowerment and authority throughout her texts: In all her novellas it is no more the male, but the female character who is the center of concern and she dominates the plot. This is a challenge to the old order . This study guides my work in terms of how Henry ole Kulet has confronted the issue of gender giving women a voice and redefining themselves. Charles Fonchingong 2006 in his interrogation of the gender gap notes, Emecheta in Second Class Citizen has filled the gaping gender between male and female characterization and shown the other side of the coin. The rural backhouse, timid, subservient, lack-lustre woman has been replaced by her modern counterpart, a rounded human being, rotational, individualistic and assertive fighting for, claiming and keeping her own Obiageli and Otokunefor, 1989 . It is important to note that Henry ole Kulet belongs to the caliber of male writers who are now reconstructing the fragmented presentation of African female in earlier works that they had written .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.461628}
{"text": "Charles Fonchingong 2006 in his interrogation of the gender gap notes, Emecheta in Second Class Citizen has filled the gaping gender between male and female characterization and shown the other side of the coin. The rural backhouse, timid, subservient, lack-lustre woman has been replaced by her modern counterpart, a rounded human being, rotational, individualistic and assertive fighting for, claiming and keeping her own Obiageli and Otokunefor, 1989 . It is important to note that Henry ole Kulet belongs to the caliber of male writers who are now reconstructing the fragmented presentation of African female in earlier works that they had written . In literature there was an imbalance where the male were put to the centre, such as in the10 works of: Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart 1958 ; Ngugi wa Thiong o, The River Between 1980 ; Wole Soyinka, Seasons of Anomy 1973 , and which has made many male African writers to help the course of feminism. Due to the rise the feminist movement and the efforts that have been expended in reclaiming the distorted image of the female gender, some of the African male writers have come up with works that re present women who are all rounded in perspective . Such writers include Sembene Ousmane 1970 , Ngugi wa Thiong o 1980 , Chinua Achebe 1988 and Henry ole Kulet. These writers have come out strongly and given the gender questions a critical dimension. Sembene Ousmane 1970 , for instance, disagrees with the stereotypes that women cannot be good leaders and they do not possess organizational capacity through his character and portraiture of Penda. Penda mobilizes the women, as well as, being a spokesperson in the strike, hence disapproving the point that women are not vocal and strong. Henry ole Kulet, the writer whose works I study, also portrays female characters such as Eddah and Norpisia who have organizational skills such as mobilizing women to plant trees hence, rehabilitating the environment. They mobilize men too during such an event.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.4882593}
{"text": "Penda mobilizes the women, as well as, being a spokesperson in the strike, hence disapproving the point that women are not vocal and strong. Henry ole Kulet, the writer whose works I study, also portrays female characters such as Eddah and Norpisia who have organizational skills such as mobilizing women to plant trees hence, rehabilitating the environment. They mobilize men too during such an event. Ngugi, who previously had a gender bias attitude in The River Between 1965 later, empowers his female characters with strength, foresight and perseverance. Gathoni in I Will Marry When I Want 1980 is portrayed as an independent woman in her decision to choose her own husband defying the traditional precepts where parents impose their own choices on the children. Taiyo, too, in Blossoms of the Savannah chooses her own lover who, seemingly, comes from the same clan as she, hence, defined as her brother according to the culture. Gicaamba, in I Will Marry When I Want 1980 advocates for the education of the girl- child. He says, We the parents have not11 put much effort in the education of our girls, we oppressed women, giving ourselves numerous justification forgetting that the home belongs to boys and girls Ngugi . Achebe 1988 presents Beatrice as a professional woman who operates within the same wavelength as the most powerful men in the land . Beatrice presentation shows a woman shouldering the responsibility of charting the course of female emancipation. I, therefore, undertake to study Henry ole Kulet s works Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds bearing in mind that the author is a male writer who uses female characters as the heroines. He writes about the Maasai community. A community that is patriarchal in nature but Henry ole Kulet unbends the gender bias attitude by, first of all, using female characters as his main characters, for example, Resian and Taiyo in Blossoms of the Savannah and Norpisia in Vanishing Herds. Secondly, he emancipates the female characters in such a way that he makes them heroines who overshadow the male characters such as Norpisia in Vanishing Herds where she overshadows her husband, Kedoki. Theoretical Framework This study is guided by Womanism tenet of feminism theory.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.4984026}
{"text": "A community that is patriarchal in nature but Henry ole Kulet unbends the gender bias attitude by, first of all, using female characters as his main characters, for example, Resian and Taiyo in Blossoms of the Savannah and Norpisia in Vanishing Herds. Secondly, he emancipates the female characters in such a way that he makes them heroines who overshadow the male characters such as Norpisia in Vanishing Herds where she overshadows her husband, Kedoki. Theoretical Framework This study is guided by Womanism tenet of feminism theory. This theory has two main proponents separated by the Atlantic Ocean: the American Alice Walker and the Nigerian Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi. The two writers contend that the black woman is in need of a revolutionary feminist mechanism that is different from that of the white woman. Chidi Maduka 2009 argues that Womanism in Africa was coined by Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi in1982. Maduka defines womanism according to Ogunyemi as,12 Womanism is black centered; it is accomodationist. It believes in the freedom and independence of women like feminism; unlike radical feminism, it wants meaningful union between black women and black men and black children and will see to it that men begin to change from their sexist stand Ogunyemi, 65 . Maduka 2009 argues that womanism, according, to Ogunyemi serves: as the rallying point of the women of African ancestry in their struggle to effectively assert their humanity in the face of the malevolent attitude of the menfolk towards their self-fulfillment in life . Ogunyemi argues that womanism does not make a lesser man but it encourages the men to accept to live with women by first abandoning their self-perception as superior partners in the collective struggle of the race for a better society 14 . Layli Philips 2006 discusses the differences between Womanism by Alice Walker and Chikwenye Ogunyemi. She argues that both scholars coined Womanism almost at the same time but Walker s Womanism advocates for concepts that are intolerable to the African culture, such as lesbianism, while Ogunyemi s Womanism calls for total liberation of African women without neglecting the male who are significant part in that change.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.5396361}
{"text": "Ogunyemi argues that womanism does not make a lesser man but it encourages the men to accept to live with women by first abandoning their self-perception as superior partners in the collective struggle of the race for a better society 14 . Layli Philips 2006 discusses the differences between Womanism by Alice Walker and Chikwenye Ogunyemi. She argues that both scholars coined Womanism almost at the same time but Walker s Womanism advocates for concepts that are intolerable to the African culture, such as lesbianism, while Ogunyemi s Womanism calls for total liberation of African women without neglecting the male who are significant part in that change. Ogunyemi believes in understanding between men and women in ending marginalization of African woman. This study shapes my study in terms of the fact that men and women participate in ending marginalization of African woman. Henry ole Kulet tries as much as he can to go against traditions such as polygamy, the value of boys against girls and FGM. Ogunyemi s Womanism will, largely, form the theoretical framework of my study. Ely-Sayed Adely 2014 demonstrates that Weep Not, Child 1964 is a womanist fiction. Adely analyses the characteristics of Womanist theory by Alice Walker. Further, Adely demonstrates by13 the use of the character how Womanist theory manifests its self in Weep Not, Child. In the study, she reveals that the female characters in the novel depict characteristics of women underlying Walker s definition of Womanism. For example, the theory of Walker addresses the issue of being a woman and not girlish in Weep Not Child. They reason as women and not in a girlish way. Walker in her theory advocates that a woman is capable of loving and Adely demonstrates that Mwikali loves Njoroge. Walker s theory advocates for a woman who loves other women, an ideology that is seen within women characters such as Taiyo and Resian in Blossoms of the Savannah who love one another such that they fight to achieve what they desire together. Another ideology as advocated by Walker is that: A woman who values Tears as Natural Counter balance of laughter that women a times use their tears as an expression of laughter. These characteristics of Walker s womanish are also applicable in my work and it helps my work in terms of understanding in depth the characterization of women and how they redefine themselves.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.558138}
{"text": "Walker s theory advocates for a woman who loves other women, an ideology that is seen within women characters such as Taiyo and Resian in Blossoms of the Savannah who love one another such that they fight to achieve what they desire together. Another ideology as advocated by Walker is that: A woman who values Tears as Natural Counter balance of laughter that women a times use their tears as an expression of laughter. These characteristics of Walker s womanish are also applicable in my work and it helps my work in terms of understanding in depth the characterization of women and how they redefine themselves. Helen Chukwume 1982 examines how female writers have presented female characters who rise above the patriarchy society, in their quest for their rights. Such writers are Flora Nwapa 1984 , Buchi Emecheta 1979 and Nawal el Saadawi 2007 . This study is different from my study since I am studying a male writer, Henry ole Kulet who uses female characters and tries to emancipate them. However, Chukwume s study is relevant to my study since, I am also interested in women emancipating themselves from a highly patriarchy society. This study assists my work which deals with how women have risen above the patriarchy society as they seek their rights. For example Resian refuses to undergo FGM and forced marriage in order to achieve education. Mary Monica 2012 critically examines the portrayal of women in Nwapa s and Emecheta s works. The female characters in these novels have been emancipated, which is what Nwapa and14 Emecheta advocate for since the two are womanists. These characters are bold and ready to emancipate themselves. This study is relevant to my study since am also focusing on female characters who have been emancipated, women who are courageous, and characters that are ready to face any challenges that hinders their growth. I am also looking at characters who participate in economic development such as Norpisia and Eddah Sein in Vanishing Herds. German Kouadio N guessan 2011 discusses the issue of gender .The writer argues that gender is constructed and that the woman is viewed as the other. The writer says that the sexes are socialized into accepting their roles. This study will assist my work because my study majorly focuses on how male and female have been socialized into accepting their roles.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.5749817}
{"text": "German Kouadio N guessan 2011 discusses the issue of gender .The writer argues that gender is constructed and that the woman is viewed as the other. The writer says that the sexes are socialized into accepting their roles. This study will assist my work because my study majorly focuses on how male and female have been socialized into accepting their roles. This work is reflected in my study due to the issue of women being viewed as the other that helps me in bringing out the concept of emancipation and hence redefinition of women. Amouzou 2006 argues that Womanism wants meaningful union between men and children and wants to see to it that men begin to change from their sexist stand. Womanism is communal in its orientation and goes beyond the husband and wife situation. It is an ideology in which the destiny of distressed people can be urgently discussed in a meaningful context to avert disaster, not just to talk abstractly Amouzou, 102 . Amouzou argues that Flora Nwapa, Nigerian writer, advocates for Womanish: Her fiction shows the true nature of woman, her role, and her contribution to the development of her society, which were played down or neglected in the works of the male writers. Nwapa s major concern for improving the quality of her community, not just women s lives, marks her politics. Genuinely, democratic, her ideology is integrative rather than solely woman-centered. One can say that she does not see the problem of her country Nigeria as solely gender-specific Amouzou, 102 . I draw inspiration from this study since I am addressing15 too the issue of men who are also changing their sexist stand and value the women in the society. They are also leaving in meaningful union between children, husband and wife. Just like Flora Nwapa, my work also shows female characters who participate in developing their society. Sherley Anne Wiilliams 1986 argues that Womanist theory is committed to the survival and wholeness of entire people. Female and male, as well as, valorization of women s works in all their varieties and multitudes Williams, 304 . This study shapes my work since my study shows how women s ability can change a society. For example Norpisia s strength, in Vanishing Herds 2011 , changes the life of her community and that of the wildlife.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.5613918}
{"text": "Female and male, as well as, valorization of women s works in all their varieties and multitudes Williams, 304 . This study shapes my work since my study shows how women s ability can change a society. For example Norpisia s strength, in Vanishing Herds 2011 , changes the life of her community and that of the wildlife. She helps in resuscitating the environment hence changing the life of people. Mary Mears 2009 argues that Flora Nwapa writes about women and their lives, issues, and concerns within a traditional Igbo culture radically affected by British colonialism . She argues that women desire change, choice and to be accepted. Women desire to participate, just like other human beings, fully. They want to be free from traditional roles such as workers, wives, and mothers. Instead, they wish greater freedom than traditional Igbo customs allow in the domestic and public realms . This study is relevant to my study since I study how women redefine themselves from the Maasai traditions and customs that demean and subordinates women. I also study women who participate in developing their society. They redefine themselves from the fact that they are only supposed to be house wives and mothers to better things such as taking care of environment as well as to be educated to highest levels of education. Georgiads Mboya Kivai 2010 argues that in an effort to empower the African woman, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie crafts stories with female subjects pursuing female interests. She also structures her narrative to contest the male power with its violent manifestations Kivai, 23 . Kivai,16 further, argues that Adichie is involved in the creation of discourse meant to push women from margins to the centre. This study is reflected in my works in similar way that Adichie push women from margins to the centre is more less the same way Henry ole Kulet pushes women from traditional roles to powerful roles such as economic participation, improving environment, taking care of environment in Vanishing Herds 2011 and in Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 such as education as FGM and forced marriages. Womanism theory is suitable for this study because the author, Henry ole Kulet uses women as central characters and presents them as heroines in his works. He tries to give a voice to women in a society that is dominantly patriarchal in nature.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.6094766}
{"text": "This study is reflected in my works in similar way that Adichie push women from margins to the centre is more less the same way Henry ole Kulet pushes women from traditional roles to powerful roles such as economic participation, improving environment, taking care of environment in Vanishing Herds 2011 and in Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 such as education as FGM and forced marriages. Womanism theory is suitable for this study because the author, Henry ole Kulet uses women as central characters and presents them as heroines in his works. He tries to give a voice to women in a society that is dominantly patriarchal in nature. Womanism is an appropriate theory since the novels are set in Africa, focuses on the African culture, specifically, the Maasai culture and this is a feature of Womanism since it focuses on African issues. The other reason is that the central figures are women who the author places as central heroines. This, therefore, refutes the argument by Makuchi 1993 who argues that Most male writers have been heavily criticized for their representations of African women in subservient gender roles. They are portrayed as women who are passive, always prepared to do the bidding of their husbands and family, as having no status of their own and therefore completely dependent on their husbands Makuchi, 7 . The theory is applicable to my work because the two novels, Blossoms of the Savannah 2008 and Vanishing Herds 2011 deal with issues of blacks of African descendants. The issues focus on women, their lives and their concerns. The narrator beliefs in the freedom and independence of women. The novels also believe in meaningful union between women, men and children as advocated for by Womanism. The fictions place the women as central characters Norpisia and17 Resian are heroines in the narratives and all the issues centers around them. The narrator argues that men should begin to change from the culture perception that subdues them. The novels show the struggle of women of African ancestry for self-fulfillment. Resian struggles to join university while Norpisia struggles to rehabilitate the environment. This is what brings them joy after they achieve. Womanism shows the assertiveness of women towards the men s attitude. Resian does not fear to fight against the plan of his father, Oloisudori and Olarinkoi.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.6460567}
{"text": "This is what brings them joy after they achieve. Womanism shows the assertiveness of women towards the men s attitude. Resian does not fear to fight against the plan of his father, Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. Norpisia too, does not mind what people may think when she carries weapons and fights the cattle rustlers to death. The novels value men and see them as important. Norpisia sees her husband as a very good helper in her ambitions to save the environment. Taiyo also sees Parmuat as the only person who can rescue her from the humiliation of forced initiation. Although Resian wants to pursue education but believes that one time, later in life, that she will be married and have kids. She respects her own father. Taiyo also believes in being rescued by Parmuat. Norpisia in Vanishing Herds, loves and respects the husband, she takes care of his needs by cooking food for him and nursing him back to health. She works together with him towards changing the environment. The two novels project their worlds as more communal than individualistic. The families live together happily. They do things as a community. The Nasila people in Blossoms of the Savannah come together to welcome the ole Kaelo, they come together to fight the vice of men who attempt to rape Resian and Taiyo. Norpisia together with Masintet s community plant trees so as to protect the environment. The novels show the true nature of women. It has shown their physical, emotional, psychological and spiritual nature of women, their strength, ability and the length that they can go to achieve it. The novels show the contribution of women to the development of the society. Minik, in Blossoms of the Savannah, starts a ranch where she employs people. Norpisia assists women to plant trees and are rewarded with sheep according to the number of trees planted. 18 Research Methodology The theoretical framework of Womanism determined the methodology that I employ in this research. It influenced my focus on the characterization of the Maasai woman like Norpisia in Vanishing Herds. It is by focusing on the women characters that we are able to see how Henry ole Kulet defines the woman in accordance with Maasai conception of the female. The theory helped me focus on those aspects of characterization that best exhibited the aspects that redefine femininity in the Maasai contexts depicted in the two works.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.6691797}
{"text": "It influenced my focus on the characterization of the Maasai woman like Norpisia in Vanishing Herds. It is by focusing on the women characters that we are able to see how Henry ole Kulet defines the woman in accordance with Maasai conception of the female. The theory helped me focus on those aspects of characterization that best exhibited the aspects that redefine femininity in the Maasai contexts depicted in the two works. The focus that I put on the character of Resian in Blossoms of the Savannah and her passion for education as a way of transforming her life and her opposition to FGM is inspired by Womanism theory that insists on looking at the woman in society in terms of how she tries to overcome the barriers of patriarchy to contribute to the well-being of the society. The analytical tools guided by Womanism theory helps in identifying productive and reproductive roles of women in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. The productive roles include activities that help women acquire money, resources and all activities that bring value into the society. On the other hand, reproductive roles are day to day activities carried out women such as cooking, fetching water and firewood, caring for the family and procreation for the continuity of the community. The Womanism theory helps in identifying how women have redefined themselves in terms of leadership status, education, assertiveness and from customs and traditions that keep women in low status such as FGM, early marriages, forced marriages, dictatorship and polygamy. It brings out the value of men in their help in emancipating the women in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. Further, the study begins by a close reading of the primary texts: Vanishing Herds and Blossoms of the Savannah with a view to find out how the women have been presented. I examined how women characters were presented by closely examining the plot, characterization and plot19 development guided by Womanism theory. I analyzed how women are represented as using language in order to redefine themselves from the traditions. To do a qualitative analysis I did close textual reading of the novels. Library research assisted in adding information concerning the culture of the Maasai. Scope and Limitation This study focuses on Henry ole Kulet s Vanishing Herds and Blossoms of the Savannah. The two novels provide an in-depth towards understanding how women have been presented leading to their redefinition. The paper focuses on re definition of femininity.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.6595044}
{"text": "Scope and Limitation This study focuses on Henry ole Kulet s Vanishing Herds and Blossoms of the Savannah. The two novels provide an in-depth towards understanding how women have been presented leading to their redefinition. The paper focuses on re definition of femininity. Other books written by Henry ole Kulet have been referred to in providing more information on this research project. Chapter Breakdown Chapter One Introduction This chapter consists of the introduction to this study. It provides background information on the concept of women in Africa and gender. The introduction provides the statement of the problem and justifies it. It further states the objectives of the study as well as the theoretical framework employed and further explains the methodology applied. Chapter Two This chapter focuses on examining femininity in Vanishing Herds. Here I focus on how the author shows the woman as defining and redefining her place within the Maasai culture as is presented in the novel. 20 Chapter Three This chapter focuses on the second novel, Blossoms of the Savannah. I, closely, look at the text so as to establish how femininity has been presented in this novel. Chapter Four In this chapter I do a comparative analysis of the two books. My aim is to show how the author uses plot development, characterization and language use in presenting the female characters in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. Chapter Five This chapter concludes my argument by tying together all elements discussed here by making a conclusion on the topic, the research finding and a suggestion for further research. 21 CHAPTER TWO EXAMINING FEMININITY IN VANISHING HERDS Introduction In anthropology studies done on the Maasai community by researchers like Stephen Sitoya ole Sankan 1971 have shown that the place of women in that community is defined by the cultural norms where cattle play a big role: Should a man mistakenly marry a girl of the same cattle brand as himself he pays a heifer so as to wife off the disgrace Sankan, 2 . Paul Spencer 1988 also says that within the clans the members know which families may or may not intermarry. It is recommended that the right pillar should marry the left pillar, but if marriage does occur within one pillar of clans, the prospective husband may pay a heifer to the family of his bride to wipe out the incest Spencer, 28 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.685516}
{"text": "21 CHAPTER TWO EXAMINING FEMININITY IN VANISHING HERDS Introduction In anthropology studies done on the Maasai community by researchers like Stephen Sitoya ole Sankan 1971 have shown that the place of women in that community is defined by the cultural norms where cattle play a big role: Should a man mistakenly marry a girl of the same cattle brand as himself he pays a heifer so as to wife off the disgrace Sankan, 2 . Paul Spencer 1988 also says that within the clans the members know which families may or may not intermarry. It is recommended that the right pillar should marry the left pillar, but if marriage does occur within one pillar of clans, the prospective husband may pay a heifer to the family of his bride to wipe out the incest Spencer, 28 . Sankan who also discusses the question of masculinity and war says that the Maasai women live separate houses from men Sankan, 40 . Women, do not handle warriors food unless a ceremony is carried out Sankan, 30 . Sankan also says that women welcomed warriors from war with songs and dances. Barren women, according to Sankan, go round collecting things for ancestral prayer, a women-blessing ceremony: This is a ceremony where women are blessed so that they may become more fertile Sankan, 42 . Andrews Fedders 1974 says it was22 in rare situations such as when a woman gave birth that a woman would slaughter a sheep. Removing of blood from large animals is done by men Fedders, 20 . These elements of the Maasai culture as studied by the anthropologists: Sankan, Spencer, Fedders and Saitoti are also reflected in Vanishing Herds and Blossoms of the Savannah. What defines the traditionally Maasai women is captured in these studies. They discuss the role of men as being head of the home, disciplines and protect the family. The scholars mainly studied the role of men and women in Maasai community. Definition of Femininity The Maasai woman is shown to be first defined by the code of dress that tradition ascribes her by Henry ole Kulet. The Maasai women had their dressing code which exemplifies the traditional expectation of the Maasai community.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.7606113}
{"text": "The scholars mainly studied the role of men and women in Maasai community. Definition of Femininity The Maasai woman is shown to be first defined by the code of dress that tradition ascribes her by Henry ole Kulet. The Maasai women had their dressing code which exemplifies the traditional expectation of the Maasai community. When Norpisia was to visit Sein, the environmentalist, the women were adorned in lesos and multi-coloured bead necklace. The Maasai women wore lesos and shukas around their bodies depending on the clan that they came from. They wore beaded necklaces around their necks. They wore rubbers on their feet. For instance, Norpisia wore white pair of rubbers bought for her by Sein. Their male counterparts wore red shukas and Enkilaoondeeri, a beautiful outer garment made from soft wooly hyrax skins sewn into gown-like cloak. This is also seen in Daughter of Maa 1990 where Seleina is described as wearing shukas and had ornaments such as multi-coloured bead necklaces around her neck Daughter of Maa ,61 . The shuka is red-ochred. Women s role is defined by Henry ole Kulet as milking, preparing meals and looking after the young ones. She is to take care of her house. She ensures that her children as well as the husband are well fed. Norpisia had; A pot humming on one side of the fire, stone, as two hindquarters of mutton boiled. A large chunk of lamb chops spitted over the flames, with its outer fat layer sizzling 23 Vanishing Herds, 106 . It was the woman s role to light the fire and keep the house warm. We see Norpisia lighting fire and prepare their evening meals Vanishing Herds, 146 . She welcomes the husband warmly. For example the night when the wild beasts run off and they got back into the house, Norpisia went straight to check on her baby. She then stirred up the fire and boiled some milk. She served her husband and took some herself Vanishing Herds, 188 . In Is It Possible? 1971 it was the role of the women to milk for example Lerionka s mother milk s the cows Is It Possible? 9 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.7303712}
{"text": "In Is It Possible? 1971 it was the role of the women to milk for example Lerionka s mother milk s the cows Is It Possible? 9 . In To Become a Man 1972 Kitika s mother, too, milks cows that had been brought by Kitika in their last raid To Become a Man, 15 . After a successful raid the women in To Become a Man sing soothly as the milk the cows To Become a Man, 85 . A woman had the obligation of ensuring that calves had fed, kids and lambs had suckled and dogs too, should be well fed Vanishing Herds, 27 . Weak animals were to be taken care of by women just like the way we see Norpisia caring for the weak ones and especially those that were unable to walk. Women were defined by the responsibility that they had at home. They fed the young ones of the animals by giving them milk. We see this when Norpisia is said to be giving the four wildebeest milk. Women had the responsibility to ensure that there was drinking water for her family. A woman has the responsibility to take care of the husband in Vanishing Herds. Norpisia makes an olchuret, a head covering to shield the husband from rain when he had been attacked by the cattle rustlers. She also nurses the husband back to health after he is attacked by the cattle rustlers. She predicts a man s needs. The reason being, it is the man who protects her and her children from danger. For if she did not protect the man who then would protect them in case any thing happened to the husband? Vanishing Herds,91 . In Daughter of Maa 1990 , too, the woman 24 --had to take care of husband s interests, cattle, sheep, goats, and above all his physical well- being Daughter of Maa,108 . In nomadism, the woman followed the animals from the rear. Her work was to look after the sick animals and young ones of the animals so that they may not fall into predator s hand. This is exactly the role that Norpisia performs. She follows their animals from the rear so as they would not fall into the hands of predators.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.7521434}
{"text": "Her work was to look after the sick animals and young ones of the animals so that they may not fall into predator s hand. This is exactly the role that Norpisia performs. She follows their animals from the rear so as they would not fall into the hands of predators. This shows that the women performed menial jobs and were not trusted with strong and challenging jobs such as leading the animals from the front and protecting the whole herd as man was expected to do. The Maasai women as defined by Henry ole Kulet were the ones to construct huts. Norpisia makes a temporarily hut called olongoborr, She offloaded poles from one of the donkeys and erected them on the ground. Within no time, she had set a temporary hut of sticks and hides called olongoborr Vanishing Herds, 22 . Women were to construct the houses they lived in and we see women helping Norpisia to erect her first semi-permanent house Vanishing Herds, 180 . Incase of oncoming rains the women had to ensure that the roofs were not leaking at all. If they did not do that they were held as irresponsible. In Is It Possible? 1971 women repaired the roofs in case they were damaged and the rains were either about to fall or were falling by smearing the roofs with mud Is It Possible? 16 . It is also evidenced in To Become a Man 1972 when the rains start falling and drops through the roof at Lesho s father s house, Leshao s father says that he would look for a woman who would plaster their roof since Leshao's mother had died and that was her responsibility. Immediately, two women are seen repairing the Leshao s father s roof To Become a Man, 2 . 25 It is the responsibility of a Maasai woman to have children for procreation of the community as shown by Henry ole Kulet. And that is why Norpisia is thinking of having children before the two of them get old. She tells him that back at her home women of her age had already got their second child: I think it s the way a wife tells her husband how much she loves him and cares for him, whether she has children or not but I think I need to tell you I want to have your child before I get too old Vanishing Herds, 91 . Many women in marriage or before marriage desire to have children.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.7701998}
{"text": "We notice the passionate feelings that women have for things that they love. Any harm happening to things that they love makes them so emotional that they end up crying. Norpisia cried after a hyena had killed and dragged away one of the sheep. To her it is a painful experience that she cannot bear. She is sad when she leaves behind her home and her relatives. She feels sad when she is separated from her friends at Eorr-Narasha. When the people bid them bye, Norpisia returned his wave, tears welling up in her eyes, she was suddenly overcome by the knowledge that she might never see the people of Eorr-Narasha again Vanishing Herds, 216 . Although it is an emotional parting but Norpisia is overwhelmed by sad emotions unlike Kedoki. She is sad too when she loses her siblings. However, Kedoki was strong and accepted his loss stoically Vanishing Herds, 40 . Such that Norpisia desired to emulate him and be emotionally strong as him. In Is It Possible? 1971 Lerionka s mother is so emotional because white people were to take one boy-child from each household so as to attend school yet Lerionka was her only son. The husband consoles her by telling her that the white men are not only taking their son but It is the boys of all the Maasai Is It Possible?11 . When Lerionka saw her mother crying he soothes her and persuades her to stop crying Is It Possible?11 . In To Become a Man, Leshao s aunt cries after seeing the situation that Leshao was in after the unsuccessful raid that led to one of his legs amputated To Become a Man, 135 . Men were not allowed to cry and this is seen when ole Sulunye, the circumciser wants to see Leshao s circumcised organ and when Leshao is about to cry he is told that Men don t cry To Become a Man, 109 . Women are defined as a weaker sex that is affected by issues such as death. In Vanishing Herds the women are not an exception to this. After the death of Norpisia s elder brother and sister, her28 mother was inconsolable. She became sadder than her husband. She refused to be comforted.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.8166952}
{"text": "After the death of Norpisia s elder brother and sister, her28 mother was inconsolable. She became sadder than her husband. She refused to be comforted. A woman is seen as a person who is weak and depended on the man for protection. For example, when the group saw several morans, Norpisia scooped her baby and hastily retreated into her Olngoborr, a hut 177 . While Kedoki, Lembarata and Masintet stood ready to defend themselves in case of any eventuality. A woman s weakness is shown when Norpisia faces a herd of rhinos. She runs for her dear life and she cries as she runs. In Is It Possible? 1971 women are defined too as cowards. When strange men come to their homestead they leave one at a time carrying along their children to the bush: And in the end only men were left there Is It Possible?,. 12 . In To Become a Man 1972 women scream and ran from hut to hut snatching up their children who were playing in the moonlight and disappeared into the huts To Become a Man, 132 . When Leshao and Mbulung go to the circumciser s house all the women enter their huts and bring them honey for fear of what may befall them. Their faces too express fear To Become a Man, 96 . Women are defined in terms of having occasional outbursts of anger, mood swings and being stubborn at times by Henry ole Kulet. Just like Norpisia was. And the husband learned to accept and give her, her space during such occasions when she was in such moods Vanishing Herds, 46 . When there is heavy rain she stands in the rain crying until Kedoki comes for her Vanishing Herds, 109 . The narrator portrays that women are not used to being in the wilderness for long. Norpisia though being with Kedoki was tired of loneliness such that she longs for a human soul Vanishing Herds, 53 . This does not bother Kedoki at all. As long as he is with his wife and his livestock he feels quiet okay and not isolated from the people Vanishing Herds, 60 . She weakens too during her pregnancy Vanishing Herds, 156 . 29 Women are defined as shy in front of people by Henry ole Kulet.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.830458}
{"text": "As long as he is with his wife and his livestock he feels quiet okay and not isolated from the people Vanishing Herds, 60 . She weakens too during her pregnancy Vanishing Herds, 156 . 29 Women are defined as shy in front of people by Henry ole Kulet. This is expressed when the narrator says, That when the women looked at Norpisia it made her sharply aware of the thin lesos she was wearing. She suddenly felt dizzy as if she was treading in the air. Kedoki quickly took hold of her arm to reassure her. It was then that he realized the damage caused to her mind by the long isolation in the wilderness. She had become xenophobic and was now wary of strangers Vanishing Herds, 129 . This kind of shyness always made women to be humble before their husbands, as well as, subdue. As a result of being described as weaker sex it was therefore, the responsibility of the man to protect the woman. Kedoki, the husband, comes out ready to protect her with a spear. When Norpisia sees a herd of elephants she runs towards him so as to be protected. This shows that Maasai men are the ones to protect their women. For, according to the culture, the women are weaker than the men. It is with this assumption that Kedoki had dismissed the strength of women. He regarded women as gender of little consequence. He saw them as only purposed to procreate but this was changed immediately he found Norpisia. When Kedoki is attacked by cattle rustlers and lies on the ground, he thinks about Norpisia. The norms of the Maa culture stipulates that, man is to protect the woman at all times and not the other way round, a woman was to protect the husband and Kedoki thinks that he has to take care of his wife. He prays that they do not find her and molest her. The narrator says that it was his duty to defend her. He thinks of what they might do to her such as molest her, rape or abduct her Vanishing Herds, 75 . The reason as to why Kedoki is worried about Norpisia is because a woman within Maasai community is viewed as a weakling and it is the role of the man to defend her at any given time.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.8614893}
{"text": "The narrator says that it was his duty to defend her. He thinks of what they might do to her such as molest her, rape or abduct her Vanishing Herds, 75 . The reason as to why Kedoki is worried about Norpisia is because a woman within Maasai community is viewed as a weakling and it is the role of the man to defend her at any given time. During any raids or fights as said by Leshao in To Become a Man 1972 women are never30 killed because Maasai men do not kill their women because they are considered as weaklings To Become a Man, 95 . In matters concerning the community, the women are not informed. Matters about their forced marriage were discussed in their absentia and dowry paid. Women are married off and dowry paid without their consent. For example without Norpisia s knowledge, Kedoki had proposed to marry her. Kedoki had entered a deal with Norpisia s father and the deal was sealed. She was given out to Kedoki without being consulted Vanishing Herds, 16 . This shows that women did not participate in any decision making and in cases where decisions were made, the women did not oppose at all. It was a norm and custom that the girls knew and it was not a surprise to them when they learnt that their fathers had married them off, so when Norpisia learnt that she had been married off she was not surprised because she was already eighteen years old Vanishing Herds,12 . The definition of any woman beyond eighteen years is marriageable and when it came to that the girl could not question the father because matters concerning marriage lay solely on the father. This is also seen in Daughter of Maa 1990 where Nalotuesha asks Nariku-Nkera, When did women of Maa protest when their husbands wanted to marry? Daughter of Maa, 72 . She reminds her that her husband if he wanted would marry without even asking for her consent for the men made decisions on when to marry and who to marry without asking the wives. Kedoki does not involve Norpisia in decision making. When he recovers from the injuries inflicted on him from the cattle rustlers he holds private discussions with Masintet and Lembrata.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.846644}
{"text": "They only come to the place when he calls for them. As such the slaughtering place acts as a space that determines feminine identity among the Maasai. Women were married off to men who they did not know and went with them to their homes in distant places. Norpisia is not exempted from this, She was now headed to an undisclosed destination with a husband she hardly knew Vanishing Herds, 21 . A woman had no right to object to this and she had to follow the decision that had been made by the elders in the community. 32 When a woman is married she is supposed to walk behind her husband. A woman is not supposed to cross any log or any object on her way. It was the work of shepu-Ilkerra to remove it for her. Kedoki and the wife have to walk for long distances even though the two do not have shepu-Ilkerra Vanishing Herds,17 .This, therefore, shows that the man was perceived as the head and it was his role to lead the woman as well as protect her. The Maasai had a way of respecting their elders. Girls and women greeted men by bowing their heads and for their mothers, they kissed them. For example, the narrator says when Norpisia approached her father, bowed to greet him, and went to where her mother was seated and hugged her, kissing her lightly on her lips Vanishing Herds, 14 . A woman was to greet an elderly man by bowing her head. This demonstrated respect for the male counterparts in the Maa community. The old man calls Norpisia, nakeria, a child, a term commonly referred to all the females Vanishing Herds, 140 . The nakeria term defines women as equals to children. Women referred to any elder who is his father s age mate as father, Papaai as Norpisia calls Barnoti s father Vanishing Herds, 141 . Therefore, definition of the traditional Maa woman equaled her to children in the face of male authority. Further, women are defined as submissive by the narrator. Norpisia displays this character when she sees Lemeisssorri, Barnoti s father, she quickly walked up to the old man, stopped a few feet from him and bent her head in greetings.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.9278831}
{"text": "Therefore, definition of the traditional Maa woman equaled her to children in the face of male authority. Further, women are defined as submissive by the narrator. Norpisia displays this character when she sees Lemeisssorri, Barnoti s father, she quickly walked up to the old man, stopped a few feet from him and bent her head in greetings. He lifted his hand and lightly touched the top of her head Vanishing Herds, 140 . Unlike Kedoki who only extends his hand in greetings. Young boys and all females within the Maa community are supposed to bent their heads to greet any elder who is elderly than them. This shows that women are to be submissive towards the men for it shows their respect towards the elders. 33 Again weapons also defined the superiority of male and female in Maasai community. Women handled a smoothly, slender polished sticks, sticks on which they leaned slightly on. The slender stick was used for supporting them as they walked. This is different from their counterparts who carried spears and knobkerries demonstrating strength and might. For example in Bandits of Kibi 1999 the men carry bows, arrows, spears and knob-kerries Bandits of Kibi, 21 . In Daughter of Maa 1990 Joseph Malon was seen in the evenings working on a new stick or knobkerrie Daughter of Maa, 149 . In To Become a Man 1972 boys carried spears and that is why Leshao carries his too To Become a Man, 1 . The men and boys carried swords in a scabbard tied to their waist To Become a Man, 7 . When Leshao is asked to share meat with Mbulung he draws his sword from its sheath To Become a Man, 10 . Leshao and Mbulung find an old man in the forest carrying a bow, arrows and a quiver dangling on his back To Become a Man,92 . Leshao sees men in his homestead ,as he arrives from his meeting with Mbulung , With spears, some with clubs, some with bows and some with their drawn swords To Become a Man,83 . Maasai women are defined by their height. Mostly, many of them are tall and slender.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.912224}
{"text": "Leshao sees men in his homestead ,as he arrives from his meeting with Mbulung , With spears, some with clubs, some with bows and some with their drawn swords To Become a Man,83 . Maasai women are defined by their height. Mostly, many of them are tall and slender. For example, the narrator says that he allowed them to construct their cattle enclosure next to his own while his wife, a tall slender woman draped in colourful lesos, and multi-coloured beads, invited Norpisia into Olgoborr Vanishing Herds,119 . Maasai women are defined as beautiful: Her beauty was accentuated by her sparkling eyes and her beautiful smile. What a beautiful wife he had in Norpisia Vanishing Herds, 219 . In Daughter of Maa 1990 Seleina is described as tall, thin, slender hands, large brown eyes that made look beautiful Daughter of Maa, 61 . Womanhood is also expressed in Vanishing Herds in a number of ways that defines Maasai femininity. Eddah desires to know more about meeting Norpisia so as she knows more about her. 34 Womanhood and sisterhood is normally a concept with women. We find Norpisia and Masintet s wife becoming great friends and inseparable Vanishing Herds, 204 . She finds it hard to separate from her and wishes that her husband would change her mind so as they would stay a little bit longer. She teaches Masintet s wife about herbs and how to cure both the people and the sick Vanishing Herds, 205 . Women are defined as gossipers for when they walked on coming across a group of women who stood by the road, their arms folded across their chests, gossiping as they stared at Norpisia Vanishing Herds, 129 . Therefore, when they see Norpisia they start gossiping about her which makes her so uneasy. In To Become a Man 1972 women, too, are described as gossipers. For example when two women are forced by their husbands to repair Leshao s father s roof they speak ill of Leshao s father unaware that Leshao was hearing To Become a Man, 2 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.944223}
{"text": "Therefore, when they see Norpisia they start gossiping about her which makes her so uneasy. In To Become a Man 1972 women, too, are described as gossipers. For example when two women are forced by their husbands to repair Leshao s father s roof they speak ill of Leshao s father unaware that Leshao was hearing To Become a Man, 2 . When Leshao kept begging for food from neighbour s the women decided collectively that they would not continue feeding two men: Leshao and his father and truly whenever Leshao went begging for flour they would show him empty tins To Become a Man, 9 . When the moran s returned from a successful raid the narrator says that women whispered the news from one ear to another To Become a Man, 100 . Redefinition of Femininity The efforts at redefinition of femininity in Vanishing Herds is highly praised by Henry ole Kulet. Norpisia is bestowed with high praises such that even the representative of the governors praises her for her accomplishment in the resuscitation, rehabilitation and the conservation of the environment. She is described as unsurpassed in organizational skills and leadership qualities35 which enables her to marshal groups of women to plant thousands of tree-seedlings that matured into invaluable forests Vanishing Herds, 8 . Norpisia is presented as a leader. She is elected to lead women in conserving the environment: Sein was convinced that Norpisia was a born-leader. She could successfully lead her community in tackling some of the issues that had contributed to the degradation of the environment Vanishing Herds, 196 . And when the women choose her to spear head the resuscitation of the environment the narrator says , she accepted the challenge wholeheartedly and immediately embarked on forestation Vanishing Herds, 196 . This also shows her will to assist in developing her society through curbing destruction of the forests through reforestation which is one of the many qualities of a leader. Norpisia possesses organizational skills and leadership qualities. Which Amouzou 2006 posits that in Flora Nwapa works, women s roles transcend the domestic and reproductive Amouzou, 101 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.9607153}
{"text": "And when the women choose her to spear head the resuscitation of the environment the narrator says , she accepted the challenge wholeheartedly and immediately embarked on forestation Vanishing Herds, 196 . This also shows her will to assist in developing her society through curbing destruction of the forests through reforestation which is one of the many qualities of a leader. Norpisia possesses organizational skills and leadership qualities. Which Amouzou 2006 posits that in Flora Nwapa works, women s roles transcend the domestic and reproductive Amouzou, 101 . This concept is seen in Norpisia whose organizational and leadership skills enables her organize groups of women who plant thousands tree-seedlings that matured into invaluable forests Vanishing Herds, 8 . Her role as a leader transcends the domestic and reproductive roles that initially were portrayed in the earlier works of Henry ole Kulet. Norpisia, can be compared to Penda in Sembene s, God s Bits of Wood 1970 who mobilizes the women and is the spokesman in the strike action, hence, as Fonchingong 2006 argues, Sembene defies the stereotype that women cannot be potential leaders and do not possess organizational capacity through his presentation of Penda Fonchingong,145 . Henry ole Kulet too defies this stereotype that women cannot be potential leaders by presenting Norpisia who leads the women in planting trees. 36 Eddah Sein was recognized by the governor but proposes Norpisia to be awarded. She is therefore presented as unselfish. Through her we learn the qualities of Norpisia. Norpisia is presented as an inspirational leader. She turns the desolate arid land which had been destroyed by charcoal burners, timber harvesters and expansionists into a dense green forest. She reduces the human and animal conflict between them. Norpisia had reared wildebeests that had become an attraction to tourist and formed part of the tourist package that was marketed overseas Vanishing Herds, 210 . Resuscitation, rehabilitation and the conservation of the environment, generally, requires an intelligent mind. Socially, we grow up knowing that men are more intelligent than women but the author redefines this socially constructed concept and shows, equally, a woman can be intelligent and also do activities that require highly skilled brains such as this.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.0296016}
{"text": "Norpisia had reared wildebeests that had become an attraction to tourist and formed part of the tourist package that was marketed overseas Vanishing Herds, 210 . Resuscitation, rehabilitation and the conservation of the environment, generally, requires an intelligent mind. Socially, we grow up knowing that men are more intelligent than women but the author redefines this socially constructed concept and shows, equally, a woman can be intelligent and also do activities that require highly skilled brains such as this. This redefinition of Maasai femininity is what Flora Nwapa, a womanist ideologist, advocated for in her novels. She presents characters that are intelligent and ready to save the community irrespective of their gender. Amouzou 2006 argues that in Flora Nwapa s novel Never Again, the female character, Kate, seems to be vital source of hope for the generation of society. Women in this novel devote their energy to countering the forces of destruction such as hunger and starvation Amouzou, 101 . This is similar to Norpisia who desires, dreams and even gets involved in saving the forests as well as protecting the wildlife. The concept of pastoralism is socially constructed as a man s activity. However, in Vanishing Herds, the heroine, Norpisia is a famous woman pastoralist . She was said to have miraculously changed an arid and desolate wasteland into a Garden of Eden Vanishing Herds, 7 . As a pastoralist she preserves being the wilderness and faces dangerous situations such as wild animals. She helps the husband in herding the animals. In Is It Possible? 1971 it was the men s role to37 herd. We see Lerionka s father driving cattle, sheep and goats half way, leaving them to the care of his brother, Olodi, and his sons Vanishing Herds, 1 . Lerionka looked after the cattle and calves too Is It Possible?,. 5 . This concept of boys and men herding is also seen in To Become a Man 1972 . Boys looked after cattle and drove them back home. They were known as herdsmen or herds boys for example Leshao is one of the herdsboy who looks after his father s cattle.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406265.986175}
{"text": "This concept of boys and men herding is also seen in To Become a Man 1972 . Boys looked after cattle and drove them back home. They were known as herdsmen or herds boys for example Leshao is one of the herdsboy who looks after his father s cattle. As they herd or brought back the animals the boys would whistle and shout at the animals To Become a Man, 100 . Norpisia is presented as determined and fearless of any threats posed to her as long as she saves life of a human being. When Masintet s mother is bitten on the hand by a crocodile, Norpisia accepts to treat her; however, she tells them that the medicine to use was strong herbal medicine. Lenjirr, Masintet s brother threatened Norpisia by telling her that in case the mother dies, he says, I ll make sure that my spear goes through your rib-cage! Vanishing Herds,183 . This does not scare Norpisia and she says. I ll do it And bear whatever consequences! Vanishing Herds, 183 . The prophetess , Eddah Sein, also has qualities of a strong and unrelenting woman who is ready to rehabilitate the destroyed water catchment areas Vanishing Herds, 161 . The prophetess is said to be courageous and outspoken such that it made her a heroine in that particular community. The narrator says, she was said to have fearlessly confronted matters of environmental degradation with the aim of rehabilitating the destroyed water catchment areas Vanishing Herds, 161 . Women, because they are viewed as weaklings, are supposed to be protected by the men but Norpisia is ready to defend herself based on the skills that she had learnt from her grandmother s38 home. To show that she is quiet composed and not afraid, in the morning when Kedoki questions her whether she had heard strange noises at night she says, No, I didn t Only an occasional cow-bell tinkled Vanishing Herds,26 . Proving that she slept soundly, forgetting that she was actually in the forest and alone in the Olngoborr. Generally, women are culturally perceived as cowards by the narrator, they cannot stand being left in the forest at night all alone by themselves.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.0210276}
{"text": "Women, within the Maasai community, are viewed as timid, weak, and backward and that they cannot do such things that Norpisia does, however, the author redefines39 what it is to be a woman within his fictional work, Vanishing Herds by presenting Norpisia who fights against the marginalized such as the wildlife. She also resuscitates the environment. Norpisia, in Vanishing Herds, is presented as a very intelligent woman who questions a lot about certain aspects of the environment. For example, she asks the husband why nature introduced predators to disturb such scene tranquility. She is also disturbed a lot about why man keeps destroying the environment. She pursed such aspects as the survival of species in their natural habitat. She realized that human interference with the habitat could only meddle with animals life and make it much more difficult for them to survive Vanishing Herds, 68 . She is passionate about the survival of species such that at a certain time she watched two reed bucks playing and a leopard stalking them: The leopard inched closer and Norpisia felt like shouting to alert the two reed bucks of the danger, but she dared not Vanishing Herds,69 . Norpisia is more concerned about the reed bucks oblivious of her own safeness as far as a leopard is concerned that is totally masculine in nature. Through a stream of conscious we see her intelligence in her reasoning. For example she asks herself: How could anybody in his right mind divert a whole river for his own selfish interests? How could he do that at the expense of the poor herders who had lost most of their livestock on account of the severe drought? How could he make them work on his farm for two days in exchange of water for their animals? She felt distraught and extremely disheartened Vanishing Herds, 121 . 40 We also see how Norpisia intelligently thinks about their safety as well as that of their animals If they had to cross the river. She asks, Do you think it is safe driving our cattle across the river, just yet? Look at the predators across Vanishing Herds, 123 . Norpisia s intelligence supersedes that of her husband.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.0704634}
{"text": "She asks, Do you think it is safe driving our cattle across the river, just yet? Look at the predators across Vanishing Herds, 123 . Norpisia s intelligence supersedes that of her husband. She tells the husband that there was a need of them to move out of the Olmakarr farm: It is not secret that the fires we have been seeing in the past few days and the hardening drought we are witnessing are sending us a clear message. It is time for us to move out of Olmakarr farm before we are eventually thrown out Vanishing Herds, 153 . Norpisia s intelligence and reasoning is also contrasted to that of her husband. Norpisia reasons so intelligently that makes the husband agree with her. She carefully and skillfully uses idioms so as to build and support her argument. Do you know the reason why the founder said somebody else s cow dries up in the day time? She asked excitedly, beginning to initiate an argument. I believe he wisely meant that a thing that belongs to another could be taken away without warning. Similarly, whether we like it or not, we might be asked to vacate Olmakarr farm the moment the owner thinks our cattle are competing for grass with his Vanishing Herds, 156 . When Kedoki, Lembrata and Masintet were told to vacate Barnoti s farm they recalled the wisdom in Norpisia quoting the founder who said someone else s milk cow dried up at midday Vanishing Herds, 174 . Norpisia had foreseen them being thrown out of the farm but the three men could not see it at all. While the community finds it worth to fight and kill the wild animals for the destruction that they caused, Norpisia thinks contrary. When the old man tells her to join them in eating the maize so that she will help them to fight the wild animals she angrily says; Never! If I were to join the fray, I would join the wild animals and fight you for having41 encroached their natural habitat! Vanishing Herds, 104 . To her wildlife is a significant part in the community and feels that it is her obligation to defend them.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.0575836}
{"text": "When the old man tells her to join them in eating the maize so that she will help them to fight the wild animals she angrily says; Never! If I were to join the fray, I would join the wild animals and fight you for having41 encroached their natural habitat! Vanishing Herds, 104 . To her wildlife is a significant part in the community and feels that it is her obligation to defend them. Eddah Sein, the prophetess as referred by the community is said to be equally and well versed in the world of art, culture and intellect. She is said to be a woman of high self-esteem. She mingled freely with the lowly pastoralists. If someone tried to discredit her in front of the multitude he or she would face the wrath of people. As a result, she was unassailable. She was always beyond the reach of those who would have liked to put her down Vanishing Herds, 162 . Eddah is well educated and described as unassailable. Therefore, Eddah could not be easily destroyed, defeated or questioned by any one. Eddah Sein is an educated Maasai woman. She reminiscences of the days ten years earlier when she used the route with her parents on her way to and from school, there was no trading centre to speak about then Vanishing Herds, 162 . Maasai girls hardly went to school and when they reached puberty age they were circumcised and sold off to a man that the parents choose for them. Most of the suitors were too old. Therefore, seeing Eddah Sein going through school and becoming an environmentalist redefines the notion of femininity in this fictional work. In both Is It Possible? 1971 and To Become a Man no girl goes to school. The only people who go to school are boys such as Lerionka in Is It Possible? And Leshao and Mbulung in To Become a Man 1972 . Eddah is actually conversant with the reasons as to why the community had to conserve the forests. She emphasized the fact that the forests were the source of rivers, herbal medicine, sacred trees and shrubs: that solemnized ceremonies and which held their people together simply put, forests were the source of life Vanishing Herds, 167 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.1166945}
{"text": "And Leshao and Mbulung in To Become a Man 1972 . Eddah is actually conversant with the reasons as to why the community had to conserve the forests. She emphasized the fact that the forests were the source of rivers, herbal medicine, sacred trees and shrubs: that solemnized ceremonies and which held their people together simply put, forests were the source of life Vanishing Herds, 167 . Eddah emphasized about their equal rights to the forest resources. Eddah reminded them that no one had the right to cut down tree. The insatiable42 appetite that both Eddah and Norpisia have towards saving the environment is clearly a redefined role of a Maasai woman. Eddah Sein, equally, is portrayed as an intelligent woman. As we read the novel, we realize that she started an incentive scheme called Sheep for Trees Initiative in which villagers were given a sheep for a fixed number of trees planted Vanishing Herds, 9 . Eddah Sein possesses rare qualities that were hard to come by within the Maa community as portrayed in earlier works of Henry ole Kulet. Women, in the earlier African literature, are not portrayed in doing things that would develop the society. Things to do with economic development were, specifically, left to men. This is the reason that makes Amouzou 2006 argues that It is a fact that from the family circle to the public sphere, women suffer many hardships, simply because they are considered inferior to men. In most traditions and especially in Africa, women are devalued and considered Second class citizens Amouzou, 97 . Simone de Beauvoir 1949 argues that women are constructed by men as passive and inconsequential objects Amouzou, 97 . But this becomes a point of departure in Vanishing Herds because Henry ole Kulet presents very important female characters such as Norpisia and Eddah Sein who helps in resuscitating the environment that had been degraded. Eddah Sein skillfully teaches the community about conservation of forests which also shows the responsibility that she had. She explains that the roots held the soil together and prevented soil erosion while the undergrowth prevented moisture from evaporating Vanishing Herds, 167 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.105007}
{"text": "But this becomes a point of departure in Vanishing Herds because Henry ole Kulet presents very important female characters such as Norpisia and Eddah Sein who helps in resuscitating the environment that had been degraded. Eddah Sein skillfully teaches the community about conservation of forests which also shows the responsibility that she had. She explains that the roots held the soil together and prevented soil erosion while the undergrowth prevented moisture from evaporating Vanishing Herds, 167 . Eddah, further, says that rivers were kept cool by the forest cover and free from pollutants by their interwoven roots that filtered the underground water seepage Vanishing Herds, 167 . In addition, Eddah Sein says that tree leaves absorbed polluted air and other gases in the atmosphere,43 enabling people to breathe fresh air Vanishing Herds, 167 . Her teaching skills portray high rates of intelligence such that it redefines women. Her teaching convinces the community; hence, the narrator says, When she explained the link between forests, rivers and pastures, the people began to understand the genesis of the drought. They could now see how the wanton felling of trees, the clearing of the under growth and the destruction of water catchment areas had all worked together to destroy the environment resulting in the present condition Vanishing Herds, 167 . We learn that Norpisia has medicinal skills. She learnt the art of medicine from her grandmother, enkoibaoni. We learn that the grandmother was a renowned medicine woman who was reputed to possess supernatural powers Vanishing Herds, 12 . The grandmother, therefore, taught Norpisia the art of clairvoyance, divination and incantation Vanishing Herds, 12 . The grandmother was an expert in mixing and preparation of herbal. The narrator says that Norpisia s grandmother used to take her to the forest; she showed her different types of roots, barks, berries and nuts. She showed her how to prepare the medicine as well as cure the people. With this skill she finds, herbs that would use to treat the swelling on Kedoki s leg. We see her so familiarized with such herbs like Olmosilig, Olmagiro-ngiro, Olkonyil, Olkitolosua, Olosesiate and also Olcanilenkashe.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.1429393}
{"text": "The narrator says that Norpisia s grandmother used to take her to the forest; she showed her different types of roots, barks, berries and nuts. She showed her how to prepare the medicine as well as cure the people. With this skill she finds, herbs that would use to treat the swelling on Kedoki s leg. We see her so familiarized with such herbs like Olmosilig, Olmagiro-ngiro, Olkonyil, Olkitolosua, Olosesiate and also Olcanilenkashe. We also see that Norpisia knows exactly which part of the herb is used for treating. She also knows how to prepare the medicine on her own without being assisted by any one. The narrator too emphasizes this concept by saying, In the afternoon Kedoki watched her as she prepared the herbs. He felt lucky to be with a woman who knew so much about herbal medicine. In less than a week, he was on his way to full recuperation Vanishing Herds, 87 . Supernatural powers were known to be owned by oloiboni, a male Maasai leader. Divines and incantations were, precisely, done by oloiboni or male magicians. But we see Norpisia s44 grandmother possessing such qualities, which she passes on to her grandchild. Norpisia seems to be more in contact with the supernatural spirits. All the time she keeps talking of dreams, especially, that her grandmother visits her in the dream. When four young wildebeest calves, one male, three females appeared from the bush, Norpisia is not surprised. The narrator says that Norpisia , told her husband what she had told him before: that she once dreamed of being asked to go to the highlands and join wild animals to fight human beings who were destroying the animals habitat Vanishing Herds,144 . Maybe, she said, the forces that destroyed the animals habitat were now finally departed, and the four young wildebeests were now finally defeated, and the four young wildebeests were symbolically sent by the gods to accompany their cattle and victoriously match into their liberated habitat Vanishing Herds, 144 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.1350484}
{"text": "When four young wildebeest calves, one male, three females appeared from the bush, Norpisia is not surprised. The narrator says that Norpisia , told her husband what she had told him before: that she once dreamed of being asked to go to the highlands and join wild animals to fight human beings who were destroying the animals habitat Vanishing Herds,144 . Maybe, she said, the forces that destroyed the animals habitat were now finally departed, and the four young wildebeests were now finally defeated, and the four young wildebeests were symbolically sent by the gods to accompany their cattle and victoriously match into their liberated habitat Vanishing Herds, 144 . When Masintet, calls her words merely a figment of Norpisia imagination! Kedoki, her husband, warns Masintet by telling him not to dismiss her words for mostly they come true. In To Become a Man 1972 oloiboni was a man s role. He cursed whoever offended a person To Become a Man,32,43 Leshao s father seeks the service of oloiboni so as they would curse ole Sembe, his rival for many years, who had accused his son of stealing and slaughtering his goat. Leshao s aunt, too, is told by oloiboni that Leshao s father would leave his home and start wondering away from his home borrowing. This makes her go quickly to see Leshao s father to confirm the words of oloiboni whether they were to happen. Ifi Amadiume 1987 argues that indigenous spiritual practices empowered women in the person of the powerful Goddess Idemili. Women assumed the roles of Goddesses and their High priests could be men. There were also male deities with female High priestesses Amadiume, 39 . In this argument Amadiume shows that women too could possess supernatural powers which are inclined to African men just like what Henry ole Kulet portrays in Norpisia s grandmother who has some supernatural powers. 45 Another point where womanhood is redefined concerns security. The art of self-defense and selfreliance skills is culturally a male s activity but we learn that Norpisia was taught selfdefense and self-reliance skills by her male relatives who lived with her grandmother.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.1794171}
{"text": "In this argument Amadiume shows that women too could possess supernatural powers which are inclined to African men just like what Henry ole Kulet portrays in Norpisia s grandmother who has some supernatural powers. 45 Another point where womanhood is redefined concerns security. The art of self-defense and selfreliance skills is culturally a male s activity but we learn that Norpisia was taught selfdefense and self-reliance skills by her male relatives who lived with her grandmother. She mastered the use of such weapons as spears, bows and arrows, knives and knobkerries to the extent that she could wield them as expertly as any man would. She also learnt animal husbandry Vanishing Herds, 13 . Henry ole Kulet redefines the concept of femininity by showing that women too can learn the art of self-defense and also self-reliance. Upon learning such skills they can do it just like any man would do, that is, defend them in case of any attack, as well as, protect the husband and the children. The issue of animal husbandry is also shown to be a quality that Norpisia learnt from the grandmother an issue that too shows that women can be familiarized with and not only the men. The narrator also shows circumstances under which Norpisia had to learn the art of defense. The narrator says that the reason as to why Norpisia had to learn defense skills was because of bandits who were common in the area and had already killed her siblings hence the need for her to learn the defense skills. The author argues that due to the violent nature that is facing the community, that there is need to learn the art of self-defense for example the bandits at the time of attack do not discriminate whether a woman or man. The cultural perception that women and children should be protected should be abandoned and that women too can equally defend themselves so as to build the strength of fighters in times of defending themselves. And to emphasize that women too can defend themselves Kedoki says, If you say my woman is halfman just because she is courageous and dependable, he said smilingly, then, I would agree with you entirely. During the period I have been with her, she had requited my trust in her appropriately by facing all manner of danger46 fearlessly Vanishing Herds, 58 . To Kedoki Norpisia faced many dangers but she stood firmly as a man and not as a coward.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.2170706}
{"text": "And to emphasize that women too can defend themselves Kedoki says, If you say my woman is halfman just because she is courageous and dependable, he said smilingly, then, I would agree with you entirely. During the period I have been with her, she had requited my trust in her appropriately by facing all manner of danger46 fearlessly Vanishing Herds, 58 . To Kedoki Norpisia faced many dangers but she stood firmly as a man and not as a coward. When a hyena at one time disturbed the couples in the bush, the narrator says that Norpisia knew that there was an intruder and with that Stealthily she got up, picked a spear and stood waiting in readiness Vanishing Herds, 40 . This shows that Maasai woman, irrespective of the previous notion that they were weakling and that it was the Maasai men who would protect them, Norpisia takes a spear and fights just like any other man can do. Norpisia is so happy after she protects the family s animals from the hyenas. She says, I am certain my spear has hit the hyena, Norpisia said confidently, I hope I have hit it at the right place Vanishing Herds, 41 . Kedoki praises her. He notices that just like any man Norpisia is courageous and worthy a champion. In fact, Kedoki is so surprised and with utmost surprise says, What a markswoman you are my love! Vanishing Herds, 41 . Before she got married, Norpisia had vowed that she was going to take the place of Kedoki s slain brother and help him protect their cattle. Culturally, the responsibility of protecting the animals was solely a man s role but the author redefines exactly what it is to be a feminine within the Maa community. Norpisia sounds so revengeful a fact that is not commonly seen with women she says, If I ve killed it, I ll be happy to have avenged the sheep its kith and kin killed in the plains Vanishing Herds, 41 . These words, culturally, are not expected to come from a woman but in Vanishing Herds, Norpisia has been given that chance to say them meaning the authors seeks to redefine what it is to be a Maa woman.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.2015052}
{"text": "Culturally, the responsibility of protecting the animals was solely a man s role but the author redefines exactly what it is to be a feminine within the Maa community. Norpisia sounds so revengeful a fact that is not commonly seen with women she says, If I ve killed it, I ll be happy to have avenged the sheep its kith and kin killed in the plains Vanishing Herds, 41 . These words, culturally, are not expected to come from a woman but in Vanishing Herds, Norpisia has been given that chance to say them meaning the authors seeks to redefine what it is to be a Maa woman. Although Norpisia is good at self-defense but Kedoki underestimates the strength of Norpisia. The narrator says,47 As he lay down wounded by the cattle rustler, he saw two men each holding a drawn sword, crawling stealthily toward him. His end had finally come, he told himself despairingly. Just then he saw Norpisia! Her slim body stretched out along the ground under a low branch in the dust. In her right hand she held his late brothers spear, in her left hand a bow and two arrows. A quiver dangled down from her shoulders. She was stalking them! He was gripped by an uncontrollable fear. How could a young woman do when pitted against two hardened cattle rustlers? How could he warn her to retreat without the beastly brutes? Who could tell her that she was nothing but a small thin woman thinking she could face two armed men? He was troubled Vanishing Herds, 77 . Here the author compares Kedoki to Norpisia. He shows that women can be even better at self- defense than the men. We see Kedoki has been stabbed by the rustlers but we see Norpisia is very good at stalking the two cattle rustlers. Kedoki feels that Norpisia is weak and cannot fight the two cattle rustlers but Norpisia is so determined that she would fight them alone, which she eventually does. The way Norpisia attacks the two cattle rustlers is so skillful and quiet shocking for Kedoki for she does it so well like any man can do and even better than them. For example, Norpisia is swift in running towards the attackers: Suddenly, he saw Norpisia dart across the open space in the forest.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.2521484}
{"text": "Kedoki feels that Norpisia is weak and cannot fight the two cattle rustlers but Norpisia is so determined that she would fight them alone, which she eventually does. The way Norpisia attacks the two cattle rustlers is so skillful and quiet shocking for Kedoki for she does it so well like any man can do and even better than them. For example, Norpisia is swift in running towards the attackers: Suddenly, he saw Norpisia dart across the open space in the forest. Her first step was a full stride in a headlong dash at the open space before Kedoki s mind figured out what his eyes were seeing. She was running fast, her slender body bowed backward with her right arm raised high above her head, the muscles in it knotted, as firmly held her spear. Her eyes were wide open and her lips drawn back from48 her teeth in an expression of wild fury. She hurled her spear, which forcefully flew through the air toward one of the two men. The tall man, who Kedoki recognized as the one who, wounded him, glimpsed at her belatedly and raised his sword as he quickly got up to face her. The sharp end of Norpisia spear pierced into him, sending him sprawling, with blood gushing off his rib cage like crimson water from a fountain. Before the other man could attack her Norpisia had shot an arrow at him. The arrow got him squarely between his shoulder blades. The man yelled as he fell backward, fatally wounded Vanishing Herds, 78 . We see Norpisia killing the cattle rustlers, she does it single handedly. She has good tactics at selfdefense. This is shown by how she positions herself, how she runs towards the cattle rustlers and how she throws the spear. It shocks Masintet so much because ,initially ,he thought that the two cattle rustlers had been killed by Kedoki and with this Lembrata says, Only Enkaikipiani can manage such a feat! I would say with certainty that this is not a woman but a man! Vanishing Herds, 80 . The author juxtaposes the strength of Norpisia to Masintet and Lembarta, Kedoki s friends. The narrator says that Norpisia killed two cattle rustlers while the two only killed one cattle rustler.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.2789638}
{"text": "I would say with certainty that this is not a woman but a man! Vanishing Herds, 80 . The author juxtaposes the strength of Norpisia to Masintet and Lembarta, Kedoki s friends. The narrator says that Norpisia killed two cattle rustlers while the two only killed one cattle rustler. This shows that femininity has been redefined in such a way to show that the previously weaker sex is much stronger than their men counterparts. Although Kedoki fears for his wife s courageous trait but Norpisia is not at all because she had killed other wild animals before at her grandmother s place. Kedoki still has the traditional perception of what it is to be a Maasai woman although this Norpisia herself is beyond this traditional femininity as portrayed by the author. Norpisia is not scared by the wild animals as Kedoki thinks, for her she feels that she is equal to the task. Kedoki found the following morning49 the dead hyena and Norpisia s spear penetrating its rib-cage and that it had pierced its heart. He is so surprised and at this juncture he says that she is full of surprises. He asks, Who would have ever thought a woman could throw a spear so forcefully as you did? Vanishing Herds, 42 . In To Become a Man 1972 it was men who killed fierce wild animals such as the lion. We see this when a group of morans, Leshao included, goes to kill a lion. Fortunately, Leshao kills it hence emerging as the most celebrated moran To Become a Man, 112 . The killing of the hyena by use of a spear surprises Kedoki a lot for still he does not believe that a woman could throw a spear so forcefully as Norpisia did and she was also good at aiming and not missing her target Vanishing Herds,42 . Through the stream of conscious, we learn that Norpisia knew a lot that contradicted the social cultural norms of the Maasai and she feared showing her husband since she had seen the way he had reacted when she had speared the hyena Vanishing Herds, 42-43 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.2651646}
{"text": "Fortunately, Leshao kills it hence emerging as the most celebrated moran To Become a Man, 112 . The killing of the hyena by use of a spear surprises Kedoki a lot for still he does not believe that a woman could throw a spear so forcefully as Norpisia did and she was also good at aiming and not missing her target Vanishing Herds,42 . Through the stream of conscious, we learn that Norpisia knew a lot that contradicted the social cultural norms of the Maasai and she feared showing her husband since she had seen the way he had reacted when she had speared the hyena Vanishing Herds, 42-43 . Kedoki, previously, held women with little contempt but Norpisia changes this perception; his attitude towards women had been, until he met Norpisia, dismissive, regarding them as a gender of little consequence, required only for the purpose of procreation. He had therefore; surprisingly found the relationship with her to be totally different experience Vanishing Herds, 43 . This attitude of belittling women was there within the Maasai community such that women are referred as Nakerai, a child. Therefore, it surprises Kedoki when he sees such a woman who is so strong and defiant and has a strong personality than a woman. Amouzou 2006 argues that in Things Fall Apart 1966 Women are lumped together with children because it is generally accepted that they are unimportant creatures who have nothing significant to contribute to nation building Amouzou, 223 . 50 The Maasai culture is constructed in such a way that it was the men who carried a bow, arrows and quivers dangling on their shoulders. But the author reconstructs this by allowing Norpisia, a woman to carry them. The narrator says, Kedoki walked down the slope briskly with his spear held firmly in his hand, while Norpisia, a bow and the arrows in her hand, and a quiver dangling down her shoulder, followed behind him Vanishing Herds,54 . And to show that the role of weapons was basically what defined a man, Lembarta, a young man who joins the couple in the forest is worried to see Norpisia armed with bows and arrows like a man.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.3038008}
{"text": "But the author reconstructs this by allowing Norpisia, a woman to carry them. The narrator says, Kedoki walked down the slope briskly with his spear held firmly in his hand, while Norpisia, a bow and the arrows in her hand, and a quiver dangling down her shoulder, followed behind him Vanishing Herds,54 . And to show that the role of weapons was basically what defined a man, Lembarta, a young man who joins the couple in the forest is worried to see Norpisia armed with bows and arrows like a man. Upon Kedoki s introduction of his wife, Norpisia, to the two men, Masintet and Lembarta, the narrator says, and the young man knitted his brows in consternation as he looked at Norpisia, a woman armed with bows and arrows like a man Vanishing Herds, 55 . In Daughter of Maa 1990 weapons such as spears were carried by men Daughters of Maa, 109 . In The Hunter 1985 we see men fighting using their sword which was put in a scabbard and supported by a beaded belt tied around his loins The Hunter, 4 . Leseiyo fights with a knobkerrie and a sword. Men carry spears, wear pig-tails made into fine lines and smeared with fat mixed with red ochre The Hunter, 10 . Warriors carry long spears, sword and long oval shield of buffalo. Not anywhere in these works show a woman carrying such weapons or even fighting. Masintet, too, cannot hide his anxiety by asking his friend, Who is this lass then, who looks half man, half woman? Vanishing Herds, 56 . Kedoki defends his wife by saying, I want to assure you the woman you saw is certainly not half-man, half-woman. She is a real woman and she is my wife Vanishing Herds, 57 . The author intended to show that it is not weird for women to hold weapons for the fact that it was male s previously role but women can do it without looking odd. In fact Masintet emphasizes his shock by saying, It is odd seeing a woman carrying a bow and arrows with a quiver dangling down her shoulders like a man.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.3246272}
{"text": "She is a real woman and she is my wife Vanishing Herds, 57 . The author intended to show that it is not weird for women to hold weapons for the fact that it was male s previously role but women can do it without looking odd. In fact Masintet emphasizes his shock by saying, It is odd seeing a woman carrying a bow and arrows with a quiver dangling down her shoulders like a man. Kind of weird, isn t she? Vanishing51 Herds, 57 . Although according to Masintet finds it kind of weird for a woman to carry such weapons but Kedoki says that it s the product of the environment that has turned her so due to the harsh life of the wilderness. Therefore, she has also learnt the art of defense in cases of a dangerous occurrence. Henry ole Kulet redefines the aspect whereby a Maasai woman had to be protected by the husband or the elder sons. He shows that a Maasai woman too can defend herself equally to the way men can do with no fear at all. The author also shows that as a woman, Norpisia felt that she could also participate in keeping vigil just like the husband did. She tells the husband that from that night she would take the place of his late brother and that night she would keep vigil and her husband to sleep Vanishing Herds, 26 . Although the husband refuses, but through a flash back, we learn that Norpisia was equal to the task. She, previously, had killed ten hyenas, consistently, after attacking her grandmother s animals. For ten consecutive nights, she did it using a spear. As a matter of fact, Norpisia, tells the husband to try her and if she was not good to withdraw her because she left all behind that she loves so as to be with him. Norpisia is assertive and believes that she is capable of keeping vigil just like the man Vanishing Herds, 27 . Norpisia is always ready, irrespective of circumstances; to protect their herd. When a pack of hyenas chased wildebeest at night, She quickly got out of the Olngoborr in pitch darkness and collected a few stones from the ground. She threw them at the hyena to drive them away from near the cattle enclosure Vanishing Herds, 93 . This is a very brave and courageous act that Norpisia possesses.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.3434072}
{"text": "When a pack of hyenas chased wildebeest at night, She quickly got out of the Olngoborr in pitch darkness and collected a few stones from the ground. She threw them at the hyena to drive them away from near the cattle enclosure Vanishing Herds, 93 . This is a very brave and courageous act that Norpisia possesses. Norpisia cries for the loss and killing of their animals by the hyenas. This fact is, socially, a passionate feeling for the Maasai men who, culturally, love their animals. This shows that women52 too can passionately love their animals. With this the narrator says, On seeing Norpisia weeping for the loss of a sheep that was killed by the hyenas, Kedoki understood her anxiety. He shared her feelings of devastation and loss Vanishing Herds, 32 . The passion that Norpisia has for birds is another skill that the author has used in the novel to redefine femininity. Norpisia knows the names of the birds very well and apart from that she knows how to communicate to them by whistling at them and even imitate bird calls. This skill she learned from her grandmother: Norpisia softly whistled replicating the bird song so precisely that the mother bird stopped feeding its chicks and momentarily turned in her direction, looking for another bird. Norpisia whistled again and the bird took a few steps toward her. When she lived with her grandmother, she taught her to imitate bird calls. When she had gained skill, she would call them and they would come expecting to see other birds of their kind Vanishing Herds, 52 . Such a skill of imitating the birds is a special art. Norpisia has multiple skills such as whistling in cases where she could detect a dangerous animal Norpisia whistled hence alerting the husband of the impeding danger. She could whistle to control the rear as well as alert that there was danger. Norpisia walked leisurely behind the herd, whistling and shouting at a sheep here and a goat there, when they started to break away Vanishing Herds, 122 . Norpisia possesses a good art of storytelling which mesmerizes even the prophetess.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.3848226}
{"text": "She could whistle to control the rear as well as alert that there was danger. Norpisia walked leisurely behind the herd, whistling and shouting at a sheep here and a goat there, when they started to break away Vanishing Herds, 122 . Norpisia possesses a good art of storytelling which mesmerizes even the prophetess. Kedoki thinks every time she tells a story it feels like the first time, Although he knew her story well, he was nevertheless drawn to the refreshing way she rendered it. She was clear and precise with exemplary word choice, accompanied by evocative gestures She revealed how she was trained to mimic birds and53 animals sounds and how she eventually managed to imitate them with such finesse that even the birds and the animals could not tell the difference between the mimicked sound and that which was their own Vanishing Herds, 171 . Maasai men are outstanding when it comes to the role of herding but this has been redefined in Vanishing Herds such that, Norpisia, a Maasai woman is seen to be very good at herding. This is shown when the narrator says, Later that day, as he drove the herd through a wooded area, it pleased him to see her take charge, walking up and down controlling the movement of the cattle so that they slowed down to graze between bushes Vanishing Herds, 21 . This refutes the argument by Hammod and Jablow 1992:150 who argue that An African woman s role is limited to sexual and commercial labour: satisfying the sexual needs of men, working in the fields carrying loads, tending babies and preparing food Kisiang ani ,13 . This is not the case as seen in Vanishing Herds the woman is placed high above traditional roles. The calling of prophecy, culturally, is predominantly men s responsibility but in Vanishing Herds shows that a Maasai woman can, equally, become a prophetess who can foretell the future in truth. For example when the prophetess , Eddah Sein, visited Kedoki s village she told them about consequences and hazards of climate change. And true to her words, it came to happen and the narrator says, two days after she left the village, quite unexpected thunderstorms suddenly burst with unrestrained ferocity. The lightening that followed was vicious.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.3892734}
{"text": "For example when the prophetess , Eddah Sein, visited Kedoki s village she told them about consequences and hazards of climate change. And true to her words, it came to happen and the narrator says, two days after she left the village, quite unexpected thunderstorms suddenly burst with unrestrained ferocity. The lightening that followed was vicious. Its great crackling tongues blasted any men, animals or trees in its path. Dung plastered as well as grass thatched roofs leaked so badly that many families, for the next few days, lived in quagmire Vanishing Herds, 158 . We also see that femininity has been redefined in Vanishing Herds in such a way that the main character Norpisia does her role intelligently: Norpisia brought up the rear, occasionally54 combing the bushes thoroughly to ensure that no kid, lamb or calf was left behind Vanishing Herds, 71 . She did her role passionately and showed high levels of responsibility. She loves their animals just like Kedoki loves them and she is not ready to see that any of them is left behind or killed by wild animals. Norpisia is obsessed with the need to save wild animals and preserve their habitat Vanishing Herds, 154 . This is expressed through her encounter with her grandmother which has also been highlighted and vividly described. Her grandmother, through dreams, advices her to join animals and fight alongside them ,so as to reclaim their habitat. Her grandmother urged her to request her husband to brand the wildebeest and allow them to stay among the herd for some time Vanishing Herds, 155 . Norpisia s desire to save the wild animals is portrayed when she begs her husband, Kedoki to accept the four beasts and to brand them with their clan s marks. To Norpisia she does what the other men like Kedoki, Lembrata and Masintet could not do. Eddah helps the community plant trees; she assists them to plant indigenous trees seedlings which the community had brought. Eddah had chosen an area that was adjacent to Olmakarr farm to symbolize future activities in that area where the forest was destroyed. Wherever she planted trees, she always erected a bill board with a picture of a green tree, which she said was a symbol of life Vanishing Herds, 166 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.4067166}
{"text": "Eddah helps the community plant trees; she assists them to plant indigenous trees seedlings which the community had brought. Eddah had chosen an area that was adjacent to Olmakarr farm to symbolize future activities in that area where the forest was destroyed. Wherever she planted trees, she always erected a bill board with a picture of a green tree, which she said was a symbol of life Vanishing Herds, 166 . Women are presented, in the task of planting trees in Eorr-Narasha, as hard working, for the first time in the history of Eorr-Narasha, women were way ahead of men in the number of livestock they brought into their homesteads. Most women earned more sheep than their men Vanishing Herds, 202 . For example Norpisia earned fifty-five sheep while her husband, Kedoki earned fiftyfive sheep. Lembrata and his brother Masintet earned twenty-five sheep each, while Ngoto55 Lesiamin, Masintet s wife, got forty-five sheep. This extract shows that women are more active than their men which, initially, is not the case within the Maa community. Kedoki, Norpisia s husband marries because he wants someone to assist him drive the herd of cattle. This shows that Kedoki believed that a woman too can control a large herd, protect them from predators and more so cattle rustlers. When, Norpisia s father agreed Kedoki to marry her, the narrator says, He was delighted that he had someone to assist him make weighty decisions Vanishing Herds, 19 . This shows that the fact of decision making which was culturally men s role can also be done by women. Women were not involved in any decision making. It was actually the work of men to do it. The womanist ideology does not negate men, they view them as important in the society but what they advocate for is recognition of a woman as an equal partner. Although, a male writer, Kulet, shows that Kedoki wants to marry for companionship and not the previous held myth that a woman s sole purpose is procreation. The love that Kedoki has for Norpisia makes him assist her to make a hut which was a woman s role. Norpisia fears that his friends might find him doing it.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.4189477}
{"text": "Although, a male writer, Kulet, shows that Kedoki wants to marry for companionship and not the previous held myth that a woman s sole purpose is procreation. The love that Kedoki has for Norpisia makes him assist her to make a hut which was a woman s role. Norpisia fears that his friends might find him doing it. This reconstructs the traditional norms whereby only women constructed houses and did many house chores but this has been reconstructed, While Masintet and Lembarta cut thorn branches to construct the cattle enclosure, Kedoki joined Norpisia and helped to offload the donkeys. Norpisia had made him breach some cultural norms, a situation that he knew would be frowned upon by other men if they came to know about it Vanishing Herds, 105 . We see this when the narrator says, They both put up the Olongoborr, anchoring poles into the ground to support the roof that was made of several hides linked and made to overlap one on top of the other. The oblong, dome-like structure had an opening at the top to let out smoke,56 if they needed to make a fire inside, though they seldom did Vanishing Herds, 105 . We also see Kedoki assisting Norpisia to gather firewood, a responsibility that was primarily women s. Therefore, the sharing of responsibility draws these two couples more closer to each other. Sharing of responsibility makes the couple happy with each other. For example, the narrator says, Once the Olngoborr was up, Kedoki went out to gather firewood while Norpisia lit the fire and began to prepare their evening meal Vanishing Herds, 105 . Norpisia s passion to save their animals demonstrate clearly that, she too, is involved in their property, Norpisia herbs came in handy to treat the animals, but at times the sick ones were so many that the herbs ran out before treating all of them Vanishing Herds,115 . In To Become a Man 1972 it was a woman s role to fetch firewood To Become a Man, 40 . Juliana Sam-Abbenyi Makuchi 1993 argues that one of the problems facing women in Africa is women s pleasure and the denial of pleasure for women which has also been one of the issues addressed by feminists Makuchi, 42 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.459267}
{"text": "Norpisia s passion to save their animals demonstrate clearly that, she too, is involved in their property, Norpisia herbs came in handy to treat the animals, but at times the sick ones were so many that the herbs ran out before treating all of them Vanishing Herds,115 . In To Become a Man 1972 it was a woman s role to fetch firewood To Become a Man, 40 . Juliana Sam-Abbenyi Makuchi 1993 argues that one of the problems facing women in Africa is women s pleasure and the denial of pleasure for women which has also been one of the issues addressed by feminists Makuchi, 42 . Women are married for the sake of procreation and not for sexual fulfillment it is the man to ask for sex and not vice versa. A Maasai woman, culturally, is married for procreation. The man hardly shows openly any love towards her wife in case the man wants to have sexual intercourse with the wife, it is his prerogative to decide on when and with who but in Vanishing Herds, the author has redefined the concept of femininity by showing that the Maasai men are shown in Vanishing Herds as capable of expressing their love to their women openly and that they are not shy in doing so. This is evidenced when Norpisia is about to be attacked by a, rhino, Kedoki realizes that It dawned on him that he had to secure her safety and her well-being. It also dawned on him that he loved her more than he ever believed possible. Until57 then, he did not know he could love so much, let alone think that he nearly lost her to the beast From then, henceforth, he declared his eye would always be on her and for the first time since they became husband and wife, they held hands affectionately as they walked together back to where their livestock grazed peacefully Vanishing Herds, 30 . Maasai husband and wife, rarely, mingle together they only meet when it is necessary and showing their love openly is such a hard thing to find in this community as expressed in the earlier works of literature. Loving a woman in Vanishing Herds has been redefined when Kedoki expresses his love openly hence showing how he appreciates Norpisia.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.476998}
{"text": "Until57 then, he did not know he could love so much, let alone think that he nearly lost her to the beast From then, henceforth, he declared his eye would always be on her and for the first time since they became husband and wife, they held hands affectionately as they walked together back to where their livestock grazed peacefully Vanishing Herds, 30 . Maasai husband and wife, rarely, mingle together they only meet when it is necessary and showing their love openly is such a hard thing to find in this community as expressed in the earlier works of literature. Loving a woman in Vanishing Herds has been redefined when Kedoki expresses his love openly hence showing how he appreciates Norpisia. He loves Norpisia and does not want to share her with the community: She knew it was true that he loved her. She had always known it and saw it in his eyes. Yes, she had always seen it in his brilliant, vivid, black eyes that caressed her with their look. His eyes always expressed the emotions that his cultural sensibilities could not allow him to show, and he tried so hard to keep them under control Vanishing Herds, 221 . Because of how the position of Maasai women has been redefined, we see that Kedoki, Norpisia s husband pays a keen interest to what Norpisia said. He listened attentively to what she had to say. He never gave an immediate answer but he pondered about it for some time. He allowed; Norpisia a chance to express her opinion which he never put down. The issue of having a child to inherit the father s name especially a son is normally the desire of any man but in Vanishing Herds we see that it is Norpisia, a woman who is bothered about it for Kedoki still feels that they still have a long way to go. Even when his friend Masintet teases him about him being Lesiote, a man who cried upon seeing a woman and thinking that her manhood58 had been eaten by terrible disease, he still persists for them to wait until they are out of wilderness. Norpisia is worried that Kedoki might die and leave her without a child. She certainly need his son to inherit his name and cattle Vanishing Herds, 91 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.5075295}
{"text": "Even when his friend Masintet teases him about him being Lesiote, a man who cried upon seeing a woman and thinking that her manhood58 had been eaten by terrible disease, he still persists for them to wait until they are out of wilderness. Norpisia is worried that Kedoki might die and leave her without a child. She certainly need his son to inherit his name and cattle Vanishing Herds, 91 . She tells Kedoki about it I think it s the way a wife tells her husband how much she loves him and cares for him, whether she has children or not but I think I need to tell you I want to have your child before I get too old Vanishing Herds, 91 . But Kedoki responded by saying, You have a long way to go ... You are still very young Vanishing Herds, 91 . She purses the topic further by giving an example that Women of my age back at Olomuriti are already getting their second child 92 . Although, Norpisia persists the topic, which really is a man s concern Kedoki respond by saying that: he should be the one complaining and not her. Kedoki thinks that Norpisia has experienced so much in her short time. The concept of having children does not bother Kedoki but it keeps nagging Norpisia to the extent that She remained awake thinking of their discussion that evening about children Vanishing Herds, 93 . During pregnancy women are normally very weak but Norpisia who is pregnant says that if they decided to move out of the farm that she would manage in the wilderness contrary to the fear that the husband has for her that she might not manage Vanishing Herds,156 . Norpisia is concerned about her child s career therefore, has a career chosen for their son Kinyamal that is when he grows up she wanted him to be a game warden. This, therefore, shows that Norpisia was conversant with better jobs and also she knew that her son would help in protecting the wild animals. The narrator shows how Norpisia appreciates nature. When they enter Olkarsis farm she finds the air fresh, sharper and clean. The narrator describes Norpisia s experience as A cool fresh scent of lush green vegetation caressed her nostrils pleasantly.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.496695}
{"text": "The narrator shows how Norpisia appreciates nature. When they enter Olkarsis farm she finds the air fresh, sharper and clean. The narrator describes Norpisia s experience as A cool fresh scent of lush green vegetation caressed her nostrils pleasantly. She inhaled the luxurious air, filling her59 lungs with its invigorating freshness. What a contrast between the fresh air that farm and dusty and oppressive air that blasted them daily in the windswept plains. Here, every plant was olive green Vanishing Herds, 126 . Norpisia seems to be excited of her surrounding unlike her husband, Kedoki. She admires the animals found in Olkarsis farm: She stopped and stared, spell bound, at a large herd of black and white pedigree cattle that grazed contentedly in a field of tall green grass Vanishing Herds, 127 . She is so surprised by their udders which to her are amazingly large and heavy. She is further amazed to see long-bearded Angora goats, with long-haired white coats and horns that faced backward and tapered off to a point Vanishing Herds, 127 . Her optimism supersedes that of her husband. She is optimistic. After seeing the animals in Olkarsis, she believes that one day their animals will be like that and she says. Norpisia s optimism is vividly shown where the narrator says, Hope, optimism and enthusiasm began to take root in her heart. She began to dream positive dreams. She saw herself exciting the gloomy, despondent and hopeless world and entering into a world where there was no social stratification, such as pastoralists, herders, nomads, sedentary or any other Vanishing Herds,131 . Conclusion From the discussion of Vanishing Herds we find that Henry ole Kulet has defined and redefined Maasai femininity largely through the protagonist Norpisia. She is shown as a woman who champions for the well-being of the entire society. Norpisia s deeds in saving the environment and taking care of cattle raises her image to that of a saviour within the patriarchal society where the destiny of the community had always depended on men and not women. Ironically, in these roles Norpisia is also performing a role that society had reserved for women that of nurture. She uses her skills to nurture the community.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.5375404}
{"text": "Norpisia s deeds in saving the environment and taking care of cattle raises her image to that of a saviour within the patriarchal society where the destiny of the community had always depended on men and not women. Ironically, in these roles Norpisia is also performing a role that society had reserved for women that of nurture. She uses her skills to nurture the community. The character of Eddah Sein is another woman who redefines60 Maasai femininity in the text. She does this through prophecy which has been a preserve of the males in the Maasai community. Overall, we see women being redefined in spaces hitherto considered sanctum of men: decision making with regards to cattle and landholding, cultural belief systems like prophecy and the space of the hero in society. CHAPTER THREE EXAMINING FEMININITY IN BLOSSOMS OF THE SAVANNAH Definition of Femininity Boy-child is highly valued in Nasila community as presented in Blossoms of the Savannah and this kind is seen by the fact that ole Kaelo desired boys but, unfortunately, he ended up with two girls who were not highly regarded in this particular community: When his wife got pregnant the second time, he prayed for a healthy baby boy Blossoms of the Savannah, 10 . A girl, as a child, is not valued as a boy child and this is the reason as to why when Resian is born the father, immediately, dislikes her for he thought that the wife would bore him a boy who would continue the ole Kaelo s name. A boy-child carries the family s name to the next generation. It is with this view that ole Kaelo61 prayed for a healthy baby boy who would carry the Kaelo s name to the next generation Blossoms of the Savannah, 10 . After the wife gave birth to a baby girl, ole Kaelo becomes annoyed because he desired a baby boy therefore he hated Resian right from her childhood. The boy child continued his father s name and in Is It Possible? 1971 Lerionka vows that he would continue his father s family name, ole Sururu Is It Possible?,. 3 . Lerionka, according to the narrator, feels that he has the responsibility of restoring and carrying the honour of Sururu s name to the coming generations Is it Possible?,3 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.5646577}
{"text": "The boy child continued his father s name and in Is It Possible? 1971 Lerionka vows that he would continue his father s family name, ole Sururu Is It Possible?,. 3 . Lerionka, according to the narrator, feels that he has the responsibility of restoring and carrying the honour of Sururu s name to the coming generations Is it Possible?,3 . The issue of boys being valuable more than girls in Maasai community is further seen when Sopia, the chief advices Lerionka s father to remarry so as to have more son because he had to give out Lerionka to go to school Is It Possible?,14 . Women were, customarily, defined by the number of children that one bore and the sex of the children. The Boy-child was more valued than girl child. Boys were given better education while girls were married off at an early age. An example is that of ole Supeyo, ole Kedoki s friend. He has sent his boys to school and have reached university level while the girls are circumcised and married off Blossoms of the Savannah, 21 . So girls were not valued. They were taken as sources of wealth. Women were defined by the fact that they bore children. If one did not, she had to participate in traditions that included all the barrens to pray for a long time so as to conceive. They sung ancestral prayer songs and praises known as Enkai Aomon Entomon, this was a prayer exhorting God to open women s wombs. Due to the behavior shown by the community towards the barrens, the barren women were so violent and aggressive such that if any man refused their wives to participate in the prayer, one was mobbed and thoroughly beaten by these women and all the animals drawn62 out of their kraal and some animals were roughly slaughtered. The women were defined and thus respected if they bore children. We see that when ole Musanka blesses Taiyo he says that She will be a mother of the next leader of Nasila and Maa Blossoms of the Savannah, 54 . A mother was defined by her ability to conceive children. Women were married into polygamous marriages. They had no opportunity to refuse to be married off to a polygamous family. Each wife had her own house away from the husband.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.5738442}
{"text": "Women were married into polygamous marriages. They had no opportunity to refuse to be married off to a polygamous family. Each wife had her own house away from the husband. It was only, when the husband wanted any of them that she would go to his house in turns according to his preference. The women were expected to be friends and care for the children, equally. Uncle Simiren s home is polygamous but they all lived in harmony and they respected their eldest mother Blossoms of the Savannah, 16 . Women were married to one man, as many as the man wanted. For example, Oloisudori had married six women and he still wanted to marry Resian. The women had to fulfill certain conditions and they had to agree to live a certain pattern of life. If a woman did not pass the test, one was rejected by the man. There was a yard stick that was used to measure the women s suitability. When the women entered the marriage they were expected to respect other wives and their position in that marriage. Women and girls were not to answer back their male counterparts no matter how annoyed they were. They were to be humble and swallow their bitterness. This is the reason as to why Resian s father slaps her for talking to him in a disrespectful manner. We see this in Daughter of Maa 1990 when Nariku-Nkera s husband wants to marry another wife and Naloutuesha confirms that a Maasai man can marry as many wives as possible and no one can stop them. For example she asks, When did women of Maa protest when their husbands wanted to marry? Daughter of Maa, 72 . Nalotuesha reminds Nariku-Nkera that her husband would marry without63 even asking for consent for the men made decisions. In To Become a Man 1972 a woman does not make any decision and if she tries to do she is rebuked harshly. When Leshao s mother persuades Leshao s father to take Lerionka to school as the rest of the children he says, Woman! This is my home. It is not ours. It is mine. I do not know why you keep on forgetting this even after staying with me all these years. But for the sake of saving you the trouble of trying to remember what I have repeatedly said, get this straight.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.618218}
{"text": "It is mine. I do not know why you keep on forgetting this even after staying with me all these years. But for the sake of saving you the trouble of trying to remember what I have repeatedly said, get this straight. This home belongs to Kerea ole Merresho alone- To Become a Man, 4 . The women seem to accept polygamy and FGM. When the girls came from Nakuru some women came to look closely at Taiyo and Resian to see if they were marriageable so as they comment them to their husbands so as they become their inkainito co-wives . Others came looking for potential wives for their sons while enkaitoyoni midwife and enkamuratani circumciser came to make acquaintances with potential clients Blossoms of the Savannah, 37 . Because of all what women went through, we see them accepting the culture of their community. And accepting the culture of looking for their children suitors and also the fact that they had to undergo FGM. In a polygamous family, the eldest wife was respected by everyone in the family. Many activities such as slaughtering of a goat took place in her house. This is shown by the narrator when he talks about Yeiyo-botorr who was the eldest wife of Simiren and who was highly respected by the other family members. This is seen when she is at Mama Milanoi s home and Resian argues with her concerning cultural aspects such as the role of the woman. Resian s mother becomes so annoyed and sees it as disrespect. A Maasai woman does not find her own suitor. The parents find her the suitor of their choice. For example, Mama Milanoi does not find her own suitor as described by the narrator. Her parents find64 a suitable suitor for her: The suitor was a young man who was reputed to be an upcoming businessman, her parents were satisfied that their daughter would not only be in safe hands, that their grandchildren would have a dependable protector. After what appeared to her to be lengthy protracted negotiations, the parties agreed and she was betrothed Blossoms of the Savannah, 30 . As a woman, the traditions dictated that one did not resist a suitor that the parents had selected for them and that is why Mama Milanoi accepts to be married to ole Kedoki without any resistance.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.5969768}
{"text": "Her parents find64 a suitable suitor for her: The suitor was a young man who was reputed to be an upcoming businessman, her parents were satisfied that their daughter would not only be in safe hands, that their grandchildren would have a dependable protector. After what appeared to her to be lengthy protracted negotiations, the parties agreed and she was betrothed Blossoms of the Savannah, 30 . As a woman, the traditions dictated that one did not resist a suitor that the parents had selected for them and that is why Mama Milanoi accepts to be married to ole Kedoki without any resistance. Tradition did not allow her to offer any and as expected of her, she did not resist Blossoms of the Savannah, 30 . The culture did not allow women to find their own suitors. We see this through Mama Milanoi who upon seeing her daughter Taiyo happily and so in love with Parmuat the narrator says, She let her heart wander and wondered what might have happened had she met a handsome young man such as the one her daughter was speaking with, fallen in love and got married. If she had such an opportunity, what might her life have been? May be she would not have been joined at the hip with a bully like Blossoms of the Savannah, 49 . This shows that Mama Milanoi desired to find her own suitor but was not allowed. Fathers have the right to protect their daughters and that is why they choose suitors for them. This is the reason why ole Kaelo makes a decision that he was not going to allow his daughters ignorance destroy her future. As a father, he declared, he had a God given duty to guide her to secure future; to lead her to the honey pot that would be part of her future. Whatever happened Resian was to be married to Oloisudori 195 . The parents think that they can get better suitors for their girls than the girls themselves. Women are expected to fall in love with their husbands later after the marriage. For example Resian is said that she will fall in love with the palatial home when65 later she sees that is set before her such that she will curse her stubbornness for her refusal to get married to Oloisudori. Fathers have a right to take the dowry of girls form their suitors without the girls knowing or even consenting to it.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.6585712}
{"text": "Women are expected to fall in love with their husbands later after the marriage. For example Resian is said that she will fall in love with the palatial home when65 later she sees that is set before her such that she will curse her stubbornness for her refusal to get married to Oloisudori. Fathers have a right to take the dowry of girls form their suitors without the girls knowing or even consenting to it. In Daughter of Maa 1990 the love to protect the daughters is seen through Nalotuesha who prefers her husband to marry Anna Nalangu rather than Anna Nalangu to be married by Joseph Malon, her daughter s boyfriend, who is also in love with Anna Nalaungu, who might end up hurting her daughter s heart. Girls are to be married off to people they do not make their own choice and they are to be circumcised before marriage in Blossoms of the Savannah. A girl has to be married off to an old person, even older than her father and is not to be questioned because that is the Maasai custom. This is evidenced by Oloisudori who is older than ole Kaelo and wants to marry Resian who is still young. Physical appearance defines the women of the Maasai. The notion that the Maasai women are so beautiful and well-made physically is expressed by the narrator through Mama Milanoi who is tall and has full and heavy breasts, slender waist, and wide hips and seductively curved. Women within the Maa community are defined as beautiful. Resian and Taiyo are defined too as being beautiful. Resian has a pretty face. Oloisodori gets attracted to Resian and the narrator describes Resian as he admired her physical and sensual attraction especially those of her full breasts, her strong and supple waist, the curve of her wide hips and her shapely long legs Blossoms of the Savannah,114 . The definition of beauty is big, solid, gleaming black eyes, full lips, sparkling white teeth planted on black gums. For example, Resian is described as taller than the old woman, had long slender limbs and high firm breasts. She had a narrow waist that tapered down, swelling out to bulging66 hips. Her arms and legs were slender but shapely she moved with a natural gait and pride Blossoms of the Savannah, 263 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.6732314}
{"text": "The definition of beauty is big, solid, gleaming black eyes, full lips, sparkling white teeth planted on black gums. For example, Resian is described as taller than the old woman, had long slender limbs and high firm breasts. She had a narrow waist that tapered down, swelling out to bulging66 hips. Her arms and legs were slender but shapely she moved with a natural gait and pride Blossoms of the Savannah, 263 . A beautiful woman is defined by the beauty of her face that looked more like a baby s face, dimples on the cheeks, white pear like teeth planted on black gums, natural gap called enchilaoi that sits between upper front teeth. The waist is narrow and has long shapely legs. The eyes are large. The concept of Maasai women being beautiful is exemplified by the lady known as Oloisudori s wife number three who is said to be as beautiful as her surroundings. Girls, therefore, were required to sing and adorn themselves in beautiful multi-coloured beads. They sang beautifully. During ole Kaelo s home coming party, A bevy of beautiful young women stepped forward, their necks bedecked with layer after layer of exquisite lesos. They wore over their shoulders fluttered in the windy afternoon air as they moved sedately, heads poised, chests heaving forwards and backward, knees bowing, voices raised melodiously, as they glided smoothly into an exciting traditional dance Their light stops were sedate, their backs and shoulders held straight and their heads haughty and graceful Blossoms of the Savannah, 42 . The concept of beauty and physical appearance is evidenced in Daughter of Maa 1990 where girls are described as pretty, slender, graceful Their necks laden with beautiful multi-coloured bead-jewelry Daughter of Maa, 109 . Seleina is described as having a slim body, had multicoloured bead necklaces, earrings and amulets. All these according to the narrator made Seleina more beautiful than she had ever been Daughter of Maa, 124 . In The Hunters 1985 Namelok is described as having charming face, large brown eyes The Hunters, 45 . In Moran no More 1990 girls are described as curvy, dark complexion, brown fascinating eyes Moran no More, 15 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.6475804}
{"text": "All these according to the narrator made Seleina more beautiful than she had ever been Daughter of Maa, 124 . In The Hunters 1985 Namelok is described as having charming face, large brown eyes The Hunters, 45 . In Moran no More 1990 girls are described as curvy, dark complexion, brown fascinating eyes Moran no More, 15 . The pastor s daughter is described as draped in red shuka which clung tightly to her67 small body narrow waist she was bedecked with multi-coloured bead ornaments. Round her forehead was tied more beads that made loops around her eyes Moran no More, 21 . In Bandits of Kibi 1999 Lilian Soila is described as having long shapely legs which were as delicate as a flamingo s and she had splendid strong white teeth Bandits of Kibi, 3 . Girls whether above eighteen years or not were, still, referred as children, nakerai in Blossoms of the Savannah. We see this when Resian and Taiyo are called, children, by a woman at their uncles home who wanted to find out whether they were awake so as to take tea. They obediently accepted and responded when called by this name Blossoms of the Savannah, 15 . Women are supposed to be submissive to their elders and it is with this reason that when the family arrived at Nasila, the narrator says that the girls heads were touched by their uncles, cousins, aunts and other relatives Blossoms of the Savannah, 11 . Bowing down of heads to male defines women in Maasai community as being submissive and respective and no one could defy this at all. Maasai women are supposed to be submissive. This is evident in Taiyo, Resian s sister in Blossoms of the Savannah. We find her all the time being humble towards her parents. She is described as the paragon of virtue a true model of Maa feminine decorum . And that was because she hardly ever talked to her father unless he spoke to her, and then only to answer him with utmost respect whatever question he has asked her Blossoms of the Savannah, 178 . This is what was expected of a Maasai woman; not to question or argue with the elderly at any given time.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.7038713}
{"text": "She is described as the paragon of virtue a true model of Maa feminine decorum . And that was because she hardly ever talked to her father unless he spoke to her, and then only to answer him with utmost respect whatever question he has asked her Blossoms of the Savannah, 178 . This is what was expected of a Maasai woman; not to question or argue with the elderly at any given time. A woman who was defiant has no one to support her. She is cursed and is hated by the whole community. She is referred to as a wasp. The likes that are defiant are known as wasps, entangoroi and an example is68 that of Emakererei, a woman who owns a sheep ranch, who fights against FGM and early marriage. The community views her as a wasp, entangoroi. Women were not supposed to sit closer to men, especially; young Maasai girls were not allowed to sit closer to their father as a sign of respect. This is what we see in ole Kaelo s home where the father sits far away from the wife and his daughters. For example, when he calls Resian during the home coming party Resian sits far away from her father. Even when the father asks her to sit nearer she hardly moves Blossoms of the Savannah, 187 . This shows that women had to show respect to men at all given times. The distance that was put there signified respect and men and women sat far away from each other. The Maasai women and especially girls are defined by the fact that they showed total respect to their parents. The girls do not also share the same room with their father. We see this when the narrator says, as was their habit, when their father came into the living room, the girls quickly gathered the dishes, tidied the table and, instantly, disappeared into the kitchen Blossoms of the Savannah,70 . It is also expected of the culture that fathers talk to their daughters through their mothers. The direct confrontation between the father and daughters is not allowed in the Maasai community. Kaelo always talked to the girls through their mother. And when he wants to speak to them they show fear for they do not always know what their father wants. Because of the respect that they owe to their father the girls have so much fear and all the time live with their father as if he was a stranger.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.7406106}
{"text": "A man: who does not circumcise his girls; has only girls as his children; is married to only one wife is not respected by the community. It is to this respect that the narrator says, Elders had termed reckless his decision to remain married to only one wife who only bore him two daughters. They had likened him to a mono-eyed giant who stood on legs of straw ... It would take not long before his brother earned himself the derogatory name of the father of intoiye nemengalana Blossoms of the Savannah,13 . A woman is defined and respected by the fact that she is circumcised and that is why their mother, Mama Milanoi is worried that her girls are not circumcised. This is shown by the narrator when he says, A creepy feeling kept on gnawing at her conscience regarding her daughter s status of being intoiye nemengalana, in the midst of a community that cherished girl child circumcision. She, however, dismissed the feeling and relegated it to the back of her mind Blossoms of the Savannah, 17 . 71 If any woman was intoiye nemengalana she was subjected to torture and abuse from the members of the community. This is no exception to Resian and Taiyo who as they walk back to their homestead after sightseeing, they are confronted by a man who calls them intoiye nemengalana. According to the vagabond, a decent woman was one who was circumcised. From the man s words we learn that a well-respected woman within the Maa community is one who has undergone FGM and if one has not, therefore, is not respected at all. And women who have undergone FGM are the ones who are defined as decent women. As the man leaves the two girls, he tells them that You have not seen the last of me. Soon you will come to know that there is no place in our society for women of your ilk Blossoms of the Savannah, 19 . The uncircumcised girls have no place in Nasila society. The families are not allowed to keep girls who are not circumcised at all in their homes and if they do they are not respected as well. Girls who have not undergone FGM undergo violent experiences wherever they go.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.7306452}
{"text": "The uncircumcised girls have no place in Nasila society. The families are not allowed to keep girls who are not circumcised at all in their homes and if they do they are not respected as well. Girls who have not undergone FGM undergo violent experiences wherever they go. For example, during ole Kaelo s homecoming party the girls come into contact with the vagabond again who looks at them and this send shivers to the girls hence making them uncomfortable during the party Blossoms of the Savannah, 47 . A decent woman is properly defined if one has undergone FGM. If one has not undergone FGM she, therefore, is not a decent woman according to the norms and customs of the Nasila community. Nasila Culture demands that women have to undergo FGM and Mama Milanoi, through her stream of conscious, through the narrator we learn that she knew that as a family, they were already in breach of the tradition, for keeping at home their grown up girls as intoiye nemengalana instead of sending for enkamuratani to transform them from little girls into young women Blossoms of the Savannah, 61 . Mama Milanoi undergoes the same practice and because of that she is respected by elders of Nasila as well as other women. If a woman72 does not go through this practice one becomes a pariah in her own clan and the larger Nasila society. The elders hate uncircumcised girls and it is for this reason that ole Musanka, the elder who blesses ole Kaelo s family discourages the girls from listening to Minik who fights against FGM. He curses her and calls her a wasp, Taba! May she go down with the setting sun! Blossoms of the Savannah, 53 . The elders truly valued FGM and we see this when Minik ene Nkoitoi, the Emekererei; a manager at a certain sheep Ranch persuading ole Supeyo to stop the practice but he hears none of it: When the crusader insisted on having her way, he got angry and forcefully ejected her out of his homestead, threatening to clobber her Blossoms of the Savannah, 22 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.7665462}
{"text": "He curses her and calls her a wasp, Taba! May she go down with the setting sun! Blossoms of the Savannah, 53 . The elders truly valued FGM and we see this when Minik ene Nkoitoi, the Emekererei; a manager at a certain sheep Ranch persuading ole Supeyo to stop the practice but he hears none of it: When the crusader insisted on having her way, he got angry and forcefully ejected her out of his homestead, threatening to clobber her Blossoms of the Savannah, 22 . Supeyo believes that female circumcision was not only an honored rite of passage that had been in existence from time immemorial, but an important practice that tamed an otherwise wild gender. Like cattle that required to be dehorned, to reduce accidental injuries to each other, a certain measure of docility was also necessary to keep more than one wife in one homestead Blossoms of the Savannah, 22 . To tame women hostility the community believed that a man had to marry many wives. Because as ole Supeyo remembers the adage that says, Two women in one homestead were two potent pots of poison Blossoms of the Savannah, 22 . And that is the reason as to why they need to be circumcised. The women are a times defined as being na ve especially when desperate. That is why Resian naively accepts to follow Olarinkoi thinking that he was to save him from the evil plans of Oloisudori and her father. She jumps into conclusion without thinking much about it only she ends up in a worse situation than she expected. She also believes that Olarinkoi meant no73 harm and that was the reason why he left her alone in that shack while he, went elsewhere to find himself a place to sleep Blossoms of the Savannah, 224 . Women are also, physically, abused by their husband in case they refused to consent to their demand. For example, Olarinkoi who believes Resian is his wife beats her until she loses her conscious, Then suddenly, he hit her so hard on her ribcage with his elbow, knocking the wind out of her. He hit her again on the side of her head and she passed out Blossoms of the Savannah, 227 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.786897}
{"text": "Women are also, physically, abused by their husband in case they refused to consent to their demand. For example, Olarinkoi who believes Resian is his wife beats her until she loses her conscious, Then suddenly, he hit her so hard on her ribcage with his elbow, knocking the wind out of her. He hit her again on the side of her head and she passed out Blossoms of the Savannah, 227 . This seems to agree with Spencer 1988 who argues that within the Maasai any woman who showed any stubbornness was thoroughly beaten. The Nasila community perceives girls as weaklings and therefore, Mama Milanoi is also worried about girls sightseeing places that they do not know. She cautions them to be weary of strangers who might take advantage of their unfamiliarity Blossoms of the Savannah, 17 . But the girls feel that their mother s misplaced fears as born of the misconception by the old people that girls were weaklings, incapable of deciding what was right 17 . Women are viewed as weak. Although ole Kaelo gets disturbed by the fact that Oloisudori wants to marry off Resian but he does not cry like the way Mama Milanoi does. She becomes uncomfortable at night. She does not sleep and she gets distracted the whole night. Mama Milanoi also turned in her bed. She tossed and tossed. As a woman with child and about to give birth would writhe and cry with pain, she writhed and cried with pain. Her silent anguished cry burned deep in her heart and in the pit of her stomach like an inferno in the bowels of the earth. Yes, she was inconsolable. Was that what she set out to achieve in Nasila? She lamented bitterly Blossoms of the Savannah, 114 . 74 Women are the ones to do house chores. We see this after the homecoming party of ole Kaelo that Resian remained behind for a moment helping their mother and other women gather and move utensils to the kitchen and tidy the room Blossoms of the Savannah, 55 . While their father sat in the sitting room. The mothers have to prepare their daughters on issues pertaining to FGM and marriage. They have to prepare them properly so as no problem occurs.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.7968383}
{"text": "While their father sat in the sitting room. The mothers have to prepare their daughters on issues pertaining to FGM and marriage. They have to prepare them properly so as no problem occurs. Pertaining to this ole Kaelo tells the wife Now listen, you must immediately start counseling the girls to understand their roles as potential wives of the men of Nasila. Prepare them to appreciate their future responsibilities as mothers and home builders 62 . A woman s role is to prepare the daughters on challenges of responsible womanhood and motherhood . If she does not do it she is accused by the community as being irresponsible. If the daughters misbehave, the mother is seen as the one who has failed. A Maasai woman had to play a dutiful role of a faithful and obedient wife. For example ole Kaelo decides that the girls should be counseled about them being potential wives of the men of Nasila 62 . And that they should understand their roles therefore the issue of circumcision of girls in this community requires a thorough preparation. He also says that he would engage Parmuat, the teacher to teach about the culture and finally to call on enkamuratani, the circumciser, to carry out her role. Mama Milanoi does not question for culture demands that no one is to object the culture. If one does it no one will be on his or her side. In Daughter of Maa 1990 the woman it is said, had to take care of her husband s interests, cattle, sheep, goats, and above all, his physical well-being Daughter of Maa, 108 . In To Become a Man 1972 a woman made fire, made the house warm, cooked food and prepared milk. Leshao s house had no fire, no food and Leshao kept begging for food from neighbours due to the fact that his mother had died but when his aunt arrives there is joy because the hut was warm with fire, lit by his aunt To Become a Man, 50 . This75 reminds Leshao of his late mother and the narrator says, This was the first time since his mother died that he had found the hut lit by fire To Become a Man, 50 . The Maasai women are defined by their caring character in Blossoms of the Savannah.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.8180544}
{"text": "Leshao s house had no fire, no food and Leshao kept begging for food from neighbours due to the fact that his mother had died but when his aunt arrives there is joy because the hut was warm with fire, lit by his aunt To Become a Man, 50 . This75 reminds Leshao of his late mother and the narrator says, This was the first time since his mother died that he had found the hut lit by fire To Become a Man, 50 . The Maasai women are defined by their caring character in Blossoms of the Savannah. We see this through Nabaru who quickly likes Resian, helps her regain her health and finally helps her to escape. She loves Resian more than how Mama Milanoi loves her; as her own daughter. She feeds her well and provides her with blankets and lesos Blossoms of the Savannah, 243 . Maasai women are defined by love that they show to children who are not their own. We see this kind of love through Minik, who helps Resian and loves her passionately as if she is her own daughter. She provides Resian with a two fully furnished house equipped with blankets, sheets and cartons containing utensils and foodstuffs. In To Become a Man 1972 women care for children who are not theirs as if they were their own children. The women such as Mbulung s mother provide Leshao with food any time he begs her. The women feel sad when they see Leshao badly beaten and blood covering his sheet To Become a Man, 33 . Leshao s aunt begs Leshao s father to allow her to cook for Leshao during his circumcision period To Become a Man, 70 . She stays with Leshao and the father many days later and he recovers. It is the work of women to cook. We see this when women such as Mama Milanoi, the eldest aunt in the family, Yeiyo botorr and the two girls cooking in the kitchen. In their midst there is no man as they work. A woman is supposed to be so perfect that we see Mama Milanoi saying about her girls that when they eventually get married and are accused of laziness, or when their husbands complain that they can t prepare tasty meals, they will not blame us Blossoms of the Savannah,77 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.8423634}
{"text": "We see this when women such as Mama Milanoi, the eldest aunt in the family, Yeiyo botorr and the two girls cooking in the kitchen. In their midst there is no man as they work. A woman is supposed to be so perfect that we see Mama Milanoi saying about her girls that when they eventually get married and are accused of laziness, or when their husbands complain that they can t prepare tasty meals, they will not blame us Blossoms of the Savannah,77 . A woman is not supposed to be lazy and that one is supposed to be good at preparing meals. Mothers are to teach their daughters on how to become good women. If a woman is not76 good their mothers are blamed and anytime a woman does wrong the husband abuses her in relation to the mother. It is the role of women to cook and present meals in cases where their husbands had visitors. We see this when Mama Milanoi prepares meals and also serves the husband s visitors Blossoms of the Savannah, 183 . Girls are to help their mother s in house chores. This is evident when after Oloisudori and his friends leave ole Kaelo s home the narrator says, Later in the evening after Taiyo and Resian had cleared the table, washed all utensils and cleaned the kitchen 184 . The women have to do all house chores such as drawing water from the river. They have to carry the water containers from the river; on their backs although they were heavy. Women look after sheep, goats and young ones for example Olarinkoi s mother look after their sheep and goats. Daughter of Maa 1990 through Seleina we learn that it was women s role to do domestic chore such as fetching water from the river, fetching firewood and milking 149 . Fedder 1974 argues that a young girl helps her mother with housework, carries water and looks young babies Fedder, 40 . In To Become a Man 1972 the narrator says that behind the bush where Leshao was making preparations of a bird for his circumcision was the path which led to the village, the path which the women followed when they went for water below the cliffs To Become a Man, 22 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.8804352}
{"text": "Daughter of Maa 1990 through Seleina we learn that it was women s role to do domestic chore such as fetching water from the river, fetching firewood and milking 149 . Fedder 1974 argues that a young girl helps her mother with housework, carries water and looks young babies Fedder, 40 . In To Become a Man 1972 the narrator says that behind the bush where Leshao was making preparations of a bird for his circumcision was the path which led to the village, the path which the women followed when they went for water below the cliffs To Become a Man, 22 . Women have to learn habits, traditions and culture and according to the narrator this would make their parents and the Nasila people proud of them Blossoms of the Savannah, 71 . It is because of this that ole Kaelo employs Parmuat so as to coach the girls on the traditions of the society. It is expected of them to know everything about the culture such that they do not violate any of it. Women uphold the moral values in the Maa community and as such are presented as violent when they find out a man who torments a girl. They beat him senselessly and even punish the whole77 community such as refuse to milk, cook and light fire until the elders come in to settle the matter. The offender is made to walk long distances so as to humiliate him so as in the future he will not repeat Blossoms of the Savannah, 117 . Spencer 1988 also says that during the women blessing ceremony the barren women are agitated, cry, shiver, shake and may even faint. They may attack any man who refuses their wife to join the gathering. They also attack his animals Spencer, 201 . There are some decisions that are not made by women. It is the head of the house who does. Taiyo s mother says that the request that Parmuat coaches the girls is to be decided by their father for that is his territory. In most cases ole Kaelo makes decisions such as moving from Nakuru to Nasila, starting up his business, who the girls would be married to.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.8600433}
{"text": "It is the head of the house who does. Taiyo s mother says that the request that Parmuat coaches the girls is to be decided by their father for that is his territory. In most cases ole Kaelo makes decisions such as moving from Nakuru to Nasila, starting up his business, who the girls would be married to. Men have a right to manipulate women s body and nobody questions about it and this is seen when the vagabond wants to rape both Taiyo and Resian and the narrator says, Resian thought how hazardous it was to live in a society where men thought they had a right to every woman s body Blossoms of the Savannah,146 . In Daughter of Maa 1990 men too made decisions for example when Joseph Malon starts drawing away his love from Seleina, Seleina is tempted to challenge him but the narrator says, It was not her nature to challenge him Daughter of Maa, 63 . At one point Seleina insists that she put up with Joseph Malon but he authoritatively says, It is the man who decides. Men value the traditions more than the women they love. Parmuat s love and respect for traditions overwhelms his love for Taiyo and the narrator says that he finds Nasila culture as valuable because it gives him identity. It is a yard stick to be used to measure when he went of its boundary. It was the father and mother who, Brought up and nurtured its children to maturity. Nasila culture was too valuable and too important to be abandoned in its exchange of a woman s love. But was78 Taiyo just another woman? He searched and searched his heart again. At the end, it was the wisdom of Maa that prevailed. Its founder had said a man could never run away from his clan and his age-set .He declined her love 140 . The men demean women. They do not speak to them politely, for example, Olarinkoi speaks harshly at Resian at any given point for example he tells her, Don t stand there staring like a fool Blossoms of the Savannah, 223 . Further mistreatment and demeaning is seen when Olarinkoi says, You, woman, look here! ... You can either cook or keep standing stupidly and die of hunger. The choice is yours. Should you choose to cook, here is a piece of meat.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.899218}
{"text": "You can either cook or keep standing stupidly and die of hunger. The choice is yours. Should you choose to cook, here is a piece of meat. The knife is over there. Of course you are not blind you can see the sufurias. There is a whole bag of maize meal there and water is in that container. There is paraffin in that can and you can collect firewood from a stack outside the house. Any questions ? 223 . This kind of dictatorial tone is seen in Daughter of Maa 1990 when Seleina insists that she wants to go and live with Joseph Malon but Joseph Malon authoritatively says, It is the man who decides. Redefinition of Femininity Resian, Taiyo s sister has been presented as a person with great enthusiasm for education. For her, she says that she does not want to work in the shop that their father had started in their rural home instead she says that she wants to go back and join Egerton University. She wants to pursue a course in Veterinary doctor. She also wants to read everything until she graduates. At the end she wants to be called Dr. Resian. Being in a community that encourages early marriages for young girls Resian adamantly tells her sister that she does not want to be a parent. At least not in the foreseeable future. I want to study. When I ll have obtained my degree, other peripheral matters,79 such as a husband, children and such may be considered 18 . For her, Resian places her education at the forefront and she is not ready to relent it. Being in a community that encourages early marriages for young girls Resian adamantly tells her sister that she does not want to be a parent. She wants to study and obtain a degree. For her matters to do with marriage and children should come much later. For her, Resian places her education at the forefront and she is not ready to relent it. As Taiyo is busy doing chores like ferrying breakfast from the kitchen to the table Resian as described by the narrator is Fragile and pretty in her velvet and lace morning gown, her hair piled upon her head, slumped in an armchair, her nose as always buried in a book; reading 65 . Resian has redefined the concept that women are only supposed to do house chores, instead, for her reading comes first.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.9317122}
{"text": "For her, Resian places her education at the forefront and she is not ready to relent it. As Taiyo is busy doing chores like ferrying breakfast from the kitchen to the table Resian as described by the narrator is Fragile and pretty in her velvet and lace morning gown, her hair piled upon her head, slumped in an armchair, her nose as always buried in a book; reading 65 . Resian has redefined the concept that women are only supposed to do house chores, instead, for her reading comes first. Contrary, to the notion that women are meant to do house chores, Resian defies this while her sister tidies up their room, Resian sits down to read and when asked by Taiyo to assist in arranging the room she tells Taiyo to do her part and for her she will do hers the following day. This presents Resian as going over the traditional roles of women performing house chores. Resian s passion for reading is so strong that any time she has time, she is reading alone. The narrator says, When they later walked into the practice room they found Resian waiting for them, sitting as she always did hunched up in a chair, her nose determinedly buried in a book, reading 137 . Within the Maasai community, initially, girls were not educated. As soon as they were born, their parents choose for them suitor s. Immediately they reached the age of puberty, they underwent through Female Genital Mutilation. Upon their recovery, they were sold off to their suitors without80 questioning. Therefore, when the author, presents a young teenager Maasai girl, Resian, with such an insatiable appetite clearly shows that Henry ole Kulet wants to reconstruct the perception of girl child education. The two girls had acquired education. They had not only gotten education but also had intermingled with children from other cultures. The girls as a result of intermingling with other girls from other communities know very little about the Nasila culture. Their mother defines them as children of undefined culture. Their desire for education makes them plan how to escape FGM by going back to Nakuru and enroll at the University. Resian says, We must beat them to it. We must convince him to allow us to go before they prevail upon him to embrace the primitive, backward, outdated and archaic traditions 35 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.9529667}
{"text": "Their desire for education makes them plan how to escape FGM by going back to Nakuru and enroll at the University. Resian says, We must beat them to it. We must convince him to allow us to go before they prevail upon him to embrace the primitive, backward, outdated and archaic traditions 35 . What seems to liberate and redefine the women in Blossoms of the Savannah is education. Minik had gone to Makerere University where she studied veterinary medicine and acquired the name of Emakererei. Because of education, Minik finds the community s ways barbaric and that is why she fights FGM in this community. Taiyo and Resian are presented as not cowards and they are not afraid of anything. They want to sightsee around the neighborhood 16 . But her mother cautions them to be careful because of strangers who might take advantage of their unfamiliarity 17 . The narrator says, The girls looked at one another and giggled as they dismissed their mother s misplaced fears as born of the misconception of the old people that girls were weaklings, incapable of deciding what was right 17 . Therefore, the author wants to show that girls are not weaklings and they can protect themselves. Wanyonyi 2003 argues, in his abstract that the introduction of Western education has precipitated change in the status of Maasai women; a transformation that has created tension and conflict. The result of the change is characters who81 have a dual identity, a duality that has myriad challenges, but a duality that ole Kulet seems to espouse Education, too, in Blossoms of the Savannah changes the manner in which the characters present themselves in terms of arguing which plays a part in their redefinition. When the two girls are faced by a stranger who attacks them, the two girls are strong and ready to defend themselves. Resian tells the stranger to leave her sister. Taiyo too tells him to leave her hand. She further tells him, We are not the kind of women you have in mind! Blossoms of the Savannah,19 . This presentation shows that the girls are strong and not easily scared. Taiyo is presented as aggressive towards her love for Parmuat. She cannot hide her love towards Parmuat even with her father and mother present and with the whole community looking at her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.9727547}
{"text": "This presentation shows that the girls are strong and not easily scared. Taiyo is presented as aggressive towards her love for Parmuat. She cannot hide her love towards Parmuat even with her father and mother present and with the whole community looking at her. Taiyo, a young teenager, reminisces on how she battled with the father for denying her permission to travel to Mombasa with other young men and women who had been selected by an extravaganza Blossoms of the Savannah, 2 . Taiyo says, She had stubbornly put up a spirited struggle with him but the battle was so predictably and utterly lost Blossoms of the Savannah, 2 . It is rare for a young Maasai girl to be stubborn to the father. This quality that is placed here by the author redefines what it is to be a young Maasai girl in this particular community which is culturally reserved. Taiyo is presented as a person who believes in her talents and does not want her father to stop her. Taiyo is extremely, talented in music. She excelled in music festivals and was awarded and garlanded. Broadcasting stations recognized her talent and encouraged her to take music as a career 45 . Resian is presented as half-fearful; half-defiant which annoys her father. Resian's strength is seen even in her dream. We see her thinking of how she was going to deal with enkamuratani,82 circumciser. She was determined in her dream that the circumciser was not going to circumcise another girl: She was going to deal with her firmly and finally. She took hold of the old woman s bony arm. Her fingers were now laced firmly through the old woman s gripping the shriveled claw-like fingers that held the Olmurunya and twisting the hand mercilessly. The old woman shrieked with pain. Resian pounded the old woman s head with a mallet she had picked from the ground and hit her pleadingly. When the old mono eyed enkoiboni came to rescue the enkamurutani it was as if all Resian s energy had been reserved for her. Like a ferocious leopard, she descended upon her with vicious blows completely disfiguring her face and battering one eye. The old witch tried to say something as if to curse her, but she would not let her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406266.98206}
{"text": "When the old mono eyed enkoiboni came to rescue the enkamurutani it was as if all Resian s energy had been reserved for her. Like a ferocious leopard, she descended upon her with vicious blows completely disfiguring her face and battering one eye. The old witch tried to say something as if to curse her, but she would not let her. She hit her hard on the head like a snake and she sprawled flat on the ground, lifeless 249, 250 . Resian is strong and not a weak character. She strongly faces her father and tells him point blank that she cannot be married to a person of that nature as Oloisudori. She is a redefined woman and cannot accept to be married to a man whom she does not like and a man she does not consent to. Resian is presented as a spirited fighter. When she was told that she was going to be circumcised Resian reasons that Olarinkoi may take her as a wife, circumcise her but mentally she would refuse to subdue to all this. She was going to refuse it mentally and physically where she was able to do it: She resolved to remain focused and she prayed for strength and endurance to be able to bear all those misfortunes 235 . Resian really puts a spirited fight such that we see her being a very a very strong woman. 83 The girls are presented as being worried concerning customs that was unfair to them. They do what they believe is fair for them and they are not scared of what will befall them. For example Taiyo, says that she does not care the fact that the community called them intoiye nemengalana. For her, she says, What I know is that my body belongs to me. I belong to myself 34 . She firmly says, Only when I am dead would anybody mutilate my body 34 . The girls in Maasai community are supposed to undergo FGM immediately they reach puberty but Resian and Taiyo so far have not undergone FGM. Although the community refers to the two girls as Intoiye nemengalana but the two are not at all scared about it. To them, FGM is a culture that dehumanizes a woman and the two girls are ready to fight it at all cost. Resian is presented as a spirited fighter against the custom that is against women in the Maasai community.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.0267649}
{"text": "Although the community refers to the two girls as Intoiye nemengalana but the two are not at all scared about it. To them, FGM is a culture that dehumanizes a woman and the two girls are ready to fight it at all cost. Resian is presented as a spirited fighter against the custom that is against women in the Maasai community. When forced to remain behind so as to cook for Oloisudori she stands her ground by arguing that Taiyo should be left too. She questions her parents and argues: It was wrong for them as a family to allow a visitor, whoever he was, to dictate as to who amongst the members of the family should attend to him! 180 . Resian is determined to recapture or reconstruct the societal myth that women should keep always cooking and getting tired for men who just sit down and order them around. She strongly belief that men too should sweat just like any woman. She firmly says, It is the likes of Olarinkoi I am mad at, and all those other males who come here ordering us to do that or the other for them, simply because they are males 78 . She gives an example with women who visit them; she says that those women who visit give them leeway to respond to their requests. Resian reminds her aunt, equally, her mother that But as we burn our fingers here, Mr. Olarinkoi is dozing off comfortably84 in our living room waiting for his lunch and possibly a little angry and impatient with us for delaying it 78 . Minik-ene -Nkoitoi, the Emakererei, a manager at a certain Sheep Ranch called Intare-Naaju is presented as a person who redefines femininity by crusading against girl circumcision. Minik, when trying to persuade ole Supeyo to stop FGM, --- he got angry and forcefully ejected her out of his homestead, threatening to clobber her Blossoms of the Savannah, 22 . People like ole Supeyo held adamantly to the culture within the Maasai community. Later as narrated by the narrator, ole Supeyo calls Minik a wasp and he says that Minik was a great threat to the Maa culture 22 . Although Minik becomes an outcast in Nasila but she does not give up.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.048321}
{"text": "People like ole Supeyo held adamantly to the culture within the Maasai community. Later as narrated by the narrator, ole Supeyo calls Minik a wasp and he says that Minik was a great threat to the Maa culture 22 . Although Minik becomes an outcast in Nasila but she does not give up. She starts a Girls Rescue Centre that helps to rescue girls who are about to undergo FGM and early marriages. She offers them job and accommodation. She gives them scholarship so as to purse their education. Although Olarinkoi forcefully attacks Resian but she is so determined. She fights courageously by biting his thumb when he attempts to rape her. Then desperately she took the last chance of selfdefense and self-preservation. Mustering all her strength the thrust his thumb into her mouth; sunk her teeth into the flesh like a ferocious animal and tenaciously held onto it, tugging at it fiercely like a lioness. She could feel the flesh tearing and she tasted the salt of his blood as it filled her mouth but she clung unto the thumb as Olarinkoi howled with pain. He tried to push her away but she held on. He cried out loudly, but she was 227 . Initially, women depended on men to protect and fight for them, but Resian defends herself against the drunken Olarinkoi. After being attacked by strangers, Resian s strength is strengthened and she resolves that she was a combatant in a war zone and that one day she will team up with Emakererei to fight for women and girl child rights 146 . That determination and strength that Resian has, presents a85 new Maasai woman who has been redefined and ready to fight the Nasila s traditions. Resian detests the cultural norms of Nasila and in her heart she is determined to fight against it. This fight redefines her position as a Maasai woman. Taiyo too feels that if they were born sons Most likely we would have been let loose to romp about in the village and gather our experiences as we go along 74 . With this kind of reasoning, the author shows that the two girls are in search of liberating themselves in this given society that they find firmly held in cultural norms that sideline the women and sees them as object to be directed by their men counterparts.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.0761392}
{"text": "This fight redefines her position as a Maasai woman. Taiyo too feels that if they were born sons Most likely we would have been let loose to romp about in the village and gather our experiences as we go along 74 . With this kind of reasoning, the author shows that the two girls are in search of liberating themselves in this given society that they find firmly held in cultural norms that sideline the women and sees them as object to be directed by their men counterparts. Resian s determination leads her to admire two people who are women, she calls them role models. Minik is admired by Resian for her fight against FGM while Wangari Maathai for her fight against forest destruction and her advocating for preservation of forest. Minik, Resian s model, fights FGM and forced marriages of girls to old men. She does not fear whether she becomes an outcast. She is determined to reconstruct the society s norms and culture. Minik rescues girls from the circumciser and organizes to take them back to school. Taiyo s determination to fight against the Maa culture is, further, explained by the narrator. The narrator says since they relocated to Nasila community she has always considered herself to be in a war zone against the Nasila culture which was debilitating. To her it is a kind of war for liberation of the Nasila women. Her determination is fired by the fact that they have an example of a woman who is a good leader and they took her as a role model, Minik. Taiyo determination to fight against women s rights leads her to compose a song that ridicules three women who she thinks are out to oppress women. She particularly wants to sing to witches enkasakutoni who are ready to curse intoiye nemengalana, another group that she is ready to curse is midwife enkaitoyoni who spies on girls who are giving birth and are not circumcised and86 lastly the Enkamuratani circumciser . Through songs Taiyo is ready to fight for her feminism and her own right as a woman. Resian believes that if women said no to detectable culture men would do nothing.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.0350063}
{"text": "She particularly wants to sing to witches enkasakutoni who are ready to curse intoiye nemengalana, another group that she is ready to curse is midwife enkaitoyoni who spies on girls who are giving birth and are not circumcised and86 lastly the Enkamuratani circumciser . Through songs Taiyo is ready to fight for her feminism and her own right as a woman. Resian believes that if women said no to detectable culture men would do nothing. She was proud to be intoiye nemengalana and says that she would not trade her position for anything. The four women led by Minik, Resian, Taiyo and Nabaru promises to fight and end emurataneo-ntoiye so as to come to an end. Resian is adamant and says, Yes, because we are females, a male in the name of a clan brother is sought to come along and teach us the ABCD of a good Nasilian wife so that we shall please our future husbands. No, I refuse to be taught. I will either be taught at the university what is universally beneficial to all mankind or to be taught nothing! 75 . Resian does not support the fact that they have to be taught about the Nasila tradition. She says that she will be taught at the University what she feels will be important. Resian is presented as a defiant and outspoken character who is ready to fight off practices that humiliate women. She questions her aunt Yeiyo-botorr and her own mother: Do we go to all these lengths to please some lazy bunch of busybodies who do nothing but lounge about in the living rooms, yawning and stretching, waiting for tasty food to land on the table before them? 78 . She loudly asks why women have to cook for men who are just seated waiting to be fed without participating. She refuses to be silent on such issues. She adamantly says that she totally disagree to be brought up so as her main purpose is to please the male counterparts. Henry ole Kulet gives strength to Resian to air out her grievances as a woman so as to challenge the norms that are experienced in this particular community. She further points by saying that they can also cook, and they can, and should also learn to please us females 78 . She also wants men to do the same as women.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.1112144}
{"text": "Henry ole Kulet gives strength to Resian to air out her grievances as a woman so as to challenge the norms that are experienced in this particular community. She further points by saying that they can also cook, and they can, and should also learn to please us females 78 . She also wants men to do the same as women. 87 Resian is defiant and cannot be coerced into being married to a man who is not her choice. She tells Oloisudori that he is mad if he thinks that she is going to be her wife. She says that she can only be his wife upon her dead body. She even says that they both can kill her, that is her father and Oloisudori and take her while she is dead to his palatial home. Without fearing the customs, Resian declines completely the fact that she is to be married off without her consent. She questions: Was there a curse for being born a woman that took away her right to her own body or her own mind? 210 . Resian is presented as unrelenting character such that she is defined as a hard nut to crack. She is obstinate, defiant, an example of the new undefined culture, has an independent mind. She is hard to be handled. If her father thought she was docile and that he would just call her and hand her over to Oloisudori, he was in for a rude shock. No amount of intimidation or threats could easily break her. She always said she knew her rights and would not allow anyone to trample them 120 . Resian is defensive and a seeker of justice towards women. She argues against the decision made by the Ilmolelian community about the two men who almost raped them. She argues that the thugs should be arrested and they should be taken to court. Each should get a jail term of not less than twenty years. Taiyo supports Resian s argument. Taiyo feels that their trauma cannot be appeased by a mere two heifers while the villains are walking freely who knows, they could even right now be stalking another pair of young innocent girls 171 . The girls tell their mother openly that the culture was unfair to the women. Resian is presented as argumentative. She argues so well against the issue of FGM.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.0994556}
{"text": "The girls tell their mother openly that the culture was unfair to the women. Resian is presented as argumentative. She argues so well against the issue of FGM. FGM is a subject in Maasai land, customs and culture which could not be argued against, especially, by a young Maasai girl but Resian seems well outspoken in this subject and seems that she does not88 fear at all. She is ready to fight against it. She tells Taiyo about how she told the mother concerning FGM. She says that FGM is a tool of oppression. Resian does not believe in being coerced to do something that she does not like at all. She puts a spirited fight against being told that she would be left to receive Oloisudori the following morning. She pleads not to be left even though the father is adamant too. This aspect of Resian standing up so tough in her argument redefines what it is to be a female in Maasai community. The narrator says, She shook her head fiercely. She couldn t do it, she wouldn t do it, she declared 176 . Resian argues with her father by saying that he can kill her than hand over her to Oloisudori. Even when the father slaps her Resian stands firm on what she believes in. She adamantly tells her father. She repeats by telling him that she would rather die than get married to a monster. She calls him an Ol-ushuushi like Oloisudori, Never! Never! If I don t die and live to be eighty, I will still go to the university, Papaai, I tell you! I hope you will be there to witness my graduation. But for now, I can as well reveal to you, and that I have told your friend Oloisudori what I think of him. Yes, he is a monster, he is a gangster, and he is a bank robber and an extortionist per excellence! 214 . Resian strongly argues against men and their barbaric ways of continuing insisting on FGM for women and the way it is performed forever. Immediately, Resian sees Oloisudori, ole Kaelo s business partner, she becomes infuriated and hates him. She tells her mother, Whoever he is, Yeiyo, said Resian angrily, he is a manner less dirty old man! 95 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.1594863}
{"text": "Resian strongly argues against men and their barbaric ways of continuing insisting on FGM for women and the way it is performed forever. Immediately, Resian sees Oloisudori, ole Kaelo s business partner, she becomes infuriated and hates him. She tells her mother, Whoever he is, Yeiyo, said Resian angrily, he is a manner less dirty old man! 95 . Resian is presented as a character who questions a lot on the things that she feels is not right. She is not comfortable of the fact that Joseph Parmuat is to coach them about the community values. She says to Taiyo, I am beginning to think it disadvantageous being a woman in this society 74 . She further questions,89 But I keep wondering what would have happened had we been sons rather than daughters. Do you think father would have looked for a clan sister to coach us and take us through the dim cultural paths of Nasila? 74 . Resian deconstructs, as well as, reconstructs the idea that women cannot stand up and question anything. She is so enthusiastic that she does not fear her eldest aunt whom other children, as well as, wives had so much fear. Taiyo also does not want to be left behind. She wants to join Minik together with Resian so that they can fight the aspect of FGM. Resian at any given moment finds time to rebuke men. She believes it was men who originated the story about women initiating FGM. She says men started such myths so as to blame women for everything that works against them . Resian is presented as inquisitive and intolerant to cultural practices that dehumanize women. She puts her mother to task by arguing against FGM. For her, she says, if one discovered a nasty but potent medicine that once taken cured an ailment, must they continue to swallow it every day-tenyears down the lines 91 . She says, she finds such a kind of thing not only ridiculous but also absurd 91 . Resian questions her mother on what is the value of FGM to women. When her mother questions whether men are the ones who are continuing the cultural rite, Resian answers so intelligently so that the narrator says that she has done it philosophically.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.149054}
{"text": "She says, she finds such a kind of thing not only ridiculous but also absurd 91 . Resian questions her mother on what is the value of FGM to women. When her mother questions whether men are the ones who are continuing the cultural rite, Resian answers so intelligently so that the narrator says that she has done it philosophically. She says, Even if I am reluctantly convinced that it was women and not men who initiated that obnoxious ritual who provoked the women to do so? The Ilarinkon who were purported to have pushed women into mutilating their sexuality were men. And the ancient Ilarinkon were no different from today s Ilarikon. The ancient Ilarikon were sadists and despotic. Today s Ilarikon are worse. In addition,90 to being despotic, they are oppressive tyrants; and no one of their ways of oppressing us is to demand that FGM be perpetuated against us forever! 92 . Taiyo is also presented as being inquisitive. She felt that his father was troubled therefore, she found herself questioning him, Papaai Is something wrong? She further questions the father about Oloisudori, ole Kaelo s business partner. She asks him whether she was the one who had financed their business. Taiyo questions a tradition that is hardly questioned. She is also ready, just like Resian, to go against the traditions of the society. She openly questions Parmuat whether he loves her, Joseph deny before me right now that you love me. Do it right now! 135 . Taiyo is more determined to stand against the culture that is inconsiderate to her feelings. She firmly says, I cannot accept that a culture that does not feed me, clothe me, or house me comes to control my life. Our lives belong to us, Joseph. The destiny of our lives is in our own hands. We should guard it jealously 136 . Taiyo is presented as being overwhelmed by Parmuat s love such that she goes to look for him in his house. We see her requesting her parents to allow Parmuat to coach them about the culture of Nasila. Taiyo knows that Parmuat comes from the same clan as her family but she does not want to hear that is the reason as to why they should not be together. She says that she does not care about the oppressive Nasila culture.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.1878197}
{"text": "We see her requesting her parents to allow Parmuat to coach them about the culture of Nasila. Taiyo knows that Parmuat comes from the same clan as her family but she does not want to hear that is the reason as to why they should not be together. She says that she does not care about the oppressive Nasila culture. She asks why she should care about the violating culture while it did not care for her own rights. She is not shy and she tells him that she knows he is in love with just like the way she is in love with him. Resian is very observant and can easily foretell when the father is in trouble. For example the narrator says that, Just then, their father returned. Resian looked at him and perceived something queer about him. She was alarmed. Did she imagine it or was there something unnatural about91 him? She wondered. And what was it? 105 . As a keen observer she can be able to detect a slight tremor in his father s voice upon seeing Oloisudori. She also detects a measure of desperation and fear in his father. Faint sheen of perspiration was also noted by Resian, who is very observant and keen expressing her highly levels of intelligence which is extraordinary. Resian is quite observant and proves her reasoning with facts. She meets the father smiling in the morning and she detects that there is something unusual. She finds that her smile was artificial. She thinks that he was insincere. She questions herself, Where was his usual insensate anger that she had come to expect whenever he found her in a room? Why were his eyes shifty and withdrawn into their sockets like one who had little or no sleep at all? 122 . When she feels like asking the father so as to be allowed to go to Nakuru and enroll as a student at Egerton University she feels a kind of premonition that all is not well. The two girls are brilliant and have plans made without their parents knowing of how to exhort information from Oloisudori without him knowing. They are good at observing their parents and that they are ready to beat them at their own game. The narrator says that the girls also wanted to show that they were young modern women who had their own pride, self-respect and selfesteem, They wanted him to know that they were not rudderless objects drifting in the sea without direction 200 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.1759984}
{"text": "The two girls are brilliant and have plans made without their parents knowing of how to exhort information from Oloisudori without him knowing. They are good at observing their parents and that they are ready to beat them at their own game. The narrator says that the girls also wanted to show that they were young modern women who had their own pride, self-respect and selfesteem, They wanted him to know that they were not rudderless objects drifting in the sea without direction 200 . They were wanted Oloisudori to know that they were redefined women and so: They already had their aims and projections that could only be enchanted by the lofty ideas they held and the desire for higher learning at university and career development. It was therefore, an insult to their intelligence, dignity and integrity to think that mere material things such as the gifts he lavishly gave them would sway them from the goals they had already set for themselves 201 . 92 Taiyo and Resian hate archaic culture of female circumcision which they considered obnoxious, repugnant and a threat to the health of the young girls 267 . They do not want to get married to a man who would never give them a chance to express themselves as their mother they concluded that if ever they too get married they would only enter into such a contract if they were considered as equal partners with spouses, and had a say in all matters that affected them They did not want to be like their mother who never participated in decision making. They want to be different women altogether. They declared that they would never lose their liberty and their rights in exchange of marital accommodation 282 . The women are also presented in different ways according to their dressing. Resian and Taiyo dress modernly. Resian s hair has braids which she styles with pins when Oloisudori is to visit their home, Resian is described as wearing maroon taffeta dress, cream and maroon silken scarf, golden colour earrings and a maroon handbag that matched the colour of her shoes 202,203 . Her mother too is described as dressed in modern clothes. During the home coming party the narrator says, She was resplendently dressed in purple silk 48 . This kind of dressing redefines them since before women wore lesos and shukas. The Maa community prefers boy children in a family and one who has them is highly regarded.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.2241325}
{"text": "During the home coming party the narrator says, She was resplendently dressed in purple silk 48 . This kind of dressing redefines them since before women wore lesos and shukas. The Maa community prefers boy children in a family and one who has them is highly regarded. On the other hand a man has to marry more than one wife so as to be culturally accepted but for ole Kaelo, he only marries one wife, Mama Milanoi and even though she does not bear him boy children for him he is contented. Meaning that a child is a child whether a boy or a girl and marrying one wife for ole Kaelo is quite in order. Kaelo loves the wife and the narrator says that nature had not, however, been totally inconsiderate. It rewarded him with a gem in a form of his wifeJane Milanoi 9 . When Simiren, ole Kaelo s brother, informed ole Kulet about what the elders93 had said about him remaining married to only one wife and calling him he called the clan elders megalomaniacs who were still trapped in archaic customs and traditions that were better buried and forgotten 13 . This shows that ole Kaelo appreciates and respect his love towards his wife. Appreciation of femininity is shown through ole Kaelo who works to fulfill his dream. He builds them a good house. In his own words he says, This is the home that I have always dreamed I would one day build for you and my beloved daughters 31 . This shows that even though the wife does not provide him with a boy-child but still he appreciates that the wife bears him girls for to him a child is a child. The women, Mama Milanoi and her two girls enjoy freedom in their own family we see them happy especially when they are taken to their new home. The narrator says, while his wife and daughters jumped out of the pick-up excitedly and scrambled to the gate of their new house jubilantly, Parsemei ole Kaelo remained behind for a few minutes 27 . We see that the women are given freedom to be happy as opposed to historical culture where they are under oppression and cannot talk at all. Mama Milanoi, through her stream of conscious says that she always trusted her husband to do the best for her and her children 29 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.2457988}
{"text": "How terrible it would be, he thought sorrowly, to see her cry forlornly, while questioning the sincerity of his love for her, and asking him the reason for his betrayal. Even Resian, with her sullenness and gracelessness that he disliked he had found out surprisingly that he had a soft spot for her. He cried and his heart bled for her 113 . We see that ole Kaelo loves the two girls irrespective of their gender and does not want to just sell off her daughters with no love from any man. He treasures them unlike the community who would have found the reason to sell them off as any other woman. Kaelo, although has girls, but is presented as having a duty to defend them at all cost. When he heard about his daughters near rape incident he almost became mad. He raved like a buffalo that had been infected with the East Coast Fever that was known as Olmilo. He was aggressively spoiling for a fight. Every now and then he groaned loudly like one in pain and clicked his tongue like a madman, he muttered to himself, making nasty waspish remarks 160 . This therefore,95 shows that ole Kaelo appreciates the fact that he has daughters as children and that he is ready to shield them at whatever cost. Delegation of work within ole Kaelo s family gives equal responsibility to each member, making them happy and eager to make the party a success. Mama Milanoi is at the tables to ensure that the trays that came out of the kitchen laden with meat delicacies, were sorted out and arranged appropriately 41 . Taiyo was busy slicing chunks of ox tongue into manageable pieces a job she did with dexterous fingers and Resian was busy transferring glasses from the side board onto a nearby table 41 . Kaelo is presented as a person who values his wife and children and trusts that they will do a perfect job irrespective of their gender. The voice of women in decision making is shown through Mama Milanoi who has been presented as a person who is trusted by the husband. They discuss together what is challenging them in their home such as the threats made by Oloisudori to marry Resian. They collectively come up with the solutions to difficult situations such as marrying off Resian to Oloisudori. They also discuss how they will lure Taiyo into agreeing to visit Resian ironically so as she can be circumcised.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.2728448}
{"text": "They discuss together what is challenging them in their home such as the threats made by Oloisudori to marry Resian. They collectively come up with the solutions to difficult situations such as marrying off Resian to Oloisudori. They also discuss how they will lure Taiyo into agreeing to visit Resian ironically so as she can be circumcised. The author presents a community that is ready to defend the girl child for example when the community of Ilmolelian learnt about ole Kaelo s daughters who were about to be raped, the community defended them by punishing the offenders thoroughly. After the girls awful incident of almost being molested the community started respecting them. The stares stopped and they were greeted with respect. The young men became friendly to them and the elderly too respected them. Nabaru, who was to nurse Resian back to health after she had been circumcised, is presented as caring. She kindly takes care of Resian as her own child. She feds her, gives her water, milk olpurda. She brought more blankets for her to cover herself so as not to catch cold and lesos to96 cover her body. She reveals to Resian all what had been planned. She plans on how she was going to rescue her out of that place and which she does until she reaches Minik s place. This presents the fact that women are ready to assist one another out of difficult situation. Later Nabaru joins Minik, Resian and Taiyo to fight off the FGM. Nabaru is presented as a good schemer who arranges for Resian s escape without being noticed. She exchanges bitter words with Olarinkoi who follows them to the lorry that was to free them away. She fearlessly tells him, Away with you, you good for nothing, Osuji She compares him to embarie that waits for the lion to kill then it steals from him because it is a coward: How could you cheat this child who was desperately looking for help as she ran away from that villain called Oloisudori? You took advantage of her trust in you, just like embarie does. That is exactly what you are: Embarie. A good for nothing osuuji 254 . Resian too is not afraid to give her piece of mind to Olarinkoi.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.2589607}
{"text": "That is exactly what you are: Embarie. A good for nothing osuuji 254 . Resian too is not afraid to give her piece of mind to Olarinkoi. She says, You, stupid Olarinkoi, you are worse than Oloisudori, But the two of you have one thing in common; warped minds 255 . Some things like prophesying was done by the Maasai men especially the Oloiboni or elders of the Maasai but Olarinkoi s mother had prophesized about Resian s family and that she would be married to her son. Olarinkoi s mother is presented as enkoiboni who foretold the future and had the ability to see. Nabaru tells Resian, Mostly you have only heard of a male holder of that position called oloiboni. Female ones are there but very rare. This particular one is famous for her prediction and prophecies that always nearly come true 237 . The Intapuka-e-Maa girls sang songs to show that although they are intoiye nemengalana but they were Blossoms of the Savannah, they were worthy. They were ready to be doctors, engineers and97 teachers. They believe that they would stand side by side with the men and build the nation together. The author presents women who at the end triumphs over cultural injustices. Conclusion The text Blossoms of the Savannah starts from a point where we see the society in which Resian lives as valuing the boy-child more than the girl-child. The fact that Mama Milanoi has not given her husband a boy stands him in bad stead with his peers. Conversely, we acknowledge that a Maasai woman is also defined by her ability to give her husband a male child, an heir. The issue also defines a man in that one with several males is on his way to occupy a prestigious position in the society than the men who do not have sons. Generally, we see the definition of Maasai femininity to occur in the domestic spaces within Maasai social structure. In this novel the female genital cut appears to be a great source of conflict because it is a practice that defines the Maasai woman. When Resian and her sister rebel against it, they are redefining their femininity in opposition to the traditional constructs of the identity of Maasai women.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.309533}
{"text": "Generally, we see the definition of Maasai femininity to occur in the domestic spaces within Maasai social structure. In this novel the female genital cut appears to be a great source of conflict because it is a practice that defines the Maasai woman. When Resian and her sister rebel against it, they are redefining their femininity in opposition to the traditional constructs of the identity of Maasai women. The redefinition of Maasai femininity in the text takes place as a result of social forces outside like education. One of the main reasons for Resian s rebellious streak is because of the influence that education has on her. She builds a dream which she hopes to achieve by how education will mould98 CHAPTER FOUR COMPARISON OF FEMININITIES IN VANISHING HERDS AND BLOSSOMS OF THE SAVANNAH Introduction In the previous chapters my analysis centered on how Henry ole Kulet presents the image of Maasai femininity in his two novels. And my interest was to look at how the aspect of femininity is defined and redefined in the two novels. In this chapter I shall look at how such presentation compares in the two novels. It is imperative to do a comparative analysis on how Henry ole Kulet manages to present femininity in similar and different shades in the two novels so as to get a holistic vision embodied in the two works. To achieve this I shall narrow on certain deliberate choices that Henry ole Kulet makes with respect to the characterization, setting and some aspects of style such as characterization. On one hand, my intention is to show how the narrative variables are the vortex within which presentation of Maasai femininity can be analyzed in the two novels. On the other hand, I intend to look at aspects of style so as to qualify the use of stylistic devices as being one of the points through which such presentation by use of narrative variables to present femininity can be accentuated. 99 Comparative Investigation of Femininities in Vanishing Herds and Blossoms of the Savannah The first point of comparison on femininities in the two texts concerns the characterization of the two protagonists. It is obvious that they are women. It is also obvious that they are young. However, what is not obvious and what I feel is worth pointing out is the fact that the two protagonist characters represent within the settings in which they are found the hope of their societies.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.354073}
{"text": "It is obvious that they are women. It is also obvious that they are young. However, what is not obvious and what I feel is worth pointing out is the fact that the two protagonist characters represent within the settings in which they are found the hope of their societies. It is within this hope for the future that we find their redefinitions of the way the Maasai woman is supposed to be. These two women define and redefine femininity differently. They use different tools to take their societies to the next phase of their lives. Norpisia uses the environment to redefine the new role of the Maasai woman in the society as that of a heroine, much in the build of a folk super-hero. And Resian uses the issue of FGM and education to fight for the cause of young Maasai girls in her society. As Chikwenye Ogonjo Ogunyemi 1982 argues on Womanism as serving as the rallying point of the women of African ancestry in their struggle to effectively assert their humanity in the face of the malevolent attitude of the men folk towards their self-fulfillment in life , it is important to look at how Henry ole Kulet uses the women characters to assert the individuality in society where such assertion of femininity is iconoclast. One of the greatest points scored by Womanism theoreticians is the notion that the woman is the nurturer of the environment. It is her who gives the society life. In their quest for equality of the sexes proponents of the theory like Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi contends that the duty of the black woman is not to lose her role as a protector of the environment. She is the one who gives direction to the new born and shapes its life till later on. Ogunyemi does not envision the loss of such an important role for the woman in the society. And neither does Henry ole Kulet in these two selected novels. 100 Norpisia while rehabilitating the forest is restoring life to the society and Resian while fighting against retrogressive cultural practices is fighting for the achievement of equality that will enable the women within Maasai culture to play the same role as men in developing their societies. This is the hope that Resian s fight promises. The aspect of nurture show the different sides of the protagonists of the two novels and so highlight some of the different shades of femininity visible in the two texts.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.3389897}
{"text": "100 Norpisia while rehabilitating the forest is restoring life to the society and Resian while fighting against retrogressive cultural practices is fighting for the achievement of equality that will enable the women within Maasai culture to play the same role as men in developing their societies. This is the hope that Resian s fight promises. The aspect of nurture show the different sides of the protagonists of the two novels and so highlight some of the different shades of femininity visible in the two texts. Also in Vanishing Herds the protagonist, Norpisia, is a soft-spoken woman who can be said to be very diplomatic in the way she tackles the patriarchal structures. She is characterized by the cattle. In her life the cattle occupy a prime place. She is passionate about nature. We are told that people wondered, surprised and amazed at her strength. Some when they saw her asked each other whether she was capable of doing all that she did. Some concluded that if it was true that she had spearheaded groups of women to plant thousands of trees that had helped to resuscitate the degraded environment then, she was the people s heroine Vanishing Herds, 3 . The author uses vivid description to show how Norpisia felt after their sheep were devoured by the hyena. She wept and was devastated as well as being at a loss. The narrator describes what happened one night when the hyena was attacking their animals. She took a spear and stood outside waiting. From this description we can say that Norpisia s center of life is the environment and cattle. They offer her drive for existence and curing of the environment. She is such an environmentalist that through description we see how Norpisia imitates the bird. The bird went to her thinking that it was birds of their kind. When she whistled the bird stopped feeding its chicks and went to where she was. She learned this skill when she was living with her grandmother. 101 In Blossoms of the Savannah, the protagonist is concerned about education. Her ambitions are encapsulated in her quest to attain higher standards in education. Even though different from Norpisia, she likewise is a woman who has a clear vision of where she wants to go to and how to get there. Here, again, the two protagonists are characterized to bring out the different shades of femininities. Even though there is a slight difference in age, Norpisia and Resian are relatively young women. The first score of comparison is age.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.3678796}
{"text": "Here, again, the two protagonists are characterized to bring out the different shades of femininities. Even though there is a slight difference in age, Norpisia and Resian are relatively young women. The first score of comparison is age. Norpisia is a fairly mature woman who has been married while Resian is a young girl. This is important in showing the nature of conflict that brings the two protagonists with the patriarchal structure in the two works. While Norpisia wages her war on the environment. She wants to save the forest from degradation so that the society may be healed. She thinks that it is because of the cutting down of trees that is why life is so miserable. This brings her in confrontation with the patriarchal structure which deems a woman who is such strong-willed to be a bad woman. In many ways, Norpisia represents the femininity of the Maasai woman who has not received much education but who none the less is assertive in the society and aims to play a greater role in social change through what she know bets. On the other hand, Resian wages her war on education. Resian, who is the second born, is defiant stubborn, aggressive in matters of education, she is also observant, optimistic of a good future, and is passionate about reading. Her main ambition is to go to a higher institution of learning so that she may play a greater role in her society. Resian represents the kind of femininity that encapsulates the dream of a young girl within Maasai culture who having been exposed to modernity and education has a wider knowledge of her place in the society and has insight of the injustices that culture could bring to her. She is the elite who are meant to change the society. The issue in the difference in character traits has a bearing on the different nature of the conflicts that take place in the two novels and hence the shades of different femininities observable. 102 The issue of their age then brings in another important point on characterization that is love. Since they are young, on the one hand, and newly-married, on the other, as the stories begin, the question of their love life become a point from which we come to understand not only their character traits, but, importantly, their resolve to fight for that which they feel so strongly and passionately about, and that which come to define the nature of what up to this point I have termed femininity.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.3825383}
{"text": "The issue in the difference in character traits has a bearing on the different nature of the conflicts that take place in the two novels and hence the shades of different femininities observable. 102 The issue of their age then brings in another important point on characterization that is love. Since they are young, on the one hand, and newly-married, on the other, as the stories begin, the question of their love life become a point from which we come to understand not only their character traits, but, importantly, their resolve to fight for that which they feel so strongly and passionately about, and that which come to define the nature of what up to this point I have termed femininity. The author uses vivid description to bring the feminine aspect of her characters and therefore show how physical attraction leads to the blossoming of love. Norpisia s physical appearance is described as tall, has lithe wiry muscles, long arms and legs. She is big and strong, has firm, full breasts, and that she had womanly hips that curved back to her well-rounded body Vanishing Herds, 17 . She also has a heart-shaped face, high cheek-bones ,well-defined jaw, smooth narrow chin, large brown eyes, straight and finely made nose, has smooth lips that curved up at the corners ,white pearl-like teeth Vanishing Herds,17 . Description shows that Kedoki appreciates being with Norpisia, they both walked together in nomadic pastoralism. They took care of their animals, for example, Kedoki controls their animals from the front while Norpisia from the back. Through the narrator s description we learn that Norpisia felt bad departing from her relatives and this makes her to be overcome by anguish, hence, breaking down and weeps. This saddens Kedoki for he knew that her heart was heavy because she was leaving her people and heading towards places where she did not know. Love becomes not only one of the themes that provide the fuel, so to speak, that drives the plot forward, but on another level it also confers on the two novels a romantic atmosphere that can be said to offer relief from the issues of male chauvinism and tradition that are rather bleak. In Vanishing Herds, Norpisia and Kedoki are brought together by the trauma of losing siblings to103 cattle rustling. The love affair between these two is the point on which the novel revolves.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.4402432}
{"text": "Love becomes not only one of the themes that provide the fuel, so to speak, that drives the plot forward, but on another level it also confers on the two novels a romantic atmosphere that can be said to offer relief from the issues of male chauvinism and tradition that are rather bleak. In Vanishing Herds, Norpisia and Kedoki are brought together by the trauma of losing siblings to103 cattle rustling. The love affair between these two is the point on which the novel revolves. Every occurrence is put in perspective of how it affects the couple. The beauty of their love and the most refreshing thing about it is that it is the reservoir from where the characters get their strengths to overcome tragedy, trauma, and difficulties posed by tradition. Something unique to all these love affairs is that the lovers of the two protagonists appear to be comrades of their women in their fight against traditions that are out dated in the time of the characters. Kedoki and Joseph Parmuat are the strengths of their women. Kedoki is the source of Norpisia s strength in her quest to play a leading role in rehabilitating nature. Similarly, Joseph Parmuat and Tayio become the two love birds whose fate appear to be futile because of the genealogical tree of the Maasai which makes these two otherwise unrelated beings to be considered blood relatives whose union is similar to incest. Still, the love affair between the two provides a point for the character of Tayio to rebel against tradition. She gets to express her own voice against a practice that denies her the freedom to choose her own marriage partner. Another point is that the novels appear to have similar use of the environment in characterization and plot development. The women are characterized with their environment. The clothes that the women wear, the shuka, become a symbol of femininity in all the texts. The way nature is used in the two novels is very important in understanding the shifting moods and climate as the plot unfolds. It is as if, in both texts, Henry ole Kulet intends that the change in physical climate will lead to a corresponding change in the attitudes and behavior of the characters as well. This use of the environment as a having a bearing on the plot of the narrative is to be found in Ng ang a Mbugua s Different Colours 2006 where the fate of Banana County is tied to the environmental change that could take place in Orange River.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.4376278}
{"text": "The way nature is used in the two novels is very important in understanding the shifting moods and climate as the plot unfolds. It is as if, in both texts, Henry ole Kulet intends that the change in physical climate will lead to a corresponding change in the attitudes and behavior of the characters as well. This use of the environment as a having a bearing on the plot of the narrative is to be found in Ng ang a Mbugua s Different Colours 2006 where the fate of Banana County is tied to the environmental change that could take place in Orange River. Miguel, Mbugua s protagonist, is a104 dreadlocked artist whose quest to save the river from Dick Teita is symbolic for saving Banana County itself. However, it is in Nawal el Saadawi s God Dies by the Nile 1983 where we observe in concrete terms the use of the environment to symbolize plot progression. Like Different Colours, the novel s setting is a town Kafr El Teen near a river, the majestic Nile. This river in its flow is symbolic of Zakeya s the protagonist quest for freedom. The point I was making by the above examples is on the symbol of the environment to the two novels. In Blossoms of the Savannah, the environmental change from Nakuru town to the country side itself is a shift that gets the characters closer to their roots. This closeness to the roots, as it were, is aimed at getting an understanding of the Maasai way of life which then leads to the basis of the conflict in the novel. In Vanishing Herds, the floods, which seems biblical allusion to the great floods in the book of Genesis, is a point of great turn in the plot of the narrative. We learn that Norpisia almost lost her life in a freakish flood . We learn that Kedoki and Norpisia lost all their livestock including four tamed wildebeests. The wildebeests had become a tourist attraction during the famous annual event when migratory herds of wild animals crossed Enkipai River on their way to the southern grasslands Vanishing Herds, 1 . The floods signify a new beginning in the life of the protagonist. In fact it is right to say that the place of the environment in this narrative is central to the existence of the characters and their possession, herds of cattle.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.4551017}
{"text": "The wildebeests had become a tourist attraction during the famous annual event when migratory herds of wild animals crossed Enkipai River on their way to the southern grasslands Vanishing Herds, 1 . The floods signify a new beginning in the life of the protagonist. In fact it is right to say that the place of the environment in this narrative is central to the existence of the characters and their possession, herds of cattle. Therefore, the title of the novel Vanishing Herds can be interpreted to mean the disappearance of flora and fauna as a result of the destruction of the environment. Henry ole Kulet could have used this novel to be a reminder to his readers on the adverse effects of environmental degradation. When Kedoki is injured by a wild animal in the hazardous trek the message is that even animals105 are reacting viciously to the environmental degradation, inspired invariably by greed for capital, which humans have visited upon the habitat that they share with other species. The question of FGM offers another point on which we can compare and contrast the two works. It is the main point of conflict in Blossoms of the Savannah but it is not a big issue in Vanishing Herds. Henry ole Kulet uses the issue to characterize his protagonist. Resian is shown as a very determined woman who has the mettle to follow on her beliefs. Henry ole Kulet uses diction carefully to bring out the fight of the protagonist against FGM as an outdated cultural practice. Let us take note of the philosophical and argumentative language employed by Resian when she argues against FGM. She questions the mother the need for the FGM to be done during that time. She argues that Ilarinkon who had tortured the women was no longer there then why should it be done. She further argues that it is the current men who she calls Ilarinkoi that are causing harm to the women. She wonders why if one discovered a nasty but potent medicine that once taken cured an ailment must they continue to swallow it every day-ten years down the line. I find that not only ridiculous but also absurd. The sensible thing would be to discard the bitter medicine once they are cured. Period! She questions her mother without fear. Tell me Yeiyo, what use is F.G.M to today s woman? Blossoms of the Savannah, 91 . She assertively says that, Today s Ilarikon are worse.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.4680972}
{"text": "She questions her mother without fear. Tell me Yeiyo, what use is F.G.M to today s woman? Blossoms of the Savannah, 91 . She assertively says that, Today s Ilarikon are worse. In addition to being despotic, they are oppressive tyrants; and one of their ways of oppressing us is to demand that F.G.M be perpetuated against us forever! Blossoms of the Savannah, 92 . In Vanishing Herds the points of conflicts revolve around nature. For instance, we have a scenario where Norpisia wants to fight the people in support of the animals. Minik uses argumentative tone to argue her point that culture is supposed to be dynamic and it ought to shed off aspects that had outlived their usefulness. She argues that in the past such old106 ways had been done away with and that they were forgotten. She argues that the name intoiye nemengalana should stop being derogatory and instead emuratare-o-ntoiye should disappear from Maa language and should be regarded as extinct Blossoms of the Savannah, 268 . Through the issue of FGM the author shows other characters who are agents of change. One of them is Nabaru. Nabaru too uses an argumentative tone and says that FGM did not add value to the victims instead it traumatized them and it was hazardous to their health. She attests to the fact that the practice ruined young ones and she vows to join Minik in lobbying against FGM. An argumentative language is used to show how Nabaru, the enkabaani, found fault with the women of Maa. She argues that they were the perpetrators of the obnoxious and repugnant tradition of female circumcision and its perpetuation. She thinks that no man had ever taken up the Olmurunya to circumcise a girl. To her the enkamuratani had always been a woman. She wonders what will happen to enkamuratani if she threw the olmurunya and refused to wield it again. Still on diction, Henry ole Kulet plays around by language of reasoning in showing how the characters are best suited for their liberation roles.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.5070772}
{"text": "To her the enkamuratani had always been a woman. She wonders what will happen to enkamuratani if she threw the olmurunya and refused to wield it again. Still on diction, Henry ole Kulet plays around by language of reasoning in showing how the characters are best suited for their liberation roles. Through Taiyo who says culture is dynamic and that it keeps shading off irrelevant aspects such as FGM and culture that forces people of the same clan not to marry each other yet they are not related by blood. She argues that they should have disappeared long time ago. Taiyo s ability in reasoning is shown when she says after all, we can t love in darkness forever, can we? Blossoms of the Savannah, 137 . She believes that Nasila culture would soon shed off FGM. FGM is further used to create tension in Blossoms of the Savannah. An abusive language is used by Olarinkoi in talking to Resian, You mean, woman, look here you can either cook or keep standing stupidly and die of hunger. The choice is yours. Should you choose to cook, here is a107 piece of meat. The knife is over there. Of course you are not blind you can see sufurias. There is a whole bag of maize meal there and water is in that container. There is paraffin in that can and you can collect firewood from a stack outside the house. Any questions? Blossoms of the Savannah, 223 . He further says, You silly thing I tell you to prepare food and you refuse to do so, eh? Today you will know who the owner of this home is. If you are still in doubt, let me tell you frankly that from today on you are my wife, hear that, eh? You are my wife. For a long time you have been sneering at me, showing how highly educated you are. Today we shall see how educated your body is! Blossoms of the Savannah, 226 . These phrases show the kind of tension that builds up around the issue of FGM. It shows that the characters occupying positions of binary oppositions are symbolic of the past and the future. Vanishing Herds does not focus on FGM for conflict. It focuses on the issue of the environment as a source of contestation among the characters. This is one of the fundamental differences between the two novels.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.542788}
{"text": "Vanishing Herds does not focus on FGM for conflict. It focuses on the issue of the environment as a source of contestation among the characters. This is one of the fundamental differences between the two novels. This difference brings in the difference in the expression of Maasai femininities in the two novels where one is based on FGM and the other is based on the environment. Then again the two novels also present the motif of communal spirit, for instance, when Kedoki needs help with cattle he is helped by his friends Masintet and Lembarta. The two come at a point of need for Kedoki. This shows a sense of community and brotherhood that egalitarian societies are known for. The two are warmly welcomed by Masintet s family where they live together for a while before the couple re-embarks on their journey. Norpisia gets closer and very friendly to Masintet s wife. The community helps her plant trees. In Blossoms of the Savannah, when Resian s family moves from Nakuru to Nasila they are welcomed by the entire community. They are108 celebrated by each and every one. When the next day Resian and her family go to take breakfast they find themselves taking tea with everybody seated together. I can conclude that Ole Kulet uses the motif of communal spirit to show those aspects of traditional life, the egalitarian spirit, which are good and which should be retained. Henry ole Kulet uses this sense of communal spirit to show some of the good things that Maasai femininity is unique for. The question of literacy also plays an important role in the expression of Maasai femininity in the two texts. In Blossoms of the Savannah, Resian s quest to go to the university runs in tandem with her rejection and her fight against the outdated cultural practices like early marriage and FGM. Education becomes the main source of conflict between her personal ambition and her communal obligations as a young Maasai woman. Education becomes the point of change and redemption that the liberation from outdated cultural practices is pegged to. The issue of education is not a strong factor in Vanishing Herds. The protagonist, Norpisia, is married fairly early in her life and she begins her crusade as a prophetess of the environment not from an illiterate person point of view, but from a practical point of view which is from the degradation that she observes around her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.5265539}
{"text": "Education becomes the point of change and redemption that the liberation from outdated cultural practices is pegged to. The issue of education is not a strong factor in Vanishing Herds. The protagonist, Norpisia, is married fairly early in her life and she begins her crusade as a prophetess of the environment not from an illiterate person point of view, but from a practical point of view which is from the degradation that she observes around her. Resian is educated and therefore operates within a different worldview as Norpisia in Vanishing Herds. The question of other women characters is also an important one in the expression of femininity in the two novels. The other women either help the protagonist in their fight against patriarchy or they become the wet blankets that hinder their progress. In other words the other women characters either facilitate the protagonists quest for agency or hinder it. In Blossoms of the Savannah, Resian is a woman among other women. Some are helpful in her quest such as Taiyo and Nabaru while the others are not such as her mother, her uncle s eldest wife, Yeiyo botorr and Olarinkoi s mother. 109 For one Mama Milanoi, her own mother, appears defenseless against tradition. She does not know how to oppose patriarchy. When they relocate to Nasila she is finally hit by the reality of the customs of her people from which she had been shielded by urban life in Nakuru. Mama Milanoi is not portrayed as a great determinant of change. There is the character of Resian s uncle s eldest wife, Yeiyo-bottor, is portrayed as one who is an agent against change. She is the epitome of matriarchal structure that collaborates with patriarchy to disregard the equal rights of women in the local culture, to use the words of Resian when she lashed out at her mother in the presence of the uncle s wife: It is time to circumcise your daughters and get rid of olkuenyi. It is that simple Blossoms of the Savannah, 79 . Here the woman is telling Resian s mother that her daughter s stupidity at talking back to the elders can only be cured by the cut the healing cut. She is steeped in tradition that denies young girls a brighter future by marrying them early after the cut. She is a stumbling block of progress.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.559432}
{"text": "Here the woman is telling Resian s mother that her daughter s stupidity at talking back to the elders can only be cured by the cut the healing cut. She is steeped in tradition that denies young girls a brighter future by marrying them early after the cut. She is a stumbling block of progress. In Virginia Woolf s In a Room of their Own 1962 , Virginia Woolf contends that if women are to be free to express themselves and get a perspective on their condition then it is best if they can get a space where they have room to think. This is the fundamental principle for women friendship in most feminist literary texts. For instance in Nuruddin Farah s From a Crooked Rib 1961 , the protagonist, Ebla, in her quest to escape oppressive patriarchal tradition meets other women like the Widow and Asha who are able to impart on her philosophies that liberate and empower her. Such women can be termed as catalysts of agency. This is not the same thing that we see in Blossoms of the Savannah, Taiyo is Resian s sister who can be said to be very helpful to her. She is the one with whom they face the tribulations of culture together. Nabaru too is a catalyst of change as she assists Resian by caring for her, as her own child, nurses her back to health after110 being beaten unconscious by Olarinkoi. She cooks and feeds her; she ensures that Resian is warm by providing her with more coverings such blankets. She also reveals to her all the evil plans of Olarinkoi and her mother such as to circumcise her and taken to Tanzania where she will be married to Olarinkoi, she assists her to escape and finally takes her to her role model, Minik. Another point of looking into the representation of the different shades of Maasai femininity could be on the aspect of stylistic choices that Henry ole Kulet makes in both novels. Let us first look at Vanishing Herds. In terms of style one thing that stands out for me with regards to this novel is the manner in which the author has used the environment symbolically. The narrator says that the coming of rains had been most influenced by the trees that Norpisia had planted. This surprised the people a lot and they could not believe that she was capable of doing such a thing. They wanted to see Norpisia who was described as the famous woman pastoralist.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.5879562}
{"text": "The narrator says that the coming of rains had been most influenced by the trees that Norpisia had planted. This surprised the people a lot and they could not believe that she was capable of doing such a thing. They wanted to see Norpisia who was described as the famous woman pastoralist. She was said to have miraculously changed an arid and desolate wasteland into a Garden of Eden 7 . This description enables the reader to learn the exemplary qualities of Norpisia. Norpisia s character are described as unsurpassed. She had good organizational skills that enabled her organize groups of women who ended up planting tree-seedlings which matured to invaluable forests. The Womanist theoretician, Sherley Anne Williams 1986 argues that Womanist theory is committed to the survival and wholeness of entire people Williams, 304 . It is in this understanding that we locate the role that Norpisia has for her society by saving the environment from degradation. She walks through the damp grass that was dripping wet with dew, towards a small narrow stream that flowed between giant trees Vanishing Herds, 85 . She also gets into the forest searching for herbs all by herself and the narrator says she went deeper and deeper looking111 for herbs. To, further, show that Norpisia is not a coward, the narrator describes a situation when wildebeest were being chased by a pack of hyenas She quickly got out of the olngoborr in pitch darkness and collected a few stones from the ground. She threw them, at the hyenas to drive them away from near the cattle enclosure Vanishing Herds, 93 . Norpisia is described as that her sense of horror had gone and she did not fear that a wild dog would attack her. She was preoccupied with her sense of keep going and nothing else. This then explains her character as that of being resilience. Description of how Norpisia would treat Kedoki who had been injured by the cattle rustlers is given to assert Norpisia s knowledge on medicine, She found olmasiligi, with its thick large succulent leaves, uprooted several whole plants that she was to heat over the fire. She would place the hot, fleshy leaves on the swollen part of his leg. She would also boil the whole plant to make a wash, for it contained skin-healing and wound-suppurating curatives Vanishing Herds, 86 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.6113255}
{"text": "Description of how Norpisia would treat Kedoki who had been injured by the cattle rustlers is given to assert Norpisia s knowledge on medicine, She found olmasiligi, with its thick large succulent leaves, uprooted several whole plants that she was to heat over the fire. She would place the hot, fleshy leaves on the swollen part of his leg. She would also boil the whole plant to make a wash, for it contained skin-healing and wound-suppurating curatives Vanishing Herds, 86 . She also picked tiny leaves of olmagiro-ngiro. This she was to add to the solution: she knew they were excellent for healing anything from bites to boils, even severe ulcers and wounds she dug out roots of olkonyil to add to his soup as a general antidote for poisons and other toxic reactions Vanishing Herds, 86 . Olkitolosua roots helped boost energy and warm their bodies Olesiate was good for its antiseptic and quick healing properties: They were also effective in keeping flies away from a wound. She would pound them and make a strong solution that she would often splash on Kedoki s wound Vanishing Herds, 86 . Olcani-lenkashe herb was not only a good fly-repellent when made into an infusion for an external wash, but an excellent addition to the soup that made a person sweat profusely and helped to open up pores on the skin -- She then112 dug up tubers and collected twigs, berries and barks of trees and carried them all to their temporary camp Vanishing Herds, 86 . Norpisia attachment to the environment is described as she is overwhelmed by the beautiful scenario. There were thousands and thousands of wild animals grazing on the bluish green tall grass: In the sky, she saw a soaring olkupelia bird seeking a nibbling shrew. She heard crickets trill in the nearby bushes. She knew hyraxes drowsed in the hollow of the trees in the forest and on the same trees perched the ugly vultures with their almost featherless heads and necks, waiting to find another dying animal Vanishing Herds, 88 . Her passion for the environment is seen in that she does not want the environment to be destroyed.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.6247952}
{"text": "She heard crickets trill in the nearby bushes. She knew hyraxes drowsed in the hollow of the trees in the forest and on the same trees perched the ugly vultures with their almost featherless heads and necks, waiting to find another dying animal Vanishing Herds, 88 . Her passion for the environment is seen in that she does not want the environment to be destroyed. She sees that it was the human beings who destroyed the environment for they did not want to leave nature just as the way God intended them to be. Men, too, play a significant part in the redefinition of the femininity in Vanishing Herds and Blossoms of the Savannah. In Vanishing Herds Kedoki loves the wife so much and appreciates her exceptional skills and encourages her in her undertakings. He also assists in her in making their hut, collecting firewood; he assists her in tree planting process and escorts her to receive her reward in Nakaru. Parmuat in Blossoms of the Savannah teaches the girls - Resian and Taiyo about the culture, he is friendly to both of them, he finds interesting stories to tell them, he makes them aware of Olarinkoi and Oloisudori, he accepts to fall in love with Taiyo, though a forbidden love since they are related through clan relation and finally, he assists Taiyo to escape though unfruitful since he is discovered and unfortunately killed. Let me conclude by looking at the significance of the titles of the two novels. The title Vanishing Herds signifies the degradation of the environment. This destruction of flora is seen as being a113 precursor to the loss of fauna, most of all cattle. And as we have seen in the novel cattle is the mark of social status among the Maasai. This social status is for the man the head of the patriarchal structure. The deterioration of the environment will lead to this loss. It will make the herds of cattle to vanish. This will lead to economic pauperization of a people for whom cattle is the backbone of the micro economy. Norpisia comes to save the day when she fights against the loss of the environment. Ironically her fight for the protection of the environment is like killing two birds with one stone she uses the fight to overcome male chauvinism and also to protect her people s sense of identity.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.6446648}
{"text": "This will lead to economic pauperization of a people for whom cattle is the backbone of the micro economy. Norpisia comes to save the day when she fights against the loss of the environment. Ironically her fight for the protection of the environment is like killing two birds with one stone she uses the fight to overcome male chauvinism and also to protect her people s sense of identity. The second title Blossoms of the Savannah signifies the new shoots of new way of life among the Maasai who inhabit the savannah. To blossom means to flourish or to flower. Resian and Taiyo are used to offers a sense of a new beginning in the novel. They blossom and in so doing they show the society the new way of life that they need to appreciate and accept. Conclusion The comparison of the two novels reveals that Henry ole Kulet has a concern for the place of the woman in bringing change in her society. In both novels the woman is made the main agent of desired change and transformation of society. Therefore, the expression of Maasai femininity is chiefly meant to show the Maasai woman as being liberated and playing a greater role in the society. In terms of narrative variables Henry ole Kulet has used the environment symbolically in Vanishing Herds to situate Norpisia as the woman as the protagonist against degradation of the environment. In Blossoms of the Savannah, he has used education as the main stimuli of change and agent for fighting the retrogressive tradition of FGM. The differences and the similarities that I have discussed go a long way in showing the various shades of femininity in the various styles that the author uses to show them. 114 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION The study was guided by the two objectives to understand how femininity is defined and redefined in Blossoms of the Savannah and Vanishing Herds. Central to my discussion was the need to show how the two novels show the image of a Maasai woman caught up in the quest to liberate herself and become an agent of productive change in the society. Guided by the Womanism theoretical framework I have argued that the two novels by Henry ole Kulet display instances where the position of the woman in Maasai culture is defined and redefined. The author has defined and redefined femininity in Vanishing Herds. The definition of femininity traditionally reflects the women in terms of their dressing code.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.6612659}
{"text": "Guided by the Womanism theoretical framework I have argued that the two novels by Henry ole Kulet display instances where the position of the woman in Maasai culture is defined and redefined. The author has defined and redefined femininity in Vanishing Herds. The definition of femininity traditionally reflects the women in terms of their dressing code. They are defined in terms of reproductive roles which can be either house chores as well as procreation. It was women s responsibility to cook, look for water and take care of husbands as well as animals. The woman is the provider of homes by constructing and mending huts. In terms of procreation motherhood is defined in terms of the ability to conceive. The way in which they behaved such as submission and respect towards their male counterparts defines them. They are defined by the aspect of FGM. They were respected if only they underwent the cut. Their strength ability also defines them in that they are viewed as a weaker gender either physically or emotionally hence the need of protection from their husbands. Men played a significant part in decision making and slaughtering of animal leaving out the women. Young girls were sold off to partners that they do not know without their consent. Motherhood defines them by the fact that they are supposed to continue the community through giving birth. Women too have been redefined in terms of their strength. They are presented115 as strong, courageous, fearless and ready to face even hard situations such as what Norpisia faces in the wilderness. They equally take part in socio- economic activities such as pastoralism, rehabilitating of the environment. They help in planting trees. Women have been redefined in such a way that they are made to be leaders and they possess good qualities of leaders who assist in rehabilitating the environment. From naivety emerges an intelligent woman who arguably portrays determined woman she is supportive for example helps the husband to save the sick and their animals. Women acquire various skills such as medicine, herding, rehabilitation of environment, self-defence and even self-reliance. An ideal relationship exists between men and women. I have also found out that the two novels by Henry ole Kulet display instances where the position of the woman in Maasai culture is defined and redefined. In Vanishing Herds, I have found out that a woman like Norpisia, the protagonist, sees herself as a Maasai woman. She fulfills the demand of such an identity through dressing and also through the behavior with other women.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.6906888}
{"text": "I have also found out that the two novels by Henry ole Kulet display instances where the position of the woman in Maasai culture is defined and redefined. In Vanishing Herds, I have found out that a woman like Norpisia, the protagonist, sees herself as a Maasai woman. She fulfills the demand of such an identity through dressing and also through the behavior with other women. This is what defines her as a woman. However, I have also found out that she redefines these roles of the women in society in a number of ways. First, her quest to conserve the environment brings her into conflict with males who think it is their right to do with the environment as they desire. This male attitude comes from the traditional notion that males inherit land and females don t, therefore the latter have no say in matters concerning land. By championing for the course of the environment Norpisia is redefining the role of Maasai women in her society to include the space outside the domestic confine that tradition sets proscribes for her. In Blossoms of the Savannah, Resian is the epitome of a woman who challenges the societal view of the destiny of a girl. She is determined to continue with her studies and achieve a better future116 for herself in defiance of the arranged marriage and FGM that the community sets out for her as her path to being a Maasai woman. In Blossoms of the Savannah the concept of definition and redefinition can be summarized as follows. The boy-child is highly valued unlike the girl-child because the boy-child is said to be carrying the name of the family to the next generation. Motherhood is valued and a woman has to give birth if not one had to participate in ancestral prayer songs. This woman was so aggressive and bitter because God had denied her a child. Women are expected to accept polygamous marriages and respect her co-wives as well as their children. The parents had the obligation of getting girls best suitors for the marriage for parents believed they would make better choices than the girls. Some girls were even married off to old men, as old as the fathers. Due to submission, Maa women are defined as less talkative. Beauty defines the Maa women in terms of their physical appearance. Women are submissive and shows respect to men. There was a gap between fathers and daughters. The gap was filled by the mother who acted as a link between father and daughters.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.7173197}
{"text": "Women are submissive and shows respect to men. There was a gap between fathers and daughters. The gap was filled by the mother who acted as a link between father and daughters. Father spoke to girls through their mother responsibilities such as cooking, fetching water and looking after the young animals were basically the role of women and none was to question about it. FGM is a significant aspect that any woman is supposed to undergo. Women are defined as weaklings, na ve, humble. Women shape their daughters to become responsible and potential wives in the future. The issue of morality was highly guarded by women. They punished offenders who molested girls. They are also defined by their caring attitude and love towards children whom are not theirs. Henry ole Kulet redefines the young girls as ambitious, optimistic. They desire to purse education to highest level. They do not mind whatever challenges that face them. Women117 have been redefined from a woman in the kitchen to one who wants to purse education. Women fight against injustices such as women submission, FGM, early marriages, education in determination to redefine themselves. My second objective was to do a comparative analysis of the two novels to find out how they present the question of definition and redefinition. In doing a comparative analysis of the two novels, the study examined characterization, plot and language use. Characterization, plot and language were used in developing the female characters and more so to highlight the definition and redefinition of Maasai femininity. The author used varied language in bringing out the characters such as rebellious tone, argumentative, inquisitive tone and so on. This has helped to illuminate the definition and redefinition of Maasai femininity in the two novels. The study found out that, while previously, some African male writers wrote their novels putting male characters at the centre while women were viewed as wives, mothers and that they were allowed to perform traditional roles only, today s some of male writers are concerned with the greater role that the woman can play as an agent of change and not a mere object of it. The characters of Norpisia and Resian show that well enough. My final word would be that there is room for further research on Maasai femininity in literature. My study is not conclusive in itself but it is a contribution to criticism on Henry ole Kulet to understanding the way literature represents the picture of women in conservative societies like the Maasai.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.769342}
{"text": "The characters of Norpisia and Resian show that well enough. My final word would be that there is room for further research on Maasai femininity in literature. My study is not conclusive in itself but it is a contribution to criticism on Henry ole Kulet to understanding the way literature represents the picture of women in conservative societies like the Maasai. From this study it is clear that literature, aside from being the mirror of the society is also concerned with being an agent of change with regards to the position of the marginalized in the society. 118 WORKS CITED Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Books Publishers Limited, 1958. . Anthills of the Savannah. New York: Double Day, 1988. Adely, Ely-Sayed. Ngugi Weep not Child along with Alice Walker s Womanish. European Scientific Journal 10 2014 136-158. Amadi, Elechi. The Concubine. London: Heinemann, 1966. Amadiume, Ifi 1987 . Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society. London: Martin s Press, 1987. Amouzou, Akote. Re-Conceptualizing Gender in Nigerian Literature: The Dynamics of Womanist Ideology in Flora s Nwapa Fiction. Sciences Sociales et Humaines 007 2006 97-104. Andrade, Susan. African Gender Trouble and African Womanish: An Interview with Chikwenye Ogunyemi and Wanjira Muthoni. Road to Empowerment. Spring 25 2000 : 709-726. Beauvoir, Simone de. The Second Sex. London: Vintage, 1949. Brown,Lloyd. The African Woman as Writer. Canadian Journal of African Studies 9 1975 : 493. 119 Chukwume, Helen. Women s Quest for Rights: African Feminist Theory in Fiction. Lagos: Igada Publishers,1982. Chukukere, Gloria. Gender Voices and Choices: Redefining Women in Contemporary African Fiction. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing, 1995. Ciarunji, Chesaina. Images of Women in Africa Oral Literature: A Case Study of Kalenjin and Maasai Narratives. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press, 1997.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.735672}
{"text": "Ciarunji, Chesaina. Images of Women in Africa Oral Literature: A Case Study of Kalenjin and Maasai Narratives. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press, 1997. Ebunoluwa, Sotunsa Mobelanle. Feminism: The Quest for an African Variant. The Journal of African Studies 3 2009 : 227-34. Eko,Ebele. Changes in the Image of the African Woman: A celebration Phylon 3 1986 210- 18. Ekwensi, Cyprian. Burning Grass. London: Heinemann, 1962. Emecheta, Buchi. The Joy of Motherhood. New York: George Braziller, 1979. . Second-Class Citizen. London: Allison Busby, 1974. Fedders, Andrews. Maasai. London: St James Place, 1974. Hammod and Sablow. The Africa that Never was. The Journal of American Folklore 85 1972 . Fonchingong, Charles. Unbending Gender in African Literature. Journal of International Women Studies 8 2006 : 135-147. Kisiangani, Edward Namasiko Waswa. Decolonising Gender Studies. In African Gender Scholarship: Concepts, Methodologies and Paradigms 2004 : 9-26. 120 Kivai, Georgiads Mboya. The Female Voice and the Future of Gender Relationships in the Nigerian Nation in Chimamanda Adichie s Purple Hibiscus and Half a Yellow Sun. Kenyatta University: Unpublished Masters of Arts Thesis, 2010. Kolawole, Mary E. Modupe. Womanism and African Consciousness. Trenton: African World Press, 1997. Kruger, Marie. Female Characters in Contemporary Kenyan Women s Writing: Independent Figures or Subdued Voices? Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1998. Kulet, Henry ole. Blossoms of the Savannah. Nairobi: Sasa Sema Publishers, 2008. . Vanishing Herds. Nairobi: Sasa Sema Publishers: Nairobi, 2011. . Daughter of Maa. Nairobi: Sasa Sema Publishers, 1990. . Bandits of Kibi.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.7572143}
{"text": "Nairobi: Sasa Sema Publishers, 1990. . Bandits of Kibi. Nairobi: Sasa Sema Publishers, 1999. . The Hunter. Nairobi: Sasa Sema Publishers, 1985. . Moran no More. Nairobi: Sasa Sema Publishers, 1985. . Is It Possible? Nairobi: Longman Kenya, 1971. . To Become a Man. Nairobi: Longhorn Publishers Limited, 1972. Lapin, Deirdre. Women in African Literature in African Women South of the Sahara. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995. Maduka, Chidi .Feminism, Womanism and Motherism in African Literary Discourse. Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt, 2009. 121 Mbugua, Peter. Issues of Identity in ole Kulet Is it Possible? And To Become a Man. University of Nairobi: Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis,2004. Mears, Mary D. Choice and Discovery: An Analysis of Women and Culture in Flora Nwapa s Fiction. University of South Florida Commons: Unpublished Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 2009. Mengo, Everlyne. Changing Images of Women in Selected Works of Henry ole Kulet. University of Nairobi: Unpublished Master of Arts,2010. Monica, Mary: Image of the Emerging Woman in the select Novels of Flora Nwapa and Buchi Emecheta: A critical Study. Sri Krishnadevaraya University: Unpublished PhD Dissertation in English, 2012. Makuchi, Juliana Sam-Abbenyi nee Nfah. Gender in African Women s Writing: Identity Sexuality and Difference. McGill University: Unpublished PhD Thesis, 1993. Ng ang a, Mbugua. Different Colours. Nairobi: Big Books, 2011. N guessan, German Kouadio. Gender Hierarchy and the Social Construction of Feminists. The Imposed Mask. Abidjan: University of Cocody, 2011. Ngugi wa Thiong o. Weep Not, Child. London and Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Limited, 1967. . And Ngugi, Wa Miri .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.7901716}
{"text": "London and Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books Limited, 1967. . And Ngugi, Wa Miri . I will Marry When I want. London: Heinemann, 1980. Nnolim, Charles. Flora Nwapa: Writer as Woman. Journal of Women s Studies in Africa: Harmattan 2000 :113-124. 122 Nwapa, Flora. Women are Different. Enugu: Tana Press, 1984. . One is Enough. Enugu: Tana Press, 1990. .Never Again. Enugu: Tana Press, 1975. Otokunefor ,Henrietta and Obiageli Nwodo. Nigerian Female Writers. A Critical Perspective. Oxford: Malt House Press Limited, 1989. Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Olongo. Africa Woman Plava: The Nigerian Novel by Women. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. . Womanish: The Dynamics of the Contemporary Black Female Novel in English. Signs, 11.1 1985 :63. . Women and Nigerian Literature. Perspective in Nigerian Literature. Lagos: Guardian Books. 1988 : 60-67. Philips, Layli. Ed. The Womanist Reader. New York: Routledge, 2006. Sadawi, Nawal. God Dies by the River Nile. London: Zed, 2007. Sankan Stephen Sitoya ole. The Maasai. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau, 1971. Sembene, Ousmane. God s Bit of Wood. London: Heinemann, 1970. Spencer, Paul. The Maasai of the Matapato: A Study of Rituals of Rebellion. London: University Press for the International African Institute, 1988. Tepilit, Saitoti ole. The Worlds of a Maasai Warrior: an Autobiography. New York: Random House, 1949. 123 Walker, Alice. In Search of our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983. Wanyonyi, Khaemba.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.8171558}
{"text": "In Search of our Mothers Gardens: Womanist Prose. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.Wanyonyi, Khaemba. Representation of Cultural Tension and Conflict among the Maasai in Henry ole Kulet s works: A Post-Colonial Reading of Blossoms of the Savannah and Daughter of Maa. Kenyatta University: Unpublished Master of Arts Thesis, 2003.Williams, Sherley Anne. Some Implications of Womanist Theory. Baltimore: The University Press, 9 1986 :304.Woolf, Virginia. In a Room of their own. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1989.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-THE-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAhh.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.8037689}
{"text": "EXCERPTS FROM BLOSSOMS OF THE SAVANNAH 1. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. No Joseph, she said in an infantile whimper. Ican t bear that we can t express the love that we have for one another because of some primitive culture. If by loving you, I offend the sensibilities of Nasila then let me offend and face the consequences of doing so! I also love you very much, Joseph Parmuat responded finally. I loved you the moment I saw you during your father s homecoming ceremony. But then the clan matter came to separate us. It is true we have no blood relation. But Nasila culture dictates who are related and who are not. We are slotted among those who cannot marry. No, it can t be, I cannot accept its verdict, she said petulantly her words agonised. No way, never! She stopped, confused and angry with herself at her inarticulate outburst. She took several long steadying breaths and then said, I cannot accept that a culture that does not feed,clothe or house me comes to control my life. Our lives belong to us, Joseph. The destiny of our lives is in our own hands. We should guard it jealously. At last they drew a little a part .His eyes were open, honest and steady upon her face. 1. What happens before this excerpt? 3mks 2. For both Joseph and Taiyo, give and illustrate two character traits. 4mks 3. How is dialogue significant in this excerpt? 4mks 4. Explain any two thematic concerns addressed in the excerpt. 4mks 5. From elsewhere in the novel, how does Joseph sacrifice for his love for Taiyo? 4mks 6. Explain the meaning of the following vocabulary as used in the excerpt. 4mks a destiny b infantile c petulantly d primitive 7. What happens immediately after this extract? 2mks 2. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow You are mad! Resian screamed at him. You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body. Yes, you and my father can kill me and carry my dead body to your palatial home. He was stunned by those harsh words.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.8468657}
{"text": "You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body. Yes, you and my father can kill me and carry my dead body to your palatial home. He was stunned by those harsh words. He winced as if he had been struck. Then already harsh line of his mouth tightened and he stood tense for a moment. Then he relaxed and watched her mockingly. You can never escape Resian, he repeated quietly, smiling. The very normality of his voice as he spoke those monstrous words was most shocking and disturbing to her. Whether you scream your heart out, or jump into the deep sea, Resian, you are mine. You are my wife from now henceforth Iwant to go now. Resian announced angrily shuddering with disgust and terror. You want to go? He asked, the contemptuous quiet of his voice a menace by itself. Go! You want to be persuaded, coaxed and pampered to marry Oloisudori Lonkiyaa? Sorry I will not do that! If you want to go, please yourself. You may opt to go, but when you are mine, you will do as I please. No one plays games with Oloisudori. Ask your father, he will tell you. Stop it! Stop it! Resian screamed excruciatingly pained by the disdainful remarks of Oloisudori. Putting her hands over her ears, she made a dash for the door. He made no effort to stop her but she flung it open and turned to glare at him with tearful eyes You are mad! She screamed again sobbingly. You are stark mad! You hear me? You are nothing but ol-ushuushi. She walked away and as she did so, she heard his soft laughter behind her. 1. Say what happens before this excerpt. 3mks 2. How is Oloisudori portrayed in this excerpt? 4mks 3. Describe the feeling of Resian in this excerpt 3mks 4. From other areas of the novel, state other crimes that are practiced by Oloisudori. 3mks . 5. How does the writer utilize irony in this excerpt? 3mks 6. You are my wife from now henceforth Rewrite in the reported speech. 1mk 7.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.855132}
{"text": "3mks 6. You are my wife from now henceforth Rewrite in the reported speech. 1mk 7. Explain the meaning of the following words 4mks a Pamperedb Disgust c Mad d Palatial 7. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 3. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow. They were silent as they climbed the hill on their way back from Nasila river to draw water. The water containers that they carried on their backs were now heavy. The straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads with a painful exhaustion. As they walked, each one of them allowed her mind to fleetingly roam the fanciful land of wishful thinking. Resian thought how wonderful it would be, had she had a chance to enroll at the Egerton University and after graduation had a chance to work with her role model, Minik ene Nkoitoi, the Emakererei at the sheep ranch that she managed. She imagined herself already there driving a large flock of sheep. And when she thought of sheep, her mind flew back to fifteen years or so earlier and reminisced the first time she saw a sheep. It was a childhood memory, a memorable picture from the swirling scene around her which had been captured and preserved by her mind when she and Taiyo accompanied their father to the Nakuru Agricultural Show. She could still see in her mind a group of big, docile, tawny woolly animals that stood panting drowsily in a green pasture, with the sun beaming down brightly from a clear blue sky. She had then admired the white long overcoats that the handlers wore. Taiyo also thought of Emakererei. She would ask Joseph Parmuat, to assist her compose a song in her praise. She had already put words to a tune she had composed to ridicule the three women who she thought collaborated with men to oppress the women folk. They were Nasila s three blind mice who, she thought, did not seem to know that the world was changing.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.8665378}
{"text": "She would ask Joseph Parmuat, to assist her compose a song in her praise. She had already put words to a tune she had composed to ridicule the three women who she thought collaborated with men to oppress the women folk. They were Nasila s three blind mice who, she thought, did not seem to know that the world was changing. Those were the enkasakutoni, who threatened to curse intoiye nemengalana and ensured they did not get husbands nor children: the midwife Enkaitoyoni who threatened to spy on the young women as they gave birth to ensure that any who was still among intoiyenemengalana had her status altered there and then; and the dreadedEnkamuratani, who would never tire of wielding her olmurunya menacingly. 1. Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks 2. Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks 3. Discuss two themes evident in the excerpt. 4Mks 4. Discuss one character trait of Resian and Taiyo in the excerpt. 4Mks 5. The straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads with a painful exhaustion. Rewrite beginning: with . 1Mk 6. How do Resian s thoughts now come to be fulfilled in future? Briefly explain. 4Mks 7. Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt. 4Mks i Reminisced ii Collaborated iii Dreaded iv Menacingly 4. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow Yes, Papaai, Resian said apprehensively. I am here. Taiyo tells me you are calling me? Yes, yes, her father replied. Please take a seat. Yes, Papaai, Resian repeated as she sat on a chair far away from her father. Come nearer child, her father said pleasantly. Why do you sit a mile away? Come nearer. Resian moved her chair hardly an inch from where it was and then she looked up into her father s face with eager expectation. If I do remember well, her father began in a low even tone, you will be nineteen in September this year, am I right You are quite right, Papaai. Resian answered eyeing him curiously.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.885566}
{"text": "Why do you sit a mile away? Come nearer. Resian moved her chair hardly an inch from where it was and then she looked up into her father s face with eager expectation. If I do remember well, her father began in a low even tone, you will be nineteen in September this year, am I right You are quite right, Papaai. Resian answered eyeing him curiously. His face was unusually kind. His eyes held hers as he smiled broadly. That s it! She thought triumphantly. That must be it! You and I have not discussed important issues for a long time, he said with a friendly chuckle that was intended to bring her closer to him. I thought today would be the best day to break the news. Your future is very important to me, my dear child. Resian thought the concern in her father s voice, rang false. She hesitated, but could not holdherself any more. The anxiety was too great. Papaai, is it Yeiyo or Taiyo who spoke to you? She asked sensationally, thinking she was stating the obvious. But seeing her father s face cloud, she added quickly. Who between them spoke to you about our enrolment at the Egerton University? What are you talking about, child? Her father, who seemed dumbfounded, asked after a long and uncomfortable silence. Both Yeiyo and Taiyo promised to talk to you about it, and I thought she had. What, in the name of God are you talking about, child? He repeated, this time agitated and shaking his head vigorously. No, I have never spoken to anybody about any of you enrolling at the university. Never! When I said I wanted us to discuss your future, that isn t what I meant at all. Of course not! Resian looked at her father s face enquiringly. 1. What has happened before the excerpt? 3mks 2. What is so ironical in this passage? Explain your answer referring to elsewhere in the novel. 3mks 3. Your future is very important to me, my dear child From elsewhere in the novel, explain why Ole Kaelo tells his daughter so. 3Mks 4. Discuss two aspects of character in Resian in this excerpt. 4Mks 5. What major issue is addressed in this excerpt?", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.9911025}
{"text": "Sample excerpt 2 1. Oloisudori informs Resian of the benefits she will get for marrying him. Resian gets very annoyed and speechless. Resian learns that her father has alreadyreceived dowry for her marriage to Oloisudori. He reports to her that their fate is sealed. 2. Contemptuous. He asked, the contemptuous quiet of his voice a menace by itself. Proud. He feels superior and egocentric. No one plays games with Oloisudori. Asked your father, he will tell you. 3. She is feeling disappointed and desperate of her father s action of receiving dowry with an aim of sealing her marriage with Oloisudori. She feels really betrayed. 4. Extortion, assassinations shadowy businesses, sexual immorality,robber, smuggler, poacher 5. It is ironical that Oloisudori who is older than Resian s father plans to marry Resian a young girl even after he is told her wish is to study at the university. It is also ironical that Kaelo has already picked dowry from Oloisudori and has never bothered to inform Resian of it. 6. He told her that she was her wife from then henceforth. 7. A Insane b Grand like a palace c Strong loathe d Treat with excessive care8. Resian rans blindly knocking a chair and a table and disappears past Oloisudori s driver. She goes to her father s shop. She is raving mad with indignation. She becomes very disappointed with her father. Sample excerpt 3 1. Before the excerpt, Taiyo and Resian go to the River to fetch water. They remember their discussion with their aunt and admire Minik s fight against women oppression by men. They muse that men must be very angry with her for snatching five hundred girls from her. After the excerpt, Taiyo sings the song she has composed about three women whom she refers as mice silently in her heart. One of those women is the enkamuratani chasing a woman with a knife. 2. Flashback- Resian recalls fifteen years back when she and Taiyo accompanied their father to the Nakuru agricultural show and she saw sheep the first time. Vivid description-The sheep are vividly described as big, docile tawny wooly animals.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.9247384}
{"text": "2. Flashback- Resian recalls fifteen years back when she and Taiyo accompanied their father to the Nakuru agricultural show and she saw sheep the first time. Vivid description-The sheep are vividly described as big, docile tawny wooly animals. Metaphors-She calls the three women who collaborated with men to oppress women as Nasila s three blind mice. 3. Theme of Determination or optimism. Resian is full of optimism that one day she would join Egerton university. Women as their own enemies. The three Nasila women collaborated with men to oppress women. Negative cultural practices. The three women propagate negative cultural practices against women such as F.G.M. 4. Resian is visionary. She thought how wonderful it would be, had she a chance to enroll at the Egerton University. She dreams of going to university. Taiyo-critical-she wants to compose a song ridiculing three Nasilian women who collaborated with men to oppress women. 5. With a painful exhaustion, the straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads. 6. Later, she is rescued from a planned marriage by Nabaru and is taken to Minik s ranch. There, she is given a house and a job. Minik also helps in securing their admission at Egerton University. She also gives a scholarship. The novel ends when she and Taiyo are going to University. 7. Recall Recalled Worked together Feared Threateningly Sample Excerpt 4 1.Ole Kaelo sends Taiyo to call Resian for him. Resian feels hopeful and excited that she is being called to be informed about admission to the university. She thinks that it is her mother or sister who has talked to her father about the matter. 2. It is ironical for Resian to think that her father is going to tell her about her dream wish of joining Egerton University but he has plans to marry her off to his friend Oloisudori. This is even as he says your future is very important to me 3. He says this because he has plans to marry her to his friend Oloisudori. If this succeeds, his business would be saved because Oloisudori had helped him establish the business and even building his house in Nasila. 4. Ignorant- she thinks that her father has good news about joining university which is not the case. She says, That s it! She thought triumphantly.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.9742203}
{"text": "4. Ignorant- she thinks that her father has good news about joining university which is not the case. She says, That s it! She thought triumphantly. Is it Yeiyo or Taiyo who spoke to you? Apprehensive. She replies to her father apprehensively. Fearful- she is in fear of her father. She sits on a chair far from her father. 5. Determination optimism. Resian is very much determined to join Egerton University. She thinks it is the reason why her father has called her. Who between them spoke to you about our enrollment at the Egerton University. 6. After the excerpt, Ole Kaelo hesitates telling Resian what he wanted to tell her and tells her to go to the kitchen. He tells her to tell her mother to come. 7. She asked him who between them had spoken to him about their enrollment at the Egerton University. 8. Suspense. The reader is left in suspense wanting to know why Ole Kaelo had called his daughter. Dialogue- there is dialogue between Resian and her father. It reveals the strained relationship between daughter and father. Nervously worriedly fearfully Sit far away Control herselfTroubled disturbed PRACTICE EXCERPTS 1. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow However, the notion that he was about to hand over his own daughter to a gangster continued to gnaw at the conscience of Ole Kaelo relentlessly. He felt guilty, especially when he recalled the atrocities that were known to have been committed by Oloisudori over the years. But another voice told him quietly that he was being foolish and unreasonable to question his own conscience over the matter of Oloisudori, for he was just one among many who were enjoying the fruits of their labour. And it was hardly anybody s business to know how honest that labour was. After all, the small voice reassured him tauntingly, those who committed bigger crimes such as Goldenberg and Anglo-leasing, were still enjoying the fruits of their labour. Had they not invested the yields of their ill-gotten money in housing estates, in shares, in import and exports in tourism, in transport and in other trades, just as Oloisudori had done?", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406267.9430416}
{"text": "But another voice told him quietly that he was being foolish and unreasonable to question his own conscience over the matter of Oloisudori, for he was just one among many who were enjoying the fruits of their labour. And it was hardly anybody s business to know how honest that labour was. After all, the small voice reassured him tauntingly, those who committed bigger crimes such as Goldenberg and Anglo-leasing, were still enjoying the fruits of their labour. Had they not invested the yields of their ill-gotten money in housing estates, in shares, in import and exports in tourism, in transport and in other trades, just as Oloisudori had done? When he went to bed later that evening, he remained awake for many hours pondering over those disturbing thoughts that went through his mind fleetingly, like water that churned violently in a turbulent sea. He thought of Oloisudori s impending visit and his intended marriage to Resian. He knew the success of failure of the event would determine the fate of his business. Even his continued ownership of that house where he and his family lived, depended on the outcomes of that event. Should Oloisudori fail to get Resian and recall the loan he had extended to him to buy that house, he was done. And knowing Oloisudori, he could very easily draw the rug from beneath his feet, leaving him vulnerable to all kinds of vagaries. And the thoughts gave him anxious moments. At dawn when sleep overtook him, Ole Kaelo had a pleasant dream. Resian had consented to Oloisudori s proposal. After Oloisudori reported that to him, he was greatly pleased and relieved. His wife was rapturous. Although they were astonished at the turn of events, they were relieved to know that they would not have to live with the guilt of having forced their daughter to get married. What a wise child his once hardheaded daughter had turned to be after all! And how devious! After all those years of sullenness, awkwardness and tactlessness, she had finally brought relief to their life and ushered in a period of peace and tranquility. But then, it was just that. A dream! 1. Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks 2. Discuss three major issues in this excerpt. 6Mks 3. Discuss two character traits of Ole Kaelo in this excerpt.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.0264633}
{"text": "Discuss three major issues in this excerpt. 6Mks 3. Discuss two character traits of Ole Kaelo in this excerpt. 4Mks 4. And the thoughts gave him anxious moments Add a question tag. 1Mk 5. Discuss any three aspects of style in this excerpt. 6Mks 6. Explain the meaning of the following expressions from the excerpt. 4Mks i . Gnaw ii . Pondering iii . Impending visit iv . He was done. 2. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow. Her dream was rudely and violently interrupted by a thunderous bang and a loud roar of laughter. She woke up with a start, jumped up to her feet and stared at the door with wide panic-stricken eyes. For a moment she could not figure out her surroundings and called out the name of her sister Taiyo. She was terrified. The door flung open and Olarinkoi staggered in. He was stone drunk. Resian stared at him unblinkingly as he walked towards her and she backed off terrified, squeezing herself flatly against the wall. He followed her there and got hold of her shoulders and shook her violently glaring at her with his glittering eyes. You silly thing, he thundered angrily. I tell you to prepare food and you refuse to do so, eh? Today you will know who is the owner of this home. If you are still in doubt, let me tell you frankly that from today on you are my wife, hear that, eh? You are my wife. For a long time you have been sneering at me, showing how highly educated you are. Today we shall see how educated your body is! Yes, we shall see! He got hold of her hand and began dragging her into the other room. At first she did not understand his intention until he began unfastening her buttons with his rough trembling hands. Then the truth came, and with it, terror and panic. She tried to get away from him, but he held her effortlessly as he brutally continued fumbling with her dress, trying to loosen it. She screamed as loudly as she could while she pushed him away and thrashed frantically about. But that did not deter him and he totally ignored her screams holding her more firmly with his strong arms. Against her loud protest, he tore her garments and began to push her towards the bed.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.043019}
{"text": "She screamed as loudly as she could while she pushed him away and thrashed frantically about. But that did not deter him and he totally ignored her screams holding her more firmly with his strong arms. Against her loud protest, he tore her garments and began to push her towards the bed. Then desperately she took the last chance of self defense and self-preservation. Mustering all her strength, she thrust his thumb into her mouth; sunk her teeth intothe flesh like a ferocious animal and tenaciously held onto it, tugging at it fiercely like a lioness. She could feel the flesh tearing and she tasted the salt of his blood as it filled her mouth but she clung unto the thumb as Olarinkoi howled with pain. 1. Make notes on the contents of Resian s dream. 4Mks 2. Discuss one character traits of Resian in this excerpt. 2Mks 3. What has greatly changed in Olarinkoi in this excerpt compared to his earlier conduct in the novel? 3Mks 4. Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks 5. Explain two major issues raised in the excerpt. 4Mks 6. Explain what happens immediately after the excerpt. 3Mks 7. Today we shall see how educated your body is Rewrite in reported speech. 1Mk 8. Explain the meaning of the following expressions in the passage. 4 Mks i . Unblinkingly ii . Effortlessly iii . Mustering iv . Howled 3. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow Nothing is wrong with me, Resian retorted furiously. And pointing at the living room, with her figure, she fiercely charged, I have no quarrel with my father for whom, I have tremendous respect. It is the likes of Olarinkoi I am mad at, and all those other males who come here ordering us to do that or the other for them, simply because they are males. When women visit us, they give us the leeway to respond to their requests. But as we burn our fingers here Mr.Olarinkoi is dozing off comfortably in our living room waiting for his lunch and possibly a little angry and impatient with us for delaying it. It is enough, cried Yeiyo Botorr viciously.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.0773873}
{"text": "It is the likes of Olarinkoi I am mad at, and all those other males who come here ordering us to do that or the other for them, simply because they are males. When women visit us, they give us the leeway to respond to their requests. But as we burn our fingers here Mr.Olarinkoi is dozing off comfortably in our living room waiting for his lunch and possibly a little angry and impatient with us for delaying it. It is enough, cried Yeiyo Botorr viciously. She instantly abandoned the peeling of potatoes and threw the knife into the pail that held the peeled potatoes. Supporting herself by holding onto a nearby wall, she painfully lifted a large, heavy body. My enkaini, I agree with you that something is wrong with our child, and I think I know what ails her. Come along with me and I will tell you what I think ails her. I am not sick Resian was saying that when she was cut short by Taiyo. Even if you are not sick, you cannot argue with Yeiyo Botorr, Taiyo told her sternly as soon as they were out of earshot of their mother and Yeiyo Botorr, there are things one has to learn on their own. One of them is that you cannot antagonize the older people by arguing with them, however, untenable their argument may be. That goes without saying, my dear little sister. 1. What happens before this extract? 3mks 2. Comment on any two stylistic devices used in the extract. 4mks 3. Explain any issue brought about in this extract. 3mks 4. What is the character of Yeiyoo Botorr from this extract? 4mks 5. From elsewhere in this text how does Olarinkoi contribute to the plot development of the novel? 3mks 6. Re-write and add a question tag. 1mks Nothing is wrong with me. 7. Write the meaning of the following vocabulary. 4mks a Sternly b Antagonize c Retorted d Leeway 8. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 4.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.0628536}
{"text": "4mks a Sternly b Antagonize c Retorted d Leeway 8.What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 4.Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow At seven o clock in the evening after the lights had been put on, and the traditional esuguroi drink had been served in generous measures, tongues loosened and hearts gladdened. Soon after, the party gathered momentum and voices rose. Within no time, one could hardly be heard over the hubbub of talk and laughter. And as the pleasurable and lively celebration progressed, voices became animated; hands andarms gesticulated vigorously while heads turned more often. Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers. And it was all pomp and gaiety as ivory adorned and bejeweled fingers fluttered; bare shoulders gleamed in the light multicoloured bead ornaments glittered upon elaborately bedecked necks: pendulous ilmiintoni of all colours dangled loosely down extended ear-lobes: and the bright colours of lesos, kangas, red shukas and multicoloured blankets, all turned the Ole Kaelo living room into a kaleidoscope of shifting light and colour.1.Place this extract in its immediate context. 4mks 2.State and explain two thematic concerns in this context. 4mks 3.What is the significance of the use of words like esuguroi, ilmiintoni, lesos, kangas, and shukas? 3mks 4.Identify and explain two character traits of ole Kaelo. 4mks 5.Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers. Rewrite to form a question 1mk 6.Which other party has an equal weight from the rest of the novel. What is its significance? 3mks 7.Comment on the prevalent mood in the context. 2mks 8.Explain the meaning of the following words: 4mks a Hubbub b Gesticulated c Gaiety d Dangled.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.1139913}
{"text": "Walterakach gmail.com 2014THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO WHEN THE SUN GOES DOWN BY WALTER AKACH THE DEFINITIVE GUIDETOWHEN THE SUN GOES DOWNBYWALTER AKACH2 Table of Contents The guilt, Rayda Jacobs 2 When The Sun Goes Down, Goro wa Kamau .8 Leaving, Moyez G. Vassanji ...15 The War of the Ears, Moses Isegawa 21 The Mirror, Haruki Murakami .30 Diamond Dust, Anita Desai 35 Arrested Development, Sandisile Tshuma 42 Sandra Street, Michael Anthony ...48 Twilight Trek, Sefi Atta ..52 I Stand Here Ironing, Tillie Olsen ..........65 The Retraction, Stanley Onjezani Kenani .....77 The Bamboo Hut, Grace Ogot 85 Tuesday Siesta, Gabriel Garcia Marquez ..91 Two Stories of a House, Leila Abouzeid 100 Law of the Grazing Fields, Cyprian Ekwensi..106 White Hands, Jane Katjavivi .112 The Guilt, Rayda Jacobs South Africa 3 1. Plot a. Introduction We meet Mrs. Lilian Thurgood at the side of her house picking guavas. Her two dogs: Tembi and Tor alert her of somebody s presence at her gate. She is not a very strong woman; she walks with the aid of a cane. Flowers are everywhere sprouting in her compound and this gives her pleasure. B. Narrative Hook She engage s the man at the gate in a conversation c. Rising Action William Sidlay has a letter to prove that he is collecting money for some organization. He is looking for handouts donations if he can t find work. Lilian doubts the authenticity of the letter. Even as she rummages for change in her purse, she knew she was making a mistake to empathize with William. People like William took advantage of people like Lilian or murdered them. Lilian, like the rest of the whites, was filled with guilt of having gained her privileged position because of her race. She gives him the five rand, even though she could ill afford it. D. Climax William offers to work for the money. He says it s too much.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.1063976}
{"text": "D. Climax William offers to work for the money. He says it s too much. She opens the gate for him to clean her garden, despite doubts. He however refuses to stop working when she Lilian makes the request. She had to go into the4 house for the phone was ringing. William followed her there. E. Falling Action Lilian bids him to leave but he declines. He demands 10 rand for his effort. When she threatens to call her husband, William tells her that she lives alone. He insists on ten rand besides the 5 he d been given. F. D nouement Feeling threatened she sets the dogs on him. She gets a gun from her bedroom. She gets back her five rand before seeing him off. Although she comes out of the episode unscathed, she does not boast about it to her friends, may be still consumes with guilt. Where there was guilt there was opportunity. Write an essay to confirm this using Rayda Jacob s The Guilt for your illustrations. 2. Setting The story is set in s white suburb in South Africa. Mrs. Lilian a pensioner Thurgood s home is a fortress, 10 foot high wall fence, and has a large compound in which she has fruit trees: guavas and lemons. She also has flowers in her garden: geraniums, basil and oregano. She lives alone. The incident with William takes place in the morning. 3. Conflict. The Guilt has both external and internal conflict. I Internal conflicts - First Mrs. Lilian Thurgood experiences internal conflict. She did not have to answer the call at the gate. She says she had ignored many such calls. 5 - She also suffers from internal conflict when confronted with the forged letter William Sidlay presents. She takes it anyway. -. She is faced with another instance of internal conflict when she discovers that she has 5 rand 23 cents. The five rand she thinks is too much and the 23 cents too little. She gives him the five rand in spite of herself. -. Another instance of internal conflict is on the night it was raining and she had to get the door. She wonders whether it is racist to it one were afraid to open doors to strangers. She does it anyway to make for the guilt of benefitting from the old regime. Ii External Conflict - William Sidlay threatens Lilian physically.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.1608803}
{"text": "She wonders whether it is racist to it one were afraid to open doors to strangers. She does it anyway to make for the guilt of benefitting from the old regime. Ii External Conflict - William Sidlay threatens Lilian physically. She gives Tembi Tor the first command which allowed them to terrorise but not draw blood. She wonders what they might do if she gave the second signal she doesn t use it. -. Next, she goes for the gun which she uses to drive William out of her compound and survives a potentially murderous situation. 4. Characters Although several characters are mentioned in this story, the action focuses on Lilian and William. A. Lilian Physical attributes - She is a white woman over sixty-six years old and walks with a limp owing to a painful leg for which she takes medicine. -. Assign character traits to Mrs. Lilian Thurgood based on the following situations. 6 i Can I help you? Lilian asked. Respectful courteous ii She handed the letter back to him and said, wait here, kind iii Based on the incidents with the African woman who d knocked her door at night, the woman who d seen her sitting in the stoep , the man who rung persistently at her gate, you would say that Lilian is generous? Iv Her sudden anger when confronted with five rand 23 cents and she longs for her husband s presence he would have ordered the man off the grounds. Insecure v She would not lock the door behind her, she told herself. She trusted him. Naive trusting vi He came forward. Sa! Lilian commanded the dogs. Decisive vii The fact that she did not give the last command to the Alsatians nor pull the trigger of the gun. Humane viii The fact that she did not tell the truth to Margaret, Ruth and Ethel May. Modest Assign character traits to William Sidlay based on the following situations. I The fact that he did not panic when confronted by Tembi Tor. Calm courageous brave7 ii The fact that he forged a letter to gain entry into white homes dishonest iii The fact that he wanted the five rand besides demanding for 10 rand. Greedy iv The fact that he knew Lilian lived alone and that no one was going to come to her aid.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.1522164}
{"text": "I The fact that he did not panic when confronted by Tembi Tor. Calm courageous brave7 ii The fact that he forged a letter to gain entry into white homes dishonest iii The fact that he wanted the five rand besides demanding for 10 rand. Greedy iv The fact that he knew Lilian lived alone and that no one was going to come to her aid. Scheming v The fact that he moved towards Lilian when she threatened to call the police. Menacing vi Sidlay producing a letter allowing him to beg after being told by Lilian that she had no work. Persistent 5. POV The story is told from the omniscient narrator perspective. 6. Theme i Guilt All the generous actions of Mrs. Thurgood are driven by guilt-she says that it was making good on the guilt, the guilt they were accused of having. Ii Deception a William Sidlay forges a letter that he purports allows him to collect funds for an organisation. It is a plan to gain entry into white people s homes and either take advantage of their guilt or murder them. B The woman who d seen Lilian sitting on the stoep deceives her that she will sell8 her eight plants for four rand and plant them. She asks for water to wet the ground when Lilian returns with the hose she finds 30 plants planted and a bill of 12 rand which she had to pay. Iii Race relations The blacks do anything in their power to take advantage of the whites. On their part, the whites feel inclined to help the blacks because of the guilt they have that their privileged position was a benefit of the previous white regime. Question Show that people pay dearly for showing their weaknesses. Using Rayda Jacob s The Guilt show that this is true. 9 When the Sun Goes Down by Goro wa Kamau The Plot We meet Steve, a successful businessman, walking down the streets of his home town. He receives questioning stares from the people standing along the streets who pretend to be going on with their businesses while in truth they are discussing Steve. He runs into his boyhood friends, Kanja. He invites Kanja to his home for a chat. He asks Kanja to tell him of the rumours about him doing rounds in the town. Kanja informs him that it is rumoured that he is marrying Maureen.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.1872706}
{"text": "He invites Kanja to his home for a chat. He asks Kanja to tell him of the rumours about him doing rounds in the town. Kanja informs him that it is rumoured that he is marrying Maureen. We learn that people suspect that Maureen is infected with the HIV virus. Steve confirms it is true. Steve then relates the sad circumstances of Maureen s marriage to an abusive and promiscuous soldier. When Kanja meets Maureen, she unashamedly opens up and tells him how she learned that she was infected with HIV. It was long after she had struck friendship with Steve and was carrying his child. It is at this point that Steve also took an HIV test and it turned out that he too was positive. Maureen serves Kanja with juice he declines to take and finally Steve shares it with his son. This stigmatisation discrimination hurts Maureen and sends her into a depression. Despite Steve s appeal to her that they fight the disease together, she is unable to overcome her depressive mood. One evening while asleep, Maureen becomes delirious and starts mumbling bible verses. Tom, a sympathetic neighbor, helps Steve to take her to hospital. When Maureen realizes where she is, she stages a protest demanding to be taken home to die. She does not recover from her depression. 10 She is buried a week later. She leaves Steve and Kanja and Kimotho to continue the struggle. The Title The title, When the Sun Goes Down , is made in reference to Maureen s feelings of depression, hopelessness and guilt to the point of giving up on life. It creates the impression that for her, all is lost. Setting The story is set in a rural town in Central Kenya. The villagers know each other by age, name and family. This explains the concerns of each other s welfare. It also explains how this familiarity results into interference in the private lives of one another. The story is set in the modern times. HIV is a reality and so are ARV s. Conflict We shall approach conflict from two perspectives: conflict developed by Maureen. A Conflict developed by Steve. Steve largely develops external conflict i In the introductory part of the plot Steve is confronted with external conflict: between him and the villagers. He has made a decision that has not gone down well with the villagers. They believe that he deserves better than marrying Maureen.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.1998482}
{"text": "Steve largely develops external conflict i In the introductory part of the plot Steve is confronted with external conflict: between him and the villagers. He has made a decision that has not gone down well with the villagers. They believe that he deserves better than marrying Maureen. This is because11 Maureen is HIV positive. However, no one is ready to seek his opinion on the matter but they all talk behind his back about his affair with Maureen. His decision to marry Maureen therefore alienates him from the people who looked up to him. His mind is however made up and he doesn t care what they think or say about him He; has no friends but Kanja ii The second external conflict he develops is between him and Kanja, his boyhood friend. Kanja has heard rumours about Steve s intentions to marry Maureen; however he is afraid for Steve because rumour also has it that she is HIV positive. Steve feels that Kanja, his only remaining friend, should not be part of the rumour mill. He has no control over this and it turns out that his friend indeed has come fishing for information based on the rumours he s heard. What is more, his friend had also made advances to Maureen but was unsuccessful. Further, his friend brings the HIV stigma right into their house when he refuses to drink the juice Maureen serves him. It is this conflict with Kanja that is central to the story and is responsible for the ultimate death of Maureen. Iii The other external conflict Steve develops is between him and Maureen. Pp19 Maureen explains to Kanja how Steve came to learn that he had HIV. This was her way of taking responsibility for pass the virus to him; this was her way of making him a victim and Steve resented it. He forbids her to reason like that but will not stop. 12 Pp22 Maureen is hurt by Kanja s refusal to take the juice she serves him. She says it s worthless to live if people cruelly discriminate against you. Steve would have none of this and implores her not to think like that to no avail. Pp25-26 Steve not only buys the most nutritious foods for her but also cooks them but Maureen wouldn t eat. She suffers from nausea after a few bites, what is more she yearns for death.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.245069}
{"text": "Steve would have none of this and implores her not to think like that to no avail. Pp25-26 Steve not only buys the most nutritious foods for her but also cooks them but Maureen wouldn t eat. She suffers from nausea after a few bites, what is more she yearns for death. Despite his remonstrations with her that she banishes such thoughts of death from her head she wouldn t stop. Pp26-27 Maureen s sense of guilt finally gets the better of Steve. Her deep seated sense of guilt reinforced by the careless talk of the neighbours finally gets Steve to contemplate the terrible possibility of her death. Iv Steve also develops external conflict between him and HIV AIDS. -. He tries to have good mental health by making Maureen avoid negative talk, this is a battle he loses for her but does not succumb to. He continues to live positively He talks of counting their blessings. -. He stops smoking at the urging of his doctor. This too is a battle that he is winning. -. He buys nutritious foods and takes his drugs. He tells Maureen that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. Although Maureen loses this battle Steve does not he is in it for the long haul. He is determined to stay alive. 13 Even Maureen acknowledges this pp20 she says that she has no doubt he will live. B Maureen develops external conflict as well as internal. Internal conflict Maureen blames herself for passing the virus on to Steve. Pp19 She protests that she was faithful both to her husband and to Steve. She tells the story of how Steve found out he was positive to assuage herself lessen her guilt Pp26 As she gets delirious she mumbles that she was faithful both to her husband and to Steve. External Conflict i She develops a conflict between her and HIV - This is another conflict central to the story. From the time we meet Maureen there is no doubt she is losing the battle against HIV. When we first meet her we are told that she looked somewhat weary. -. When Kanja refuses to take the juice she serves him, she is devastated. Pp21 she asks Steve why people must be so cruel. She refuses to forgive herself for bringing this cruelty on Steve. Subsequently she refuses to eat and it is hinted that she may have stopped taking her drugs pp26 Steve reminds her that she has to eat and take her drugs daily.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.2357783}
{"text": "Pp21 she asks Steve why people must be so cruel. She refuses to forgive herself for bringing this cruelty on Steve. Subsequently she refuses to eat and it is hinted that she may have stopped taking her drugs pp26 Steve reminds her that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. -. When forced to eat pp26 she develops nausea and says that she longs to rest euphemism for die. -. At the hospital, she tells the nurse that she is dying. Pp28 - pp21 tears flow down her face as she thinks of Kanja s action and wishes people were more compassionate. -. Pp26 she declares that she is a living dead - In short, Maureen s sun went down the day she discovered she d passed on HIV to Steve. Ii She also develops a conflict between her and the Kanja s of this world. When Kanja refuses to take her14 juice, she is devastated and asks Steve why people are so cruel. She feels that her family is discriminated against because she brought AIDS into it. -. She hardly goes out for fear of what people will say. -. Pp 26 Steve laments that her sense of guilt was the product of listening to lose speaking tongues. Themes Two of the best developed themes in this story are fear and guilt. They are both developed by Maureen. -. Kanja develops the theme of hypocrisy friendship cracks at mention of AIDS. -. HIV AIDS is developed by both Steve and Maureen. The author uses Steve to show how people can live positively with AIDS. Maureen on the other hand serves to illustrate how hopelessness and not AIDS kills people infected with HIV. -. Ignorance is developed by: Kanja not taking the juice Maureen serves The town s folk in general not knowing that their negative talk kills worse than AIDS. Mr. Kabia- fears contracting AIDS if an AIDS sufferer is carried in his car. -. Loneliness is developed by both Steve and Maureen. Characterisation 1. Steve: determined, loving, realistic, open, sociable, hardworking 2. Kanja: hypocritical, ignorant, lustful 3. Maureen: hopeless, faithful, loving, religious, hospitable, stoic15 Essay Question 1. Life is worth living even if one is suffering from HIV.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.2625117}
{"text": "Kanja: hypocritical, ignorant, lustful 3. Maureen: hopeless, faithful, loving, religious, hospitable, stoic15 Essay Question 1. Life is worth living even if one is suffering from HIV. Using Goro wa Kamau s When the Sun Goes Down for your illustrations show that this is true. 16 Leaving by Moyez G. Vassanji 1. Setting The story is set in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. We first meet the family leaving on Uhuru Street where the Narrator s mother runs a shop. Later they move to the residential area of Upanga, upon her selling her shop. 2. Plot The story opens with the concept of leaving. The girls are getting married. Mehroon marries a former school mate who leaves in Dar. Razia marries a wealthy man who leaves in Tanga. Then there is Firoz who drops out of school and gets employed. The narrator s mother then sells her shop and moves from Uhuru Street to Upanga residential area. The narrator informs us their mother laid hopes on he Aloo. This is because they both excel at school. The narrator joins the local University. Meanwhile, in his last year at school, he proves to be exceptionally bright in his studies. Mr. Datoo, a farmer student and teacher at the boys school, visits the town from U.S.A. the similarity of Datoo s and Aloo s background makes Aloo feels that he too could study in the USA. He starts writing applications to various universities in America. His ambition is to study medicine. When the results are out, he has straight A s. However, the local varsity gives him a place to study Agriculture. This is what makes the offer from CIT more appealing. They not only offer him a place at the university but also give him a scholarship. His determination to study in17 America intensifies; however, the money required for transport and upkeep as well as his mother s fear of losing her son stands in his way. After seeking Mr. Velji s opinion, and some reflection, his mother is ready to let go. She bids Aloo not to smoke nor drink and not to marry a white woman. Her fears allayed, she sends Aloo to America for further studies 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.288345}
{"text": "Velji s opinion, and some reflection, his mother is ready to let go. She bids Aloo not to smoke nor drink and not to marry a white woman. Her fears allayed, she sends Aloo to America for further studies 3. Conflict This story is about Aloo s determination to study medicine i The first conflict he faces is bureaucracy and corruption. On pp 35 the narrator hints at this: But some bureaucratic hand, probably corrupt, dealt out a future prospect for him that came as a shock. This explains why the family does not want to question the university about Aloo s placement. Clearly, with his straight A s deserved a place in the medicine class. However, the family does not even think about arguing his case with the varsity would be an exercise in futility. Nothing would come out of it. Ii The second conflict is developed by Velji and Aloo s mother on pp 3 he tells Aloo s mother, But if you send him, you will lose your son. It s a far place, America, It is his mother, however, who fully develops this conflict on page 35, after Aloo has overcome his shock of getting CIT placement and scholarship, we are told: But first he had to contend with mother. 18 She does not believe it and thinks that he is teasing her. Next she raises issue with the money required. 3000 shillings is required for pocket money. She further questions where they d raise his air fare from- it was not a little money that needed. She concludes that no one in Dar would help him Pp 36 she gets angry at him and asks him why he wants to go away, so far from them and wonders whether they mean so little to him. Further, she is worried that something might happen to him. Her final resistance to his leaving is on page 39- she asks him to promise that he will not marry a white woman, nor will smoke nor drink. At this point we now understand her fear at telling him go: she would lose him to a different culture that all the values she d taught him would be in vain. 4. Characters and Characterisation. I Aloo a intelligent scores straight A s in his final exam b respectful -pp 36 He had raised his voice to her, the first time I saw him that.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.3523324}
{"text": "This shows that she understands that through education her children would improve their lot. Iii Fear The main conflict in this story is Aloo s mother s reluctance to let him go study in a foreign country. This conflict is borne of fear a That her son doesn t care much for the family b That something could happen to him c That he could start smoking and drinking d That he could marry a white woman 6. POV This story is told from the 1st person pov. The narrator is the 2nd last born child in a family of 3 boys and 2 girls. It is an inspirational story of how upbringing influences the destinies of he and his siblings in general but Aloo in particular. He reports objectively the factors that influence Aloo s destiny. We trust his judgment because he is not only an adult but he is at the university. He wished his brother well from the start and in the end it comes to pass. In the end we do not just read a story for entertainment value. Stories also have information value. For us to exploit this fully we need to answer 3 questions. I Is the title appropriate? 21 Yes, all the 5 siblings and their mother are involved in leavings of sorts. Ii What is the significant event? Mr. Datoo s visit is. He inspires Aloo to be all that he can be. This is so important because schools are yet to find a place for alumni. Without a doubt they influence the destinies of students and they should therefore be incorporated in career guidance activities. Iii What is the author s intention? A First of all the author s main audience are parents. Parents should learn that the way they bring up their children determines how positively they live life and how successful that life is. B The author s second audience is the youth: although the environment in which you are brought up matters; ultimately, there is no success without input. The contrast between Firoz and Aloo exemplifies this. 22 The War of the Ears by Moses Isegawa 1. Setting The story is set in a rural Uganda during a period of civil strife. A rebel group, God s Victorious Brigades, is fighting to stamp corruption out of the country in the light of their interpretation of the Ten Commandments. The ultimate sufferers are civilians.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.3192236}
{"text": "Setting The story is set in a rural Uganda during a period of civil strife. A rebel group, God s Victorious Brigades, is fighting to stamp corruption out of the country in the light of their interpretation of the Ten Commandments. The ultimate sufferers are civilians. The story s main setting is Nandere Primary School with episodes in Ma Beeda s home and the forest. Most of the activities take place in the night. Darkness symbolizes the evil that has befallen the country at large and is about to befall Ma Beeda s village in particular. 2. Plot The story opens at the close of day at Nandere Primary School. Beeda is confronted with a problem: the world outside school is full of questions he couldn t answer and things he couldn t control. This drives him into a panic that it is possible that these events beyond his control could stop the children from coming back to school. Indeed, his fears are fanned by the letter that arrives in the school that day. The rebel group, God s Victorious Brigades, says it is the last letter they send to warn Ma Beeda of dire consequences should she fail to close the school. She however swears to defy them and believes that they have government protection. Beeda, however, is clearly terrified and feels helpless because he does not believe the government s promise would come to much. We learn that his father had died when he was four, and now as a secondary school student, he doubles up as a teacher at his Mother s school. 23 To prove their point, the rebel group has dispatched four child soldiers to Nandere Primary School, the only surviving school in the region. They are led by Major Azizima who is 14. The other 3 boys are his juniors. His immediate superior, Colonel Kalo, is 17. Upon reaching the school, Azizima awaits instructions from Kalo to burn it down. We learn that the supreme leader of the rebels is Generalissimo who is revered because he spoke with God. All the rules and guidelines come from him. This involves indoctrinating the child soldiers with his interpretation of the Ten Commandments and heavy doses of barbaric punishment for offences against his rules. Similarly, the soldiers mete out barbaric punishment like chopping off the ears of those who do not support the course of the rebels.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.337656}
{"text": "All the rules and guidelines come from him. This involves indoctrinating the child soldiers with his interpretation of the Ten Commandments and heavy doses of barbaric punishment for offences against his rules. Similarly, the soldiers mete out barbaric punishment like chopping off the ears of those who do not support the course of the rebels. The arrival of these rebels in Beeda s village brings to his door step those things he d feared he has no control over. At school first they are confronted with the pane Azizima had broken the previous night, Next, Miss Bengi informs them that a man s ear had been cut off the previous night and because of this insecurity, she intends to leave the village for the city. The gunfire later that night is the last piece of evidence that the war of the ears had finally come to their village. 3. Conflict a External i The first conflict we meet is between Ma Beeda and the rebels. They have been sending her letters telling her that she is a government agent and that she should close her school. The final letter is24 signed by Colonel Kalo. It tells her that her punishment for defying them will be both heavy and harsh. She continues to defy them in the hope that the government s security apparatus will protect her and her investment. Ii Secondly, we learn that the teachers too are in direct conflict with the rebels. We are told that Beeda s is filling in for a teacher who had fled weeks ago. Further, Ma Beeda s says that she spoke to the teachers and 2 or 3 want to run away pp 46 . Then there is Miss Bengi who announces her desire to leave for the city after a man s ear was cut off pp 59 iii The major conflict is between the government and the rebels pp 46 A war was going on in the forest and hills where government forces occasionally clashed with the rebels. This is also confirmed in the letter sent to Ma Beeda in which she is called a government agent. Their professed goal is to stamp corruption of out of the country. Iv The conflict between the rebels and the government has also brought on conflict between the civilians and government on one hand and civilians and rebels on the other. Major Azizima s father died in the hands of the government security apparatus.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.3661551}
{"text": "Their professed goal is to stamp corruption of out of the country. Iv The conflict between the rebels and the government has also brought on conflict between the civilians and government on one hand and civilians and rebels on the other. Major Azizima s father died in the hands of the government security apparatus. They had alleged that he was collaborating with the rebels pp 51 We are also told that in between engagements with rebels, government forces looked for rebel collaborators pp 46 . 25 Then there is the conflict between rebels and civilians in general. We are told that in the period between engagements with government forces the rebels attacked civilians pp46 Major Azizima tells us that his mother was killed by the rebels. What is more, he d been asked to cut off her ears pp 51 . Major Azizima also cuts off the ear of a villager who was looking for medicine for his sick wife. Pp53 . Further, after this act, they trained their rifles on the shops in case people confronted them. No one did. In the letter to Ma Beeda the rebels state that the war of ears had begun. This is in reference to cutting off the ears of civilians who defied them pp 45 . Finally the village is awakened deep in the night by gunfire. Pp61 b The other conflict developed in the story is internal i Beeda In front of the class he knew everything and there was nothing he could not do. However, the world outside was full of questions he could not answer and things he could not control pp43 it is a flash-forward in the problems the villagers face from the government and rebels ii Azizima He thinks of escaping from the rebel base but if caught by the government soldiers he would be tortured or killed or both. If caught by the comrades he would be killed. Either way he would die but he wanted to live to26 avenge his parents. Besides he wanted to find out what had happened to his siblings who had disappeared. Further, at school Nandere he felt a yearning to return to school, to study and get a certificate but he hated having to take orders from teachers. Moreover it would mean surrendering his power something he knew he would not do freely. 4. Characters and Characterisation.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.4059246}
{"text": "Moreover it would mean surrendering his power something he knew he would not do freely. 4. Characters and Characterisation. A Ma Beeda A widow, entrepreneur and a single parent, she has a son, Beeda i Hardworking started her school under a mango tree but is now a full-fledged learning centre. Ii Determined Resolute Hers is the last operational school. All the other schools have shut down at the behest of the rebels. Despite the numerous letters by the rebels that she shuts down her school, she defies them. Iii Optimistic Despite the war going on around her, she is hopeful that it will not touch her school. She says that the rebels have no chance of victory and that they don t have the people s support. She also tells us that the government would hunt down all the criminals and punish them pp57 27 iv Secretive She had a journal in which she entered the Nightcrawler s reports. Beeda was not allowed to look in the book. Pp 59 v Curiuos Has set the Nightcrawler to find out details of what several people had heard and seen the night before. Vi Perceptive pp 47 She had the ability to guess what her son was thinking and at times he disliked it intensely. B Beeda i Hardworking stays at school teaching until late -plans his lessons in good time ii Concerned pp 46 asks his mom whether she spoke to the teachers i.e. ask them to stay. -Wants to know the response of the regional commander in relation to their insecurity. C Azizima -ambitious violent reflective determined 5. Themes a Human rights abuse crimes against humanity. I Children are denied the right to education. Ma Beeda tells us that hers is the only school opening in the area, and even this is threatened to be short28 lived by the rebels who have served her with a final notice to close the school. Ii People are killed both by the rebels and the government. Azizima tells us that government forces killed his father for allegedly collaborating with the rebels. The rebels too killed his mother for an unspecified reason. Iii People suffer mutilation in the hands of the rebels. The letter sent to Ma Beeda warns her that ears that don t listen to their master get chopped off and hers would be next.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.4444366}
{"text": "The rebels too killed his mother for an unspecified reason. Iii People suffer mutilation in the hands of the rebels. The letter sent to Ma Beeda warns her that ears that don t listen to their master get chopped off and hers would be next. Azizima tells us that Blue Beast forced him to chop off his mother s ears. Azizima chops of the ear of a villager and keeps it as a trophy and proof to his superiors that he is loyal. Miss Bengi threatens to leave for the city saying she does not want her ear chopped off. Iv Displacement People are fleeing the village on account of insecurity arising from the war of the ears. Ma Beeda tells us that two or 3 teachers have expressed their intention to leave for the city. Beeda is filling in for a teacher who had fled several weeks before. Miss Bengi is thinking of going to the city to avoid the atrocities of the rebels. V Enlisting of Child Soldiers. Major Azizima is only14 years old and is a soldier trained and armed by the rebels. The three soldiers he is sent to Nandere Primary school with are younger than he is. His superior, colonel Kalo29 is only 17 years. These children are first abducted and then forced into fighting. Vi Barbaric treatment of the soldiers at the base. Sex was forbidden at the base except for the four people in high command. Anyone who broke this rule got one hundred strokes of the hippo-hide whip. Rape was punished with amputation of the left hand. Dissention and theft were punished with death. There is no appeal against the words of the spies. They were made to chant Generalissimos hatred for the Uganda government for hours on end. B Family relations i MaBeeda trains her son on the work ethic; he not only knows his house hold chores but loves his teaching job. Ii Beeda is very respectful of his mother and she too of him. -. When his mother summons him, he drops what he is doing and goes to her for example when he was talking to Miss Bengi and his mother summons him he goes to her despite the fact he would have liked to continue talking to her. -. She too is respectful of him when he burns their supper; she resists the urge to raise her voice at him. Further, although she d lost her appetite, she respectfully eats some of the food he serves her.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.4254518}
{"text": "- When his mother summons him, he drops what he is doing and goes to her for example when he was talking to Miss Bengi and his mother summons him he goes to her despite the fact he would have liked to continue talking to her. -. She too is respectful of him when he burns their supper; she resists the urge to raise her voice at him. Further, although she d lost her appetite, she respectfully eats some of the food he serves her. C Violence - War going on between government and rebels - Government torturing and killing rebel collaborators death of Azizima s father30 - Rebels mutilating or killing government sympathisers death of another chopping of the ears of a man. -breaking of a window pane at the school and its imminent burning down. -. Killing and mutilation of soldiers who break rules at the camp. D Fear. Pp46 Beeda is afraid that teachers will desert the school; further, he is afraid that the promise of their safety by the regional commander may not hold water. He is afraid that something might have happened to uncle Modo Pp 54 Most people went home early and were barricaded inside their house by nightfall. Pp 51 Azizimo is afraid that if he runs away from the base he ll be executed by the rebels upon capture. Further if he does escape he ll be tortured or killed by government agents upon capture. Pp 53 After Azizimo had chopped off the ear of a villager, the train their rifles on the shops- Nobody came out to confront them for fear of being killed or mutilated by the rebels. Pp 54-6 MaBeeda wakes up feeling that a messenger was at the door, waiting to break the news that her school was no more. It was a daily ordeal which reached its peak every morning. 31 The Mirror by Haruki Murakami 1. Setting The story is set in the narrator s house in the night. He is seated with some friends and they are relating scary stories or those of premonitions. There is however, another setting in which the narrator rebels a frightful moment in his life. This is at a school junior high school in which he was employed as a lone night watchman at the age of 18 or 19. The night was windy and hot. Mosquitoes buzzed all over amidst the noise of the wind.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.469241}
{"text": "This is at a school junior high school in which he was employed as a lone night watchman at the age of 18 or 19. The night was windy and hot. Mosquitoes buzzed all over amidst the noise of the wind. The broken gate of the swimming pool made banging rhythmic banging noises in the dark night. This description creates a scary mood which is consistent with his frightening experience. 2. Plot The narrator is hosting a number of friends and they pass time relating scary experiences or those of premonitions. The narrator says that there is a force linking the world of the living with that of the dead giving rise to the narrator of stories being related. These forces he says restrict people to either group those people who see ghosts are unable to have premonition and vice versa. The forces don t give people the ability to do both that is, they are mutually exclusive The narrator then distances himself from these experiences. He says that in his 30yrs he has neither seen a ghost nor had a premonition. However, he admits that he has had a scary experience which he narrates for the first time. He had kept it secret for fear that if he spoke of it then it might happen all over again. 32 He relates how in his 2 am round on a scary night, he thinks he notices something in the hallway. Upon closer inspection it turns out that a mirror, which had previously not been there, gave his reflection. The mirror has him spell bound until he forcefully tears himself from it and shatters it rashes back to the janitor s room to sleep. In the morning, he goes back to inspect the scene of the incident. He finds the cigarette butt and his kendo that he dropped. However, that shattered mirror is not there. 3. Conflict i The first conflict is about the nature of these supernormal experiences. The narrator tells his friends that all their experiences fall into two broad categories. The repetition of the phrase all your stories , suggests that his friends were not in agreement with him. Ii The second conflict is that the narrator is immune to verse experiences. He describes an incident in an elevator with two friends who swear they could see a woman standing next to the narrator. He insists it was only the three of them in the lift. Iii The third conflict is between the narrator and his parents. At seventeen they expected him to proceed to college after high school.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.495171}
{"text": "He insists it was only the three of them in the lift. Iii The third conflict is between the narrator and his parents. At seventeen they expected him to proceed to college after high school. He declines, and instead wonders all over Japan working at various manual jobs. Iv The last conflict is internal. He believes that he is immune to the supernormal experiences. Yet he has this encounter with a non-existent mirror that33 holds him captive and seems to control him. He keeps this event secret for over 12 years, but finally he relates it. What is more, he keeps away from mirrors. He is afraid the scary incident would happen again yet he swears he does not believe in supernormal forces. 4. Character and characterisation. Narrator a proud - Thinks that people that have encountered ghosts or have had premonition are not normal and that he is unique because he s never had those experiences. B fearful - Feels apprehensive about mirrors and does not keep them around him. -. He was too scared to fix the broken gate because of the dark night. -. Terrified by the mirror incident he runs back to the janitor s room. C rebellious - Refuses to go to college and chooses to do manual work. D Hospitable Hosts his friends and having been entertained by their stories he too narrates one that he has kept secret in order to further entertain them. E Analytical Upon listening to his friend s stories he separates them into two categories: those of ghosts and premonitions; further, he says a force links people to these things. He goes a step further and says the34 impression he gets is that these experiences are mutually exclusive. 5. Themes i Identity Crisis - At 17 when the narrator should be proceeding to college, he chooses to wander all over Japan doing manual work. This is a typical teenage problem as they try to identify who they really are, different from what their parents want them to be. -. What is disturbing though is that at 30, more experienced with life, he says he d do it all over again. This rebellious streak is stuck with him. -. He also believes that he is different from other people. Other people see ghosts; he doesn t. Other people have premonitions; he doesn t. Yet he is very much like them because of the encounter he had with an imaginary mirror that still controls his life.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.5179632}
{"text": "36 Diamond Dust by Anita Desai 1. Setting The story is set in Bharti Nagar, an urban civil servants residential area in India. The events take us from Mr. Das house, to the streets of Bharti Nagar, into the Lodi Gardens and down the alleys of the town. 2. Plot We are introduced to Mr. and Mrs. Das and Diamond, Mr. Das problematic dog. It is not only a nuisance to Mrs. Das but to service providers and children as well. To Mr. Das, he is a lovable pet hence the name Diamond. As a result of Diamond s nature C.P. Biswas asks Das why he named the dog Diamond and not the more probable coal after its black colour. Das wouldn t hear of this neither does he have an explanation for Mr. Biswas. What is more, Das outs his dog before family; on return from work he greets Diamond then the family members. Mrs. Das has a premonition that all this is not going to end well. But Das is unstoppable. He even frolics with Diamond in public something that displeases his colleagues. His friends Biswas and Base see Das behavior as bringing shame to them before their superiors:- the undersecretary and the retired Joined Secretary. Mrs. Das too disapproves of this attachment to Diamond. Over the years she has had to clean after Diamond: its urine, smell and fur from floor rugs and seats. She has even sacrificed a cooking pot has to move out of the house for one hour as Diamond s37 meat cooks. Her protests do not yield any change. Ironically, Das complains that an animal s nature can t be changed by domestication. Children, though they approved of Diamond, teased him when Das wasn t around. He cautions them against using sticks or stones against Diamond or running away from him. They protest that they d be bitten the way Ranu was if they don t run. However, the real problems begin when Diamond matures into a full grown god. He moves from a nuisance to a menace. First, there is his phobia for uniform. He bellows at the postman, chases him and tears his trousers. The result is Mrs. Das doesn t get her mail regularly for it is thrown at the hedge.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.5504634}
{"text": "He bellows at the postman, chases him and tears his trousers. The result is Mrs. Das doesn t get her mail regularly for it is thrown at the hedge. Then there are the other service providers: electricity meter readers telephone repair men, and garbage collectors who do not render their services to the Das family because Diamond attacks them when they do. Finally there are the school children who cannot get to the bus stop without adult protection. Neighbours however do not report him to the police out of both propriety and pity. In the end, Diamond becomes a pain to Das during mating seasons. He disappears for long stretches and during this period Das spends days and nights in search of him. What is more, his behavior when he catches Diamond mating alarms parents. Mrs. Das too wouldn t have Diamond back in the house until he s been cleaned. Further, Diamond is a threat to his job. He spends time looking for him instead of going to work or when he does go to work he is distracted. 38 Diamond s final escapade ends badly for both of them. Diamond is caught by the dog catchers and he faces certain death. Das sees him in the moving van jumps onto it and plunges to death. 3. Conflict A conflict arising from Diamond s actions i Diamond Mrs. Das Diamond generally upsets Mrs. Diamond. He upsets the table, when she sets Das food. He knocks her down. He gets more attention than her children do. She had to mop after him when he was a puppy and constantly urinated on the floor. She had to put up with the smell of the dog in her next house. Diamonds further had to be constantly removed from rugs, sofas and armchairs. Her letters got lost or never reached her because Diamond attacked the postman when he made deliveries. She had to nurse Mr. Das when he caught flu in the cold nights in search of Diamond. Finally, her husband dies when he tries to save Diamond from the moving fog catcher s van. Ii Diamond and the neighbours a The children would throw stones or sticks at Diamond, then he d break loose and run after them nipping at their heels or stopping when they fell in the dust. B When his phobia for uniform grew he would chase children on their way to or from school. The result was that they could39 neither go to the bus-stop nor come from it, without adult protection.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.540403}
{"text": "Ii Diamond and the neighbours a The children would throw stones or sticks at Diamond, then he d break loose and run after them nipping at their heels or stopping when they fell in the dust. B When his phobia for uniform grew he would chase children on their way to or from school. The result was that they could39 neither go to the bus-stop nor come from it, without adult protection. C During the badmashi days, Diamond would howl so loudly keeping the neighbours awake. This would go on until he snapped his collar. B Conflicts arising from Mr. Das actions:- i Das and Mrs. Das a Mrs. Das complained that he gave more attention to Diamond than he did to his children or grandchildren pp 3 Not even about our children not even your first-born son or your grandchildren, have you made so much of us that dog. She also complains that on his return from work Das greeted the dog Diamond, my friend before greeting Mrs. Das, his grandchildren or anyone at all. B She refuses to go to the butcher s for buffalo meat for Diamond nor would she cook the meat when Das brought it he had to do it himself. Further, she asks him to substitute milk and bread for Diamond s meat but Das would hear none of this. C She complains that her letters don t reach her because Diamond attacks the postman when he makes deliveries. Das instead accuses the postman of being cowardly. D When Diamond goes out on his last escapade in Nov. the night chill made Das sick and she40 had to nurse him every time he came back empty handed. Further, she pleaded with him to give up Diamond before the search kills him to no avail. Iii Das and his colleagues neighbours a C.P.Biswas is convinced the name Diamond is too good for the dog and wonders when it was given such a name. He d rather it be named coal after its black coat. Das says he d never do such a thing to Diamond. B His colleagues had caught him frolicking with Diamond in public like a child. They feel he s taken leave of his senses and this worries them. Further, they feel that his behavior embarrasses them before their superiors, the under-Secretary and the retired Joint Secretary.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.5878406}
{"text": "7. A Is the title appropriate? Dictionary .com defines diamond dust as pulverized diamonds uses as an abrasive. Diamonds abrasive nature rubs everyone the wrong way including its owner. B What is the significant event? Mr. Das obsessive behavior towards Diamond. C What is the aim of the author? I The author cautions against obsessive behavior Mr. Das does because of the excessive love he has for his dog. Besides, he is oblivious to the pain it causes other people. Ii The author also cautions against the danger pets pose to both their owners and society in general. An animal nature can t be changed simply because it is domesticated. Diamond stays true to this statement which ironically is made by Mr. Das. The other irony in relation to this statement is that Mr. 43 Das personality does not change despite the many pleas from friends and family. Task: One person s pleasure can be a terrible displeasure to someone else. Write an essay that is in support of this statement with illustrations from Anita Desai s story Diamond Dust 44 Arrested Development by Sandisile Tshuma 1. Setting The story is set on a road trip from Zimbabwe s capital Bulawayo, to Beitbridge, a town bordering South Africa. The setting moves from Max s garage, to a contraband ferrying vehicle and ultimately to Beitbridge. This is at a time when Zimbabwe is experiencing hyperinflation. 2. Plot The narrator and tens of travelers are writing at Max s garage for vehicles to take them to their various destinations. The narrator is an academic researcher in search of data on order jumping. There is no public transport and so the travelers are at the mercy of private vehicle owners. As a result of the collapse of public service provision, the people of Zimbabwe have developed infinite patience in order to get anything they want. After three days of waiting, the narrator struggles with other passengers to get onto the back of a pick-up that has stopped next to her. They are charged an exorbitant fare. Though they pay up, the driver takes them back to Max s alleging that his costs will not be covered. Presently she is directed by a tout to a vehicle ready to leave for Beitbridge. She finds herself travelling in the company of two contraband dealers, the driver and the woman in midthirties. She learns that the police take bribes to ignore the contraband.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.6027982}
{"text": "Presently she is directed by a tout to a vehicle ready to leave for Beitbridge. She finds herself travelling in the company of two contraband dealers, the driver and the woman in midthirties. She learns that the police take bribes to ignore the contraband. She learns that the lot of the cross-border traders is way better than that of highly educated Zimbabweans. For example she and her friend Lihile who has despaired of her lot ever improving. From the45 passenger who joins them at Gwanda, she learns that ignorance is preyed upon in a very cruel way. This cruelty on one another wises up victims. Survival for con-artists therefore is a daily struggle. Zimbabweans are filled with loneliness and despair. Even for the cross-border traders, the risks are many. The best everyone can do is resign themselves to their fate like Lihile who now fetches water and easily contends with blackouts The narrator s research however offers a ray of hope that might salvage the youth from their endless troubles in search of a livelihood. 3. Conflict i Poor public service provision. The public looks to the government for the provision of public service. These have either broken down completely, like transport, or are not efficiently provided like electricity, water etc. The public is powerless to bring on any improvement and have resigned themselves to waiting. Ii Private transport With the collapse of public transport, private vehicle owners have moved in to fill the gap. They charge fares that the public can bear. They even use unscrupulous means, like taking them back to the pickup stations, to Max on fares. 46 iii The Public The public is its own worst enemy. They have perfected vigoroni: the art of getting ahead of the crowd and on top of the pile. A tiny old woman painfully elbows the narrator to earn her place on the vehicle to Beitbridge. The narrator in return scales the sides of the pick-up without regards to the less athletic woman. The passenger who joins them at Gwanda is conned of 780 rand. Payment defaulters in the cross-border trade are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburg . The traders are mugged by bandits who strip search them. They pay off every government officer they come in contact with for their businesses to continue. They pay off border officials, highway police, magistrates even farmers. For example, Gloria pays a border official in order to cross the border without a pass.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.647261}
{"text": "They pay off every government officer they come in contact with for their businesses to continue. They pay off border officials, highway police, magistrates even farmers. For example, Gloria pays a border official in order to cross the border without a pass. The driver buys a ticket from the police to avoid paying more bribes on the way. 4. Characters and Characetrisation i Narrator a Observant -vividly describes the boarding of the twin-cab pickup -places the Gwanda passenger as a Tshuma b Intelligent -an academician carrying out a research project47 c Focused The wealth made by the cross-border traders does not make her give up the quest of improving the lot of the youth in return for quick riches in business. Ii Cross-border traders: -opportunists -cunning -daring- crossing of the Limpopo iii General populace -impotent powerless to bring about change not every via ballot -Greedy change exorbitant fees for services transport and products fuel - Police govt. Officials take bribes Government officials swindle cash meant for development projects like the Matabeleland Zambezi Water Pipeline. -con one another e.g. the Tshuma boys conned by the money changers. -Resigned- Lihile now fetches water and contends with the blackouts despite her education and exposure at the U.K. -Generous there who have found work in S.A send cash and groceries to their relatives in Zimbabwe. 5. Themes. The best developed theme in this story is suffering. There are many other themes but not well developed. I Suffering a No public service or they are inefficient. 48 -the narrator waits for 3 hours before she gets transport. The Tshuma man had waited 18 hours for the mini-bus to Bulawayo to fill. B The narrator had waited for 2 hours at the bank to withdraw money. C black -outs are common place and house taps are dry d payment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburg e traders sometimes have to cross the crocodile infested river Limpopo. At times they are attacked by bandits f The practice of Vigoroni has robbed them of etiquette.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.6240592}
{"text": "B The narrator had waited for 2 hours at the bank to withdraw money. C black -outs are common place and house taps are dry d payment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburg e traders sometimes have to cross the crocodile infested river Limpopo. At times they are attacked by bandits f The practice of Vigoroni has robbed them of etiquette. The narrator is elbowed painfully by a tiny old woman as they scramble for space on a pick-up ii Impotence -In the first two paragraphs, the word wait has been used five times and waiting once. This apparent patience is actually the collective weakness not strength of Zimbabweans . But it is not in the nature of a Zimbabwean to question or complain. Pp 88 -the educated like Lihile have despaired and put her life expectancy at 40 or just below . What is more, she has adapted to the dry taps and blackouts. Iii Corruption -pp 93 There is no palm that cannot be greased, apparently border officials, highway police, magistrates all take bribes -pp 87 people in high office swindle project fundsMatebeleland Zambezi Water Pipeline has never taken off. 49 iv Human rights violations pp 93 payment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburg, traders are subjected to strip searchers by bandits v Insecurity traders are mugged by bandits in the farmlands of Limpopo Province. Vi Loneliness pp 93 I am struck by a loneliness that I have noticed in everyone lately. On page 93 Gloria tells us that: Trust no one, not even relatives. This lack of trust seems to be the source of the loneliness. 6. POV 1st person narrator makes the story more credible because of her high academic status and the fact that she is the only person doing something to bring about change. 7. A Is the title appropriate? Yes. Arrested development, though a contradiction, points to the fact that the impotence of 12million people has ensured their quality of life does not improve. B What is the significant event? The discovery of the patience of Zimbabweans c What is the aim of the author? Unless people do something about their circumstances, their lot will never change. 50 Sandra Street by Michael Anthony 1. Setting The story is set in a suburb street called Sandra. It is no ordinary street.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.7130673}
{"text": "50 Sandra Street by Michael Anthony 1. Setting The story is set in a suburb street called Sandra. It is no ordinary street. It houses a residential area, a school and it leads into a forested hill. Sandra Street maintains a somewhat natural environment: there are no fences or gates, a few houses, a small population and its people live in harmony. Neighbouring residential areas are a little way off. 2. Plot We are introduced to Steve, the narrator; Mr. Blades, his new teacher who is a nature lover and Sandra Street. We learn about the natural environment of Sandra Street through a composition by Kenneth, a boy from the other side of town. His story leads t a conflict between boys from the other side of the town and those from Sandra Street. The Sandra Street boys feel that their town has been described negatively. Mr. Blades reads a few more stories, some of which say very nice things about Sandra Street. His delight at these did not appease most of the boys from Sandra Street. In a desperate attempt to calm them, he asks the class to write a composition on the other side of town. This only fuels the conflict between the boys. However, the narrator does an objective assessment of Kenneth s composition and finds that it was a truthful description of Sandra Street. He even begins to appreciate its beauty. He is so caught up in his reflections he does not realise the break bell has gone. It takes Mr. Blades to bring him back to the present. 51 The following Tuesday the boys fight again as a result of what they wrote about the other side of town. More compositions are written on other subjects yet Sandra Street did not go away. Mr. Blades, who is new to Sandra Street, is waiting for the mango season to find out whether the boys had given an accurate description of Sandra Street during that season. What is more, Mr. Blades takes an interest in Steven s writing. The two of them appear at the window several times looking out at Sandra Street. With every discussion they have at the window, Steven s observation ability grows so does this love of nature. His interest in nature takes him to the hills where he explores the river, mango and banana groves and even gets to put away green bananas in the immortelle roots to ripen. In his last encounter with Mr. Blades at the window, Steven invites him to the hills to inspect his bananas. At the hills, Mr.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.6954856}
{"text": "In his last encounter with Mr. Blades at the window, Steven invites him to the hills to inspect his bananas. At the hills, Mr. Blades, who had thought the trip was a nature trail walk, is disappointed that Steven only focuses on the ripening bananas and not the view of Sandra Street the hill affords them. 3. Conflict a The main conflict revolves around Mr. Blades and Steven. Mr. Blades is a nature lover. He sees in Steven a similar spirit which is however latent. There is an uneasy relationship in which the master trains the pupil to appreciate his environment. The challenge is in showing Steve the beauty of his environment without telling him what stands out as beautiful. So it is a journey in which Steven awakens to the beauty that is his environment with Mr. Blades as his hands-off guide. 52 NB: This journey is made up of a series of conflicts between Blades and Steven. Identify all of them. B Kenneth s work and Steven This is one in the series of conflicts mentioned in a above. However it stands out because it runs through the entire story. Mr. Blades contrasts Kenneth s writing with that of Steve. Kenneth seems to have well developed observation powers Steve does not. It is Kenneth s composition on Sandra Street that Mr. Blades uses to arouse Steven s passion for nature. Although it is unprofessional, Mr. Blades uses Kenneth s work to criticize Steven s pp 103,106 . C Further, conflict develops between the boys from Sandra Street and those from the other side of town. Each writes disparagingly about the other s residential area resulting in two bruising battles. What is the import of these fights? Steven gives us the answer. He had written in anger what I thought of now in joy pp 99. Each of these pupils has a latent love of the environment in them. It however is not well directed. Mr. Blades tries to direct Steven s love of nature and remove the juvenile jealousy and hatred he possesses. D Steven experiences internal conflict. I First, although he likes to hear the steel band they do not have one in Sandra Street he puts it in his composition to disparage the other side of town he describes its sound as horrible pp98 . Ii As Steven begins to appreciate the beauty of Sandra Street, it also fills him with a sense of sadness.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.685303}
{"text": "D Steven experiences internal conflict. I First, although he likes to hear the steel band they do not have one in Sandra Street he puts it in his composition to disparage the other side of town he describes its sound as horrible pp98 . Ii As Steven begins to appreciate the beauty of Sandra Street, it also fills him with a sense of sadness. He says53 that certain sadness came over him as he looked over the houses across to the hills pp 100 . Iii Steven writes in his compositions about his experiences at the hills but hopes that Mr. Blades will not see the reality in it. He wonders how Mr. Blades had found out about the bananas; he put out to ripen in the roots of the immortelle pp104-105 . E Mr. Blades suffers internal conflict His dilemma is how to make the pupils appreciate Sandra Streets beauty without telling them what is beautiful. Thus, when he reads Kenneth s work class and appreciates it, he is misunderstood by the boys from Sandra Street. His attempts to placate them by reading stories that said nice things about Sandra Street fall through. Instead of telling them what to look out for, he gives them an assignment to write about the other side of town. His teaching style is allowing learners to discover. He makes a compromise by guiding one. 54 TWILIGHT TREK by SEFFI ATTA 1. Setting The story is set in Gao, Mali. It then moves through Mali and Algeria upto Tangier, a Moroccan coastal town. This is desert country ant the travelers suffer the heat of the scorching sun and constant sand storms. The trek itself must take place in the night- it covers two nights. The travelers stop at a camp on a mountain just outside Tangier. It is a stinking mess. 2. Plot The story opens with the narrator receiving a fake passport in the name of Jean Luc from an agent in Gao, Mali. He narrates how he sold marijuana to raise his fare. Impatient that the money was not coming in quickly enough, he steals from his employer. He threatens to send a gang to sodomise him then slit his throat. The narrator scales up his immigration time-table and starts his illegal immigration journey. At the start of the journey he meets Patience, a girl he travels with to the Tangier camp. During the journey they face a lot of suffering.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.7409995}
{"text": "The narrator scales up his immigration time-table and starts his illegal immigration journey. At the start of the journey he meets Patience, a girl he travels with to the Tangier camp. During the journey they face a lot of suffering. It is a bumpy ride and the sandstorms drive sand everywhere. In the day, they have to hide under the truck from the scorching sun. What is more, their guide increases the fare by 100 or he abandons them in the desert. They pay up and the second leg of their journey starts. Even this leg is disappointing. Their guide drops them at55 the foot of the mountain and they complete their journey on foot. When they reach the camp the narrator is shocked by the insalubrious conditions. Men, women and children all live under plastic sheets and there are no sanitation facilities in sight. Further, they are warned to be wary of thieves, Moroccan security forces, conmen and plagues. Their final destination, Cueta, presents a challenge to get to. Obazee says that he s been trying for six years but keeps getting caught by the police who beat him up. The narrator finds out from Obazee how to cross the sea and what dangers each mode of transport presents and the cost. This information excites him and he shares it with Patience who has resorted to reading the bible for solace. He is ready to meet her crossing fee. She wonders where he would get the money from. He shows her where his money is hidden. They wake up in the morning to find that Obazee is moving the camp further away from the security forces. The narrator wouldn t move because he is still waiting for Patience who had gone to Tangier to find a samsara . He also discovers that she has taken his money. He waits to no avail. He has to start all over again. 3. Conflict The story raises conflicts at different levels. External conflict develops at two levels. First there is conflict56 between people. Second, there is conflict between man and nature. The other level of conflict is internal. The narrator through his dreams understands that his mother s advice was worth taking yet he can t or wouldn t take it. We will now examine conflict in the chronological order that they are developed. I.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.7580693}
{"text": "The narrator through his dreams understands that his mother s advice was worth taking yet he can t or wouldn t take it. We will now examine conflict in the chronological order that they are developed. I. Illegal immigrant and foreign embassies pp109 The foreign embassies will not grant visas to illegal African immigrants effectively denying them an opportunity to move to Europe. The Africans believe they can still get to Europe. They will cross the Sahara and get to Morocco then cross the Mediterranean Sea into Spain. Ii. The narrator and drug seller pp 109 The narrator disagrees with his mother and runs away from home. To survive he sells marijuana. Dissatisfied with how much he was making, he steals from his employer. His employer in return promises to send a gang to sodomise him then slit his throat. To avoid this treatment he starts his journey to Europe. Iii. The narrator and his mother When the narrator was little his mother would dress him up like a girl. He would struggle during such treatment pp109 . When he got older, she tried to pimp him to a Lebanese man who liked light skinned boys. He runs away from home to avoid such treatment pp110 . Further, we learn that his dreams enhance this mother and57 child conflict. His mother tries to dissuade him from making the trip by narrating to him horror stories of illegal immigration attempts. He is still in Gao and would have turned back but he doesn t pp110 . In the second dream, she alludes to the Promised Land, a story from the bible. However, the people who seek the Promised Land end up us taxi drivers, night guards, cleaners of plates and toilets and some become homeless sleeping in the cold of ghettos and streets. Yet others go on to become sex slaves or cultural slaves pp113 4 . In his penultimate dream, his mother uses strong images of death to hint at Jeans imminent failure. He still does not take her advice. In the final dream she dismisses Patience as a common prostitute and that her reading of the bible was of no value. She gives him more stories of frustrated immigrants. He does not heed his mother s advice that he stays away from Patience and the trip. Iv. Illegal immigrants and nature When the trek gets underway, the travelers find out that they can only travel in the night and the winds are very cold then. The sand too presents a problem.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.7833207}
{"text": "Iv. Illegal immigrants and nature When the trek gets underway, the travelers find out that they can only travel in the night and the winds are very cold then. The sand too presents a problem. It hurts their eyes, stings their nostrils and mats their chests. It is also in their food and58 water. Their tongues swell so badly they cannot converse. Their legs are cramped. Others suffer from piles and wheezing chests. The conflict with nature continues when they stop in the day. They suffer the scorching sun and hide underneath the truck to avoid the heat. There is however no escaping the sand which is all over them including in their underpants pp112 113 . V. Travellers and Tuareg guide At the start of the second leg of their journey, the travellers get blackmailed by their Tuareg guide. They are deep in the Sahara desert and the guide tells them to pay an extra 100 each or he abandons them. They pay up pp114 5 vi. Illegal immigrants and environment a. The camp is insalubrious The narrator describes it as an open sewer pp115 . There is lack of privacy. Men, women and children all sleep under plastic sheets. The environment is a health hazard. B. They suffer constant bites from fleas. Many are coughing. They are warned that even the air that they breathe may carry plagues pp115 6 . C. At the camp they are told to beware of thieves, Moroccan security forces and con men. 59 vii. The narrator and Patience She steals his money and heads for Tangier and the world beyond. 4. Character and characterisation a. The narrator Independent minded When he was little his mother dressed him up as a girl and he d resist this. When she tried to pimp him out to a homosexual, he ran away from home. B. Gifted He plays football very well. This is the main reason why he wants to travel to Europe where he hopes to develop his talent further. C. Friendly Befriends Patience and helps her through the difficult times. He is willing to pay part of her fare. D. Na ve Trusts Patience and tells her where his money is hidden. She steals it and abandons him at the camp. E. Braggart He brags to Patience about his football skills and how he was going to make a career out of playing football in Europe.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.7979634}
{"text": "Irony - The most important instance of irony comes at the start of the story and it s concluded at the end. The narrator dupes his master and steals his cash. During the trek he befriends Patience. He builds a tent at the camp which he shares with her; he promises to meet the cost of her crossing the sea and to prove that he can he shows her the where the money is. She steals it and abandons him at the camp. It is the same money that he had stolen from his employer. -. Another instance of irony that runs through the story plays out between the narrator and his mother. She raised him with only one purpose in mind: to pimp him62 out to homosexuals. He flees from home because of this. However, throughout the trek she remains the only voice of reason through his dreams. She constantly impresses upon him the folly of his action. -. Obazee is also an ironic figure. He holds a degree. His knowledge and skills ought to be used in the service of the people of his country. He is however portrayed as lacking in imagination. For six years he is stuck in the camp described as an open sewer. All his attempts to get to Cueta have been thwarted by the Guardia Civil. He fancies himself as the leader of the camp. This is a complete waste of university education. NB: Find more instances of irony. Notice that each of these ironic situations points to a human weakness. That is satire. Now let us examine the things that have been satirised in this story. A Opportunism callousness of human nature and greed The writer satirises the callousness of human nature in taking advantage of those around them for personal gain. The opportunists satirised in this story include: The narrator At the time Patience steals from him he has 1000. This means that he stole a lot of money from his employer. The money has not brought him any benefit. First, the journey through the desert has been a very difficult one. Now far away from home he is not only destitute but he has no way of salvaging himself. Further, his inexperience has made him prey to the older Patience. 63 The narrator s employer He deals in marijuana. This drug corrupts the youth. What is more is that he uses the young Jean to peddle his drugs and pays him peanuts. The result is that Jean steals from him.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.8299768}
{"text": "This drug corrupts the youth. What is more is that he uses the young Jean to peddle his drugs and pays him peanuts. The result is that Jean steals from him. The narrator s mother She raises Jean with the intention of pimping him out to homosexuals. This is child abuse. She lamely tells him about the Lebanese: He ll only touch you . Her son runs away from home because he does not wish to be a homosexual. The Tuareg guide His greed is satirised. Deep in the desert he takes advantage of the travellers and asks them for more money or he abandons them. The poor souls would die in the desert. They pay up. Patience Her greed too is satirised. Jean was ready to share his loot with her so that they cross the sea into Spain together. She however steals his money and leaves him destitute. B Brutality violence i. The police The last time Obazee tries to get into Cueta illegally, the Guardia Civil catch him and beat him up severely. It is the Medecins Sans Frontieres that saves his life. Pp119 ii. Bandits There is talk that travellers are sometimes attacked by bearded moslems and bandits when their trucks break down in the desert. There is no64 guarantee that the police would arrive in time to rescue them. Such stories make some women turn back at the last moment pp111 . Iii. Samsara In his fourth dream, his mother narrates the story of the Senegalese girl who couldn t swim. The Samsara who carries her in his dhingy refuses to get close to the shore. He orders her to jump out of the dhingy into the sea and find her way somehow. Pp 121 c Collective folly of illegal of illegal immigration At the end of the first dream, the narrator s mother tells him that the lesson to be learned from the deportation story is that the world is round and that means if one ran too fast, one might end up chasing the very homeland one is running from. In his second dream she tells him the story of disillusionment. Those who finally reached The Promised Land wonder what they were chasing.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.8559914}
{"text": "Pp 121 c Collective folly of illegal of illegal immigration At the end of the first dream, the narrator s mother tells him that the lesson to be learned from the deportation story is that the world is round and that means if one ran too fast, one might end up chasing the very homeland one is running from. In his second dream she tells him the story of disillusionment. Those who finally reached The Promised Land wonder what they were chasing. They end up driving taxis,, washing plates and toilets, guarding buildings at night, sleeping in the streets, serving as sex slaves and enslaving themselves to the West through marriage pp113-4 The illegal immigrants have neither clear plans nor the money to get them to Spain from the camp. The narrator says of the people in the camp: These people here are not like any65 villagers; they are like refugees on television, squatting under plastic sheets: men, women and children. The implication is that they choose to lead a squalid life yet nobody sent them away from their villages which are more comfortable than the camps. Obazee gives a very poor show for an educated man. He lives a squalid life and fancies himself the camp leader demanding to be addressed with respect. How can a man who doesn t respect himself be respected by others. He should be using his university education to improve the lot of his people back at home. Six years have gone by with nothing achieved and many more will go by because he can neither go forward nor turn back. 7. POV The story is told from the first person point of view. It makes the story credible. We would not believe that people can be so wicked or so stupid unless we hear it from the horse s mouth. 8. A Appropriateness of the title Harrap s Essential English Dictionary defines a trek as a long journey usually on foot. Twighlight, on the other hand is the period immediately after sunset. Indeed the trek for the two days begins after sunset. In the day they rest to avoid the patrolling police. The journey is undoubtedly long although very little of it is done on foot. 66 Figuratively too, the sun is not yet up for this would be immigrants. They are not realistic in their ambition to immigrate. B Significant event The notice of revenge on Jean by the drug baron is the significant event in this story.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.8756788}
{"text": "66 Figuratively too, the sun is not yet up for this would be immigrants. They are not realistic in their ambition to immigrate. B Significant event The notice of revenge on Jean by the drug baron is the significant event in this story. He says that he could not afford to be sodomised against his will so he flees pp109 . C Aim of the author i. Show the ridiculous lengths to which people will go to try and improve their lot. Ii. Show human suffering occasioned by poor decision making. Q. 1 What are some of the elements that Sefi Atta exposes as ridiculous in Twilight Trek? Q. 2 Discuss the suffering the illegal immigrants undergo in Twilight Trek by Sefi Atta. 67 I STAND HERE IRONING BY TILLIE OLSEN 1. Setting The story is set in USA after the depression and WWII but before the economy had fully recovered. The narrator is ironing the family s clothes on an ironing board in her house. 2. The plot The narrator, a mother of five in her late 30 s, stands ironing her family s clothes. She reflects on a question asked her by somebody handling her daughter, probably a teacher at school. The unnamed person wants her to visit and give information that could be used to help her withdrawn daughter, Emily. She doesn t think she should go because she believes she doesn t have an answer. She believes her 19 year old daughter has lived through experiences that have altered her life in ways a mother cannot understand. Through her reflections, we however get the picture. Emily, very beautiful at birth, is her first born. Her husband abandons them when she is only eight months. The narrator, a working class mother, could not afford to employ a nanny. At first she left the baby with an inconsiderate neighbour. Later she took her to her grandparents. A year goes by before Emily reunites with her mother. Two reasons are given for this long period of separation. First, the narrator could not raise the fare. Second, Emily suffered an attack of chicken pox. 68 When she returns, their lot has not improved. She is shipped to school where she suffers in the hands of nasty children because of the scars left by chicken pox. She also suffers in the hands of inconsiderate teachers who sent her back to the bullies.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.883393}
{"text": "68 When she returns, their lot has not improved. She is shipped to school where she suffers in the hands of nasty children because of the scars left by chicken pox. She also suffers in the hands of inconsiderate teachers who sent her back to the bullies. What is more, the economic hardship makes her mother send her back to her grandparents. When she returns, she finds that she has a new father. Things get worse for Emily when her siblings start coming: four in total. Her mother barely has time to smile at her, let alone comfort her in the nights when she has nightmares. She therefore feels rejected and unwanted. The only saving grace is that her condition, we are not told what it is, impairs her growth. She therefore looks much younger than her age. Inconsiderate children tease her because she does not fit the picture of the stereotype beauty. Her younger sister does not help much. She too bullies Emily. In the end, the narrator is less harassed by the task of parenting. The children have grown older and don t require much attention. She begins to pay more attention to Emily. At first these moments are rejected. Gradually, communication does begin to take place but only on Emily s terms. The narrator is therefore hopeful that ho intervention is requires and that her daughter will end up well. 69 3. Conflict i. All the conflicts in this story centre on Emily and the challenges she goes through from infancy to young adulthood. She is born to young parents who have no means of raising her. Her mother is only 19 and America is going through its worst economic crisis: the great depression. Clearly not ready for the sacrifices of parenthood, her father abandons them when she is only eight months old. She lacks a father s love throughout her life. Her new daddy does not fare any better. In the night when her mother is tired and cannot comfort her when she has nightmares, he does not step in. Ii. Her mother s love is not forthcoming either. At eight months she has to be with a neighbour during the day as her mother earns her keep. When the financial crisis deepens, she has to go and live with her grandparents for one year. During this period there is absolutely no contact between mother and daughter. This movement to her grandparents happens twice. When she reunites with her mother at the age of 2, she has to go to school. This is the only way her mother could go to work.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.9161592}
{"text": "This movement to her grandparents happens twice. When she reunites with her mother at the age of 2, she has to go to school. This is the only way her mother could go to work. School exposes her to more loneliness. She is tormented by both pupils and teachers pp129-30 . Emily s conflict with her mother worsens when the clinic persuades her to send Emily away to the convalescent home in the country. For the first six weeks the narrator was not allowed to see her daughter. When she was finally allowed, she70 could only speak to her daughter from a distance. The situation was made worse because Emily was not allowed to hold or keep the many letters her parents wrote her. They were only read to her once. Emily s mother also remembers a time when an old man living in the back told her that she should smile at Emily a little more when she looked at her. This was a t a time when Emily was an only child. The narrator remembers this when the other children had come and they were receiving the smiles but it was too late for Emily pp130 iii. The other conflict develops between Emily and her siblings. When Susan was born, her mother was away in hospital for one week. Upon her return, Emily was not allowed near her mother or the baby for another week. She had to endure two weeks of loneliness. As a result, she became delirious with fever pp131 . What is more is that she didn t get better, and suffered nightmares. When she called out to her mother, she d ask her to go back to sleep because it was just a dream. She was too exhausted looking after Susan there was no energy left to look after Emily. There are more problems with Susan. The narrator refers to the relationship between them as poisonous. Their mother acknowledges that she solved the conflicts between the two very badly. She blamed Emily for them. She says that Emily had a corroding resentment towards Susan. 71 Then there is the social contest between the siblings. Susan had the good looks that Emily lacked. Further, she was more confident and articulate than Emily. She stole Emily s jokes and riddles and the audience lived her. The most cruel thing was losing or breaking Emily s precious things without apology and getting away with it pp133-4 iv. The instance between Emily and a boy she loved Emily loved a boy painfully through two semesters.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.9409516}
{"text": "She is brought out as a very ordinary woman who has both weaknesses and strengths. A Strengths i. Determined She looks after her family despite the economic strain. She says that she d go out to work or go out to look for work pp128 . 73 ii. Responsible Looked after Emily as best as she could. When she couldn t be there, she left her with a neighbour or took her to her grandparents. Iii. Reflective At the beginning of the story, someone has asked her to visit and give insights that might help improve Emily s lot. The rest of the story is her reflection on what her achievements and failures have been in bringing up Emily. Iv. Honest She admits her mistakes in the upbringing of Emily. She was distracted both by poverty and the sheer amount of work involved in raising five children almost single handedly. She says that the first six years of Emily s life, she was either away working or Emily was away with her grandparents pp136 . When Susan was born she was too exhausted in the nights to comfort Emily when she had nightmares pp 131 . B Weaknesses i. Fearful She is afraid that she may not raise her child right. Emily is brought up by the book. She is fed when the book says she should and not a minute too soon pp127 . She fears to raise the child alone and often sends her back to her paternal grandparents home although her husband had deserted her pp128 . 74 She is afraid of going to talk to the person who wants insights into Emily s life. In fact, she will not go. She says, Let her daughter be; the only thing that Emily needs to know is that she is not helpless pp136 . She sends her child to the convalescence home for fear she would be taken away from her. The child only returns when the social worker says so even though it was clear to her long ago that the home was not improving Emily. Ii. Biased She was more lenient with Susan than she was with Emily. She says that when it came to balancing the hurts and the needs between Emily and Susan, she did badly in the earlier years. This was because she felt that Emily had a corroding resentment towards Susan. She did not smile as readily with Emily as she did with the other children.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.9793084}
{"text": "She says that when it came to balancing the hurts and the needs between Emily and Susan, she did badly in the earlier years. This was because she felt that Emily had a corroding resentment towards Susan. She did not smile as readily with Emily as she did with the other children. She remembers the old neighbour s admonition that she smiles more readily with Emily. This face of joy she admits she started wearing too late for Emily. She therefore does not smile as easily as the others pp130 . She readily made Emily miss school but is very strict with her siblings school attendance pp133 . 75 iii. Resigned She is resigned to the fact that Emily is different from the other children. When she went to school to watch Emily s performance, she only recognized the Emily that nearly drowned into the curtains. She however cannot come to terms with the Emily that is spell binding and exuding control, command and confidence. Little wonder that she does nothing to nurture Emily s talent pp135 . That is to say that according to her Emily is a misfit and that is how things should stay. 5. Themes i. Poverty The narrator is a working class mother. She says that she worked or was out looking for work pp128 . The long hours she spent ironing are indicative that she could not afford to employ somebody to do it. Her daughter asks her: Aren t you ever going to finish the ironing, mother? Pp135 . Of Emily s condition, she says: We were poor and could not afford for her the soil of easy growth pp136 . The goodbye note that Emily s father writes is another indication that they are poor. He writes: He could no longer endure sharing want with them pp128 . Want as a noun means a state of extreme poverty. Ii. Suffering Emily s life is one of suffering right form birth. 76 Being a first born, her mother brought her up by the book. This meant that she had to endure hours of hunger because her mother only fed her when the book said that she should. At eight months her father walks out on them. She has to be left with a neighbour, who didn t like her very much, when her mother went out to work or look for work.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406268.9623153}
{"text": "This meant that she had to endure hours of hunger because her mother only fed her when the book said that she should. At eight months her father walks out on them. She has to be left with a neighbour, who didn t like her very much, when her mother went out to work or look for work. Later she is sent to her father s relatives because her mother could not afford to raise her. At her grandparents she comes down with small pox which scars her face for life. Then there was her stay at the convalescent home. For the first six weeks she is not allowed to see he mother. When she if finally allowed to visit, they can only see on another from a distance lest the children are contaminated. Further, the only friend that Emily makes, a little girl, is taken away from her. Emily laments that: They don t want like you to love anybody here pp132 . There is someone else Emily loved. This is the boy at school. She even stole money from her mother s purse to buy him his favourite candy. He however liked Jennifer better. NB: There are many more instances of Emily s suffering. Identify and illustrate all of them. Do you think the narrator too undergoes suffering? Explain your answer. 77 iii. Family relationships Try to find answers to the following issues raised about Emily s family. Trace the development of the relationship between Emily and her mother. Give illustrations to show that the relationship between Emily and Susan is a sour one. Supply evidence to show that Emily s four siblings got preferential treatment. 6. POV This story is told by the first person. The events are made more credible through the use of stream of consciousness. The narrator s reflections and the memories jump from one thought to another as she gives us insights on why Emily turned out the way she did. 7. A Appropriateness of title The title is symbolic It is a symbol of the poverty of the narrator and the general harsh economic period in which Emily was born and raised. Besides putting in long hours for the people who employ her, the narrator had to put up even longer hours to take care of her own household chores.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.0279949}
{"text": "7. A Appropriateness of title The title is symbolic It is a symbol of the poverty of the narrator and the general harsh economic period in which Emily was born and raised. Besides putting in long hours for the people who employ her, the narrator had to put up even longer hours to take care of her own household chores. It is also a symbol of the tortured thoughts and memories that go through the narrator s mind as she tries to understand why Emily turned out the way she did. Finally it is a symbol of hope. At the end of the story the narrator says that Emily should know that she is78 not as helpless as the dress on the ironing board before the iron. B Significant event The significant event in this story is Emily s father deserting his wife and daughter when Emily is only eight months old . C Aim of the author The writer depicts the suffering endured by the working class families in America during the great depression. Question Write an essay to show the suffering that Emily has endured in her 19 years. 79 THE RETRACTION BY STANLEY O. KENANI 1. Setting The story is set in three countries. First, there is the narrator s home country, Zambia. Part of it is set in his village and part of it in the capital, Lusaka. Secondly, it is set in Lilongwe, Malawi. The final setting is Johannesburg, South Africa. The movement between Botolo and Lusaka dominates the story. Another important aspect of the setting is the contrived setting. The contrast in the two contrived settings brings out the futility of the complaint letter against Tatha. 2. The plot The narrator receives an email from Tatha, a former airline hostess, with Malawi Air. She complains that she loses her job on account of a complaint letter that the narrator writes. Through a series of flashbacks, we learn exactly how he came to write the complaint. The airline served alcoholic drinks on the plane. However, the hostesses were under strict instructions to give additional drinks to passengers only after they had finished what they had been served. This was the only limitation. The narrator however comes from a culture in which pride at a drinking place depends on the number of bottles that one places on the table.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.0438542}
{"text": "However, the hostesses were under strict instructions to give additional drinks to passengers only after they had finished what they had been served. This was the only limitation. The narrator however comes from a culture in which pride at a drinking place depends on the number of bottles that one places on the table. Every time he rings for a hostess, it is Tatha that appears and politely declines to serve him an extra drink unless he has finished what he s been served. Towards the end of the journey, another hostess asks the passengers to write down their comments on slips of80 paper that she provides. The narrator confesses he was drunk having been drinking for two hours but still gives his comments. He alleges that Tatha had been rude to him throughout the flight. Tatha s email touches him so much that he sells most of the things that he d bought with the prize money and travels by road to Malawi, a 1000km journey, to retract his complaints and to personally apologise to Tatha. He does not get the responses he had expected and travels back home crestfallen but happy with what he had done. Years later, he sees Tatha in a magazine crowned the hostess of the year at Kenya Airways. 3. Conflict i. Tatha and Zgambo This is the main conflict in the story. Tatha s dream from childhood has been to work for Air Malawi. This she has achieved and wishes to develop her career. What brings her and Zgambo together is fate. Fate would have it that Zgambo would win an air ticket at a raffle draw courtesy of the Lundazi District council. Fate would have it that he boards the plane on which Tatha was on duty. Fate would have it that at drinks time, the less sophisticated Zgambo, would wish to invoke his tribal pride of beer drinking. Fate would have it that airline drink policy allowed for only one drink at a time and Tatha would politely advice him so. However, there was no upper limit. Fate would have it that Zgambo would take advantage of the upper limit policy and get drank. Finally, fate would have it that the airline, in a bid to offer world class services, had resorted to seeking passengers views on the flight and that the drunken Zgambo would81 make his comments that Tatha had been rude to him throughout the flight. That s it.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.058773}
{"text": "Fate would have it that Zgambo would take advantage of the upper limit policy and get drank. Finally, fate would have it that the airline, in a bid to offer world class services, had resorted to seeking passengers views on the flight and that the drunken Zgambo would81 make his comments that Tatha had been rude to him throughout the flight. That s it. A man s ego took advantage of company policy and ruined ta fledgling career. This conflict is further developed when Zgambo visits Blantyre to retract his comments. He goes to Tatha s home and she bluntly refuses to welcome him despite the rain. She claims that the apology would do her no good, nor will the retraction amount to anything. Finally, he turns to leave and she runs up to him to ask him in until the rains die down. She adds that she was confused by the whole event. He declines to go in with her. Ii. Zgambo and the airline s CEO Zgambo gets to Blantyre and visits the Malawi Air office. His intention is to meet the CEO and retract his comments. He does meet the CEO but finds out that the retraction is not a one man affair. The CEO has to present the matter to the disciplinary committee. There was nothing more for Zgambo to o but leave. Iii. Zgambo and other service providers. A Zgambo and the caf receptionist She was downright rude to him. He says there was a trace of irritation, sarcasm or both in her voice. Further, she does not wait for his full name but fills the entire space with his surname in block letters and in very poor handwriting. She then tears off the receipt before he finishes spelling his name and hands it to him. This is because she was in a hurry to close. 82 b Zgambo and bus service to Blantyre The buses were small and jam packed with sweating humanity. The bus industry sacrificed human comfort for the sole purpose of maximising revenue. What is more, they did not entertain comments on the services they provided. C Zgambo and Malawi Air receptionist The receptionist spoke endlessly on the phone as she served Zgambo. She dismisses his pleas the he sees the CEO sooner just so that she can get back to her telephone conversation. Hardly a world class service. The call was not a business one. 4. Character and characterisation i.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.1032865}
{"text": "The call was not a business one. 4. Character and characterisation i. Zgambo a Careless irresponsible He made disparaging comments about Tatha s work to take revenge on an employee who had declined to soothe his ego because what he demanded was against company policy. As a result, she lost her job. B Reflective Upon receiving Tatha s email about the consequences of his actions, he reviews the events on the plane and says that he had not acted judiciously. He seeks to correct his actions by retracting the comments he d written. C Determined He seeks the most effective way to make the retraction. It turns out emails are not taken seriously and the Zambian postal system is ineffective. He is left with only one option: travelling to Malawi. To achieve this he has to sell most of the things that he d83 bought using the gift shopping voucher from the raffle. He sold most of the things at a fraction of their cost. Further, he endured the discomfort of the buses and inns to make the retraction in person. Finally, he patiently waits for several hours to meet the CEO and makes his retraction. D Concerned He is bothered that his comments resulted in Tatha losing her job. After meeting the CEO he walks out feeling assured that Tatha would be reinstated. He is relieved when he finds out a couple of years later that Tatha got a new job and was excelling at it. 5. Themes i. Integrity This is the main theme of the story. Many characters display a lot of dishonesty in this story. For example, the narrator only learns that his actions on the plane lacked integrity after they had caused Tatha her job. Most of the service providers he meets lack integrity and are merely concerned about themselves. Therefore the services they offer are poor at best. Malawi Air too is a prisoner of its own policies. They were quick to dismiss Tatha on account of a comment from a solitary passenger who was drunk. The claims were not verifiable. What is more, they were at pains to rescind an unfair decision that they had made even after a personal retraction by the complainant. They also have double standards: passengers on their planes are asked to make comments on the quality of service but visitors to their offices are given such an opportunity.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.14755}
{"text": "The claims were not verifiable. What is more, they were at pains to rescind an unfair decision that they had made even after a personal retraction by the complainant. They also have double standards: passengers on their planes are asked to make comments on the quality of service but visitors to their offices are given such an opportunity. As a result,84 the receptionist uses company resources, time and phone, for personal benefit without fear of retribution. Finally and most importantly, Tatha acted with integrity but lost her job on account of bureaucracy. However, because of her integrity she lands a similar job in a different company and is soon crowned Employee of the Year. Integrity pays. Suffering Another theme worth examining is suffering. Find out all the characters that undergo suffering in this story. Name them and illustrate the suffering they go through. 6. Style i. Irony The chief device that the author uses in this story is irony. The narrator had complained about Tatha s alleged rudeness on the flight to South Africa. Her behaviour is contrasted with the other service providers who are downright rude to him. This makes Tatha s integrity stand out. Ii. Symbolism The rain is a symbol of suffering. We encounter rain in the evening the evening that Zgambo went to visit Tatha. We are told that it was raining when the taxi they were in pulled over in front of Tatha s house. The narrator steps out of the cab and into the rain. In the seconds that it takes him to reach the door, he was heavily soaked. His entire conversation with Tatha is held with the rain hitting him hard. He pleads with Tatha to let him in because it was freezing cold in the rain. After Tatha dismissed him and shut the door in85 his face, he stands facing the door for a long time oblivious of the rain. When he chooses to walk away, Tatha calls him back but he walks on. She joins him in the rain and tries to convince him to stay in the house until the rain stops. She says that her actions were as a result of the pain she was filled with. The rain therefore symbolises the suffering that the two undergo. 7. POV The story is told from the first person point of view. The narrator makes a mistake for which he wishes to make amends. The story is about the challenges he faces in his attempt to retract his comment on Tatha s conduct on the flight to South Africa.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.1769638}
{"text": "POV The story is told from the first person point of view. The narrator makes a mistake for which he wishes to make amends. The story is about the challenges he faces in his attempt to retract his comment on Tatha s conduct on the flight to South Africa. Coming from the horses mouth, the story is credible. The honest remorse of the narrator is evident. 8. A Appropriateness of title The retraction is an appropriate title because the narrator made a comment on Tatha s conduct that he should not have made. He tells the Malawi Air CEO exactly that. But the real story is in the lessons he learns as he tries to make the retraction. He learns that most people discharge their duties completely devoid of integrity and that he had judged the one person who served him with integrity wrong. Above all, he learns that his efforts to make the retraction did not go to waste. Tatha did get a job at a new company and continued to excel. 86 b Significant event The significant event in this story is Tatha writing a email to complain to Zgambo that he has hurt her career. Without this email he would never have known that he had wronged Tatha. It is responsible for his making the retraction. C Aim of the author This is a morality story. The writer cautions us against doing things just because we can. There is a need to reflect upon the possible outcomes of our actions on the people we deal with. People should behave with integrity whether or not they are being watched. The message in short is that integrity pays. TASK We like to cause suffering to ourselves and those around us. Write an essay to show the validity of this statement using The Retraction by Stanley O. Kenani for your illustrations87 The Bamboo Hut by Grace Ogot 1. Setting The story is set among the people who live on the shores of Lake Victoria. It is a rural setting in the era of the African chieftaincy. The story is completely devoid of Western influence and examines the shortcomings of the inherited chieftaincy and how this affects the chief s family. Further, it examines the morality of the decisions these people make owing to the pressure of the inherited chieftaincy. 2. The Plot Chief Mboga goes to the foot of the Ramogi Hills to pray for a son. He is a man both stressed and depressed because none of his many wives have borne him a son to inherit his throne.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.1713927}
{"text": "2. The Plot Chief Mboga goes to the foot of the Ramogi Hills to pray for a son. He is a man both stressed and depressed because none of his many wives have borne him a son to inherit his throne. This is the final plea he is making on this sacred spot. His wife, Achieng is pregnant and due to give birth soon. Unknown to anybody, she is carrying twins. Two months after Mboga s visit to the sacred hill she gives birth alone at the river bank where she had gone to fetch water. She is disappointed when she gives birth to a baby girl. Her disappointment is not long lived though because she goes into labour again and this time the twin is a boy. Overjoyed and desiring to please her husband, she abandons the girl child by the bank and takes the boy back home to the happy chief. Her secret tears at her heart but when she goes back to the river bank after staying indoors for the mandatory 4 days, the baby is not there. 88 Many years later the chief encounters a girl that impresses him with her bravery and he wishes that his son marries her. His son, Owiny, too is impressed by the girl and vows to marry none other. However, the protocol of marriage in a chief s home has to be followed. It turns out that nobody knows the girl s father because her foster mother had found her abandoned by the river bank soon after birth. The right decision is reached at the chief s home: his son cannot marry a woman of unknown parentage. Owiny would have none of this. He had set his eyes on Awiti and no substitute would appease him. Achieng is a tortured mother. Awiti s story fits that of the child she had abandoned by the river bank. She has no choice but to tell the truth. The chief has a moral obligation to punish her for the wrong that she had done. It was taboo to throw away a new born child and she was therefore not worthy of being the chief s wife He chooses not to and instead organises a celebration and keeps his family together. 3. Conflict i. Mboga and the gods Chief Mboga feels that the gods have denied him happiness. For many years he had beseeched Ramogi, the ancestor of the Luo people, to intercede on his behalf for a son.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.2280967}
{"text": "Conflict i. Mboga and the gods Chief Mboga feels that the gods have denied him happiness. For many years he had beseeched Ramogi, the ancestor of the Luo people, to intercede on his behalf for a son. He is not happy because he hasn t a son to inherit his chieftaincy. Ii. Achieng She badly wanted to please her husband by being the first wife to bear him a son. So focused is she89 that when she gives birth to twins se abandons the girl child by the river bank for she argues that she will spoil the fun. She soon finds out that this decision comes back to haunt her. She can neither find the child she had abandoned nor the peace of mind that should have come naturally to her for bearing the heir to the chief s throne. Iii. Owiny and Mboga Owiny is very disappointed when he finds out that he cannot marry Awiti. He tells his father that he has chosen Awiti over the beaded stool. Iv. Achieng and Mboga Achieng realises that she is the only one who can resolve the conflict between her husband and son. However, this comes with a risk to her personal safety. If she reveals that she had abandoned a new born baby, then the rules demanded that she be sent away. She chooses to tell the truth despite the consequences. The chief too has a problem because he risks breaking his family. He makes up his mind to keep Achieng despite the mistake that she had committed because losing her would break his heart. Further, he argues that she had borne a lot of pain when she lost the opportunity of seeing her child. 4. Character and characterisation Mboga: traditional, merciful, strict, authoritarian Owiny: resolute stubborn, Achieng : decisive90 5. Themes i. Tradition A number of Luo traditional practices are brought out in this story: Marriage, child naming, chieftaincy, religion ii. Clemency forgiveness Achieng had gone against the rules of the community. As a result, she was supposed to be sent away. The chief gives two extenuating circumstances against effecting this decision. The first is the heartache it was going to cause him to lose the woman he loved; secondly, he pitied her for the pain she had lived with upon losing her daughter.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.291791}
{"text": "As a result, she was supposed to be sent away. The chief gives two extenuating circumstances against effecting this decision. The first is the heartache it was going to cause him to lose the woman he loved; secondly, he pitied her for the pain she had lived with upon losing her daughter. The third reason is a very interesting revelation: people have secrets and he does not know the extent of these secrets. But it makes him learn that though he was a powerful chief, he was still human and his own family kept secrets from him. Iii. Power authority Chief Mboga although considered a mighty leader understands his limitations. If the chieftaincy is to remain in his lineage he has to sire a son. There is nothing he can do about this. Besides, he needs a son to look after him because he has no authority to keep his daughters from going away upon attaining marriage age. Further, he follows all the laid down procedures to prepare for the marriage of his son. When it turns out that his son cannot marry Awiti, he does91 not use his office unjustly to influence the marriage although he risks losing his son for he is determined to marry Awiti. The import of this is that leadership is a challenge and that the use of power authority for the common good is its sole object. This the mighty chief achieves. The only time he uses his office to suit his purposes is the time he refuses to send Awiti away but chooses to celebrate the return of his daughter. 6. POV This story is told from a third person point of view. This is appropriate because it is a controlled admiration of a leader by his subjects. Any other point of view would have been subjective. The audience is able to find reason to admire the leadership of Mboga as he deals with a difficult period in his tenure involving personal matters. He comes out us a leader who makes judicious decisions. Certainly leadership is not a bed of roses. 7. A Aptness of title The title is symbolic. The bamboo hut in Mboga s home was beautifully built and well kept, however it was reserved for the woman who would bear the chief a son. Achieng does and she is treated with the respect that the hut was. When the chief learns of the mistake she had committed in order to please him, she is forgiven her sins. That decision too is symbolic because it brings out the gentler side of the chief or the human face of leadership.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.3167903}
{"text": "Achieng does and she is treated with the respect that the hut was. When the chief learns of the mistake she had committed in order to please him, she is forgiven her sins. That decision too is symbolic because it brings out the gentler side of the chief or the human face of leadership. The bamboo plant is a delicate one just like the decision the chief had to take on this issue. 92 b Significant event The significant event is the arrival of the twins; in particular their being born by the river bank away from prying eyes. This allows Achieng to make a personal decision that allows the story to develop. C The aim of the author The author is concerned with the pressures that people in position of authority have to deal with as they conduct their business. Mboga is called a great chief; some also call him a mighty chief. This is because he applies the rules even when his family is affected and all this to the common good. This therefore should be the goal of any leader. Task Leadership is not a bed of roses. Discuss this assertion in light of the events in this story. 93 TUESDAY SIESTA by GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ COLOMBIA 1. Setting The story is set in Colombia. Part of the setting is the train and the other is the banana growing plantations of Colombia. The train affords us an opportunity to get a closer look at the mother and her daughter. One thing that is very clear is their poverty. But we also get a great insight into their self-esteem. The banana plantations they pass on their way to their destination depict the monotony of life which is made worse by the hot weather that brings life to a standstill for a couple of hours every day. This stifling heat is a very important component of the setting. It helps to develop the oppressive nature of relationships among these people. 2. The plot We meet a bereaved family, mother and daughter, on a train. They are on their way to mourn her only son who had been shot allegedly in the act of stealing. The town they are going to is far away necessitating the train ride which the deceased s sister is taking for the first time. Upon disembarking from the train, they walk straight to the church and demand to see the deceased s grave. It turns out that the deceased was not known even by the priest.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.312032}
{"text": "The town they are going to is far away necessitating the train ride which the deceased s sister is taking for the first time. Upon disembarking from the train, they walk straight to the church and demand to see the deceased s grave. It turns out that the deceased was not known even by the priest. He hears his name for the first time from the mother of the deceased. He begs her to wait until the sun goes down before she goes to the cemetery but she insists she has a train to catch at three. He94 gives her the key to the cemetery and follows it up with a question on poor upbringing. The deceased s mother protests that she raised her son as a morally upright person but he was only a victim of their poverty. By this time word has done the rounds about their presence and a sizeable crowd of curious onlookers has already gathered outside the church to catch a glimpse of mother and daughter. The priests best efforts to dissuade her from walking into the crowd fail. 3. Conflict a The most noticeable conflict is between the people and the weather. The heat is extreme. On the train the oppressive nature of the weather is described in a number of ways. The air became humid and they could not feel the sea breeze any more. Pp165 By twelve the heat had begun. Pp166 The band was playing a lively tune under the oppressive sun. Pp166 A dry burning wind came in the window pp168 When they get off the train we get more descriptions of the heat: The town was floating in the heat. Pp168 The woman and the girl walked over to the shady side of the street. Pp168 It was two. At that time, weighed down by the drowsiness, the town was taking a siesta. Pp168 95 In some houses, it was so hot that the residents ate lunch in the patio. Pp168 At the parish house we are told, An electric fan was humming inside . Pp168 The priest asks the mother why she has to go to the cemetery in the heat and pleads with her to wait until the sun goes down. Pp170 The priests sister tells her that she will melt in the hot streets.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.3687088}
{"text": "Pp168 At the parish house we are told, An electric fan was humming inside . Pp168 The priest asks the mother why she has to go to the cemetery in the heat and pleads with her to wait until the sun goes down. Pp170 The priests sister tells her that she will melt in the hot streets. Pp173 b The mourners and time When the story opens we are told that it was 11:00am. On that train trip we are continually reminded of the passage of time. By twelve, the heat had begun. Pp166 It was almost two. Pp168 This is the time they disembark from the train. At the priests house she is told to go back after three and she replies that the train leaves at three-thirty. Hers therefore is a race against time. Ironically, in her hosts town, time is of no importance, it comes to a standstill at eleven and wakes a little before four. Pp168 c The mourners and poverty The narrator tells us that the woman and her child were both in severe and poor mourning clothes. Pp165 Further, we are told that they were the only passengers in the lone third-class car. Pp165 The woman we are told bore the conscientious serenity of someone accustomed to poverty. Pp166 96 4. Character and characterisation a Bereaved mother i. Dignified Having or showing self-esteem She does not allow her poverty to result in low self-esteem. On the train she sits upright and we are told that she bore the conscientious serenity of someone accustomed to poverty. She is concerned about their looks. As they are about to disembark from the train she gives her a comb and asks her to comb her hair. She too dries the sweat from her neck and wiped the oil from her face. At the priests house she shows calm determination as she insists that she has an emergency and needs to be served. When the priest does not understand who Carlos is, she tells him that he was the thief that was killed a week ago and that she was his mother. Asked why she did raise a morally upright son, she says that she did and that he was a very good man.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.416025}
{"text": "At the priests house she shows calm determination as she insists that she has an emergency and needs to be served. When the priest does not understand who Carlos is, she tells him that he was the thief that was killed a week ago and that she was his mother. Asked why she did raise a morally upright son, she says that she did and that he was a very good man. He however had no work and may have moved to the plantations in search of better pasture, having lost all his teeth to boxing. The crowds that gather to stare at her make the priest and his sister very uncomfortable but not her. She tells them that she is all right and walks right into the crowd. 97 5. Themes a Human relations This is the major theme of this story. The young man died an unnecessary death. There is no hint of insecurity in the area. For 28 years she had lived alone and had never had to fire the gun. His death was not looked at as tragic because no one knew him. When the priest asks her to identify herself, she does so confidently and in precise details. This makes the priest uncomfortable he blushes . We can only infer that owing to her circumstances he had not expected her to be so dignified. The members of this community break from their languid siesta routine and move out into the streets to catch a glimpse of the mother of a thief. The priest and his sister are so scared by the scene they try to dissuade her from going out but in vain. She does not lose her self-esteem and walks out into the streets filling up with crowds of people. The bereaved mother is therefore a symbol of people who life has treated badly but do not succumb to the labels that society ascribes them. They are strong willed and dignified. B Suffering This is the other theme developed in the story. I. The bereaved mother shows a lot of stoicism as she mourns the death of her son. We are told that the priest looks at them in amazement when he realises that they were not going to cry. Pp171 98 ii. Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in which no one knows her family and against her son s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks her whether she ever tried to get him on the right track.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.471243}
{"text": "Pp171 98 ii. Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in which no one knows her family and against her son s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks her whether she ever tried to get him on the right track. The priest is evidently find fault with her parenting ability. Pp171 iii. This family cannot afford good clothing. We are told that mother and daughter were dressed in severe mourning clothes. Further, the deceased we are told used a rope for a belt and was barefoot. Iv. This family also faces discrimination. The crowds break from their routine siesta just to catch a glimpse of the deceased man s family. The priests sister is so scared she tells them that they were going to melt. The mother stoically endures the questioning stares of the people who want to see what the mother of a thief looks like. The members of this community too have their own problems. V. The heat is evidently one of the things that cause them untold suffering. They have to close down public schools, offices, and stores everyday at 11:00am and open just before 4:00pm on account of the heat. Vi. The priest too has his moment of suffering. When he asks the woman to identify herself, she does so with so much confidence that the he blushes and breaks into a sweat. His suffering stems from the fact that he had judged the woman99 badly and her sense of self-esteem is what puts him under undue pressure. 6. Style The chief style in this story is symbolism. I. The heat In its tedium, that is monotony, the heat represents the deceased s mother s life. It is very oppressive and has few choices if any. She has raised her children well telling them what is wrong and what is right. This does not however save her son from the harsh realities of life. He has to eat. He takes to boxing which to say the least only hurts her son. When he abandons this, he moves further afield only to die in search of food. She has to face the curious crowd outside the church. If she stays until the sun goes down then she will miss the 3:30pm train and she does not have the means to lodge in the town for the night. NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.4542027}
{"text": "If she stays until the sun goes down then she will miss the 3:30pm train and she does not have the means to lodge in the town for the night. NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. The heat controls how their day is run. They routinely break at eleven and resume work at four. Nothing exciting happens nor do they create avenues for entertainment. This is why the diversion presented from their routine by the arrival of the mourners stirs them from their routine. 100 ii. The death of her son symbolises fate. The nature of his death is such that nobody could save him. He had just arrived in the town, no one knew him but he was hungry and was ignorant of the risk of knocking on people s doors in the night as a stranger. His mother accepts this reality stoically. She tells the priest that she is the mother of the thief that was killed there the previous week. She also does not question the reason for her poverty. She takes it for a fact and lives in it with dignity. She pays for third class car because that is what they can afford; it is instructive that they are the only ones in the car- it means most people can afford to pay for better transportation. It does not bother her that they are the only passengers on it. However, before they disembark she makes sure that she and her daughter are as presentable as they can be. 7. POV The story is told from a third person point of view. It is however omniscient objective. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. We have to interpret the events on our own. This is good for the story because the author wants us to see things as they are. He does not wish to unduly influence our thinking. However, the details offered are sufficient to convince us that human beings are very quick to judge one another and often with very wrong conclusions being jumped to. 101 8 a Appropriateness of title The title of this story is appropriate. It is the Tuesday of August. It is a typical hot day in the calendar of the banana plantation people. They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.5181878}
{"text": "It is the Tuesday of August. It is a typical hot day in the calendar of the banana plantation people. They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta. This unfortunately will not be an ordinary siesta because an event happens that wakes them from their mid-day sleep: the mother of the slain thief is in town and everyone wants to catch a glimpse of her. So it is for them a story about a Tuesday that their siesta was interfered with. B Significant event The significant event in this story is the decision of the mother of the slain thief to visit her slain sons grave. Her trip necessitates that we learn about her economic background and why the slaying of her son was fated. C Aim of the author. The author picks a sad event in the life of a poor mother to show us how strong we can be both in adversity and grinding poverty. No one can therefore take your self-esteem from you but yourself. First we must view ourselves with pride then those around us will see our dignity. 102 Two Stories of a House by Leila Abouzeid Morocco 1. Setting This is story is set in a Moroccan town. It is told in two parts. The first part is set in a courthouse while the second part is set in the roof house of an old woman. The first setting is a very formal one with a government officer presiding and passing judgment. The second one is very informal and the two old women pass their own judgment. 2. The plot Khadija Bent Ahmed has lost the house she has lived in for over thirty years and has therefore taken the matter to court. The defendant is Meeluda Bent Albacheer, her land lady. Khadija feels that she has paid rent all those years and been of help socially to the defendant and this ought to give her ownership of the house. Meeluda on the other hand thinks that the rent was insignificant and it does not make Khadija an owner. She therefore convinced Khadija to vacate the house for renovation upon which she would return. This was not to be. Khadija s house was the first floor and to get there she had to use the stairs. Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.557931}
{"text": "Khadija s house was the first floor and to get there she had to use the stairs. Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down. The judge s verdict: Khadija should go and take her belongings and cease to lay any claim on the property. In her devastated mood, Khadija learns of an old woman with a story similar to hers. She goes there to share her story. The woman tells her about her own tribulations which she feels are even more devastating103 than Khadija s. Her husband of over forty years had divorced her and married a girl below twenty years old. What annoys her is that she was the girl s benefactor. The girl was pregnant out of wedlock and was hiding from her brothers. Since the old woman was barren she gets into a deal with the girl that she will hide her shame and in return she would leave the child she was carrying to her. Her husband takes to the girl and marries her and then divorces the old woman. Although she keeps the two children twins their mother secretly meets them every day when the old woman is out of the house. 3. Conflict The first conflict is between Khadija and Meeluda Kahdija feels that she should own the property she has lived in for over thirty years. Her claim does not make sense. She has been a tenant and therefore she was paying for a service. This is Meeluda s argument which the judge upholds. This conflict however reveals some very important facts. Khadija also had a conflict with her husband. She feels that her husband squandered the family wealth through his generosity. He was hospitable at the expense of his family. This also brings us to another very important fact: women have no right to own property. It appears that it is the men who handle family finances. So even though Khadija knew how best to spend the family s104 resources in order to secure her future, she was not allowed to make financial decisions. This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorcee She is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.5968556}
{"text": "This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorcee She is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage. They had made a deal and the girl swore on the saint s tomb that she would only give birth in the old woman s house and then leave for her the child. Instead she made herself comfortable as a wife. The other conflict she develops is with her husband. She acknowledges that she has not been able to bear any children for him. However, during the period she was married to him she worked hard and they got to own a house. Now he has thrown her out of it and she is destitute. What is more is that she is in her sunshine years and does not have the strength to start all over again. Therefore she feels that her husband has treated her very unfairly. Both women develop conflict with religion. Khadija says that Meeluda swore to Mecca, and the divorcee says that the young girl swore on the saint s tomb. None of these people honoured their pledges. In khadija s case, she tells the judge that the reason she has taken long before bringing the case to his court is that she had still left the case with the saints. 105 It therefore means that her disillusionment with her religion is what finally makes her bring the case before the judge. She feels that her faith was misplaced. This is the same reaction that we get from the divorcee. She had hoped for God s reward for helping the girl but suffers a divorce instead. This makes her a very cynical woman: she says that there is no good neighbour in this world, no grateful people, and no faithful husbands. 4. Character and characterisation Khadija- unrealistic, religious Meeluda cruel Divorcee-hard working, religious Please supply illustrations that confirm these traits. 5. Themes Place of the woman in society This is the major theme in this story. This is brought to us through the experiences of two women. Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.614507}
{"text": "Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important. Men cannot hope to carry on as if they are in the village and forget their obligation to their families. The divorcee too develops this theme. She swears that she worked hard as a wife and attributes the house she and her husband lived in and all the good106 things in it to her efforts, at least partly. Now in her sunshine years she is thrown out and becomes destitute. She seems to understand that justice will not be served anywhere so unlike Khadija, she does not report the matter for arbitration to any authority but simply becomes cynical of human nature. So for both women society has failed to protect them from the ill wind of the world despite their devotion to their religion and men. 6. Pov The story is told from a third person point of view. This is appropriate because it gives us an objective view of the goings on in women s lives in this society. 7. A Appropriateness of title Two Stories of a House is an interesting title. It leads us to believe that we are going to look at one house and hear two stories about it. This however is not what obtains. There are actually two houses and two stories. So why is the house in the title singular? The pains and the resulting misery to the women is the same. The author implies that take any two women in this society and you will find that they identify with each other s suffering. The title is therefore appropriate in the cry for equity. B Significant event Khadija s going to court and the divorcee becoming the village girls benefactor. 107 C Aim of the author The author is appealing for gender parity. This is a patriarchic community in which women have little or no say about their own affairs. The author thinks that this state of affairs should change. 108 THE LAW OF THE GRAZING FIELDS BY CYPRIAN EKWENSI 1. Setting This story is set among the nomadic people of West Africa. It is most likely Nigeria. What is more important though is the time. The story is set in pristine Africa before the influence of the west. It is a typical short story with the events taking place in a very short time.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.6559398}
{"text": "Pp183 Amina and her brothers Modio was suspicious of her behaviour and therefore set a trap for her. Jama had not paid the full bride price and therefore could not yet take her. This intervening period presented Yalla with an opportunity to steal Amina. That evening Modio lays in wait with a pack of wild cattle dogs which he sets on Yalla and then grabs Amina. He takes her back to the hut swearing that she was going nowhere but Jama s. Her elder brother disturbed by this incident begins to plan how they were to escort her when the time finally came. He says he would ride behind her because she could not be trusted after what she had been through with Modio. Amina and Jama She is averse to marrying him because he does not fit the stereotype male of the community. This is supposed to be the masculine type that would protect their families from attack by wild animals. According to her he is weak-kneed and110 effeminate. He had failed the flogging test. She says that he had wept and begged as they flogged him at the sharo. She would be an embarrassment to her if she married him. Her brothers and Yalla They knew he was planning to elope with Amina. This is why Modio kept vigil. When he finally gets the girl they run after them and the brothers are not afraid to use poisoned arrows if only to get their sister back and take her to Jama. When he finally beats them to his hut, they tell him that their father will know no rest until Yalla will have compensated for his cattle. Pp189 Finally they acknowledge defeat. One of the brothers says that Yalla is a man. He set fire to their camp, stole their sister and then called them thieves for taking back their horse that they had saddled for another bridegroom. 4. Character and characterisation Amina-strong willed, determined, proud Yalla-courageous, determined, humorous, loving Get your illustrations to prove the above traits. 5. Themes a Tradition This is the most important theme in this story. We learn about the culture of these pastoralists in relation to marriage. I. First there is the law of the grazing fields. A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. Ii. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.7261996}
{"text": "A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. Ii. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife. They were waiting for Jama to111 deliver the last instalment of his dowry before they could hand Amina over to him. Iii. Men had to be tested to determine their suitability for marriage. The stage for doing this was a ceremony called sharo in which the man would be flogged in public to determine how well he bore pain. Those who wept and begged during the flogging lost favour in the eyes of potential brides. Iv. Parents arranged marriage for their daughters. Amina s father had first accepted the bride price then told her about it. She was not expected to have a say and that is why her brothers were trying to enforce the will of their father. B Love Another theme developed in this story is love. This is a story of passion. Nothing would stop Yalla from marrying the woman he loved. She says that he was strong enough to break stubborn bulls but when he smiled and held her in his hands his face was so gentle and sweet. When they are in Yalla s settlement and he points his hut out to her, she says: Our hut you mean . She tells Modio when he stops her from eloping: This night I will be with Yalla. He s the husband I ve chosen. Yalla on his part has suffered to get this woman to be his wife. He endured the pack of wild cattle dogs and later a poisoned arrow. Despite the poison he takes time to acknowledge Amina when he gets them to his house: My wife! He moaned. Mine at last. 112 6. Style a Flashback It is through flashback that we learn why Amina is opposed to marrying Jama. He had wept and begged when flogged. We also learn of how they had set to elope through a flashback. Yalla was to make scratching sounds to indicate his presence. It is also thorough flashback that we learn of the huge dowry that Jama is paying. B Image The image of a hawk has been used twice in this story. The first time it is used with reference to Modio. He crouches before her with hands curved like the claws of a hawk about to strike. In this instance the hawk is playing a protective role.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.7455318}
{"text": "The resulting strikes bring about violence and unemployment. Another important factor worth mentioning is the contrast in the weather. The Namibia she leaves is hot and dry which agrees with the political heat created by the oppressive regime. The England she visits is in the middle of winter and is therefore equally oppressive. 2. The plot The story opens with Angelika s visit to Birmingham. We are told that it was the town of her liberation. We learn that she is in the UK courtesy of her church. She has been sent there to learn English. So bad is the situation at home that it is only churches that are setting up projects to improve the lot of the people. It is in one such project the Angelica and her husband work. It is a day care centre for children whose mothers have to go to work but have nobody to leave them with. Besides studying English, she hopes to take a course in Community Studies that would help her run the day care centre. 115 Her friend Tembi, a Namibian nurse studying in UK, encourages her to avail herself of the medical expertise in the UK to find out why she can t have children and perhaps even have the problem remedied. Her visit to the hospital reveals that she had been stirilised. She says this was done without her knowledge by the military doctors who had removed her appendix. The sympathetic doctors in Birmingham tell her that although the operation is considered permanent they had carried out a few reversals successfully. They are cautious though and tell her that there are no guarantees that her case too would be a success. She consents to the operation nonetheless. Again the church bears the cost of the operation. Naturally she has to travel back home to meet with her husband to determine the success of the operation. Here too the church meets the cost. She returns to Birmingham and anxiously waits for her to find out whether she is lucky. Her periods do not come and this is a good sign. She shares this news only with Tembi for fear of raising people s expectations too high. Her luck holds out and finally it was evident to all that she was pregnant. It is only then that she informs her husband. She continued with her studies as she carried the pregnancy to term. Six months after her baby was born she bids farewell to her benefactors and heads back home. 3. Conflict a The conflict with weather is very important. It develops the theme of suffering in the story.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.7742536}
{"text": "She tells that it is God who helped her as always. This is in reference to the surgery that she undergoes to correct her sterilisation. B. Hardworking Every day she looked after 80 preschoolers at the children s centre that she ran. Their mothers dropped them in the early hours and collected them when it began to turn dark. C. Realistic When it became obvious that she was not going to have children of her own, she adopted three girls from her husband s family. D. Forgiving When it became clear that she had been sterilised by white doctors without her consent, her friends wished to write letters to the newspapers and contact the UN to object to the malicious behaviour of the white doctors. She objected to this approach. Clearly she118 felt no bitterness towards the people who had wronged her. E. Secretive Upon missing her periods, she did not readily tell the people around her. Further, she only went to the doctor s after 7 weeks. What is more, she did not dare tell her husband for fear that something might go wrong. The only person she told was Tembi whom she asked not to tell anyone. 5. Themes a. Human rights abuses i. Forced sterilisation A number of women are sterilised by white doctors without their consent. Angelika is one such woman. Further, she says that she thought of the other women it must have happened to who neither knew nor had the chance to reverse their enforced childlessness. Ii. Oppression Political leaders were detained, tortured or forced into exile. Iii. Forced resettlement The natives had been resettled into remote reserves. The narrator says that the village had been pushed into the rocky hills by colonial settlement. B. Friendship i. Church The church is responsible for a number of humanitarian assistance. The narrator says that as the South African rule oppressed the119 people of Namibia, it is only the churches that could set up projects to help the people. Further, the church met the cost of Angelika s education, treatment and travel expenses. We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. Ii. The people of Namibia The narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.7990007}
{"text": "We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. Ii. The people of Namibia The narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity. She says that survival came through mutual support, through solidarity within the communities and within the families: helping people who did not have enough food, caring for those who were sick, looking out for each other s children. Iii. Tembi We are told that it was Tembi who began to show Angelika around to ensure that she did not spend too much time alone in her room. Further, she is the one who suggested that Angelika seeks proper treatment. As a result, Angelika found out that she had been sterilised without her consent, but what is more the doctors were able to reverse her condition which was thought to be permanent. Iv. The people of England Angelika visits England at a time they were facing labour unrest. The administration was120 harsh and the police charged on protestors. She says that the people sent parcels of food across the country to the places that the strike held out the longest. 6. A. Appropriateness of title The title is appropriate. The white hands that are talked about were responsible for both the suffering and joy of the protagonist. It is the malicious white doctors in South Africa who sterilised her without her consent. This was a supremacist statement. If they could stop the blacks from reproducing, then the superior white race would have the country to themselves. Ironically, it is the white doctors in England who identify the reason why she cannot conceive and correct the problem through surgery. B. Significant event The significant event in this story is the sterilisation of Angelika by the white doctors in Windhoek. C. Aim of the author This is a sad story that uses contrast to show that both evil and well-meaning people exist. A group of people should therefore not be condemned because one of them has acted out of line, rather we should judge individuals by their strengths and weaknesses. The strong121 message is therefore one of tolerance and building friendships. Task Q 1 Friendship helps overcome adversity. Using Angelica s experiences both in Namibia and England show that this is true. Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands. 122 Thank you very much for the purchase of this eBook. I hope enjoyed reading it and that it did add value to your teaching learning.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.8884826}
{"text": "Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands.122 Thank you very much for the purchase of this eBook. I hope enjoyed reading it and that it did add value to your teaching learning. Walter Akach PS: If there ever is a need to wish to share your thoughts about this work feel free to drop me a word at walterakach gmail.com.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-for-when-the-sun-Goes-down.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.7837377}
{"text": "Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406269.8507423}
{"text": "Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion. WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.0193083}
{"text": "Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion. WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth. Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.0544448}
{"text": "Thepearl:plotAnalysis:chapter1SummaryKino watchedwiththedetachmentofGodwhileadustyantfranticallytriedtoescapethesandtrap. Justbeforesunrisesometimearound 1900,aMexican-IndianpearldivernamedKinoawakenstothesoundofcrowingroosters. HelivesnearthevillageofLaPaz,onthePacificcoastoftheBajaPeninsula. Hewatchesthedaydawningthroughthecrackofthedoortohishouse,whichismadeofbrush bundlesofstrawfastenedtogethertoformwallsandaroof. Hethenlookstoamakeshiftcradle,akindofboxhangingfromtheroofofthehut,wherehisinfantson,Coyotito,sleeps. Finally,stillrestingonthemat,Kinoturnshisgazetotheopeneyesofhiswife, Juana. ShelooksbackatKinoasshealwaysdoesintheearlymorning. Hearingthewavesrollinguponthenearbybeach,Kinocloseshiseyesagaintolistentothesoundofanoldsonginhishead. JuanarisestocheckonCoyotitoandstartsafire. Kinoalsorises,wrappinghimselfinablanketandslidingintohissandals. Outside,heregardstheclimbingsunandthehoveringcloudsasJuanapreparesbreakfast. Inthecompanyofagoatandadog,Kinostares withthedetachmentofGod atagroupofindustriousantsunderfoot. Behindhim,KinohearsJuanasingingandnursingCoyotito. Hersongissimple,anditmovesKinotocontemplation. Astherestoftheneighborhoodstirs,KinogoesbackinsidethehouseandfindsJuanafixingherhair. Astheyeattheirsimplebreakfast,thereisnospeechbetweenthembeyondacontentedsighfromKino. ArayoflightshinesonCoyotito shangingbox,revealingascorpioncrawlingdowntheropetowardthechild. Terrified,JuanarecitesacharmandaprayertoprotectCoyotito,whileKinomovesforwardtocapturethescorpion. Coyotitospotsthescorpionontherope,laughs,andreachesuptograbit. Justthen,positionedinfrontofthehangingbox,Kinofreezes,slowlystretchingouthishandtowardthescorpion. WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth. Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis. Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwe. Lcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.1785173}
{"text": "WhenCoyotitoshakestheropeofthehangingbox,thescorpionfalls,landsonhisshoulder,andstingshim. Kinoimmediatelyseizesthecreatureandcrushesitinhisgrasp,beatingittodeathonthefloorforgoodmeasure. Kino sretributiondoesnogood,though,andCoyotitoscreamswithpain. JuanagrabsCoyotitoatonceandattemptstosuckthevenomoutofhisfesteringwound. Thechild swailingsummonsseveralneighborstoKino sdoorstep,includingKino sbrother,JuanTom s,andJuanTom s swife,Apolonia. AsCoyotito scriesdiminishintomoans,JuanaasksKinotosummonthedoctor. Sucharequestsurprisestheneighborssincethedoctorhasnevervisitedthepoorclusterofbrushhouses. ThedoctorbelongstothesocialclassoftheSpanishcolonistsoftheregion,aclassfarabovethatofpoornativessuchasKinoandJuana. WhenKinoexpressesdoubtthatthedoctorwillcometoCoyotito,JuanaresolvestotakeCoyotitotothedoctor. KinoandJuanasetoutforthecenteroftown,theirneighborstrailingbehindthem. Nearthecenteroftown,morepeoplefollow,curioustoseetheoutcomeofapoorman spleatoarichdoctor. Arrivingatthedoctor shouse,Kinoknocksatthegate. Hebothfearsandresentsthedoctor,apowerfulmannotofhisownpeople. Presently,thegateopenstorevealoneofKino sownpeople,employedinthedoctor sservice. KinoexplainsthedetailsofCoyotito sinjuryinhisnativetongue;themanignoresKino suseofthenativelanguageandrespondsinSpanish. HetellsKinotowaitwhilehegoestospeakwiththedoctor. Indoors,thedoctorsitsupinbed,surroundedbyluxuries. HefeastsonbiscuitsandhotchocolateandthinksnostalgicallyofParis. Whentheservantinterruptsthedoctor sreverietoannounceKino svisit,thedoctorbitterlydemandstoknowifKinohasmoneytopayforthetreatment. Kinogivestheservanteightsmallpearls,butsoontheservantreturnstoKinowiththem,explainingthatthedoctorhasbeencalledouttoattendtoaseriouscase. Withthisdismissal,theprocessionbreaksup,leavingKinofuriousandashamed. Standinginshockinfrontoftheclosedgate,Kinostrikesoutinanger,smashinghisfistintothebarrierandbloodyinghisknuckles. AnalysisAsitsshort,simplesentencesandheavilysymbolicmoralovertonesmakeevident, ThePearl isbasedontheformofbiblicalparable,andthesimplenaturalbeautyoftheopeningscenerecallsthebeautyandinnocenceoftheGardenofEdenbeforeAdamandEve sfall. Thoughthecomparisonisnotmadeexplicitly,itisneverthelessanaptone likeAdamandEve,KinoandJuanamakechoiceslaterinthestorythatcausethemtolosetheirinnocenceandforcethemtoleavetheirparadiseforthehardshipsofthewiderworld. TheclusterofbrushhousesbytheseawhereKinoandJuanalivefunctionsasakindofparadise,inwhichmanandwomanlivetogetherinastateofnature. Steinbeckfocusesonthefamily srusticsimplicityandonitsreverenceforahigherpower. Steinbeckusesrepetitiouslanguage,whichevokestheBibleandotherreligiousliterature,tounderscorethefamily sspirituality. ThisscripturalstructureisespeciallyevidentinSteinbeck sfrequentuseoftheword and todrivethenarrative: Andagoatcamenearandsniffedathim ; Andtherhythmofthefamilysongwasthegrindingstone ; Andhedrankalittlepulqueandthatwasbreakfast. Kino sknowledgeoftheworldisnotexpansive,buthisstoreoftraditionalsongsandhiscontented,familiarmannerofsurveyinghismeagerterritoryshowthatheisintimatelyacquaintedwitheveryaspectoftheexistenceheknows. Kinofrequentlyhearstraditionalsongsinhisheadthatexpresshismoodorhissenseofhisenvironment whenheiscontentathomeinthischapter,hehearsthesoothingrhythmsoftheSongoftheFamily,forinstance,butwhenheisintroublelaterinthenovellahehearsthealarmingSongofDanger. Kino sinnersoundtrackhighlights ThePearl soriginalconceptionasafilmproject theaudiencewouldactuallyhaveheardthesesongsandexperiencedthemasrecurringmotifs. ItalsopointstotheoralnatureofKino sculture,inwhichsongsarepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationandassumesuchapositionofpsychologicalimportancethattheyactuallyprovideaninternalcontextwithoutwhichKinoisunabletointerprethisownfeelings. SteinbeckseemstosuggestthattheimminentdisruptionofKino sEden,liketheharmonythatprecedesit,istheworkofadivinepower. LikeKino,whoobservestheantsasthoughhewereadetachedGod,theGodwatchingoverKino andindeedallhumanityinthetext showsindifferencetothecruelcombinationofsuccessesandfailuresthatpeopleencounter. AsKinosurveysthesurroundingsofhisbrushhouse,wilddovesflyandruffledroostersfight,symbolizingthewaygoodandevilhaphazardlycommingle. ThescorpionthatbringsterrorintoKino shouseholdrepresentstheworkofadivineagent. InChristianliterature,scorpionstraditionallysymbolizeevil,andthestreakofsunlightthatfallsonthescorpionasitrestsonthehangingboxropeseemsaheavenlyspotlight,settingthedramainmotion. WiththeSongofEvildrowningouttheSongofFamily,Kinomusttakecontrolofhisfamily sdestinyafterthisunkindtwistoffate. Steinbeck swritingevincescontemptforthetowndoctor,whosurroundshimselfwiththevulgartrappingsofEuropean civilizedliving. ToSteinbeck,thedoctor snotionofcivilizationisutterlymaterialisticanddevoidofthecomplexspiritualitysointegraltoKinoandJuana slife. Nevertheless,thedoctor sbarbaricbeliefsholdswayinthiscolonialcontext,andthedividebetweenrichandpoorseemsraciallyandinflexiblydefined. Thedoctor sservant,asanativeemployedbyacolonial,demonstratesthedividebetweentheworldofthedoctorthatofKinoandJuana. TheservantisoverlyofficialandspeaksSpanishwhenreceivingKinoandJuana,underscoringthesocialdifferencesbetweenKinoandthedoctor. Hedoes,however,reverttotheirnativelanguageinamoresympatheticmoment. Whiletheservantpossessesthecapacitytomove linguisticallyandotherwise betweentwodisparateworlds,thecolonialdoctorpossessesneitherthelinguisticabilitynorthedesiretodoso. ThoughKinodesirestocrossbetweenthetwoworldstoo,heisunabletodoso. Thispowerlessnessrendershisindignationatthedoctor srefusaltotreatCoyotitoirrelevant,sincehehasnoproductivemeanstoexpressthisindignation. PlotAnalysisThepearl:chapter2Chapter2SummaryButthepearlswereaccidents,andthefindingofonewasluck,alittlepatonthebackbyGodorthegodsorboth. Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis. Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwelcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit. Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotit. Obecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.2527928}
{"text": "Ontheshoresoftheestuary,asetofblueandwhitecanoessitsinthesand. Crabsandlobsterspokeoutfromtheirholes,andalgaeandseahorsesdriftaimlesslyinthenearbycurrents. Dogsandpigsscavengetheshorelineforseadriftinthehazymorning. Amidthisscene, Kino and Juana walkdownthebeachtoKino scanoe. Theyaregoingtosearchforpearls,desperatelyhopingtofindapearlofsufficientvaluetopersuadethedoctortotreatthepoisonedCoyotito. Thecanoe,anheirloompasseddowntoKinofromhispaternalgrandfather,isKino ssoleassetintheworld. Kinolayshisblanketinitsbow. JuanarestsCoyotitoupontheblanketandplaceshershawloverhimtoprotecthimfromthesun. Shethenwadesintothewaterandcollectssomeseaweed,whichsheappliesgentlytoCoyotito swound. KinoandJuanaslidethecanoeintothewater,Juanaclimbsin,andKinopushestheboatawayfromshore. OnceKinoboards,thetwobeginpaddlingouttoseainsearchofpearls. Inashorttime,theycomeuponothercanoes,whichhaveclusteredaroundthenearestoysterbed. Kinomakesadivetocollectoysters,whileJuanastaysinthecanoe,prayingforluck. Hestaysunderwaterforovertwominutes,gatheringthelargestshells,includingoneespeciallyenormousoysterthathasa ghostlygleam. Climbingbackintothecanoe,Kinoisreluctanttoexaminethelargestoysterfirst. Afterhalfheartedlypawingatasmallerone,eagernessovercomeshim,andJuanasoftlyurgeshimtoopentheprizecatch. Kinocutstheshellopentorevealthebiggestpearlthateitherofthemhaseverseen. Nearlybreathless,JuanashrieksinastonishmenttofindthatCoyotito swoundhasimprovedinthepresenceofthegreatpearl. Kino,overcomewithemotion,tenseshisentirebodyandletsoutaresoundingyell. Startledbythisunexpecteddisplay,theothercanoesquicklyracetowardKinoandJuanatouncoverthesourceofthecommotion. AnalysisThePearl:Plotanalysis. Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwelcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit. Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotitobecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling. Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl. -sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. HefiercelypusheshiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislastcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.3865683}
{"text": "Chapter3SummaryMysonwillreadandopenthebooks...hewillknowandthroughhimwewillknow....Thisiswhatthepearlwilldo. Wordof Kino sdiscoverytravelsquickly. EvenbeforeKinoreturnstohisbrushhouse,everyoneintownknowsthathehasfound thePearloftheWorld. Throughouttown,peopleofeveryclass fromthebeggartothebusinessmantothepriest dreamofhowKino spearlcanhelpthem. Likeeveryoneelse,thedoctorwhoturnedKinoawaydesiresthepearl. Ignorantofothers jealousy,Kinoand Juana delightintheirgoodfortune,invitingfamilyandfriendstosharetheirjoyintheirnewfoundtreasure. WhenJuanTom sasksKinowhathewilldowithhiswealth,Kinodetailshisplans:apropermarriageinthechurch,newclothingforthefamily,aharpoon,andarifle,amongotherthings. Kino snewboldnessamazesJuana,especiallywhenheexpresseshisdesireforCoyotitotobesenttoschoolandeducated. Kinohimselfissurprisedsomewhatbyhisownresolutestatement,andalloftheneighborsstareatthemightypearlwithamixtureofhopeandfearattheenormouschangesthatlieahead. Asduskapproaches,Juanarevivesthefire,andtheneighborsoverstaytheirwelcome. Neardark,thepriestcomestodeliverabenediction. Oncehehasblessedthehousehold,heaskstoseethepearl. Dazzled,thepriestimploresKinotorememberthechurchinhisnewprosperity. Juanaannouncestheirintentiontobemarriedinthechurch,andthepriestleavesthemwithakindword. AsenseofevilovercomesKinointhewakeofthepriest svisit. Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotitobecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling. Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl-sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. Hefiercelypushe. ShiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislastcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep. Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepath. Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.5212133}
{"text": "Theneighborsdispersetotheirownsuppers,andJuanabeginstoprepareamealofbakedbeans. Kinohuddlesbeneathablanketinthecoldnight,keepingthepearlclosetohisbody. Plaguedwithcontinuedillfeeling,Kinomeditatesontheformersecurityofhisfamily,andonthemenacinguncertaintyintowhichtheirnewfoundfortunehascastthem. Fromthedoorofhisbrushhouse,Kinowatchestwomenapproach. Thefiguresprovetobethedoctorandhisservant,whohavecometoexamineCoyotito swound. Kinobrusquelydismissesthedoctor sattentions,butwhenthedoctormakesasinisterinsinuationaboutthelingeringpotentialforinfection,Kinorelentsandallowshimtoenter. Juanaisextremelysuspiciousofthedoctor,butKinoreassuresher. WhenthedoctorexaminesCoyotito,hecontendsthathehasfoundevidenceofcomplicationsandproducesacapsuleofmedicationthatheproceedstoadminister. Claimingthatthepoisonwillstrikewithinanhourandthatthemedicinemayprovelifesaving,thedoctordeclaresthathewillreturninanhourtocheckonCoyotito sprogress. AsJuanastaresatCoyotitowithconcern,Kinorealizesthathehasbeencarelessinnotguardingthepearl. Withoutdelay,hewrapsthepearlinarag,digsahole,andburiesthepearlinacornerofthebrushhouse,concealingthehidingplacefromview. AsKinoeatshissupper,asmallblackpuppylingersinthedoorwayandshakesitstailnervously. Afterward,JuanaalertsKinothatCoyotito sconditionisgrowingworse,andshesingssoothinglyinanefforttocomfortthebaby. WhenCoyotitobecomesvisiblyill,anevilfeelingfillsKinoonceagain. Theneighborslearnquicklyofthedoctor svisitandCoyotito ssubsequentdecline,andtheyreconveneatKino shousetoprovidesupport. Thedoctorreappears,andaswiftlyadministeredpotionsetsCoyotitotorest. ThedoctorinnocuouslyaskswhenKinomightbeabletopayhim. Kinoexplainsthatoncehehassoldhismostvaluablepearlhewillbeabletopay. Feigningignoranceaboutthepearl,thedoctorofferstokeepitinhissafe,butKinodeclinestheoffer,explainingthatheintendstosellthepearlinthemorning. Thedoctorexpressesconcernthatthepearlmightbestolen,andKinoinadvertentlyglanceswithfearatthecornerwherethepearlisburied. Later,whenthedoctorandneighborsdepartanditistimetosleep,Kinopacesaboutthehouseanxiously,listeningvigilantlyforthreateningnoises. Inafitofprecaution,hedigsupthepearlandreburiesitbeneathhissleepingmat. Finally,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitocurluptogetheronthematandattempttosleeppeacefully. Atfirst,KinodreamsofCoyotito sfuturesuccess,buttheevilfeelingreturnsandquicklyovertakeshim. Hestirsrestlessly,wakingJuana. Hewakesandhearsanintruderinthehouse,coweringandscratchinginthecorner,clearlyinsearchofthepearl. Grabbinghisknife,Kinoleapsintothecornerandstruggleswiththeintruder,stabbingathimwildly. Afteraviolentscuffle,theintruderflees,leavingKinobloodiedasJuanacallsouttohiminterror. Regaininghersenses,sheswiftlypreparesasalveforKino sbruisedforehead. AsshetendsKino swounds,Juanarailsagainstthepearl,callingitanevilplagueuponthem. Kinoremainsadamantaboutthepearl svirtue,insistingthatitwillbetheirroadtosalvation. Juanadisagrees,declaringthatitwilldestroytheirentirefamily. AsKinohushesher,henoticesaspotofbloodonhisknife,whichheremoves. Withdawnapproaching,hesettlesdowntolookathispearl. Initsluminescence,Kinoseeshisfamily schanceforthefuture,andsmiles. Juanasmileswithhim,andtheymeetthedaywithhope. Analysis Though ThePearl snarrativeseemstosuggestthatgreedisthefirststeptodestruction,inthischapterSteinbeckfocusesnotongreedbutonambition Kino sdesiretousethewealthofferedbythepearltobetterhislifeandthelifeofhisfamily. Steinbeckportraysthiskindofbenevolentdesireforadvancementasatraituniquetohumanity,onethathasmadehumankindsuperiortoallanimals. Kino sneighborshavetroublefiguringwhetherKino sambitionwillbringhimsuccessorsuffering. Theytooareintoxicatedbytheawe-inspiringprospectofKinoowningarifleorCoyotitoreceivinganeducation,butthesepropositionsaresofarremovedfromtheirsenseofwhatispossiblethattheyreacttothemwithanaturalsuspicion. Theneighborsareonlyabletothinkaboutthepearlintermsoftheirpreexistingnarratives. Becausetheyhaveanancientlegendaboutagreat PearlThatMightBe, theybelievethatthatlegendhascometofruitioninKino spearl,whichtheydubthe PearloftheWorld. TheydonotconceiveofthepearlassimplyavaluableluckybreakforKino;forthem,thepearlhasdeepmoralandspiritualsignificance. Byrelatingthestoriestheneighborstrade,Steinbeckshowshowthehumanmindturnsrealexperienceintoparablethroughtheactofstorytelling. Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl-sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. HefiercelypusheshiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislas. Tcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep. Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepath. Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall. Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.6345353}
{"text": "Forus,theneighbors suspicionofKino sgoodfortuneseemsjustified,basedonSteinbeck stentativetoneandonhisremarksthatthegodsdisregardmen splansandonlyallowmensuccessifitcomesbyaccident. Steinbeckassertsthatwhenhumanagencyactuallydoesbringaboutsuccess throughtheexerciseofabenevolentambitionlikeKino s,forexample , thegodstaketheirrevengeonaman. Inthisway,SteinbeckcompletelynegatesthevaluesystemoftheAmericandream. Hardworkandopennesstoopportunity,themaincomponentsofthetraditionalAmericandream,aremeaninglessinamalevolentuniverseinwhich thegods conspireagainsteveryindividual sdesiretoimprovehisorherlotinlife. Becausehispearlisworthsomuchmoney,Kinobelievesitoffershimachancetorealizehisambitiousdreamsandfreehimselffromtheshacklesofcolonialism. ButwhatkeepsKinofromfulfillinghisambitionsishislackofknowledge. Kinomaybeabletopaythedoctortohealhisson,butheisignorantastowhetherheismakingtherightchoice perhapsthedoctorisinfactpoisoninghisson. Kinoiswellawareofhispredicament,andhisdesireforhissontoobtainaneducationshowsKino srecognitionthateducationprovidestheonlypossibleescapefromcolonialoppression. Butinhissingle-mindedpursuitofsuccessandwealthforhisson,Kinoabandonsthenurturingaspectsofhisfatherlyduty. KinoleavesJuanaalonetocarefortheailingCoyotitowhilehe,Kino,focuseshisattentionsonfindingaplacetoconcealthepearl. AsKinoshiftshisfocustoprovidingforhissoninmaterialratherthanemotionalways,hemakesacorrespondingshiftfrompeacefulcoexistenceinhisvillagetoviolent,paranoidsuspicionofhisneighbors. NowthatKinohasacquiredwealth,heisobligatedtodefendthatwealthfrompotentialusurpers. Ultimately,thisshiftinpreoccupationdemonstratesthatwealthhasadehumanizingeffectonthosewhopossessit,suchasthedoctorandKino,andonthosewhodesireit,suchastheintruderwhocomestostealthepearl. Theintruderisdescribedinvague,inhumantermsthatportrayhimasanunidentifiablemassofclothing. Kinoevenreferstohimas thething, asthoughhewereaplaguesentagainstKinoratherthananotherhumanbeing. Atthispointinthestory,however,onlyJuanaseemstorecognizethatthepearlisanevilinstrumentthatwillbringherfamilypainandheartache. Thepearl:Chapter4PlotAnalysisSummaryWordspreadsthroughoutthetownofLaPazthat Kino willbesellinghisgreatpearl. Thepearlbuyersareespeciallyexcited,andthepearlfishersabandontheirworkforthedaytowitnessthetransaction. Overbreakfastthatmorning,thebrush-houseneighborhoodteemswithspeculationandopinion. Kino, Juana,andCoyotitoweartheirbestclothesfortheoccasion,andKinodonshishatwithcare,anxioustoappearaserious,vigorousmanoftheworld. AsKinoandJuanasetoutfromtheirbrushhouse,theneighborsfallinlinebehindthem. JuanTom swalksatthefrontwithKinoandexpresseshisconcernthatKinomaybecheated,asKinohasnostandardoftruecomparisontoknowwhathispearlisworth. Kinoacknowledgesthisproblembutaddsthattheyhavenowayofsolvingit. JuanTom stellsKinothatanothersystemofpearl-sellingusedtoexistbeforeKinowasborn. Pearlerswouldgivetheirpearlstoagentsforsaleinthecapital,butasaresultoftherampantcorruptionofpearlagentswhostolethepearlsmeantforsale,theoldsystemisnolongerinplace. Kinopointsoutthataccordingtothechurch,suchasystemmustfail,asitrepresentsavaineffortonthepartofthepearlerstoexceedtheirstationinlife. KinoandJuanTom swalkoninsilenceintothecity,drawingstaresfromassembledonlookers. AsKino,JuanTom s,andtheattendingcrowdapproach,thepearldealersscrambletoputtheirofficesinorder,hidingtheirlittlepearlsandpreparingtomakeoffers. Thefirstdealerisashort,slickmanwhonervouslyrollsacoinbackandforthinhishand. Heexplainsafteracarefulexaminationthatthepearlisworthlessbecauseofitsabnormallylargesize. Declaringitmoreofamuseumcuriositythanamarketcommodity,thedealermakesanoffhandbidofonethousandpesos. Kinoreactsangrilytothislowballofferandinsiststhatthepearlisworthfiftytimesthatmuch. ThedealerfirmlyassertsthathisisanaccurateappraisalandinvitesKinotoseekoutasecondopinion. Kino sneighborsstiruneasily,wonderinghowKinocanrejectsuchalargesumofmoneyandwonderingwhetherheisbeingfoolishandheadstrongbydemandingmore. Presently,threenewdealersarrivetoexaminethepearl,andtheinitialdealerinvitesthemtomakeindependentappraisals. Thefirsttwodealersrejectthepearlasamereoddity,andthethirddealermakesafeebleofferoffivehundredpesos. Uponhearingthisnews,Kinoquicklyremovesthepearlfromconsideration. Ashedoesso,theinitialdealer,unfazedbythelowerbid,insiststhathisofferofonethousandpesosstillstands. Protestingthathehasbeencheated,Kinoannouncesaplantosellhispearlinthecapitalcity. Hisoutburstraisesthebidtofifteenhundredpesos,butKinowillhavenoneofit. HefiercelypusheshiswayoutofthecrowdandstartsthelongwalkhomeasJuanatrailsafterhim. Atsupper,Kino sneighborsdebatetheday sevents. Somesuggestthatthedealers appraisalswerefair,whileothersthinkthatKinoisthevictimofascam. Somethinkheshouldhavesettledforthefinalofferoffifteenhundredpesos;otherspraiseKino sbraveryforinsistingonhisownterms. Meanwhile,inhisbrushhouse,Kinohasburiedthepearlunderhissleepingmat. Hesitsbrooding,nervousabouthisupcomingjourneytothefarawaycapital. JuanawatcheshimwhileshenursesCoyotitoandpreparessupper. JuanTom sthenenterstotrytowarnKinoofthedangersinvolvedingoingtothecapital,butKinoisadamantaboutsellinghispearltosecureabetterfutureforhisson. UnabletoconvinceKinotoheedhiswarning,JuanTom sreturnshome. ThatnightKinogoeswithoutsupper. Hesitsawaketoprotectthepearlandcontinuestoporeoverthedetailsofhisproblem. Juanakeepsherownsilentvigil,intendingtosupportKinowithhercompany. Suddenly,Kinosensesanevilpresence. Herises,feelingfortheknifeunderhisshirt,andmovestowardthedoorwayasJuanastiflesadesiretorestrainhim. Fromthedarkness,amanassaultsKino,andastruggleensues. BythetimeJuanareachesthefray,theattackerhasfled. Bloodiedandcutandwithhisclothestorn,Kinoliessprawledontheground,onlyhalfconscious. Withoutdelay,JuanahelpsKinoinsidetocareforhiswounds. Kinoadmitsthatinthedarkhewasunabletotellwhoattackedhim. AfterJuanawashesouthislastcut,shebegshimindesperationtodiscardtheevilpearl. But,morefiercelythanever,Kinoinsiststhattheymustcapitalizeontheirgoodfortune. Heexplainsthatinthemorningtheywillsetoutinthecanoeforthecapital. Juanadutifullysubmitstoherhusband splan,andtheybothgotosleep. Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepat. H.Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall. Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.641707}
{"text": "Analysis LikeChapter 3,Chapter 4 openswithacommentbythenarratoraboutthetown Itiswonderfulthewayalittletownkeepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits. Steinbeckgoesontoportraythetownasanall-powerfulunit,fullofmenwhoworktogethertosuppressthedeviantelementsintheirmidst. Steinbeckemphasizesthatsocietyshapesanindividual sfateasmuchasdivinityoranyotherforce. Intheuniverseof ThePearl, thegodsasserttheirinfluenceonhumansthroughchanceandaccident,butsocietyassertsanequalinfluencethroughforces suchasgreedandviolence thatemanatefromhumandrives. BothhumanwillandthegodsshapeKino sfateinSteinbeck sparable:anaccidentenablesKinotofindthepearl,andgreedandambitionleadtohisdownfall. Thenarratorsaysthatpeacecanbeachievedinthetownonlyifnoonedeviatesfromnormal,expectedbehavior,implyingthattownsarealmostlikeminiatureauthoritarianstates. ItisironicthatSteinbecknamesthetownin ThePearl LaPaz,whichmeans peace inSpanish. Thetown scapitalistcartelwagesconstantwarwithallchallengers,andbypossessingagreatpearl,Kinomakeshimselfatargetfortheracketofpearlbuyersthathasevolvedovertime. Behindthescenes,onemandetermineshowmuchthebuyersshouldofferforeachpearl,therebyprofitingshamelesslywhileremainingoutofthereachofaccusation. Anindividualsellingapearlthereforehasnoalternativebuttocomplywiththissystemor,despitethedifficultyofdoingso,trytocircumventit. Kino scommenttoJuanTom sthattheoldsystemofpearlsellingwas againstreligion highlightsthewaytheCatholicchurchpreservedexistingsocialhierarchiesandgrossdisparitiesinwealthbycautioningitsfollowersabouttherelativeunimportanceandevendangerofthematerialworld. ThenarratoraddsthatthenativesofMexicohaveenduredthispositionatthebottomofthesocialhierarchy,includingitsabsoluteandtotalexploitationofbothfinancialandmoralterms,forthefourhundredyearssincethefirstEuropeansarrived. ThethieflikepearldealersKinoencounterslacknames,charactercomplexity,andemotion theyseemtolackhumanity. Aprofitmargindictatestheirentireexistence,andtheirlivelihoodsdependuponunderhandeddeals,assymbolizedbythefactthatthefirstdealerspendsallhistimesecretlypracticingacointrickbeneathhisdesk. Whenoneneighborasksifthedealersconspiredinadvanceregardingthepriceofthepearl,anotherneighborresponds, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Itisalmostasthoughsuchapossibilityistoohorribletoforthenativestoface. Instead,everyonechoosestoignorethelegitimacyofthesuggestion,andmostofthevillagersridiculeKino sdefianceofthedealers. WhilewesympathizewithKino sdesiretobreakfreefromoppression asJuanTom srealizes,Kino sambitionpitshimagainstanentireestablishedstructureofbusiness,church,andempire ,Kino streatmentofJuanalessensoursympathyforhimsomewhat. JuanafindsherselfsubjectedtoKino swhimsjustasheissubjectedtothecolonists whims. Shehasnoroleinthebusinessprocess,andKinoneverconsultsheraboutthepropercourseofactionwithregardtothepearl. WhenJuanafinallyvolunteersherintuitionthatthepearlisevilandwillruinthem,Kinorefusestolisten,assuringherwiththesimpledeclaration Iamaman. Juanahasnorecourse. Kino srefusaltoacknowledgehiswife sbetterjudgmentparallelsthecolonialsuppressionofthenative sintuitiveknowledgeof thingsofthespirit. Thepearl:plotanalysisAsalatemoonrisesoutside,nearbymotionrouses Kino fromhissleep. Inthepalelight,heisbarelyabletodiscern Juana,whomovestowardthefireplace,quietlygathersthepearl,andsneaksoutintothenight. Kinostealthilyfollowsherassheheadstowardtheshore. Whenshehearshiminpursuit,Juanabreaksintoarun,butKinoapprehendsherjustassheispreparingtohurlthepearlintothewater. Grabbingthepearlfromher,hepunchesherinthefaceandkicksherinthesidewhenshefallsdown. AsKinohoversoverJuana,thewavesbreakuponhercrumpledbody. Hehissesmenacinglyaboveher,thenturnsindisgustandleavesherwithoutaword. AsKinomakeshiswayupthebeach,agroupofmenassaultshim. Kinostrugglesviolentlyastheypawandprodathim. AsKinodriveshisknifeintooneofhisattackers,themenknockthepearlfromhisgrasp. Meanwhile,somedistanceawayfromthefight,Juanagetsuponherkneesandbeginstomakeherwayhome. Climbingthroughthebrush,sheseesthepearllyinginthepath. Shepicksitupandconsidersreturningtotheseatodiscardthepearlonceandforall. Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetra. Ilandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.8618965}
{"text": "Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetrailandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2. Exposedtotheelemen. Tsandthecriesofcoyotes,owls,andotheranimals,Kinothinksofhimselfassomeonewhohasbeentakenoverbysomeanimalforce. Hispeaceful,domesticlifeisathingofthepast. AshedoesinChapter 1,Kinohereobservesaclusterofants. However,insteadofwatching withthedetachmentofGod ashedoesbefore,Kinolaysdownhisfootasanobstacleintheants path. ThedifferencebetweenthesetwoactssymbolizesthewayKino sunderstandingofhisrelationshipwithnaturehaschanged. Whereasearlierheisadetachedobserver,henowattemptstocarvehisownfateandruleinthenaturalworld. But,astheantsrevealbyeasilyfindingtheirwayaroundtheobstacleKinocreates,Kino sattemptstoruleovernatureortwistittohisowndeviceshavelittleeffect,andnaturehasitswaywithhimanyway. WhileKinodoesattempttocontrolthenaturalworld,healsolookstoittoguidehisbehaviorwhenhegazesintothepearl tofindhisvision ofthefuture. Inthepearl,Kinoseeshisfamily struefate,yethemistakenlybelievesthatdenyingwhatheseesandannouncinganalternativevisionwillallowhimtoovercomehisfate. Ultimately,Kino sbaseactionsnullifythenobleintentionsheexpressesinhisspeech. KinoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsagrandwedding,butwhatthepearlreflectstohimistherealitythathebeatshiswife. KinoalsoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsaneducationforCoyotito,butinthepearlheseestherealityof Coyotito sface,thickandfeverishfromthe doctor s medicine. ThoughshedoesnotlookintothepearlwithKino,JuanarecognizesthatKino svisionsareillusionsgroundedonambitionandhope. HersuggestionthatthepearlhasnorealworthimplicitlycriticizesKino sfoolishness. Yet,whenKinoconsidersgivingup,Juanachastiseshimforhisweakness. HerdesiretocontinuesuggeststhatherambitionisinfactjustasfierceasKino s.Likehim,sheallowsherdreamsforherfamilytoleadhertoignoretherealityofhersituationandtoattempttoovercomeherfate. Herinitialwishtosecureagreatpearlbringsonlygrieftoherfamily. SteinbeckexplicitlycomparesKinoandJuanatoanimalsbeingchasedbyhunters. Likeanimals,thepairattemptstoescapetheirpursuersbyseekingoutahigherelevation. WhatputsKinoandJuanaincloseproximitytothetrackersistheneedtobenearwater,aneedcommontoallmammals. Furthermore,Kinofindshimselfforcedtostripoffhisclothes,distinctivesymbolsofhishumanity,inordertosurprisehispursuers. Inrevertingtothisanimalisticstrategy,Kinoinadvertentlytransformshisownsonintoananimal,leadingtoCoyotito sdeathbyanindiscriminategunshotonthepartofthetrackers,whomistakethebaby scryforthatofacoyote. Coyotito sname,whichliterallymeans littlecoyote inSpanish,foreshadowsthistransformationthroughoutthe novella. Thenarratorpointsoutthatintheanimalworld,watersourcesareboth placesoflife and placesofdeath, becausetheyofferaresourcebutalsocreatecompetitionbetweenanimalsfortheresource. Thisparadoxicalstatusofthewaterpoolparallelsthatofthepearl,whichexertsbothapositiveandadestructiveinfluenceonKinoandJuana. Extrapolatingfurther,thenarrator scommentaboutthewatersourceseemstoapplytotheentirematerialworld everyonebothdependsuponandcompetesforthematerialresourcesneededforsurvival. Oncethetrackersaredead,Kinoisfreetocontinuetothecitytosellhispearl,butCoyotito sdeathhasstrippedKinoofthemotiveforhisstruggle. KinoandJuanaintendedthepearltofacilitatethefuturetheyhavedreamedoffortheirson,butthepearl svalueislostonceCoyotitodies. TheparablesubtlyevokesthestoryofJesus,inthatKino,inattemptingtoplayGodbydetermininghisownfate,sacrificeshisson. Thoughaninfant,Coyotitocouldbeviewedasamartyr,sincehediesforthesinsofothers. Inthissense,Coyotitohimselfisthebiblical pearlofgreatprice, thetitleSteinbeckoriginallyplannedtogivehisnovella. CriticsaredividedonthequestionofwhetherKino sultimatedecisiontoridhimselfofthepearlbythrowingitbackintotheoceanrepresentsavictoryoradefeat. SomesuggestthatKino sfinalactofmaterialrenunciationempowershim. ThefactthattherenunciationmeansthathewillcontinuetolivealifeofpovertyleadsotherstoarguethatKinoonlyaddstohistragedyindiscardingthepearl. ThenarratornotesthatasKinoandJuanareenterthetowntodisposeofthepearl, thesunwasbehindthemandtheirlongshadowsstalkedahead,andtheyseemedtocarrytwotowersofdarknesswiththem. ThisimagesymbolizesKinoandJuana ssituation:theirbrightestdaysarebehindthem,andadarkpatchoftheirownmakingliesahead.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.903788}
{"text": "Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetrailandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2.Exposedtotheelementsandthecriesofcoyotes,owls,andotheranimals,Kinothinksofhimselfassomeonewhohasbeentakenoverbysomeanimalforce. Hispeaceful,domesticlifeisathingofthepast. AshedoesinChapter 1,Kinohereobservesaclusterofants. However,insteadofwatching withthedetachmentofGod ashedoesbefore,Kinolaysdownhisfootasanobstacleintheants path. ThedifferencebetweenthesetwoactssymbolizesthewayKino sunderstandingofhisrelationshipwithnaturehaschanged. Whereasearlierheisadetachedobserver,henowattemptstocarvehisownfateandruleinthenaturalworld. But,astheantsrevealbyeasilyfindingtheirwayaroundtheobstacleKinocreates,Kino sattemptstoruleovernatureortwistittohisowndeviceshavelittleeffect,andnaturehasitswaywithhimanyway. WhileKinodoesattempttocontrolthenaturalworld,healsolookstoittoguidehisbehaviorwhenhegazesintothepearl tofindhisvision ofthefuture. Inthepearl,Kinoseeshisfamily struefate,yethemistakenlybelievesthatdenyingwhatheseesandannouncinganalternativevisionwillallowhimtoovercomehisfate. Ultimately,Kino sbaseactionsnullifythenobleintentionsheexpressesinhisspeech. KinoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsagrandwedding,butwhatthepearlreflectstohimistherealitythathebeatshiswife. KinoalsoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsaneducationforCoyotito,butinthepearlheseestherealityof Coyotito sface,thickandfeverishfromthe doctor s medicine. ThoughshedoesnotlookintothepearlwithKino,JuanarecognizesthatKino svisionsareillusionsgroundedonambitionandhope. HersuggestionthatthepearlhasnorealworthimplicitlycriticizesKino sfoolishness. Yet,whenKinoconsidersgivingup,Juanachastiseshimforhisweakness. HerdesiretocontinuesuggeststhatherambitionisinfactjustasfierceasKino s.Likehim,sheallowsherdreamsforherfamilytoleadhertoignoretherealityofhersituationandtoattempttoovercomeherfate. Herinitialwishtosecureagreatpearlbringsonlygrieftoherfamily. SteinbeckexplicitlycomparesKinoandJuanatoanimalsbeingchasedbyhunters. Likeanimals,thepairattemptstoescapetheirpursuersbyseekingoutahigherelevation. WhatputsKinoandJuanaincloseproximitytothetrackersistheneedtobenea. Rwater,aneedcommontoallmammals. Furthermore,Kinofindshimselfforcedtostripoffhisclothes,distinctivesymbolsofhishumanity,inordertosurprisehispursuers. Inrevertingtothisanimalisticstrategy,Kinoinadvertentlytransformshisownsonintoananimal,leadingtoCoyotito sdeathbyanindiscriminategunshotonthepartofthetrackers,whomistakethebaby scryforthatofacoyote. Coyotito sname,whichliterallymeans littlecoyote inSpanish,foreshadowsthistransformationthroughoutthe novella. Thenarratorpointsoutthatintheanimalworld,watersourcesareboth placesoflife and placesofdeath, becausetheyofferaresourcebutalsocreatecompetitionbetweenanimalsfortheresource. Thisparadoxicalstatusofthewaterpoolparallelsthatofthepearl,whichexertsbothapositiveandadestructiveinfluenceonKinoandJuana. Extrapolatingfurther,thenarrator scommentaboutthewatersourceseemstoapplytotheentirematerialworld everyonebothdependsuponandcompetesforthematerialresourcesneededforsurvival. Oncethetrackersaredead,Kinoisfreetocontinuetothecitytosellhispearl,butCoyotito sdeathhasstrippedKinoofthemotiveforhisstruggle. KinoandJuanaintendedthepearltofacilitatethefuturetheyhavedreamedoffortheirson,butthepearl svalueislostonceCoyotitodies. TheparablesubtlyevokesthestoryofJesus,inthatKino,inattemptingtoplayGodbydetermininghisownfate,sacrificeshisson. Thoughaninfant,Coyotitocouldbeviewedasamartyr,sincehediesforthesinsofothers. Inthissense,Coyotitohimselfisthebiblical pearlofgreatprice, thetitleSteinbeckoriginallyplannedtogivehisnovella. CriticsaredividedonthequestionofwhetherKino sultimatedecisiontoridhimselfofthepearlbythrowingitbackintotheoceanrepresentsavictoryoradefeat. SomesuggestthatKino sfinalactofmaterialrenunciationempowershim. ThefactthattherenunciationmeansthathewillcontinuetolivealifeofpovertyleadsotherstoarguethatKinoonlyaddstohistragedyindiscardingthepearl. ThenarratornotesthatasKinoandJuanareenterthetowntodisposeofthepearl, thesunwasbehindthemandtheirlongshadowsstalkedahead,andtheyseemedtocarrytwotowersofdarknesswiththem. ThisimagesymbolizesKinoandJuana ssituation:theirbrightestdaysarebehindthem,andadarkpatchoftheirownmakingliesahead. Impor.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Analysis.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.9652805}
{"text": "Table of ContentsUnit 1Sentence StructurePart A Preparatory It and There6B Phrases and Clauses10C Sentence Types14D ReviewConnectorsPart A Conjunctions and Parallel Structure 20B Conjunctive Adverbs24C Review Wishes and Conditional SentencesPart A Wishes about the Present and the Past30B Zero and First Conditional Sentences34C Second Conditional Sentences38D Third Conditional Sentences42E ReviewNoun ClausesPart A Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether 48B Noun Clauses with Question Words52C ReviewComparisons and More Conditionals Part A Omitting If and Implied Conditions58B Comparisons with Like, As if, and As though62C Alternate Forms of First Conditionals66D Alternate Forms of Second and Third Conditionals70E Review 74Unit 6Adverb ClausesPart A Adverb Clauses of Time76B Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect80C Adverb Clauses of Condition 84D Adverb Clauses of Contrast88E Review Reduced ClausesPart A Reducing Adjective Clauses94B Reducing Adverb Clauses98C Review Emphasis and InversionPart A Emphatic Structure104B Inversion108C Review Punctuation and CapitalizationPart A Capitalization114B Punctuation I118C Punctuation II122D Review 126Unit 10 Idioms and ExpressionsPart A Idioms and Expressions I 128B Idioms and Expressions II132C Idioms and Expressions III136D Review Index150Transcripts Answer KeyPart A Preparatory It and ThereUnit 1 Sentence Structure6 Unit 1 Sentence StructureGrammar ExplanationPreviewThe preparatory It is used to show opinion or condition especially concerning time, distance, andweather . The preparatory It acts as a dummy subject and is usually followed by the verb be or a modal be . The logical subject in sentences beginning with It is often a to-infinitive phrase or a noun clause. The preparatory There often begins sentences that show location or existence, especially when theexistence of something or someone is mentioned for the first time. It is usually followed by the verb be ora modal be .Preparatory It and ThereIt is nice to meet you. It would be fun to live on a sailboat. It is important that we not litter in the park. It is 3:30 p.m.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.780155}
{"text": "The preparatory It acts as a dummy subject and is usually followed by the verb be or a modal be . The logical subject in sentences beginning with It is often a to-infinitive phrase or a noun clause. The preparatory There often begins sentences that show location or existence, especially when theexistence of something or someone is mentioned for the first time. It is usually followed by the verb be ora modal be .Preparatory It and ThereIt is nice to meet you. It would be fun to live on a sailboat. It is important that we not litter in the park. It is 3:30 p.m. right now. It never snows in July around here. It is believed that he will arrive next week. Look! There s a bear. There s a shooting star in the sky. There will be a party on Saturday. There is a mosquito in my bedroom. There was a new girl at school today. There were two groups of pterosaurs, or flyingreptiles. The early pterosaurs, which went extinctat the end of the Jurassic Period, came first. Descendants of the first group, the second groupdeveloped in the late Jurassic. It is believed thatthis group included the largest flying reptiles ever. Up to fifteen meters from wingtip to wingtip,the largest pterosaur was Quetzalcoatlus. It isthought to have weighed up to 100 kilograms. Its neck was extremely long, its jawslacked teeth, and its head featured a long, bony crest. There are still questions about how this amazing animal lived. It is thought tohave soared high in the sky, covering great distances. This ability, along with its longneck, has prompted the idea that it survived in a similar way to the vulture, feedingon the corpses of dead dinosaurs. However, because of its long slender jaws, it hasalso been suggested that Quetzalcoatlus searched tidal pools and shores for shellfishand other sea animals. It has also been hypothesized that it flew low over warm shallow seas, plucking fish from the surface of the water. Practice 1Part A 71. Will be cold with a chance of a thunderstorm tomorrow.2. Come look! Is an Asian elephant on television.3. No, isn t any milk in the fridge.4. Will be two hours before we get there.5. Is a man at the door who wants to talk to you.6.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406270.8777895}
{"text": "No, isn t any milk in the fridge.4. Will be two hours before we get there.5. Is a man at the door who wants to talk to you.6. Go check and see if is any cake left.7. Can you tell me what time is?8. I think are three men in the car behind us. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with it or there.1. Before you go, there it is something I should tell you.2. There It is unlikely that Marco will be at the party.3. Do you know if there it is a gas station on this street?4. There It is five o clock on a Sunday.5. There It was sunny yesterday.6. Oh, there it is Diego. I couldn t see him before.7. Do you know if there it is possible for me to see a doctor?8. There It is 800 kilometers to Toronto. Exercise 1Circle the correct answer.it isExercise 3Fill in the blank with it or there and the correct form of the verb be. My favorite time of the year in Sydney is the summer. Right now, 1. December, and 2. Greenery everywhere. 3. Hotenough to wear shorts all the time; 4. Usually between 17 and 25degrees Celsius. Downtown, 5. Hundreds of tourists, especiallyaround the historic part of Sydney. One of the most famous sights in Sydney is theOpera House. 6. Essential that all tourists go there. From the OperaHouse, 7. A lovely view out to sea, and 8. Interesting boats and ships passing all day long. Practice 28 Unit 1 Sentence StructureExercise 5Look at the pictures and answer the questions using sentencesbeginning with it or there.1. Where can I get some aspirin? 2. What time is it? 3. How far is it to Peru? 4. What is in this picture? 5. Why would most bank robbersnot rob this bank right now? Exercise 4Listen to a conversation about a haunted house.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.0045376}
{"text": "How far is it to Peru? 4. What is in this picture? 5. Why would most bank robbersnot rob this bank right now? Exercise 4Listen to a conversation about a haunted house. Take notes as youlisten, and then answer the questions in full sentences. Track 21. Why is this haunted house famous? .2. When are there tours? .3. How much does it cost? .45Haunted HouseFamous because:- What happened in it? -. How many ghosts? -. Some people them;others just themDays Open: - tour times? Costs:- adults: - children: Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 6Read the passage and underline all the uses of preparatory it andpreparatory there. There have been large extinctionsthroughout Earth s history. The mostfamous of these signaled the end of thedinosaurs about 65 million years ago. Itis important to note that not just thedinosaurs died out in this extinction. Around 70 percent of all the species onEarth died out at that time. Althoughdinosaurs had been in a period of decline before the extinction, it is thought that arecovery would have occurred if something catastrophic had not prevented it. The most accepted theory about the cause of this extinction is the asteroid theory. It is believed that an asteroid about 10 km in diameter hit the Earth. It issuggested that the impact from such a collision would have destroyed everythingwithin about 500 km of the impact site. It would also have caused fires, increased volcanic activity, and sent huge clouds of dust gases and water vapor into theatmosphere. Because of this, there would have been months of darkness, coolertemperatures, and acid rain. It is interesting to note that there is a crater about180 km in diameter off the northwest tip of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Thecrater has been dated as 65 million years old and is believed to be evidence of ahuge asteroid impact.1. What happened to the Earth about 65 million years ago? 2. What is this event believed to have caused? 3. What evidence is there to support this belief? Exercise 7Answer questions about the reading.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.0193255}
{"text": "What happened to the Earth about 65 million years ago? 2. What is this event believed to have caused? 3. What evidence is there to support this belief? Exercise 7Answer questions about the reading. Part B Phrases and Clauses10 Unit 1 Sentence StructurePhrases are groups of related words that can include either a subject or a tensed verb. Prepositional phrases have a preposition andan object of the preposition. Gerund phrases have a gerund and canfunction the same way as a noun. They oftenappear as the object of a preposition. Infinitive phrases have an infinitive and can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Participial phrases have a participle andfunction as an adjective. They are set off fromthe rest of the sentence by commas. There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen. The dog barked at the stranger. Thank you for coming to my house. Walking alone late at night is dangerous. Lisa is going to university to study economics. To see the Eiffel Tower is a dream of mine. Having seen the play three times, she didn t want tosee it again. Janice, not used to ice skates, fell down and hurt her knee. Phrases and ClausesClauses are groups of related words that include both a subject and a tensed verb. Independent clauses can stand alone as asentence. Two independent clauses are oftenconnected with a coordinating conjunction. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as asentence. They need an independent clause toform a complete sentence. When a dependentclause begins a sentence, a comma is used toseparate it from the independent clause. Maria is afraid of animals, so she doesn t go nearthem. We are going swimming, but they are going shopping. We are going swimming since it is so hot outside. Since it is so hot outside, we are going swimming. Grammar ExplanationPreviewOne of the world s most famous folk dances isthe Ka mate Haka performed by the Maori. TheMaori are the indigenous inhabitants of NewZealand.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.0394301}
{"text": "They need an independent clause toform a complete sentence. When a dependentclause begins a sentence, a comma is used toseparate it from the independent clause. Maria is afraid of animals, so she doesn t go nearthem. We are going swimming, but they are going shopping. We are going swimming since it is so hot outside. Since it is so hot outside, we are going swimming. Grammar ExplanationPreviewOne of the world s most famous folk dances isthe Ka mate Haka performed by the Maori. TheMaori are the indigenous inhabitants of NewZealand. The dance has been made famous by theNew Zealand rugby team, the All Blacks, who use itbefore their matches to intimidate opponents. The haka dates back to the early 19th century. Created by a Maori chief, Te Rauparaha, itrecounts the tale of the chief s pursuit and escapefrom members of opposing tribes, his fear of being captured, and his joy ofregaining his freedom. In the famous incident that inspired the creation of the Ka mate Haka, TeRauparaha had been visiting a neighboring tribe. Certain members of that tribe wantedto kill Te Rauparaha for raiding one of their villages years before. To protecthim, other members of the tribe hid Te Rauparaha in a sweet potato pit. PaPractice 1Part B 111. Peter discovered a chest of gold hidden under the stones in the old fireplace. 2. The school council is considering increasing the hours of the library and computerlab. 3. John walked down the ramp to the beach. 4. We need to find a way to provide more money for charity. 5. Cigarette companies continue to fight to prevent the government from regulatingtobacco. 6. Most people oppose marketing cigarettes to children. Exercise 2Identify the underlined phrases in the following sentences asprepositional Pr , gerund G , infinitive I , or participial Pa .1. I need to study because I have a test tomorrow. D I2. When Mark was studying, the library was very noisy. D I3. Allen studied in the library, but it was hard to concentrate. D I4. Sarah went to the store; however, she didn t buy any bread. D I5. Today is Tuesday, and our papers are due on Wednesday. D I6. Our class, which meets Thursday mornings, looks at the importance of grammar.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.1433656}
{"text": "Today is Tuesday, and our papers are due on Wednesday. D I6. Our class, which meets Thursday mornings, looks at the importance of grammar. D IExercise 3Circle D if the underlined clause is dependent or I if it is independent. Underline the prepositional phrase and circle the preposition.1. The UFO appeared above the town before it disappeared.2. I can hear my dad snoring from the other side of the house. Underline the gerund phrase and circle the gerund.3. Driving without lights at night is dangerous.4. The actor was excited about scrambling over burning debris for his role in the action film. Underline the infinitive phrase and circle the infinitive.5. It is hard not to buy into the hype around brand names when you can t go anywherewithout seeing them.6. The committee plans to release its report on Saturday. Underline the participial phrase and circle the present or past participle.7. The police caught my sister throwing rocks at cars.8. The astronaut chosen for the mission had trained hard for the honor. Exercise 1Follow the directions for each group of sentences. Practice 212 Unit 1 Sentence Structure1. Dependent clauseI like flowers 2. Prepositional phraseNick is building the table 3. Participial phraseMark, , went to bed early. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with the type of phrase or clause indicated. Useyour own ideas and information. Exercise 4Listen and number the pictures from 1--4.Track 31. DependentConfused, Emily decided to meet withher teachera. She was able to figure it out herself.b. She struggled with the material onher own for an hour.c. Since she was having trouble with theassignment.3. IndependentClaire is going to run in the racea. Unless her parents tell her she can t.b. Because she wants to win.c. ,. So she should get lots of sleep.2. DependentThe school choir is touring Brazila. Even though Amy s mother objectedto it.b. ;. Indeed, they will be gone for anentire month.c. ,. And they will probably take a side-tripto visit Uruguay.4. IndependentThe doctor was worrieda. That Tom was gaining too muchweight.b. About Tom putting on weight.c.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.124441}
{"text": "IndependentThe doctor was worrieda. That Tom was gaining too muchweight.b. About Tom putting on weight.c. ,. So he told Tom to start exercising. Exercise 5Choose the answer with the type of clause indicated to complete thesentence. Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Read the passage about sword dancing.1. Q: A: The Spartan armed dance.2. Q: A: Malcolm III.3. Q: A: Before battle.4. Q: A: Because it was a bad sign. Exercise 8Write questions based on the notes in Exercise 7 for the answers below. The most famous sword dance isthe Scottish sword dance. Developed from the armed danceof the ancient Greek city-state ofSparta, the Scottish danceremains a battle dance. Important in Scottish history, asMalcolm III is reported to haveperformed a victorious sword dance in 1058 after beheading Macbeth, who18 years earlier had murdered Malcolm s father, King Duncan I, to take theScottish throne. Also according to legend, sword dances were performed before battle, andtouching swords while dancing was considered a bad sign for the comingbattle. Notes about the Sword DancePart C Sentence Types14 Unit 1 Sentence StructureGrammar ExplanationPreviewStonehenge FAQs Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is Stonehenge?Stonehenge is a prehistoric construction located insouthern England, consisting of two concentric circlesof large standing stones. It was built between 3100 and1500 BCE and is thought to have been an astronomicalcalendar or a temple to the sun.2. Who built Stonehenge?Three different cultures contributed to theconstruction of Stonehenge. These cultures include theWindmill, the First Wessex, and the Beakers.3. Where are the Bluestones, and why are theycalled Bluestones?The Bluestones, thus called because they turn blue when they get wet, are found in theinner of the two concentric circles of stone.4. Is Stonehenge the world s largest stone circle?Stonehenge is not the largest stone circle in the world, but it is the only in which the lintels the stones placed horizontally on the vertical stones remain in place.5. Why was it built where it is?Nobody knows.6.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.1700404}
{"text": "Where are the Bluestones, and why are theycalled Bluestones?The Bluestones, thus called because they turn blue when they get wet, are found in theinner of the two concentric circles of stone.4. Is Stonehenge the world s largest stone circle?Stonehenge is not the largest stone circle in the world, but it is the only in which the lintels the stones placed horizontally on the vertical stones remain in place.5. Why was it built where it is?Nobody knows.6. Why can t visitors enter the circle?In order to protect the site, people aren t allowed within the stone circles. Over the lastfew centuries, many of the original stones have been taken or chipped away by visitors assouvenirs, so the management is careful to keep people away except on Solstice morning,when a few people are allowed in to watch the sun come up. We celebrated Grandpa s eightieth birthday yesterday. Simple sentences have just one independent clause. Amy loves peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. He finished all of his homework, but he forgot tobring it to school. Sue was late for swimming practice, and she lefther goggles at home. Sentence TypesAlthough he sprained his ankle, he finished the race. Complex sentences have one independent and one dependent clause. She didn t eat because she wasn t hungry. Compound sentences have more than one independent clause. Before the plane took off, Sarah called her dad to saygood-bye, but he didn t answer the phone. I like this class; though early in the morning, it svery interesting. Compound-complex sentences have more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Practice 1TYPE OF SENTENCE CONNECTS WITH1. How can you possibly believe 2. Mark prefers working alone, but Claire likes brainstorming 3. Because I forgot to pay my bills, 4. My aunt, who visited at Christmas, 5. Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, 6. Montreal has better clubs, a. ice on the river melts quickly in the spring.b. The bank sent me a letter, and the power company called to remind me.c. That the world is flat?d. But Toronto has better cinemas.e. Just moved to New Zealand.f. With others because a group can solve a problem more efficiently. Part C 15Exercise 2Match the sentence parts and identify the type of sentence.1.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.1763327}
{"text": "But Toronto has better cinemas.e. Just moved to New Zealand.f. With others because a group can solve a problem more efficiently. Part C 15Exercise 2Match the sentence parts and identify the type of sentence.1. Jenny went to the mall. Allen went with her. 2. We could go to a movie. We could rent a DVD. 3. She didn t lock the car. I can get the cooler. 4. You can trust John. Don t tell Sarah about it. Exercise 3Combine the following simple sentences into one compound sentence. Exercise 1Underline the independent clauses. Circle the dependent clauses. Then,identify the sentences as Simple, Compound, Complex, or CompoundComplex.1. Even if you fail, at least you ll have tried, and you ll be a better person for it.2. I don t think you know what you are talking about.3. The same picture hung over the bed until the house burned down.4. The park was built for the children of the neighborhood in 1956.5. Peter, an avid swimmer, loves spending summers at the beach.6. My dad says that he will help us build a tree house. Practice 216 Unit 1 Sentence StructureExercise 5Using the words given, combine the following simple sentences into onecomplex sentence. Exercise 4Listen to the news report. Circle T if the statement is true, F if it is false,or NI if there is not enough information to know.1. Don t forget to buy some sunscreen. It is really sunny out today. Because 2. Fredrick ordered three hamburgers. He is very hungry. As 3. I m going to the party. If Peter comes before I leave, I won t go. Unless 4. There will be a war over ownership of the moon. There will be many attempts toprevent it. Although 5. Adam is having trouble with his math homework. He is usually amazing at math. Even though 1. There was a plane crash last night. T F NI2. One plane hit the side of a mountain. T F NI3. It was sunny with a light breeze. T F NI4. The crash was avoidable. T F NI5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.2779016}
{"text": "T F NI4. The crash was avoidable. T F NI5. Planes will crash in that area again. T F NIExercise 6Combine the group of sentences to form a compound-complex sentence. Track 41. Mark lent me a book. It is a rare illustrated version. He wants me to take good care of it. 2. The front tire is flat. Sarah s mother drove over a nail. She doesn t want to pay to getit fixed. 3. I just met John. I trust him completely. I lent him my car. Built in 1. Phases, Stonehenge took thousands of years to become whatit is now. The original circle was made of 2. Inside a large 3. With a 4. . Then the wooden posts were replaced with 5. Around 2500 BCE. Two centuries later, these 6. Were moved to differentplaces and even larger stones called 7. Were brought in to form the bigcircle with 8. Placed on top of the vertical-standing stones. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Read the passage on Stonehenge. Stonehenge and the monumentsin the surrounding area were nameda World Heritage Site in 1986. Thestone circle is surrounded by aceremonial landscape comprisingmore than 300 burial mounds andother major prehistoric monuments. Altogether, the site covers 2,600 hectares. Stonehenge was built in three phases. The first phase saw the constructionof a ditch and bank around a circle of timber. About 4,500 years ago, the sitewas rebuilt with the bluestones that make up the smaller inner circle ofstones seen today. Finally, the third phase of construction took place about4,300 years ago. The bluestones were dug up and rearranged, and this timeeven bigger stones, now called Sarsen, were brought in from 32 km away. Each pair of stones was heaved upright and topped by connecting lintels. There is no consensus among experts as to how these stones were placedupright or how the lintels, the heaviest of which weighs about 45 tons, wereplaced atop the Sarsen. Exercise 8Complete the paraphrase of the reading.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.315485}
{"text": "About 4,500 years ago, the sitewas rebuilt with the bluestones that make up the smaller inner circle ofstones seen today. Finally, the third phase of construction took place about4,300 years ago. The bluestones were dug up and rearranged, and this timeeven bigger stones, now called Sarsen, were brought in from 32 km away. Each pair of stones was heaved upright and topped by connecting lintels. There is no consensus among experts as to how these stones were placedupright or how the lintels, the heaviest of which weighs about 45 tons, wereplaced atop the Sarsen. Exercise 8Complete the paraphrase of the reading. 18 Unit 1 Sentence StructureReviewPart DA: Hi, Sarah!A: I was on my way, but then I met Nickand decided to go to the mall. A: You re right. I m sorry. A: Sure. Let s go!B: Where were you? I was at the park,but you weren t there!B: You should have called me. B: That s all right. Do you want to go tothe park and play tennis now?Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1.2.3.1. I decided that I was going to university. D I2. Sarah told Nick she didn t want to play chess anymore. D I3. Though Mark is quite hairy, I think he s cute. D I4. I don t like it, but it s not my decision. D I5. My teacher, who goes to your doctor, said to say hi. D I6. I will go to Mexico unless you can give me a better reason than that not to go. DIExercise 2Circle D if the underlined clause is dependent or I if it is independent. Exercise 3Identify the underlined phrases in the following sentences asprepositional Pr , gerund G , infinitive I , or participial Pa .Lisa the park Emily school Peter the basketball courtsNick the mall Allen the library Jenny a moviecalled me told me first asked me to come, toothe park tennis my house chess field soccer1. I am thinking about limiting the number of times I go to the mall so I don t spend somuch money. 2. Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.325293}
{"text": "2.Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills. 3.To finish her shift without spilling any more drinks is Sarah s dearest wish tonight. 4.Mark doesn t like going to the dentist because he has sensitive teeth. You can t wake a person who is pretending to be asleep. ProverbExercise 4Complete the sentences with it or there.1. Is about 400 kilometers from here to Toronto.2.This is crazy! Is July and is snowing!3.Tell him that is an advertisement for a job that would be great for him.4. Isn t any sugar in the pantry.5. Have been many attempts to climb Mount Everest.6. Is time to leave for the movie.7. Isn t any reason to stay here, is ? 8. Is important to eat fruits and vegetables every day. Exercise 5Identify the following sentences as Simple, Compound, Complex, orCompound-Complex.1. Call your mother as soon as you arrive in Singapore.2. I ate my sushi, and I left the restaurant.3. Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary, I will not havetime to study for my exam.4. The football game was canceled because it was raining.5. The football game was canceled because of the rain.6. If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Tom has learnedhis lesson, but only time will tell. Review 19.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-6-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.3079531}
{"text": "Table of ContentsUnit 1VerbsPart A Transitive and Intransitive Verbs6B Progressive and Non-progressive Stative Verbs10C Phrasal Verbs14D Review Simple Tenses: Present and PastPart A Simple Present 20B Simple Past and Habitual Past 24C ReviewProgressive Tenses: Present and PastPart A Present Progressive30B Past Progressive34C Review Future TensesPart A Will and Be Going To40B Simple Present and Present Progressive 44C Future Progressive 48D ReviewNouns and ArticlesPart A Types of Nouns54B Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns58C Partitives 62D Indefinite Adjectives 66E Articles Indefinite and Definite 70F Generic Nouns and Articles74G Review78Unit 6Adjectives and AdverbsPart A Adjectives and Adjective Order80B Participles Used as Adjectives 84C Adverbs 88D Positions and Types of Adverbs 92E Review Comparatives and SuperlativesPart A Comparatives98B Other Comparative Forms 102C Superlatives106D Review PronounsPart A Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns 112B Possessive Pronouns116C Reflexive Pronouns120D Indefinite Pronouns124E Singular and Plural Forms of Other128F Review AgreementPart A Subject-Verb Agreement134B Parallel Structure138C Review 142Unit 10 ConjunctionsPart A Correlative Conjunctions 144B Subordinating and Coordinating Conjunctions148C Review Index155Transcripts Answer KeyTransitive and Intransitive VerbsPart AUnit 1 Verbs6 Unit 1 VerbsGrammar ExplanationPreviewNapoleon Bonaparte was one of the greatest generalsof all time. He helped France conquer much ofEurope. However, many other countries hated himbecause of his power. Eventually, they were able todefeat Napoleon.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.3579855}
{"text": "He helped France conquer much ofEurope. However, many other countries hated himbecause of his power. Eventually, they were able todefeat Napoleon. Afterward, Napoleon was sent tothe island of Elba where he died without any power. Transitive verbs require a direct object for their meaning to be complete. SubjectTransitive VerbDirect ObjectMeaningJennyerased.incompleteJennyerasedthe whiteboard.completeGarytold.incompleteGarytolda secret.completeSome verbs can be transitive or intransitive depending on the context in the sentence. SubjectVerbDirect ObjectAdverbialTransitive IntransitiveDougmovedthe sofa.transitiveDougmovedto Singapore.intransitiveKellylefther bag at home.transitiveKellyleftat three o clock.intransitiveIntransitive verbs do NOT require a direct object for their meaning to be complete. SubjectIntransitive VerbDirect ObjectAdverbialMeaningWendyslept.completePeterranto school.completePractice 1Part A 71. My friend and I broke.2. We ran to the park.3. She threw.4. She cried.5. I helped. Exercise 2Put a check next to the sentences that are complete.1. My friend threw .2. I lied the monkey in a suit.3. My brother was laughing at .4. The teacher always worries the ball to me.5. The strong man lifted the giant stone over his head. Exercise 3Connect the sentence parts from the two columns. If the first half is complete, connect it to a blank space.1. We ate it. IT2. I am going to drink a huge bottle of soda. IT3. The boy finished his work at school. IT4. The mountain climber fell down the mountain. IT5. My mother is reading a book. ITExercise 1Circle I if the sentence has an intransitive verb or T if it has atransitive verb. Practice 28 Unit 1 VerbsExercise 5Look at the pictures. Write an appropriate sentence using either atransitive or intransitive verb. Exercise 6Write sentences with the verbs given. Write one sentence with a transitive form and the other with an intransitive form.1. 2. 3. 4. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.4494352}
{"text": "3. 4. 5. IntransitiveIntransitiveTransitiveTransitiveIntransitiveExercise 4Listen to the dialog and answer the questions.1. What kind of game are they talking about? 2. What couldn t the batter do? 3. What did the outfielder do? 4. Did they enjoy the game? 1. To move Transitive Intransitive 2. To drive Transitive Intransitive 3. To draw Transitive Intransitive 4. To eat Transitive Intransitive 5. To read Transitive Intransitive Track 2Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Read about Leslie s last vacation. Decide if each verb is transitive orintransitive. Circle T for transitive or I for intransitive. If the verb istransitive, write an appropriate direct object on the line.1. Leslie went to the beach last winter. TF2. Leslie liked the food she ate. TF3. People at the beach sold many different foods. TF4. She spent a lot of money on her vacation. TFExercise 8Circle T for true or F for false. Last summer, I went to the beach. It was great. The sea was so beautiful,and I sat 1. T I in the sun all day. I read2. T I . I also went swimming3. T I . It was so muchfun, but I drank 4. T I and became sick. The food was delicious though. I ate 5. T I . There wasso much variety. Finally, it was great becauseeverything was so cheap. I didn t spend6. T I while there. It was a wonderful vacation. Progressive and Non-progressive Stative VerbsPart B10 Unit 1 VerbsPreviewDear Mr. Simpson,Thank you for letting us use your cabin for ourvacation. The cabin was beautiful. I can t imaginea nicer place. It looks just like a postcard.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.4324002}
{"text": "The cabin was beautiful. I can t imaginea nicer place. It looks just like a postcard. I feel solucky that you trusted us enough to let us stay there. We were looking for the cabin in the wrong valleybefore we realized our mistake. We all loved skiingon the mountain and appreciate your kindness. Sincerely,EmilyNon-progressive Stative verbs do not describe actions. Instead, they describe a state or condition. Thestate or condition can occur over a period of time. They are NOT formed with be the present participle. SubjectStative VerbDianalovesCasey. Pizzatastesgood. TheyunderstandSpanish. Common non-progressive stative verbs: appreciate, believe, dislike, exist, fear, hate, know, like, love, need, prefer, realize, resemble, seem, sound, understandMany verbs can be progressive or non-progressive stative depending on the context of the sentence. SubjectVerbProgressive StativeJohnthinkssoccer is fun.stativeKevinis thinkingabout soccer.progressiveShelleyfeelssick.stativeLisais feelingthe rabbit s fur.progressiveCommon progressive and non-progressive verbs: appear, cost, feel, forget, have, hear, imagine, include,look, measure, remember, see, smell, taste, think, want, weighGrammar ExplanationProgressive verbs describe an action occurring over a period of time. They are formed with the verb be the present participle -ing form .SubjectBePresent ParticipleIam readingthe newspaper. Angelawaswashingthe dishes. Theyhad beenrunninga marathon. 1. The dog in the grass when it started raining.2. The boys playing soccer.3. Being a policeman like a great job.4. She didn t the movie yesterday because she was studying.5. Because he is sick, Mark in bed all day. Part B 11Exercise 1Circle the stative verb in each group. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box.1. Take We my car to the mechanic to get it fixed now.2. Cost Though I am enjoying my vacation, it much morethan I thought it would.3. Want My mother doesn t me to be lazy in school.4. See Jack and Jill each other for three weeks. Their firstdate was at the end of last month.5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.4432273}
{"text": "Want My mother doesn t me to be lazy in school.4. See Jack and Jill each other for three weeks. Their firstdate was at the end of last month.5. Weigh At the moment, the butcher the steak Jack wantsto buy.1. A. sleepb. Knowc. Digd. Show2. A. soundb. Studyc. Readd. Work3. A. meetb. Scratchc. Typed. Believe4. A. cutb. Fearc. Sleepd. Spend5. A. watchb. Swimc. Appreciated. LiveExercise 3Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.seelovewas rollinghas been lyingsoundsPractice 1Practice 212 Unit 1 VerbsExercise 4Listen and circle T for true or F for false. Exercise 5Match each statement to the correct picture.a. The giraffe is eating leaves.b. The man forgot where he put his keys.c. The woman prefers the dark shirt, but the man prefers the light one.d. He is weighing himself on the scale.e. The woman resembles her sister.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Exercise 6Finish the sentences with your own information.1. I imagine that next year I am imagining 2. My father thinks My father is thinking 3. Skunks smell The skunks are smelling 4. The fluffy little kitten looks The fluffy little kitten is looking Track 31. Mark is running for class president. TF2. Mark likes the school lunch. TF3. Mark wants new basketballs for gym class. TF4. Mark doesn t want new school uniforms. TF5. Mark wants many changes at school. TFPart B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given. I remember 1. My first day of school very well. I walk 2. To my classroom when Itripped and fell. I feel 3. Really embarrassed. It was OK because no one watch 4. . I got up and went tomy class. My teacher was so great, that by the endof the day I wasn t think 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.4754074}
{"text": ". I got up and went tomy class. My teacher was so great, that by the endof the day I wasn t think 5. About it anymore. Everything was fine. Exercise 8Write about your first day of school. Include how you felt and whatyou were thinking. 14 Unit 1 VerbsPart C Phrasal VerbsGrammar ExplanationPreviewVirgo: This week you should make up with afriend who you have fallen out of favorwith. You will then be able to count onthis friend in the future, and this willhelp to keep your long-term goals fromfalling through. Phrasal verbs are verbs that combine with a preposition to create a meaning that is different from thetwo words taken separately. With some phrasal verbs, the object must be placed after the preposition. VerbPrepositionMeaningSherricameacrosssomeone s wallet on the street.found by chanceDid Craigdropbyhis friend s house?visitWe didn tgetonthe bus. Enter a vehicle Other common non-separable phrasal verbs: check in, drop out of , get along with , get off, get in,grow up, look after, take after, run into With some phrasal verbs, the object can be placed between the verb and the preposition or after thepreposition. VerbObjectPrepositionMeaningBarneyfiguredthe answerout.found understoodDid shepicka candyout?chooseHe didn tturnhis iPodoff.stopOther common separable phrasal verbs: call off, cheer up, drop off, find out, give up, hand in, look up,make up, put off, take over, turn on, turn down Note that not every verb preposition is a phrasal verb. Phrasal verbs are only those combinations thathave a separate meaning. VerbPrepositionPhrasal verb NotThe balldroppedbythe big tree.notWedroppedbythe store for some milk.phrasal verbShe lookedintoa trip to Hawaii.phrasal verbCharlielooked intothe fridge to see if there notwas any milk. Part C 151. After watching the rain for three hours, they finally decided to the baseball game.2. Mark cannot what is wrong with his computer.3.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.544711}
{"text": "Part C 151. After watching the rain for three hours, they finally decided to the baseball game.2. Mark cannot what is wrong with his computer.3. At first I didn t like this book, but now I am really starting to it.4. Jenny s boyfriend is coming to her at seveno clock.5. My uncle says that I am really starting to my father, but Idisagree. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verbs from the box.1. Mark forgot his homework, so he is going to hand in it late. 2. My brother always seems to be able to get around the rules. 3. I was really disappointed when I found up who the killer in the movie was. 4. When my father first arrived at the hotel to check out, the lady was rude to him. When he left to check in, she was much friendlier. 5. My friend is so lazy. She always puts off her homework until late at night. Exercise 3Underline the mistakes in the sentences. Write the correct words on theline. If there is no mistake, write OK on the line. Practice 1Exercise 1Match the phrasal verb with its definition.1. After three years, my friend dropped out of school. A. to meet by accident2. It was strange to run into my old boss at school.b. To submit to give3. We always hand in our assignments on time.c. To take care of4. My brother cheered me up after my best friendd. To quit doing somethingmoved away.5. The nurse looks after patients at the hospital.e. To make happytake afterfigure outpick upcall offget intoPractice 216 Unit 1 VerbsA: Let s 1. With our reporter standing by with David Best. B: Thanks, Tom. I am here with David Best. David, many people say that your team2. The team of two years ago. Is that true?C: Well, that team two years ago was great. We all 3. To them. Hopefully, today we can work hard and 4. .B: You 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.6054664}
{"text": "We all 3. To them. Hopefully, today we can work hard and 4. .B: You 5. In this area, and this is your first game in this stadium. How does it feel?C: It feels great! I couldn t 6. The chance to play for my hometown. Exercise 4Listen to the interview. Then fill in the blanks with the correctphrasal verb.a. The building blew up.b. The man is asking the woman out.c. The woman looks after her son.d. They pulled over to check the map. Exercise 5Match each sentence to the correct picture. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from the box. Track 41. 2. 3. 4. Made up get along with dropped out gave up1. Her sister doesn t her boyfriend. They are always fighting.2. After years of trying to become a doctor, Mr. James finally and of medical school. Now he works in a bank.3. Mark finally admitted that his story was not true. He had it to impress his friends. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Unscramble the phrases or sentences to reveal the instructions for theassignment. Students,Your final project for the year is coming up, which means that you will havea lot of work. If you do not know enough about your topic, 1. It up must you look and 2. About it. Out find more . 3. In must check You me with every week.4. Late. Projects in cannot turned be 5. Work not Please do off. This put If youhave any questions, please come to me. Good luck. Mr. Craven1. What should the students do if they do not know enough about the topic? 2. What must students do every week? 3. Will late projects be accepted? 4. What does the teacher ask the students to do at the end? Exercise 8Answer questions about the final project.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.5637584}
{"text": "What must students do every week? 3. Will late projects be accepted? 4. What does the teacher ask the students to do at the end? Exercise 8Answer questions about the final project. 18 Unit 1 VerbsReviewPart DA: Hi, do you want to get together later?B: Well, I am eating dinner andI need to do homework. A: OK, well I will come by later to see B: OK, talk to you soon.how you are doing.1. It sounds stealing the car when the police arrived.2. The thief was out which book I want to buy.3. I can t seem to pick .4. The dog ate like you are really enjoying your class.5. My mother has been cooking all afternoon. 1. Several of my friends work in the gym near my apartment. 2. We were lucky to run Kevin s father. He gave us a ride home.3. We are late, so hurry up and get the car!4. After a long, angry argument, Sally and her friend finally made . 5. Let s drop the supermarket to pick some ice cream. Exercise 2Connect sentence parts from the two columns to make completesentences.1.2.3.get together catch uphook upeat dinner do homeworkplay piano restwatch TV walk the dogcome bystop bydrop inExercise 3Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct preposition. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation. Misery loves company. ProverbExercise 4Fix the mistake in each sentence. Then number the pictures 1--4.Exercise 6Complete the sentences with information about yourself.1. It are swimming in the ocean. 2. He ran onto his friend on the street. 3. The man is loving his wife. 4. Cindy is standing in to her sister. Review 191. For months. We been six have traveling 2. Party parents My called the off. 3. Will be to It on finish difficult time. 4. Away threw garbage. We the 1.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-3-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.6002622}
{"text": "Table of ContentsUnit 1Nouns and ArticlesPart A Categorization of Nouns6B Countable and Uncountable Nouns10C Possessives14D Articles and Generic Statements 18E Review PrepositionsPart A Prepositions of Place 24B Prepositions of Time 28C Other Prepositions 32D Review ConjunctionsPart A Coordinating Conjunctions 38B Subordinating Conjunctions I 42C Subordinating Conjunctions II 46D Review Modal AuxiliariesPart A Basic Modal Auxiliaries 52B Polite Requests and Permission 56C Necessity and Obligation 60D Certainty 64E Review Infinitives and GerundsPart A Infinitives 70B Gerunds 74C Go Gerund 78D Review 82Unit 6Past ProgressivePart A Form and Function 84B When and While88C Review Perfect TensesPart A Present Perfect 94B Present Perfect Progressive 98C Review Adjectives and AdverbsPart A Adjectives 104B Indefinite Adjectives 108C Adverbs 112D Irregular Adverbs 116E Adverbs of Frequency 120F Review Comparatives and SuperlativesPart A Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 126B Comparative and Superlative Adverbs 130C Review 134Unit 10 Passive VoicePart A Active and Passive Voices 136B By Object 140C Review Index148Transcripts Answer KeyCategorization of NounsPart AUnit 1 Nouns and Articles6 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewThere is some candy on the table. Ryan has a good idea. He likes candy. He puts it in his mouth. Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. PersonJohn went to the new theater last week with his father. Examples: brother, mailman, chef, assistant, friend, kingPlaceWe met our neighbors at the arcade. Examples: beach, zoo, home, Spain, woods, work, schoolThingI found the keys under the sofa. Examples: eraser, chain, picture, door, pen, tractor, stickIdeaHappiness is very important. Examples: sadness, freedom, fun, love, angerPractice 1Part A 71. I gave my homework to my .a. Teacher b. doctor c. penguin2. I went to the doctor yesterday. He gave me .a.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.6630101}
{"text": "Penguin2. I went to the doctor yesterday. He gave me .a. Candy b. medicine c. hospital3. The works hard in the fields all day.a. Police officer b. farmer c. salesperson4. I helped my younger with his homework. A. sister b. uncle c. brotherExercise 2Choose the best answers.1. PERSON:letter France firefighter2. PLACE:apartment time tennis3. THING:sweater grandparents fun4. IDEA:fear garage stomachExercise 3Circle the correct answers.1. Doctor Smith has an office in the city.2. We don t have any time.3. John bought coffee, milk, and sugar at the store.4. My mother put a cake in the oven. Exercise 1Underline the nouns. Practice 28 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 5Circle all the nouns and write them in the correct boxes.tree house boredom go girlswim Mr. Smith love run campleave sad school dad truckteach printer cards catch havefriendship fun brother room walkExercise 4Listen and put a check for each type of noun you hear. PeoplePlaces Things Ideas1. 2.3.Places People Things Ideas Track 2Part A 9Grammar in Usetiger parents animals manes lion zoos stripesExercise 6Complete the sentences with words from the box.1. Ligers are small. TF2. Some ligers have manes. TF3. Ligers only live in Africa. TF4. Ligers don t have stripes. TFExercise 7Read the statements about Exercise 6. Circle T for true or F for false. A liger is an amazing animal. It is a mix between a 1. And a2. . Ligers only live in 3. . They are bigger thantheir 4. . Ligers have 5. Like a tiger. Someligers have long hairy 6. Like lions. Ligers are the largest catsin the world. They really are amazing 7. ! Countable and UncountableNounsPart B10 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewA: These cookies are delicious!B: Thanks. Here is your lemonade. A: Thank you. Wow!", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.6960902}
{"text": "Countable and UncountableNounsPart B10 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewA: These cookies are delicious!B: Thanks. Here is your lemonade. A: Thank you. Wow! It s sour!B: Yes, it is! Let s add some sugar. A: Good idea. Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns represent things that can be countedI bought eleven CDs and a new book.as individuals. Use a, many, few, or numbers We saw many cars and a few vans.before countable nouns. Countable nouns: apple, ant, bag, book, cat, chair, donut, friend, house, jacket, map, neighbor, page,question, raft, stoveUncountable nouns represent things that cannot beI had some soup before dinner.counted as individuals. Use much, little, some or any I didn t have any coffee. For negatives and questions before uncountable nouns. Did you have any fun at the zoo?Yes, we had some fun at the zoo. Uncountable nouns: bread, cheese, coffee, food, fruit, furniture, homework, mail, meat, milk, music, paper, rice, soup, water Some and any can also be used with countable nouns. Any is used for questions and negatives. Someis used when the exact number is not known or is not important. Example: Do you have any apples? Yes, we have some apples in the fridge. 1. The keeps her in a 2. The tailor cut some cloth.3. I filled my cup with juice.4. He had cereal for breakfast.5. The team scored five goals. Part B 11Practice 1Exercise 1Write the nouns in the correct box.book bread teacherwoodmusic country gold monkeyboy ice tooth erasersugar juice rain cupCountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Exercise 2Underline the nouns and write C for countable or U for uncountable.woman jewelrybox. CUC1. Sugar juice sandwich soup2. Notebook CD pencil paper3. Chair wood money glue4. Ice cream cereal cookie riceExercise 3Circle the odd words. Practice 212 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 4Listen and circle the correct answers. Then number the pictures.1.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.719809}
{"text": "Ice cream cereal cookie riceExercise 3Circle the odd words. Practice 212 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 4Listen and circle the correct answers. Then number the pictures.1. We had two some fried chicken for lunch.2. He locked a much door with a key.3. He ate some any pasta for dinner.4. Are there any much chickens on the road? Yes, there are two. Exercise 5Fix the mistake in each sentence.1. I drank any water yesterday. 2. She is buying twelve eggs and much apples. 3. There was too many butter on my popcorn. Exercise 6Write sentences about yourself. Change the underlined words.1. I had an apple, a sandwich, and milk for lunch yesterday. 2. I don t have any brothers, but I have three sisters. Track 3Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with words from the box.salt and peppermeatsome lettuce, cheese, fresh breada big bitemayonnaiseFirst, you need 1. . Then, you spread some butteror 2. On the bread. Next, you put some 3. Or turkey on the bread. Then, you add 4. And tomato. If you want, you can add some 5. . Finally, you cut your sandwich in half and take 6. ! Making a SandwichFirst, . Then, you . Next, you put . Then, you add .Finally, you and take a big bite!Making a SandwichExercise 8Make your own sandwich using different ingredients. IDEASmustard ketchuppickles chickenmeat onionolives tuna14 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesPart C PossessivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewI went to my friend s house yesterday. Westudied for over two hours in her father s office. After we finished, her brother took us for somepizza in their parents car. Their father is theowner of the restaurant.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.6813319}
{"text": "The computer belonged to my friend. John saw our teacher s car. Who ate his French fries?Exercise 2Rewrite the sentences using apostrophes.1. Who ate John s French fries? 2. We borrowed Nick and Tom s pool cues. 3. I lost Sarah s keys. 4. John ripped his book, and I ripped my book. Exercise 3Make sentences using possessive adjectives.1. I have one sister. Yesterday, I walked my sisters dog to the park.2. I don t like my brother new girlfriend.3. My family bought a pet parrot. The parrots color is very unusual.4. My sister doesn t like the color off the parrot. Exercise 1Fix the mistake in each sentence. Practice 1Practice 216 Unit 1 Nouns and Articles1. Who has the cap? John Kelly2. Who has the keys? John Sarah3. Who has the bag? Kelly Peter4. Who has the books? Peter the studentsExercise 4Listen and choose the correct answers. The mother of the bride is collecting gifts.1. The bride s mother is collecting gifts. 2. My friend s sister speaks German. 3. The queen of England is very old. 4. The friends of my sister are very nice. 5. The eyes of that kitten are cute. Exercise 6Change the form of the sentences.1. The eyes fish are very unusual.2. The collar has a tag on it. 3. The cell phone battery has no power.4. The owner boat is smiling. Exercise 5Complete the sentences using the pictures. Track 4Part C 17Grammar in UseSunday s game of the team s goalkeeper John s ballExercise 7Fill in the blanks in the conversation.1. Tom has John s ball. TF2. Tom took John s ball on Saturday. TF3. The final is on Sunday. TF4. One team s goalkeeper is injured. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. Tom: Hey, do you have John s ball?Nick: Yes, 1. Is at my house.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.7878468}
{"text": "One team s goalkeeper is injured. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. Tom: Hey, do you have John s ball?Nick: Yes, 1. Is at my house. I took it onSaturday. Tom: Great, we will need it for 2. .Nick: Oh yes---for the league final. Wehave a great chance! The other 3. Isinjured. Tom: I really want to win! The winners 4. League get one hundred dollars! 18 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesPart D Articles and Generic StatementsA is for singular nouns. It goes in front of consonant sounds. An is for singular nouns. It goes in front of vowel sounds. The is for singular or plural nouns and goesin front of consonant or vowel sounds. The is used for things that are alreadyknown or introduced. The is also usedwhen the noun it precedes is the only oneof its kind. ArticlesA zebra has stripes. Nick eats a sandwich. She teaches at a university. The u has a y sound. We will meet them in an hour. The h is silent. John sees an airplane. You need an umbrella. Nick eats a sandwich. The sandwich is delicious. John sees an airplane. The airplane is in the sky. The moon is in the sky. There is only one moon andone sky. Some apples are in the fridge. Most people only haveone fridge in their homes. Generic statements are sentences that provide information that is true most or all of the time. Generic statements often use the verb Be. Some generic statements use the verb Have. Other generic statements use verbs that describe a state or condition. Other state or condition verbs: look, smell, taste, sound, like, love, hate, think, believeGeneric StatementsI am a student. She is tall. They are my parents. Insects have six legs. He has blue eyes. Candy tastes sweet. Feathers feel soft. Grammar ExplanationPreviewEagles are very beautiful birds. There is an eaglein the zoo. He has a big cage. There is an ostrichnext to him. The ostrich is from Africa. Part D 191. My dad bought me a an -- new cell phone.2. It took me a an -- hour to choose it.3. It has a an -- expensive digital camera in it.4.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.777743}
{"text": "A cheetah cheetahs once, but it was in 6. A the zoo. Part D 21Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or --.1. Alligators have strong tails. TF2. Alligators are good pets for kids. TF3. Alligators swim well. TF4. Alligators live in many parts of the world. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. 1. Alligators are very dangerous animals. They come fromall parts of 2. World. There are many alligators in Florida in3. US. 4. Alligators are great swimmers. 5. Strong tail helps alligators 6. Swim. Analligator can kill 7. Person. Stay away from 8. Them! 22 Unit 1 Nouns and Articles ReviewPart EA: What do you have in your pocket?B: I have an MP3 player. A: I like the color. Where did you get it?B: Thanks. I got it at an electronics store. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1. The moon is far from an the Earth.2. I like Nick s Nicks new sweater.3. A white tiger is a an extremely rare animal.4. The winner of the of competition won a nice painting.5. Nick likes his computer. He got it for his Nick s birthday. Exercise 2Choose the correct answers.1.2.3.pocket an MP3 player hand a ring bag a CD playerthe color get the design buy the shape winan electronics store a jewelry store a competitionCountable1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Uncountable6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Exercise 3Complete the lists with things you have at home.a bedtapeThe first step is the hardest. ProverbExercise 4Complete the crossword. Exercise 6Write the nouns in the correct boxes.joy Italy police officer computer Justin time city hot chocolatePlaces People Things Ideas Down1.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.773191}
{"text": "9. 10. Exercise 3Complete the lists with things you have at home.a bedtapeThe first step is the hardest. ProverbExercise 4Complete the crossword. Exercise 6Write the nouns in the correct boxes.joy Italy police officer computer Justin time city hot chocolatePlaces People Things Ideas Down1.I will go to a after I finish high school.2.An is similar to a crocodile.3.A fixes teeth. Across4.A waiter serves food in a .5.A flies airplanes. Review 23My family goes 1. Camping every year. Wealways make 2. Big fire. Then, we cookdinner over 3. Fire. After dinner, we play4. Games and talk. It s fun. I look at5. Moon and 6. Stars. Exercise 5Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or --.4.3.5.1.2.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-2-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.757394}
{"text": "Participial Phrases........................................... Infinitive phrases............................................ CHAPTER FOUR: SENTENCES........................................ What is a sentence?........................................ Sentence Fragments....................................... Objects........................................................... Complements................................................. Types of sentences......................................... Simple sentences............................................ Compound sentences...................................... Complex sentences......................................... Declarative sentences..................................... Interrogative sentences................................... Exclamatory sentences..................................... Imperatives sentences..................................... Conditional sentences...................................... Direct and indirect speech................................ Question tags.................................................. CHAPTER FIVE: CAPITALIZATION AND PUNTUATION........ Capitalization................................................... Punctuation..................................................... End marks....................................................... The comma...................................................... The Semicolon and the Colon............................ The Hypen........................................................ The Apostrophe................................................ Quotation Marks............................................... www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 5 PREFACE This book has been specially prepared to meet the needs of Secondary School Students and learners of English as a second language. It embarks on enlightening them on the nature and structure of the English Grammar in a very simplified and understandable manner. English is the official language and the main medium of instruction in many countries in the world. Besides this, it is an examinable subject in many national examinations. Hence this book will certainly come handy for many people in the world. Numerous exercises have been provided after every single topic to give the students a chance to practice and test their understanding of the areas discussed. Answers to those exercises are provided at the back of this book. It is my hope that this book will simplify the English grammar for all who read it. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 6 PART ONE PARTS OF SPEECH All words may be classified into groups called parts of speech. There are 8 parts of speech namely: Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. We shall now discuss these parts of speech one at a time: CHAPTER ONE 1. NOUNS A noun is the part of speech that names a person, a place, a thing or an idea. You use nouns every day when you speak or write. Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk about anything at all without them.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.837634}
{"text": "You use nouns every day when you speak or write. Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk about anything at all without them. Many nouns name things you can see: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 7 Persons Places Things Boy Lake Boot Student Country Shadow John Kamau Nairobi Chair Stranger Jupiter Sweater Writer Kenyatta Market Calendar Barrack Obama Sierra Leone Short story Note: Nouns can be two or more words e.g. John Kamau, Kenyatta Market and Short story. They are called compound nouns. We shall learn more about them in coming pages. Some nouns name things you cannot see such as feelings, ideas and characteristics: Feelings Ideas Characteristics Excitement Freedom Curiosity Fear Justice Cowardice Anger Fantasy Courage Happiness Faith Imagination Surprise Evil Self-confidence Exercise 1 What words in each sentence below are nouns? Example: John is a dancer John, dancer 1. The students planned a party. 2. Three boys performed songs. 3. Excitement filled the air. 4. Joyce Chepkemoi won a prize. 5. Otieno lives in a house on my street. Exercise 2 Copy the nouns below and write whether it names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. Example: river place 1. Candle 5. Guitar 2. Wrestle 6. China 3. Joy 7. Hatred 4. Menengai Crater 8. Masanduku Arap Simiti Exercise 3 Write down each noun in the following sentences. Example: Kenya is a beautiful country Kenya, country 1. The musicians played drums and trumpets. 2. Her family lives in a village. 3. Petronilla enjoyed the trip. 4. A festival was held in Kenyatta University. 5. People in costumes filled the streets. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 8 6. Boys in Scouts uniforms were leading the parade. 7. The holiday was a great excitement. 8. A taxi brought the family to the airport. 9. Maryanne built a huge castle in the wet sand. 10. Her mother swam in the warm water. There are different kinds of nouns: 1.1. Common and proper nouns All nouns can be described as either common or proper.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.8611662}
{"text": "Her mother swam in the warm water. There are different kinds of nouns: 1.1. Common and proper nouns All nouns can be described as either common or proper. When you talk or write about a person, a place, a thing, or an idea in general, you use a common noun. Example: Doctors work hard. They treat many patients. A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters. Example: Ephraim Maree is a doctor. He comes from Kirinyaga. Note: When a proper noun is made up of more than one word, only the important words in the noun will begin with a capital letter. Do not capitalize words such as the, of, or for. Example: Gulf of Mexico, State of Liberty, the Commander in Chief. Common and Proper Nouns Common nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Proper nouns street Kerugoya city Raila Odinga author South Africa ocean Wanjohi wa Kigogo-ini policeman Asia bed Moi Avenue country Indian Ocean wardrobe Lake Victoria mountain England continent Dr. Frank Njenga lake Nelson Mandela assistant Professor Saitoti Proper nouns are important to good writing. They make your writing more specific, and therefore clearer. Exercise 4 Which words are proper nouns and should be capitalised? Which words are common nouns? Example: kenya Proper: Kenya 1. July 6. Student 11. America 2. Book 7. Kendu bay 12. Business 3. Face 8. John hopkins 13. Day 4. England 9. Life 14. East africa 5. Crocodiles 10. Johannesburg 15. Calendar Exercise 5 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 9 List the common nouns and the proper nouns in each of the following sentences. Example: Nancy welcomed the guests. Proper: Nancy common: guests 1. Lucky Dube was a famous singer. 2. This dancer has performed in London and Paris. 3. His last flight was over the Mediterranean Sea. 4. She worked as a nurse during the Second World War. 5. Her goal was to educate students all over the world. 6. It was the worst accident in the history of Europe. 7. Bill Gates is best known for founding Microsoft. 8. The Pilot was the first woman to cross that ocean alone. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.877952}
{"text": "8. The Pilot was the first woman to cross that ocean alone. 9. She grabbed a kettle and brought them water. 10. Professor Wangari Maathai won a Nobel Peace Prize. 1.2 Singular and Plural Nouns A noun may be either singular or plural. A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. Example: The farmer drove to the market in his truck. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Example: The farmers drove to the markets in their trucks. Rules for forming plurals The following are guidelines for forming plurals: 1. To form the plural of most singular nouns, add -s. Examples: Street streets, house houses, painter painters, shelter shelters, event- events, hospital hospitals. 2. When a singular noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, add - es. Examples: dress-dresses, brush-brushes, ax-axes, coach-coaches, box boxes, benchbenches, dish-dishes, waltz waltzes. 3. When a singular noun ends in o, add -s to make it plural. Examples: Piano-pianos, solo-solos, cameo cameos, concerto concertos, patiopatios, studio-studios, radio-radios, rodeo rodeos. 4. For some nouns ending with a consonant and o, add -es. Examples: hero heroes, potato potatoes, echo-echoes, veto vetoes, tomato tomatoes. 5. When a singular noun ends with a consonant and y, change the y to i and add -es. Examples: Library libraries, activity activities, story stories, city cities, berry berries. 6. When a singular noun ends with a vowel a,e,i,o,u followed by y, just add -s. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 10 Examples: Valley valleys, essay essays, alley alleys, survey surveys, joy joys. 7. To form the plural of many nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to v and add -es or s. Examples: Wife wives, thief thieves, loaf loaves, half halves, shelf shelves, leaf leaves, scarf scarves, life lives, calf calves, elf elves. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.8504372}
{"text": "Tomato 6. The are playing in the field. Child 7. Some are hiding in the ceiling. Mouse 8. The of the buildings must be repaired. Roof 9. The music helped them imagine the strange . Story 10. Koech used creative to help young people sharpen their imagination. Activity Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns These are nouns that take plurals and can be counted. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 11 Egg eggs One egg, three eggs , ten eggs Potato - Potatoes Twenty potatoes Onion - Onions Two hundred onions Such nouns are known as COUNTABLE or COUNT NOUNS Uncountable Nouns These are nouns that do not take plurals and cannot be counted. Examples : salt, butter, cooking fat, milk, bread, jam We do not say: Two butters Ten milks Three breads Such nouns are known as UNCOUNTABLE or MASS NOUNS Exercise 8 Rewrite the words below in two columns, COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Orange Coffee Furniture tea Water gold Chair team Friend music Plurals with uncountable Nouns One way to express plurals of uncountable nouns is by use of expressions of quantity. Example: a piece of information - pieces of information a loaf of bread - four loaves of bread a tin of soup - three tins of soup a piece of furniture - several pieces of furniture a litre of milk - twenty litres of milk a bottle of beer - ten bottles of beer Exercise 9 Supply an appropriate expression of quantity for the following uncountable nouns 1. A........................................... of cigarettes. 2. Two.................................... of cooking oil 3. Three.............................. of jam. 4. Ten............................of butter. 5. Six...........................of soda. 6. A........................... of toothpaste 7. Three..........................of rice. 8. Five ............................. of flour. 9. Two .............................. of chocolate. 10. Four.......................... of news. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 12 Collective Nouns These are nouns that represent a group of people or things as a single unit.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.9429905}
{"text": "Four.......................... of news. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 12 Collective Nouns These are nouns that represent a group of people or things as a single unit. Some collective nouns can take plural forms Examples: Crowd s flock s Group s herd s Team s committee s Pair s Some collective nouns, however, cannot be used in the plural: Examples Furniture beddings Equipments informations Luggages baggages Exercise 10 When I arrived at the airport, there were ...............1.............. crowd of people blocking the entrance with their .................2.................. luggage . Near the customs sections, several...............3................. group of officials were standing, checking the ..................4.................. equipment that was being loaded onto a trolley. Most people were standing, waiting for... .............5................. information from the loundspeakers onthe departures and arrivals of aircraft. COMPOUND NOUNS A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. The words that form compound nouns may be joined together, separated or hyphenated. Examples: Joined: bookcase, blackboard, pushcart Separated: high school, rabbit hutch, radar gun Hyphenated: go-getter, mother-in-law, sergeant at-arms Compound nouns are usually a combination of two or moreword classes. The most common combinations are as follows; a some are formed by joining a noun with another noun. Most of these compound noun take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Tableroom s grassroot s prizefighter s Cubboard s policeman men rubber-stamp s Bookcase s farmhouse s sanitary towel s Cowshed s fruit machine s shoulder blade s b Some are formed by joining a verb and an adverb. Most of these compound nouns also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 13 Breakfast s push-up s rundown s Takeaway s knockout s slip-up s Sit-up s meltdown s c Some compound nouns are formed by joining an adjective and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.925469}
{"text": "Most of these compound nouns also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 13 Breakfast s push-up s rundown s Takeaway s knockout s slip-up s Sit-up s meltdown s c Some compound nouns are formed by joining an adjective and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Hotdog s polar bear s safe guard s Blackboard s quicksand Highway s remote control s Nuclear power right angle s d Some are formed by joining a verb and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Driveway s playground s spend thrift s Breakdance pushchair s go-getter s Mincemeat screwdriver s Password s spare wheel s e Some ore formed by joining an adverb and a noun. Most of these also take their plural in the last words Examples: Overdraft s overcoats s backyards s Backbencher s undercoat s backbone s Backlog s underwear s oversight s f A few compound nouns are formed by joining an adverb and a verb. These ones also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Outbreak s Backlash s Output s Outburst s Outcast s input s g A few others are formed by joining a noun and a verb. They also take their plurals in the last words Examples: Nosedive s Nightfall s h A number of compound nouns are formed by joining two nouns by use f hyphens and a short preposition in between. These compound nouns always take their plurals in the first words. Examples: Commander s - in- chief Sergeant s -at-arms Mother s -in-laws sister s -in-law Play s -within-play Exercise 11 Underline the compound nouns in the following sentences and write down their plural forms where possible. 1. John wants to be a quantity surveyor when he grows up. 2. Rainwater had washed away all the top soil. 3. The footballer was shown a red card by the referee. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.965833}
{"text": "Boys, songs 3. Excitement, air 4. Joyce Chepkemoi, prize 5. Otieno, house, street Exercise 2 1. Candle thing 5. Guitar thing 2. Wrestler person 6. China place 3. Joy idea 7. Hatred idea 4. Menengai Crater place 8. Masanduku arap Simiti person Exercise 3 1. Musicians, drums, trumpets 2. Family, village 3. Petronilla, trip 4. Festival, Kenyatta University 5. People, costumes, streets 6. Boys, Scouts, sniforms, parade 7. Holiday, excitement 8. Taxi, family, airport 9. Maryanne, castle, sand 10. Mother, water www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 17 Exercise 4 Proper nouns Common nouns July book England face Kendu Bay crocodiles John Hopkins student Johannesburg life America business East Africa day calendar Exercise 5 1. Proper Lucky Dube Common singer 2. Proper London, Paris Common dancer 3. Proper Mediterranean sea Common flight 4. Proper Second World War Common nurse 5. Common goal, students, world 6. Proper Europe Common accident 7. Proper Bill Gates, Microsoft 8. Common pilot, woman, ocean 9. Common kettle, water 10. Proper Professor Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Exercise 6 1. Tooth teeth 9. Cliffs 17. Moose 25. Bosses 2. Wives 10. Deer 18. Children 26. Foxes 3. Giraffes 11. Cliff 19. Echoes 27. Bunches 4. Heroes 12. Autos 20. Babies 28. Ferries 5. Radios 13. Studios 21. Skies 29. Flashes 6. Potatoes 14. Men 22. Beaches 30. Ships 7. Beliefs 15. Roofs 23. Eyes 8. Thieves 16. Rodeos 24. Volcanoes volcanos Exercise 7 1. Knives 6.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.9347112}
{"text": "Rodeos 24. Volcanoes volcanos Exercise 7 1. Knives 6. Children 2. Potatoes 7. Mice 3. Geese 8. Roofs www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 18 4. Shelves 9. Stories 5. Tomatoes 10. Activities Exercise 8 1. The lion s tail 2. Cliff s dog 3. My mother s hat 4. Evan s book 5. The child s pet 6. The doll s name 7. Lucy s mobile phone 8. Kimani s shoes 9. The fox s teeth 10. My friend s rabbit Exercise 9 1. Cook s aprons 6. Women s sports 2. Men s boots 7. Carpenter s nails 3. Countries flags 8. Sailors uniforms 4. Guests coats 9. Musicians instruments 5. Athlete s medals 10. Neighbours pets Exercise 10 1. The couple s wealth 2. A men s team, a women s team 3. The teams uniforms 4. The athletes shirts 5. The team-mates scores 6. Their friends cheers 7. The coaches whistles 8. The children s eyes 9. Their mothers soothing voices 10. Their neighbours house www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 19 PRONOUNS A pronoun is a part of speech that takes the place of a noun. They include such words as I, we, he, she, thy, me and us. Pronouns enable you to avoid repeating the same names nouns , when writing or speaking, which would otherwise make you sound very awkward and wordy. By using pronouns effectively, you can make your writing and speaking flow smoothly. Pronouns can be classified into 6 types. These are personal, indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative, reflexive and intensive pronouns. 2.1 Personal pronouns A personal pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or another pronoun. They are used to refer to nouns that name persons or things. Example: Awkward Kamau put on Kamau s gum boots. Then Kamau went to the shamba. Improved Kamau put on his gum boots.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.034495}
{"text": "Examples: She is a painter subject form He praised her. Object form It is her best painting. Possessive form Subject Pronouns A subject pronoun takes the place of a noun as the subject of a sentence. These pronouns are: i Singular forms I, you, he, she, it ii Plural forms we, you, they Examples: Noun Subject Pronoun The housegirl takes care of the baby She takes care of the baby The dog guards the house It guards the house Mark and Francis love swimming They love swimming Subject pronouns also appear after forms of the linking verbs be. Examples: The watchman today is he. The composers were they. Exercise 1 Underline the subject pronouns in the following sentences. Example: She ate a water melon 1. They ate fish and chips. 2. We like Italian food. 3. It is delicious. 4. The biggest eater was he. 5. You helped in the cooking. 6. The cooks were Tom and I. Exercise 2 Replace the underlined words with subject pronouns. Example: Pio and Gama are friends - They www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 21 1. The glasses were under the table. 2. Emma fed the chicken. 3. The pears were juicy. 4. Uncle Ben and Lillian visited the orphans. 5. The new waitress is Jane. 6. The fastest runners were Tecla and Kirui. 7. Lisa went to the hall. 8. The chicken was slaughtered. 9. Lucky Dube and Brenda Fasie were South African Singers. 10. Samuel Wanjiru has won many athletics medals. Object pronouns Object pronouns can replace nouns used after action verbs. These pronouns are: i Singular me, you, him, her, it ii Plural us, you them Examples: The driver drove him. Direct object The parents thanked us. Direct object The reporters asked him many questions. Indirect object In the above examples, the personal pronouns are the direct or indirect objects of the verbs before them. Object pronouns can also replace nouns after prepositions such as to, for, with, in, at or by. That is, they can be objects of prepositions. Examples: Gladys waved to them. Object of a preposition The delivery is for me.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406271.9990258}
{"text": "That is, they can be objects of prepositions. Examples: Gladys waved to them. Object of a preposition The delivery is for me. Ben went with them to the theatre. Exercise 3 Choose the correct pronoun in the brackets in the following sentences. Example: Irungu photographed us, we . Us 1. Lisa asked he, him for a picture. 2. Adam sketched Lisa and I, me . 3. He gave a photo to us, we . 4. Ann and she, her saw Dave and Bob. 5. Adam drew Lisa and they, them . 6. Mark helped I, me with the packing. 7. Loise praised him, he for his good work. 8. Everyone spotted they, them easily. 9. That night Mike played the guitar for us, we . 10. We, Us drove with they, them to the mountains. Possessive pronouns A possessive pronoun shows ownership. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 22 Example: My pen is black. There are two kinds of possessive pronouns: i Those used as adjectives to modify nouns. These possessive pronouns are: Singular: My, your, his, her, its Plural: Our, your, their Examples: My shirt is yellow. Your food is on the table. His bag is green. This is her dress. Its fur is soft. These are our parents. Pay your bills. They removed their bats. The above possessive pronouns always appear before nouns to modify them. Hence, they are called modifiers. Ii Those that stand alone and replace nouns in sentences. These possessive nouns are: Singular: mine yours his, hers, its Plural: ours yours, their Examples: The yellow shirt is mine. The food on the table is yours. The green bag is his. This dress is hers. Its is the soft fur. These crops are ours. These bills are yours. Those hats are theirs. Exercise 4 Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct possessive pronoun from the brackets. Example: The lazy girl completed her, hers home work. Her. 1. My, mine journey to Mombasa was enjoyable. 2. Florence said her, hers was the best. 3. Are the pictures of Fort Jesus your, yours ? 4.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.0378158}
{"text": "3. Are the pictures of Fort Jesus your, yours ? 4. Her, Hers were taken at Jomo Kenyatta Beach. 5. Tomorrow we will make frames for our, ours pictures. 6. My, mine class is planning a trip to Mt. Kenya. 7. Our, ours trip will be taken on video. 8. Micere is excited that the idea was her, hers . 9. Koki and Toti cannot hide their, theirs excitement. 10. My, mine dream is to climb to the highest peak of the mountain. POINTS TO NOTE 1. The pronoun I is used as a subject or after forms of the linking verb be. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 23 Examples: Subject: I travel by bus After the linking verb be: Yesterday, the prefects on duty were Victor and I 2. The pronoun me is used object after action verbs or words prepositions such as to, for, with, in, or at. Examples: Object: Rose met me at the gate. After prepositions: Rose waited for me at the gate. You are coming with me. 3. When using compound subjects and objects i.e. subjects and objects comprising of a pronoun and a noun or another pronoun , always name yourself last. Examples: Diana and I visited our grandmother yesterday. Who appointed Chege and me? Rose waited for her and me at the gate. CONTRACTIONS WITH PRONOUNS A contraction is a shortened form of two words. One or more letters are omitted and an apostrophe is used in place of the letters left out. A contraction is formed by combining pronouns and the verbs am, is, are, will, would, have, has, and had. Pronoun verb Contraction Pronoun verb Contraction I am I m I have I ve He is he s he has he s It is it s it has it s You are you re you have you ve They are they re they have they ve I will I ll I had I d You will you ll you had you d We would we d we had we d Note: 1 Some contractions look the same but are formed from different words. Examples: he is, he has he s we had, we would we d 2 Some possessive pronouns sound like contractions.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.0543668}
{"text": "A contraction is formed by combining pronouns and the verbs am, is, are, will, would, have, has, and had. Pronoun verb Contraction Pronoun verb Contraction I am I m I have I ve He is he s he has he s It is it s it has it s You are you re you have you ve They are they re they have they ve I will I ll I had I d You will you ll you had you d We would we d we had we d Note: 1 Some contractions look the same but are formed from different words. Examples: he is, he has he s we had, we would we d 2 Some possessive pronouns sound like contractions. Because the words sound alike, they are sometimes confused. Examples: Possessive pronouns Contractions its it s your you re their they re whose who s www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 24 Incorrect: The team celebrated it s victory. Correct: The team celebrated its victory. Incorrect: Your late for the preps. Correct: You re late for the preps. Incorrect: Whose the fastest runner in the world? Correct: Who s the fastest runner in the world? Rules of using possessive pronouns and contractions correctly 1. If the word you want to use stands for two words, it is a contraction and needs an apostrophe. 2. Never use an apostrophe in a possessive pronoun. Exercise 5 Write the contractions for the following word pairs. Example: It has it s 1. You will 3. He had 5. You have 2. We would 4. I am 6. They will Exercise 6 What pronoun and verb make up each of the following contractions? Example: It s it is, it has 1. I ll 3. You d 5. They re 2. We re 4. He s 6. She d Exercise 7 Choose the correct word given in brackets in the following sentences. 1. The Kenyan government has worked hard to improve its, it s educational system. 2. Whose, Who s going to decide where the guests will sleep? 3. Their, they re learning French their school. 4. Only students whose, who s scores are excellent will join national schools. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.0952783}
{"text": "4. Only students whose, who s scores are excellent will join national schools. 5. Its, It s been estimated that about 8 million Kenyans are living with HIV AIDS. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not refer to a specific person or thing. In English, there are singular indefinite pronouns, plural indefinite and both singular and plural indefinite pronouns. Singular Indefinite Pronouns another anything everybody neither one www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 25 anybody each everyone nobody somebody anymore either everything no one someone. An indefinite pronoun must agree with its verbs and in number with its possessive pronoun. The above indefinite pronouns are used with singular verbs. They are also used with singular possessive pronouns. Examples: Agreement with verbs Correct: Everyone has heard of Lake Turkana. Incorrect: Everyone have heard of Lake Turkana. Correct: Nobody knows what happened to Samuel Wanjiru. Incorrect: Nobody know what happened to Samuel Wanjiru. Correct: Everything about the old man remains a mystery. Incorrect: Everything about the old man remain a mystery. Agreement in number with possessive pronouns Correct: Neither believed his her eyes. Incorrect: Neither believed their eyes. Correct: Each strained his her neck to see. Incorrect: Each strained their neck to see. Plural indefinite pronouns both many few several These indefinite pronouns use plural verbs and possessive pronouns. Examples: Plural verbs Correct: Few know about Lake Olbolsat. Incorrect: Few knows about Lake Obolsat. Correct: Both stand by what they believe. Incorrect: Both stands by what they believe. Plural possessive pronouns Correct: Several reported their findings. Incorrect: Several reported his her findings. Both singular and plural indefinite pronouns all some any none These indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural, depending on their meaning in the sentence. Examples: All of my story is true singular All of the guests are here plural None of the lake is foggy singular None of the photos are spoiled plural. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 26 EXERCISE 8 Underline the indefinite pronouns in the following sentences and then write the correct form of the verb or possessive pronoun in the brackets. 1. All the photographs of the killer is, are unclear. 2. Has, Have anybody seen my camera? 3.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.1208997}
{"text": "2. Has, Have anybody seen my camera? 3. Many believes, believe a monster lives in the lake. 4. Each of the photographs make, makes people want more. 5. All of the evidence indicates, indicate that he was killed by his wife. 6. Everyone has taken his, their payment. 7. Several eyewitnesses volunteered to give his, their accounts. 8. Anyone can lose her, their eyesight. 9. Another reported his, their case to the police. 10. Somebody left her, their handbag in the lecture hall. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS A demonstrative pronoun is used to single or point out one or more persons or things referred to in the sentence. These pronouns are this, that, these, and those. This and these point to persons or things that are near. Examples: This is a gazelle. These are the students of Kianjege West Secondary School. That and those point to persons or things that are farther away. Examples: That is the city square. Those are the lodging rooms. This and that are used with singular nouns. These and those are used with plural nouns. Exercise 9 Pick the correct demonstrate pronouns from the choices given in the brackets in the following sentences. 1. This, That is the canteen we are entering now. 2. This, That is the dispensary across the street 3. These, Those are beautiful flowers on the counter over there. 4. Are those, these chocolate bars on the far counter? 5. I think these, those are called vuvuzelas. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 27 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. These pronouns are who, whose, whom, which and what. Examples: Who is the mayor of this town? Whose is the red car? Which is her blouse? What did she ask you? Whom should I trust with my secret? USING WHO, WHOM, AND WHOSE Who, whom, and whose are often used to ask questions. Hence, they are interrogative pronouns. WHO is the subject form. It is used as the subject of a verb. Examples: Who taught you how to play the guitar?", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.1520507}
{"text": "WHO is the subject form. It is used as the subject of a verb. Examples: Who taught you how to play the guitar? Who is the subject of the verb taught. WHOM is the object form. It is used as the direct object of a verb or as the object of a preposition. Examples: Whom did you meet? Whom is the object of the verb did meet . For whom is this trophy? Whom is the object of the preposition for . WHOSE is the possessive form. It can be used : i To modify a noun Example: Whose is umbrella is this? Whose modifies the noun umbrella ii Alone as the subject or object of a verb Examples: Whose are those water melons? Whose is the subject of the verb are Whose did you admire? Whose is the object of the verb did admire Exercise 10 Pick the correct interrogative pronouns from the brackets in the following sentences. 1. Who, Whom owns that shop? 2. Who, Whom can we ask the way? 3. Which, What did they ask you? 4. Which, What are the objects on the table called? 5. To who, whom does the boutique belong? Exercise 11 Complete the following sentences with who, whom, or whose. 1. Knows the origin of the Luos? Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 28 2. Did you ask about it? 3. To did you give the letter? 4. Is the most attractive painting? 5. Is likely to receive the Chaguo la Teeniez award? 6. For did you buy this doll? 7. Skill in dancing is the best? 8. Is the officer-in-charge here? 9. Are you looking at? 10. Are those healthy Merino sheep? REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS Reflexive and intensive pronouns end in -self or -selves. These are myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, and themselves. There is, however, one difference between reflexive and Intensive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun refers to an action performed by the subject of the sentence. The meaning of the sentence is incomplete without the reflexive pronoun.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.1482985}
{"text": "There is, however, one difference between reflexive and Intensive pronouns. A reflexive pronoun refers to an action performed by the subject of the sentence. The meaning of the sentence is incomplete without the reflexive pronoun. Examples: Monicah bought herself a new dress. The meaning of the sentence is incomplete without the reflexive pronoun because we do not know for whom Monicah bought the dress . An Intensive pronoun is used to emphasise a noun or a pronoun. It does not add information to a sentence, and it can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. I myself pulled the boy out of the river. If you remove myself, the meaning of the sentence does not change Exercise 12 Identify the Reflexive and Intensive pronouns in the following sentences, labelling them accordingly. 1. I myself have never tried mountain climbing. 2. He himself was taking the cows to graze in the forest. 3. My sister Annastasia mends her clothes herself. 4. She often challenges herself by doing strenuous activities. 5. You may ask yourself about the sanity of beer drinking competition. SPECIAL PRONOUNS PROBLEMS 1. Double subjects We all know that every sentence must have a subject. Sometimes we incorrectly use a double subject a noun and a pronoun - to name the same person, place, or thing. Incorrect Correct Jane she is my cousin. Jane is my cousin. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 29 She is my cousin. Her scarf it is pretty. Her scarf is pretty. It is pretty. Jane and she should not be used as subjects together. The subject her scarf should not be used together with it. Use only a noun or a pronoun to name a subject. 2. Pronouns and their Antecedents The antecedent of a pronoun is a noun or another pronoun for which the pronoun stands. A personal pronoun, you will remember, is used in place or a noun. The noun is the word to which the pronouns refer and it is therefore its antecedent. The noun usually comes first, either in the same sentence or in the sentence before it. Examples: We met Mureithi. He is the medical doctor. He stands for Mureithi. Mureithi is the antecedent . The students had come to school with their mobile phones. Their stands for students.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.2168698}
{"text": "Mureithi is the antecedent . The students had come to school with their mobile phones. Their stands for students. Students is the antecedent . Pronouns may be the antecedents of other pronouns. Examples: Does everybody have his booklet? Everybody, which is a singular indefinite pronoun, is the antecedent of his . All of the students have brought theirs. All, which is a plural indefinite pronoun, is the antecedent of theirs . Now, a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. Agree here means that the pronoun must be the same in number as its antecedent. The word number means singular or plural. If the pronoun is singular, the word that it stands for must be singular, and it must be plural if the word it stands for is plural. Examples: Correct: The scientists tested their new discovery Scientists is plural; their is plural. Incorrect: The scientists tested his new discovery. Correct: Mr. Kiama turned on his TV. Mr Kiama is singular; his is singular Correct: Nobody left her workstation Nobody is singular, her is singular NB: When the antecedent refers to both males and females, it is best to use the phrase his or her. 3. Use of we and us with nouns. Phrases such as we students and us girls are often incorrectly used. To tell which pronoun to use, drop the noun and say the sentence without it. Problem: We, Us boys study hard. Solution: We study hard We boys study hard. Problem: The DC praised us, we students. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 30 Solution: The DC praised us The DC praised us students 4. Using the pronoun Them The word them is always a pronoun. It is always used as the object of a verb or a preposition, never as a subject. Examples: Correct: The president greeted them direct object of the verb greeted Correct: She gave them a Sandwich Indirect object of the verb gave Correct: The information was useful to them object of the preposition to Incorrect: Them they arrived late. 5. Using Those Although we previously said that those is used as a demonstrative pronouns, it is sometimes used as an adjective i.e. a word that modifies a noun or a pronoun.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.2020204}
{"text": "2. Adam sketched Lisa and me. 3. He gave a photo to us. 4. Ann and she saw Dave and Bob. 5. Adam drew Lisa and them. 6. Mark helped me with the packing. 7. Loise praised him for his good work. 8. Everyone spotted them easily. 9. That night Mike played the guitar for us. 10. We drove with them to the mountains. Exercise 4 1. My journey to Mombasa was enjoyable. 2. Florence said hers was the best. 3. Are the pictures of Fort Jesus yours? 4. Hers are about Jomo Kenyatta Beach. 5. Tomorrow we will make frames for our pictures. 6. My class is planning a trip to Mt. Kenya. 7. Our trip will be taken on video. 8. Micere is excited that the idea was hers. 9. Koki and Toti cannot hide their excitement. 10. My dream is to climb to the highest peak of the mountain. Exercise 5 1. You will You ll 2. We would we d 3. He had he d 4. I am I m 5. You have you ve 6. They will they ll Exercise 6 1. I ll I will 2. We re we are 3. You d you would, you had www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 33 4. He s he is, he has 5. They re they are 6. She d she would, she had Exercise 7 1. Its 3. They re 5 it s 2. Who s 4. Whose Exercise 8 1. All are 6. Everyone his 2. Anybody has 7. Several their 3. Many believe 8. Anyone her 4. Each makes 9. Another his 5. All indicates 10. Somebody her Exercise 9 1. This 3. Those 5. These 2. That 4. Those Exercise 10 1. Who 3. What 5. Whom 2. Whom 4. What Exercise 11 1. Who 6. Whom 2. Whom 7. Whose 3. Whom 8. Who 4. Whose 9. Who 5.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.2435632}
{"text": "Sometimes helping verbs and main verbs are separated by words that are not verbs. Examples: I do not ride bicycle any more. Can we ever be friends again? We should definitely apologise for the mistakes. Exercise 2 Indicate H.V. under the Helping verb and M.V. under the Main verb in the following sentences. 1. The school choir is singing a new song. 2. The football season has finally begun. 3. This car just can travel very fast. 4. He had waited for this chance for years. 5. My parents will be visiting us soon. 6. Our friends have come for a visit. 7. You must buy your ticket for the game. 8. Sarah has chosen Kenyatta University for her degree course. 9. She is hitting her child with a rubber strap. 10. I will go for the game next week. VERBS TENSES The time of an action or the state of being is expressed by different forms of the verb. These forms are called the tenses of the verb. There are three main forms of a verb: the present, the past, or the future. The Present Tense A verb which is in present tense indicates what the subject of the sentence is doing right now. Example: The teacher sees the students. The verb sees tells that the teacher is seeing the students now. To show the present tense, an -s or -es is added to most verbs if the subject is singular. If the subject is plural, or I or You, the -s, or -es is not added. Example: The bird hatches in the nest. The stream flows down the hill. The boys rush for their breakfast. We talk a lot. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 38 Rules for forming the Present Tense with Singular Subjects 1. Most verbs: add s get gets play plays eat eats 2. Verbs ending in s, ch, sh, x, and z: add-es pass passes, mix mixes punch-punches, buzz buzzes push pushes 3. Verbs ending with a consonant and y: change the y to i and add -es try - tries empty empties Exercise 3 Write the correct present form of each verb in the brackets in the following sentences. 1. She carefully the map study 2. A fish in the water near me. Splash 3.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.2828407}
{"text": "She carefully the map study 2. A fish in the water near me. Splash 3. She her hands. Wash 4. He to the classroom. Hurry 5. Bryan and I the assignment. Discuss The Past Tense A verb which is in past tense shows what has already happened. Example: Tito liked his grandmother s story. The verb liked tells that the action in the sentence happened before now. Rules for forming the Past Tense 1. Most verbs: Add -ed play played talk talked climb climbed 2. Verbs ending with e: Add -d praise praised hope hoped wipe wiped 3. Verbs ending with a consonant and -y: bury buried the y to i and add -ed carry carried study studied 4. Verbs ending with a single vowel and stop stopped a consonant: Double the final consonant man manned www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 39 and add-ed trip tripped Exercise 4 Write the past tense forms of each of the verbs in brackets in the following sentences. 1. John his house burn into ashes. Watch 2. The baby loudly. Cry 3. The teacher at the naughty student. Yell 4. The chef a delicious cake. Bake 5. We for a present for our grandmother. Shop The Future Tense A verb which is in future tense tells what is going to happen. Examples: Evans will take his car to the garage. She will probably come with us. The verbs will take and will come tell us what is going to happen. Hence, they are in future tense. To form the future tense of a verb, use the helping verb will or shall with the main verb. Exercise 5 Write the future tense forms of the verbs in the following sentences. 1. We write in exercise books. 2. The train stopped at the station. 3. He decides what he wants to do. 4. They practise in the football field. 5. Rats multiply very fast. More Tenses The above three forms of tenses can further be divided into: 1. The simple tenses - Present simple tense - Past simple tense - Future simple tense 2.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.292399}
{"text": "Rats multiply very fast. More Tenses The above three forms of tenses can further be divided into: 1. The simple tenses - Present simple tense - Past simple tense - Future simple tense 2. The perfect tenses - Present perfect tense - Present perfect progressive - Past perfect tense - Future perfect www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 40 - Future perfect progressive 3. The progressive tenses - Present progressive tense - Past progressive tense - Progressive tense - Future perfect progressive tense. The simple Tenses The most common tenses of the verb are the simple tenses. You use them most often in your speaking and writing. 1. Present simple tense. Look at the following sentences. A I know Kisumu b He goes to school everyday. C The sun rises from the east. All the above sentences contain a verb in the present simple tense. This tense is used for different purposes. I To state a personal fact Example: I know Kisumu. Ii To point out a regular habit. Example: He goes to school everyday. Iii To state known a scientific fact Example: The sun rises from the east. Exercise 6 Complete the following sentences putting the verbs in brackets in the present simple tense. 1. They their new principal. Like 2. Every morning, she her teeth. Brush 3. The earth on its own axis. Rotate 4. Twice a year, he his family. Visit 5. Air when heated. Rise 2. Past Simple Tense The past simple tense is used when an action has been completed . Examples: We cleaned our classrooms yesterday. He drove the car this morning. She planned the whole incident. Exercise 7 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 41 Write down the past simple tense of the following words and then use each of them in sentences of your own. Start breathe add roam trap obey annoy worry pity fit 3. Future Simple Tense The future simple tense places the action or condition in the future. It is formed by using the word shall or will before the present form of the main verb. Examples: We shall need help with her load. She will eat the bananas alone The dancers will entertain them. Exercise 8 Use the following words in future simple tense in sentences of your own.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.272406}
{"text": "Examples: We shall need help with her load. She will eat the bananas alone The dancers will entertain them. Exercise 8 Use the following words in future simple tense in sentences of your own. See develop go begin exist consume introduce hunt bring become The Perfect Tenses The perfect tenses are used to show that an action was completed or that a condition existed before a given time. The perfect tenses are formed using has, have, or had before the past participles i.e. verb forms ending in -ed. Examples: 1. Present Perfect Tense: Ceasar has just finished his homework. Kamau and Njoroge have now agreed to meet. 2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Kibet has been working in his shamba for two hours. We have been swimming in this pool for ten minutes. 3. Past Perfect Tense We had completed the work by the time the supervisor came. Nobody knew that she had already remarried. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 42 4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense I had been trying to contact him for two hours before he finally appeared. Mrs. Masumbuko had been feeling unwell the whole week before she decided to visit a doctor. 5. Future Perfect Tense Agege will have sold his goats by two p.m. By next term, twenty students will have dropped from this school. 6. Future Perfect Continuous The players will have been playing for twenty minutes by the time the President arrives. By the end of this term, she will have been living with her aunt for five years. Exercise 9 Rewrite the following sentences changing the verb into present perfect, present perfect progressive, past perfect, past perfect progressive, future perfect and future perfect progressive tenses. Make any necessary changes to make the sentences meaningful. John comes here every year. The Progressive Verb Forms The progressive form of the verb shows continuing action. Examples: I am singing She was dancing. The progressive form is formed using various forms of the verb be plus the present participle i.e. a verb form that ends in -ing. Examples: 1. Present Progressive Tense I am reading a book about Red Indians. Her mother is preparing dinner. 2. Present Perfect Progressive He has been cleaning his car since morning. They have been exercising for a week now. 3. Past Progressive Tense She was cooking supper when I arrived. They were fighting fiercely when the police arrived. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.363396}
{"text": "Past Progressive Tense She was cooking supper when I arrived. They were fighting fiercely when the police arrived. 4. Past Perfect Progressive Tense Sonko had been wearing an earing for years before he removed it. Onyancha had been killing children before he was finally discovered. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 43 5. Future Progressive He will be tilling the land next week. Joyce and Joan will be washing clothes all morning. 6. Future Perfect Progressive The children will have been sleeping for two hours by the time their parents arrive. John will have grown a beard by the time he is twelve. Exercise 10 Rewrite the following sentence changing the verb into present progressive, present perfect progressive, past progressive, past perfect progressive, future progressive and future perfect progressive tenses. Make any necessary changes to make the sentences meaningful. Jane plays the guitar well. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT Present tense A verb and its subject must agree in number. To agree means that if the subject is singular, the verb must be in singular form. If the subject is plural, the verb form must be plural. Examples: The baby cries every morning - SINGULAR The babies cry every morning - PLURAL Rules for subject-verb Agreement 1. Singular subject The man drives a bus. Add -s or -es to the verb She teaches in a primary school. He studies his map. 2. Plural subject: The men drive buses. Do not add -s or -es They teach in primary schools. To the verb We study our maps. 3. For I or You I hate books. Do not add -s or -es to the verb You like dogs. I admire actors. When a sentence has a compound subject i.e. two subjects joined by and, the plural form of the verb is used. Examples: John and James work at Naivas Supermarket. The teachers and the students respect one another a lot. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 44 Subject-verb Agreement with be and have The verbs be and have change their forms in special ways in order to agree with their subjects. Various ways in which be and have change in order to agree with their subjects. Subject Be Have 1. Singular subjects: I You He, she, it Singular Noun am, was are, were is, was is, was have, had have, had has, had has, had 2.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.3403559}
{"text": "Examples: He saw great misery all around him past He has seen great misery all round him past participle Common irregular Verbs Verb Past tense Past participles begin choose began chose had begun had chosen www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 46 go speak ride fight throw come sing steal swim make run grow write ring drink lie do eat know went spoke rode fought threw came sang stole swam made ran grew wrote rang drank lay did ate knew had gone had spoken had ridden had fought had thrown had came had sung had stolen had swum had made had run had grown had written had rung had drunk had lain had done had eaten had known For a few irregular verbs, like hit and cut, the three principal parts are spelled the same. These ones offer no problems to learners. Most problems come from irregular verbs with three different forms. For example, the irregular verbs throw and ring. Throw threw had thrown Ring rang had rung If you are not sure about a verb form, look it up in the dictionary. Exercise 13 Write the past tense and past participles of the following irregular verbs and then use each of them in sentences of your own. 1. Arise 6. Fall 2. Tear 7. Blow 3. Wear 8. Freeze 4. Lay 9. Fly 5. See 10. Write ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERB FORMS Active Voice A verb is in active voice when the subject of the sentence performs the action. Examples: Our teacher punished us for making noise in class. Subject action www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 47 Players arrived for their first match early in the morning. Subject action In the above sentences, the subject is who performed the action. Hence, the verbs of these sentences are in active voice. Passive voice The word passive means acted upon . When the subject of the sentence receives the action or expresses the result of the action, the verb is in passive voice. Examples: We were punished by the teacher for making noise. Subject action He was helped by a passer-by. Subject action In the above sentences the subjects we and he receive the action.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.3943431}
{"text": "Examples: We were punished by the teacher for making noise. Subject action He was helped by a passer-by. Subject action In the above sentences the subjects we and he receive the action. When we do not know who or what did the action, or when we do not want to say who or what did it, we use the passive voice. The passive form of a verb consists of some form of be plus the past participle. Examples: Active Passive Baabu explored the sea. The sea was explored by Baabu. Be past participle The captain helped him. He was helped by the captain. Be past participle Exercise 14 Write the verbs from the following sentences and then label each one Active or Passive. 1. The guest of honour presented prizes to the best students. 2. The cattle were taken home by the herders. 3. The health officer ordered the slaughter house closed. 4. Peace and order has been restored in the area by the youth wingers. 5. The workers cleared the farm. 6. The crop was harvested by the hired workers. 7. The government stressed the importance of unity among tribes. 8. The farmers were urged to redouble their efforts in food production. 9. The KIE is developing support materials for the 8-4-4 system of education. 10. A fishing pond was started by the Wildlife Club in the school. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Some sentences express a complete thought with only a subject and an action verb. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 48 Example: The sun shines. Subject Active verb In other sentences, a direct object must follow the action verb for the sentence to be complete. A direct object is a noun or a pronoun that receives the action of the verb. Example: The goalkeeper caught the ball. Subject action verb direct object Transitive verbs A Transitive verb is an action verb that must take a direct object for the sentence to express a complete thought. A direct object answers the question what? Or whom? Examples: The captain steered the ship. Steered what? The ship The teacher praised the students. Praised whom? The students Transitive verbs cannot be used alone without direct objects in sentences; they would not have complete meanings. Exercise 15 What are the action verbs and the direct objects in the following sentences? 1. He carried his bag with him. 2. The two friends discussed the examination paper. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.3505144}
{"text": "2. The two friends discussed the examination paper. 3. We took a trip to Nakuru last month. 4. The water splashed me. 5. He gave interesting facts about whales. 6. We searched the house for rats. 7. They cheered the team noisily. 8. My brother bought a camera. 9. Njoroge admires Papa Shirandula. 10. We viewed the shouting star at midnight. Intransitive verbs An Intransitive verb is an action verb that does not require a direct object for the sentence to have complete meaning. Examples: The ship sailed. Subject action verb The child smiled. Subject action verb They do not answer the questions what? Or whom? Sometimes they answer the questions how? Or how often? Examples: The ship sailed smoothly. How did it sail? Smoothly The child smiled repeatedly. How often did the child smile? Repeatedly www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 49 Both transitive and intransitive verbs Some verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively. Examples: We cheered our team noisily. Transitive We cheered noisily. Intransitive He broke the window pane. Transitive The glass broke. Intransitive NB: Only transitive verbs can be changed from active to passive voice. Examples: Active Passive He kicked the ball The ball was kicked by him She bought a new dress A new dress was bought by her. She wailed loudly ?? They danced well ?? Exercise 16 Indicate at the end of each of the following sentences whether the underlined verb is Transitive or Intransitive. 1. Some whales sing songs. 2. We gave our books to the gatekeeper. 3. She cried bitterly. 4. He made a sketch of the giraffe. 5. John danced to the music. 6. The bird flew in the air. 7. They located the lost ship. 8. She pleaded with him mercifully. 9. The children heard the sound from the cave. 10. It rained heavily. TROUBLESOME PAIRS OF VERBS Some pairs of verbs confuse learners of English because their meanings are related but not the same. Others confuse them because they sound similar, but their meanings are different. Others are similar in appearance but different in meanings.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.441372}
{"text": "Seems - Linking verb 2. Watched Action verb 3. Cheered Action verb 4. Seems Linking verb 5. Is Linking verb 6. Aimed Action verb 7. Blew Action verb 8. Was Linking verb 9. Is Linking verb 10. Seems Linking verb Exercise 2 Helping verb Main verb 1. Is singing 2. Has begun 3. Can travel www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 51 4. Had waited 5. Will be visiting 6. Have come 7. Must buy 8. Has chosen 9. Is hitting 10 will go Exercise 3 1. Studies 2. Splashes 3. Washes 4. Hurries 5. Discuss Exercise 4 1. Watched 2. Cried 3. Yelled 4. Baked 5. Shopped Exercise 5 1. Will write 2. Will stop 3. Will decide 4. Shall practice 5. Will multiply Exercise 6 1. Like 2. Brushes 3. Rotates 4. Visits 5. Rises Exercise 7 1. Started 6. Breathed 2. Added 7. Roamed 3. Trapped 8. Obeyed 4. Annoyed 9. Worried 5. Pitied 10. Fitted www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 52 Exercise 8 1. Will shall see 6. Will shall develop 2. Will shall go 7. Will shall begin 3. Will shall exist 8. Will shall consume 4. Will shall introduce 9. Will shall hunt 5. Will shall bring 10. Will shall become Exercise 9 1. John has come here every year. -. Present perfect 2. John has been coming here every year. -. Present perfect progressive 3. John had come here every year. Past perfect 4. John had been coming here every year. Past perfect progressive 5. John will have come here every year. Future perfect 6. John will have been coming here every year. Future perfect progressive. Exercise 10 1. Jane is playing the guitar. Present progressive 2.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.4188526}
{"text": "Transitive 5. Intransitive 10. Intransitive Exercise 17 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 54 1. Teach 6. Raises 2. Lies 7. Raises 3. Lie 8. Taught 4. Sits 9. Raises 5. Taught 10. Laid ADJECTIVES An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or a pronoun. To describe or modify means to provide additional information about nouns or pronouns. To modify further means to change something slightly. Writers and speakers modify an idea or image by choosing certain describing words, which are called adjectives. Hence, these adjectives are also called modifiers. Adjectives are like word cameras. They are words that describe colours, sizes and shapes. Adjectives help you capture how the world around you looks and feels. Adjectives tell: 1. What kind? Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 55 The powerful gorilla knocked down the hunter. The old man walked slowly. 2. How many? Examples: Three zebras were resting. He has few friends. 3. Which one s ? Examples: This painting is attractive. These farmers are clearing the field. There are 4 main kinds of adjectives, namely:- 1. Descriptive adjectives 2. Definite and indefinite adjectives 3. Demonstrative adjectives 4. Interrogative adjectives 5. Articles and possessive adjectives Descriptive adjectives Descriptive adjectives tell us the size, shape, age, colour, weight, height, make, nature and origin of the nouns they are describing. Examples of descriptive Adjectives: SizeShapeAgeColourWeightHeightMakeNatureOrigin big huge small tiny thin fat wide shallow slender oval circular triangular rectangular round square twisted pointed old young aged red green white blue brown black maroon purple pink heavy light tall short wooden plastic metal stony glass mud warm cold shy famous peaceful brave powerful gentle kind Kenya American Tanzania Italian South African Ugandan Korean Descriptive adjective are of two types. 1 Common descriptive adjectives these are adjectives that give general features of somebody or something. They are the adjectives of size, shape, age, colour, weight, height, make and nature. Refer to the examples in the diagram above. 2 Proper adjectives These ones are formed from proper nouns. They are always capitalized.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.4604456}
{"text": "Refer to the examples in the diagram above. 2 Proper adjectives These ones are formed from proper nouns. They are always capitalized. They always appear last in a string of adjectives modifying the same noun, just before the noun itself. Examples of proper adjectives: The Japanese ambassador A Mexican carpet An Italian chef Note that when a proper adjective comprises of two words, both are capitalized. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 56 Examples: A South African farmer A North American cowboy Exercise 1 Find the adjectives in the following sentences and indicate what types they are. 1. Alaska is the largest state in the USA. 2. The Alaskan Senator is Lord John Mc Dougal. 3. Mt. Kenya is the tallest mountain in Kenya. 4. Alaska has a tiny population of one and a half million people. 5. Northern Province has small, scattered towns. 6. A trip to Northern Kenya will take you across vast wilderness. 7. American tourists are fond of wild animals. 8. There is a huge lake in the Rift Valley Province. 9. I sent a letter to my Australian pen pal. 10. I have a beautiful Egyptian robe. Demonstrative Adjectives A demonstrative adjective tells which one or which ones. They are used before nouns and other adjectives. There are 4 demonstrative adjectives in English: This, that, these and those. This and these are used to refer to nouns close to the speaker or writer. That and those refer to nouns farther away. This and that are used before singular nouns while these and those are used before plural nouns. Examples: This picture is very beautiful. Singular noun That one is not as beautiful. Singular noun These drawings are very old. Plural noun Those ones were painted in Uganda. Plural noun. Exercise 2 Choose the word in brackets that correctly completes each of the following sentences. 1. My bus left the station before that, those matatus. 2. Those, These chairs behind me were occupied. 3. My seat has a better view than this, that one over there. 4. Those, That man should fasten his seat belt. 5. This, That car is old, but that one is new. 6. These, Those clouds are far away. 7. This, That window next to me has a broken pane. 8. That, This chair near me is broken. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.509872}
{"text": "Possessive Pronouns The words my, her, its, our and their are possessive pronouns, but they can also be used as adjectives. These modifiers tell which one, which ones or whose? Examples: My brother likes Sean Paul, but his sister does not. Of his songs, ever blazing is his favourite. Our school produces heroes, its fame is widespread. Exercise 5 Write the adjectives from the following sentences and the nouns they modify. 1. In her lifetime, Brenda Fasie composed many songs. 2. Her early songs entertained her fans all over the world. 3. Our first performance was successful. 4. Her coughing grew worse with time. 5. They agreed that it was their best goal in ten years. Position of adjectives in sentences 1. Most adjectives appear immediately before the nouns they are modifying e.g. Descriptive: The beautiful house belongs to my uncle. Demonstrative: That house belongs to my uncle. Numerals: Two houses were burned down. Articles: The house on fire belongs to her sister. Possessive pronouns: Their house was burned down. 2. Predicate Adjectives Some adjectives appear after the nouns that they are modifying. These adjectives are always used after linking verbs that separate them from the words they modify. An adjective that follows a linking verb and that modifies the subject is called a predicate adjective. Examples: Joyce seemed lonely. Her brother was upset. He became concerned. Exercise 6 Identify the predicate adjectives in the following sentences. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 60 1. Her early songs were often quiet and serious. 2. One of her songs, Vulindlela, is very popular. 3. The dark city below the sky seems calm and peaceful. 4. Her performance in K.C.S.E. was brilliant. 5. The West African singer Kofi Olominde is extraordinary. COMPARING WITH ADJECTIVES We have seen that adjectives describe nouns. One way in which they describe nouns is by comparing people, places or things. To compare two people, places or things, we use the comparative form of an adjective. To compare more than two, we use the superlative form of the adjective. Examples: ONE PERSON: Kimenju is tall. TWO PERSONS: Kimenju is taller than James. THREE OR MORE: Kimenju is the tallest of all.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.5267506}
{"text": "Examples: ONE PERSON: Kimenju is tall. TWO PERSONS: Kimenju is taller than James. THREE OR MORE: Kimenju is the tallest of all. The comparative The comparative form of the adjective is used to compare one thing, person or place with another one. It is formed in two ways. 1. For short adjectives, add -er. Examples: great er greater sweet er sweeter big er bigger light er lighter. 2. For longer adjectives, the comparative is formed by using the word more before them. Examples: More handsome more remarkable More attractive more hardworking Most adjectives ending in -ful and -ous also form the comparative using more. Examples: More successful more curious more ferocious More beautiful more generous more prosperous The superlative The superlative form of the adjective is used to compare a person, a place or a thing with more than one other of its kind. Examples: Elephants are the largest animals in the jungle. However, they are the most emotional animals. The superlative form of an adjective is formed in two ways. 1. By adding -est to the short adjective Examples: great est greatest sweet est sweetest big est biggest light est light www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 61 2. For longer adjectives, use most before them. Examples: most mysterious most awkward most successful most attractive The ending -er in the comparative becomes -est in the superlative while more becomes most. Adjective comparative superlative strong stronger strongest quick quicker quickest adventurous more adventurous most adventurous co-operative more co-operative most co-operative Summary of rules comparing with adjectives: Rule Examples 1. For most short adjectives: Add -er or -est to the adjective bright dark smart bright darker smarter brightest darkest smartest 2. For adjectives ending with e: Drop the e and add -er or -est safe nice wide safer nicer wider safest nicest widest 3. For adjectives ending with a consonant and y: Change the y to i and add -er or -est busy crazy happy busier crazier happier busiest craziest happiest 4. For single-syllable adjectives ending with a single vowel and a consonant: Double the last consonant and add -er or -est flat slim fat flatter slimmer fatter flattest slimmest fattest 5.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.498762}
{"text": "For adjectives ending with e: Drop the e and add -er or -est safe nice wide safer nicer wider safest nicest widest 3. For adjectives ending with a consonant and y: Change the y to i and add -er or -est busy crazy happy busier crazier happier busiest craziest happiest 4. For single-syllable adjectives ending with a single vowel and a consonant: Double the last consonant and add -er or -est flat slim fat flatter slimmer fatter flattest slimmest fattest 5. For most adjectives with two or more syllables: Use more or most careful generous more careful more generous most careful most generous Points to note about Adjectives: 1. A comparative is used to compare two persons, or things or two groups of persons or things. Examples: A rat is smaller than a mouse. Buffaloes are larger than domestic cows 2. A superlative is used to compare a thing or a person to more than one other of its kind. Examples: Lions are the bravest of all animals. Elephants are the largest of all herbivores. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 62 3. You must use the word other when comparing something with everything else of its kind. Examples: Leopards are more ferocious than any other cat. 4. Do not use both -er and more or -est and most. Incorrect: Men die more earlier than women. Correct: Men die earlier than women. Incorrect: My father is the most oldest of the three brothers. Correct: My father is the oldest of the three brothers. Exercise 7 Write the adjectives in brackets in the following sentences correctly. 1. My next sculpture will be even beautiful . 2. That was the cartoon I have ever watched funny . 3. English is my subject of all enjoyable . 4. Job is the person in his family. Energetic 5. She is the of the three nurses. Helpful 6. That story sounds than fiction. Strange 7. He is than a cat. Curious 8. Her school grades are than mine. High 9. You are than Maria. Creative 10. My next test will be than this one.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.5403013}
{"text": "Twenty 6. What 2. Few, our 7. Whose 3. All 8. Which 4. Much 9. What 5. Numerous, this 10. Which Exercise 4 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 65 1. A 6. The 2. A 7. An 3. The 8. The 4. The 9. The 5. An 10. A Exercise 5 1. Many songs 2. Her, early songs, her fans 3. Our, first performance 4. Her coughing 5. Their, best goal, ten years Exercise 6 1. Quiet, serious 2. Popular 3. Calm, peaceful 4. Brilliant 5. Extraordinary Exercise 7 1. More beautiful 6. Stranger 2. Funniest 7. More curious 3. Most enjoyable 8. Higher 4. Most energetic 9. More creative 5. Most helpful 10. Simpler Exercise 8 1. Best 6. Farther 2. Bad 7. Less or lesser 3. Best 8. Good 4. Worse 9. Better 5. Least 10. Most Exercise 9 1. Those 6. These 2. These 7. Those 3. This 8. This 4. Those 9. That 5. Those 10. This www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 66 ADVERBS An adverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverb tell how, when, or where, or to what extent an action happens. Examples: HOW: The man walked quickly. WHEN: It will rain soon. WHERE: We shall meet here at 2 p.m. TO WHAT EXTENT: He is extremely rude. Other examples: HOW WHEN WHERE TO WHAT EXTENT happily sometimes underground fully secretly later here extremely together tomorrow there quite carefully now inside very sorrowfully finally far rarely painfully again upstairs fast often downstairs hard once somewhere slowly first forward www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 67 hurriedly next behind quietly then above Adverbs used to describe verbs Adverbs that describe verbs tell how, when, where and to what extent an action happened. Examples: HOW: John waited patiently for his turn.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.590202}
{"text": "TO WHAT EXTENT: He is extremely rude. Other examples: HOW WHEN WHERE TO WHAT EXTENT happily sometimes underground fully secretly later here extremely together tomorrow there quite carefully now inside very sorrowfully finally far rarely painfully again upstairs fast often downstairs hard once somewhere slowly first forward www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 67 hurriedly next behind quietly then above Adverbs used to describe verbs Adverbs that describe verbs tell how, when, where and to what extent an action happened. Examples: HOW: John waited patiently for his turn. WHEN: He is now walking into the office. WHERE: He will eat his lunch there. TO WHAT EXTENT: He is very pleased with himself. Adverbs make the meaning of the verb clearer. Example: He will eat his lunch. Without adverb He will eat his lunch there. The adverb makes it clear where the action of eating will take place. Exercise 1 Write the adverbs in the following sentences and then indicate whether the adverb tells how, when, where, or to what extent. 1. The tourist travelled far. 2. They cheerfully greeted their grandmother. 3. Tina hurried downstairs when she heard the knock. 4. He worked carefully and skilfully. 5. She was extremely agitated. 6. The scientist looked curiously at the creature. 7. Soon the bell was rung. 8. The hall was fully occupied. 9. They hugged their grandmother adorably. 10. He brought the cake down. Adverbs used to describe adjectives Adverbs that tell to what extent can be used to describe adjectives. Examples: The cave was very dark. Adv adj The tea was extremely hot. Adv adj Other adverbs used with adjectives just nearly somewhat most These adverbs make the adjectives they are describing more understandable and precise. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 68 Example: The tomb was dark. Without adverb The tomb was fully dark. The adverb fully describes the extent of the darkness . Exercise 2 Identify the adverb in each of the following sentences and then indicate the adjective it describes. 1. He is a highly successful businessman. 2. The extremely cold weather made me shiver. 3. They are quite difficult to deal with. 4. The house is barely visible from here. 5. He is a very old man by now. 6. She is mysteriously secretive about her activities. 7. Jackline is horribly mean with her money. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.6163437}
{"text": "Sometimes the verbs in the sentences above are used as action verbs. In this case, they are followed by adverbs, not adjectives. They modify the verbs and tell how, when, where, or to what extent. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 71 The singer looked up. V adv We tasted the chocolate eagerly. V adv The principal appeared suddenly. V adv 5. Good and well Good and well have similar meanings, but differ in their use in a sentence. Example: Incorrect: He narrates the story good. Correct: He narrates the story well. Good is always an adjective and modifies nouns or pronouns. It is never used to modify a verb. Example: He is a good narrator. Adjective modifying the noun narrator Well can be used as either an adjective or an adverb. Examples: I feel well. As an adjective He drives well. As an adverb Exercise 4 Choose the correct form of the words in brackets in the following sentences. 1. Luos tell you quick, quickly that they are not Bantus. 2. Over the months, the snow gradual, gradually melted. 3. Rice tastes especially good, well with avocado. 4. The popularity of video games has grown. Rapid, rapidly 5. The name of the town may sound strange, strangely to some people. 6. These puppies look a little odd, oddly . 7. The idea of breaking the door does not sound reasonable, reasonably . 8. Visitors eat Nyama Choma very rapid, rapidly . 9. If Nyama Choma has been prepared good, well , it tastes even better than chicken. 10. Since fish is high in proten and low in fat, it is bound to keep you good, well . COMPARING WITH ADVERBS We have seen that we can use adjectives to compare people, things or places. Adverbs can also be used to compare actions. And like adjectives, we use the comparative form of an adverb to compare two actions and the superlative form of an adverb to compare more than two actions. Examples: ONE ACTION: Maree swims fast. TWO ACTIONS: Maree swims faster than Ciku. THREE OR MORE: Maree swims fastest of all. Just like adjectives, adverbs have special forms or spelling for making comparisons.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.6126616}
{"text": "TWO ACTIONS: Maree swims faster than Ciku. THREE OR MORE: Maree swims fastest of all. Just like adjectives, adverbs have special forms or spelling for making comparisons. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 72 The comparative form The comparative form of the adverb is used to compare one action with another. It is formed in two ways: 1. For short adverbs, add -er. Examples: The bird flew higher than the helicopter. The president arrived sooner than we expected. 2. For most adverbs ending in -ly, use more to make the comparative. Examples: She visited him more frequently than Martin. The tractor towed the lorry more powerfully than the bull-cart. The superlative form The superlative form is used to compare one action with two or more others of the same kind. Examples: Of the three athletes, Kipruto runs the fastest. The lion roars the loudest of all the big cats. Adverbs that form the comparative with -er form their superlative with -est. Those that use more to form comparative use most to form superlative. Examples: Adverbs Comparative Superlative long longer longest fast faster fastest softly more softly most softly politely more politely most polite Points to Remember 1. Use the comparative to compare two actions and the superlative to compare more than two. Examples: Comparative: He sat nearer to the window than him Superlatives: He sat nearest to the window than all the others. 2. Do not leave out the word other when comparing one action with every other action of the same kind. Examples: Incorrect: The lion roared louder than any lion. Correct: The lion roared louder than any other lion. 3. Do not use both -er and more or -est and most. Incorrect: The dancer moved more faster than before. Correct: The dancer moved faster than before. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 73 Summary of rules for comparing with Adverbs 1.For most adverbs Add -er or -est to the adverb hard late deep harder later deeper hardest latest deepest 2.For most adverbs comprising of two or more syllables: Use more or most with the adverb skilfully firmly rudely more skilfully more firmly most rudely most skilfully most firmly most rudely Exercise 5 Write each of the following sentences using the correct form of the adverb. 1.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.6294782}
{"text": "Odd 2. Gradually 7. Reasonable 3. Good 8. Rapidly 4. Rapidly 9. Well 5. Strange 10. Well www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 75 Exercise 5 1. More often 6. More swiftly 2. More slowly 7. Most accurately 3. Quickly 8. The longest 4. More skilfully 9. Gracefully 5. The fastest 10. The most sweetly www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 76 PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between other words in a sentence. Examples: The cat lay under the table. The preposition under connects the verb lay with table. Under points out the relationship between lay and table. Hence a preposition is a word that links another word or word group to the rest of the sentence. The noun or pronoun after the preposition is called the object of the preposition. The table is the object of the preposition under in the above sentence. The preposition under relates the verb lay to the noun table. More examples: She gave it to me. The preposition to relates the pronoun me with the action gave . I liked the bike with the metal handles. The preposition with relates the noun handles with the noun bike. Common prepositions about before except on toward above behind for onto under aboard below from out underneath across beneath in outside until after beside inside over up against between into past upon along beyond like since with among by near through within around down of throughout without at during off to From the above list of prepositions, you will note that some of them tell where, others indicate time, others show special relationships like reference or separation. Changing one preposition with another in a sentence changes the meaning of the sentence. Example: The cat lay under the table. The cat lay on the table. Lying under the table means below the surface of the table but on means above the surface. Exercise 1 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 77 Write the preposition in each of the following sentences and say what relationship it indicates. 1. Sometimes they lie on the ground. 2. They have grown maize for food. 3. The children played with the dolls. 4. A man found some treasure in the cave. 5. They make clothes from cotton. Exercise 2 Use the most appropriate preposition to complete the sentences below.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.6698523}
{"text": "5. They make clothes from cotton. Exercise 2 Use the most appropriate preposition to complete the sentences below. 1. Driving had been my dream years. 2. 1990, I bought a second-hand car. 3. That year, I learned how to drive. 4. I rolled the car the road more than two kilometres. 5. I was really thrilled the experience. Preposition Phrases A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object and any words that modify the object. Examples: The school children waited for the green light. In this sentence, the preposition is for, its object is light, and the modifier, or adjective, is green. The entire preposition phrase modifies the verb waited. Sometimes two or more nouns or pronouns are used as objects in a prepositional phrase. Example: He needs a worker with diligence and a good character. The preposition with has two objects: diligence and character. Exercise 3 Identify the prepositional phrase in each of the following sentences. Underline the preposition once and its objects twice. 1. Donkeys help people in many ways. 2. They bring happiness to the people around them. 3. In large cities, they help to carry water. 4. On farms, they carry heavy loads. 5. How could you travel across a river? 6. You might swim to the other side. 7. You might cross at a shallow place. 8. You can cross by boat. 9. Bridges are a better solution to the problem. 10. Most bridges are built over water. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 78 Types of prepositional phrases Prepositional phrases can either be: i Adjective prepositional phrases - these prepositional phrases, just like adjectives, modify nouns and pronouns. Example: A scout leader wears a uniform with many badges. In this sentence, with many badges is an adjective prepositional phrase modifying the noun uniform. Ii Adverb prepositional phrases these ones, just like adverbs, modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Examples: Scouts rain for many hours. The adverb prepositional phrase for many hours modifies the verb train. They are active in all public functions. The adverb prepositional phrase in all public functions modifies the adjective active. The scout leader commands forcefully with a loud voice.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.7094712}
{"text": "They are active in all public functions. The adverb prepositional phrase in all public functions modifies the adjective active. The scout leader commands forcefully with a loud voice. The adverb prepositional phrase with a loud voice modifies the adverb forcefully. We have seen that the object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition. When the object of the preposition is a pronoun, we use an object pronoun like me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. And not a subject pronoun like I, he, she, we, and they . Examples: Correct: I gave a present to her. Incorrect: I gave a present to she. Correct: I gave a present to Jane and her. Incorrect: I gave a present to Jane and she. Exercise 4 Choose the pronoun in brackets that correctly completes each of the following sentences. 1. The dog chased after Travis and her, she . 2. Cleaning the house was a tasking job for Evans and I, me . 3. We planned a family picture of our parents and us, we . 4. The victory belonged to he, him . 5. Michael and Bernard stood behind Mom and she, her . 6. The crowd around we, us started cheering. 7. My little sister ran behind Sammy and I, me . 8. The toys belong to Karen and him, he . 9. Johnny sat between James and me, I . 10. I went to the cat race with Jim and she, her . Sometimes one prepositional phrase immediately follows another. Examples: The thief entered the house through the door on the right. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 79 through the door modifies the verb entered and tells where. On the left modifies the noun door and tells which one. A prepositional phrase can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. Examples: BEGINNING: At dusk we closed the shop. MIDDLE: The chief of the area was helpful. END: The path went through the village. Preposition or Adverb? Sometimes the same word can be used as either a preposition or an adverb. How can you tell the difference between the two? Examples: PREPOSITION: He has a box inside the house. ADVERB: They ran inside.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.7297373}
{"text": "Her 9. Me 5. Us 10. Her Exercise 5 1. Outside preposition 6. Up adverb 2. Inside adverb 7. Down adverb 3. In preposition 8. Outside adverb 4. Over preposition 9. By adverb 5. Above preposition 10. Out adverb www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 83 Exercise 6 1. Have 4. Anybody 7. Anybody 10. Ever 2. Anyone 5. Anywhere 8. Anyone 3. Ever 6. Had 9. Has www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 84 CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction is a word that connects words or groups of words. Like prepositions, conjunctions show a relationship between the words they connect. But, unlike prepositions, conjunctions do not have objects. There are 3 main categories of conjunctions; 1 Coordinating conjunctions 2 Subordinating conjunctions 3 Correlative conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions connect related words, groups of words, or sentences. There are three coordinating conjunctions: and, but and or. And is used to join words, groups of words, or sentences together. But shows contrast while or shows choice. Examples: The bull and the cart are inseparable. Connects two subjects . The cart carries the farmer and his tools. Connects two direct objects . The food was hard and tasteless. Connects two predicate adjectives . Each night, the dancers danced in a circle or in several other patterns. Connects two prepositional phrases . Some people died in the fracas, but most managed to escape, alive. Connects two sentences . Exercise 1 Complete each of the following sentences using the most appropriate coordinating conjunction 1. Bats and insects fly, only birds have feathers. 2. Eagles build nests on cliffs in tall trees. 3. Parrots live in wild places in zoos. 4. Swallows sparrows often build nests in buildings. 5. Hummingbirds are tiny very brave. 6. Many birds fly south in winter, others do not. 7. Their feathers keep them warm dry. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.6866}
{"text": "7. Their feathers keep them warm dry. 8. A bird can fly forward backward. 9. Many birds shed old feathers grow new ones. 10. Their legs are weak their wings are strong. Subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions connect two or more clauses to form complex sentences. Refer to Part Two of this handbook . Subordinating conjunctions introduce subordinate clauses. They include because, since, if, as, whether, and for. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 85 Examples: If I go home, my dog will follow me. The subordinating conjunction if connects the subordinate clause I go home with the main clause my dog will follow me. The stayed inside the church because it was raining. He was always rude since he was a child. The rain fell as they entered the building. The pastor asked the congregation whether they were happy. The man rejoiced for he had won a prize. Exercise 2 Join the following pairs of sentences using the most appropriate subordinating conjunctions. 1. They arrived late. It was raining heavily. 2. John worked hard. He wanted to buy a house. 3. I won t carry the umbrella. You need it. 4. I drove the car madly. I was later for the meeting. 5. He will come. The meeting ends. Correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that are used in pairs to connect sentence parts. These include either .. or, neither .. nor, not only . But also, whether . Or and both and. Examples: Both boys and girls attended the conference. People brought not only food but also clothes for the victims of the floods. The students ride either on bicycles or motorbikes. The sailor had to decide whether to sail on or head back when the weather changed. Neither John nor James was moved by the shocking news. Exercise 3 Join the following pairs of sentences using the correlative conjunctions in brackets. 1. The vehicles stopped for repairs. The vehicles stopped for fuel. Either ..or 2. The drivers knew they had to travel more than fifty kilometres. If they did not travel more than fifty kilometres, they would have to endure harsh storms. Either .or . 3. Many people build their own homes. Many people grow their own food. Not only but also 4. Men wanted to buy the pictures.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.776551}
{"text": "Many people grow their own food. Not only but also 4. Men wanted to buy the pictures. Women also wanted to buy the pictures. Both . And 5. Maize is an important part of a Kenyan s diet. Meat is important too. Both and ANSWERS ON CONJUNCTIONS Exercise 1 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 86 1. But 6. But 2. Or 7. And 3. Or 8. Or 4. And 9. And 5. But 10. But Exercise 2 1. They arrived late because it was raining heavily. 2. John worked hard as he wanted to buy a house. 3. I won t carry the umbrella for you need it. 4. I drove the car madly since I was late for the meeting. 5. He will come before the meeting ends. Exercise 3 1. The vehicles either stopped for repairs or for fuel. 2. The drivers knew they had either to travel more than fifty kilometres or endure harsh storms. 3. Many people not only build their own homes but also grow their own food. 4. Both men and women wanted to buy the pictures. 5. Both maize and meat are important parts of a Kenyan s diet. INTERJECTIONS www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 87 An interjection is either a single word or short groups of words that is used to express a feeling or emotion. Interjections can express such feelings as urgency, surprise, relief, joy, or pain. An interjection that expresses strong emotion is often followed by an exclamation mark. An interjection that expresses mild emotion is usually followed by a comma. Examples: Let s go! We can t sleep before we find the missing boy urgency . Phew! I was afraid we would never find him. Relief Oh, you have grown so big. Surprise Well, I have never been so happy. Joy Exercise 1 Identify the interjection in the following sentences and indicate what feeling or emotion it expresses. 1. Say, have you heard about Nameless and Jua Kali, the famous Kenyan musicians. 2. Wow! Seeing the calf being born was exciting. 3. All right! I yelled to him. This is not right thing to do. 4. Boy! Some people felt wonderful being in the air balloon, but I felt nervous. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.76371}
{"text": "John Montagu, the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who liked eating meat between slices of bread. Maverick A person who breaks from conventional actions Samuel Maverick, a Texas cattle owner who refused to brand the calves of one of his herds as per the requirements. Saxophone A musical wind instrument Adolphe Sax, the Belgian inventor of the musical instrument. Madras A cotton cloth with a design Madras, a city in India, where it was www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 89 or pattern on plain background invented. Rugby A game Rugby school. England, where rugby was invented. Tarantula A large, hairy spider Taranto, a town in Italy where Tarantulas are found. Shylock A greedy money-lender The relentless and vengeful money- lender in Shakespeare s play, The Merchant of Venice. Sousaphone A musical instrument John Phillip Sousa, an American composer who invented the Sousaphone. There are many more words in the English language which originated from names of people or places. Exercise 2 Find out from your dictionary the origins and meanings of the following English words. 1. Lima bean 6. Guppy 11. Guillotine 2. Cardigan 7. Cheddar 12. Macadam 3. Bloomer 8. Quisling 13. Pasteurisation 4. Canary birds 9. Silhouette 14. Watt 5. Ferris wheel 10. Marxism 15. Ohm iii Words formed from blending two or more words portmanteau words Some words in the English language are a blend of two or more words or morphemes. Examples: Word Combination of Meaning Smog Smoke fog A combination of smoke and fog in the air. Fantabulous Fantastic fabulous Incredible, astonishing, unbelievable, wonderful Brunch Breakfast lunch A late breakfast taken some hours before lunch Wikipedia Wiki encyclopaedia A website Comcast Communication broadcast Verizori Veritas horizon Accenture Accent future Spork Spoon fork An eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork. Skort Skirt shorts An item of clothing that is part skirt and short.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.8107963}
{"text": "Examples: Word Combination of Meaning Smog Smoke fog A combination of smoke and fog in the air. Fantabulous Fantastic fabulous Incredible, astonishing, unbelievable, wonderful Brunch Breakfast lunch A late breakfast taken some hours before lunch Wikipedia Wiki encyclopaedia A website Comcast Communication broadcast Verizori Veritas horizon Accenture Accent future Spork Spoon fork An eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork. Skort Skirt shorts An item of clothing that is part skirt and short. Simulcast Simultaneous broadcast To broadcast a programme on television and radio at the same time Cyborg Cybernetic organism Motel Motor hotel A roadside hotel www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 90 Exercise 3 Identify the words that are blended to form the following words. Find out their meanings from your dictionary. 1. Slithy 6. Breathalyser 2. Chortle 7. Cable gram 3. Galumph 8. Camcorder 4. Bash 9. Edutainment 5. Blog 10. Email iv Words formed by use of prefixes and suffixes Some words are formed addition of prefixes and suffixes to other words. Prefixes A prefix is a word part that is added to the beginning of a word to form another word or to change its meaning. The word to which the prefix is added is called the base word. Examples: Prefix Base word New word un friendly unfriendly pre pay prepay A prefix changes the meaning of the base word. For example, the prefix un-above means not . Hence, unfriendly means not friendly . Each prefix has its own meaning.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.7947967}
{"text": "For example, the prefix un-above means not . Hence, unfriendly means not friendly . Each prefix has its own meaning. More examples of common English prefixes Prefix Meaning Examples misre- pre- ante- anti- contra- counter- en- extra- inter- intra- non- over- post- pre- pro- re- semi- trans- un- under- wrong, incorrectly again before, in advance before, preceding opposing, against, the opposite against opposition, opposite direction put into or on outside, beyond between, among inside, within absence, negation excessively, completely after in time, or order before in time, place order or importance favouring, in support of again half, partly across, beyond not beneath, below misspell to spell incorrectlyrevisit visit again preschool before school antecedent, ante-room anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax contraceptive, contraband counter-attack, counteract engulf, enmesh extraordinary, extracurricular interact, interchange intramural, intravenous non-smoker, non-alcoholic overconfident, overjoyed postpone, post-mortem precondition, preadolescent Pro-African repaint, reawaken semicircle, semi-conscious transnational, transatlantic unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmarried underarm, undercarriage Exercise 4 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 91 Give the meaning of the following prefixes and write two examples each of words in which they are used. Use your dictionary. 1. Ultra- 6. Infra- 2. Hypo- 7. Hypo- 3. Hemi- 8. Hemi 4. Ex- 9. Ex- 5. Dia 10. Dia- Suffixes A suffix is a word part that is added to the end of a base word to form a new word or to change its meaning. Example: Enjoy able enjoyable Each suffix has its own meaning. The suffix able means capable of . Hence enjoyable means capable of being enjoyed .", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.8453581}
{"text": "He stood outside in the rain completely bare. Base bass N the bottom support of something N the lowest pitches in music We need a new base for that lamp. I sang bass in the church choir. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 94 More examples of homophones lead, ledleast, leased loan, lone male, mail meet, meat mind, mined morning, mourning naval, navel new, knew no, know one, won pear, pair pie, pi piece, peace pier, peer poor, pour rain, reign raw, roar read, reed road, rode sale, sail saw, sore see, sea sun, son tail, tale tea, tee their, they re they re, there tide, tied too, to two, too wail, whale warn, worn weal, wheel wear, whereweather, whether week, weak weight, wait while, wile wood, would write, right yew, you your, you re acetic, ascetic axle, axial formerly, formally ion, iron loch, lock holy, wholly heal, heel ad, add ail, ale all, awl alms, arms altar, alter arc, ark aren t, aunt anger, augur aural, oral away, aweigh awe, oar, or, ore bale, bail band, banned bean, been blew, blue brake, break cell, sell cent, scent, sent cereal, serialcheck, cheque chord, cord cite, site, sight coo, coup cue, queue dam, damn dew, due die, dye doh, doe, dough earn, urn ewe, yew, you faint, feint fair, fare feat, feet few, phew find, fined fir, fur flaw, floor flea, flee flew, flue flour, flower for, fore, four foreword, forward fort, fought gait, gate genes, jeans gnaw, nor, gorilla, guerrilla grate, great groan, grown guessed, guest hale, hail hair, hare Exercise 7 Give the homophones and the meanings of the following words. 1. In 6. Knight 2. Heard 7. Knows 3. Horse 8. Tick 4. Hey 9. Rung 5. Need 10.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.8605366}
{"text": "Daniel felt happy Daniel felt light-hearted. She was happy with her grade She was pleased with her grade. They sang a happy song They sang a cheerful song. Examples of common synonyms in English about, approximatelyaccomplish, achieve administer, manage admit, confess almost, nearly annoy, irritate answer, reply arise, occur arrive, reach begin, start belly, stomach bizarre, weird brave, courageous chop, cut clerk, receptionist close, shut contrary, opposite correct, right daybreak, dawn demonstrate, protest denims, jeans desert, abandon devil, Satan disappear, vanish eager, keen emphasize, stress enormous, huge, immense enquire, investigate evaluate, assess fanatic, enthusiast fool, idiot sincere, honest skull, cranium soiled, dirty formerly, previouslyfragrance, perfume function, operate garbage, rubbish gay, homosexual grab, seize gut, intestine hard, tough hashish, cannabis hawk, peddle hint, trace, tip homicide, murder hunger, starvation hurry, rush idler, loafer if, whether illustrate, demonstrate imitate, mimic immediate, instant immobile, motionless impartial, neutral impasse, deadlock impolite, rude inconsiderate, thoughtless infamous, notorious informal, casual inheritor, heir instructions, directions jealous, envious joy, delight lacking, missing lethal, deadly ultimate, final uncommon, unusual lousy, awfulmadness, insanity magnify, exaggerate manmade, artificial material, fabric merciless, cruel midway, halfway mind, intellect mirror, reflect mistrust, distrust modern, contemporary movie, film murderer, assassin naked, bare nameless, anonymous nightfall, dusk noon, midday numerous, many object, thing outside, external overlook, miss peaceable, peaceful poisonous, toxic post-mortem, autopsy praise, compliment reasonable, fair refrain, chorus religious, devout respond, reply scarcity, shortage signal, sign silly, foolish vain, useless vary, differ www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 96 suggest, proposesunrise, dawn temper, mood trustworthy, reliable uncooked, rawunforeseen, unexpected unfortunate, unlucky unmarried, single untimely, premature vast, hugewinery, vineyard withstand, resist zenith, peak Exercise 8 Give the synonyms of the following words: 1. Start 6. Collect 2. Come 7. Assist 3. Lengthy 8. Build 4. Shattered 9. Reply 5. Fix 10.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.8919826}
{"text": "Precious 5. Dangerous 10. Naked v Idioms and Sayings An idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning as a whole. The meaning of an idiom is different from the meanings of its separate words. Examples: It was raining cats and dogs. The idiom raining cats and dogs does not mean that cats and dogs were falling out of the sky! It means raining heavily . I put my foot in my mouth today. The idiom put my foot in my mouth means to say the wrong thing . Sometimes the context in which an idiom is used can give a hint of its meaning. Example: Jeff is talking through his hat when he says that he can spell every word in the English language. This idiom clearly means that Jeff cannot possibly spell every word in the English language. Hence, the idiom talking through his hat means talking nonsense More examples of idioms in the English language Idiom Meaning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It was a blessing in disguise. He is a doubling Thomas. That scandal was a drop in the bucket. The exam was a piece of cake. The punishment was a slap in the wrist. The thief received a taste of his own medicine. Something good that is not recognised at first. A sceptic who needs physical or personal evidence in order to believe something. A very small part of something big or whole. A task that can be accomplished very easily. A very mild punishment. He was mistreated the same way he mistreats others. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 98 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 13 Don t add fuel to the fire! The principal is just all bark but no bite. The theory is all Greek to me. We are all in the same boat. The house cost him an arm and a leg. The teacher has an axe to grind with the bursar. Joyce is the apple of my eye. When something is done to make a bad situation even worse than it is. When someone is threatening and or aggressive but not willing to engage in a fight. Meaningless and incomprehensible. When everyone is facing the same challenges. Very expensive. A large amount of money. To have a dispute with someone. Someone who is cherished above all others.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.9038815}
{"text": "A large amount of money. To have a dispute with someone. Someone who is cherished above all others. 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 IdiomThe boy did the work at the drop of a hat. The politician is a back seat driver. They were back to square one in their search for the treasure. The government has to go back to the drawing board on the issue of the New Constitution. The investigator realised he was barking the wrong tree. You are beating a dead horse. Stop beating around the bush. I will bend over backwards to see you through school. She was caught between a rock and a hard place. You are biting off more than you can chew. John decided to bite his tongue. MeaningWilling to do something immediately. People who criticize from the sidelines. Having to start all over again. When an attempt fails and its time to start all over again. A mistake made in something you are trying to achieve. To force an issue that has already ended. Avoiding the main topic, not speaking directly about an issue. Do whatever it takes to help. Willing to do anything. Stuck between two very bad options. To take on a task that is way too big. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 99 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Tom has a cast iron stomach. That is a cock and bull story. I will have to win, come hell or high water. Don t cry over spilt milk. He likes crying wolf. Tim is a dark horse. Kinyua is a devil s advocate. My father drinks like a fish. This problem is driving me up the wall. The students had a field day with the visiting guests. The food was finger licking good. He changed from rags to riches. I need to get over it. She got up on the wrong side of the bed. You must go the extra mile to achieve your goal. To avoid talking. Someone who has no problems, complications, or ill effects with eating or drinking anything. An unbelievable tale. Any difficult situation or obstacle. When you complain about a loss from the past. Intentionally raise a false alarm. One who was previously unknown and now is prominent. Someone who takes a position for the sake of argument without believing in that particular side of the argument. To drink very heavily.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.957944}
{"text": "Overwhelmed by what is happening at the moment. Carefully watch somebody. To remain joyful in a tough situation. Die To politely ask for someone s full attention. To share a secret that wasn t supposed to be shared. A fair competition where no side has an advantage. To act in a frenzied manner. Someone who is unpredictable and can cause damage if not kept in check. Nonsense or meaningless speech. Someone new to the group or area. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 101 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 I said that off the record! I was on pins and needles. The prefects sit on the fence when there is a strike. The dog appeared out of the blue. You will get the job over my dead body. Mark is fond of passing the buck to his brother. Dennis is a peeping Tom. Pipe down! We have heard you! You are pulling my leg. Rise and shine! It s time to go to school. The businessman has run out of steam nowadays. The convict was saved by a bell. He was a scapegoat for amorous politician. The naughty boy got away scot-free. She was sick as a dog. He has a sixth sense. The judge smelt a rat when the witness started trembling. The prosecutor smelt something fishy when the accused winked at the witness. We have to start from scratch. The ball is in your court. They tied the knot in December. Getting a bad start on a relationship or task. No longer have to deal with a tough situation. Something said in confidence that the speaker doesn t want attributed to him or her. Anxious or nervous especially in anticipation of something. Undecided. Something that suddenly and unexpectedly occurs or appears. When you absolutely will not allow something to happen. Avoid responsibility by giving it to someone else. Someone who observes people in the nude or sexually active people, mainly for his own gratification. To shut up or be quiet. Tricking someone as a joke. Time to get out of bed and get ready for work or school. To be completely out of energy. Saved at the last possible moment. Someone else who takes the blame. To escape and not have to pay. To be very sick with flu or a cold A paranormal sense that allows you to communicate with the dead.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.9404943}
{"text": "Someone else who takes the blame. To escape and not have to pay. To be very sick with flu or a cold A paranormal sense that allows you to communicate with the dead. To be suspicious or detect someone in the group is betraying the others. Detecting that something isn t right and there might be a reason for it. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 102 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 I will wait till the cows come home. To make a long story short, you are not coming with us. The government turned a blind eye to the plight of IDPs. I am under the weather today. Forget the water under the bridge. He will pay you the money when pigs fly. She wines and dines with stars. It is without a doubt the best programme. Your guess is as good as mine. To do it all over again from the beginning. It is your decision this time. To get married. A long time. Said by someone during a long boring story. Refuse to acknowledge something you know is real or legitimate. Feeling ill or sick. Anything from the past that isn t significant or important any more. Something that will never ever happen. When someone is treated to an expensive meal. For certain. I have no idea. Common idiomatic expressions and sayings 1. A bird in the hand is worth to in the bush. Having something that is certain is much better than taking a risk for more, because chances are you might lose everything. 2. A fool and his money are easily parted. It s easy for a foolish person to lose his her money. 3. A house divided against itself cannot stand. Everyone involved must unify and function together or it will not work out. 4. A leopard can t change his spots. You cannot change who you are. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 103 5. A penny save is a penny earned. By not spending money you are saving money little by little . 6. A picture paints a thousand words. A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words. 7. Actions speak louder than words. It s better to actually do something than just talk about it. 8. Curiosity killed the cat. Being inquisitive can lead you into a dangerous situation. 9. Don t count your chickens before they hatch.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406272.9790912}
{"text": "Being inquisitive can lead you into a dangerous situation. 9. Don t count your chickens before they hatch. Don t rely on it until you are sure of it. 10. Don t look a gift horse in the mouth. When someone gives you a gift, don t be ungrateful. 11. Don t put all your eggs in one basket. Do not put all your resources in one possibility. 12. Drastic times call for drastic measures. When you are extremely desperate you need to take extremely desperate actions. 13. Elvis has left the building. The show has come to an end. It s all over. 14. Every cloud has a silver lining. Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days. 15. Great minds think alike. Intelligent people think like each other. 16. Haste makes waste. Doing things quickly may result in a poor ending. 17. Idle hands are the devils tools. You are more likely to get it trouble if you have nothing to do. 18. If it s not one thing, it s another. When one thing goes wrong, then another, and another . 19. It takes two to tango. A conflict involves two people and both must cooperate to have it resolved. 20. It s a small world. You cannot hide from your evil deeds in this world. 21. Let bygones be bygones. To forget about a disagreement or argument. 22. Let sleeping dogs lie. To avoid restarting a conflict. 23. Never bite the hand that feeds you. Don t hurt anyone that helps you. 24. Practice makes perfect. By constantly practising, you will become better. 25. Rome was not built in one day. -. If you want something to be completed properly, then it s going to take time. 26. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. The bigger and stronger opponent may be more difficult to beat, but when he does, he suffers a much bigger loss. 27. Variety is the spice of life. The more experiences you try the more exciting life can be. 28. When it rains, it pours. Since it rarely rains, when it does it will be a huge, storm. 29. You are what you eat. In order to stay healthy, you must eat healthy foods. 30. You can t judge a book by its cover.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.0091708}
{"text": "In order to stay healthy, you must eat healthy foods. 30. You can t judge a book by its cover. Decisions shouldn t be made primarily on appearance. Exercise 10 Give the meaning of the italicized idioms in the following sentences. 1. I was completely at sea when the Prime Minister visited my house. 2. Jane has her hands full. She can t take on more work. 3. Do you have a bone to pick with me? 4. I can t make heads or tails of this story. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 104 5. The test was as easy as pie. 6. I am sick and tired of doing nothing at work. 7. I am broke! I have to borrow some money. 8. She dropped me a line yesterday. 9. He filled in for her when she fell sick. 10. My business is in the red. ANSWERS FROM CHAPTER TWO Exercise 1 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 105 1. Crack 6. Quack 2. Roar 7. Pop 3. Tick 8. Lap 4. Growl 9. Boom 5. Chime 10. Hiss Exercise 2 1. Lima bean a broad, flat, pale-green or white bean used as a vegetable named after Lima, the capital of Peru where it was grown first. 2. Cardigan a kind of a pullover or sweater that buttons down the front named after J.T. Brudwell, the 7th Earl of Cardigan. 3. Bloomer a woman s baggy and long garment for the lower body named after Amelia Bloomer, an American women rights and temperance advocate. 4. Canary birds yellow songbirds named after Canary Islands, Spain, where they are found in large numbers. 5. Ferris wheel a special wheel for an amusement park named after the inventor G.W. Ferris. 6. Guppy the most popular freshwater tropical fish named after R.J.L. Guppy, the man who introduced it in England. 7. Cheddar A firm Cheese named after the English village of Cheddar, where it was first made. 8. Quisling a person who treacherously helps to prepare for enemy occupation of his own county, a traitor named after Vidkum Quisling, a Norwegian politician.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.045045}
{"text": "Cheddar A firm Cheese named after the English village of Cheddar, where it was first made. 8. Quisling a person who treacherously helps to prepare for enemy occupation of his own county, a traitor named after Vidkum Quisling, a Norwegian politician. 9. Silhouette an outline portrait or profile named after a French minister of finance, Etienne de Silhouette. 10. Marxism the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels named after Karl Marx. 11. Guillotine a device used for carrying out executions named after Dr. Joseph Guillotine, the designer. 12. Macadam small, broken stones that are used for making roads named after John L. McAdam, a Scottish engineer who invented this kind of a road. 13. Pasteurisation the process of heating milk, wine, beer, or other liquids hot enough to kill harmful bacteria and to prevent or stop fermentation named after Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, who invented the process. 14. Watt Unit of measuring electric power named after James Watt, a Scottish engineer, who pioneered in the development of the steam engine. 15. Ohm a measure of electrical resistance named after George S. Ohm, a German physicist. Exercise 3 1. Slithy lithe slimy 6. Breathalyser breath analyser 2. Chortle chuckle short 7. Cablegram cable telegram 3. Galumph gallop triumph 8. Camcorder camera recorder 4. Bash bang smash 9. Edutainment education entertainment 5. Blog web log 10. Email electronic mail www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 106 Exercise 4 1. Utra beyond ultraviolet, ultrasonic 2. Syn in union synchronize, symmetry 3. Sub at a lower position submarine, subsoil 4. Peri round, about perimeter 5. Out surpassing, exceeding outperform 6. Infra below infrared, infrastructure 7. Hypo under hypodermic, hypothermia 8. Hemi half hemisphere 9. Ex previous ex-wife, ex-policeman 10.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.035913}
{"text": "Hypo under hypodermic, hypothermia 8. Hemi half hemisphere 9. Ex previous ex-wife, ex-policeman 10. Dia across, through diagonal Exercise 5 1. Hopeful full of hope 6. Greenish having green colour 2. Reader a person who reads 7. Weary tired 3. Childish having manners of a child 8. Fearless lacking fear 4. Greyish having grey colour 9. Kindness the quality of being kind 5. Playful fond of playing 10. Washable can be washed Exercise 6 1. Pen a device for writing an enclosure for sheep 2. Tire to make weary the rubber material on the wheel of an automobile or bicycle. 3. Dove past tense of dive a bird 4. Wound past tense of wind an injury. 5. Mean stingy average 6. Act a dramatic performance doing something 7. Arms upper limbs weapons 8. Block a building obstruct 9. Box a carton fight with gloves 10. Bank edge of a river a money depository Exercise 7 1. In inn 6. Knight night 2. Heard herd 7. Knows nose 3. Horse hoarse 8. Tick tic www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 107 4. Key quay 9. Rung wrung 5. Need knead 10. Sees seize Exercise 8 1. Start begin 6. Collect gather 2. Come arrive 7. Assist help 3. Lengthy long 8. Build construct 4. Shattered broken 9. Reply answer 5. Fix repair 10. Purchase buy Exercise 9 1. Easy hard 6. Sweet sour 2. Whisper yell 7. Stationary mobile 3. Triumph fail 8. Strength weaken 4. Dull interesting 9. Precious worthless 5. Dangerous safe 10. Naked clothed Exercise 10 1. At sea confused 2.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.0493517}
{"text": "Dangerous safe 10. Naked clothed Exercise 10 1. At sea confused 2. Has his hands full is busy 3. Have a bone to pick with me have a quarrel 4. Make heads or tails make sense 5. As easy as pie very easy 6. Sick and tired can t stand, hate 7. Broke to have no money 8. Dropped me a line yesterday sent me a letter or email 9. Filled in for her did her work while she was away 10. In the red losing money, not profitable CHAPTER THREE PHRASES AND SENTENCES PHRASES www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 108 A phrase is a group of words without a subject or a predicate or both and does not express a complete thought. Therefore, a phrase can never stand on its own as a complete sentence. Using different kinds of phrases enables a writer or a speaker to create informative and descriptive sentences that vary in structure. Phrases combine words into a larger unit that can function as a sentence element. The most common kinds of phrases in English are: Noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, gerund phrases and participial phrases. I Noun Phrases A noun phrase consists of a noun and all its modifiers. It can function as a subject, object, or complement in the sentence. The modifiers may include articles, prepositions and adjectives. Examples: a Noun phrases as subjects The lazy old man sleeps all day long. Some school boards reward teachers who produce good results. B Noun phrases as objects Teachers rejected the proposed performance contracts. Critics opposed the controversial marriage bill. C Noun phrases as complements Teaching is a valuable profession. Sheila is a hardworking no-nonsense lady. Exercise 1 Identify the noun phrases in each of the following sentences and indicate whether it functions as a subject, object or complement. 1. I saw a TV show yesterday. 2. Playful animals really fascinate me. 3. Yesterday, I had a thrilling adventure. 4. Swimming is an exciting activity. 5. Twenty university students were expelled last month. 6. She is a certified public health officer. 7. Many of the soldiers were killed in the battle. 8. The old woman carried a heavy load of firewood on her back. 9. Peter seems a very complicated man to understand 10.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.0778186}
{"text": "The old woman carried a heavy load of firewood on her back. 9. Peter seems a very complicated man to understand 10. A devastating earthquake hit China yesterday. Ii Verb phrases A verb phrase consists of a main verb and its helping verbs. It can function as the predicate of a sentence. The predicate tells what the subject does or is. It tells something about the subject . Examples: John was born in Malindi. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 109 This problem may have contributed to the collapse of the economy. Without highly trained workers, many Kenyan companies would be forced to close down. Sometimes the parts of a verb phrase are separated from each other by words that are not verbs. Examples: He is finally buying a new house. Salesmen must occasionally travel long distances. Some words are joined with other words to make contractions. Examples: He hasn t turned up for the meeting has not We couldn t tell what had killed the cow. Could not I ve ordered them to leave the house. I have . NB: The word not and the contraction n t are adverbs. They are never part of a verb or verb phrase. Exercise 2 Write the verb phrase in each of the following sentences. 1. We should have taken pictures of the wild animals. 2. You must have seen the posters of the event. 3. They should have been told to come with flowers to plant in the school compound. 4. Mr. Muchira would have told some interesting stories. 5. Scientists must ve visited the Menengai Crater. 6. He must have seen some wonderful places. 7. Many advocates do fear the new Chief Justice. 8. The scouts have often made camp here. 9. The bull fighters would sometimes stampede noisily. 10. I could have read the book if he had allowed me. Iii Prepositional phrases A prepositional phrase is made up of a preposition, the object of the preposition, and all the words between them. It often functions as an adjective or adverb, but it can function as a noun as well. Examples: We carried the fruits in our school bags. Adverb telling where The plane flew through the cloud. Adverb telling where Almost half of Africa s population suffers from water related diseases. Adverb modifying suffers . The water supply in the United States is expected to decline dramatically. Adjective modifying water supply .", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.117031}
{"text": "Adverb modifying suffers . The water supply in the United States is expected to decline dramatically. Adjective modifying water supply . The best time to practise water conservation is before a water shortage. Noun functioning as a complement . Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 110 In sentence 1 above, the preposition is in, the object of the preposition is bags, and the modifiers or adjectives are our and school. Sometimes two or more nouns or pronouns are used as objects in a prepositional phrase. Example: He needs a wife with diligence and a good character. Diligence and character are objects of the preposition with. When prepositional phrases function as adjectives and adverbs in sentences, they are called adjectival and adverbial phrases respectively. A An adjectival prepositional phrase modifies nouns or pronouns. Examples: The woman wears shoes with sharp heels. An adjectival phrase modifying the noun shoes The man with a funny looking dog crossed the road. An adjectival phrase modifying the noun man b An adverbial prepositional phrase modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Examples: Soldiers train for many months. An adverbial phrase modifying the verb train People are lazy in the afternoons. An adverbial phrase modifying the adjective lazy. She arrived late in the night. An adverbial phrase modifying the adverb late . Sometimes one prepositional phrase immediately follows another. Examples: The man led him through the door on the left. Note that the prepositional phrase through the door is an adverbial phrase modifying the verb led and tells where? The second prepositional phrase on the left is an adjectival phrase modifying the noun door and tells which one? A prepositional phrase can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. Examples: At dusk, we began to walk home. The map of the area was very helpful. The path went by a forest and a large lake. Exercise 3 Underline the prepositional phrases in the following sentences and indicate what type each of them is. 1. The oldest building is found in Mombasa. 2. Five companies around the country have bought new fire engines. 3. The barking of the dog scared the strangers. 4. Bulls are bred for hard work. 5. Most bridges are built over water.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.1413212}
{"text": "Bulls are bred for hard work. 5. Most bridges are built over water. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 111 6. Travellers were spared many miles of travel. 7. I went by bus to the market. 8. At the market, I saw beautiful and unusual people. 9. I also saw a display of colourful clothes. 10. She took him through the lesson with professional expertise. Iv Gerund phrases A gerund is a verb form used as a noun. It is formed by adding -ing to the present these of a verb. Gerunds can be used as subjects, direct objects, objects of prepositions, and complements. Examples: Subject: Fishing is a popular activity in Nyanza Province. Fishing is a gerund, the subject of the verb is Direct object: The sport involves riding. Riding is a gerund, the direct object of the verb involves Object of preposition: The sport is similar to fencing. Fencing is a gerund, the object of the preposition to . A gerund phrase includes a gerund, its modifiers, objects or complements. It always functions as a noun. Examples: Becoming a Tusker Project fame finalist was Msechu s lifetime dream. Gerund phrase is the subject of the sentence. Msechu dreamt all his life about winning the top award. The gerund phrase is an object of the preposition about . One of Msechu s biggest disappointments was losing to Alpha. The gerund phrase is a complement . The game involves jumping over hurdles. Object of the verb involves . Exercise 4 Underline the gerund or gerund phrases in the following sentences and label each one subject, direct, object, object of preposition, or complement. 1. In early days, golfing was a game for the rich. 2. The rich were mostly interested in protecting their status. 3. Playing golf with a commoner would mean lowered status. 4. Much of the rich people s time was spent playing the game. 5. Training thoroughly improved a golfer s accuracy in the game. 6. There he learned about playing the game. 7. Later, he started contesting with other junior golfers. 8. At fifteen or sixteen, he began playing with the professionals. 9. Participating in international tournaments was the golfer s dream. 10. But the greatest dream was winning an in international title.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.1574795}
{"text": "Participating in international tournaments was the golfer s dream. 10. But the greatest dream was winning an in international title. V Participial phrases www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 112 A participle is a verb form that always acts as an adjective. There are two types of participles: a The past participle it is usually formed by adding d, or -ed to the present tense. Examples: Fooled, the shopkeeper bought fake products. Fooled is a past participle modifying the noun shopkeeper Shaken, he dashed to the police station. Shaken is a past participle modifying the pronoun he The participles of irregular verbs, however, do not follow the above rule: run-run, throw-thrown. B The present participle it is usually formed by adding -ing to the present tense of any verb. Examples: Smiling, the conman stepped out of the shop. Smiling is a present participle modifying the noun conman . Using participles is a simple way of adding information to sentences and to vary sentences beginnings. A participial phrase consists of a present or past participle and its modifiers, objects, or complements. It always functions as an adjective. Examples: Rounding the corner, the conman met two policemen. Rounding the corner is a present participial phrase modifying the noun conman . Surprised by the appearance of the conman, the policemen started blowing their whistles. Surprised by the appearance of the conman is a past participial phrase modifying the noun policemen . A participle or participial phrase is not always at the beginning of a sentence. Sometimes it may appear in the middle but it should be near the noun or pronoun it modifies. Examples: The skilled policemen arrested the conman. The conman, losing control, fought the policemen fiercely. Points to note Both the gerund and the present participle are created by a adding -ing to the present tense of a verb. BUT how can you tell whether a word is a gerund or a participle? It all depends on how the word is used in a sentence. I A participle is used as a modifier in a sentence. Example: Gaining courage, the conman attempted to escape. Gaining courage is a participial phrase modifying conman . Ii A gerund is used as a noun in a sentence.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.1703892}
{"text": "Example: Gaining courage, the conman attempted to escape. Gaining courage is a participial phrase modifying conman . Ii A gerund is used as a noun in a sentence. Example: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 113 Gaining courage made the conman look aggressive. Gaining courage is a gerund phrase, the subject of the verb made . Exercise 5 Underline the participial phrases in the following sentences, indicating whether it is a past or present participial phrase and the noun or pronoun it modifies. 1. Defying all odds, Kisoi Munyao attempted to climb to the highest peak of Mt. Kenya for seven times. 2. Failing each time, he refused to give up. 3. Seeing his passion to scale the peak, the government offered him financial assistance. 4. The climber ascended slowly, making steady progress. 5. Pleased with his progress, he camped at eleven thousand feet. 6. The climber, determined to hoist the Kenyan flag, progressed on the following morning. 7. Slipping on the snow, Munyao fell on a dry tree trunk. 8. A rope worn from too many climbs then broke. 9. One of his hot water bottles, slipping to the bottom of the cliff, broke into pieces. 10. Munyao, overcome with joy, finally hoisted the flag at Point Batian. Vi Infinitive phrases An infinitive is a verb form that usually appears with the word to before it. To is called the sign of the infinitive. Examples: to lift to eat to launch to register To is a preposition if it is followed by a noun or noun phrase, but it is a sign of the infinitive if it is followed by a verb or verb phrase. Examples: Joseph longed for a flight to the moon. Prepositional phrase Not until 1985 was he able to succeed. Infinitive An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and its modifiers, objects or complements. It can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Examples: To write clearly and concisely can be difficult sometimes. Infinitive phrase functioning as a noun and the subject of the sentence . Proofreading your writing is a good way to ensure the absence of typing mistakes. Infinitive phrase functioning as an adjective modifying the noun way .", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.2039537}
{"text": "2. Around the country adjectival modifying the noun companies. 3. Of the dog adjectival modifying the noun barking. 4. For hard work adverbial modifying the verb bred. 5. Over water adverbial modifying the verb built. 6. Of travel adjectival modifying the noun miles. 7. By bus adverbial modifying the verb went. To the market adverbial modifying the verb went. 8. At the market adjectival modifying the noun. 9. Of colours clothes adjectival modifying the noun display. 10. With professional expertise adverbial modifying the phrasal verb took through. Exercise 4 1. Golfing complement 2. Protecting their status object of the preposition in. 3. Playing golf with a commoner subject 4. Playing the game direct object 5. Training thoroughly subject 6. Playing the game- object of preposition 7. Contesting with junior golfers subject 8. Playing with the professionals direct object 9. Participating in international tournaments subject 10. Winning an international title complement Exercise 5 1. Defying all odds present participial phrase Kisoi Munyao 2. Failing each time present participial phrase he 3. Seeing his passion to scale the peak present participial phrase - government 4. Making steady progress - present participial phrase climber 5. Pleased with his progress past participial phrase he 6. Determined to hast the Kenya flag - past participial phrase climber 7. Slipping on the snow - present participial phrase Munyao 8. Worn from too many climbs - past participial phrase rope 9. Slipping to the bottom of the cliff- present participial - bottles 10. Overcome with joy - past participial phrase Munyao Exercise 6 1. To climb Mt. Kenya noun 2. To climb the mountain noun www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 116 3. To try this risky climb adjective modifying the noun Kenyans 4. To make rapid progress adverb modifying the verb helped 5. With very limited climbing gear adverb modifying the verb reach 6. To reach Point Batian noun 7.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.235191}
{"text": "Faces To find out the verb, ask what after the subject. Examples: The young kids did what? Jumped Their faces did what? Shone The key word in the subject of a sentence is called the simple subject. For example, kids, faces. The complete subject is the simple subject plus any words that modify or describe it. For example, The young kids, Their faces. The key word in the predicate is called the simple predicate. For example, jumped, shone. The complete predicate is the verb plus any words that modify or complete the verb s meaning. For example, jumped playfully, shone brightly. The simple subjects and predicates may sometimes be more than one word. For simple subjects, it may be the name of a person or a place. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 118 Ballack Obama won the US presidential race. South Africa is the home of many bats. The simple predicate may also be more than one word. There may be a main verb and a helping verb. Tanya has acted in many TV shows. She will be performing again tonight. Objects An object in a sentence is a word or words that complete the meaning of a sentence. It is involved in the action but does not carry it out. The object is the person or thing affected by the action described in the verb. It is always a noun or a pronoun and it always comes after the verb. Example: The man climbed a tree. Some verbs complete the meaning of sentences without the help of other words. The action that they describe is complete. Examples: It rained. The temperature rose. Some other verbs do not express a complete meaning by themselves. They need to combine with other words to complete the meaning of a sentence. Examples: Christine saw the snake. Rose wears goggles. He opened the door. In the above examples, the snake, goggles and the door are the objects as they are the things being affected by the verbs in the sentences. Refer to the topic on Transitive and Intransitive Verbs under the main topic VERBS . Exercise 1 Which groups of words are sentences and which ones are sentence fragments? 1. A huge storm was coming. 2. Behind the wattle tree. 3. After the earthquake. 4. The wind broke several houses. 5. Surprised by a loud noise. 6. Winds of high speed. 7. Rescue workers arrived. 8. From different parts of the world. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.2613962}
{"text": "Punctuating compound sentences When writing some compound sentences, a comma is used before the conjunction. The comma tells the reader where to pause. Without a comma, some compound sentences can be quite confusing. Examples: Confusing: Jane studied the specimen and her sister took notes. The sentence might cause the reader to think that Jane studied both the specimen and her sister Better: Jane studied the specimen, and her sister took notes. The comma makes the sentence to be clear Sometimes the parts of a compound sentence can be joined with a semicolon ; rather than a comma and a conjunction. Example: Jane studied the specimen; her sister took notes. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 123 Never join simple sentences with a comma alone. A comma is not powerful enough to hold the sentences together. Instead use a semicolon. Example: Incorrect: My father enjoyed the meal, he didn t like the soup. Correct: My father enjoyed the meal; he didn t like the soup. Correct: My father enjoyed the meal, but he didn t like the soup. Iii Complex sentences A complex sentence contains one independent main clause and one or more subordinate dependent clauses. They describe more than one thing or idea and have more than one verb in them. They are made up of more than one clause, an independent clause that can stand by itself and a dependent clause which cannot stand by itself . Example: The picture looks flat because it is colourless. The picture looks flat is the independent main clause whereas because it is colourless is the subordinate dependent clause What is a clause? A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject. There are two types of clauses main clauses and subordinate clauses. Main clauses A main clause is a clause that can stand as sentence by itself. A compound sentence contains two or more main clauses, because it is made up of two or more simple sentences. Each of these simple sentences is a main clause. Example: Robots operate machines, and they solve many labour problems. Robots operate machines and they solve many labour problems are both main clauses. They are also simple sentences. Main clauses are sometimes called independent clauses. Subordinate clauses Subordinate clauses are clauses that do not express a complete thought. So they cannot stand by themselves. Examples: If technology will improve When robots can do the work While electronics will work After the system is complete. None of the above clauses express a complete thought.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.2841632}
{"text": "So they cannot stand by themselves. Examples: If technology will improve When robots can do the work While electronics will work After the system is complete. None of the above clauses express a complete thought. They are sentence fragments that leave the reader wondering then what? Subordinate clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as if, when, while, and after. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 124 Other examples of subordinating conjunctions: although because so that until as before than whatever as if in order that though wherever as long as provided till whenever as though since unless where Now we can understand a complex sentence better. We have said that it contains one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Main clause subordinate clause The bell started ringing before we were out of bed. The battery needs recharging so that it can work tonight. The subordinate clause can sometimes appear before the main clauses. Examples: When the power failed, the computer stopped. Before you know it, your flat screen television will be stolen. The subordinate clause can also sometimes appear in between the sentence. Example: The medicine man, who knew many tricks, cheated the man that he had been bewitched. Types of subordinate clauses Subordinate clauses may be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs and nouns in complex sentences. Such clauses are called adjectival, adverbial and noun clauses respectively. They add variety to one s writing. They can also make one s writing more interesting by adding details. Examples: Without subordinate clause: The bushman told us about the hidden cave. With subordinate clause: The bushman, who knew the forest well, told us about the hidden cave. I Adjectival clauses An adjectival clause acts as an adjective in a sentence, that is, it modifies a noun or a pronoun. Examples: The bushman, who knew the forest well, told us about the hidden cave. Who knew the forest well is an adjectival clause that modifies the noun bushman . The bushman told us a legend that involved the cave. That involved the cave is an adjectival clause that modifies the noun legend . An adjective clause usually comes immediately after the noun it modifies. More examples: People still search for the treasure that the pirate hid. As can be seen from the above examples, adjectival clauses, like adjectives, modify nouns or pronouns answering questions like which? Or what kind of?", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.3153708}
{"text": "Informal: The map you saw guides the way. But never omit the relative pronoun if it is in the clause. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 126 Correct: This is the forest that has a secret cave. Incorrect: This is the forest has a secret cave. Commas are put around adjectival clauses only if they merely add additional information to a sentence. Example: The map, which you saw, shows the way. This adjective clause can be left out without affecting the grammatical structure of the sentence. It is merely adding information to the sentence by telling us which map? The map shows the way. Ii Adverbial clauses An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause which takes the place of an adverb in a sentence. Just like adverbs and adverbial phrases, adverbial clauses answer the questions where, when, how, to what extent, with what goal result and under what conditions. In addition, an adverbial clause may tell why. Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb and an adverbial phrase in the following example: Adverb: The Prime Minister gave a speech here. Adverbial phrase: The Prime Minister gave a speech in the afternoon. Adverbial clause: The Prime Minister gave a speech where the workers were striking. Usually, an adverbial clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction like because, when, whenever, where, wherever, since, after and so that. Note that a subordinate adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence. Example: after they left dining hall The above adverbial clause will leave the reader asking what happened after they left the dining hall? Adverbial clauses express relationships of cause, effect, place, time and condition. Cause Adverb clauses of cause answer the question why? Example: Njoroge wanted to kill his uncle because he had murdered his father. Effect Adverbial clauses of effect answer the question with what goal result? Example: Njoroge wanted to kill his uncle so that his father s murder would be avenged. Time Adverbial clauses of time answer the question when? Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 127 Example: After Njoroge s uncle married his mother, he wanted to kill him Condition Adverbial clauses of condition answer the question under what conditions? Example: If the uncle cooperates, Njoroge may decide to pardon him.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.3343136}
{"text": "Time Adverbial clauses of time answer the question when? Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 127 Example: After Njoroge s uncle married his mother, he wanted to kill him Condition Adverbial clauses of condition answer the question under what conditions? Example: If the uncle cooperates, Njoroge may decide to pardon him. Place Adverbial clauses of place answer the question where? Example: Njoroge organised a demonstration where his father s murder occurred. Note that an adverbial clause can appear either before or after the main clause of the sentence. Iii Noun clauses A noun clause is a clause which takes the place of a noun or a noun phrase. It can be used in any way that a noun is used. That is, it can act as the subject, object, object of a preposition, or predicate noun in a sentence. Just like a noun, a noun clause answers the questions who, when, or what? Examples: As subjects Noun: Kamau is unknown Noun phrase: Their destination is unknown Noun clause: Where they are going is unknown. The noun clause where they are going is the subject of the verb is. As objects Noun: I know French. Noun phrase: I know the three ladies. Noun clause: I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language. In the first sentence, the noun French acts as the direct object of the verb know. In the third sentence, the entire clause that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language is the direct object of the verb know. As objects of the preposition Noun: He talked about him. Noun phrase: He talked about the funny items. Noun phrase: He talked about what you bought at the supermarket. In the first sentence the pronoun him is the object of the preposition about. In the third sentence, what you bought at the supermarket is the object of the preposition about and answers the question about what? As predicate nouns Her first day in school was what shaped her life. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 128 The adverbial clause what shaped her life gives more information about the subject of the sentence Her first day in school. Words often used to introduce noun clauses that when whose what whatever whoever how who whoever where whom Note You cannot tell the kind of a clause from the word that introduces it.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.3691483}
{"text": "As predicate nouns Her first day in school was what shaped her life. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 128 The adverbial clause what shaped her life gives more information about the subject of the sentence Her first day in school. Words often used to introduce noun clauses that when whose what whatever whoever how who whoever where whom Note You cannot tell the kind of a clause from the word that introduces it. You can tell the kind of clause only by the way it is used in a sentence. If the clause is used as a noun, it is a noun clause. If the clause is used as a modifier, it is an adjectival clause or an adverbial clause. Examples: Whoever built the house was not an expert. Noun clause as a subject No one knew where he came from. Noun clauses a direct object He left the construction site whenever he wished. As an adverbial clause This is the layout which he left behind. As an adjectival clause . Exercise 4 Identify the following sentences as simple, compound or complex. If it is a complex sentence, indicate whether it has an adjective, an adverb or a noun subordinate clause. 1. The hotel is not very old. 2. The hotel is not very old; it was constructed in 1987. 3. It has a strange name, but it attracts many tourists. 4. Whoever broke the mirror will have to pay for it. 5. The Gor Mahia fans hope that the team will win again. 6. Did I tell you about the author whom I met? 7. They are searching for the man stole the cow. 8. People began riding horses at least five thousand years ago. 9. Some people watch the moon as though it affects their lives. 10. Some superstitions developed when people felt helpless about the world around them. 11. The parachute was really a sail that was designed for skiing. 12. The moon orbits the earth every 291 2 days. 13. My dog loves bread crusts. 14. I always buy bread because my dog loves the crusts. 15. Whenever lazy students whine, Mrs. Ndegwa throws pieces of chalk at hem. 16. The lazy students whom Mrs. Ndegwa hit in the head with pieces of chalk complained bitterly. 17. My dog Shimba, who loves bread crusts, eats them under the kitchen table. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 129 18.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.3594432}
{"text": "Example: Register to vote, said the senator, before the end of the day . If the second part of the quotation is a complete sentence, the forst kword of this sentence is capitalized. Example: I did register, said Carol. It took only a few minutes Commas and full stops are placed inside quotation marks Example: Last night, said Joyce, I listened to a debate Quotation marks and exclamation marks are placed inside a quotation mark if they belong to the quotation. If they do not, they are placed outside the quotation. Examples: Joyce asked, Whom are you voting for? Did Carol say, I don t know yet ? I can t believe that she said, I don t know yet ! Speech tags may appear before, in the middle or at the direct speech. Examples: He said, You know quite well that you have to vote You know quite well, he said, that you have to vote . You know quite well that you have to vote, he said. Exercise 6 Rewrite the following sentences correctly in direct speech. Ensure you puntuiate them accordingly. 1. John said there was a terrible accident in Nairobi. 2. Petro added it happened in Umoja Estate. 3. It involved a train and a bus added John www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 133 4. Sarah asked did anyone die 5. No one died, but the railway line was destroyed answered Peter 6. Over the months said John the railway line has been rebuilt 7. How lucky that no one died exclaimed sarah 8. I think kthey shoul put a railway-crossing sigh board Petro said it would help bus0drivers a lot 9. Or they shoul put bumps on both sides of the railway line to slow down the buses John suggested 10. Who knows what might happen next wondered Sarah INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect speech is used to refer to a person s words without quoting him or her exactly. It is also referred to as indirect quotation or reported speech. The original spoken words are not repeated. The exact meaning is given without repeating the speaker s words. Example: Direct speech: The governor said, Creating new jobs will be my first priority Indirect speech: The governor said that creating new jobs would be his first priority. Several changes do occur when changing a sentence from direct to indirect speech 1.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.4140024}
{"text": "Don t worry, Joels aid They will be apprehended tomorrow . QUESTION TAGS A question tag or a tag question is a phrase that is added at the end of a statement to turn into a question. When a speaker uses a question tag at the end of a statement, he she is seeking for approval, confirmation or correction. Examples: APPROVAL: I look smart today, don t I? Yes you do. CORFIRMATION: These are the new students, aren t they? Yes they are. CORRECTION: I paid your money yesterday, didn t I ? No you didn t Many learners face a problem of supplying the correct question tags to sentences. This is because they fail to observe the following rules of question tags: 1. A comma must be put to separate the statement with the question tag. A question mark must be placed at the end of the question tag. Examples: Rufftone has released a new album, hasn t he? He is pushing for a decision by tomorrow, isn t he? 2. The auxiliary verb in the statement must be repeated in the question tag Examples: Neson Mandela was in prison for 27 years, wasn t he? The people of South Africa have lost a great hero, haven t they? 3. When there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb Do must be used in the question tag Examples: Mark Francis wakes up very early, doesn t he? Peter Bryan bought an I-pad phone, didn t he ? 4. The subject in the statement must be repeated in the question tag. If it is a noun in the statement, it changes to the appropriate pronoun. If it is a pronoun in the statement, it remains a pronoun in the question tag. Examples: Fatou Bensouda is prosecutor in ICC, isn t she? She does her work meticulously, doesn t she? 5. Wen the statement is positive i.e. It does not have the word not in it , the question tag must be negative i.e. must use the negative word not and visa versa. Examples: David Rudisha has broken another record, hasn t he? Cathrerine Ndereba hasn t been very active, has she? Douglas Wakiihuri does not run any more, does he? Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 136 Ezekiel Kemboi entertains the audience after winning, doesn t he?", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.4417026}
{"text": "Green object complement 5. The queen object complement 6. Stealing the mango participial complement 7. Senseless object complement 8. A kind person subject complement 9. Crying participial complement 10. Trembling participial complement Exercise 4 1. Simple sentence 2. Compound sentence 3. Compound sentence 4. Complex whoever broke the mirror noun clause 5. Simple sentence 6. Complex sentence whom I met adjectival clause 7. Complex sentence who stole the cow adjectival clause 8. Simple sentence 9. Complex sentence as though it affects their lives adverbial clause 10. Complex sentence - when people felt helpless about the world around them adverbial clause. 11. Complex sentence that was designed for skiing adjectival clause 12. Simple sentence 13. Simple sentence 14. Complex sentence because my dog loves crusts adverbial clause 15. Complex sentence whenever lazy students whine adverbial clause www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 139 16. Complex sentence whom Mrs. Ndegwa hit in the head with pieces of chalk adjectival clause 17. Complex sentence who loves bread crusts adjectival clause 18. Complex sentence that drinks too much milk adjectival clause 19. Complex sentence what Aunt Lucy adds to her stew noun clause 20. Compound sentence Answers to Exercise 5 1. Declarative 11. Declarative 2. Imperative 12. Imperative conditional 3. Exclamatory 13. Interrogative 4. Conditional 14. Interrogative 5. Interrogative 15. Declarative 6. Exclamatory 16. Exclamatory 7. Exclamatory 17. Conditional 8. Declarative 18. Imperative 9. Imperative 19. Declarative 10. Conditional 20. Exclamatory CHAPTER FIVE CAPITALIZATION AND PUNCTUATION A Capitalization www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 140 Capitalization is the writing of a word with its first letter as an upper case and the remaining letters in lower case.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.4386406}
{"text": "Do not capitalize little words such as a, an, the, but, as, if, and, or, nor etc. C Titles of shorts stories, songs, articles, book chapters and most poems. Examples: Half a Day short story Kigeugeu song Three Days on Mt. Kenya short story www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 141 The Noun Clauses chapter in a book Grass Will Grow a poem E Religious names and terms Examples: God Allah Jesus the Bible the Koran Do not capitalize the words god and goddess when they refer to mythological deities. F Major words in geographical names Examples: Continents Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia Water bodies the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Nile River, River Tana, Lake Victoria. Landforms the Rocky Mountains, the Aberdares Mountains, the Rift Valley, the Sahara Desert. Political Units the Kirinyaga County, the Central Province, Inoi Sub-location. Public Areas Nairobi National Park, Wajee Nature Park. Roads and Highways Jogoo Road, Kenyatta Avenue, Uganda Road. G Names of organisations and institutions Examples: Kianjege West Secondary School, United Nations, University of Nairobi, Nairobi Women s Hospital Note that here you capitalize only the important words. Do not capitalize such words such as a, in, and of. Do not capitalize such words as school, college, church and hospital when they are not used as parts of names. Example: There will be a beauty contest at school. H Months, days and holidays Examples: June Labour Day Tuesday December Kenyatta Day Mashujaa Day Do not capitalize names of seasons: autumn, summer, winter, spring I Languages, races, nationalities and religions Examples: Chinese Kikuyu Christianity Caucasian Bantu Nigerian Muslim Oriental J The first word of every sentence Example: What an exciting day it was! K The pronoun I Example: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 142 What should I do next? L Proper Nouns Examples: Lang ata Cemetery Ann Pauline Nyaguthii Kangaita Women s Group Muhigia Teachers Sacco M Proper Adjectives Examples: We ate at an Italian restaurant She is a German N The first word in greetings and the closing of a letter.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.465797}
{"text": "H Months, days and holidays Examples: June Labour Day Tuesday December Kenyatta Day Mashujaa Day Do not capitalize names of seasons: autumn, summer, winter, spring I Languages, races, nationalities and religions Examples: Chinese Kikuyu Christianity Caucasian Bantu Nigerian Muslim Oriental J The first word of every sentence Example: What an exciting day it was! K The pronoun I Example: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 142 What should I do next? L Proper Nouns Examples: Lang ata Cemetery Ann Pauline Nyaguthii Kangaita Women s Group Muhigia Teachers Sacco M Proper Adjectives Examples: We ate at an Italian restaurant She is a German N The first word in greetings and the closing of a letter. Examples: Dear Mark, Yours sincerely, Dear Bryan, Yours faithfully, My dear Mum, Very truly yours, O Quotations Examples: Jamlick exclaimed, This book would make a great movie! Where, asked the stranger, is the post office? It s late, Billy said. Let s go home! P First word of each main topic and subtopic in an outline Examples: 1. Parts of speech A. Nouns i Proper nouns Exercise 1 Correct all errors of capitalization in the following sentences. 1. This play is a revision of shakespeare s earlier play, the merchant of venice. 2. John kiriamiti wrote my life in crime 3. I admire women who vie for parliamentary seats 4. Benard mathenge and his wife have travelled to america. 5. My grandmother grew up in witemere. 6. The nile river is one of the largest rivers in africa. 7. Each year tourists visit maasai mara national part. 8. The tv show papa shirandula has attracted many viewers. 9. Uganda and kenya have signed an agreement over the ownership of migingo islands. 10. Our country got it s independence in december 1963. 11. On christmas day, all my relatives gathered at my home. 12. Waiyaki is a fictional character in ngugi wa thiongo s novel, the river between. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 143 13. The city of mombasa gets its water from river tana. 14.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.4960098}
{"text": "Skin diseases B. Verbs 5. Hereditary diseases 1. Types of verbs 6. Lifestyle diseases 2. Uses of verbs 7. Infectious diseases between numerals representing dollars, cents, before a decimal and in percentages Examples: 25.65 165.42 25.3 b The question mark ? The question mark is used at the end of an interrogative sentence a sentence that asks a question . Examples: When was the Times Tower built? Who built it? C The Exclamation mark ! The exclamation mark is used at the end of the exclamatory sentence and after an interjection. An exclamatory sentence expresses strong feeling, emotion or emphasis. An interjection is a word or group of words that expresses strong feelings . Examples: Exclamatory sentence: Oh, what a tall building it is! Interjections: Superb! Fantastic! Impressive! An exclamation mark can also be used at the end of an imperative sentence that expresses strong feeling. Example: Sit! And stay in that chair if you know what s good for you! Ii The comma www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 145 There are a number of uses of the comma in English. A comma generally tells the reader where to pause. They are used: to separate words in a series except the last The three or four items in a series can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, phrases, independent clauses, or other parts of sentences. Examples: Nouns: John, Jim, Jack walk to school everyday. Verbs: He located, patched, and sealed the leak in the tyre. Adverbs: She walked quickly, steadily, and calmly. Prepositional phrases: He walked through the park, over the bridge, and onto the streets. Independent clauses: The match was over, the crowd cheered, and Barcelona received the first- place trophy. Adjectives: The fresh, ripe fruit was placed in a bowl. Note in the above examples that a comma must be used just before the conjunction. Before the conjunction in a compound sentence Some students were taking their lunch, but others were studying. Marto photographed the accident scene, and he sold the pictures to the newspaper. Example: Would she be a lawyer, or would she be a doctor? Note: A comma is not required in very short compound sentence in which the parts are joined by and.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.5166914}
{"text": "Serah, do you know where I kept my phone? How is your leg, grandpa? To set off the spoken words in a direct sentence or quotation from the speech tag Examples: Jackson said, After my injury I had to learn to walk again. The therapists urged me to keep trying, he continued. If the speech tag interrupts the spoken words commas are used after the last word of the first part of the spoken words and after the last word in the speech tag. Example: After a while, he added, I was walking without a cane . Note: When a sentence is indirect or reported, no commas are used. Example: He added that after a while he was walking without a cane. When writing dates Place a comma after the day of the month. Examples: July 3, 1965 December 12, 2010 when referring to geographical location. Place a comma between the name of the town or city and the name of the state, district, or country. Examples: Kibingoti, Kirinyaga County Mombasa, Kenya www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 147 after the closing of a friendly or business letter. Examples: Dear Rose, Yours sincerely, iii The semicolon ; and the colon : a The semicolon ; The semicolon is used: to separate the parts of a compound sentence when no conjunction is used. Example: Mountain climbing is exciting; it can also be dangerous. Note that the semicolon replaces the comma and the coordinating conjunction. Conjunctions that are commonly replaced by semicolons are and, but, or, for, and nor. Before a conjunctive adverb that joins the clauses of a compound sentence conjunctive adverbs are words like therefore, however, hence, so, then, moreover, nevertheless, yet, consequently, and besides . Example: The competition takes place in July; however, I prefer August. To separate the parts of a series when commas occurs within the parts. Example: Last year I flew to Johannesburg, South Africa; Cairo, Egypt; and Kingston, Jamaica. Iv The colon : The colon is used: to introduce a list of items Example: My school bag contains the following items: exercise books, text books, pencils, pens, a geometrical set, and a packet of crayons. After the greeting of a business letter Example: Dear Mr.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.5277166}
{"text": "Example: Last year I flew to Johannesburg, South Africa; Cairo, Egypt; and Kingston, Jamaica. Iv The colon : The colon is used: to introduce a list of items Example: My school bag contains the following items: exercise books, text books, pencils, pens, a geometrical set, and a packet of crayons. After the greeting of a business letter Example: Dear Mr. Mututho: between numerals that represent hours and minutes and between chapter and verse in a biblical reference Examples: 9:00 A.M. 6:00 P.M. Exodus 2:1-3 v The Hyphen - The hyphen is used: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 148 to divide a word at the end of a line of writing. Note that only words with two or more syllables may be divided at the end of a line and words should be divided only between syllables. Example: When walking along the streets of Naivasha Town, he met his friend, Waina- ina. Never divide a word of one syllable and do not divide words to leave a single letter at the end or beginning of a line. Incorrect: a-ttraction Correct: attra-ction. In compound adjectives that come before the nouns they modify and in certain compound nouns. Examples: Samuel Wanjiru was a world-famous athlete. She is my sister-in-law. In compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine and in fractions. Examples: seventy-three relatives one-quarter full vi The Apostrophe The apostrophe is used: to form the possessive of a singular noun Add an apostrophe and an s. Examples: the baby s cot James s car Joseph s radio to form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in s Add an apostrophe and an s. Examples: children s men s women s to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s Add only the apostrophe. Examples: tricksters tenants to form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun Use an apostrophe and an s. Examples: everybody s somebody s nobody s Note: Never use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun like our, yours, hers, theirs.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.5631166}
{"text": "Examples: children s men s women s to form the possessive of a plural noun that ends in s Add only the apostrophe. Examples: tricksters tenants to form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun Use an apostrophe and an s. Examples: everybody s somebody s nobody s Note: Never use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun like our, yours, hers, theirs. In names of organisations and business, Show possession in the last word only www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 149 Example: the United Nations brochure in hyphenated terms Show possession in the last word only. Example: My mother-in-law s photograph album in cases of joint ownership Show possession in the last word only. Example: Peter and Patrick s Limousine in forming contractions In contractions, apostrophes replace omitted letters. Examples: she s she is aren t are not I m I am it s It is isn t is not we ll we will can t cannot won t will not they ve they have To show that part of a date has been omitted Examples: The tribal clashes of 08 the tribal clashes of 2008 The 82 coup attempt the 1982 coup attempt vii Quotation Marks The quotation marks are used: to enclose the spoken words in a direct sentence. Indirect sentences need no quotation marks. Example: Direct speech: The presidential candidate promised, Creating new jobs for the youths will be my first priority. Indirect speech: The presidential candidate promised that creating new jobs would be his first priority. Note: i Always begin a direct quotation with a capital letter. Example: The minister said, You must conserve our environment. Ii When the spoken words are divided by the speech tag, begin the second part of the quotation with a small letter. Example: Bring me the money, said the moneylender, before the end of the day. If the second part of the quotation is a complete sentence, the first word of this sentence is capitalized. Example: I am scared, said the borrower. That moneylender is a brute. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 150 iii Place commas and fullstops inside quotation marks Place semicolons and colons outside quotation marks.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.5979102}
{"text": "Example: Bring me the money, said the moneylender, before the end of the day. If the second part of the quotation is a complete sentence, the first word of this sentence is capitalized. Example: I am scared, said the borrower. That moneylender is a brute. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 150 iii Place commas and fullstops inside quotation marks Place semicolons and colons outside quotation marks. Examples: Last month, the borrower explained, I borrowed some money from the moneylender. Carol said to the borrower, And you refused to repay back on time ; however, the borrower did not agree. These candidates were suggested in the article Our Country s Future : Raila Odinga, Uhuru Kenyatta, William Ruto, and Martha Karua. Iv Place question marks and exclamation marks inside quotation marks if they belong to the quotation. Place them outside if they do not belong to the quotation. Examples: Carol asked, How much money did you borrow? Did the borrower say, I can t remember ? You are a fool! Exclaimed Carol. V Use single quotation marks to enclose a title or quotation within a quotation. Example: Carol heard the borrower say, I can t remember before she lost her temper. If the tile or quotation within the quotation ends the sentence, use both the single and the double quotation marks after the last word of a sentence. Example: Carol heard the borrower say, I can t remember. V In a quotation of more than one paragraph, use quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and the end of the final paragraph. Exercise 1 Punctuate each of the following sentences appropriately. 1. He earned about three million dollars that year 2. You know who Jomo Kenyatta was, don t you 3. What a wonderful and inspired leader he was 4. He was also a person who helped many people 5. Some people write stories but others write poems. 6. Try to write a concise informative and interesting letter. 7. Also make sure your letter as a heading an inside address a salutation a body a closing and your signature. 8. One of the most exciting modern developments I believe is the computer. 9. Today is July 2 2011. I will never forget this date. 10. I have lived in Sagana Kirinyaga County since 2008.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.603304}
{"text": "What a wonderful and inspired leader he was!4.He was also a person who helped many people.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 152 5.Some people write stories, but other write poems.6.Try to write a concise, informative, and interesting letter.7.Also make sure that your letter has a heading, an inside address, a salutation, a body, a closing, and your signature.8.One of the most exciting modern developments, I believe, is the computer.9.Today is July 2, 2011.I will never forget this date.10.I have lived in Sagana, Kirinyaga County, since 2008 11.Try submitting your work to the following publishers: Longhorn Publishers, Jomo Kenyatta Foundation, or Oxford University Press.12.Remember, a writing career requires the following traits: confidence, perseverance, and a thick skin!13.Long ago, people used hand sharpened straws and reeds as pens.14.Fountain pens were invented in our great grandparents time.15.Soft-tip pens and rolling-ball pens were invented twenty-five years ago.16.What would you do if you couldn t build a house for yourself?17.You d find someone who could build it for you, wouldn t you?18.These archives are important to modern historians research.19.In his play Shreds of Tenderness, John Ruganda said, People who have never lived through a coup d etat have romantic ideas about it. 20.Mr. Mureithi said, A short letter to a friend is an insult. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527.", "metadata": {"source": "English-grammar-notes-complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.5769048}
{"text": "A TEACHER S Guide TO THE SIGNET CLASSICS EDITION OFHENRIK IBSEN sA DOLL s HOUSEby LAURA REIS MAYERS e r i e s E d i t o r s :Jeanne M. McGlinn and James E. McGlinnboth at University of North Carolina AT ASHEVILLEA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House2Copyright 2008 by Penguin Group USA For additional teacher s guides, catalogs, and other resources, please visit www.penguin.com academic or write to:TABLE OF CONTENTSAn Introduction......................................................................................................3List of Characters....................................................................................................3Synopsis of the Play................................................................................................4Prereading Activities...............................................................................................5I. Building Background Knowledge in Literature............................................5II. Building Background Knowledge in History and Culture..........................7III. Building Background Knowledge Through Initial Exploration of Themes..........................................................................8During Reading Activities.....................................................................................11I. Analyzing Through Group Response..........................................................11II. Analyzing Through Individual Response .................................................16After Reading Activities........................................................................................19I. Topics For Discussion And Essays..............................................................19II. Connecting To The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler, and The Master Builder....20III. Group And Individual Projects................................................................21About the Author of This Guide..........................................................................26About the Editors of This Guide..........................................................................26Free Teacher s Guides............................................................................................27PENGUIN GROUP USA INC.Academic Marketing Department375 Hudson StreetNew York, NY 10014-3657http: www.penguin.com academicIn Canada, write to:PENGUIN BOOKS CANADA LTD.Academic Sales90 Eglinton Ave. East, Ste. 700Toronto, OntarioCanada M4P 2Y3Printed in the United States of AmericaA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House3AN INTRODUCTIONTo a generation of students raised on liberated dolls such as Barbies and Bratz, Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House uncovers a shocking secret: some dolls don t get to play the roles they really want. Ibsen s Nora Helmer is a doll trapped in her house, a condition underscored by the fact that all the play s action takes place in her own living room.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.6517622}
{"text": "East, Ste. 700Toronto, OntarioCanada M4P 2Y3Printed in the United States of AmericaA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House3AN INTRODUCTIONTo a generation of students raised on liberated dolls such as Barbies and Bratz, Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House uncovers a shocking secret: some dolls don t get to play the roles they really want. Ibsen s Nora Helmer is a doll trapped in her house, a condition underscored by the fact that all the play s action takes place in her own living room. Repressed by a husband who expects her to fulfill her wifely and motherly roles under strict guidelines of morality and appearance, Nora discovers she has a will of her own. Ultimately, Nora realizes there is only one path that leads to her true identity, and that path begins outside the doll house. As a genre study, A Doll s House is a realistic drama that highlights the cultural conflicts of the nineteenth century. With its shocking and controversial conclusion, it marks a monumental, historic shift in the role of theater. Yet Ibsen s masterpiece remains a celebration of the art of theater. With its emphasis on individual characters, costumes, and personal props such as Nora s macaroons and tarantella dress, Ibsen s play transforms common stage conventions into a prophetic vision of a new society, one where individuals, both men and women, are free from the restraint of playing pre-determined roles. Today s teachers are in a unique position to share the historic, theatrical, and cultural significance of A Doll s House. Proving the adage that everything old is new again, FOX Broadcasting has announced a new television series scheduled to premiere in January 2009. Its central character is a woman whose job requires her to play a new personality every week. In between roles, her memory is erased. But her blossoming self-awareness and search for true identity soon mark her as subversive. The series is titled . . . Dollhouse. This guide is designed to assist teachers in planning a unit accessible to readers of various levels and learning styles. Ideas include opportunities for listening, speaking, writing, and creating. Pre-reading activities are provided to prepare students for reading a nineteenth century reality play, and to challenge students to think about Ibsen s themes. During-reading activities ask students to read more critically.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.6444783}
{"text": "Ideas include opportunities for listening, speaking, writing, and creating. Pre-reading activities are provided to prepare students for reading a nineteenth century reality play, and to challenge students to think about Ibsen s themes. During-reading activities ask students to read more critically. And post-reading activities encourage students to evaluate the significance of A Doll s House by analyzing Ibsen s style and comparing the play to other works, including Ibsen s The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler, and The Master Builder. The scope and variety of activities offered in this guide can be used selectively by teachers in focusing on the objectives of their course and the goals for their students. LIST OF CHARACTERS Major CharactersTorvald HelmerA lawyerNora HelmerTorvald s wifeDr. RankTorvald s closest friendMrs LindeNora s childhood friendNils KrogstadA bank clerkMinor CharactersIvar, Emmy, BobThe Helmers three small childrenAnne-MarieTheir nurseHeleneA maidDelivery BoyA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House4SYNOPSIS OF THE PLAYAct OneNora Helmer enters her lovely living room laden with packages and a Christmas tree, humming a happy tune and sneaking a macaroon. Her husband, Torvald, greets her with questions about her spending, calling Nora his little lark, squirrel, spendthrift, and sweet tooth. Nora reminds him that they have no worries since Torvald has just been offered a bank managerial position, but her husband opts for caution. When Torvald inquires what she desires for Christmas, Nora asks for money. Two visitors enter the house: Dr. Rank accompanies Torvald to his study, and Mrs. Linde, an old friend who has been out of touch, joins Nora. The two women share confidences, and Nora reveals that she has hidden more than macaroons from her husband. Due to Torvald s serious illness several years prior, Nora explains, she had to finance a year of recovery in Italy. While she told Torvald that her father had left them the money, Nora actually forged her father s signature and borrowed the money from a lawyer named Krogstad. Justifying her dishonesty by saving Torvald s health and pride, Nora explains that she has been secretly working to pay off the loan, and she is almost free of her debt.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.6966257}
{"text": "Due to Torvald s serious illness several years prior, Nora explains, she had to finance a year of recovery in Italy. While she told Torvald that her father had left them the money, Nora actually forged her father s signature and borrowed the money from a lawyer named Krogstad. Justifying her dishonesty by saving Torvald s health and pride, Nora explains that she has been secretly working to pay off the loan, and she is almost free of her debt. Krogstad enters next, hoping to salvage his position at the bank by speaking to Torvald. After Krogstad leaves, Nora is able to talk Torvald into giving Mrs. Linde a position at the bank. Torvald, Dr. Rank, and Mrs. Linde leave, and Nora visits with her three children. Krogstad returns with a threat: Nora must get Torvald to keep Krogstad s position at the bank, or Krogstad will reveal Nora s deception and forgery. Upon Torvald s return, Nora questions him about Krogstad s past, and Torvald explains that Krogstad lost his own reputation due to forgery. Declaring that such a lie infects the whole life of a home, Helmer returns to his study, leaving Nora anxious but determined. Act TwoThe curtain rises on the same room the next day, which is Christmas. Nora paces frantically, anxious that Krogstad will return to reveal her forgery to Torvald. The nurse enters with a box of masquerade clothes for the next evening s festivities, and Nora questions her about children who grow up without mothers. Kristine Linde enters, and as she helps Nora repair her masquerade dress, Nora confides in her friend once again. Assuring Kristine that she did not get the money from Dr. Rank, Nora asks Mrs. Linde to play with the children while she speaks to Torvald. Promising to scamper about and do tricks if only Torvald would give in, Nora asks her husband to keep Krogstad at the bank. Reminding her that rumors would spread about his wife s influence, Torvald denies Nora s request. When she says his concerns about propriety are petty, Torvald becomes incensed and sends Krogstad s termination letter to his home. Dr. Rank confides to Nora that he is dying and that he has loved her for years.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.6797523}
{"text": "When she says his concerns about propriety are petty, Torvald becomes incensed and sends Krogstad s termination letter to his home. Dr. Rank confides to Nora that he is dying and that he has loved her for years. Unable to ask the doctor for help after his admission, Nora asks for a lamp to be brought in. Krogstad, having received his termination, returns to threaten Nora again, and the two admit that though they have both considered suicide, neither can brave it. Krogstad leaves, but his letter revealing all is clearly heard entering the mail slot. Nora keeps Torvald from reading the letter by begging his help with the tarantella dance she will perform at the masquerade. Dancing frenetically as though her life were at stake, Nora keeps Torvald occupied re-teaching her the dance. But tomorrow night, she promises him, then you ll be free. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House5Act ThreeThe act opens, once again, in the Helmer s living room, where Kristine Linde awaits the Helmers return from the party upstairs. Nora has just danced the tarantella. As Mrs. Linde waits, Krogstad arrives at her request. Kristine asks Krogstad to give them a second chance at a relationship. Krogstad agrees, promising to retrieve his letter of revelation, but Kristine convinces him to let the truth come to light for the good of both Nora and Torvald. The Helmers arrive from the party, Kristine leaves, and Torvald s amorous mood is interrupted by a visit from Dr. Rank, who leaves his calling card marked by the black cross that announces his impending death. Helmer tells Nora that he has often wished for some danger to befall her so that he can rescue her, and Nora seizes this opportunity to encourage Torvald to read Krogstad s letter. Torvald reads it and immediately chastises Nora, claiming she has wrecked his happiness and ruined his future. Torvald explains that Nora can stay in the house but will be unfit to raise the children. From now on, Torvald claims, happiness doesn t matter; all that matters is . . . The appearance. When a letter arrives including Nora s cancelled debt, Torvald is happy again.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.7290955}
{"text": ". . The appearance. When a letter arrives including Nora s cancelled debt, Torvald is happy again. But Nora is forever changed by her husband s reaction, and after removing her masquerade costume, she sits down with Torvald to share the first serious conversation of their eight year marriage. Declaring she has been wronged greatly by both her father and her husband, Nora compares her existence in their homes to a doll in a doll house. When Torvald declares his wife cannot leave because her husband and children are her most sacred duties, Nora responds with I have other duties equally sacred. . . .Before all else, I m a human being. Nora is determined to remain strangers unless the greatest miracle of all could happen the ability to live together in a true marriage. Nora departs, and the audience is left with the sound of a door slamming shut. PREREADING ACTIVITIESThese activities are designed to deepen students background knowledge of literary symbols and traditions, and to introduce them to the play s major themes. Note: Consult other Teacher s Guides to Signet Classics; they contain ideas that can be adapted to prepare students to read and enjoy this play .I. BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE IN LITERATUREIntroduction to A Doll s HouseTreasure HuntOne way to arouse students interest in studying any play is to have them bring or draw objects which are connected to the plot, characters, or theme of the play. You can provide students with a list if you want to do this activity before they read the play OR they can brainstorm a list after they read different parts of the play or as a post-reading activity. Students can gather or create a range of objects, from easy to difficult, to bring to class to organize displays. Here are a few suggestions for a class reading A Doll s House:1.SETTING: a dollhouse, a masquerade mask, a peasant costume, a box of macaroons, a map of Norway, an audio tape with the sound of a slamming door or gypsy music suitable for the tarentella. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House62.CHARACTERS: a mommy doll, three children dolls, a lawyer s name plate, a business card with a black cross, a forged letter. 3. THEME: objects which symbolize individualism, deception, identity, and reality vs.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.7407696}
{"text": "A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House62.CHARACTERS: a mommy doll, three children dolls, a lawyer s name plate, a business card with a black cross, a forged letter. 3. THEME: objects which symbolize individualism, deception, identity, and reality vs. appearance prior to the scavenger hunt allow students to brainstorm ideas of objects which suggest these abstract qualities .Probable PassagesTo encourage student predictions, generate a list of ten to fifteen words related to A Doll s House. Ask students to write a probable passage paragraph that predicts the content of the play by using all the words from the list. After the play is read, students can return to the passage and make corrections to their summaries. Possible words might include: dollhouse, black cross, tarantella, masquerade, forgery, bank, mailbox, door, blackmail, husband, wife, reputation, morality. Circle MapTo build anticipation and to make connections by studying the play s title, ask students to draw a circle map at their desks as you model one on the board. In the middle of the circle, write A Doll s House. Ask students to predict what the play will be about by filling in the circle with words and ideas associated with a doll house. Model how to draw a frame around the circle map. Ask students to fill in the frame of reference with sources for their associations. For example, if students wrote toy in the circle, they might write my childhood in the frame of reference. Encourage abstract associations such as playing parts or fantasy role-play. Metaphoric ConnectionsA Doll s House utilizes the traditional metaphor of role-playing or masking to represent a character s repressed identity. Ask students to research other works of literature that incorporate masking and to create bibliographic entries and short summaries for each source they find. Arrange for a class period in the computer lab or media center and provide students with links or titles in order to initiate their searches. Either on the computer or in written form, individual students or teams can summarize the plot of their selection s and add works cited type entries with source information. Afterwards, summaries and bibliographic information can be compiled and shared in class to demonstrate the pervasiveness of the masking role-playing metaphor in literature. Titles for research might include:1. As You Like It2. Cinderella3. Much Ado About Nothing4.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.774403}
{"text": "As You Like It2. Cinderella3. Much Ado About Nothing4. Pinocchio5. Pygmalion6. Romeo and Juliet7. Sleeping BeautyA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House7Genre StudyCritical ReadingWhile Ibsen is classified as a realistic dramatist, his theatrical career is often divided into three distinct periods that define the styles of his individual plays. The foreword to the Signet Classics Centennial Edition of Ibsen: Four Major Plays discusses Ibsen s developing style with particular emphasis on A Doll s House. Ask students to read Rolf Fjelde s Foreword and choose an appropriate comprehension strategy for note taking. Students might take Cornell Notes, double-column notes, or use post-its. To process their thinking, allow students to turn and talk after they have completed the reading. Reality TelevisionIn order to encourage students to think about the choices a playwright must make when creating a play with the look and feel of real life, ask students to develop a new reality T.V. show. Explain to students, however, that unlike the current television offerings, these reality shows must actually attempt to appear real. Like the realistic dramatists of the 19th and 20th centuries, students must discard lofty or overblown theatrics and storylines in exchange for the actual and the everyday. Their characters must be unable to arrive easily at answers to their predicaments. Students or teams must create a proposal for their show that answers the following questions:1.On what everyday situation or dilemma will your show focus?2. What everyday characters will your show include?3. What physical or philosophical problems of daily living, either social, philosophical, or psychological, will your show examine?II. BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE IN HISTORY AND CULTUREWomen s Rights TimelineAsk students to create a digital or hard copy timeline that details the growth and development of women s rights from as far back as the Anglo-Saxon period in Europe through the current day. Both historical and literary items may be included. Highlights might include Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley s A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792 , Sojourner Truth s Ain t I A Woman? 1851 , Lydia Chapin, Susan B.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.7857454}
{"text": "Both historical and literary items may be included. Highlights might include Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley s A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792 , Sojourner Truth s Ain t I A Woman? 1851 , Lydia Chapin, Susan B. Anthony and the 19th Century Women s Suffrage Movement, and the still elusive Equal Rights Amendment ERA .19th Century Background MultiMedia Presentation Using Inspiration! Or another multi-media program, ask students to research and produce a 1-3 minute audio-story or podcast introducing the class to one of the following topics:1. Henrik Ibsen 2. 19th century Norway3. Realistic drama4. Tarentella dance5. 19th century women s roles in the WestA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House8All students need is a microphone and an audio-editing software program like Audacity, which can be downloaded for free. Students create an MP3 file with their information and include transitional commentary. Next, students upload the podcast to a free site such as iTunes, or ask the local webmaster to post it to the school website. Classmates, parents, and other community members can listen to the recordings online or download them to their ipods. III. BUILDING BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE THROUGH INITIAL EXPLORATION OF THEMESIndividualism versus Social ResponsibilityWalkabout SurveyTo activate prior knowledge and connections to the play s themes, have students perform a survey. Using a survey question that generates thought, provide students with a nine block 3 X 3 handout ready for responses. On the left side of the blocks going down, create blanks for three Informers. On the top of the blocks going left to right, create blanks for Detail 1, Detail 2, and Detail 3. Students then walk around and ask three different Informers to answer the survey question, giving three facts each. Students record their Informers facts in the blocks. After returning to their seats, students summarize in writing what they have learned from their classmates.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.8075166}
{"text": "On the left side of the blocks going down, create blanks for three Informers. On the top of the blocks going left to right, create blanks for Detail 1, Detail 2, and Detail 3. Students then walk around and ask three different Informers to answer the survey question, giving three facts each. Students record their Informers facts in the blocks. After returning to their seats, students summarize in writing what they have learned from their classmates. Sample questions to generate a walkabout survey for A Doll s House include: What is the definition of freedom? Does social responsibility impede the rights of the individual? What are society s expectations for mothers? What are society s expectations for fathers? Can a person contradict these expectations and still be a good mother or father? Do society s expectations prevent a parent s individual growth? Are society s expectations of parents outdated in today s world?Gender Roles and MarriageGender Roles DiscussionAs a class, read The Story of an Hour, the short story written by American realist Kate Chopin in 1894. Discuss as a class:1. How does Chopin depict a high-class marriage at the turn of the nineteenth century?2. How does Chopin illustrate the role of women in nineteenth century Western Civilization? 3. To what does Mrs. Mallard refer when she thinks to herself, Free! Body and soul free! ? 4. Discuss the irony in the story s last line: She had died of heart disease of joy that kills. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s HouseThe Art of AdvertisementProvide groups of students with magazine, Internet, and television ads that can be perceived as gender specific or sexist. Consider commercials for cleaning products, food, cars, and alcohol. Ask students to analyze the following:1. Describe your advertisement in one paragraph. If print, start from the most obvious image and move to the details. If video, describe in sequential order. 2.What, if anything, about the advertisement makes it gender specific or sexist?3. Is the ad appealing? Why or why not? What is your group s reaction?4. What is the intended effect of the advertisement on the consumer?5. Is the company justified in portraying its product in this fashion?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.8375185}
{"text": "What is your group s reaction?4. What is the intended effect of the advertisement on the consumer?5. Is the company justified in portraying its product in this fashion? Why or why not?Marriage DebatePlay an audio recording of Ani DiFranco s song, Wishin and Hopin . Provide students with the lyrics, including:Show him that you care, just for himDo the things that he likes to do. Wear your hair just for him, causeYou won t get him, thinkin and a prayin Wishin and hopin .Divide the class into two groups. One group will argue that such gender roles of dominance and submission still exist in today s society; the other will argue that today our society no longer desires such gender specific behaviors, and that true love and marriage is based on mutual respect. Ask each side to prepare supporting points, as well as predict what the opposing side will say. Challenge them to make connections to their own lives. Hold a class debate, complete with cross examinations and rebuttals. Think-Pair-ShareIn A Doll s House, Nora is referred to by a number of nicknames such as, little lark, squirrel, spendthrift, and sweet tooth. Nora refers to her husband as darling and dear. Ask students to consider the language that will be used in the play to represent gender stereotypes. On a sheet of paper, students work independently to brainstorm nicknames or pet names currently used when talking about men and women. After they write their thinking down, students pair up and compare lists. Partners should note any commonalities, trends or patterns they see. For instance, are the nicknames used for one gender more condescending than the other? Is one set more physically oriented? Is one more comparable to children? Or are both sets equal? After partners discuss their observations, the class can share as a whole. Complications and DeceptionsShared ReadingIn partners, read the Greek myth of Arachne, a skilled female weaver who is turned into a spider by the goddess Athena for daring to challenge her defined role as a lower class,A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House10mortal woman. Discuss as a pair:1. In what web of her own design does Arachne ensnare herself? Examine the question literally and symbolically.2.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.8504767}
{"text": "Discuss as a pair:1. In what web of her own design does Arachne ensnare herself? Examine the question literally and symbolically.2. Why does Athena choose the spider for Arachne s new form? How is this choice appropriate on more than one level? Response JournalsIn response journals, ask students to examine Sir Walter Scott s line from Marmion: Oh what a tangled web we weave, When first we practice to deceive! Respond to the following:1.How is the metaphor of a web effective for the topic of deceit?2. Write about a time you found yourself spinning such a web. What were the results?Another quotation on which students may journal is from Shakespeare s As You Like It: All the world s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 1. Is human existence simply a matter of playing parts? Explain.2. The world s stage is Shakespeare s metaphor. Can you think of another appropriate metaphor for life today? Elaborate. Problem Situation: Alligator RiverAsk students to read the following story and rank the characters as explained in the instructions below. Students may work independently or in pairs and share as a class afterwards. There lived a woman named Abigail who was in love with a socially important man named Gregory. Gregory lived on the shore of a river. Abigail lived on the opposite shore of the same river. The river that separated the two lovers was teeming with dangerous alligators. Abigail wanted to cross the river to be with Gregory. Unfortunately, the bridge had been washed out by a heavy flood the previous week. So she went to ask Sinbad, a riverboat captain, to take her across. He said he would be glad to if she would consent to deliver illegal drugs to a teenage dealer on the other side. She promptly refused and went to a friend named Ivan to explain her plight. Ivan did not want to get involved at all in the situation. Abigail felt her only alternative was to accept Sinbad s terms and deliver the drugs. Sinbad fulfilled his promise to Abigail and delivered her into the arms of Gregory. When Abigail told Gregory about her illegal escapade in order to cross the river, Gregory cast her aside because he thought that his reputation would be damaged when people heard what his fianc had done. Heartsick and rejected, Abigail turned to Slug with her tale of woe.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.8754046}
{"text": "Sinbad fulfilled his promise to Abigail and delivered her into the arms of Gregory. When Abigail told Gregory about her illegal escapade in order to cross the river, Gregory cast her aside because he thought that his reputation would be damaged when people heard what his fianc had done. Heartsick and rejected, Abigail turned to Slug with her tale of woe. Slug, feeling compassion for Abigail, sought out Gregory and beat him brutally. Abigail was happy at the sight of Gregory getting his due. As the sun set on the horizon, people could hear Abigail laughing at Gregory. Source of original story Simon, S. B, Howe, L. W., Kirschenbaum, H. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House11 1972 . Values Clarification. NY: Warner Books. Instructions: After reading the story, rank the five 5 characters in the story beginning with the one whom you consider as the most morally offensive and end with the one whom you consider the least objectionable. That is, the character who seems to be the most dishonorable to you should be entered first in the list following the story, then the second most dishonorable, and so on, with the least dishonorable or objectionable being entered fifth. Very briefly note why you rank them in the order that you do. Characters: Abigail, Gregory, Ivan, Sinbad, Slug1. Most dishonorable 2. 3. 4. 5. Least dishonorable In small groups or with the whole class, have the students compare their choices for most dishonorable and least dishonorable. Discuss: On what basis did you judge the morality or immorality of the characters? Is it ever right to do something wrong to achieve a good end? What is virtue? How do we judge it? Is there absolute good or evil? Or are there degrees of good and evil?DURING READING ACTIVITIESThese activities encourage students to utilize research-based comprehension strategies such as predicting, connecting, summarizing, and determining main ideas while reading A Doll s House. Whether the play is read aloud in class or silently at home, teachers can choose appropriate assignments from the ideas below. I.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.8926735}
{"text": "How do we judge it? Is there absolute good or evil? Or are there degrees of good and evil?DURING READING ACTIVITIESThese activities encourage students to utilize research-based comprehension strategies such as predicting, connecting, summarizing, and determining main ideas while reading A Doll s House. Whether the play is read aloud in class or silently at home, teachers can choose appropriate assignments from the ideas below. I. ANALYZING THROUGH GROUP RESPONSEReader s TheatreAssign roles for a particular act and ask students to sit in a row of chairs at the front of the classroom. Students may use their scripts, but they should utilize vocal and facial expression to bring the play alive for the class. Alternatively, clear a space in the middle or front of the classroom and ask students to stand and follow stage directions as they read the play. Provide macaroons for Nora and a pen and wallet for Torvald, and watch students get into character. After the reading, hold a Meet the Cast Session, where actors discuss their characterization choices with the rest of the class. Alternatively, students can journal or write a critical response to explain their interpretations. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House12To prepare for dramatic reading activities, teachers might choose one or more of the following activities.1. Character Sketch If the reading will be done after the class has discussed or read part of the play already, ask students to write a one page, first-person point of view description of the character whose lines they will read. For instance, a student reading Torvald Helmer might write, My name is Torvald Helmer. I am in my mid thirties, I believe in maintaining appearances, and I despise any type of deception or dishonesty. I am of the firm belief that character is directly defined by a mother s morals. For minor characters, students can fill in the blanks, creating appropriate backgrounds for characters whose description is minimal.2. Modeling If the reading will be done without prior discussion or research, the teacher can model proper interpretive form for students. Pick a monologue from the assigned reading and read once with no vocal inflection or facial expression, and then follow up with an animated reading of the same passage. Ask students to point out specific qualities that made the second reading more interesting and informative.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.9332836}
{"text": "Modeling If the reading will be done without prior discussion or research, the teacher can model proper interpretive form for students. Pick a monologue from the assigned reading and read once with no vocal inflection or facial expression, and then follow up with an animated reading of the same passage. Ask students to point out specific qualities that made the second reading more interesting and informative. Make a list on the board of those qualities students should reflect as they read, such as volume, enthusiasm, facial expression, and word-emphasis.3. Line Rehearsal This is a variation of teacher modeling. Choose several lines from A Doll s House and ask one or more students to read them one at a time, first with no emphasis, inflection, or expression, and then with energy and meaning. Ask readers to explain their interpretive choices.4. Role Study Show students a video clip from A Doll s House and ask them to take notes on the actor who portrays the part they will be reading. How does the character speak? Describe his accent. Is the character loud or soft spoken? Does he use any hand gestures? How does his vocal and physical portrayal help define his character? Do you like the actor s choices? Why or why not? Students can choose to fashion their characterization on the film, or they may create their own interpretations. In any case, ask students to be ready to defend their choices. Reciprocal ReadingIn order to teach inferencing and self-regulation of comprehension, assign small groups of students individual strategies to use as they read an act outloud: Questioner: poses questions that focus on main ideas and themes. Summarizer: summarizes the action. Clarifier:clarifies difficulties in understanding. Predictor:makes a prediction about future content. Students may keep their roles for the entire act, or they may alternate. An alternative is the ReQuest strategy, where the teacher models questioning after a segment of the act is read, and then students imitate such questioning after the next segment. Freeze-FrameDivide the class into small groups of 5 students. Have the group choose a scene and prepare a still photograph of their favorite or most significant part of a particular scene. AllA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House13members of the group must appear in the still life even though some will be inanimate objects.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.95989}
{"text": "An alternative is the ReQuest strategy, where the teacher models questioning after a segment of the act is read, and then students imitate such questioning after the next segment. Freeze-FrameDivide the class into small groups of 5 students. Have the group choose a scene and prepare a still photograph of their favorite or most significant part of a particular scene. AllA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House13members of the group must appear in the still life even though some will be inanimate objects. You can follow up this activity by asking students to write about their choices. Dramatic Book CoversIn this activity, groups create and portray a living book cover for an illustrated edition of the play. In picking a quotation from the play and in portraying an illustration that depicts the quotation s meaning, students take on the role of the bookseller or publishing house, who must decide how best to get across the point of the play to an audience who has not yet read it. Ask groups to follow this process:1. Pick one quotation from the play that is particularly significant, one that seems to speak to one of the playwright s major themes or intents, one that would make good sense on the cover of the play. 2. Write out the quotation on a long, narrow piece of paper, in large enough print to be seen from the back of the classroom. 3. Decide how to portray the quotation in a frozen tableau. Rather than presenting a scene from the play, create a picture that illustrates the quotation. For instance, the struggle between Nora s role as a wife and her duty to herself might be portrayed as a tug of war. This activity requires you to illustrate comprehension and synthesis by turning your understanding into performance art. 4. In front of the class, arrange yourselves into the frozen tableau, and either hold or post your quotation so that it is part of the book cover. Hold the scene for thirty seconds, so that the rest of the class can read and appreciate your illustrated classic. Modern Scene RewritesTo illustrate the point that period plays have relevant meaning and messages for all eras, groups can re-write, re-interpret and re-enact scenes for new settings. While these scenes are fun to create and enjoyable to watch, challenge students to keep the playwright s objectives, tone, and themes intact.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.949945}
{"text": "4. In front of the class, arrange yourselves into the frozen tableau, and either hold or post your quotation so that it is part of the book cover. Hold the scene for thirty seconds, so that the rest of the class can read and appreciate your illustrated classic. Modern Scene RewritesTo illustrate the point that period plays have relevant meaning and messages for all eras, groups can re-write, re-interpret and re-enact scenes for new settings. While these scenes are fun to create and enjoyable to watch, challenge students to keep the playwright s objectives, tone, and themes intact. Students might be asked to re-write Nora s revelation scene set in the 1950 s era, or to re-interpret the tarantella as a modern dance. Discussion QuestionsDiscussion questions encourage students to deepen their individual analysis of the play by sharing their reactions with classmates. Students generally feel more comfortable sharing their ideas with a small group of peers first. When group discussions are complete, student spokespersons can discuss their findings with the class as a whole. Discussion questions on A Doll s House ask students to analyze playwright s purpose, theme, social commentary, and literary techniques. Below are some thought-provoking questions from each act. Act I1. From the beginning of Act I, Torvald calls Nora several pet names. What do these names suggest about Torvald s perception of his wife and his marriage? 2.Compare Nora s and Kristine s lives since marriage. Who is better off? Explain. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House143. What might be the link between Nora s contraband macaroons and her huge desire to say to hell and be damned? 4. What crime has Nora committed?5. Do Nora s motives for committing the crime excuse her in some way?6. What does Nora s tree decorating and chattering at the end of Act I reveal about her character?Act II1. When Nora sees the box of masquerade clothes, she wants to rip them in a million pieces! What does Ibsen symbolize with this characterization?2. Discuss the foreshadowing in Nora s conversation with Anne-Marie.3. Why does Torvald make such a decisive show of mailing the letter firing Krogstad against Nora s pleas?4. After Dr. Rank professes his love, Nora demands the lamp be brought in. Why? Is this light real or artificial?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406273.9945128}
{"text": "Rank professes his love, Nora demands the lamp be brought in. Why? Is this light real or artificial? What might Ibsen be suggesting about truth and light in the Helmer s household?5. Some histories of the tarantella dance explain that it is used to fight off the venomous effects of a spider bite. Other interpretations suggest it represents a woman s frustration in oppression. Which of these explanations best fits Nora s violent practice at the end of Act II? Might both apply? Explain. Act III1. Why is Kristine willing to risk everything for Krogstad?2. Why does Kristine encourage Krogstad to let Torvald read the letter revealing Nora s deception?3. Dr. Rank suggests Nora should go to the next masquerade dressed as Charmed Life, and that she should dress just as she looks every day. What is the implication about Nora s daily life? Is it charmed? Or is the charm a masquerade? Explain.4. Discuss the irony in Torvald s accusation that Nora has played with him like a puppet. 5. Helmer s pronouncement that before all else, Nora is a wife and mother is contradicted by Nora s before all else, I m a human being. Is this issue significant today, or is it only a sign of Ibsen s time? Explain.6. Discuss Nora s decision to leave her family. Is it truly the only way she can reclaim her identity and humanity?7. The last sound the audience hears is the door slamming shut after Nora s departure. Examine the theatrical, literary, and historical significance of this stage device. Online Discussion BoardUsing an online teaching assistant such as Blackboard or Moodle, create a discussion topic or use the discussion questions for student responses outside of class. Give students a deadline to respond, and ask them to discuss not only the initial topic, but theirA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House15classmates responses as well. You may wish to extend the discussion in class. Electronic Chat RoomThe difference in the discussion board and the online chat is that discussion boards take place over a period of days, whereas the chat occurs in real time, while the teacher is present and monitoring. Using a program such as Blackboard or Moodle, students register under fake screen names in order to participate in an online discussion board.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.0316567}
{"text": "Give students a deadline to respond, and ask them to discuss not only the initial topic, but theirA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House15classmates responses as well. You may wish to extend the discussion in class. Electronic Chat RoomThe difference in the discussion board and the online chat is that discussion boards take place over a period of days, whereas the chat occurs in real time, while the teacher is present and monitoring. Using a program such as Blackboard or Moodle, students register under fake screen names in order to participate in an online discussion board. The teacher can post two or three open-ended discussion questions designed to elicit a broad range of answers with the capacity for complex and controversial responses. In a computer lab or lap-top classroom, students read and respond to each other s posts in silence. Because online postings allow multiple responses simultaneously, questions that normally receive five or six verbal responses in the classroom elicit hundreds of responses online. And due to the screen names anonymity, students who usually are too reticent to share out loud are encouraged to respond without fear of appearing foolish or hurting classmates feelings. The teacher s job is to ensure posts are on-task and analytical. Assessments can be completed later when the teacher pulls up the discussion as a whole. Sample chat room prompts might include:1. Is Nora the only doll in A Doll s House?2. Defend or support Torvald s beliefs about moral corruption and heredity.3. Is Nora s decision to leave her husband and children acceptable? Explain. Opinion-Proof TeamsAssign one half of the class to one team, the second half to another team. Each team is given an opinion derived from major themes in A Doll s House. Students must work together to create a list of proofs for their opinion regardless of whether they agree with it or not.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.0481346}
{"text": "Explain. Opinion-Proof TeamsAssign one half of the class to one team, the second half to another team. Each team is given an opinion derived from major themes in A Doll s House. Students must work together to create a list of proofs for their opinion regardless of whether they agree with it or not. For example, one team might be assigned the opinion, Torvald has the right to be angry that Nora forged the promissory note. Their proof list might include, Torvald could be arrested for his wife s forgery, and Married couples shouldn t lie to one another. The opposite team would be assigned the opinion Torvald has no right to be angry that Nora forged the promissory note. Their proof list might include, Nora had no choice she did it to save Torvald s life, and Women were not allowed to get a loan by themselves in this era. After teams compose their proofs, they can share them in the form of a discussion, a debate, a speech, or an essay. Give One-Get OneIn this interactive strategy, students set up a barter system to demonstrate their comprehension of major themes in the play and to exchange ideas with peers. Prepare a grid for students with six to twelve empty boxes on a sheet of paper. Label the boxes with response prompts, such as, I believe. . . Or I think the most important action was. . . Or One thing I like about Mrs. Linde is. . . Ask students to choose three of the prompts and record their personal opinions or knowledge. Next, students mingle and ask their peers to provide opinions and knowledge to fill in the remainder of the boxes. For each box they get, students must give one as well. Once students have completed the boxes, ask them to share ideas that are unique, helpful, interesting, or profound. If students did not get all boxes filled in, they may do so during the group discussion. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House16II. ANALYZING THROUGH INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE Flow-ChartFlow charts help students differentiate between main action versus supporting action while keeping up with the play s storyline. Ask students to create a box and arrow flowchart in which only main action is recorded in the boxes. To practice predicting, students can stop the flow and create two or three new boxes that predict the next possible action.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.0528696}
{"text": "ANALYZING THROUGH INDIVIDUAL RESPONSE Flow-ChartFlow charts help students differentiate between main action versus supporting action while keeping up with the play s storyline. Ask students to create a box and arrow flowchart in which only main action is recorded in the boxes. To practice predicting, students can stop the flow and create two or three new boxes that predict the next possible action. When reading resumes, students continue with the prediction box that was correct, or create a new one for the correct action, and the flow chart continues. The result is a better understanding of how each action in the drama impacts the next. Character-Foil Double-Bubble MapLike Venn-Diagrams, Double-Bubble Maps help students compare and contrast. Ask students to fill in the two main bubbles with the names of two character foils, such as Nora and Kristine, or Torvald and Dr. Rank. In the bubbles shared by the foils, students record similarities, such as female in a male-dominated society. In the bubbles specific to each of the characters, students record parallel differences, such as has nothing to lose and will lose home and children. After students fill in their double-bubble maps, they might turn and share with a classmate or the class, adding to their maps as the discussion ensues. Double-Column NotesDouble-Column Notes encourage students to take a second look while reading, and to read for analysis, not simply plot. The best notes are composed as the student reads, not after the reading is completed. In this way, students prove to themselves and their teachers that they are thinking as they read. Whether handwritten or electronic notes that students submit via email, teachers can add comments throughout, responding personally to ideas students may not be willing to verbalize in class. Ask students to find one or more significant events or quotations from each act in A Doll s House, and record them on the left side of a double-columned sheet of paper. On the right side column, students record their thinking about the event or quotation. They might comment on patterns they see developing, themes they see evolving, social or historical commentary they see being made, or connections they believe tie the play to modern society. As the double-column notes progress, students should see their responses falling into categories that illustrate their comprehension of Ibsen s significant themes and issues. Later, double-column notes can be used to initiate student-led discussions in class.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.0928557}
{"text": "On the right side column, students record their thinking about the event or quotation. They might comment on patterns they see developing, themes they see evolving, social or historical commentary they see being made, or connections they believe tie the play to modern society. As the double-column notes progress, students should see their responses falling into categories that illustrate their comprehension of Ibsen s significant themes and issues. Later, double-column notes can be used to initiate student-led discussions in class. Ask students: Who would like to share a response from Act Two? After a student answers, the teacher can invite responses, and the discussion is off and running. Cornell-NotesCornell Notes teach students to summarize by separating main and supporting ideas. For each act of the play, ask students to draw a capital letter I that takes up an entire sheet of notebook paper. The vertical line will be off-center to the left. On the left side of the vertical line, students record major themes. On the right side of the vertical line, students record supporting details or actions from the play that illustrate these main themes. Below theA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House17bottom horizontal line, ask students to summarize the act s themes in a sentence or two. Post-It NotesTo help students make personal, literary, and cultural connections to Ibsen s play, ask them to record on post-it notes any connections they see as they read A Doll s House. To emphasize the idea that connections should count, remind students to think about how these observations help them better understand the play, and to discard the post-its that do not aid in comprehension. At the end of each act, students can collaborate and categorize their connections, and stick their post-its on labeled posters throughout the room, allowing the class to move and observe each other s ideas. Exit SlipsAs students complete the day s reading, ask them to write a five-minute response on an index card that they will submit as they exit. Prompts might be specific, such as Describe Nora s inner-conflict, or they might be general, such as, Write down anything you remember about the play s main themes. Exit slips can also take the form of 1-2-3 cards, where students write down three characters, two themes, and one dramatic device used in the day s reading.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.1395342}
{"text": "To emphasize the idea that connections should count, remind students to think about how these observations help them better understand the play, and to discard the post-its that do not aid in comprehension. At the end of each act, students can collaborate and categorize their connections, and stick their post-its on labeled posters throughout the room, allowing the class to move and observe each other s ideas. Exit SlipsAs students complete the day s reading, ask them to write a five-minute response on an index card that they will submit as they exit. Prompts might be specific, such as Describe Nora s inner-conflict, or they might be general, such as, Write down anything you remember about the play s main themes. Exit slips can also take the form of 1-2-3 cards, where students write down three characters, two themes, and one dramatic device used in the day s reading. Exit slips are formative assessments that allow students to self assess their comprehension and teachers to check the impact of their lesson. Script WritingAsk students to step into the playwright s shoes by writing a monologue, dialogue, or scene. When students write script, they demonstrate their understanding of Ibsen s writing style, characterization, and dramatic purpose. Students can write in either formal language as used in the 19th century or modern, contemporary language. Speeches can illustrate characters internal or external struggles, elaborate on one of their thoughts, or depict their objectives. Scripts can be assessed as written assignments, or students can perform them before the class, as well. Ideas for script writing include:1. Pretend you are Nora in Act One. Explain to Torvald why he would be wise in hiring Mrs. Linde at the bank. Instead of playing on Torvald s ego with she s terribly eager to come under a capable man s supervision, depict Nora as honest and straightforward.2. Put yourself in Krogstad s shoes in Act Two. Elaborate on what you mean when you tell Nora You can drop those thoughts. . . . Most of us think about that at first. I thought about it, too, but I discovered I hadn t the courage. 3. Take on the role of Helmer in Act Three.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.1212106}
{"text": "Most of us think about that at first. I thought about it, too, but I discovered I hadn t the courage. 3. Take on the role of Helmer in Act Three. Instead of letting Nora slam the door and leave, verbalize your sudden hope as she refers to the greatest miracle. Theatrical Device T-ChartTo focus on the theatrical devices such as costumes, sounds, and props, ask students to keep a record of the devices used in A Doll s House and the effects the devices have on the audience. Students write a large capital T on a piece of notebook paper. On top of the horizontal line, students record the act or scene number. To the left of the vertical line,A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House18they write the theatrical device, such as Nora s macaroons. To the right of the vertical line, students write the effect of the device on the audience. An example might read, The macaroons reveal Nora s secret rebellion to the audience. As each scene or act is completed, students can share their devices with small groups or the class as a whole. Advice ColumnTo examine point of view, ask students to write a Dear Abby type response. Advise Nora or Torvald how to repair her his life at the end of the play. Students can post their responses on a bulletin board for all to see and discuss. Character SketchesCharacter sketches are often used in drama classes to encourage actors understanding of the parts they portray. However, character sketches are very useful in literature classes, too, as an examination of a character s history, motivation, and thinking. In the character sketch, students answer simple questions about the character they choose or are assigned. Afterwards, the assignment can be extended when students write their own monologues or deliver a monologue from the text. The Character Sketch asks:1. What does this character look like? How does he she carry himself herself? How does he she dress?2. How does this character speak? Does he she have any identifiable speech patterns?3. Where was this character born? How was he she raised?4. Describe the time period in which this character lives. How do the times affect this character s thinking and actions?5. What is this character s main motivation? Why?6. Describe any redeeming qualities this character may have. 7. Analyze the character s personality flaws.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.1508014}
{"text": "Describe any redeeming qualities this character may have. 7. Analyze the character s personality flaws. From what do they stem? How do they affect the choices he she makes?8. Choose an object this character holds or would hold dear. Explain the connection.9. Does this character have any secrets? If so, explain.10. Who would be this character s contemporary counterpart? Explain your choice. Closing Arguments SpeechesIn this activity, students take the role of attorneys presenting their closing arguments at the end of a criminal trial. In this case Nora is on trial. Her crime can be varied: forgery, desertion, breach of contract. Ask students to choose whether to defend or prosecute Nora. To prepare their case, they list all the possible arguments from both sides. For example, if they plan to defend Nora, they list not only all the arguments they plan to use but also as many arguments as they can think of that will be used by the prosecution. Then, they ll list possible responses to the opposition s points. In this way, students not only consider both points of view but also illustrate their skills in persuasive writing andA Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House19speaking. Students should be encouraged to incorporate their original thinking but should also be required to cite the play whenever possible to encourage close reading. Prior to preparing their arguments, students might watch a closing argument on video, such as the scene at the end of John Grisham s A Time to Kill. Such a model provides ideas for rhetorical strategies such as repetition, storytelling, and gestures. Students present arguments orally to the class. AFTER READING ACTIVITIESThese activities encourage students to deepen their interpretation of A Doll s House by helping them make connections between themes and issues in the play, in other works, and in the outside world. I. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION AND ESSAYSNow that students have read the entire play, they can return to the text for a deeper understanding of its significant themes. The following topics and questions can be used for whole class and small group discussion or as essay topics.1. Revisit one of the pre-reading activities such as the walkabout survey, the probable passage, or the circle map. Now that you have completed the play, what further commentary can you add? Do you and your classmates see your topic differently now? Why or why not?2.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.1893628}
{"text": "Now that you have completed the play, what further commentary can you add? Do you and your classmates see your topic differently now? Why or why not?2. A Doll s House is full of references to dolls, puppets, and playthings. Trace these references throughout the play while summarizing Ibsen s ideas about gender and societal roles.3. When Nora submits to Torvald, telling him, Whatever you do is always right, Torvald replies, Now my little lark s talking like a human being. But later, Nora says Before all else, I m a human being. Compare and contrast Torvald s and Nora s definitions of human being. 4. Ibsen infuses his play with vivid dramatic devices such as the many artificial lights, the letter hitting the mailbox, and the slamming door. How does the dramatic genre help tell the playwright s story in a manner unparalleled by the novel form?5. Consider the character of Torvald Helmer. Is Torvald an antagonist? A misogynist? Or could Torvald be just as much a victim of nineteenth century societal norms as Nora? Discuss.6. Many Ibsen critics argue that A Doll s House is not a feminist play, and is more about asserting self, regardless of gender. Yet Joan Templeton, in her afterword to the Signet Classics edition of Ibsen: Four Major Plays Volume I, disagrees, asserting that Make Nora a man, and the play becomes not only ludicrous, but impossible. What do you think? Is A Doll s House a play about feminism or humanism? Explain.7. Why are there so many references to sickness and fever in A Doll s House? Trace these references throughout the play. What broader concern for society might Ibsen be expressing? A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House208. What is the role of Dr. Rank in A Doll s House? Is he simply a friend and admirer? Or is he more? Explain.9. Mrs. Linde tells Krogstad, I ve learned to be realistic. Life and hard, bitter necessity have taught me that. How is A Doll s House a realistic play? What sets it apart from other nineteenth century dramas we ve read? How does A Doll s House help define the realistic movement in drama?10.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.2190213}
{"text": "Life and hard, bitter necessity have taught me that. How is A Doll s House a realistic play? What sets it apart from other nineteenth century dramas we ve read? How does A Doll s House help define the realistic movement in drama?10. At the end of the play, Nora slams the door to the doll house and walks away. Yet she leaves Torvald with hope for the greatest miracle. Why did Ibsen write an ambiguous ending? Cite evidence from Nora s and Torvald s closing speeches to indicate what you believe to be the ultimate ending to this drama. II. CONNECTING TO THE WILD DUCK, HEDDA GABLER, aND THE MASTER BUILDERThe following activities can be used for enrichment as Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is compared to three of his other major plays. Script StudyAs a class, re-read the scene in A Doll s House, Act II, where Nora dances wildly during her tarantella practice. Next, read the last scene in Hedda Gabler, where Hedda plays a wild dance melody on the piano shortly before her tragic exit at the play s end. Discuss with students: Why does Ibsen utilize the dramatic device of dance in both plays? What statement is the playwright making about women in nineteenth century marriages?Title SearchAsk students to examine the intriguing titles of two of Ibsens s plays: A Doll s House and The Wild Duck. For Nora in her house, and for the Ekdals in their sky lighted attic with the wild duck, the titles represent a place of refuge from the real world. Give students the following prompt for a journal response: What is the reality both Nora and the Ekdals avoid? Explain Ibsen s vision of nineteenth century society. After writing, students can share journal responses individually with the teacher, or collectively with the class. Venn DiagramOn the board, draw a Venn diagram two side-by-side, overlapping circles and lead students through a brainstorm activity comparing Torvald in A Doll s House and Solness in The Master Builder. Ask students to list all the ways Torvald has built his achievements by using Nora. Record their answers in the left circle. In the right circle, ask students to provide ways Solness has built his life using women, as well.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.2207487}
{"text": "Ask students to list all the ways Torvald has built his achievements by using Nora. Record their answers in the left circle. In the right circle, ask students to provide ways Solness has built his life using women, as well. Student responses that apply to both Torvald and Solness should be written in the area where the circles overlap, thus illustrating Ibsen s repetitive themes of male mastery and dominance. To extend the discussion, choose a different color board marker and ask students to consider the closing scenes of both A Doll s House and The Master Builder. Discuss each man s character at play s end. Are there lessons either one or both have learned? Add these responses to the appropriate sections of the Venn diagram. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House21Film Criticism After watching an excerpt or the entirety of one or more of the following films based on Ibsen s works, students write a film critique discussing one or more of the cinematic choices of casting, characterization, special effects, and theme development. If appropriate, critiques should include comparative discussion on watching the film versus reading the script and the effectiveness of those differences. Ask students:1. Several of Ibsen s plays have been set in modern times on film. Describe the setting of this video production. Where and when does it take place? Does the setting seem authentic? Why or why not? What specific direction and production choices add to the atmosphere? Discuss costuming and prop choices.2. Discuss the use of special effects. Consider lighting, music, and sound. How do these elements add to your understanding of the play? What differences exist between the film s interpretation and your own while reading? Do these differences add to or change your analysis of Ibsen s work? Explain.3. Discuss the production s casting. Do the actors provide effective portrayals of Ibsen s characters? Why were these actors cast? Consider the time period in which the film was produced.4. What were the strengths of this film production? Use specific evidence from the film. Were there any weaknesses? If so, discuss specific issues.5. What is your overall impression of this film? Would your impression be different had you not read the play first?A Doll s House. Dir. Patrick Garland. Elkins Productions: 1973.Hedda Gabler. Dir. Paul Willis. Best Ten Dollar Suit Pictures: 2004.The Master Builder. Dir.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.2528768}
{"text": "Paul Willis. Best Ten Dollar Suit Pictures: 2004.The Master Builder. Dir. Michael Darlow. UK Television: 1988.The Wild Duck. Dir. Henri Safran. Film Bancor of Australia: 1983.III. GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL PROJECTSQAR GridIn order to develop levels of critical questioning, students will create their own questions on A Doll s House. Ask students to create a Question-Answer-Relationship QAR Grid by folding a piece of paper in half and then in half again. When the paper is opened, it should have four equal-sized squares. Ask students to label the squares with the following: Right There:The answer is in the play, usually very easy to find. Think and Search:The answer is in the play, but not directly. You have to put together pieces of information to find it. Playwright and You:The answer is not in the play. You have to think about what you already know, what Ibsen tells you in the play, and how the two fit together. On Your Own:The answer is not in the play. You have to use your own experience and prior knowledge to find it. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House22After creating questions in all four categories, students can trade their QAR grids with each other and answer the questions either individually or in groups. Write a Sequel While The Doll House ends with a slamming door, Nora seems to leave a possible opening for Torvald to learn his lesson. Because Ibsen s ending has spurred controversy among audiences and critics alike, ask students to write a sequel, or additional ending scene, making clear whether Nora eventually returns to Torvald or embarks on a life of her own forever. Students can parody Ibsen s language, illustrating their comprehension of style. And because they choose the ending they believe Ibsen intended based on the evidence he included, students will also be utilizing their skills in research and analysis. To extend this assignment, students might be provided a rubric prior to beginning. The rubric indicates components that will be assessed, such as adherence to Ibsen s style, complexity of character and theme, editing, and effort. Upon completion of the scene, writers can move into peer edit groups and grade two other classmates scenes using the rubric. Editors should make comments on both the scene and the rubric, and discuss their observations with writers.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.2900093}
{"text": "The rubric indicates components that will be assessed, such as adherence to Ibsen s style, complexity of character and theme, editing, and effort. Upon completion of the scene, writers can move into peer edit groups and grade two other classmates scenes using the rubric. Editors should make comments on both the scene and the rubric, and discuss their observations with writers. In this way, students practice writing to specific audiences and for specific purposes. Later, writers can share their scenes with the rest of the class. Stage a SceneBecause plays are meant to be staged, encourage your students to bring the text alive. For instance, have small groups pick a scene from A Doll s House to act out for the class. Assign extra credit for props and costumes. Assign a director in each group. After the group meets to discuss what themes, emotions, or messages they want their scene to portray, the director helps bring this vision to life, making sure all blocking is planned, practiced, and focused on the intended goal. Remind students to use vocal and facial expression and energy. Learn the TarantellaInterested students might research and learn the steps to the tarantella. Ask them to present the dance, complete with music and costume, in front of the class. Research might include the rich history and motivation behind the dance. Websites of interest include:http: www.virtualitalia.com articles tarantella.shtmlhttp: www.streetswing.com histmain z3tartla.htmPaper DollsTo illustrate characterization and to emphasize Ibsen s doll house theme, ask students to create paper dolls of Nora and Torvald. The character s true identity should be evident in the clothes he she wears closest to the body, and the identities assigned them by others will be illustrated in the doll clothes designed to fit them. For example, the Nora paper doll might wear a t-shirt that reads, in search of identity or I am a human being. But she might have a masquerade dress and mask for the tarantella and an apron and long skirt for daily life, illustrating her masked rebellion and repressed role. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House23Doll HouseAfter revisiting the stage directions and descriptions in the script, ask students to design the set for a production of A Doll s House.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.3117683}
{"text": "The character s true identity should be evident in the clothes he she wears closest to the body, and the identities assigned them by others will be illustrated in the doll clothes designed to fit them. For example, the Nora paper doll might wear a t-shirt that reads, in search of identity or I am a human being. But she might have a masquerade dress and mask for the tarantella and an apron and long skirt for daily life, illustrating her masked rebellion and repressed role. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House23Doll HouseAfter revisiting the stage directions and descriptions in the script, ask students to design the set for a production of A Doll s House. Using materials as simple as a shoe box or as complicated as wood and nails, students will design a set that highlights the play s time period and themes. Ideally, students will create a model doll house complete with wall paper, furniture, and props. Particular attention should be paid to important devices such as the Christmas tree, the mailbox, and the front door. Trading CardsStudents can create trading cards with the picture of each character on the front, and a physical description, character traits, and other information on back. These cards can serve as a review or can be exchanged with classmates to initiate discussion after reading the play. Production PacketsAssign teams of four students each to create a production pack for a modern film production of A Doll s House. This assignment provides practice in cooperative learning, technical writing, and digital storytelling. Production Teams are responsible for creating a dynamic presentation meant to persuade a producer to produce their film. Groups decide on a concept, such as what time period the film will be set in and whether they plan to use Ibsen s music or create an original soundtrack. Groups then cast the film with modern actors. Next, team members assign themselves the individual roles of director, costume designer, set designer, and sound designer. Each position creates both a written as well as a visual proposal analyzing the following considerations:Director: Supervises the team and pulls together all word processed work into a single document. Also creates a promotional product such as a digital movie trailer or movie poster. Justifies the group s casting choices of specific, contemporary actors. Costume Designer:Creates a portfolio of costumes for major characters. Work can be hand-drawn, computer assisted, or cut from magazines.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.3368952}
{"text": "Also creates a promotional product such as a digital movie trailer or movie poster. Justifies the group s casting choices of specific, contemporary actors. Costume Designer:Creates a portfolio of costumes for major characters. Work can be hand-drawn, computer assisted, or cut from magazines. Costume styles must align with the team concept, such as Victorian or contemporary, casual or formal. Research is documented and choices are analyzed in writing. Set Designer:Creates a set plan that fits the team concept. If the film is to be shot on location, the plan details the locations and their appropriateness, and includes pictures. If the film is to be shot on an inside set, the plan describes the stage, explains the design, and includes a hand-drawn or computerized drawing. Sound Designer:Creates a sound design that fits the team concept. If an original soundtrack is to be used, creates a CD complete with insert that analyzes choices. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House24Gallery Walk In this cooperative learning activity, divide students into groups of four or five. Assign each group one of the major themes that have been addressed throughout the reading of A Doll s House, such as gender roles, social responsibility, the role of the individual, and complication and deception. In front of large sheets of paper posted around the room, groups meet at their base poster, which is the paper pre-labeled with the name of a theme. Students brainstorm and write down all textual evidence and commentary they can think of to support the role of their theme in the play. When the teacher says, continue your walk, students move to the next base and read what the previous groups have written before adding their own commentary. The gallery walk continues until the groups have seen and contributed to all posters and return to their original place. Four CornersFour Corners is a kinesthetic strategy for practicing point-of-view and argumentation techniques. Assign each corner of the classroom a different opinion, topic, or answer to a question. For example, one corner might be assigned, Nora is a wife and mother above all else, and she shouldn t have left. Other corners may assert, Nora is a human and can leave if and when she chooses; Nora can leave for a while, but needs to come back when she s found herself; and I am undecided. Present the topic or question to the students, allowing them time to choose and move to a corner that matches their opinions.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.374943}
{"text": "The gallery walk continues until the groups have seen and contributed to all posters and return to their original place. Four CornersFour Corners is a kinesthetic strategy for practicing point-of-view and argumentation techniques. Assign each corner of the classroom a different opinion, topic, or answer to a question. For example, one corner might be assigned, Nora is a wife and mother above all else, and she shouldn t have left. Other corners may assert, Nora is a human and can leave if and when she chooses; Nora can leave for a while, but needs to come back when she s found herself; and I am undecided. Present the topic or question to the students, allowing them time to choose and move to a corner that matches their opinions. Allow groups to talk amongst themselves to generate support for their opinion, and prompt them to give a summary statement. Now allow students to change corners after hearing each other s explanations. Students should explain why they moved. Final CountdownTo provide students with a visual framework for reflection and evaluation, provide them with a large triangle divided into six blocks, one box on the row closest to the point, two on the middle row, and three on the base row of the triangle. Ask them to reflect individually on what they have learned about The Doll House and record their responses on the rocket-shaped triangle. On the base row, ask students to write the three most important things they have learned about the play. On the middle row, ask students to write two questions they still have. And on the top row, have students write one statement that reflects their new learning. Vanity Plates and Bumper StickersTo help students summarize their learning creatively, invite them to create vanity plates or bumper stickers for cars. Students pretend they are one of the play s characters, and they design an appropriate vanity plate or bumper sticker for that character s car. For instance, Nora might choose a vanity plate that reads I4G , and Torvald s bumper sticker might say Appearance is Everything. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House25Extended ReadingAsk students to read one short story or poem, one play or novel, and watch one film that depicts a character s journey from playing a part to asserting identity. Students can make a comparison chart depicting the similarities and differences between the main character and Nora Helmer. Students can consider the following questions as they read view:1.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.39309}
{"text": "Students pretend they are one of the play s characters, and they design an appropriate vanity plate or bumper sticker for that character s car. For instance, Nora might choose a vanity plate that reads I4G , and Torvald s bumper sticker might say Appearance is Everything. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House25Extended ReadingAsk students to read one short story or poem, one play or novel, and watch one film that depicts a character s journey from playing a part to asserting identity. Students can make a comparison chart depicting the similarities and differences between the main character and Nora Helmer. Students can consider the following questions as they read view:1. What character traits and dramatic elements depict the protagonist as being on a journey to identity?2. Does this character illustrate a moral or social code of behavior? If so, describe it.3. What is the character s greatest desire? 4. What ultimate price is the protagonist willing to pay to reach his her objective?5. Detail the outcome of the protagonist s journey.6. Does the protagonist regret his her decision? How do you know?7. Is the protagonist ultimately redeemed or condemned for his her choices?The following titles focus on themes of identity, social responsibility, gender roles, and marriage, and are excellent for both independent reading or literature circles where each group of students reads a different work on the same theme. Ask students for their own additions to the list. IdentityCisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. NY: Knopf, 1984.Dead Poets Society. Dir. Peter Weir. Touchstone Pictures, 1989.Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Self-Reliance. 1841.Lowry, Lois. The Giver. NY: Random, 2002.Sachar, Louis. Holes. NY: Random, 2000.Tennyson, Lord Alfred. The Lady of Shallot. 1833, 1842.Whitman, Walt. Song of Myself. 1855.Wright, Richard. Black Boy. HarperCollins, 2008.Social ResponsibilityGreen, John. Looking for Alaska. NY: Penguin, 2006.Hobbs, Will. Downriver. NY: Random, 1995.Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. NY: Grand Central, 1988.Le Guin, Ursula. A Wizard of Earthsea.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.420234}
{"text": "To Kill a Mockingbird. NY: Grand Central, 1988.Le Guin, Ursula. A Wizard of Earthsea. NY: Bantam, 2004.Miller, Arthur. The Crucible. NY: Penguin, 2003.Shaw, George Bernard. Major Barbara. NY: Penguin, 2001.Twain, Mark. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. NY: Norton, 1998.Zusak, Markus. I am the Messenger. NY: Random, 2006. Gender Roles and MarriageAusten, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. NY: Penguin, 2005.Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. NY: Bantam, 2003.Edwards, Kim. The Memory Keeper s Daughter. NY: Viking Penguin, 2006.Levin, Ira. The Stepford Wives. NY: Harper, 2002. A Teacher s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House26Please Don t Eat the Daisies. Dir. Charles Walters, Euterpe, 1960.Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing. NY: Signet Classics, 1998.Spinelli, Jerry. Crash. NY: Random, 1997.Williams, Tennessee. A Streetcar Named Desire. NY: Penguin, 1986.ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THIS GUIDELaura Reis Mayer is a High School Literacy Coach and a Support Provider for National Board Certified Teachers in Asheville, North Carolina. She taught middle, high school, and college English for sixteen years and has facilitated at state and regional conferences on Senior Project, National Board Certification, literacy strategies, and technology in the English classroom. She is also the author of A Teacher s Guide to The Signet Classics Edition of George Bernard Shaw s Pygmalion and My Fair Lady and A Teacher s Guide to The Signet Classics Edition of Christopher Marlowe s Dr. Faustus. About the Editors of this GuideJeanne M. McGlinn, Professor in the Department of Education at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, teaches Children s and Adolescent Literature and directs the field experiences of 9-12 English licensure candidates. She is a Board member of NC English Teachers Association and the Children s Literature and Reading SIG of the IRA.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.404574}
{"text": "Faustus. About the Editors of this GuideJeanne M. McGlinn, Professor in the Department of Education at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, teaches Children s and Adolescent Literature and directs the field experiences of 9-12 English licensure candidates. She is a Board member of NC English Teachers Association and the Children s Literature and Reading SIG of the IRA. She has written extensively in the area of adolescent literature, including a critical book on the historical fiction of adolescent writer Ann Rinaldi for Scarecrow Press Young Adult Writers series. James E. McGlinn, Professor of Education at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, teaches methods of teaching and reading courses. He has taught high school English, and he is Past-President of the College Professors of Reading Special Interest Council of the NC Reading Association. His research interests include study strategies for online text and increasing the reading achievement of students in high school and college. Teacher s Guides for the Signet Classic Shakespeare SeriesAntony and CleopatraAs You Like ItHamletHenry IV Part IHenry VJulius CaesarKing LearMacbethMeasure for MeasureA Midsummer Night s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceMuch Ado About NothingOthelloRichard IIIRomeo and JulietThe Taming of the ShrewThe TempestTwelfth Night New TitlesTeacher s Guides Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAnimal FarmAnthemBeowulfThe Call of the WildCannery RowCity of GodThe Country of the Pointed Firs and Other StoriesThe CrucibleDeath of a SalesmanDoctor Faustus A Doll s HouseDr. Jekyll and Mr.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-TEACHERS-GUIDE-SUMMARY-AND-GROUP-ACTIVITIES.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.4455914}
{"text": "1 AGRICULTURE FORM III NOTES 17.0.0 Livestock Production Selecting and Breeding 12 Lessons 18.0.0 Livestock Production Livestock Rearing 10 Lessons 19.0.0 Farm Structures 18 Lessons 20.0.0 Agricultural Economics II Land Tenure and Land Reform 20 Lessons 21.0.0 Soil and Water Conservation 19 Lessons 22.0.0 Weeds and Weed Control 15 Lessons 23.0.0 Crop Pests and Diseases 14 Lessons 24.0.0 Crop Productivity VI Field Practices II 17 Lessons 25.0.0 Forage Crops 9 Lessons 26.0.0 Livestock Health III Diseases 20 Lessons Livestock Production III Selection and Breeding Introduction The breeding of animals is under human control, and the breeders decide which individuals shall produce the next generation. The breeder makes a choice. The breeding of animals is based upon the fact that certain qualities are genetic ,hence valuable qualities are passed on from parents to off -springs. The qualities can be maintained or improved in the next generation. The performance of an animal is influenced by two major factors; Genetic potential The environment, which includes: Feeding, Health, Care The ecological conditions. The genetic potential of an animal is inherited from its parents. In selection and breeding animals with superior characteristics are selected and allowed to mate. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2 In the process they transmit the superior characteristics to their offspring. When this is done over a long period of time, it results in livestock improvement. Reproduction and Reproductive Systems Reproduction is the process by which off-springs are produced. All farm animals multiply by means of sexual reproduction. It begins with fertilization which is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Fertilization takes place internally in the body of the female. The embryo zygote formed develops inside body of mother, fed and protected until end of gestation period.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.4650226}
{"text": "It is a copulatory organ, also used for urination. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 4 Ovaries and fallopian tubes oviduct Two ovaries located in abdomen, left and right. Produce ova eggs and hormones which control sexual cycle. Oestrogen produced by graafian follicle inside ovary induces oestrus ie. Heat period so that the cow shows signs of heat After every 21 days the ovary releases a mature ovum and the cow comes on heat. The ovum travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The release and movement of the ovum down to the uterus is called ovulation. If mating is done at this time, fertilization will take place. The fertilized egg implants itself onto the endometrium walls of uterus and develops into foetus. Fallopian tubes: Fertilization takes place here. Also a passage for the egg from the ovary to the uterus. The uterus: Embryo develops here. The cervix: Closes the uterus. The vagina and Vulva: Vulva is the external opening of female reproductive system. It allows mating to take place so that sperms are deposited into the vagina. The foetus and urine are removed through the vulva. Pregnancy Is period between fertilization of ova and the expulsion of the foetus through the vulva. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5 Also called gestation period. In cattle gestation period is 270-285 days. Ends with the birth of a calf. The reproductive tract undergoes a period of rest during which it is repaired and returns to normal. During pregnancy, hormone called progesterone is produced by the placenta to maintain the foetus in the uterus. Parturition giving birth Act of giving birth called parturition. This time the foetus expelled through the birth canal. When an animal is about to give birth, it shows signs;- Distended udder which produces thick milky fluid called colostrums. Swollen vulva producing thick mucus. Loose and slackened pelvic girdle. Visible pin bones. General restlessness.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.4795146}
{"text": "Loose and slackened pelvic girdle. Visible pin bones. General restlessness. Animal parturates within 2-3 hours after this signs. The correct presentation is with the front feet first ,and the head outstretched and resting in between the fee. Any other presentation called mal-presentation or breech presentation and requires assistance. Reproduction in Poultry The cock has no penis but a small opening near the vent through which sperms are emitted. Cock has testes within the body. The hen has elongated oviduct for formation of an egg. Fertilization occurs internally. During mating the cloaca of the hen and the vent of the cock fit into each other and then semen is poured into the cloaca ,then sucked to the oviducts. The Reproductive System of a Hen For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Ovary Hen has two ovaries but one functional. Ova formed in ovaries. 3500-4000 ova present inside ovary held by follicle. Mature ovum released via rapture of follicle. It moves into oviduct received by the funnel. Funnel infundibulum Fertilization occurs here. Chalazae also added to yolk. Time here is 15 minutes. It is 11.6cm long. Magnum Thick albumen is added. Stays for 3hrs.its 33cm long. Isthmus Its 10.6cm long. Shell membranes added. Determines shape of egg. Water, mineral salts and vitamins added. Takes 15 minutes. Uterus shell gland Calcium deposited 9ie.shell added around the egg. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 Pigments added. Addition of albumin finished. Stays here for 18-22hours. Vagina Short, 6.9cm long. For temporal storage of egg before laying Cloaca Egg moves out of cloaca through the vent. The cloaca extents out to prevent the egg from breaking. NB; Egg formation not depended on fertilization. Egg formation takes 24-26hours. The components of egg are obtained from body reserves of the hens body.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.521367}
{"text": "NB; Egg formation not depended on fertilization. Egg formation takes 24-26hours. The components of egg are obtained from body reserves of the hens body. Selection of a Breeding Stock Selection is used as a tool for livestock improvement. A breeding stock is a group of males and females which act as parents of future generations. Selection is the process of allowing certain animals to be parents of future generations while culling others. Culling is the removal of animals which do not perform to the desired level, from the herd. The animals retained have certain desirable characteristics which make them produce more. Selected animals make up the breeding stock. The breeding stock should pass the good qualities to their offsprings for better performance, to improve the livestock. Selection process repeated for many generations increases chances of formation of desirable qualities in an animal. Genetically termed as gene frequency occurrence of the genes that carry desirable characteristics. Selection increases occurrence of desirable genes and decreases occurance of undesirable genes. During selection, the characteristics to be selected for are first studied closely to ascertain that it is not influenced by the environment, but mainly by the genetic makeup. Selection helps improve characteristics which are highly heritable. Heritability means the likelihood of a particular trait to be transmitted to the offspring and they are strongly inherited. A character like milk yield is lowly heritable, i.e. it is weakly inherited and a bigger percentage of the character is affected by the environment. The degree to which selection affects a character depends on the following factors; The heritability of the character The intensity with which the selection is done The interval between generations and kind of selection being practiced. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Factors To Consider When Selecting A Breeding Stock. Age Level of performance Physical Fitness Health Body Conformation Temperament or Behaviour Quality of products Mothering Ability Adaptability Proliferation Age Young animals, Those that have not parturated for more than 3-times, should be selected. They have a longer productive life. Old animals are poor breeders and low producers. Production and breeding efficiency decline with age. Level of performance Animals with highest production level selected. Performance best indicated by records.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.5305426}
{"text": "Production and breeding efficiency decline with age. Level of performance Animals with highest production level selected. Performance best indicated by records. Good performance of animal indicated by; High milk, wool and egg production, Good mothering ability High prepotency which is the ability of a parent to pass good qualities to their offsprings. The animals with poor performance should be culled. Good records kept and used by the farmer for this purpose. Physical Fitness Animals selected should be free from any physical defect e.g. mono-eyed, limping, irregular number of teats, scrotal hernia, defective and weak backline Health Sick animals do not breed well and are expensive to keep. Animals that are resistant to diseases pass these characteristics to their offsprings Body Conformation For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 9 Animals for breeding to be selected according to proper body conformation. A dairy cow should be wedge-shaped with a large udder, thin legs, long neck. Temperament or Behaviour Animals with bad behaviors should be culled.eg Cannibalism, egg eating, aggressiveness, kicking Quality of products Select animals that give products of high quality. Mothering Ability Animals selected should have a good mothering ability, That is animals with good natural instinct towards their young ones. This will enable them to rear the young ones up to weaning. Adaptability Animals selected should be well adapted to the prevailing climatic condition in the area. Prolificacy Animals selected should be highly prolific. That is, animals with the ability to give birth to many offsprings at a time larger litter . This is a quality that should be considered when selecting pigs and rabbits. Selection in cattle, and sheep, Selection in cattle Consider the following; Level Of Performance Which Include; Milk Yield Buter Content. Length Of Lactation Period. Calving Intervals.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.5549188}
{"text": "Selection in cattle, and sheep, Selection in cattle Consider the following; Level Of Performance Which Include; Milk Yield Buter Content. Length Of Lactation Period. Calving Intervals. Age Of The Animal, Fertility, Physical Fitness, Health Of The Animal, Body Conformation, Suitability Of The Enterprise-Milk Or Beef Selection in sheep Consider the following; Level of performance which includes; Mothering ability Growth rate Wool quality For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 10 Carcass quality Twining rate Age Suitability to the enterprise-wool or mutton Flocking instinct Health of the animal Physical fitness Inheritable defects Fertility Inheritable defects. Fertility. Selection in Goats Consider the following: Fertility. Mothering ability. Growth rate. Twining rate Carcass quality dressing percentage. Growth rate. Suitability to the enterprise - milk or mutton. Health of the animal. Age. Selection in Pigs Consider the following: Carcass quality dressing percentage. Suitability to the enterprise bacon or pork Growth rate. Health of the animal. Mothering ability. Prolificacy. Number of teats. Temperament. Body formation. Age. Heredity defects Selection in Camels Health of the animal. Age. Temperament. Foraging ability. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 11 Fertility. Level of performance-milk, meat, fur and transport. Method of Selection These include: Mass selection - Animals with superior characteristics are selected from a herd and then allowed to mate among each other. Progeny testing - assessing on the breeding value of an animal on the basis of performance of its offsprings. Contemporary comparison -comparison of performance between heifers of the same age and sexual maturity. Breeding Process of mating selected males and females to produce offspring with the desired characteristics. Reasons: To expand the inherited potential of the animal. To improve production. To overcome production problems created by the environment. To satisfy consumers taste. For economic reasons.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.5433314}
{"text": "To overcome production problems created by the environment. To satisfy consumers taste. For economic reasons. Terms Used in Breeding Inheritance Genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offsprings. The mechanism of inheritance is carried by the sex cells gametes and is controlled by genes found in the chromosomes. Genes are very tiny units of inheritance carrying particular characteristics, such as colour, body shape and amount of milk production. Chromosomes are genetic materials which carry genes. They exist in pairs paternal and maternal in the nucleus f the body cells. They are always constant in number. Dominant and Recessive Characteristics A dominant gene is one that suppresses the other. It produces a dominant characteristic. A recessive gene is one that is suppressed by the other. It produces a recessive characteristic. Hybrid and Hybrid Vigour A hybrid is an animal which is the product of crossing animals of two different breeds. Hybrid vigour or heterosis is increased vigour and performance resulting from crossing two superior breeds. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 Epistasis This is the masking of the effect of one gene by another gene which is non-allelic, that is situated on different locus. Breeding Systems Inbreeding Mating of animals which are related. Reasons: To increase genetic uniformity in a herd. Used to fix the required characteristics in new breeds. To increase phenotypic uniformity. To get proven sires. Limitations It can bring about loss of hybrid vigour. It may lead to decline in fertility. It may lead to high rate of pre-natal mortality. Systems of Inbreeding Close Breeding: mating between very closely related animals, for example sibmating and parents sib-mating. Line Breeding: mating of distantly related animals that had a common ancestor for example cousins. Outbreeding Mating of animals which are not related. Reasons: To introduce new genes in an existing breeding herd. To exploit heterosis resulting from a cross between two breeds. To develop a new breed or a grade animal. Limitations Lack of uniformity in animals that result from outbreeding. Desirable characteristics may be lost due to variation. Systems of Outbreeding Cross-breeding Mating of animals from two different pure breeds.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.5880966}
{"text": "Limitations Lack of uniformity in animals that result from outbreeding. Desirable characteristics may be lost due to variation. Systems of Outbreeding Cross-breeding Mating of animals from two different pure breeds. Out-Crossing Mating of unrelated animals from the same breed. Upgrading Grading up Mating where the female of a cow grade stock locals is mated with a pure breed sire. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 13 The resultant animal is referred to as a high grade. Mating in Livestock Mating in Cattle Heat signs occur every 21 days. The heat period last for 18-30 hours on average 24 hours. Cow should be served 12-18 hours after showing the first heat signs. Heat Signs Restlessness. Mounting on others and when mounted on she stands still. Rise in body temperature. Drop in milk production in lactating cows. Vulva swells and becomes reddish. Clear or slimy mucus from the vulva. Bellowing or mooing frequently. Mating in Pigs Heat signs in pigs occur after every 21 days. The heat lasts about 72 hours. Sows or gilts should be served in 18- 36 hours of the heat period. Signs of Heat Restlessness. Frequent urination. Swelling and reddening of the vulva. Clear or slimy discharge from the vulva. Frequent mounting on others. It responds very well to the 'riding test'. Mating in Rabbits Does are ready for mating 6-7 months of age. Heat signs occur every 14 days. The doe should be taken to the buck and not vice versa. Signs of Heat Restlessness. Frequent urination. Swollen vulva. The doe throws herself on the side. The doe rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object. The doe tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch by peeping. Methods of Service in Livestock For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 14 Natural Mating Advantages: It is more accurate. It is less laborious. Useful when heat signs of females cannot be easily detected.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.6158729}
{"text": "Methods of Service in Livestock For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 14 Natural Mating Advantages: It is more accurate. It is less laborious. Useful when heat signs of females cannot be easily detected. Disadvantages Inbreeding is not easily controlled. Transmission of breeding diseases. Extra feed for the male is required. Large males can injure small females. Wastage of semen. It is cumbersome and expensive to transport a bull to remote areas. Artificial insemination Introduction of semen into the female reproductive tract by artificial means. Advantages There is economical use of semen. It controls transmission of breeding diseases. Sires that are unable to serve cows due to heavy weight or injury can produce semen to serve cows. It prevents large bulls from injuring small cows. It reduces the expenses of keeping a male animal. A small scale farmer who cannot afford to buy a superior bull can have the cows served at a low cost. Semen can be stored for long. It helps to control inbreeding. It eliminates the threat of keeping dangerous bulls from the farm. It makes research work easier. Disadvantages Harmful characteristics can be spread quickly by one bull to the offsprings. It requires skilled labour. Low chance of conception due to death of semen during storage. It is laborious: Embryo Transplant It is the implantation of an embryo fertilized ova from a high quality female donor in the uterus of a low grade female recipient . Advantages Faster multiplication of an animal with superior characteristics . It is easier to transport embryos than the whole animal. Embryos can be stored for a long period awaiting the availability by recipient females. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 15 It stimulates milk production in a female recipient that was not ready to produce milk. Low grade animals can be used in production and rearing of high quality animals. Offsprings of a superior female can spread quickly in an area. Disadvantages It is expensive. It requires skilled personnel. It requires special equipment for fertilization and storage of embryos. Signs of Parturition in Livestock Parturition is the act of giving birth in female animals.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.6276433}
{"text": "It requires skilled personnel. It requires special equipment for fertilization and storage of embryos. Signs of Parturition in Livestock Parturition is the act of giving birth in female animals. Parturition in Cattle The gestation period in cattle is 270-285 days averaging 280days. Signs of Parturition Restlessness Enlarged or swollen vulva. Clear mucus discharge from the vulva. Slackening of the pelvic muscles. Full and distended udder. Thick milky fluid from the teats. A water bag appears and bursts just before calving. Parturition in Pigs The gestation period in pigs is about 4 months or 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days. Signs of Parturition Restlessness. The vulva turns red and swells. The udder becomes full with a milky fluid the sow starts to prepare a nest by collecting some beddings at one comer of the pen. Parturition in Rabbits The gestation period in rabbits is 28-32 days. Signs of Parturition Preparing a nest by plucking off hair from her belly. Goes off feeding Restlessness. The udder distends. Livestock Production IV Livestock Rearing Practice For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 16 Introduction In the management of livestock there are many activities that are carried out on animals to enhance production. They require care in feeding, health, breeding. Specific management also important in bee and fish farming. Routing livestock rearing practices. A routine is a fixed regular way of doing something. Done repeatedly after a certain period of time Feeding Practice Animals are fed to cater for both maintenance and production requirements. These are special types of feeding carried out on certain animals to cater for specific needs. These include: Flushing The practice of giving extra quality feed to an animal around service time. In sheep it is done 2-3 weeks before tupping and 3 weeks after tupping. In pigs it is done 3-4 weeks before service. Importance of Flushing It increases conception rates. It enhances implantation of the zygote. In sheep it increases twinning percentage by 15-20 .", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.6618187}
{"text": "Facilitate easy mating in adult life. Minimise fouling of the wool with faeces. Reduce incidences of blowfly infestation. Methods of Docking tailing Cutting with sharp knife or scalpel. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 18 Use of elastrator and rubber ring. Dipping and Spraying These are methods of applying acaricides on the animals to control external parasites. Dusting It is the application of chemical powders on the animal body or on the walls of the animal house to control external parasites. It is used to control stick-fast parasites and fleas in poultry. Breeding Practices These are practices carried out to enhance successful breeding. Crutching and Ringing Crutching - cutting of wool around the external reproductive organs of female sheep. Ringing - trimming wool around the sheath of the penis of the rams to facilitate mating. Tupping and Serving Tupping refers to mating in sheep and goats. Serving refers to mating in cattle and pigs. Raddling This is the practice of fitting the rams with breeding chutes which are painted in different colours during mating to identify mated ewes and to indicate the active rams hence help in culling of the weak rams. Identification The practice of putting identification marks on animal. Branding - burning marks on the animals skin. Ear tagging - placing marked plastic or metallic tags on the animals ears. Ear notching - cutting different shapes bearing different values on the ear lobes. Tattooing - use of permanent ink or dye to mark animals with light skin. Neck strap or chain - Fixing of tags round the animals neck with a chain or a strap. Importance purpose of Identification record keeping Setting disputes in case animals get mixed up in the pasture. Debeaking Cutting about 1 3 of the upper beak with a knife, scissors or hot iron. Importance Control egg eating. Control cannibalism. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 19 Tooth Clipping The removal clipping of the needle canine teeth in piglets 24 hours after birth. Culling Removal of undesirable animals from a herd. Dehorning Removal of horns or horn buds from an animal.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.6516068}
{"text": "Parturition in Cattle It is referred to as calving. Gestation period lasts 270-285 days after conception. When the signs of parturition are observed the cow should be separated from the rest of the herd. Normal calving should take 2 hours and the normal presentation is the muzzle, face or fore head on top of the forelegs first. In case of other presentations the mother should be assisted. Provide the mother with plenty of water and feed after parturition. If the after birth does not come out within 48 hours a veterinarian should be called to remove it. Parturition in Sheep It is referred to as lambing. Gestation lasts 21 weeks 150 days after conception. The ewe lamb naturally without any problem. If complications arise the ewes should be assisted. Signs of Parturition in Sheep Udder becomes full. Teats are bright red in colour. Restlessness and bleating. Slackening of the hip muscles. After these signs 'are seen the ewes should be separated from the others. The normal presentation is forelegs and head first. After birth the mother should be allowed to lick the lamb to ensure the coat is dry. Parturition in Goats It is referred to as kidding. It takes place 150 days after conception. Nannies carrying twins, kid a few days earlier. Kidding nannies should be kept in a clean dry place which should be well sheltered. Signs of parturition are similar to those of ewes. Kidding nannies should be kept with another female for company. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 21 Parturition in Pigs It is referred to as farrowing. Gestation period 113-117 days 4 months . Signs of Farrowing The sow becomes restless. There is enlargement of the vulva . Muscles on each side of the tail slacken. There is loss of appetite. The udder and the teats become enlarged. The sow collects bedding material in one comer to build a nest. Milk present in the teats 24 hours before farrowing. After the signs are seen; Farrowing takes about 2-6 hours under normal condition. An attendant should be there to assist the mother and piglets.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.710276}
{"text": "Milk present in the teats 24 hours before farrowing. After the signs are seen; Farrowing takes about 2-6 hours under normal condition. An attendant should be there to assist the mother and piglets. Ensure the removal of the after birth to prevent the sow from eating it. The sow should be fed well and given plenty of clean water. Parturition in Rabbits It is referred to as kindling. It takes place 28-32 days after conception. Provide a nesting box and plenty of dry soft beddings in the hutch towards the fourth week of gestation . Signs of Parturition The doe plucks off the fur from her body. Uses the fur to build a nest about 3-10 days earlier. Bee Keeping Apiculture Bees are insects which live in very well organised colonies. Each colony consists of: Queens - fertile females that breed to ensure the continuity of the species. Drones - fertile males that mate with the queen for reproduction process. Workers - non-fertile or sterile females that maintain the colony. Duties of Workers They rear and nurse the brood eggs, larvae and pupae , queen and drones. They collect nectar and make honey. They make the honey combs. They protect the hives. They clean the hive. Importance of Bees Collect nectar from flowers. Make honey - a nutritious product used by man as food. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 22 Helps in crops pollination of plants. Bees produce wax used to make candles. They make propolis - a bee product which is medicinal. Routine Management Siting locating of an Apiary Factors to consider; Nearness or accessibility to nectar or flower-producing vegetation. Areas with shade. Bees are sensitive to the sun's heat and require some shade to protect them. Safe distance from human residence and other livestock. Bees are stinging insects and can be a hazard to humans or other animals. Nearness to a source of water for use in their nutrition. A good distance from source of noise and other disturbances. Safety from predators for example honey badgers, ants safari ants , birds and other parasites such as wax moths.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.71448}
{"text": "Nearness to a source of water for use in their nutrition. A good distance from source of noise and other disturbances. Safety from predators for example honey badgers, ants safari ants , birds and other parasites such as wax moths. Feeding Normally bees are self-sufficient in providing their food from the honey they make. However, during the dry season, their feeding should be supplemented by providing a solution syrup of sugar water or giving molasses. This should be placed strategically so that it is easily accessible to the bees. Parasites Ants Wax moths Bee louse Honey badger Control of Parasites Use of physical barriers such as Vaseline grease to control ants. Smoke the hive to control bee louse. Suspend the hive to control honey badgers. Burn infected combs to control wax moths. Diseases and Control African bees are seldom attacked by diseases. Harvesting Honey Factors to consider; Stage of ripening: Honey must be harvested when it is fully mature. Season of the year: Harvested at the end of the rainy season. Procedure Blow light smoke through the hole. This makes bees suck honey and become engorged and docile. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 23 Lower the hive to the ground. Open the hive to expose honey combs. Brush the bees off the honey combs. Cut the honey combs, leaving a small margin on the bars and keep them in a closed container. Honey Processing Using heat in a water bath to melt the honey. Crushing and straining. Using a centrifugal extractor. Precautions When Handling Bees Avoid excessive smoking. This kills the brood and lowers quality of the honey. Use protective clothing to avoid sting. Protect the hive from rain water. Use clean equipment and containers to avoid contamination of the honey. Use recommended method of extracting honey. Use recommended type of hive such as Kenya top bar hive. Fish Keeping Aquaculture Introduction The rearing or keeping of fish is called fish farming and is normally carried out in specially prepared ponds. A good fish-pond should have the following features: Site should be on a fairly level ground with a permanent supply or source of water.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.7332795}
{"text": "Planting grass where necessary. Removing un desirable vegetation. Removing the silt. Fish Preservation Practices before preservation: Clean the fish to remove mud and any worms. Removing scales and slime. Opening the fish on the side to remove the gut and the intestines referred to as gutting. . Cleaning the abdominal cavity thoroughly. Keeping fish in open containers. Methods of Preservation Freezing Salting Sun drying Smoking Appropriate Handling of Livestock During Management Physical beating should be avoided. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 25 Structures which help in restraining animals should be used whenever applicable. The correct methods of securing and casting animals should be used. Use as little force as possible. Equipment such as ropes, halters, lead stick and bull rings are used to handle animals appropriately. Farm Structures Introduction Farm structures are physical constructions on the farm used to increase efficiency in production. Construction of Farm Structures Involves: Planning for farm structures ; Consider; Farm activities. Size of the enterprise. Future of the enterprise. Accessibility. Soil type. Siting farm structures; Consider: The location of the homestead. Accessibility. Security. Drainage topography. Wind direction. Relationship between the structures. Proximity to social amenities. Farmer's taste and preference. Materials for Construction Structural Materials and Use Factors which determine the type of materials to use are; durability, strength, labour, availability, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 26 workability, serviceability, cost sanitation. Stones and Bricks Advantages Stones and bricks are durable, easy to disinfect, resistant to weather and insects decay and are easily available. Disadvantages They are bulky and require skilled labour to make them. Plastic and Synthetic Materials These include; glass, asbestos fibre polythene materials. Advantages Light, cheep depending on quality, easy to disinfect, can be moulded into any shape, are durable, cannot be destroyed by insects and fungus are water-proof. Disadvantages Are easily destroyed, fragile, very expensive require skilled labour.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.759935}
{"text": "Plastic and Synthetic Materials These include; glass, asbestos fibre polythene materials. Advantages Light, cheep depending on quality, easy to disinfect, can be moulded into any shape, are durable, cannot be destroyed by insects and fungus are water-proof. Disadvantages Are easily destroyed, fragile, very expensive require skilled labour. Wood Timber Advantages They are workable, cheap, can be re-used For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 27 are fairly strong. Disadvantages They can catch fire easily, decay if exposed to water are affected by fungus and insects. Concrete Is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water e.g. in making blocks the ratio is 1:2:3; one part cement, two parts sand and three parts aggregate. Uses Making posts for fencing. Making walls and floor of buildings. Making gabions and water channels to prevent erosion. Making water troughs. Advantages These materials are; durable, workable, easy to disinfect, cheap to maintain, fire resistant Disadvantages These materials are ; expensive, require skilled labour, bulky, cannot be reused Animal handling structures The crush used when doing following activities; Spraying livestock to control ticks, milking, examining sick animals, artificial insemination, treating animals, eg drenching, vaccination, dong routine jobs such as dehorning, identification marks, The spray race-used in the control of ticks by spraying livestock with acaricides The dip- machakos type, and the pludge dip. This is used in the control of ticks by dipping livestock Farm Buildings Factors to be considered in site selection; Security For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 28 Nearness to a source of water Topography Direction of the prevailing wind Direction of the sun Personal whims tastes and preference Nearness to means of communication. Types of farm buildings Houses for farm animals. Stores for farm produce. Stores for equipment, tools and supplies. Buildings for growing crops e.g green house. Building for processing plant e.g milk plant.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.7727237}
{"text": "Stores for equipment, tools and supplies. Buildings for growing crops e.g green house. Building for processing plant e.g milk plant. Parts of a building The foundation, The walls, The roof Include; kingpost, rafters, struts, tie beam, rafter batten For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 29 Include; concrete floor, foundation wall, PVC sheet damp-proof course the compacted fill hard core . Fences Importance of Fence in a Farm Keep out intruders to the farm, Define the boundary lines of the farm. Paddocking of fields to make rotational grazing possible. Live fences serve as windbreaks. Fences are used in mixed farming to protect crops from. Damage by livestock. Fences add aesthetic values to the farm. It is easy to control breeding. It is easy to isolate sick animals from the rest of the herd. Types of Fences For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 30 Dead fences. Barbed wire fences. Electric fence. Concrete fence. Chicken wire fence mesh wire fence . Woven wire fence chain link . Wooden fence. Fencing Practice Materials include; wires, staples, nails, posts, droppers concrete materials. Size of posts: General purpose 2.5m by 25cm in diameter Strainer units and corner posts 3m by 30cm in diameter: Distance between the posts: 3m between posts, 10m if droppers are to be used. 200m between strainer units. Depth of holes - 60cm. Gate Posts, Gates and Strainer Units Gates should be hung on posts separate from the fence. Mechanical implements for example tractors require 4.0-4.5m width of gate. Entrance gates for pedestrians can be accommodated within the fence. Steps in Fencing Locate the corners Clear the fencing area. Mark gates, strainers, pass places and standards by pegging. Dig holes to proper depths. Fix the standard posts. Firm around posts or apply concrete. Fix wires on posts. Fix the droppers.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.816642}
{"text": "Firm around posts or apply concrete. Fix wires on posts. Fix the droppers. Agricultural Economics II Land Tenure and Land Reforms Introduction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 31 Land is an important factor of production. Without land it is impossible to practice the agricultural business. However the efficiency of utilization of land is influenced to a large extent by the condition of holding the land. Land Tenure Land tenure is defined as the possession of the legal rights to the use of land. Various kinds of rights to the use of land give rise to different tenure systems. Land Tenure System All land tenure systems fall into two major classes, namely: Collective Tenure Systems This includes: Communal Tenure Systems This involves the possession of rights over land by the whole community. It works quite well under conditions of unlimited, land resources. Advantages of Communal Tenure Landless problem does not exist. Land is not fragmented. Allows for free movement of animals in search of better pastures and water. Promotes community spirit among the members. Disadvantages of Communal Tenure No incentive among the users to conserve the land resources. Everybody strives to maximize returns from the land without the drive to invest, for example, in terms of soil conservation and maintenance of soil fertility. There is a tendency of overstocking and continuous cropping; which leads to soil erosion and loss of land productivity. As a result of communal grazing of livestock, it is impossible to improve livestock through; controlled breeding, proper feeding, disease and parasite control. Since there is no title deed, certificate of ownership it is virtually impossible to secure loans to develop the land. Co-operative Tenure System This category includes various collective arrangements under the government or other authorities. Farmers voluntarily group together and buy land which they subsequently operate on cooperative basis. Examples are co-operative ranches. Advantages of Co-operative Tenure No land disputes. Labour is well utilized. Profit is distributed according to the number of shares. Resource use is enhanced for high production. Disadvantages of co-operative tenure. Incase of poor management everybody will loose. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 32 No individual title deed hence cannot secure loans.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.8053174}
{"text": "Disadvantages of co-operative tenure. Incase of poor management everybody will loose. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 32 No individual title deed hence cannot secure loans. State ownership Land is owned by the whole state and is refered to as government land. Examples in Kenya; Areas not allocated to individuals Land under local county councils cities and towns Land under forest, game reserve and parks, land for infra-structure and public utility Advantages of state ownership Generation of income for the state All the citizens benefit from whatever comes out of the land. Disadvantages Non-competitive in terms of production No individual motivation when working on the land. Individual Tenure system The various forms of individual land tenure are; Owner operator, Plantation and Concestion, Land-lordism Tenancy Owner operator This category includes all persons who operate on land to which they have absolute individual rights. Examples are the majority of individual land owners in areas where demarcation and registration of land has taken place and title deeds issued. Advantages The owner is free to make permanent production plans. The owner can pledge the land title deed to secure loans credit from lending agencies for further development An individual is motivated to work harder than when under communal arrangement Managerial failures usually affect small units of production and are therefore negligible. It is easy for the owner to get agricultural advice. Disadvantages Cost such as machinery for processing may be too high for the individual owner Innovation may be inadequate due to low levels of education. Lack of capital to invest. Plantation and concession In this form of land tenure, the individual is usually a company or a corporation. Most of them engage in the production of only one commodity They are rigid in their production plans and in most cases labour is hired on wage basis. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 33 Example are coffee, tea, sugarcane, sisal estates in Kenya. Advantages High production from the land hence high economic gains Allows foreigners to use and develop land No land disputes Create employment for the local people Generate government revenue through taxation. Disadvantages Individuals own large pieces of land while others are landless Large areas of land may be left underdeveloped. Foreigners may repatriate profit to their countries.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.8872368}
{"text": "Advantages High production from the land hence high economic gains Allows foreigners to use and develop land No land disputes Create employment for the local people Generate government revenue through taxation. Disadvantages Individuals own large pieces of land while others are landless Large areas of land may be left underdeveloped. Foreigners may repatriate profit to their countries. Landlordism and tenancy The arrangement here involves the ownership of land by one individual or group of individuals landlord who lease it to another individual tenant . A legal lease specifies the length of time during which the tenure is operative; and that serves as a security of tenure to the tenant. The efficiency of production in this arrangement is greatly affected by the length of lease, its legal backing and rent payable. Advantages A person without land can get a chance to use land. A landlord who cannot operate the land, for any reason, can still earn income by leasing it to a needy tenant. It is a flexible arrangement; that is, it allows room for change of production plans should need arise. Security of tenure gives the tenant incentive to invest depending on the length of tenure. Disadvantages Poor land use and low production if the tenant does not have enough funds to improve on land. Tenants cannot produce long term crops, Landlords can exploit the tenants by overcharging. Lack of incentives to improve land by the tenants since it does not belong to them. Land Reforms Definition Land reform is any organized action designed to improve the structure of land tenure and land use. Forms of Land Reform Land Consolidation This means bringing or putting together, into one piece; fragmented parcels or pieces of land scattered over a large area. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 34 The objective of land consolidation are : To save on time spent while moving from one piece of land to another. To facilitate effective and efficient farm planning. To create an incentive among land operators to invest on and develop land. To facilitate mechanization and improve production through efficiency. To improve level of production through effective supervision of the labour force and sound farming methods, Land Fragmentation and Sub-division This is the subdividing of a large piece of land into smaller portions. Sometimes it becomes necessary to sub-divide land for the following reasons: To sell part of the land.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.8502893}
{"text": "To facilitate mechanization and improve production through efficiency. To improve level of production through effective supervision of the labour force and sound farming methods, Land Fragmentation and Sub-division This is the subdividing of a large piece of land into smaller portions. Sometimes it becomes necessary to sub-divide land for the following reasons: To sell part of the land. The parent may wish to subdivide and distribute his land among the sons, daughters and other dependants. The government may decide to subdivide large farms in order to settle landless citizens. Land Adjudication and Registration Land adjudication involves; Establishing the legitimate ownership, Measurements to make permanent boundaries Recording of land details. Once land has been adjudicated, and any disputes concerning the same land are settled, It is then registered in the \"Register of Land\". And the owner is issued with a land title deed or certificate of legal ownership. Importance of land title deed The legal owner of the land has security of tenure and hence an incentive to invest and improve productivity. A farmer can mortgage the land by offering land title certificate as a security to loaning agencies to secure capital to finance development projects. If a farmer who cannot operate the farm, he can still earn income from it by leasing it. Disputes concerning land boundaries and or land ownership no longer arise. Land Settlement and Resettlement Definition Land settlement means the occupation of land which was previously uninhabited. Land resettlement, on the other hand, is the transfer of people from an already densely populated area to a sparsely populated one. Objectives To settle the landless citizens. To relieve population pressure in densely populated areas. To increase or promote agricultural productivity by farming on land that was previously unused or lying idle. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 35 To create self-employment thus improving the living standards. Land reclamation, especially by creating tsetse fly-barriers. Soil and Water Conservation Introduction Soil and water are two very important natural resources in farming. They should therefore be well maintained and used without wastage to sustain continuous production. Water loss during the rainy season should be prevented and excess water conserved for use during scarcity. Soil erosion must be controlled at whatever cost if soil is to be conserved.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.8970606}
{"text": "They should therefore be well maintained and used without wastage to sustain continuous production. Water loss during the rainy season should be prevented and excess water conserved for use during scarcity. Soil erosion must be controlled at whatever cost if soil is to be conserved. Soil Erosion It is the removal and carrying away of the top soil by the action of water or wind. Factors Influencing Soil Erosion Amount and intensity of rainfall. The steeper the land the higher the velocity of surface runoff. The higher the velocity of surface runoff the greater is its erosive power effect. Type of soil for example sandy soils are more easily detached and carried away than clayey soils. Soil depth; The deeper the soil, the longer it takes to be saturated with water. Land use: Overstocking leads to bareness of the land and looseness of the soil. Deforestation - indiscriminate removal of trees leads to exposure of soil to heavy rainfall and high temperatures. Indiscriminate burning of vegetation exposes the soil to erosive agents. Clean weeding leaves the soil bare. Ploughing along the slope. Monoculture or continuous cultivation. Ground cover Trees act as windbreakers. Roots of vegetation cover hold the soil particles together. Leaf fall act as mulch which reduces erosion. Leaves of vegetation cover intercepts raindrops reducing their erosive power. Agents of Erosion Water - moving water has erosive power. Wind - wind carries away soil. Human beings - through man's activities such as cultivation and mining. Animals - through overgrazing and creating footpaths where soil erosion takes place. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 36 Types of Erosion Raindrop splash - displacement of the soil caused by raindrops. Sheet - uniform removal of soil in thin layers from flat or gently sloping areas. Rill - removal of soil from small bur well defined channels or rills. Gulley - removal of soil from channels which become progressively deeper and wider. Riverbank Erosion - removal of soil along river banks by the river water. Solifluction - gravitational flow of soil saturated with water.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.865442}
{"text": "Gulley - removal of soil from channels which become progressively deeper and wider. Riverbank Erosion - removal of soil along river banks by the river water. Solifluction - gravitational flow of soil saturated with water. Land slides - mass movement of rock debris and soil down a slope, For example; Slip movement of earth or rock masses for a short distance. Debris slide - materials move at a greater speed. Debris fall - movement of materials debris along vertical cliff. Rock fall - movement of rock down a very steep slope. Rock slides - mass of rock materials that slide along a bedding plate, a joint or a fault face. Soil Erosion Control Measures Soil conservation measures can be classified into: Biological or cultural control Physical or structural control Biological or Cultural Control Measures These measures are applicable where land slope is between 2-12 . Grass strips filter strips; These are narrow uncultivated strips along the contour left between cultivated strips. Cover cropping ; The establishment of a crop that spreads out over the surface of the soil to provide it with a cover. Contour farming ; Carrying out all land operations along the contour. Mulching ; Covering of the soil with either organic or synthetic materials. Proper cropping systems such as: Crop rotation Correct spacing Inter-cropping Ridging furrowing Strip cropping Controlled grazing; Proper stocking rate, rotational grazing. Strip cropping; Growing crops which give little ground cover in alternate strips with crops such as beans which have a good ground cover. Afforestation re-afforestation. Afforestation - growing of trees where non-existed. Re-afforestation - growing of trees where they have been cut down. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 37 Agroforestry - land use that involves the growing of trees in combination with crops and pastures on the same piece of land. Physical or Structural Control Measures These are soil and water conservation measures which involve mechanical constructions on the earth. They are used in areas of moderate slope between 13-55 . They include: Trash or stone lines; These are rows of heaped crop' residues or stones made along the contours.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.9258657}
{"text": "Physical or Structural Control Measures These are soil and water conservation measures which involve mechanical constructions on the earth. They are used in areas of moderate slope between 13-55 . They include: Trash or stone lines; These are rows of heaped crop' residues or stones made along the contours. Filter strips; It involves the growing of an open crop in the upper side of the slope followed by a dense crop to reduce speed of water. This increases infiltration. Terraces; Are structures constructed across a slope to reduce the length of a slope thus reducing run-off. Bench terraces; Are constructed where the slope is 35-55 . Tree crops are suitable for such areas. Importance of a Bench Terrace: - Reduces slope of the land. Conserves soil moisture. Better retention of soil fertility. Narrow based terraces Cannot allow cultivation by machines. Broad based terraces - Is wide enough to allow cultivation by machines. Graded terraces: Have a drainage channel to lead off excess water to a vegetated place. They should be about 100m in length. Level terraces: Have no outlet channels, The aim is to have water infiltrating, Hence no water can flow from the ends of the terrace. Fanya juu: A ridge made by digging a channel and throwing the soil uphill. Fanya chini: In this case the soil is heaped on the lower side of the channel. Bunds: heaps of soil earth made along the contour. Cutoff drains: An open trench with an embankment on the lower side into which water from the farm drains. Water from the trench should be discharged into; Natural waterways, Artificial waterways, Rocky ground For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 38 Grassland Gabion Porous dams: Galvanized wire mesh boxes filled with stones which are built across slopes and gullies. Dams and reservoirs ; Dams - barriers built across a river waterway to hold and store water. It reduces speed of runoff. Reservoirs - these are large storage tanks.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.9544797}
{"text": "Dams and reservoirs ; Dams - barriers built across a river waterway to hold and store water. It reduces speed of runoff. Reservoirs - these are large storage tanks. Ridging - heaps of soil to reduce the speed of water, They retain the water for some time. Water Harvesting Methods Water harvesting and storage should be done during the rainy seasons to avoid wastage. This should be done using the following methods: Roof catchment - trapping and collection of rain water from roof tops. Rock catchment - water is harvested by constructing a barrier on the lower side of a large impervious rock to trap surface runoff from the rock. Weirs and dams. Dam - a barrier constructed across a river or a dry valley so that it can hold water. Weirs - barriers constructed across a river or a stream to raise the water level and still allow water to flow over it. Ponds - water retention excavations' made to hold excess surface water. Retention ditches level terraces.-These are terraces constructed with blocked ends to retain water. Micro-Catchments A system of harvesting limited rainfall and storing the water in the ground for use by the planted crops. Types of Microcatchments; Triangular V-shaped Negarims; V-shaped bunds measuring 25cm Are built with soil from the excavated planting holes to direct runoff water towards the basin area around the base of each plant Semi-circular bunds; Formed around the growing plant to hold water around the plant. Trapezoidal bunds; Trapezoidal shaped bunds, which enclose a large area where the crops are grown. Contour bunds furrows ; These are furrows made along the contours between the rows of crops where agroforestry trees are intercropped with annual crops. Planting holes pits ; These are extra large planting holes made and filled with dry plant materials before filling in with soil. Use of Micro-Catchments For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 39 Slow down the speed of surface runoff. Used during landscaping of the compound, parks and roadside nest areas. Reclamation of land for food crop in dry areas. Water collected and stored can be used for irrigation Afforestation in dry areas.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.9979687}
{"text": "Weeds lower the quality of pasture for example: Tickberry Lantana camara Nut grass Cyperus rotundus , Manyatta grass Eleusine jaegeri Some weeds irritate workers thus reducing the efficiency in which they are controlled for example: Double thorn Oxygonum sinuatum , Stinging nettle Urtica massaica , Devil's horse whip Achyranthes aspera . Factors Contributing to the Competitive Ability of Weeds For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 40 They produce large quantities of seeds for example pigweed and black jack. Their seeds remain viable in the soil for a long time awaiting conducive germination conditions. They have effective seed dispersal mechanisms. Some weeds propagate by means of elaborate underground storage structures. They are efficient in utilizing little moisture, nutrients and sunlight. Some have short life cycles. They have elaborate root systems for supporting the plant and absorbing nutrients and water. Weed Classification It is based on: Life cycles for example: Annuals - complete their life cycle in only one season. Biennuals - complete their life cycles in two seasons only. Perennials - complete their life cycle in more than two seasons. Morphology - leaf formation such as size, shape and venation. Broad leaved weeds for example black jack, lantana, pig weed, oxalis and others. Narrow leaved weeds for example couch grass, setaria, nut-grass, manyatta grass and others. Habitat - some weeds are terrestrial grow on land while others are aquatic grow on aquatic marine conditions . Weed Identification Weeds are identified by their common individual names and botanical names. They are named according to specific features or according to person who identified them. Common Name Botanical Name Black Jack Bidens pilosa Mexican marigold Tagetes minuta 0xalislsorrel ..Oxalis spp.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.9686215}
{"text": "Weed Identification Weeds are identified by their common individual names and botanical names. They are named according to specific features or according to person who identified them. Common Name Botanical Name Black Jack Bidens pilosa Mexican marigold Tagetes minuta 0xalislsorrel ..Oxalis spp. Double thorn Oxygonum sinuatum Thorn apple ..Datura stramonium Couch grass ..Digitaria scalarum Nut grass ..Cyperus rotundus Wandering Jew Commelina bengalensis Sow thistle Sonchus ole race us Devil's horsewhip .Achyranthes aspera Macdonald's eye Gallant soldier. Gallinsoga parviflora Sodom apple .Solanum incanum Black night shade ..Solanum nigrum Chinese lantern . Nicandra physalodes Bracken fern ..Pteridium aquillium For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 41 Love grass Bristly foxtail .Setaria verticillata Cleavers Gallium spurium Stinging Nettle ..Urtica massaica Fat hen Goose foot ...Chenopodium spp. Rape weed Brassica nap us Wild oats ...Avena fatua Lantana Tick berry Lantana camara Water hyacinth .Eichhornia crassipes Striga Witch weed Striga hermontheca Creeping indigo .Indigofera spicata Weed Control Methods The methods of weed control determined by: The weed being controlled. Weather conditions. Capital availability. Effect on environment. METHODS OF WEED CONTROL INCLUDE: Chemical Weed Control The use of chemicals known as herbicides to control weeds.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406274.9782577}
{"text": "Capital availability. Effect on environment. METHODS OF WEED CONTROL INCLUDE: Chemical Weed Control The use of chemicals known as herbicides to control weeds. Classification of Herbicides Based on: Formulation - the physical form of the herbicides for example: Liquids Wettable powders Emulsion Dust Time of Application Pre-emergence - applied before the planted crop germinates. Post emergence - applied after the planted crop germinates. Selectivity Selective. Non selective. Mode of Action Contact - herbicides that kill only the parts of the plant which it comes into contact. Translocated systemic herbicides that will kill the whole plant even if it comes into contact with only a small part of it. Methods of Herbicide Application Spraying - application of solutions. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 42 Dusting - application of dusts. Fumigation - application of fumigants into the soil. Safety Measures in the Use of Chemicals Read manufacturer's instructions and follow them. Wear protective clothing such as overalls, breathing mask, gloves and boots. Avoid inhaling the herbicides. Wash thoroughly after handling chemicals. Do not blow or such blocked nozzles. Avoid herbicide drift to unintended crops and other plants. Avoid herbicide drift to livestock feed and water. Avoid spilling herbicides in pastures and fodder crops. Dispose off the empty containers properly for example burying them in the soil. Do not wash spraying equipment in water sources used by animals and human beings. Store chemicals in a safe place. Wash the spraying equipment thoroughly. Sink left over chemicals into the soil after the day's work. Advantages of Chemical Weed Control It is less laborious. Effective in the control of difficult weeds such as couch grass and sedges. It does not disturb crop roots and other underground structures. It makes the control of weeds in certain crop easier. It is efficient in both wet and dry conditions. It does not destroy soil structure. Cheaper in large scale production than the use of manual or mechanical cultivation. Disadvantages of Chemical Weed Control It requires skilled labour in mixing and application. Cause environmental pollution. Herbicides have long residual effects which may interfere with future crops.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.0236702}
{"text": "Disadvantages of Chemical Weed Control It requires skilled labour in mixing and application. Cause environmental pollution. Herbicides have long residual effects which may interfere with future crops. It is very expensive. Mechanical Weed Control It involves the following operations: Tillage Cultivation This is the opening and loosening up of the soil. It can be done by hand tools or tractor drawn implements. Advantages Cheap in small scale production. Increases water and air infiltration into the soil. Incorporates crops residues into the soil. The earthing-up done during tillage encourages root growth. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 43 Disadvantages If done repeatedly it destroys soil structure. It is laborious and expensive in large scale production. It may not effectively control weeds. It may lead to soil erosion and loss of soil moisture. Damage crop roots. Slashing Mowing Mechanical removal of shoots from weeds. It is effective in the control of annual weeds. Uprooting It is done when the crops are too close To allow mechanical cultivation or where weeds are scattered. Cultural Weed Control It involves the following practices: Mulching. Cover cropping. Crop rotation. Timely planting. Use of clean seed planting materials. Proper spacing. Proper seedbed preparation. Flooding. Biological Weed Control The use of living organisms to control weeds. Examples are: Use of livestock to graze and control growth of weeds especially in plantations. Use of weed eating fish to control aquatic weeds. Use of moths to control cactus. Limitations: the method is not reliable. Legislative Weed Control Quarantine It involves government laws and regulations which prevent the introduction and spread of foreign weeds in a country or an area. Done by KEPHIS. Limitations: Only samples are checked while the bulk of the materials may have some weed seeds. Crop Pests and Diseases For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 44 Introduction Crop pests and diseases lead to high losses in crop production hence efficient control measures are needed. Proper control measures require the farmers to be able to; Identify these organisms, Know their life cycles, feeding habits The damage they cause to crops.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.0692744}
{"text": "Pests of grains attack the crops when the grains are formed. Field and Storage Pests Some pests attack the crops while in the field. Other pests attack the produce after it has been harvested and stored. Identification of Common Pests Name of Pest Crop Attacked Damage Done Control Measures Armyworms Cereal crops Defoliate the i Early planting Spodoptera Sugar cane whole plant ii Use of effective insecticides exempta iii Grasses Cut worms Young seedlings Cut the seedlings i Early planting Agrotis Spp. At the stem base ii Use of soil applied insecticides fumigants iii Flood irrigation Boll worms Cotton, Eat and destroy i Crop rotation Heliathis migera citrus, maize, the fruits and ii Field hygiene beans, millet, seeds iii Spraying with insecticides For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 45 legumes iv early planting Maize stalk borer Maize sorghum Destruction of the i Early planting Busseola fusca stem and young ii Field hygiene and growing tissues iii Crop rotation Chilo partellus iv Use of stalk borer dust. Loopers Coffee Make windows in i Use of effective Ascotis selena ria crop leaves ii Use of parasitic wasps, and chameleons Leaf Miner Coffee Make mines in Use of parasitic wasps l Leucoptera the leaves enemies meyricki and L. reducing ii Use of effective caffeina photosynthetic area. Stainers Cotton Stain the cotton Use of parasitic tachinid fl Dysdercus spp. Lint reducing Spraying with insecticides. Quality Control alternate hosts. Crop rotation Aphids Several crops i Transmit Natural enemies for Aphis spp. As citrus, maize, viral diseases. Lady birds cotton, beans. Ii Suck out ii Overhead irrigation cabbages and sap leading iii Use of insecticides others to stunted growth. Other Crop Pests Include: Mealy bugs - coffee Thrips - coffee Beetles - field and storage pests. Birds - field pests - cereals and fruits.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.0421572}
{"text": "Trap cropping: These are crops which attract pests diverting them from the main crop. The trap crop is grown together with the main crop. Crop rotation: It breaks the life cycle of the pest. Planting resistant varieties: These are plants with natural protective mechanisms against pest for example hairy cotton against jassid bugs, goose necked sorghum against birds, high tillering in sorghum against shoot fly. Field hygiene: This includes rogueing and removal of crop residues which harbour pests from field. Alterations of environmental conditions, such as, creating a microclimate which is not conducive to pests for example open pruning in coffee. Crop nutrition: application of fertilizers and manures to make the crop strong and able to escape pest attacks. Destruction of alternate hosts, for example, weeds like mallow which harbour cotton stainers. Use of clean planting materials. This helps to prevent introduction of crop pests. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 Proper spacing: if well spaced some pests find it difficult to move from one plant to another. Use of organic manure, for example, farmyard manure discourages eel worms nematodes . Chemical Control Chemicals used to control pests are known as pesticides. Pesticides are administered through dusting, spraying or fumigating. Classification of Pesticides: Pesticides are classified on the basis of: Mode of Entry Stomach - ingested by the pest together with the crop materials. Contact - absorbed through the body tissues. Fumigants - through the breathing mechanism. Systemic - translocated to all parts. Mode of Action Respiratory poisons - interfere with breathing mechanisms. Coagulants - cause the blood of the pest to coagulate. Neurotoxins - act on the nervous system. Protoplasmic poisons - cause the cells to disintegrate. Target Pests Insecticides - kill insect pests Molluscicides - kill snails and slugs. Rodenticides - kill rodents. Nematocides - kill nematodes. Formulation . Dusts, granules and powders Emulsifiable concentrates. Miscible liquids. Wettable powders. Fumigants. Factors That Affect the Efficiency of Pesticides Concentration of the pesticides.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.087231}
{"text": "Wettable powders. Fumigants. Factors That Affect the Efficiency of Pesticides Concentration of the pesticides. Weather conditions at the time of application. Timing of application - efficiency is high if applied when the pest is most susceptible. Persistence of the pesticide having long residual effect in the soil. Resistance of the pests. Advantages of Chemical Pest Control Faster Immediate results are achieved. Low labour requirements. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 48 Disadvantages of Chemical Pest Control Expensive to buy. Cause pollution to the environment. Require skilled labour to apply. Some pesticides may kill beneficial organisms and predators. Some target pests may build up resistance. Mechanical Pest Control Physical This involves the killing of the pests using physical methods. Or creating physical barriers to prevent pests from getting into contact with the crops . Example: Flooding irrigation; for example, moles are suffocated through flooding. Use of lethal temperatures: either too cold or too hot. Suffocation; commonly used in grain storage bins by being made air tight. Trapping and killing, for example, rats. Creation of physical barriers, such as, rat bafflers, sticky materials on tree trunks. Proper drying: this makes them too hard to be destroyed by pests. Scaring devices especially in rice plantations to control birds. Use of explosives thrown at breeding places of birds to kill or scare them away. Biological Pest Control It involves the use of living organisms to reduce the pest population. Predator Target Pest Parasitic wasp-------------------White fly in citrus, boll worms, stalk borers Birds--------------------------------- Crickets, locusts, caterpillar llars. Lady Bird --------------------------Aphids Trachnid flies -------------------cotton stainer Praying mantis-----------------giant loppers Majimoto ants -----------------scales Cats ----------------------------------moles,rats,mice Brachonid wasps-------------mealy bugs Chicken ---------------cotton stainer, larvae of beetles, grasshoppers, crickets Advantages Cheap No environmental pollution Saves on labour. Disadvantages Takes too long to get the correct agent Difficult to control the pest effectively. Integrated Pest Management It is a new method which involves the combination of the methods mentioned above.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.1067593}
{"text": "Lady Bird --------------------------Aphids Trachnid flies -------------------cotton stainer Praying mantis-----------------giant loppers Majimoto ants -----------------scales Cats ----------------------------------moles,rats,mice Brachonid wasps-------------mealy bugs Chicken ---------------cotton stainer, larvae of beetles, grasshoppers, crickets Advantages Cheap No environmental pollution Saves on labour. Disadvantages Takes too long to get the correct agent Difficult to control the pest effectively. Integrated Pest Management It is a new method which involves the combination of the methods mentioned above. The aim is to have least hazards to the user and to the environment. Example, attractant-pheromones are used to attract pests to one place where they are sprayed and eradicated. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 49 Legislative Method Quarantine Legislative mearsures of pest control are effected by the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service KEPHIS through seed inspection. Crop Disease And Their Control A disease is any deviation from the normal performance or functions. A plant disease is any harmful physiological disorder in a plant caused by pathogenic agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi. The study of plant disease is called plant pathology. Economic importance of crop diseases They lower crop yield They reduce the quality of the produce thus reducing their market value They cause food poisoning. E.g ergot in wheat, afflatoxin in grain crops by fungus. They reduce photosynthetic area of the plant. Classification and identification of plant disease Plant disease are classified according to their causal agents; Fungal diseases; Fungi are non-green plant-like. Some are parasitic and others are saprophytic. Parasitic fungi divided into; Obligate parasites- those that depend on other living organisms for food. Falcultative parasites-those that are able to live on both the living and dead tissues.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.1384487}
{"text": "Fusarium ii. Yellowing and shedding oxysporum of leaves. Iii. Wilting of the plant. Black arm Cotton i. Small round spots on the i. Field hygiene. Anthomonas cotyledons of young ii. Use of certified seeds. Malvacearum seedlings. Ii. The spots elongate to form black lesions on the stem. Bacterial wilt Tomatoes and Uniform. Wilting of the whole i. Use of certified seeds. Pseudomonas potatoes plant even with enough ii. Crop rotation. Solanacearum water. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 51 Viral Diseases Viruses are small living organisms which can only be seen under a very powerful electronic microscope. Viruses interfere with photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and nitrogen utilization Symptoms of Viral Infection Leaf chlorosis. Leaf curling. Mosaic light green or yellow patches . Malformation distortion of plant parts. Rosettes; Development of abnormally short internode. Transmission Through the use of infected vegetative materials and insect vectors like aphids, mealybugs and leafhoppers. Viral diseases Disease Cause crops Attacked Symptoms of Attack Control Measures Ratton stunting Sugar cane Red discoloration on the vascular Use of clean materials. Bundles. Treatment of seed canes. Maize streak Maize Yellow stripes alternating with Control leaf hopper. Green, parallel to the midrib. Ii. Use if certified seeds. Iii. Field sanitation. Greening Citrus i. Yellow mottling of the leaves. I, Use of clean tools when disease Die back. Budding. Iii. Premature leaf fall. Control of insect vectors. Leaf mosaic Suzgar cane, i. Yellow mottling. Control of aphids. Cassava. Sweet Necrosis of stem. Ii. Use of clean materials. Potatoes. Seed treatment. Tristeza Citrus Dwarfing of i. Stripping affected fruits. Die back. Ii. Use of clean equipment of budding. Other Causes of Crop Diseases Flooding forming ammonia which is poisonous to the crops causing a burning effect on leaves. Chemicals: some may be toxic. Poor weather: Extremes of day and night temperatures. Stress: such as irregular watering as in tomato blossom end rot. Control of Crop Diseases Cultural method: This involves use of Healthy planting materials.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.1650336}
{"text": "Poor weather: Extremes of day and night temperatures. Stress: such as irregular watering as in tomato blossom end rot. Control of Crop Diseases Cultural method: This involves use of Healthy planting materials. Practicing field hygiene. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 52 Proper seedbed preparation. Proper spacing. Heat treatment of the planting materials for example sugar cane. Proper drying of cereals and pulses to 13 M.C. Growing disease resistant varieties. Legislative Method Involves the imposing of regulations and laws especially in case of disease outbreaks to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases. Chemical Control Used as a last resort. Chemical control measures include: Seed dressing before planting. Soil fumigation to control soil borne diseases. Spraying: application of fungicides. Crop Production VI Field Practices II Introduction There are many crops cultivated in Kenya. These crops are grown for various uses and require different ecological conditions. Definitions: Hybrids - These are crop varieties developed by crossing two pure lines. Composites - These are crop varieties developed through repeated mass selection. Cultivars - these are varieties of crops which are cultivated in a given area. Maize Main growing areas: Trans-Nzoia, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Laikipia districts and others. Ecological Requirements Altitude: Upto 2000m above sea level. Temperature: About 25 C Soils: Freely draining, fertile loam soils. Rainfall: 750-12S0rnm critical at silking and pollination stage. Varieties For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 53 High altitude areas: Hybrids 611, 613 and 614C. Medium altitude areas: 511,512,622 and 632. Marginal rainfall areas: Katumani composite and Makueni composite. Coast regions: Coast composite and Katumani composite. Seedbed Preparation Ploughing should be deep and done during the dry season to eradicate weeds. Require medium tilth. Plant spacing 75-90cm x 20-30cm. Planting done at the onset of the rains. This helps to reduce pest attack. Dry planting in areas with inadequate rainfall is necessary.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.1493025}
{"text": "Planting done at the onset of the rains. This helps to reduce pest attack. Dry planting in areas with inadequate rainfall is necessary. Field Maintenance: Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting at a rate of 120kg ha P2O5 Also nitrogenous fertilizers as top dress at the rate of 200kg of ASN or CAN. Control weeds by cultivation, use of appropriate herbicides, uprooting, slashing and mulching. Pest Control Maize Stalk Borer: Nature of damage: Boring the leaves causing windowing effect, boring the stems and cobs. Control: Destruction of previous years crop residue, closed season and apply chemicals Maize Weevils: it is a storage pest. Damage: Bores holes into the maize grains, eating the contents. Control: Proper hygiene and sanitation in the stores. Use of chemicals such as Actellic Super. Disease Control: Rust Cause: Fungus. Symptoms: Red or brown pustules on the. Leaves. Control: Plant resistant varieties and crop rotation. Smuts Cause: Fungus Symptoms: Black sooty mass of spores on maize heads or cobs ear . Control: Crop rotation, growing resistant varieties and destruction of affected plant parts. Maize Streak Virus For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 Cause: Virus Symptoms: Yellow longitudinal stripes parallel to the midrib. Control: Certified seed, early planting and rogueing. Harvesting Harvest the crop 3-9 months after planting depending on variety. Maize stalks are cut and stocked in the field. Cobs removed by hand. For large scale harvesting, combined harvesters are used. Yields about 3,OOOkg and 4500kg ha. Bulrush Millet Areas where grown: Lower areas of Kirinyaga, Embu, Meru, Parts of Machakos Kerio Valley. Ecological Requirements Altitude: Does well in areas below 1200m. Rainfall: 500-600mrn per annum. Soils: Light sandy soils.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.1856594}
{"text": "Ecological Requirements Altitude: Does well in areas below 1200m. Rainfall: 500-600mrn per annum. Soils: Light sandy soils. Varieties: Serere 2A, 3A, 6A, 17, 16 9 Seed Bed Preparations Ploughing of land during the dry season. Soil should be of fine tilth since the seeds are small. Planting: Done at the onset of the rains. Planted by broadcasting and row planting at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm. Field Maintenance: Weeding is done until tillering. Top-dressing is done by use of sulphate of ammonia. Pest Control Birds Nature of Damage: Eats the seeds at milky stage. Control: Bird scaring devices. Disease Control Ergot Cause: Fungus. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 55 Symptoms: Heads become sticky. Control: Use of certified seeds, crop rotation and destruction of affected crops. Downy Mildew Cause: Fungus. Symptoms: Long, whitish lines on the leaves. Control: Crop rotation and field hygiene. Harvesting Done by cutting off the heads. Drying of the heads. Threshing and winnowing of the grains. Stored under well ventilated dry conditions. Yields about 1000kg ha with good management. Finger Millet Areas where grown: Western Kenya and Uganda. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 0-2400m above sea level. Rainfall: 900mm, drought resistant in the early stages. Soils: Free draining fertile soils. Varieties: Serere varieties developed at Serere in Uganda. Ultra lupin 5.18 oats. Land Preparations The seedbed should be thoroughly prepared to a fine tilth due to the small size of the seeds. It also helps to control weeds. Field Operations Planting Finger millet should be planted as early as possible in the season. It is usually broadcasted by hand. If planted in rows, the furrows should be 30-33cm apart and the plants should be thinned to 5cm apart within the rows.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.2475827}
{"text": "Field Operations Planting Finger millet should be planted as early as possible in the season. It is usually broadcasted by hand. If planted in rows, the furrows should be 30-33cm apart and the plants should be thinned to 5cm apart within the rows. Fertilizer Application Sulphate of ammonia at the rate of 125kg ha is recommended for topdressing finger millet. Weed Control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 56 Clean seedbed preparation Uprooting Pest Control: Birds are controlled through scaring. Disease Control Head blast: Cause: Fungus Symptoms: Brown spots with grey centres on the leaves and stems below the inflorescence. Control: Use of resistant varieties. Harvesting Individual heads are cut with knives. Heads are dried, threshed and winnowed. Yields 1650kg ha with good management. Sorghum It is grown in Western, northern, Rift Valley, Eastern and some parts of Central Province. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 0-1500m above sea level. Rainfall: 420-630mm. It is drought resistant. Soils: Fairly fertile and well drained soils. Varieties Dobbs variety. Serena variety. Field Operations Planting Broadcasting the seeds on the firmly prepared seedbed. Intercropped with other crops especially maize and beans. Can be planted in pure stands at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm Fertilizer Application Responds well to farmyard manure FYM . Inorganic fertilizers are not commonly used in growing sorghum. Pest Control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 57 Bird pests: They are the most common sorghum pests. They include quelea, aethiopica Sudan Dioch , weaver birds, starling bird bishop's bird. They are controlled through; killing them using explosives, poison spraying in their breeding places use of flame throwers. Sorghum shoot-fly controlled by early planting, closed season and application of insecticides. Stem borer - control by use of insecticides and field hygiene.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.2593672}
{"text": "They are controlled through; killing them using explosives, poison spraying in their breeding places use of flame throwers. Sorghum shoot-fly controlled by early planting, closed season and application of insecticides. Stem borer - control by use of insecticides and field hygiene. Disease Control Common sorghum diseases include: Leaf blight Anthracnose. Sooty stripe. Loose smut Head smut Smuts are controlled by seed dressing-while the other diseases are controlled by growing resistant varieties. Harvesting Sorghum is ready for harvesting 3-4 months after planting. Heads are cut off using a sharp knife after which they are sun-dried, threshed, winnowed and stored. Up to 3000kg hectare can be obtained with good management. Beans Grown in all provinces where maize is grown. Ecological Requirements Altitude: 10.00-2100 metres above sea level. Rainfall: Average of 62Smm per annum. Soils: Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. Varieties For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 58 Varieties for dry beans: Rose Coco, Mwezi Moja, Canadian Wonder, Wairimu, Haricot, Mwitemania. Variety for canning: Mexican 142. Varieties for French Beans: Primeur, Long Tom, Saza, Master Piece Monel. Seedbed Preparation Land should be prepared early. Primary and secondary cultivation done to control perennial weeds. Seed Selection and Treatment Select wholesome seeds free from damage and wrinkles. Seeds are dressed against bean fly. Seeds should be inoculated with appropriate bacteria none dressed seeds Planting Planted at the onset of the rains. Spacing 30-45cm x 15cm. Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting time. Plant 2-4 seeds per hole. Field Maintenance Provide sticks for the climbing varieties. Control of weeds through shallow cultivation. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer for example CAN. PestControl Bean-Fly Nature of damage: Feeds on the stems causing swelling at the roots. This results in wilting and death. Control: Dressing of seeds, early planting and spraying with insecticides.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.2148628}
{"text": "PestControl Bean-Fly Nature of damage: Feeds on the stems causing swelling at the roots. This results in wilting and death. Control: Dressing of seeds, early planting and spraying with insecticides. Bean Bruchid Storage Pest Nature of damage: Make dark circular windows on the grains. Control: Clean stores, fumigation, and seed dressing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 59 Diseases Control Bean Anthracnose Cause' Fungus Symptoms: Brown or black lesions on the underside of the leaves, pods and stems. Control: Growing resistant varieties, crop rotation, destruction of crop residues and spraying with fungicides. Bean Rust Cause: Fungus Symptoms: Red brown pustules on the leaves. Control: Planting resistant varieties and spraying copper fungicides. Harvesting Done during the dry season for dry beans and when the pods are dry. Threshing and winnowing done. Sorting of rotten, off types and damaged ones. Sold to National Cereals and Produce Board when dry. For French beans, pick the pods when soft and green. Market immediately to avoid shrivelling. Rice Production Areas where grown; Mwea Tabere Irrigation Scheme Ahero Pilot Scheme in Kano plains. Bunyala in Busia. Bura in Tana River. Land Preparation Plots of 0.4 hectare are made with bunds constructed around them. Plots are flooded for four days. Rotavators jembes are used to work the flooded fields on the fifth day. The land is then levelled and allowed to drain. Water Control During land preparation, water level should be about 7.5-10cm. During levelling water level should be 5cm Water is drained off completely for direct sowing. For transplanted rice, water level should be 5cm at transplanting. Water level should be maintained at 1 3 the height of plant until maturity. Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the fields. Old water should be changed every 2- 3 weeks if the flow of water is not possible. Water introduced should always be warm to ensure pollination.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.2341473}
{"text": "Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the fields. Old water should be changed every 2- 3 weeks if the flow of water is not possible. Water introduced should always be warm to ensure pollination. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 60 Fertilizer Application S.A applied in the nursery. Rate of 25kg SA for every nursery unit of 18.5m x 18.5m. Phosphatic fertilizers broadcasted in the field. Rate of 120kg ha DSP before planting. S.A applied in the field in two splits before and after transplanting at a rate of 250kg ha Flooding in Rice Flood water in rice production is important for the following reasons; It provides good conditions for growth such as high humidity. Kills soil organisms. Prevents denitrification. Weed Control Controlled through flooding. Appropriate herbicides such as propanil and butachlor are also used. Harvesting of Industrial Crops cotton, pyrethrum, sugarcane, coffee and tea. Harvesting of Cotton Stage of harvesting Takes 4 months to mature. Harvest when bolls are dry and fully opened. Method and Procedure In Kenya cotton is picked manually. Sort out grade AR safi from grade BR fifi into separate containers. Precautions Harvest during dry conditions to prevent dirtifying the lint. Avoid use of gunny bags to prevent contamination. Avoid picking leaves. Harvest on weekly basis. Harvesting of Pyrethrum Stage of harvesting Takes 3-4 months to mature. Harvest the flowers with disc florets which have assumed a horizontal position. Methods and Procedure Pyrethrum is picked manually. Flowers are picked by twisting the heads so that no stem is attached. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 61 Precaution Clean harvesting should be done. Avoid picking leaves. Flowers are placed in woven baskets. Overblown flowers are picked and thrown off. Pick the flowers when the dew is dry. Harvested flowers should be taken to the factory the same day. Avoid compaction of flowers in the basket. Harvesting interval, once in two weeks during the wet season and once in a month during the dry season.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.2963948}
{"text": "Harvested flowers should be taken to the factory the same day. Avoid compaction of flowers in the basket. Harvesting interval, once in two weeks during the wet season and once in a month during the dry season. Harvesting Sugarcane Stage of harvesting; Take 14-20 months for the plant crop to mature and 12-16 months for the ratoon crop. Sampling of cane is done before harvesting to ascertain the correct sugar content. Methods and Procedures Cut the cane at the ground level to avoid yield loss. The green tops are removed from the canes. Harvesting matchet is used for cutting the cane. Precaution Cane should be harvested immediately at maturity to avoid lowering quality. The green tops should be removed immediately after cutting to avoid reduction of sugar content by enzyme invertase. Burnt cane should be harvested immediately after burning to prevent rapid inversion to monosaccharides. The cane should be processed within 48 hours. Harvesting of Coffee Stage of harvesting; Takes 2-4 years depending on the pruning system. Harvest only ripe berries. Methods and Procedures; Hand picking is done so that ripe berries can be selected. During picking hooked sticks can be used to bend the tall trees. Precautions Only the uniformly ripe berries should be picked. Over-ripe and under-ripe berries should be dried and sold as buni. Ripe cherries should be processed on the same day they are picked. Harvesting Tea For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 Stage of harvesting It takes 2-4 years for tea to mature depending on the method of bringing young tea into bearing. Method and Procedures Tea harvesting is known as plucking. Fine plucking - 2 leaves and a bud are removed. Coarse plucking - 3 leaves and a bud are removed. A straight fitto straight stick is used to guide the plucker on the plucking table. Tipping is done by cutting off shoots that appear above the fitto. Precautions Plucked tea is placed in woven well ventilated baskets to prevent fermenting before it reaches the factory. The plucked tea should be kept in a cool place awaiting transport. It should be processed within the same day of harvesting.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.3223474}
{"text": "Precautions Plucked tea is placed in woven well ventilated baskets to prevent fermenting before it reaches the factory. The plucked tea should be kept in a cool place awaiting transport. It should be processed within the same day of harvesting. Harvesting is done on a weekly basis under wet conditions and once after every two weeks under dry conditions. Forage Crops Introduction These are plants which either grow naturally or are cultivated by man to be used for feeding livestock. The term forage crops include pasture and fodder crops. Fodder crops are purposely grown for feeding livestock. They are cut or uprooted when ready Pasture is a ground cover of grass or a mixture of grass and legumes grazed directly or cut and fed to livestock. Classification of Pastures According to type of stand. Either pure Mixed stands. According to ecological zones . Low altitude, Medium altitude, High altitude pastures According to the establishment . Natural Artificial pastures. Examples of grasses Napier, Rhodes, Setaria, Molasses, Congo signal, kikuyu, star, Guatemala, Sudan For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 63 Guinea. Examples of legumes; Lucern, Clover, Desmodium, Glycine, Stylo, Centrio, Pasture Establishment Seedbed Preparation This involves clearing the land, primary and secondary cultivation to a fine tilth because the seeds are small. This is done during the dry season. Selection of planting materials Select seeds of high germination percentage, Free from impurities or buy certified seeds. If vegetative materials are used, select from high yielding, vigorous-growing and healthy plants. Treatment of legume seeds Legume seeds are inoculated with the correct strain of bacteria which fix nitrogen for the crop. Planting This is done at the beginning of the rains Methods of sowing are; Direct sowing, Under sowing, Over-sowing Oversowing This is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. Undersowing The establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop. Seeds rate depend; On purity of seeds, Pasture species Whether pure or mixed stand.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.3518798}
{"text": "Planting This is done at the beginning of the rains Methods of sowing are; Direct sowing, Under sowing, Over-sowing Oversowing This is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. Undersowing The establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop. Seeds rate depend; On purity of seeds, Pasture species Whether pure or mixed stand. Apply phosphatic fertilizer when planting and later top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer. Pasture management Re-seeding or gapping; Re-seeding is done if the grass is completely denudated. But if partially, gapping can be done Control of weeds by slashing, uprooting and mowing Fertilization of pastures-done by use of manures and nitrogenous fertilizer. Topping;This is the removal of stemmy fibrous material left behind after grazing. It allows new growth after the rains Control of pests-done by trapping of moles, use of pesticides and biological means. Pasture Utilization Pastures should be utilized at maturity when nutritive value is high. It is utilized through the following methods: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 64 Direct grazing - this can be done through rotational grazing or herding. Zero grazing - this is where the pasture is cut and fed to the animals in the stalls. Common fodder Crops Edible Cana Altitude: 1500 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Young tubers or bulbs are used. Spacing: 1m x 1m. Management: Does well with application of farmyard manure and requires fertile land. Utilization: Tops and tubers are sliced and fed to livestock. Conservation: Bulbs or tubers are sliced and stored. Napier Grass Altitude: 0 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Stem cuttings or splits. Spacing: 1 m x 50cm. Management: Apply phosphatic fertilizers during planting time. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizers in split application. Clean weeding when young. Cut when 6-8 weeks or 1m-1.5m in height. Utilization: Cut stem is fed to livestock. Conservation: Ensiled when in plenty.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.3400474}
{"text": "To have sustained supply of feed for livestock throughout the year. Methods Hay Making This is the dehydration of green pastures to a moisture content of 16-20 per cent: Steps in hay making: Cut the crop when the sun is shining. Dry the materials for 1-2 days. Windrow the dry material to allow for further drying. Bale the dry materials for storage. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 66 Store under shed or shelter. Factors Determining Quality of Hay Stage of growth at which forage is harvested. Leaf content of the forage material. Method of handling and curing the hay. Form in which material is fed to livestock. Species of forage used. Amount of foreign materials in forage. Silage Making This is a feed produced by conserving forage in succulent form through the process of fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. Steps in silage making: Cut the crop and transport it to the silo, Material with a high moisture content is wilted in the sun for 4-48 hours before ensiling . Material is chopped to reasonable size pieces before filling in the silo. Spread the chopped material evenly. Check temperature if below 31 C, needs further filling; if above 31 C compaction is necessary. Filling should be complete by the end of the third or fourth day. The silo is covered with 15cm of straw, sawdust then 15cm of soil to make it air and water tight. A trench is dug round the silo to keep off surface water. Factors Affecting the Quality of Silage Maturity stage of the crop when cut. Type of crop. Moisture content of the material Additives such as molasses. Degree of compaction. Size of pieces ensiled. Amount of foreign materials included in the silage. Amount of leaf of the ensiled material. Standing Forage This is forage left in the field to be used during the dry season. Livestock Health III: Diseases Introduction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 67 Livestock diseases are classified according to causative agents as follows: Protozoan diseases -caused by protozoans.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.4006376}
{"text": "Control Disinfection of chick house. Prevention of contamination of food and water with droppings. Use of prophylatic drugs for example, Coccidiostats. Trypanosomiasis Nagana Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. Cause: Protozoan of the trypanosome species, Vector-tsetse flies. Symptoms Fever. Dullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Loss of body condition emaciation. Swollen lymph nodes. Lachrimation which leads to blindness. Diarrhoea Rough coat and sometimes without hair and may be cracked. Swelling in parts of the belly. Drop in milk production in lactating cows. '. Loss of hair at tail end. Anaemia. Abortion may occur in pregnant females. Control Treating animals with trypanocidal drugs. Effective vector Tsetse flies control Confinement of wild animals in game parks. Bacterial Diseases Fowl typhoid For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 69 Foot rot. Contagious abortion. Scours. Blackquarter. Mastitis. Anthrax. Pneumonia. Fowl Typhoid Animals attacked: All domestic birds which include chicken, turkey and ducks. Causes: Bacteria Salmonella gallinarum Symptoms Depression appearing very sick. Respiratory distress. Dullness. Drooping wings. Sleepy eyes. Anaemia resulting in pale and shrunken combs and wattles. Greenish yellow diarrhoea. Control Killing all affected birds and proper disposal of the carcasses. Maintaining hygiene in the poultry house. Ensuring that the house is dry and well ventilated. Obtaining chicks from reliable sources. Treatment using sulphur drugs which are mixed in drinking water or mash. For example: application of Furazolidone Furazol at the rate of 0.04 in mash for 10 continuous days treats the disease effectively. Foot Rot It is also referred to as foul-in-the foot. Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. However, it is most serious in sheep.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.4253097}
{"text": "Foot Rot It is also referred to as foul-in-the foot. Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. However, it is most serious in sheep. Cause: Bacteria Fusiformis necrophorus and Fusiformis nodosus . Symptoms Animal's foot becomes swollen. Lameness is observed. Pus and rotten smell come out of the hoof. Sheep are found kneeling while grazing when the front feet are affected. Animals spend most of their time lying down when the hind feet are affected. Emaciation due to lack of feeding. Control Hygiene in the living places. Regular foot examination and hoof trimming. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 70 Use of a foot bath of copper sulphate solution at 5-10 solution or formalin at 2-5 solution. Treating wounds on the feet with antiseptics. Affected animals should be given antibiotic injections. Isolation of sick animals from healthy ones. Avoid dampness and muddy conditions. Contagious Abortion Brucellosis Bang's Disease Animals attacked: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. O It also affects man. Cause: Bacteria o Brucella abortus in cattle, o Brucella suis in pigs o Brucella malitensis in goats and sheep. Symptoms Spontaneous abortion or premature birth. Retained placenta if abortion occurs during the later stages of pregnancy. Infertility in cows while bulls have low libido and inflamed testis also known as orchitis. A yellowish brown, slimy, odourless discharge from the vulva may occur after the abortion. Control Use of artificial insemination. Slaughtering affected animals followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. The attendant to the animals should avoid contact with the aborted foetus. A blood test should be carried out for all breeding animals to detect the infected ones. Hygiene in the animals' houses. Scours white Scours Animals atacked: calves, piglets, lambs and kids. Cause: A bacterium which attacks young animals in the first week of life. Symptoms White or yellowish diarrhoea. Pungent smelling faeces. Fever. Anorexia loss of appetite. Listlessness. Sunken eyes.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.3890548}
{"text": "Anorexia loss of appetite. Listlessness. Sunken eyes. Undigested milk and mucus with blood spots observed in the faeces. Faecal matter sticks to the hind quarters. Sudden death if no treatment is given. Control Maintaining hygiene in the young animal housing units. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 71 Avoiding dampness on the floor of the house. Fingers of the attendant training calves to drink milk from a bucket must be disinfected. Calving should be carried out in a clean area. Have separate attendants for the infected calves to prevent disease spread. Replacing milk with warm water mixture. Treating affected animals with antibiotics. Black Quarter It is also known as black leg. Animals attacked: All ruminants aged between 8 - 18 months. Cause: Bacteria Clostridium chauvei and Chauvei septicum Symptoms Lameness. Fever. Fast and heavy breathing. Cracking on the swollen parts if touched. Swelling of the affected parts usually the hindquarters, shoulders and chest or back. Dullness. Anorexia. Grunting and grinding of teeth. Animal stops chewing cud. Control Treating with recommended antibiotics. Vaccinating using black quarter vaccine known as blanthax. Burying the carcass deep or burning it completely. Mastitis Is an inflammation of the udder. Animals attacked: Goats, cows, pigs and human beings. Cause: Bacteria Streptococcus spp. Or Staphylococcus spp. Pre-disposing Factors: Incomplete milking. Injuries on the udder and teats. Weak sphincter muscles of the teats allowing free flow of milk. Symptoms Milk is watery, blood stained or clotted. Swollen udder Control Proper milking techniques. Treatment by use of antibiotics. Culling of animals which are often attacked. Anthrax For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 72 Attacks all domestic animals. Cause: Bacteria Bacillus anthracis Symptoms Sudden death. High fever. Grinding of the teeth.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.4509678}
{"text": "Cause: Bacteria Bacillus anthracis Symptoms Sudden death. High fever. Grinding of the teeth. Pneumonia It is an inflammation of the lungs. Animals attacked: Calves, kids, lambs, piglets and poultry. Cause: Bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides dust worms in the lungs. Symptoms Dullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Staring coat. Emaciation. Breathing rapidly. Abnormal lung sounds when breathing. Coughing if the chest is pressed. Fluctuating body temperature. Nasal discharge. Control Keeping young animals in warm pens. Proper sanitation. Isolation of the affected animals. Treating using antibiotics. Viral Diseases Rinderpest. Foot and mouth disease FMD . New Castle Fowl pox Gumboro African swine fever Rinderpest Animal attacked: Cattle and wild game. Cause: virus. Symptoms For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 Harsh staring coat. Rise in temperature. Eye discharge Lachrimation Diarrhoea and dysentery. Ulcers in the mouth. Foot and Mouth Disease Animals attacked: Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Cause: Virus . Symptoms Sharp rise in temperature. Blisters in the mouth, hooves, udder and teats. Loss of appetite. Control Vaccination. Quarantine nursing wounds with disinfectant. New Castle Animals attacked: Poultry. Cause: Virus. Symptoms Difficulties in breathing. Beaks remain wide open and necks are strained. Birds become dull. The birds stand with eyes closed all the time. Anorexia loss of appetite. Nasal discharges which force the birds to shake their heads to clear it. Birds walk with a staggering motion. Paralysis of wings and legs may occur. Birds have their beaks and wings down. Birds produce watery greenish diarrhoea. Birds lay soft shelled eggs. Control Killing all birds and burning them followed by cleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stock.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.4729857}
{"text": "Birds produce watery greenish diarrhoea. Birds lay soft shelled eggs. Control Killing all birds and burning them followed by cleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stock. Vaccination should be done during the first 6 weeks and then 2-3 months later. Quarantine. FowlPox Animals affected: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as avian fox. Symptoms For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 74 Two types of fowl pox with different symptoms. Cutaneous type Diptheritic type The cutaneous type affects the skin and has the following signs: Injuries on the combs and wattles, legs, vent and under the wings. Loss appetite. The diptheritic type affects internal membranes and has the following symptoms: Injuries in the inside of the throat and mouth membranes resulting in difficult breathing and swallowing. Eyes and nose produces a watery liquid. Loss of appetite. Dullness. Emaciation. Control Killing all affected birds followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. Vaccinating remaining healthy birds. Gumboro It is also referred to as poultry AIDS. Animals attacked: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as Birma virus. Symptoms The glands above the vent bursa become swollen. Drop in egg production. Birds develop respiratory distress. Loss of appetite. Low water intake by birds. Loss of immunity making the birds more susceptible to opportunistic diseases. Control Vaccination. Administering vitamins and especially B12. African Swine Fever Animals attacked: All domesticated pigs. Cause: A virus known as Irido virus. Symptoms Fever. Loss of appetite. Depression dullness. Emaciation. Coughing. Nasal discharge. Diarrhoea in serious conditions. Control For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 75 Vaccination. Quarantine. Killing all affected animals and proper disposal of their carcasses. Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases Disorders Milk Fever It is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.486612}
{"text": "Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases Disorders Milk Fever It is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth. Causes: Due to low calcium levels in the blood. Which leads to an increase in the magnesium and sugar level in the blood. Mostly occurs in high producing cows in the first few months of lactation. This is because these animals loose more calcium through milk secretion than they are getting from the diet. Symptoms Dullness. Muscular twitching causing the animal to tremble. Staggering as the animals move. Animal falls down ands becomes unconscious. The animal lies down on its side and the whole body stiffens. Body functions such as urination, defecation and milk secretion stops. Stomach contents are drawn into the mouth which later cause lung fever when breathing in. Loss of appetite. Treatment Intravenous injection of soluble calcium salt in form of calcium boro-gluconate ,60gms dissolved in 500cc of water. Keeping the animal in a comfortable position on its sternum. Giving fresh water. Note: The animals suffering from milk fever should not be given medicine orally for the following reasons: It will not be able to swallow medicine. The medicine may get into the lungs thereby promoting lung fever. Control Partial milking for the first 10 days. High yielding cows should be given rations containing phosphorus and calcium. Giving high doses of Vitamin D.Bloat Animals attacked: Cattle and sheep. Cause: Accumulation of gases as a result of fermentation in the rumen. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 76 Symptoms The left side is blown up. Sudden death. Control Relieve by use of trocar and cannula. Chasing the animal around if noticed early. Drenching by use of stop bloat. Feeding ruminants with dry roughages during the wet season before grazing on lush pastures. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-3-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.510628}
{"text": "Fish Farming Aquaculture : This is the practice of rearing fish and other aquatic organisms , in ponds. Bee Keeping Apiculture : This involves the rearing of bees in structures known as beehives. Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural Economics It deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural Engineering This branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures. Farming Systems A farming system is the organization of the various enterprises in a farm. It is determined by the following factors: Resources available land, labour, capital and management . Skills of the farmer. Environmental factors such as climate, soil type and topography. Government policy. Farmer's choice and preference. Enterprise requirement. Social-cultural factors. The following are systems of farming: Extensive System: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke It is a system where a large piece of land with low investment of resources per unit area is carried out. Advantages It is cheap. Does not require high level of management. Requires less labour. Disadvantages Low profit per unit area. Cannot be practiced where land is limited. Low output per unit area. The land is under-utilized, Intensive Farming: This system utilizes the factors of production to the maximum and involves high level of management. Advantages Maximum utilization of the resources. Can be practiced even where land is a limiting factor. Results in high yields. Disadvantages Labour intensive. High capital investment is required. Requires high level of management. Can lead to high loses in case of poor management. Large Scale Farming Refers to the farming practice under large areas of land over 20 hectares. It is used mainly for commercial purposes. The system is highly mechanized. Advantages Results in high yields. Due to economics of scale high profit is realized. Disadvantages Lack of diversification may lead to total failure in case of unfavorable conditions. High level of management is required. Heavy capital investment. Requires skilled and qualified manpower. Small Scale Farming Refers to farming carried out on a small area of land less than 5 hectares. Family or casual labour can be engaged during the peak periods.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.5280945}
{"text": "Requires skilled and qualified manpower. Small Scale Farming Refers to farming carried out on a small area of land less than 5 hectares. Family or casual labour can be engaged during the peak periods. Most of the Kenyan farmers are small scale due to unavailability of farmland. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Advantages Requires low capital investment. Possible where land is a limiting factor. Does not require high management level unless under intensive system. Disadvantages Uneconomical 10 mechanize due to small size. Low production. Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize. Methods of Farming A method of farming is an established way of carrying out farming activities. The following are the common methods of farming: Mixed Farming It is the practice of growing crops and keeping of livestock on the same land. Its common in high potential areas. Advantages Mutual benefit between crops and livestock. Crops supply feed for animals while animals supply manure for crops. Acts as an insurance against total loss by the farmer. The farmer is assured of an income throughout the year. There is maximum utilization of the resources. Animals can be used in the farm activities particularly draught animals. Ensures proper utilization of labour and land throughout the year. Disadvantages High initial capital. Lack of specialization. Land can be a limiting factor if both enterprises are to be raised. Requires high level of management for both enterprises. Nomadic-Pastoralism This is the practice of livestock rearing whereby animals are moved from one place to another in search of water and pastures. It is practiced in the arid and semi-arid areas where in most cases beef animals are kept. Nomadic pastoralism is gradually changing to ranching with the introduction of: Improved pasture species, improved livestock breeds and supplementary feeding. Efficient disease and parasite control measures. Improved infra-structure such as roads, water supply, cattle dipping facilities. Extension services. Advantages Serves as the backbone of beef industry in Kenya. Proper way of utilizing the arid and semi arid areas. Source of income to the pastoral communities.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.5598154}
{"text": "Advantages Serves as the backbone of beef industry in Kenya. Proper way of utilizing the arid and semi arid areas. Source of income to the pastoral communities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Disadvantages It encourages the spread of livestock pests and diseases due to communal watering points, grazing and dipping facilities. There is a tendency to increased soil erosion and land degradation. Source of conflicts and ethnic tension among the nomadic communities for the control of good pastures and water. Difficult to control breeding and breeding diseases. High rate of inbreeding leading to poor quality livestock. Low production of milk, meat, hides and skins due to wastage of energy in traveling from one place to another in search of pastures and water. High death rates as a result of walking for long distances. Shifting Cultivation It is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. Advantages Land is allowed to rest and regain its fertility. No build up of pests and diseases. Soil structure is restored. The cost of production is low since inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are not used. Crop produce are chemical free. Disadvantages Not practical where land is a limiting factor. Farm planning and acquisition of credits for land development is 'not possible. It is a cumbersome method due to constant movement. Lack of soil conservation measures Not possible to grow perennial crops. Low output per unit area due to poor farming methods. Where fire is used to clear the land organic matter is destroyed. Organic Farming It is a fanning method where crops are grown and livestock reared without the use of agrochemicals. It is a method of farming which has been adopted to reduce the long term effect of the agro-chemicals on crops which may eventually end up in man and livestock. Agro-chemicals are also expensive thus organic farming reduces the cost of production. Organically produced goods fetch high market prices. Advantages Cheap and cost effective. Make use of the locally available materials Useful in improving the soil structures. No side effects from the crops and livestock products. No environmental pollution.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.58301}
{"text": "Make use of the locally available materials Useful in improving the soil structures. No side effects from the crops and livestock products. No environmental pollution. Agro-Forestry For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke This is the practice of integrating trees and crops on the same piece of land. With land resources becoming more scarce, agroforestry is becoming more important. Examples of common agroforestry trees and shrubs include: Cajanus cajan Grevillea robusta Sesbania sesban Calliandra calothyrsus Casuarina equisetifolia Leucaena leucocephala Trees selected for agroforestry should have the following characteristics: Able to grow fast. Deep roots to minimize competition for nutrients. Should be preferably leguminous. Advantages Trees reduce soil erosion in a given area. Leguminous trees add nitrates into the soil thus improving the soil fertility. Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land. Importance of Agriculture to the Economy of Kenya Provides food to the population to meet nutritional requirements and to enable man to engage in other activities of farming. Provides employment. This for example can be direct as a labourer in the farm, tea plucker or indirect for example, working in agricultural based industries. Source of raw materials for industries for example cotton lint for textile industry. Provides foreign exchange - through exporting agricultural produce. Provides market for industrial goods agriculture is a consumer of the finished goods from agro-based industries. Source of income - farmers as well as the government get revenue from the sale of agricultural produce and tax payment. Factors Influencing Agriculture Introduction Agricultural production is influenced by external factors: Human factors Biotic factors Climatic factors Edaphic factors. Human Factors For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke These are human characteristics which affect the way decisions are made and operations carried out. Level of education and technology: Skills Technological ad van cements . Human health HIV-AIDS: These affect the strength, the vigour, vision and the determination to work.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.5767646}
{"text": "Human Factors For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke These are human characteristics which affect the way decisions are made and operations carried out. Level of education and technology: Skills Technological ad van cements . Human health HIV-AIDS: These affect the strength, the vigour, vision and the determination to work. HIV AIDS is the biggest threat to human health today and has long lasting effects on agriculture, such as; Shortage of farm labour. Loss of family support. Low living standards leading to despondency and hopelessness. Increased criminal activities. More time spent by the Government and NGO's in Carring for the sick. Economy; Stability in the countries' economy affect agricultural production. Government Policy: These are governmental laws which have been enacted to protect farmers, land and livestock. They include: Food policy Policies on control of livestock parasites and diseases. Policies on marketing of both local and export products and others. Transport and communication: For agricultural goods to move from the farm to the consumers. Cultural practices and religious beliefs: These activities hinder important changes in a society that may bring agricultural development. Market forces: Demand and supply forces which affect prices of commodities in a free market. Biotic Factors These are living organisms which affect agricultural production. Pests - Destructive organisms which destroy crops. Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases. Predators - Animals that kill and feed on other animals. Pollinators - They transfer pollen grains from the stamens to the pistil of a flower. Nitrogen fixing bacteria -They are micro-organisms which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates ready for use by the plants. Climatic Factors weather elements . Rainfall, Temperature, Wind, Relative humidity Light. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Weather - Atmospheric conditions of a place at a given time period. Climate - weather conditions of a place observed and recorded for a period of 30-40 years.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.609026}
{"text": "Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of the parent rock near the surface of the earth to a stable substance. Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of Weathering Physical weathering Chemical weathering Biological weathering Agents of Weathering Physical Agents of Weathering Include wind, water, moving ice and temperature. Wind - carry materials which hit against each other to break into fragments. Water - intensity of rainfall causes breakdown of rock. Moving ice - has grinding effects which tear off rock particles. Extreme temperature cause rocks to expand and contract suddenly peeling off their surface. Chemical Weathering Affects the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Involves processes such as ; Hydrolysis, Hydration, Carbonation Oxidation. Hydration; The process by which soluble minerals in the rocks absorb water and expand weakening the rock thus leading to disintegration. Hydrolysis; The process whereby water dissolves soluble minerals in the rock weakening it. Oxidation; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The reaction of rock minerals with oxygen to form oxides which break easily. Carbonation; The process whereby carbonic acids formed when rain water dissolves carbon dioxide, It reacts with calcium carbonates in limestone causing it to disintegrate. Biological Weathering This involves the action of living organisms, plants and animals on the rocks. Burrowing animals, for example, termites and moles bring soil particles to the surface exposing them to other agents of weathering. Big animals like, elephants, buffaloes, camels and cattle exert a lot of pressure on the rocks as they step on them due to their heavy weights causing the rocks to disintegrate. Earthworms take part in the decomposition of plant matter with the soil particles. Man's activities like, mining and quarrying expose rocks to the surface during excavation. These activities breakdown large rocks into smaller rock particles. Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them. Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further. Plant remains-decompose adding humus into the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.68474}
{"text": "Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them. Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further. Plant remains-decompose adding humus into the soil. Factors influencing soil formation Climate- rainfall, temperature and wind Biotic factors - living organisms. Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke It is the vertical arrangement of different layers of soil from the ground surface to the bedrock. These layers are also referred to as horizons. The layers show differences in their contents and physical properties such as colour, texture and structure. The layers include: organic matter region, top soil, sub-soil, weathered rocks and parent material. Organic Matter Region First layer of the soil found on the surface. Made up of leaves and other plant remains at various stages of decomposition. Some soil organisms may also be found here. Top Soil Has a dark colour due to the presence of humus. Is rich in plant nutrients and well aerated. It is a zone of maximum leaching zone of eluviations Sub-Soil It is compact and less aerated. It is a zone of accumulation of leached material zone of aluviation from the top layers. Deep rooted crops have their roots growing up to this region. Hard pans normally form in this layer For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Weathered Rocks It is also called substratum. Rocks at various stages of disintegration are found in this zone. Most of the materials found in this zone originate from the parent rock. Parent Rock It exists as a solid mass which is un-weathered. It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil. The water table is on the surface of this rock. Soils Formed in Situ and Soils Deposited Soil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.6726801}
{"text": "It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil. The water table is on the surface of this rock. Soils Formed in Situ and Soils Deposited Soil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ. However, soil can be formed due to deposition of soil particles carried from its original site of formation to another area which is usually in the lower areas of slopes. Such soils are said to have been formed through deposition. Soil Formed in Situ Soil Deposited l.Has the colour of the parent rock 1. Has the characteristics of when: it came from. 2. Shallower 2. Deeper 3. Less rich in plant nutrients 3. Richer in plant nutrients 4. Easily eroded 4. Not easily eroded 5. Less silty 5. More silty 6. Have the same chemical composition 6. Differ in chemical composition from the as that of the underlying parent rock. Underlying parent rock. Soil Depth This is the distance between top soil layer and the bottom soil layer in a profile. It dictates root penetration and growth Deep soils are more suitable for crop growth since they contain more nutrients. Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil Constituents Organic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remains Living Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots. Micro-organisms bacteria, protozoa and fungi Invertebrates -termites, Earthworms and molluscs. Higher animals - rodents and others. Inorganic or Mineral Matter Formed from the parent materials. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Supply plant nutrients Form the skeleton and framework of the soil. Air Found in the pore spaces of the soil. Used for root and organism respiration Used for germination of seeds. Helps in decomposition of organic matter. Regulates soil temperature. Regulates the movement of water through capillary action. Water Dissolves mineral salts Maintain turgidity in plants. Used for germination of seeds Used by soil organisms. Regulate soil temperature Dictates the amount of air in the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.6435812}
{"text": "Soil Textural Classes Sandy Soils Made up largely of sand particles. Have large pore spaces hence poor in water retention. Easy to till light soils . Freely draining. Low fertility due to leaching of minerals. Easily erodible. Clayey Soils Made up largely of clayey particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils . Poorly 'drained. Expand when wet, crack when dry. High capillary. Rich in plant nutrients. Loam Soils About equal amounts of sand and clay. Moderately good in both moisture and air retention. Fertile soils. Soil Colour This depends on the, mineral composition of the parent rock and the organic matter content. Soils containing a lot of iron are brownish, yellowing and reddish in colour. Soils with a lot of silica are white. Soils with a lot of humus are dark or grey. Soil pH This refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. Soil pH is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions H or the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil solution. A pH of less than 7 means that the soil is acidic. A pH of more than 7 means that the soil is alkaline. As the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil increase the soil becomes more alkaline. Influence of Soil pH Crop Growth It determines the type of crop to be grown in a particular area. Most crops are affected by either very acidic or very basic soil pH. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Soil pH affects the choice of fertilizers and the availability of nutrients to crops. At low pH the concentration of available iron and aluminium in the soil solution may increase to toxic levels, which is harmful to plants. Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and Equipment Introduction Farm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient. They can be classified according to their uses as follows: Garden Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Panga Cutting and shallow cultivation, making holes. Jembe hand hoe Cultivation, digging, shallow planting holes and trenches.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.6627226}
{"text": "They make work easier and more efficient. They can be classified according to their uses as follows: Garden Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Panga Cutting and shallow cultivation, making holes. Jembe hand hoe Cultivation, digging, shallow planting holes and trenches. Fork iembe Cultivation, digging out roots, harvesting of root crops. Rake Collecting trash, breaking large clods, levelling, removing stones from a seedbed and spreading organic manure. Spade Scooping and carrying of soil, sand, concrete mixture and manure. Spring balance Measuring weight. Trowel Scooping seedlings during transplanting and .digging planting holes for seedlings. Pruning hook Bending tall branches when pruning. Secateur Cutting young stems and pruning branches. 10. Tape measure Measuring distances. 11. Axe Cutting big trees and roots and splitting logs of wood. 12. Soil auger Making holes for fencing posts. 13. Mattock Digging hard soils 14. Sprinklers Overhead irrigation. 15. Watering can Watering plants in nursery bed. 16. Wheel barrow Transportation of soil, fertilizers, farm produce, tools and equipment. 17. Levelling board For levelling a nursery bed. 18. Pruning saw Cutting old wood stems and pruning big branches. 19. Hose pipe For conveying water from a tap to where it is need. 20. Knap sack sprayer Applying agro-chemical by spraying. 21. Garden shear Trimming hedges. 22. Pruning knife Removal of small shoots. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Livestock Production Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Drenching gun Administering liquid drugs to animals orally. Bolus gun dosing gun Administering solid drugs or tablets to animals orally. Wool Shears Cutting off wool from sheep. Hypodermic syringe Administering drugs by injection for example in vaccination. Stirrup bucket pump Application of acaricide by hand spraying. Thermometer Taking body temperatures of farm animals. Burdizzo Used in bloodless method of castration. Halter Rope designed to restrain the animal. Trimming knife Cutting short the overgrown hooves. Elastrator Stretching rubber ring during castration, dehorning and docking of lambs. Iron dehorner Applies heat on the horn bud to prevent growth of horns.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.7309933}
{"text": "Trimming knife Cutting short the overgrown hooves. Elastrator Stretching rubber ring during castration, dehorning and docking of lambs. Iron dehorner Applies heat on the horn bud to prevent growth of horns. Nose ring Fixed into the nose of a bull to restrain it. Strip cup Detecting mastitis in milk products. Trocar and cannula Relieving a bloated animal of gases particularly ruminants. Hard broom For scrubbing the floor. Ear notcher Making ear notches in livestock. Bucket For holding milk during milking. Milk chum For holding milk after milking. Milk strainer sieve Removing foreign particles from milk for example hairs and sediments. Rope Tying or tethering animals. Milking stool Used by the milker to sit on while milking. Weighing balance Weighing milk after milking. Teeth clipper Removal of canine teeth of piglets soon after birth. Chaff cutter Cutting fodder into small bits. Dehorning wire Cutting grown horns. 23. Meter ruler Measuring distances. 24. Garden fork Shallow digging. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Workshop Tools and Equipment Tools Uses Spanner Tightening and loosening nuts and bolts. Pliers Cutting small wires and thin metal and gripping firmly. Files Sharpening tools, smoothening or shaping edges of metals, Rasps Smoothening and shaping of wooden structures. Chisels wood Making grooves in wood. Cold chisel Cutting and shaping metal. Screw drivers Driving screws in or out of wood or metal. Saws Cross cut saw Cutting across the grain of wood. Rip saw Cutting along the grain of wood. Hack saw Bow saw Cutting metals. Tenonlback saw Cutting branches of trees. Coping saw Cutting Joints on wood and fine sawing. Compass keyhole saw Cutting curves on thin wood. Cutting either along or across the grain of wood especially when cutting key holes. Tin snip Cutting metal sheets. Braces and bits. Boring holes in wood. ,. Drill and bits Boring holes in metal work and woodwork. Hammer Claw hammer Driving in, removing and straightening nails. Ball pein Driving in nails, rivets and straightening metal. Also used on cold chisel Mallet Hammering or hitting wood chisel. Jack plane Fine finishing of wood.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.745002}
{"text": "Soften the soil for easy planting. Operations in primary cultivation Hand digging ; Use of hand tools ; Jembes, Mattocks, Fork-jembes. Mechanical cultivation ; Use of mouldboard ploughs; Disc ploughs, Chisel ploughs, Subsoilers Rippers. Use of Ox-Ploughs ; Which can be drawn by; Oxen, Donkeys, Camels Depth of Cultivation Depends on: The type of crop to be planted size of seed. The implements available. The type of soil. Choice of Implement Determined by: The condition of land. The type of tilth required type of crop. Depth of cultivation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Secondary Tillage These are refinement practices on the seedbed that follow primary cultivation. It is also known as harrowing. Reasons for secondary Tillage: To remove the germinating weeds. To break soil clods to produce required tilth. To level the seedbed for uniform planting. To incorporate organic matter manure into the soil. Factors determining number of secondary cultivation: Soil moisture content. Size of the planting materials. Condition of the soil after primary cultivation. Slope of the land. Tertiary Operations: Ridging ; The process of digging soil on a continuous line and heaping on one side to produce a furrow and a bund ridge . It is important for root crops, to allow root expansion and for soil and water conservation. Rolling: It is the compaction of the soil to produce a firm surface which increases seed-soil contact and prevents wind erosion. Levelling; Production of an even, uniform surface which promotes uniform planting. Subsoiling: This is deep cultivation into the subsoil layer to break up any hardpan which might have developed. It is done for the following reasons:- To facilitate drainage. Bring up leached nutrients to the surface. Increase aeration of the soil. To improve root penetration. The implements used include chisel plough and subsoilers. Minimum Tillage: This is the application of a combination of farming practices with the aim of reducing the disturbance of the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.7779715}
{"text": "To improve root penetration. The implements used include chisel plough and subsoilers. Minimum Tillage: This is the application of a combination of farming practices with the aim of reducing the disturbance of the soil. Examples of which include: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Use of herbicides. Mulching and cover-cropping. Timely operations to prevent weed infestation. Strip cultivation. Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum Tillage To reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion. To preserve soil moisture. To prevent root exposure and damage. To reconstruct destroyed soil structure. Water Supply, Irrigation and Drainage Introduction Water is a very important natural resource. It is necessary for both crops and livestock. Uses of water in the farm; Cleaning equipment. Irrigation in dry areas. Processing farm produce, for example, coffee. Drinking by livestock and man. Mixing agro-chemicals such as acaricide, fungicides and herbicides. Providing power in water mills to grind grain crops. Cooling engines. Construction work. Sources of Water in the Farm Three major sources of water in the farm: Surface water: Includes water from; Rivers, Streams Dams. Ground water: Includes water from; Springs, Wells Boreholes. Rain water: This is water tapped in various ways such as; Rooftops Rock surface, when it is raining and stored in various ways. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Collection and Storage of Water Dams: These are structures constructed across rivers and channels. They collect and store water for use during the dry season. Weirs: These are structures constructed across rivers to raise the water level for easy pumping. Unlike in the dams water flows over the barrier created across the river. Water Tanks: These are structures made of concrete, stone, metal sheets and plastics. They store water from rain or that which has been pumped from other sources. Tanks should be covered to prevent contamination from dust. Pumps and Pumping of Water Pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.765073}
{"text": "They store water from rain or that which has been pumped from other sources. Tanks should be covered to prevent contamination from dust. Pumps and Pumping of Water Pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force. Water is pumped from the various sources and then conveyed to where it is required for use or storage. Types of Water Pumps Used to lift water from its source. Centrifugal pumps Piston or reciprocating pumps Semi-rotary pumps and Hydram Conveyance of Water This is the process of moving water from one point, usually the source or point of storage to where it will be used or stored. Piping; This is where water is moved through pipes. The common types of pipes include: Metal pipes Plastic pipes Hose pipes Use of Containers: In this case water is drawn and put in containers . Drums, jerry cans, pots, gourds, tanks and buckets . Which are carried by animals, bicycles, human beings and vehicles. Use of Canals: In this case water is conveyed from a high point to a lower one along a gradual slope to avoid soil erosion. Water conveyed through this way is mostly used for irrigation and livestock. Water Treatment Raw water contains impurities which may be dissolved, floating or suspended in water. These impurities are grouped into three categories, namely: Physical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by colour, taste and smell. Chemical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by use of chemical analysis. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Biological impurities: these are microorganisms in water such as bacteria, viruses and algae. Importance of Treating Water To kill disease causing microorganisms such as cholera and typhoid bacteria that thrive in dirty water. To remove chemical impurities such as excess fluoride which may be harmful to human beings. To remove smells and bad taste. To remove sediments of solid particles such as soil, sand and sticks. Methods of Treating Water Aeration: this is the removal of smell and odour from water by fine spraying or bubbling of air. Sedimentation: this is where water is put in large containers so that solid particles such as sand, metal and others can settle at the bottom.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.8262258}
{"text": "French drains. Cambered beds. Pumping out water from the soil. Planting tree species which absorb a lot of water for example eucalyptus. Water Pollution This is the process by which harmful substances get into the water. The harmful substance is referred to as a pollutant. Agricultural practices which pollute water include: Use of inorganic fertilizers. Use of pesticides. Poor cultivation practices such as over cultivation, cultivating along the river banks. Overgrazing which leads to erosion of soil thus causing siltation in water sources. Methods of Preventing Water Pollution Soil conservation measures which minimize soil losses through erosion. Fencing off the water sources. Adopting organic farming practices for example controlling pests and weed using nonchemical techniques. Planting grass along river banks to minimize siltation in rivers. Proper disposal of empty chemical containers. Soil Fertility I Organic Manures For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Introduction Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to provide crops with the required nutrients in their proper proportions. Characteristics of a Fertile Soil Good depth - Good soils give roots greater volume to obtain plant nutrients and provide strong anchorage. Good aeration - for the respiration of plant roots and use by soil organisms. Good water holding capacity - ensures provision of adequate water for plant growth. Proper drainage - ensures provision of adequate air for plant growth. Correct soil pH - different crops have different soil pH requirements. Adequate nutrients supply - it should supply the required nutrients in the correct amounts and in a form available to plants. Free from excessive infestation of soil borne pests and diseases. How soil loses fertility Leaching: vertical movement of dissolved minerals from the top to the lower horizons of the soil profile. Soil erosion - The removal and carrying away of the top fertile soil from one place to another. Monocropping - This is the practice of growing one type of crop on a piece' of a land over a long time. Continuous cropping - crops take away a lot of nutrients from the soil which are never returned. Growing crops continuously without giving the soil time to rest makes the soil infertile. Change in soil pH - changes in soil pH affect the activity of soil microorganisms as well as the availability of soil nutrients.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.8163648}
{"text": "Reasons why green manure is not commonly used limitations: Most of the plants used as green manure are food crops. Green manure crops may use most of the soil moisture. Most of the nutrients are used up by soil micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Planting of the major crop is delayed. Farm Yard Manure FYM Is a mixture of animal waste and crop residues used as beddings in animal houses. Factors that Determine the Quality of FYM The types of the animals used. Types of food eaten Types of litter used. Method of storage. Age of farmyard manure. Age of the animals used. Preparation of FYM Provide beddings in the houses of farm animals. Animals deposit their droppings and urine on the beddings. Animals mix them through trampling. The beddings together with dung are removed and heaped under shed to decompose. After sometime, the materials decompose and FYM is formed. It can then be used in the farm Compost Manure Is manure prepared from heaped composted organic materials. Factors to consider in selecting site for making compost manure: A well drained place. Direction of the prevailing wind. Size of the farm. Accessibility. Preparation of Compost Manure Two methods: Four heaps method Indore Method Pit Method Indore Method Pit Method Procedure ; Select a sheltered place with a shade and near the field. Dig a pit with the dimension 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m. Place the materials in the following order: Hedge cuttings or maize stalks to a depth of 30cm as a foundation A layer of grass, green weeds or leaves and kitchen wastes to 30cm. A well rotten manure poultry droppings. Wood ash and phosphatic fertilizers. A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method: Procedure Clear the site.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.8592846}
{"text": "A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method: Procedure Clear the site. Level the site Four posts 2m high are fixed 1.2m apart from four corners of the heap. Fix wood planks on the sides. Materials are placed in two heaps as in the pit method, The two heaps make up heap 1. After 3-4 weeks, the decomposed material from heap 1 is transferred to heap II. After another 3 - 4 weeks the material is transferred to heap III. After 3-4 weeks it is ready for use in the farm. Indicators of well decomposed manure Absence of bad odour. Materials are lighter. Manure is brown in colour. Advantages of Compost Manure One does not have to own livestock in order to prepare it. A lot of manure can be produced within a short time. A variety of materials can be used in its preparation. Uses locally available materials thus cheaper than the artificial fertilizers. Improves the soil structure. Limitations of Compost Manure It releases nutrients slowly into the soil. Large quantities of compost manure are required to supply enough plant nutrients. Its preparation is labour intensive. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke It may induce soil-borne pests and diseases. Livestock Production: Common Breeds Introduction The term livestock is used to refer to all domesticated animals. These animals include cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, rabbits, camels, bees, fish and donkeys. The importance of keeping livestock: Source of food. Source of income. Cultural values. Source of animal power. Provision of raw materials for industries. Farmyard manure from the animals is used in maintaining soil fertility. Cattle dung is used in the production of biogas. Cattle Breeds Cattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are; Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.8821902}
{"text": "Cattle Breeds Cattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are; Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle. Indigenous Cattle Zebus They are small in size and with a distinct hump and include: Nandi, Bukedi Maasai cattle. The Borana These are the cattle kept in the Northern parts of Kenya. They are larger than the Zebus. Indigenous cattle are hardy hence able to tolerate the harsh environmental conditions in the tropics. They are the major suppliers of beef in Kenya. Exotic Cattle Foreign cattle from the temperate regions. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke They have distinct breed characteristics and are classified into various breeds. General characteristics: They have no humps. They have low tolerance to high temperatures hence popular in cool climates of the Kenya highlands .. They are highly susceptible to tropical diseases. They have fast growth rates leading to early maturity. They are good producers of both meat and milk. They cannot walk for long distances. They have short calving intervals of one calf per year if well managed. Exotic cattle breeds fall under the following groups: Dairy cattle breeds. Beef cattle breeds. Dual purpose breeds. Dairy Cattle Breeds They include; Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey Jersey. Characteristics of Dairy Cattle Wedge or triangular in shape. Large stomach. Docile with mild temperament. Large, well suspended udders and teats. Lean bodies. Lean and smooth neck. Large and long mammary milk wells and veins. Cylindrical; uniform and well spaced teats. Wide and well set hindquarters to accommodate the udder. Friesian-Holstein largest of all dairy breeds Origin: Holland Colour: Black and white Size: Cow weighs 550-680kgs Bull weighs 950 kg. Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 Ayrshire Origin: Scotland Colour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation: Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.880902}
{"text": "Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 Ayrshire Origin: Scotland Colour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation: Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Milk production is second to Friesian about 61OOkg per lactation with butter content of about 4 . Guernsey Origin: Guernsey Island off the coast of France. Colour: Yellowish brown to red with white legs, switch and girth .. Size: Bulls 540-770kg. Cow weighs 450- 500kgs Conformation: Udders are less symmetrical. Average milk production is about 5185kg per lactation with a butterfat content of 4.5 hence the yellow colour of milk. Jersey smallest of all the dairy breeds Origin: England Colour: Yellow brown with black muzzle and switch. Size: Bulls weigh 540-700kg. Cow weighs 350-450kgs Conformation: Dished forehead, have straight top-line and level rumps with sharp withers. Have protruding black eyes. Average milk production 1270kg per lactation of butterfat content 5 . They tolerate high temperatures. Beef Cattle Examples: Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorns, Galloway, American Brahman, charolais Santa Getrudis. Characteristics of Beef Cattle Blocky or square conformation. Have thick muscles or are well fleshed. Early maturing. Deep chest and girth and short legs. Straight top and lower lines. AberdeenAngus Origin: North East Scotland. Colour: Black Shape: Cylindrical, compact and deep; It is polled. Size: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Mature bulls weigh 900kg. Mature cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in Timau area of Kenya Hereford Origin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.900872}
{"text": "It is found in Timau area of Kenya Hereford Origin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg. Cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in areas such as Naivasha. Shorthorn Origin: England. Has easy fleshing ability Colour: Red, Roan or white Shape: Cylindrical, compact and deep. It is polled. Size: Bulls weigh 700-900kg, cows weigh 545-630kgs. Galloway Origin: Scotland. Colour: Black Kept in the highland areas like Molo in Kenya. Charolais Origin: France. Colour: Creamy white. Size: Bulls weigh 1200kg, cows weigh 1000kgs. It is found in ranches in Laikipia District. Dual Purpose Breeds Examples: Sahiwal, Red Poll and Simmental. Sahiwal Origin: India and Pakistan .. Colour: reddish brown. Size: Bulls weigh 650kg, and cows 400kg. Milk production averages 2700-3000 per lactation with a butter fat content of 3.7 . It has a pendulous udders which does not let down milk easily. It is therefore said to be a difficult milker. It is kept in semi-arid areas such as Naivasha. Red Poll Origin: England. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Colour: Deep red with a white nose. Conformation: Polled-deep girth and short legs. Kept in semi-arid areas such as Nakuru, Mogotio. Simmental Origin: Switzerland. Colour: Light red and white patches on the head. Conformation: It has broad and straight back, with well-sprung ribs and deep girth. It is well fleshed at rear quarters, well suspended udders and large teats. Sheep Breeds: Purpose of Keeping Sheep; Meat mutton . Wool production. Exotic Sheep Wool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.9354908}
{"text": "Exotic Sheep Wool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers. Merino Origin: Spain Characteristics: It has white face and its lips and nostrils are pink in colour. Rams have horns which are spiral in shape. It is susceptible to foot rot, worm and respiratory diseases. Corriedale Origin: New Zealand. Size: Rams 85 - 90kg. Ewes 60-- 85 kg This is a dual-purpose breed with white open face and white spots on the legs. It is hornless and hardy. Romney Marsh Origin: England. Size: Rams 100 - 115kg. Ewes 84- 100 kg It is a dual-purpose breed which s hornless with wide poll and black nostrils and lips. It is average in prolificacy. It is resistant to foot rot diseases and worm infestation. Hampshire Down Origin: England. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Size: Rams 125kg. Ewes 80-100 kg It is a mutton breed which is early maturing, hardy and prolific. Fleece is of poor quality because of the black fibres. Lambing percentage is 125-140. Dorper Is a crossbreed of Dorset horn and black head Persian sheep. It is mutton breed. Dorset Horn Dual purpose breed of sheep. Indigenous Breeds of Sheep Their bodies are covered with hair. Their classification is based on their tails and their names vary according to different tribes. Characteristics; Thin tailed sheep found in West Africa. Fat tailed such as Maasai sheep. Fat rumped sheep. Maasai Sheep Found in South Western Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Size: Ram 38kg, Ewe 20-30kg. Colour: Red and brown. These are early maturing with long legs and small pointed horns. Black Head Persian Sheep Origin: South Africa Colour: White with black head and neck. It is polled with a big dewlap, fat rump and a curved tail..", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.005495}
{"text": "Pigs wallow when it is hot due to absence of sweat glands. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke They breathe fast when it is hot. They have bristles instead of hair. Breeds Large White Origin: Britain Kept for bacon and pork production. Long, large and white in colour. Ears straight and erect. Has dished face and snout. Most prolific and with good mothering ability. Fairly hardy. Landrace Origin: Denmark White and longer than large white. Ears drooping. Good for bacon production. Very prolific with good mothering ability. Requires high level of management. Wessex Saddle Back Origin: England Colour: Black with white forelegs and shoulders. Straight snout and drooping ears. Good for bacon and pork. Good for keeping outdoors. Excellent mothering instincts. Other pig breeds include: Berkshire, Middle-white Duroc Jersey pig. Pigs can be crossed to obtain hybrids or crosses. Advantages of Crosses Increased litter size. Early maturing. Increase in body length. High proportion of lean meat to fat. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Poultry Breeds There are three types of chicken breeds: The light breeds kept for egg production. The heavy breeds kept for meat production. Dual purpose breeds - kept for both eggs and meat production. Characteristics of Light Breeds Never go broody hence poor sitters. Excellent layers over 220 eggs per year . Poor meat producers hens can attain 2kg; cocks 3kgs Very nervous and exhibit high degree of cannibalism. Hen's comb is large and bent over one eye and cock's comb is large with 5 - 6 serrations. Examples: Leghorns, Anconas, Silkies, Minorcas. Characteristics of Heavy Breeds Can lay few eggs and provide good meat as broilers. Can go broody. Heavier and bigger in size. Grow fast. Examples: Light Sussex, Cornish Dark White. Characteristics of Dual-Purpose Breeds Go broody. Have good meat.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.978098}
{"text": "Can live in cold regions hence its thick and long coat acts as insulation. Capable of shedding the coat during spring. Terms used to describe livestock in different age, sex and use. Livestock Adult Replacement Stock Young Users Species Male Female Male Female One Cattle Bull Cow Bullock Heifer Calf Dairy - milk Beef-meat Sheep Ram Ewe Ram Hogget Lamb Mutton - meat Wool sheep -wool Goat Buck or Doe or Buck Doe Kid Dairy - milk Billy Nanny Mutton - meat For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Pigs Boar Sow Boar Gilt Piglet Pork - meat Bacon -cured Poultry Cock Hen Cockerel Pullet Chick Broilers - meat Layers - eggs Rabbits Buck Doe Buck Doe Kindling Meat Camel Bull Cow Bull Heifer Calf Pack, trained for riding, racing milk, meat, fur Agricultural Economics I Basic Concepts and Farm Records Introduction Economics is the study of how man and society chooses to allocate scarce productive resources to produce various commodities, over time, and distribute them among various consumers in society. It attempts to explain how man can best use the limited resources to produce goods and services which satisfies his needs with minimum wastage or loss of these resources Example; food, clothing shelter Agricultural economics is therefore defined as a science that aims at maximizing output while minimizing costs by combining the limited supplies of goods and services for use by the society over a certain period of time. These are; land, capital, labour management Basic economic Principles Scarcity Economic scarcity means resources are limited in supply relative to demand. This principle implies that there is no time that man can have enough resources to satisfy all his need or desires Choice Preference Human wants are many and varied and means of satisfying them are limited. Therefore, man has to make a choice among the alternatives in order to use the resources available. Man does this by satisfying the most pressing needs first. This is called scale of preference. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is the revenue forgone from the best alternative. It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.9655263}
{"text": "It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making. Farm Records Farm records are documents kept in the farm They show farm activities carried out over a long period of time Or information kept in the farm in written form, about the farm and all activities in it. Uses of Farm Records Show the history of the farm Show whether the farm is making a profit or loss. Show all the assets and liabilities of the farm which can be used to value the farm. Help in supporting insurance claims on death, theft, fire or loss of farm assets. Help in tax assessment to avoid over taxation. Used as a guide in planning and budgeting. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. Make it easy to share profits or losses in partnerships. Help in settling disputes among heirs to estate if the farmer dies without a will. Provide labour information on terminal benefits for a worker. Type of Farm Records Production Records - Show the total yield and yield per unit of each enterprise. Inventory Records - A record of all permanent and consumable goods in the farm. Consumable Goods Inventory Date Commodity Quantity Date Issued to Quantity balallce Item Stock Field Operation Records - Show in details all field practices carried out together with the input used for all the crop enterprises. Breeding Records Show all the breeding activities in the farm. From these records it is possible to select the prolific animals and cull the infertile ones. Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Select and cull animals on health grounds.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406275.990679}
{"text": "Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Select and cull animals on health grounds. Encyclopedia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Agriculture: General agrarian reform agricultural subsidies agriculture agronomy animal husbandry aquaculture aquaponics baler binder black earth bog lime bone meal catch crop calcareous soil chernozem clearcutting colter combine commune compost collective farm cover crop creamery cultivation cultivator dairying dip disk plow drainage dry farming ensilage fallow land farming fertilizer forestry Good Agricultural Practices Green Revolution grain guano harrow harvester hay baler hoe humus hydroponics For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke incubator irrigation kibbutz kolkhoz lariat lasso land reform liming lister loam loess manure market gardening marl middlebuster moldboard mower mulch organic farming pasture peat picker plant breeding planter plough plow podzol prairie soil rake ranch reaper reclamation of land root crop rotation of crops Rothamsted sericulture share sharecropping separator, cream silage silo silviculture soil soiling soilless gardening straw strip cropping superphosphate For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke terrace thrashing threshing tractor truck farming water gardening winnowing Plants Animals Agriculture and Horticulture Animals Biographies Botany Microbes, Algae, and Fungi Plants Zoology and Veterinary Medicine The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.045981}
{"text": "Encyclopedia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Agriculture: General agrarian reform agricultural subsidies agriculture agronomy animal husbandry aquaculture aquaponics baler binder black earth bog lime bone meal catch crop calcareous soil chernozem clearcutting colter combine commune compost collective farm cover crop creamery cultivation cultivator dairying dip disk plow drainage dry farming ensilage fallow land farming fertilizer forestry Good Agricultural Practices Green Revolution grain guano harrow harvester hay baler hoe humus hydroponics For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke incubator irrigation kibbutz kolkhoz lariat lasso land reform liming lister loam loess manure market gardening marl middlebuster moldboard mower mulch organic farming pasture peat picker plant breeding planter plough plow podzol prairie soil rake ranch reaper reclamation of land root crop rotation of crops Rothamsted sericulture share sharecropping separator, cream silage silo silviculture soil soiling soilless gardening straw strip cropping superphosphate For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke terrace thrashing threshing tractor truck farming water gardening winnowing Plants Animals Agriculture and Horticulture Animals Biographies Botany Microbes, Algae, and Fungi Plants Zoology and Veterinary Medicine The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Agriculture-Form-1-Notes-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.036521}
{"text": "Table of ContentsUnit 1Verb MoodsPart A Indicative and Imperative6B Present Subjunctive10C Past Subjunctive14D Review TensesPart A Simple and Progressive Tenses 20B Perfect Tenses24C ReviewSubject-Verb AgreementPart A Recognizing Subjects30B Quantifiers34C Review ModalsPart A Ability, Permission, Polite Requests, and Suggestions40B Obligation, Prohibition, and Lack of Necessity44C Probability: Past, Present, and Future48D ReviewAdjectives and AdverbsPart A Collective Adjectives54B Adjective Clauses Restrictive and Non-restrictive 58C Adverbs and Adverb Order62D ReviewNouns and ArticlesPart A Uncountable Nouns and Quantity68B Indefinite Articles72C The Definite Article76D Generic Nouns80E Review 84Unit 7PronounsPart A Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns86B Interrogative Pronouns and Relative Pronouns as the Object of a Preposition90C Indefinite Relative Pronouns94D Review PrepositionsPart A Advanced Prepositions100B Verbs and Prepositions104C Phrasal Verbs108D ReviewDirect and Indirect SpeechPart A Verb Tense and Form114B Question Forms and Time Shifts118C Modals in Indirect Speech122D Review126Unit 10 Passive VoicePart A Passive Tenses128B Stative Passives132C Direct and Indirect Objects in the Passive Voice136D Passive Voice Clauses140E The Passive of Modal Auxiliaries144F ReviewIndex151Transcripts Answer KeyIndicative and ImperativePart AUnit 1 Verb MoodsVerb MoodsGrammar ExplanationPreviewVerb Moods: Indicative and ImperativeThe indicative mood is the most common verb mood in English. It is used to express facts and opinions,or to ask questions about them. The indicative mood is used in all verb tenses. The imperative mood is used to make requests or give orders and warnings. It is used only in the simple present and future tenses. I am going to visit Paris next week. You looked happy yesterday. My dog is barking at passing cars. Does she have my book?Do they study English on Tuesdays?The subject in the imperative mood is alwaysyou. In simple present tense, the you-subject isnot usually stated. In the simple future tense, the you-subject isusually stated.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.0651436}
{"text": "The indicative mood is used in all verb tenses. The imperative mood is used to make requests or give orders and warnings. It is used only in the simple present and future tenses. I am going to visit Paris next week. You looked happy yesterday. My dog is barking at passing cars. Does she have my book?Do they study English on Tuesdays?The subject in the imperative mood is alwaysyou. In simple present tense, the you-subject isnot usually stated. In the simple future tense, the you-subject isusually stated. It is used to place strongeremphasis on a command. Pass me the salt, please. Don t walk near my vegetable garden. Look out for those bees!Finish your homework tonight. Command You will finish your homework tonight! Strong command Indicative Conjugation Simple Present :amwalkiswalksarewalkIHe She ItYou We TheyClass NoticeThere will be no computer class tomorrow aswe are upgrading the computer server. Thenew server is bigger and faster than the previousone. The classroom door will be locked all day,so do not attempt to enter. Use the time foryour private study and remember to collectyour new log-in password. Send me your emailaddress so I can give you some homework. Thework must be finished by Friday. Don t smoke. People use cars to drive around. Part A 71. Smoking is dangerous for your health. 2. Talking in the library is forbidden. 3. Walking alone downtown at night can be dangerous. 4. Eating a lot of fatty snacks can damage your heart. 5. It is not nice to lie to your parents and teachers. 6. Littering the streets makes the city dirty. Exercise 2Write negative imperative sentences based on the information given.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 3Look at the pictures. Write indicative sentences with the phrases in the box.1. Is Carlos from Spain? 2. Jack is cooking dinner. 3. Be careful of the hot stove. 4. Tell your sister to call me when she gets home. 5. When will you give me my allowance? 6. You will eat all your vegetables! Exercise 1Write indicative if the sentence is in the indicative mood or imperativeif the sentence is in the imperative mood.1.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.0865211}
{"text": "Tell your sister to call me when she gets home. 5. When will you give me my allowance? 6. You will eat all your vegetables! Exercise 1Write indicative if the sentence is in the indicative mood or imperativeif the sentence is in the imperative mood.1. Drive around2. Call their friends3. Tell the time4. Stay dryPractice 1Brazil will beat Argentina in the soccer game tomorrow. Practice 2Verb MoodsExercise 5Write indicative sentences in the correct tense. Exercise 6Unscramble the imperative sentences.1. Brazil - beat - Argentina - soccer game - tomorrow 2. Snow - New York - last - Friday 3. James - go - Japan - on vacation - next summer 4. Kyle - study - science - library - now 5. How long - you - be - wait - for me? Exercise 4Listen and take notes. Then answer the following questions.1. What is wrong with Simon? 2. What did Simon s doctor tell him to do? 3. What should Simon avoid? 4. What do his parents have to do next week? 1. Turn lights off Please the later. 2. Be if Call me late. You going to are 3. Use cell phones the test. Your Don t during 4. The trash, Throw please. Papers these in Track 2Simon: - caught Doctor: - rest ,- take ,- avoid because Simon s parents: - bring Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Underline the imperative sentences. Hiking through the Rocky Mountains can be a rewarding experience. Theclean air and breathtaking scenery attract tourists from all around the world. However, this area is also home to the grizzly bear. Because of the dangersassociated with grizzly encounters, hikers should heed the following safetyprecautions. Check with park rangers for information on bear activity beforechoosing a trail. Travel in large groups and make a lot of noise. Grizzliestend to avoid people and noise. Carry bearspray and keep it easily accessible.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.1266823}
{"text": "Travel in large groups and make a lot of noise. Grizzliestend to avoid people and noise. Carry bearspray and keep it easily accessible. When thispepper spray gets into a bear s eyes, the bearwill usually retreat. Always remain alert. Thesooner you know a bear is near, the easier itwill be to avoid trouble!1. Where do grizzly bears live? 2. What would you tell a friend to do before going hiking in the Rocky Mountains? 3. What do grizzlies tend to avoid? 4. Why should hikers keep bear spray easily accessible? Exercise 8Answer questions about the passage. Principal: I am recommending that Mrs.Robinson stay home until after herbaby is born. Jenny:When is her baby due?Principal: Around September 15th. I requestedthat she return to school in January. Mark:Who is going to teach us until then? Principal: Ms. Shaw. I insist you be as respectfulto her as you are to Mrs. Robinson!Part BVerb MoodsGrammar ExplanationPreviewThe subjunctive mood is used to express uncertain actions or states. The present subjunctive is formed with the base form of a verb. It follows verbs, nouns, or adjectivesthat express suggestion, demand, or request. Words of suggestion used: determine,determination, propose, recommend,recommendation, suggest, suggestion,advise, advisable, critical, desirable,important, vital, urgeWords of demand used: demand, imperative, insist, necessary, order,require, requiredWords of request used: ask, beg, prefer,request, wishThe doctor suggested I sleep more. My recommendation is that he sleep more. The doctor s recommendation is that they sleep more. It is advisable that she sleep more. My parents demand that I be quiet at night. Your parents require that you be quiet at night. It is imperative that she not be noisy at night. I ask that you have more patience with the other students. The teacher requested that Nick have his project finished a day earlier. The term present refers to the form of the subjunctive verb base form rather than the time in which the action happens.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.1370568}
{"text": "The police officer insisted my father shows show have shown him his driver slicense. Part B 11Practice 1Exercise 1Circle Sub if the verb in bold is in the subjunctive mood, circle Ind if itis in the indicative mood, or circle Imp if it is in the imperative mood. Exercise 2Choose the best word s to complete each sentence.1. The doctor insisted that Stan remains in bed. 2. The commander ordered that the thief is arrested. 3. The police request all citizens avoids the highway during the snowstorm. 4. Karen like to play basketball. 5. The bank manager demanded that he pays the debt on time. 1. My sister insisted that she get the large room in our new house. SubIndImp2. Ms. O Malley suggested that her students choose a research topic as soon as possible. SubIndImp3. Turn down your radio! SubIndImp4. The young couple is requesting a table by the window. SubIndImp5. The ranger recommended we be careful around bears. SubIndImp6. It is critical that she send in her application before the deadline. SubIndImpExercise 3Underline the mistakes. Then write the corrections. Practice 2Verb MoodsExercise 4Listen and number the pictures from 1--4.Exercise 5Match the sentence parts.1. Tom suggested we go fishing she apply to Harvard.2. Her math teacher advised that travel plan before he goes away.3. Mom insisted that Bob make a if the weather is nice tomorrow.4. Our French teacher demanded that we meet twice a week.5. My tutor prefers that we be quiet during the test. Exercise 6Unscramble the sentences.1. Advised I they scenic route. The take 2. Citizens taxes. The insists that all pay government 3. A new start He suggested that she hobby. 4. Students the be recommend I that quiet. 5. Demanded The father a traditional have wedding. Daughter his Track 3 Part B 13Grammar in UseSteve: Hey Jo, what s up?", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.156783}
{"text": "Students the be recommend I that quiet. 5. Demanded The father a traditional have wedding. Daughter his Track 3 Part B 13Grammar in UseSteve: Hey Jo, what s up? Are youplanning our surfing holiday?Jo:No, my parents are insistingthat I 1. Home. Steve: Why? Is it because it s toodangerous?Jo:Yeah, they asked that we 2. A safer activity. Steve: How about we 3. Sightseeing in Beijing instead?Jo:That s an idea. I ll bet that they 4. Me do that. I ll call you if they agree. Steve: Even if they 5. ,. Call me anyway. I want to catcha movie with you tonight. Exercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false.1. Jo s parents think that surfing is dangerous. TF2. Jo s parents asked that they not go to Hong Kong. TF3. Steve suggests that they see a movie tonight. TF4. Steve recommends that Jo and her family go to Beijing. TFgo let stay don t chooseExercise 7Fill in the blanks with words from the box. Verb MoodsPart C Past SubjunctivePreviewDear friends,I m having a great time here in Canada. So far, Ihave been skiing, ice skating, and fishing. It looksas if it s going to be sunny tomorrow, so we mighteven go camping! There s so much to do. If I wereback home, I would never have done all these funthings. I wish you were all here with me. If onlyyou weren t so busy, you could join me. Well,hope to see you soon. Your friend,ClaireGrammar ExplanationThe subjunctive mood is also used to express uncertain actions or states. The past subjunctive is formed with the simple past form of a verb that describes a state, condition,or habit. With the verb be, the form were not was is always used. It refers to hypothetical or imaginarysituations. The past subjunctive is used after the verbwish to express an unfulfilled desire. It is also used after the verbs suppose andimagine or with if only phrases to expressunreal conditions.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.1688735}
{"text": "Your friend,ClaireGrammar ExplanationThe subjunctive mood is also used to express uncertain actions or states. The past subjunctive is formed with the simple past form of a verb that describes a state, condition,or habit. With the verb be, the form were not was is always used. It refers to hypothetical or imaginarysituations. The past subjunctive is used after the verbwish to express an unfulfilled desire. It is also used after the verbs suppose andimagine or with if only phrases to expressunreal conditions. Such sentences are usuallyfollowed by would or could. The past subjunctive is also used when a comparison to an imaginary condition ismade. In this case, as though or as if usually precedes it. I wish Sally were here to help us. He wishes he could run faster. Suppose you met the president. What would you say?Imagine you were rich. What would you do first?If people drove smaller cars, we could all breathe cleaner air. She acts as though she were very rich, but she s not. He drives as if he were in a Formula 1 race. The term past refers to the form of the subjunctive verb past simple rather than the time in whichthe action happens. The following sentences all use the past subjunctive mood:If I were more organized, I would have arrived yesterday. If I were you, I would call her right now. If I weren t sick, I would go skiing with you tomorrow. KnewPart C 151. I wish I know my sister s secret. 2. Suppose I were very ugly. Will you still like me then? 3. The boy speaks as if he is a man. 4. She wishes she can speak English fluently. 5. If he was born in Berlin, he would speak German. 1. If I be rich, I will buy a new car.2. If only I be taller, I can reach the top shelf.3. The teacher demanded that Elaine stop talking in class.4. If they be so lazy, all the work will be finishedby now.5. If he study more, he will get higher grades. Exercise 2Underline the mistakes. Then write the corrections.1.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.225493}
{"text": "You were here. We re having an exciting time in HongKong. The food is great, and the buildings are so tall. But the weather is so hot!2. That the weather back home were hot and humid every night. That s what it s like here! Yesterday, we were in a taxi. The driver was driving3. We were in a race. Suddenly, we crashed into another taxi. The two drivers were yelling at each other, and it looked as though they4. Going to fight. Eventually,we got back to our hotel OK. The trip hasbeen perfect so far, except I wish ourroom 5. Air conditioning. Your friend,AndyExercise 8Write your own answers to the questions.imagine had as if wish were1. What would you do if you visited Hong Kong? 2. Suppose you were in a taxi and the driver were driving too fast. What would you do? 3. If your taxi were hit by another taxi, what would you do? Verb MoodsReviewPart DA: Clean up your room, please. A: If you were cleaner, I wouldn t have to ask. A: I recommend you start saving now. B: If I were older, you wouldn t askme to do that. B: I wish I had my own house!Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1. It is important that you be given will given your medication by a qualified nurse.2. I suggest that he finishes finish his homework by twelve.3. He recommended that I took care take care to study longer than twenty minutesfor the next test.4. My mother insists that my father exercise exercises regularly.5. Jerry requested that Kim helps help him with his essay.1. Julie s father demands that she home early. Come 2. He insisted that she a lawyer. See 3. I suggested that he for the job. Apply 4. If I were happier, I smile more often. Will 5. If we had more time, we go to the zoo. Can 6. If it snowing, we could go skiing.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.2171528}
{"text": "If we had more time, we go to the zoo. Can 6.If it snowing, we could go skiing. Be Exercise 2Choose the correct verbs to complete the sentences.1.2.3.Clean up your room Go upstairs Stop talking on the phone older a famous musician a boy cleaner my own house quieter nicer parents more responsible my start savingapologize to usown phone hang upExercise 3Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given. Be careful of the big dog. If wishes were fishes, we d all havesome fried. ProverbExercise 4Rewrite the sentences in the past subjunctive tense. Use the words given.1.If it is sunny tomorrow, I will go hiking. Now 2.She sings as well as a pop star. As if 3.I am short, so I can t dunk a basketball. Taller 4.Three players on our team are injured, so we will probably lose the game. Healthy ...win Review 191.Be - careful - big - dog. 2.Where - be - Sheila - from? 3.It - be - important - she - check - her doctor - before - starting - diet. 4.If - he - have - longer - hair, - he - will - look - like - girl. Exercise 5Use the words to write complete sentences. Add prepositions and articles if necessary. Change the form of the verbs if necessary.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-5-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.2006903}
{"text": "THE PEARL By John Steinbeck1The Pearl: An Overview The Pearl is a novella by American author John Steinbeck, first published in 1947. It is the story of a pearl diver, Kino, and explores man's nature as well as greed, defiance of societal norms, and evil. Steinbeck's inspiration was a Mexican folk tale from La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, which he had heard in a visit to the formerly pearl-rich region in 1940. In 1947, it was adapted into a Mexican film named La perla and in 1987 into a cult Kannada movie Ondu Muttina Kathe. The story is one of Steinbeck's most popular books and has been widely used in high school classes. Summary The Pearl, which takes place in La Paz, Mexico, begins with a description of the seemingly idyllic family life of Kino, his wife Juana and their infant son, Coyotito. Kino watches as Coyotito sleeps, but sees a scorpion crawl down the rope that holds the hanging box where Coyotito lies. Kino attempts to catch the scorpion, but Coyotito bumps the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Although Kino kills the scorpion, it still stings Coyotito. Juana and Kino, accompanied by their neighbors, go to see the local doctor, who refuses to treat Coyotito because Kino cannot pay. Kino and Juana leave the doctors and take Coyotito down near the sea, where Juana uses a seaweed poultice on Coyotito's shoulder, which is now swollen. Kino dives for oysters from his canoe, attempting to find pearls. He finds a very large oyster which, when Kino opens it, yields an immense pearl, which Kino therefore dubs \"The Pearl of the World\". Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the other pearl divers to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.252366}
{"text": "The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered. Juan Tomas, the brother of Kino, asks him what he will do with his money, and he envisions getting married to Juana in a church and dressing Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit. He claims that he will send Coyotito to school and buy a rifle for himself. The local priest visits and tells Kino to remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Coyotito seems to be healing, the doctor insists that Coyotito still faces danger and treats him. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he sells his pearl, and the doctor attempts to discern where the pearl is located Kino has buried it in the corner of his hut . That night, a thief attempts to break into Kino's hut, but Kino drives him away. Juana tells Kino that the pearl will destroy them, but Kino insists that the pearl is their one chance and that tomorrow they will sell it. 2 Kino's neighbors wonder what they would do if they had found the pearl, and suggest giving it as a present to the Pope, buying Masses for the souls of his family, and distributing it among the poor of La Paz. Kino goes to sell his pearl, accompanied by his neighbors, but the pearl dealer only offers a thousand pesos when Kino believes that he deserves fifty thousand. Although other dealers inspect the pearl and give similar prices, Kino refuses their offer and decides to go to the capital to sell it there. That night, Kino is attacked by more thieves, and Juana once again reminds Kino that the pearl is evil. However, Kino vows that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.2929037}
{"text": "Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit. Juana finds the pearl, and they decide that they must go away even if the murder was in self-defense. Kino finds that his canoe has been damaged and their house was torn up and the outside set afire. Kino and Juana stay with Juan Tomas and his wife, Apolonia, where they hide for the next day before setting out for the capital that night. Kino and Juana travel that night, and rest during the day. When Kino believes that he is being followed, the two hide and Kino sees several bighorn sheep trackers who pass by him. Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, where Juana and Coyotito hide in the cave while Kino, taking his clothes off so that no one will see his white clothing. The trackers think that they hear something when they hear Coyotito crying, but decide that it is merely a coyote pup. After a tracker shoots in the direction of the cries, Kino attacks the three trackers, killing all three of them. Kino can hear nothing but the cry of death, for he soon realizes that Coyotito is dead from that first shot. Juana and Kino return to La Paz. Kino carries a rifle stolen from the one of the trackers he killed, while Juana carries the dead Coyotito. The two approach the gulf, and Kino, who now sees the image of Coyotito with his head blown off in the pearl, throws it into the ocean. Setting Steinbeck began writing the story as a movie script in 1944, and first published it as a short story called \"The Pearl of the World\" in Woman's Home Companion in December 1945. The original publication is also sometimes listed as \"The Pearl of La Paz\". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was3frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.3572516}
{"text": "The original publication is also sometimes listed as \"The Pearl of La Paz\". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was3frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed. The film was also released by RKO in 1947 as a copromotion with the book. The Pearl was loosely adapted in 2001 for a film directed by Alfredo Zacharias and starring Lukas Haas and Richard Harris which was released directly to video in 2005. The Pearl Character List Kino A prototypical Mexican-Indian who works as a pearl diver, he begins the story as a devoted father and husband to Coyotito and Juana, respectively. Kino is the central character of the story, an everyman' who finds himself becoming increasingly violent, paranoid and defiant as he faces opposition from others after he finds the pearl, and resorts to assaulting Juana and murdering those who threaten him. Juana The mother of Coyotito and the wife of Kino, Juana is, as her name suggests, the representation of woman for Steinbeck in the story. She dutifully supports her husband, despite his worsening treatment of her, but warns him against the dangers that the pearl can bring to the family. Juana remains steadfast throughout the story and devoted to maintaining her family. She even refuses to obey Kino when he suggests that they take separate paths to avoid the trackers. Coyotito The infant son of Kino and Juana, after he is stung by a scorpion, the doctor refuses to treat him because his parents have no money. Although Juana seemingly cures him with a seaweed poultice, he receives treatment from the doctor only after Kino finds the pearl. When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The Doctor A fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.2830184}
{"text": "When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The Doctor A fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite. Seemingly interested in stealing4the pearl, the doctor is not of the same race as Kino and Juana, and longs for his days in Paris. Juan Tomas The brother of Kino and the husband of Apolonia, he warns Kino against the disastrous consequences that he faces from finding the pearl. Juan Tomas hides Kino and Juana in his house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. Apolonia The fat wife of Juan Tomas, Apolonia allows Kino and Juana to hide in her house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. 5Book Summary and Analysis by Chapters Chapter 1 Kino awakes and watches the hanging box where his infant son, Coyotito, sleeps. He then watches his wife, Juana, who has also awakened and rests peacefully. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, a traditional song of his ancestors, as the dawn comes and Juana begins to prepare breakfast. Kino's ancestors had been great makers of songs, and everything they saw or thought had become a song. Juana sings softly to Coyotito part of the family song. Kino looks at them and thinks that \"this is safety, this is warmth, this is the Whole.\". Kino sees a movement near the hanging box where Coyotito sleeps. A scorpion moves slowly down the rope supporting the box. Kino thinks of the Song of Evil, the music of the enemy, as the Song of the Family cries plaintively. Kino stands still, ready to grasp the scorpion, but Coyotito shakes the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.3541217}
{"text": "Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison. Having heard the baby's screams, Kino's brother, Juan Tomas, and his fat wife Apolonia enter with their children. Juana orders them to find a doctor. The doctor never comes to their cluster of brush houses, so Juana decides to go to the doctor herself. The event becomes a neighborhood affair, for Juan Tomas and Apolonia accompany them and even the beggars in front of the church follow Juana as she marches toward the doctor. Kino feels weak as he approaches the doctor's home, for the doctor is not of his race and thus believes that Kino's people are simple animals. Kino tells the doctor's servant that his child was poisoned by a scorpion. The doctor is a fat man who longs for civilized living. Although the doctor is at home, he refuses to treat Coyotito unless he knows that he has money. The servant asks if Kino has money, and when he can only offer small seed pearls, the servant tells Kino that the doctor has gone out. Kino strikes the gate with his fist, splitting his knuckles. Chapter 1 Analysis The Pearl takes place among an impoverished Mexican-Indian community in La Paz. Although the story involves essentially only this couple, Steinbeck uses Kino and Juana as symbolic of the community in which they live. Steinbeck constructs Kino as an everyman with concerns typical of persons of all social stations. As shown by his encounter with the scorpion, Kino is a devoted father6who dotes on his infant son and adores his wife. Quite importantly, as the story begins Kino is perfectly content with his situation, despite his lack of material possessions and difficult existence. As Kino watches his family, he believes that this is the \"whole,\" the entirety of everything he really needs. This is significant, for this early contentment contrasts with the later panic that Kino and Juana will feel once they receive hope for a better future. Juana, whose name even translates into woman,' symbolizes a feminine ideal that complements Kino's masculine prototype.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.3744032}
{"text": "As Kino watches his family, he believes that this is the \"whole,\" the entirety of everything he really needs. This is significant, for this early contentment contrasts with the later panic that Kino and Juana will feel once they receive hope for a better future. Juana, whose name even translates into woman,' symbolizes a feminine ideal that complements Kino's masculine prototype. Nevertheless, despite the serene description with which Steinbeck begins The Pearl, he also establishes that this existence is a precarious one; Coyotito's encounter with the scorpion illustrates this possibility of danger that the family faces at all times and brings into focus the magnitude of their poverty, showing that their poverty places a tangible price on their existence that Kino may not be able to pay. The scorpion is a symbol of the furtive dangers that threaten Kino and his family, able to strike furtively at any moment. It is therefore analogous to the other enemies that will threaten Kino and Juana: the scorpion secretly enters the house and strikes at them indirectly, instead of presenting a direct and open challenge to them. The critical situation that Kino's family faces is significant to show the great importance of the fortune that Kino will receive, for it provides not only the possibility of material goods but may buy the life of his child. Kino's encounter with the doctor sharply illustrates this, as the doctor essentially allows Coyotito to die because Kino cannot pay for treatment. Although Kino and Juana are representative of the larger community in which they live, this community itself becomes significant in terms of the development of the story. This village takes on a character of its own; this is shown in particular when Juana and Kino visit the doctor and their neighbors follow in a near procession. These nameless villagers serve as a form of chorus on the action of the story, commenting on the developments and judging the decisions and events that occur to Kino. The idea of community is also significant in terms of the various songs that Kino remembers. These songs are entirely symbolic, meant to place Kino in the larger, less personal context as a member of a community with a sense of heritage and to reinforce his status as an everyman. The two songs that Kino remembers during this chapter, the Song of the Family and the Song of Evil, also place the story in a context with diametric opposites; the story is largely a parable with defined parameters of good and evil.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.3937669}
{"text": "The idea of community is also significant in terms of the various songs that Kino remembers. These songs are entirely symbolic, meant to place Kino in the larger, less personal context as a member of a community with a sense of heritage and to reinforce his status as an everyman. The two songs that Kino remembers during this chapter, the Song of the Family and the Song of Evil, also place the story in a context with diametric opposites; the story is largely a parable with defined parameters of good and evil. Steinbeck uses the doctor who refuses to treat Coyotito as a symbol of the forces of oppression that Kino and Juana face. The doctor represents the societal system that places a monetary value on human life, as well as the obstacles that Kino7and Juana face. The racial divide between the doctor and Kino plays a considerable role in his refusal to treat Coyotito; although this aspect of the story is not omnipresent, this presents an additional element of adversity that Kino and Juana must endure. In this chapter, Steinbeck foreshadows eventual changes in Kino's character when he smashes his fist on the doctor's gate. This event shows that Kino reverts to violence and anger when confronted with adversity, yet when he does so he hurts only himself. Chapter 2 Kino and Juana walk slowly down the beach to Kino's canoe, the one thing of value that he owns. The canoe is old, bought by Kino's grandfather, and is the source of food for Kino. It is their most important possession, for \"a man with a boat can guarantee a woman that she will eat something.\". Coyotito still suffers from the scorpion bite: the swelling on his shoulder continues up his neck and his face is puffed and feverish. Juana makes a poultice from brown seaweed. This poultice is \"as good a remedy as any and probably better than the doctor could have done.\". Kino and Juana get into the canoe so that Kino can find pearl oysters that may pay for the treatment for Coyotito. Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.4539988}
{"text": "Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him. When Kino comes up for air, Juana can sense his excitement. Kino opens the various oysters he had caught, leaving the largest one for last. He worries that the large pearl he saw was merely a reflection, for \"in this Gulf of uncertain light there were more illusions than realities.\". Finally, Kino opens the oyster to see a rich, perfectly curved pearl. Juana lifts the poultice of seaweed from Coyotito to see that the swelling has begun to recede. Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the men in other canoes to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. Chapter 2 Analysis Steinbeck continues to detail the extreme poverty in which Kino and Juana live; not only can they not afford their own canoe so that Kino may perform his job as a pearl diver, they must use a canoe that is several generations old. This is important, for it gives greater weight to the discovery of the pearl, which could raise them from a meager existence into some sense of security. 8 The canoe is a symbol of Kino's heritage, a relic passed down from his grandfather, but it also represents Kino's role as a provider for his family. Steinbeck generalizes the statement that a man with a canoe can ensure that his wife will never go hungry to illustrate Kino's status as an everyman and to emphasize the distinct roles and duties of a husband and father. The life that Kino and Juana lead is also an antiquated one; when the doctor refuses to treat Coyotito, Juana relies on primitive methods to cure her son. Steinbeck does not offer a sharp critique of these methods. Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.437671}
{"text": "Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success. Pearl diving is a largely fruitless task that relies on the small chance for finding suitable oysters undersea and generally offers only the bare sustenance that maintains Juana and Kino. In effect, pearl diving is an act of desperation that further bolsters descriptions of Kino's poverty. It is the only hope that Kino and Juana have. Nevertheless, Kino immediately realizes that he has found an impressive pearl when he finds the oyster during his dive, leaving this large oyster as the final one to be opened. This creates a sense of tension and anticipation, as Kino realizes the significance of the pearl he has found. Steinbeck even bolsters the idea of fortuitous chance by juxtaposing the discovery of the pearl with Juana's realization that Coyotito has been cured, thus linking these two events, both of which provide great hope for Kino and Juana. However, even upon the discovery of the pearl Steinbeck foreshadows the later difficulties that might occur. Kino reverts to animalistic behavior once he finds the pearl, literally howling in joy. The pearl causes Kino to revert to instinctual behavior, a change that will have dangerous and disastrous consequences. Chapter 3 The news of the pearl travels fast through Kino's small village. Before Kino and Juana return home, the news had already spread that Kino had found \"The Pearl of the World,\" as it comes to be known. The local priest learns, as well as the doctor who refused to treat Coyotito. When the doctor learns, he tells the patient that he is treating that he must treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting. All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black9and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.4707565}
{"text": "All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black9and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered. Juan Tomas asks Kino what he will do now that he has become rich, and Kino answers that he and Juana will be married in the church. Kino envisions how he will be dressed, and sees Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit from the United States. Kino then imagines buying a rifle. Thinking of the rifle breaks down barriers for Kino, as he imagines the whole lot of things that he might have. He thinks that Coyotito will go to school and learn to read. He claims that \"my son will make numbers, and these things will make us free because he will know he will know and through him we will know.\". The priest visits Kino and Juana, and tells them that he hopes that they will remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Kino tells him that Coyotito is nearly well, the doctor claims that the scorpion sting has a curious effect that comes later and if he is not treated he may suffer blindness or a withered leg. Not sure whether or not the doctor is telling the truth, Kino nevertheless lets him see the baby. The doctor takes a bottle of white powder and a gelatin capsule, and gives Coyotito a pill. The doctor tells them that the medicine may save the baby from pain, but he will come back in an hour to check on him. After the doctor leaves, Kino wraps the pearl in a rag and digs a hole in the dirt floor where he conceals the pearl. When the doctor returns, he gives Coyotito water with ammonia and tells Kino that the baby will get well now. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he has sold his pearl. The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.4847767}
{"text": "The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it. After the doctor leaves again, Juana asks Kino whom he fears, and he answers everyone.'. That night, Kino thinks that he hears noises in his hut. He grabs his knife and strikes out in the dark. The person scurries out. Juana tells Kino that the pearl is evil and will destroy them. She tells him to throw it away or break it, for it will destroy them. Kino says that the pearl is their one chance, and that the next morning they will sell the pearl. Chapter 3 Analysis As the titular object of the novel, the pearl that Kino discovers can symbolize several different ideas or themes. In this chapter, Steinbeck equates the pearl10with hope for the future, for it is the means by which Kino and Juana will be able to provide for Coyotito and give him a better life. The pearl also represents a sense of freedom by enabling Kino to educate Coyotito and give him the ability to choose his own profession and way of life apart from the deterministic poverty of his parents. Although the story takes place in Mexico, Steinbeck equates this with the American dream of fortune and prosperity; Kino imagines Coyotito dressed in clothes from the United States. The discovery of the pearl causes a sharp change in the villagers' reactions to Kino and Juana, for the once unimportant couple become renowned and notorious in La Paz. The pearl gives Kino great importance within La Paz, as demonstrated by the visit from the local priest and the doctor who had just recently refused treatment to Coyotito. However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.524519}
{"text": "However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor. In the former case, the priest gives attention to Kino merely as a means to gain some of the money to the church, shamelessly asking Kino to monetarily compensate God for the good fortune he has received. In the latter, the doctor's newfound interest in Kino stems from a manipulative and dangerous greed. His visit to Kino reveals that he not only wishes to secure part of Kino's new fortune through the salary the doctor might receive for treatment but, as shown by the doctor's attempt to locate the pearl in Kino's hut, that he intends to steal the pearl. Steinbeck makes clear that the doctor does not visit Kino to cure his son; in fact, he indicates that the doctor's treatment of Coyotito might even be superfluous. The suspicious designs of both the doctor and the priest indicate that the danger that Kino faces is not from jealous neighbors who might use the pearl to escape their own poverty, but rather from those whose economic situation is secure and who merely desire greater luxury. Steinbeck thus uses the community reaction to the pearl as social commentary that critiques the ruling class for avarice and exploitation. The manipulative behavior of the doctor foreshadows greater calamities that Kino and Juana will suffer, which Steinbeck also shows through the anonymous thief who attempts to steal the pearl that night. However, Kino's and Juana's problems are not merely external forces, but are equally internal. Throughout the chapter, Kino and Juana evolve significantly. At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously11impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.5618913}
{"text": "At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously11impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil. Kino uses the animosity and danger as reason for suspicion and paranoia, as shown when Kino strikes randomly with his knife when he fears an intruder. He lapses into the instinctual animalism demonstrated in the previous chapter, a quality that will play a significant role in the tragedy to come. Steinbeck also foreshadows the trouble that Kino will find with the pearl buyers. In his description of the pearl buyers, Steinbeck claims that, although there are many of them, they are essentially one. This aligns with the idea of segments of the community as a collective that permeates The Pearl; as Steinbeck describes the town, it is like \"a colonial animal\" with its own emotion, essentially a person in itself. The neighbors who comment on the action are not individuals, but rather symbols of their class. Even Juana and Kino exist less as fully-formed individuals and as archetypal representations of man and woman. The pearl buyers, anonymous except for their identity as part of a class, symbolize the ruling elite of La Paz who can exploit Kino. Chapter 4 In La Paz, the entire town knew that Kino was going to sell the pearl that day. Kino's neighbors speak of what they might do with the pearl. One man says that he would give it as a present to the Pope, while another said he would buy Masses for the souls of his family for a thousand years, while another thought he would distribute it among the poor of La Paz. Everyone worries that the pearl will destroy Kino and Juana. Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.552809}
{"text": "Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers. The pearl dealer inspects the pearl and tells him that his pearl is like fool's gold, for it is too large and valuable only as a curiosity. Kino cries out that it is the Pearl of the World, and no one has ever seen such a pearl. The dealer offers a thousand pesos, to which Kino says that it is worth fifty thousand and the dealer wants to cheat him. The dealer tells Kino to ask the others around him. Kino can feel the evil around him as other dealers inspect the pearl. One dealer refuses the pearl altogether, while a second dealer offers five hundred pesos. Kino tells them that he will go to the capital. The dealer offers fifteen hundred pesos, but Kino leaves with the pearl. 12 That night, the townspeople argue whether Kino should have accepted the money, which was still more than he would have ever seen. Kino buries the pearl again that night, and remains terrified at the world around him. Juan Tomas tell Kino that he has defied not only the pearl buyers, but the whole structure of life, and he fears for his brother. Juan Tomas warns him that he treads on new ground. Juan Tomas reminds Kino that his friends will protect him only if they are not in danger, and tells him \"Go with God\" before he departs. In the middle of the night, Kino feels a sense of evil from outside of his brush house, and he prepares to wield his knife. Kino steps outside to see if there are prowlers. Juana can hear noise from outside, so she picks up a stone and steps out of their hut. She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.5781777}
{"text": "She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Chapter 4 Analysis: Steinbeck begins the chapter with the reactions of the people of La Paz, who propose what they might do if they were to find a pearl of such great value. Their reactions reveal a sense of animosity toward Kino, for the great plans for charity that these people suggest contrast with the seemingly self-interested ideas that Kino proposed in the previous chapter. This is important to show the undercurrent of criticism for Kino. Steinbeck suggests the jealousy that people have for his good fortune. Additionally, the idealistic and charitable ideas that people propose reveal a simplistic attitude toward receiving such a great fortune; as Steinbeck has shown and will continue to show, Kino and Juana do not face easy decisions with regard to their newfound fortune, and in fact may be in serious danger. The pearl dealer, who symbolizes the ruling elite classes, proves to be another example of a manipulative professional man akin to the priest and the doctor. He shamelessly attempts to cheat Kino out of his money, offering a price that seems far too low for such a pearl; although there remains the possibility that the pearl may be an oddity with little practical value, the numerous attempts to steal the pearl, perhaps instigated by the pearl dealers, suggest otherwise. Kino's refusal is no small feat; as Juan Tomas declares, he has defied the structure of life around him. This places the parable in a larger political context, suggesting that a hierarchy around Kino works to exploit him and others of his station and resists any attempts to shift this social order. This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. 13However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.6089518}
{"text": "This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. 13However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations. For finding the pearl and attempting to sell it, Kino and Juana are physically threatened, suffer a silent condemnation from their neighbors, and are besieged by opportunists, while they were content in their poverty, a situation which Kino thought was \"the whole.\". Steinbeck continues to demonstrate that the pearl has more detrimental consequences for Kino and Juana than benefits. Only two days after having found the pearl, Kino has suffered two robbery attempts and has been assaulted once. These threats against Kino strengthen his resolve, however, causing him to obstinately fight for the pearl and revert to brutal behavior. The attacks against Kino are an affront to his masculinity, as shown by his constant avowal that he is a man and thus cannot be cheated. This helps to illustrate the definition of masculinity that Steinbeck deals with throughout The Pearl. While earlier the idea of masculinity meant providing for one's family, for Kino it now encompasses receiving just and respectful treatment. Juana serves as the lone voice of reason, continuing to warn Kino of the disastrous consequences of the pearl. As Kino becomes more and more consumed by his paranoia and impulses, it is Juana who remains maintains a realistic appraisal of the effects of the pearl. For Juana, the pearl represents a great evil and suffering, a sharp change from the sense of hope and freedom that it originally symbolized. The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5 Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.6512308}
{"text": "The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5 Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway. Kino begins to feel a great sense of rage as he hears her footsteps going toward the shore; Juana is going to throw the pearl back into the ocean. Kino chases Juana, then strikes her in the face with his clenched fist and kicks her in the side. He then turns away from her and walks up the beach. Juana knows that when Kino said that he is a man, he meant that he was \"half-insane and half-god\" and knows as a woman that \"the mountain14would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it.\". While walking on the beach, men accost Kino in search of the pearl, which is knocked from his hand and lands on the pathway. Juana soon sees Kino limping toward her with a stranger whose throat has been slit. She finds the pearl for Kino, and tells him that they must go away before daylight. Kino says that he struck to save his life, but Juana says that this does not matter. He orders her to get Coyotito and all of the corn they have. Kino finds his canoe with a splintered hole in the bottom. He rushes home to find Juana and Coyotito, but Juana tells Kino that their house was torn up and the floor dug, and someone set fire to the outside. Juana and Coyotito go to Juan Tomas and Apolonia. When Kino tells about the man he has killed, Juan Tomas says that it is the pearl and he should have sold it. Kino begs his brother to hide them until nightfall. Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because \"if I give it up I shall lose my soul.\". Chapter 5 Analysis Steinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety. The men who attack Kino are never named and their origins are never revealed; although Kino suspects that they are the agents of the pearl dealers.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.630955}
{"text": "Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because \"if I give it up I shall lose my soul.\". Chapter 5 Analysis Steinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety. The men who attack Kino are never named and their origins are never revealed; although Kino suspects that they are the agents of the pearl dealers. This anonymity is significant, for the men who assault Kino symbolize a more generalized evil' than the specific villainy of the pearl dealer or the doctor. This continues the string of various calamities that occur to Juana and Kino; they lose their boat and their home while defending themselves. These two losses are significant, for the canoe symbolizes the ability that Kino has to provide for and protect his family and the home symbolizes the idea of the family that once gave Kino great comfort. By this point in the story, Juan Tomas joins Juana in warning Kino of the problems of the pearl, but Juana's predictions of disaster have already been partially fulfilled. When Juan Tomas tells Kino \"go with God\" when Kino prepares to venture to the capital, this statement has a sense of impending doom; Steinbeck makes it very clear that a tragic end for Kino and Juana is imminent. Steinbeck also makes the explicit point that the greatest damage caused by the pearl is the change that it effects within Kino. The caring father and partner of the first chapter at this point in the story attacks Juana when she attempts to take the pearl. Juana realizes the change in her husband from a normal man to one15with a questionable grip on sanity. It is ironic that, when Kino declares that he is a man, he begins to act \"half insane and half god,\" thus negating the qualities that define him as a man. Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable. Kino's comment that the pearl has become his soul is the defining statement of his condition.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.6672478}
{"text": "Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable. Kino's comment that the pearl has become his soul is the defining statement of his condition. It shows that Kino has ceased to be in some level human; he cannot consider normal human needs and emotions, but defiantly focuses on the pearl. The reaction of the community to the tragedies that occur to Kino and Juana is significant. While the neighbors followed every detail of Kino's life once the pearl promised to bring him fortune and renown, during this time his neighbors remain silent. Only Juan Tomas and Apolonia hide Juana and Kino but do so reluctantly. While Kino's neighbors have commented on all of the events in previous chapters, they do not manifest any reaction to the attacks on Kino and Juana. Chapter 6 As Kino and Juana travel northward, Kino feels a sense of exhilaration along with his fear. They walk all night and rest during the day so that they may not be found, and attempt to cover their tracks so that they cannot be followed easily. Kino warns Juana that \"whoever finds us will take the pearl,\" but Juana wonders whether the dealers were right and the pearl has no value. Kino says that they would not have tried to steal it if it were not valuable. Kino repeats what they will have once they sell the pearl: the church wedding, the rifle, education for Coyotito. When they stop to rest during the day, Juana does not sleep and Kino stirs as he dreams. When they hear noises from the distance, Kino orders Juana to keep Coyotito quiet. While Juana hides, Kino moves through the brush to see what he heard, and notices in the distance three bighorn sheep trackers, one of whom is on horseback. Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle. As the horseman passes by Kino, he does not notice him. Kino and Juana both realize that if the trackers find them, they will kill them to get the pearl.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.6973379}
{"text": "Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle. As the horseman passes by Kino, he does not notice him. Kino and Juana both realize that if the trackers find them, they will kill them to get the pearl. 16Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, not bothering to cover their tracks. Kino orders Juana and Coyotito to leave him, for he can go faster alone, but she staunchly refuses. Kino and Juana take a zigzag path in order to thwart the trackers, and eventually find a small stream and the entrance to a cave. Kino tells Juana to hide in the cave, and he fears that Coyotito will cry, alerting the trackers. While hiding in the cave, Kino finds that the trackers are by the stream. So that he will not be seen, Kino takes off his white clothing and stealthily creeps near them as they rest. The trackers can hear Coyotito, but think that it is merely a coyote pup. As the tracker prepares to shoot what he thinks is a coyote, Kino approaches the trackers and pounces on them. He grabs one of the trackers' rifle and shoots him between the eyes, and stabs another with his knife. The third tracker escapes up the cliff toward the cave, but Kino shoots him. Kino stands silently and hears nothing but the cry of death. Coyotito has been shot. Kino and Juana arrive back in La Paz; he carries a gun while she carries her shawl with a limp, heavy bundle. Their return to La Paz becomes a notable event: \"there may e some old ones who saw it, but those whose fathers and whose grandfathers told it to them remember it nevertheless. It is an event that happened to everyone.\". Juana appears hardened and tight with fatigue. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, which has become his battle cry. As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word. Kino and Juana approach the gulf, and in the surface of the pearl Kino remembers seeing Coyotito lying in the cave with his head shot away. Kino throws the pearl into the ocean.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.7102742}
{"text": "As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word. Kino and Juana approach the gulf, and in the surface of the pearl Kino remembers seeing Coyotito lying in the cave with his head shot away. Kino throws the pearl into the ocean. Chapter 6 Analysis The final chapter focuses primarily on the hunt for Kino and Juana as they try to escape La Paz and reach the capital so that they can sell the pearl. Steinbeck creates the sense that Kino and Juana are followed at all times. Pursued by bighorn sheep trackers, Juana and Kino are literally hunted like animals. The division between man and animal is an important motif throughout this chapter. It primarily relates to Kino's descent from those human qualities he once displayed. Steinbeck illustrates this through a number of events, such as when Kino attacks the trackers. In this instance, Kino moves from being capable of murder for selfdefense to a more cold-blooded killing. Kino kills the three men out of fear and instinct and not because of any tangible threat they pose to him. Steinbeck also shows the loss of human qualities within Kino when he crawls naked to find the trackers so that his white clothes will not expose him. He loses17the final vestiges of humanity and society to become even more animalistic. This descent is particularly ironic when considering the death of Coyotito. Kino behaves as an animal so that he can protect himself and his family, but Coyotito dies when the child is mistaken for a coyote pup. Coyotito plays a significant role in this chapter as a reminder of the serene domestic environment that Kino and Juana once had and as a danger for them. In the savage wilderness where Kino and Juana find themselves, Coyotito serves as their one reminder of society and civilization. Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations. The bighorn sheep trackers may not even be pursuing Kino and Juana; they are more important for how Kino and Juana perceive them than their actual personalities.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.7260475}
{"text": "Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations. The bighorn sheep trackers may not even be pursuing Kino and Juana; they are more important for how Kino and Juana perceive them than their actual personalities. Whether or not they are actually a threat, Kino is so assured that they are dangerous that he murders them before they have a chance to strike. In contrast to the savage and brutal Kino, Juana becomes stronger through the suffering she faces. She reveals herself to be dedicated to her husband even at the most dire moments, demanding that he not break up their family despite the practical advantages. Furthermore, it is Juana who remains awake at night, guarding Kino and Coyotito as Kino sleeps. Steinbeck juxtaposes Kino with Juana; while the man becomes more instinctual and animalistic, the woman retains her particularly human qualities. While Kino becomes suspicious and paranoid, when he looks \"for weakness in her face, for fear or irresolution . . . There is none.\". The return of Kino and Juana to La Paz is anticlimactic, yet contains some degree of ironic horror. Kino returns to La Paz with the one possession that he desperately wanted, a rifle, but has lost his child and rejects the pearl. His rejection of the pearl fully demonstrates the horror that the pearl has wrought upon him. Steinbeck constructs Kino's return to La Paz as an event that brings Kino back to the family-centered ideals with which he began the story, but his recollection of the Song of the Family has a significant undercurrent of defiance and anger. His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the18pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.7462547}
{"text": "His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the18pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls. Although it seems to indict Kino for his attempts to gain the fortune that the pearl offers, it offers equal if not greater censure to the elites of La Paz who attempt to exploit Kino and thwart his attempts to sell the pearl. Even if Steinbeck does not intend the story to be a critique of Kino for his behavior, the story has a decidedly deterministic viewpoint that implies that Kino and Juana could do nothing to improve their situation. Perhaps the most valid critique that Steinbeck offers in the pearl concerns the effects that the newfound chance for riches has on Kino, who replaces human, civilized values with an obsessive preoccupation with the pearl and suspicion of those around him. Steinbeck criticizes the idea that the pearl has become Kino's soul, demonstrating that there are far greater losses that Kino can face. Yet where the story remains problematic is that the hope that the pearl brings is never tangible; calamities occur nearly immediately for Juana and Kino, making the pearl into a simple curse for the family. Kino does not choose to sacrifice his fortune; he chooses to repudiate his pain. When Kino throws the pearl into the ocean, he discards a meaningless object. The pearl has no value in the sense that, without Coyotito, the pearl has no power to provide for a better future for Kino and Juana, who could gain only simple material items from their fortune. Kino's repudiation of the pearl is an empty event, for he does not make a meaningful sacrifice. He instead rids himself of an unwanted object that causes him pain. As a parable, The Pearl is an empty one, merely choosing to heap tragedy upon its protagonists and forcing them into pain and agony without offering them an alternate option or any possibility for hope.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes-pdf.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.8026521}
{"text": "CRE NOTES CLASS 6 COMPLETE CREATION Introduction i. Creation is making something out of nothing ii. God completed creation work in 6 days iii. On 6thday he created human beings. 1. The Creation Of Man a. God took soil and molded man from it. B. God breathed his breath into Adams nostrils c. The trinity took part in creating man. Let us create human beings to resemble us Genesis 1:26-28 d. Eve was formed from Adam s ribs. Created to be a companion to Adam. E. Both were special because they were created in the image and likeness of God. F. God created them male and female; by this he ordained blessed marriage. Man is special because:- i. Made in the image and likeness of God. Ii. Can communicate to God on behalf of other creations. Iii. He was given authority over God s creation iv. Molded or formed unlike the rest of God s creation v. He was given responsibility to care for God s creation. Vi. He was to share God s life by obeying his commands e.g. - Have many children - Do not eat www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Authority given to man 1. Control the rest of God s creation 2. Use and conserve environment responsibly. 3. Use God s creation for food. 4. 5. 6. Fall of man Genesis 3 - God commanded man to eat fruits from all trees except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil at the middle of the Garden of Eden. -. God told them that they will die if they ate a fruit from it. -. They disobeyed and ate. -. Cause of sin of disobedience Serpent eve Adam Consequences of sin of disobedience a. Adam b. Eve c. Snake d. Both Adam and eve were chased from the garden of Eden. Lesson - Sin separates God and man. -. Qn: what did god do to prevent man from going back to Eden? Refer primary C.R.E 6 PAGE 1-8 A. Traditional African creation stories 1. Every community has a traditional story of creation.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Creation stories tell people s origin. 3. In all creation stories God is the ultimate creator. 4. Different communities have different names of God depending on God s nature and character.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.7831523}
{"text": "In all creation stories God is the ultimate creator. 4. Different communities have different names of God depending on God s nature and character. Qn : name five communities and the name of their God. A. Agikuyu creation story i. God called Ngai one who distributes ii. God s dwelling place is Mt. Kirinyaga Mt. Kenya iii. First man called gikuyu and first woman mumbi iv. God blessed them with nine daughters origin of kikuyu 9 clans v. Gikuyu prayed to God who provided sons to marry the daughters. Vi. God placed Gikuyu and Mumbi at Mukurwe-wa-nyagathanga. B. The Bukusu creation story luhya community - God called Were Khakaba giver of all things - Were created the universe alone in two days. -. He started by creating his dwelling place- Mt. Elgon. -. His two assistants were Mukhobe and Muramwa. -. First man called mwambu and wife Sela. He placed them at Mt. Elgon Mt. Masaba c. The Nandi creation story - God called Asis - First man and woman from a swollen knee. Knee belonged to a creature which looked like man. Qn: can you recall creation stories from any African Community? Similararities between African Creation Stories and Biblical Creation Stories.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. God is the creator of the universe. 2. God created everything in an orderly way. 3. Man is God s special creature. 4. God at first created male and female. 5. The first man and woman became first parents. 6. 7. 8. How We Respond to God s Creation God s creation shows God s power, greatness and love towards man a. Caring for God s creation b. Caring for the environment. C. Respect God s creation d. Value and give equal importance to all God s creation. E. Preserve God s creation f. g. h. Topical questions 1. Quick reading std 6 pg 4-5, 1-10 2. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 4-6 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.8121824}
{"text": "Topical questions 1. Quick reading std 6 pg 4-5, 1-10 2. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 4-6 3. Primary CRE 6 pg 8-9www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 2: NEW LIFE IN THE COMMUNITY New Life in Traditional African Society - New life means change transformation a person goes through in life. -. New life involves stages in life i.e rites of passage - Rites of passage include:- a. Birth b. Initiation c. Marriage d. Death. A. Birth - Marks the beginning of new life after delivery - Naming done by the women of the clan. -. Naming depends on one s community. -. Newborn welcomed with gifts and ceremonies. -. Mother underwent ritual cleansing after delivery. B. Initiation - Passage from childhood to adulthood. -. Ceremonies include circumcision, removal of teeth, tattooing e.t.cwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Bloodshed joins the initiates with the ancestors. -. Bathing in the river signifies casting riding off childhood. -. Initiates kept in isolation period seclusion to be taught responsible adult behavior. -. Gateway to marriage. C. Marriage - Mainly for having children seals marriage - Polygamous nature. -. Choosing of marriage partners done by community. -. Divorce rare because wife belongs to the community. -. Married couple takes up new family responsibilities. D. Death - Joins the dead to the ancestral world. -. One starts a new life in the spiritual world. -. The deceased family starts a new life without the deceased. Nb:- new life can be experienced when people move to new areas. Genesis 12:1-9 Abraham moved from to . New Life in Christianity 2 Corinthians 5:17, Ephesians 4:17 -32 a. Starts when Christians believe and accept Jesus in their lives. B. Christians are followers of Jesus Christ. C. Baptism is a symbol of new life in Christ. D. Christians are filled with the Holy Spirit who helps them live a holy life by avoiding evil deeds. E. The Holy Spirit helps Christians practice Christian values. F.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.822287}
{"text": "E. The Holy Spirit helps Christians practice Christian values. F. We share new life in Christ by:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a Reading the bible b Singing in choir c d e How We Give Our Lives to God - When we dedicate our lives to God, the Holy Spirit controls our lives - We give our lives to God by: a. Praying and reading the bible b. Praising and worshiping God. C. Giving offerings. D. Participating in community projects e. f. g. Genesis 12:1-9 The Call of Abraham - Called while at and commanded to move to - Abraham agreed because he had a great faith in - God promised Abraham:- a. Many descendants b. Great nation c. Blessings d. Protection e. Landwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke f. Son g. Great name. Malachi 3:8-12 - Tithe a tenth of one s income money or possession - God wants us to give part of our income as a way of giving our lives. God Sharing With Us a New Life Titus 3:4-8 By :- 1. By giving us Jesus to sane man from sins 2. Giving us Holy Spirit who is our helper. 3. Showing mercy, kindness, love and grace. 4. Promising and giving eternal life. Christian Sharing With Others Acts 2:44-47, 4:34-35, 6:1-6 - The early Christians lived a common life by:- a. Preached together b. Prayed together c. d. e. - Christians share new life by:- a. Helping others b. Doing good to others c. Sharing word of God. D. e. How Ancestors Served the Clan Genesis 1:26-29 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Clan- group of people with the same common ancestor - Ancestors served God by?- a. Performing special duties i.e. healing, making rain, priestly duties, protection, solving disputes e.t.c. B. Protecting the community- warriors c. Offering sacrifices- priests d. Teaching virtues and values e. Keeping custom and cultures. F. Settling disputes. G.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.866821}
{"text": "F. Settling disputes. G. Caring for members of the community h. i. How Ancestors Shared Their Possession Matthew 25:33-40 - Life was communal- each member was catered for according to needs. -. The gap between the rich and the poor was minimized. -. A person s wealth was measured in term of:- a. Number of children b. Number of animals c. Size of land d. Number of wives - Cultivated land belonged to the aged. -. Shared work - Welcomed strangers. Mathew 25:33-40 - We will be judged according to how we share our possession especially with the needy.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - We should show concern for the needy. How Christians Share Talent Skills with Others - God given talents include a. Singing b. Teaching c. d. e. f. - Talents are special gifts given by God. -. Skills are learnt and perfected. -. Christians should use different talents and skills to do the work of God. How Christians Share Their New Life with Jesus Mathew 25:33-40 - Christians share their new life with Jesus by helping the needy e.g.:- a. Visiting prisoners b. Feeding the hungry c. Clothing the naked. D. Caring for the sick and the aged. E. Welcoming strangers. -. When Christians help the needy Jesus assure them of great reward i.e will join Him and rejoice forever in heaven. Revision questions a. Primary CRE 6 pg 26-27, 1-11 b. Quick reading CRE pg 11-12, 1-10 c. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 12-15www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 3: BREAKING THE BREAD a. Importance Of Sharing A Meal Luke 19:1-10 - People share meals on many occasions e.g. parties, , and . -. Sharing of meals is important because:- a. Brings people together. B. Promotes sense of belonging and harmony. C. Promotes unity in the family d. It is a sign of love, generosity, friendship and care.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.886049}
{"text": "C. Promotes unity in the family d. It is a sign of love, generosity, friendship and care. Luke 19:1-10 - Jesus shared a meal with a tax collector called - Zacheaus lived in the town of - - He climbed on a tree in order to because he was - People grumbled why Jesus shared a meal with - Zachaeus agreed to change his life after sharing a meal with Jesus. -. We should share with others irrespective of their reputation. B. The Meaning Of Passover - The last meal then Israelites celebrated in Egypt before they left. -. It is called Passover because the angel of death passed over Israelites homes and spared them. -. Israelites:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Slaughtered a one year old lamb b. Roast its meat whole c. Broke none of its bone. D. Ate all meat e. Ate it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. F. Ate while standing. G. Eaten only by circumcised me. -. Marked the begging of new life for Israelites - Was taught from one generation to another and celebrated annually. Questions 1. Why did the Israelites celebrate Passover feast each year? 2. What did they eat during the feast? -. We should depend on God s power and protection during challenging situations. What Jesus said and did during the last supper What Jesus didWhat he said1. Took a cup of wine and gave thanks 1. Take this and share among yourselves 2.2.3.3.4.4.5.5. Question: which was the most disturbing statement Jesus said during the Last Supper? Symbols Jesus used a. Unleavened bread- Jesus body Holy Communion www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Wine Jesus blood. Why We Remember Death and Resurrection Of Jesus Luke 24:1-9, 1 Corinthians 11:23-26 - It gives Christians hope for eternal life. -. It reminds us of God s love. -. It strengthens our faith. -. It assures forgiveness of sins. -. His death is final and most perfect sacrifice for our sins. -. It confirms God s promises are true. Luke 24:1-9 Questions 1. On which day did the women visit the tomb of Jesus? 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.881641}
{"text": "Luke 24:1-9 Questions 1. On which day did the women visit the tomb of Jesus? 2. Who were these women: 3. Why did they visit the tomb of Jesus? 4. Which 3 strange things did they encounter with in the tomb? 5. Resurrection of Jesus gives Christians How the Communion is Shared - Christians celebrate the Holy Communion to remember the death and resurrection of Jesus. -. The shared bread represents the body of Jesus and the wine the blood of Jesus.. - Christians show unity when celebrating Holy Communion. -. Christians proclaim death and resurrection of Jesus until He comes again.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Acts 2:42-27 Early believer lived in unity by:- a. Fellowshipping together. B. Praying together. C. Sharing meals. D. Sharing possession with each other. E. Sharing Holy Communion. John 6:1-14 a. Jesus demonstrated pity and kindness. B. Jesus asked where to get food from. But discovered a with - and . C. Jesus blessed it, and fed the multitude and baskets remained. Getting Ready For the Second Coming of Jesus Christ 2 peter 3:10-15 - Christians should get ready for the second coming of Jesus for there will be no warning. -. We should prepare ourselves by:- a. Living pure and holy lives. B. Repenting and asking God for forgiveness c. Living prayerful lives. D. Obeying God s commandments. E. Believing and accepting Jesus in our lives. F. - g. h. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - 2 peter 3:10-15 a. Jesus will come unexpectedly. B. Jesus will come as a thief c. Qn: state the events of that day Meaning Of Repentance and Forgiveness Luke 15:11-32 - Repentance- act of feeling sorry of wrong doings. -. Forgiveness willingness to pardon those who wrong us. -. God always forgives us:- a. When we are truly sorry of our wrongs. B. When we forgive those who wrong us. -. Repentance and forgiveness strengthens our relationship with God. -. Jesus taught repentance and forgiveness using the parable of the prodigal son - Sinners- lost son - God- loving father.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.9018908}
{"text": "When we forgive those who wrong us. -. Repentance and forgiveness strengthens our relationship with God. -. Jesus taught repentance and forgiveness using the parable of the prodigal son - Sinners- lost son - God- loving father. Celebrating Breaking of Bread 1 Corinthians 11:23-32 - Breaking of bread is also called :- a. Lord s supper b. Lord s table c. The holy communion d. The Eucharist e. The holy mass. -. Christians by celebrating the holy communion obey Jesus command do this in remembrance of me - Christians remember death and resurrection of Jesus.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Before breaking bread one should repent sins. Values Required During the Breaking of Bread - Humility - Love - Happiness - Sharing - Thankfulness - Caring - Patience - Tolerance By celebrating the Holy Communion Christians demonstrate unity, togetherness, love, humility, joy, appreciation and giving. Revision questions 1. Primary CRE 6 pg 43-44 2. Quick reading CRE pg 16-17 3. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 21-24 UNIT 4: CHRISTIANS SUPPORTING PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS People with special needs i. The blind visually impaired ii. The lame or crippled physically impaired iii. The deaf hearing impaired www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iv. The mentally handicapped. V. The behaviorally and emotionally disturbed. Vi. Those with communication disorders mute or dumb vii. The orphans viii. The poor ix. The street children x. People living with HIV AIDS xi. The refugees. Xii. The sick 1. Visually impaired blind - Challenge cannot see or read. -. Require assistance when walking. -. Use Braille to read. -. Causes old age, accidents, sickness, born blind John 9:1-12 - Jesus encounter with a man born blind. -. Disciples asked the cause of his blindness. -. Jesus said- sins never caused blindness. Born that way for God s power to be seen at work. -. Jesus healed him by:- a. Spitting on the ground. B. Made mud c. Rubbed it on his eyes. D. Sent him to wash his face at the pool of Siloam.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.9678485}
{"text": "Rubbed it on his eyes. D. Sent him to wash his face at the pool of Siloam. -. As Christian we should help the blind enjoy life like normal people.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. The Physically Impaired - Challenge cannot walk without help - Discrimination at work places. -. Difficulties at work - Causes:- accidents, sickness, born that way. Acts 3:1-10 - Peter and john met a lame man at the Beautiful Gate of Jerusalem temple. -. The crippled man asked them for money silver or gold - Peter told him that they did not have money but we will give you what we have. -. He told him to walk in the name of Jesus and he got healed. Mark 2:1-12 - Jesus healed a paralyzed man lowered from the roof. -. He was healed because of the faith of those who brought him. -. Jesus forgave him his sins and told him to rise up take his mat and go home. -. Jesus healed him to show that he had power to forgive sins. -. Christians help the lame to enjoy life. 3. The Hearing Impaired The Deaf - Challenge- cannot hear. -. Difficulties in communication - Causes: accidents, loud sounds, being born, mishandling ears. Mark 7:31-35, 37 - Jesus healed a deaf man by placing his fingers in the ears. -. Jesus said Ephphatha - meaning open-up. -. Christians should be concerned with people who are deaf.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. Mentally Handicapped - Challenge- mental sickness - Causes: evil spirits witchcraft , sickness brain damage Matthew 8:28-34 - Jesus met with a man possessed by demons. -. The man lived among the tombs. -. The demons begged Jesus not to destroy them. -. Jesus ordered them to leave the man mob and entered a herd of pigs. -. The owner of the pigs forced Jesus to leave their territory. -. Jesus probed he has power over evil spirits. -. Christians should help the mentally sick by:- a. Providing daily needs b. Taking them to special schools c. 5. Behaviorally And Emotionally Disturbed.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.932456}
{"text": "Taking them to special schools c. 5. Behaviorally And Emotionally Disturbed. -. These are people who act abnormally e.g.:- Isolate themselves, cry with reason, ever absent minded, staring at nothing for a long time e.t.c. -. Causes: stress, loss of a loved one, overworking, fear e.t.c - This condition can be overcome by: Trusting in God and pray over all experiences. Seek assistance from experts. Participate in sports and games. 6. The Dumb Mute www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Challenge- can t speak talk, can t express themselves verbally - Use gestures signs - Many people can t understand sign language. Mathew 9:22-33 - Jesus healed a man who could not talk for he had a demon. -. He ordered the demon to leave the man and he spoke 7. The Orphans - Orphans are children whose parents are dead. -. Challenge: lack of parental love and guidance - If young they lack food, clothing, and shelter e.t.c. Deuteronomy 26:12 - Moses gave instruction on use of a tenth of their produce Should be given to Levites, the foreigners, fatherless and windows. James 1;27 - True religion is taking care of orphans and widows. 8. The Poor - These people lack enough basic needs Psalms 41:1 - King David stresses that those concerned with the poor are blessed and God will deliver them in times of trouble. 9. People living with HIV AIDS - These people are infected with HIV AIDS - HIV AIDS is transmitted mainly through sex. -. Christians should care for them and help them lead a normal life.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 10. Street Children - These are children who are homeless and live in towns streets. -. Problems they face lack of food, shelter, clothes, medical care e.t.c, sexual harassment. -. Causes: parental negligence, poverty, harassment at home e.t.c. -. Christians should be concerned with the street children by providing basic needs, taking them to rehabilitation centers 11. Refugees Mathew 2:13-15, 19-23 - These are people who have freed their countries because of war, insecurity - Challenges : lack of shelter, food, clothing, peace e.t.c - Christians should help refugees by:- a.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.9865124}
{"text": "- Causes: parental negligence, poverty, harassment at home e.t.c. -. Christians should be concerned with the street children by providing basic needs, taking them to rehabilitation centers 11. Refugees Mathew 2:13-15, 19-23 - These are people who have freed their countries because of war, insecurity - Challenges : lack of shelter, food, clothing, peace e.t.c - Christians should help refugees by:- a. Providing basic needs. B. Helping them join refugees organizations e.g. UNHCR. How Christians support people with special needs. 1. Building special schools for them Example: - Thika school for blind sponsored by - Mumias school for deaf and dumb- catholic church - - - 2. Providing necessary equipments for challenged people. 3. Building houses for orphans, refugees 4. Training people on how to be self reliant 5. 6. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. 8. Why Christians should care for people with special needs James 2:14-17 - It is our Christian duty to do so James 2:14-17 - It is our responsibility to continue with the work of Jesus - By doing so, it is a demonstration of faith with actions - - Revision 1. Primary CRE 6 pg 70-71 2. Quick reading CRE 6 pg 23 3. Spotlight CRE 6 pg 37-38www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke TERM 2 UNIT 5: LIVING A RESPONSIBLE LIFE 1. Meaning Of A Responsible Life Understanding who we are in terms of i. Our abilities and interest. Ii. Our acceptable and unacceptable characters. Iii. Our feelings and how we relate with others. Iv. Our behaviors and seeking our goals. 2. Acquiring Self- Awareness Self-Worth Reference Primary CRE Pg 72-73 This is when we:- i. Accept that we are God s perfect creation ii. Feel good about ourselves. Iii. Realize that we are important in God s sight.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iv. Are unique and created for a purpose. Memory verse: Isaiah 43:4 Questions a. List two ways that shows man is a special creature. B. State a reason why God placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406276.995701}
{"text": "List two ways that shows man is a special creature. B. State a reason why God placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. 3. Identifying Interests and Abilities Interest is things we enjoy doing. Abilities are things one is able to do well and has interest in them e.g. swimming, dancing, , , , e.t.c. Some abilities are natural born with but we acquire other abilities as we grow up. Exodus 35:30 God gave Bazalel and the ability and knowledge to design and make to make a tabernacle. Mathew 25:14-30 parable of 3 servants The master had servants He gave each servant according to ones ability. One he gave , to another he gave and to another he gave . The master was happy with the first two BUT condemned the third servant. 1 Peter 4:10-11 Saint Peter teaches that the gifts of the Holy Spirit should be used to serve God. Question: a State seven gifts of the holy spirit spiritual gifts b Why was the master unhappy with the third servant in the parable of the 3 servants?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c According to exodus 35:30-35, Bazalel son of was given skill and abilities of all kinds of crafts, , , , and . 4. Character Traits Needed For Acceptance By Others Character are behavioral patterns Characters are grouped into good and bad. Good characters are called virtues acceptable Example: love, kindness, loyalty humility .. Bad characters are called vices not acceptable . Example: hatred, disrespect, pride . Questions a Explain how one acquires good characters b If you are dishonest, how would you acquire the virtue of honest? C Read Isaiah 43:4 I will give up , then memorize it. D State 5 acceptable behaviors in a school. 5. Accepting Feelings Of Self-Worth We express our feelings of self-worth by:- a. Being confident b. Telling the truth c. Being honest d. Accepting change e. Sharing feelings f. Being ready to face challenges g. Appreciating ourselves and others. Isaiah 43:4www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke God reminds and assures us that he loves us and we are precious to him. 6.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.0124109}
{"text": "Appreciating ourselves and others. Isaiah 43:4www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke God reminds and assures us that he loves us and we are precious to him. 6. Acquiring Socially Responsible Behavior SRB These are good acts that make us acceptable to others. They are learnt from parents, school and at church Examples: Taking care of property home, school, church Living peacefully with others Using resources responsibly Helping the needy. Being kind Caring and preserving environment. Being courteous while interacting with others. Practicing virtues We please God when we behave responsibly 1 Peter 2:1-5 We are advised to get rid of lying, -, , and . Ephesians 4:25-32 We are advised to get rid of all bitterness, , , , . Instead be kind, and John 15-11-15 Jesus commands us to love each other just as he loves us. Galatians 5:23-26 We learn to be gentle and have self control Colossians 3:20www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke It is the duty of children to obey parents for this pleases God Romans 13:1-5 We should obey those in authority because authority comes from God. Mathew 5:14-16 We are the light of the world. We should let our good deeds by light to others hence praise God. Questions a In 1 Peter 2:1-5, we are advised to get rid of all - and b We should obey and state authority because? C List down 4 unacceptable character triats. D Ohaliab was chosen by God and given the ability to 7. Developing Goal Seeking Behavior A goal purpose, aspiration is the aim or target we set for us. Goal can be classified as: Short term- completing primary school Long term completing high school,-university-getting a career Ways to achieve our goals include:- Being creative Avoid harmful activities in our lives. Sharing ideas with others. Being persistent and never loose hope. Accepting criticism positively. Always praying and depending on God for guidance. Mathew 25:14-30 parable of 3 servants www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke We are reminded to be active in using our abilities to release our goals by avoiding laziness. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.0831258}
{"text": "We should make decisions that are in line with God s commandments. We should aim at glorifying God with our decisions. Related story: Primary CRE 6 pg 90 c. Critical thinking Luke 11:37-44 This is being able to make fair and careful judgments about good and bad qualities of people or something. Involves exploring possibilities of doing a task in more than one way. Helps us to express our judgments after analyzing a situation. Helps us to respect views of other people in achieving our goals.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Luke 11:37-44 Jesus was invited to a Pharisee s house for a meal. Jesus did not wash his hands. Jesus criticized Pharisees for their hypocrisy by: Washing the outside of their cups and plates while inside ws full of violence and evil. Giving tenth of their harvest but neglected justice and love of God. They loved the reserved seats in the synagogues and be greeted with respect. D. Developing creative thinking This is being able to develop new ideas and methods especially when tackling a problem. Involves imagining, improvising and coming up with new things. Helps us to respect the views of other people. Luke 20-19-26 Teachers of law wanted to trap and arrest Jesus. The spies asked Jesus whether it was right to pay taxes. Jesus was creative, he did not answer yes or no Jesus asked for a coin and asked them whose face appeared on the coin. Jesus concluded by saying pay to what belongs to and to God what to God . Related story: primary CRE 6 pg 96-97 e. How to listen and respond To listen is to concentrate on hearing something by paying attention. To respond is to act in response to something.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Involves our attentiveness, patience and acting obediently. John 3:1-21 Jesus and Nicodemus had a discussion. They listened and responded to each other. Nicodemus wondered how he could be born again. Jesus responded to him by explaining to him how to be born again. Jesus was a good listener; he listened and responded to Nicodemus. Nb: we should listen and respond to the word of God. Related story: primary CRE 6 pg 98-100 UNIT 6: BEING LED BY THE HOLY SPIRIT 1.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.0991726}
{"text": "Jesus was a good listener; he listened and responded to Nicodemus. Nb: we should listen and respond to the word of God. Related story: primary CRE 6 pg 98-100 UNIT 6: BEING LED BY THE HOLY SPIRIT 1. Gifts Of The Holy Spirit Spiritual Gifts 1 Corinthians 12:4-11 1 Knowledge 2 Faith 3 Wisdom 4 Healing 5 Working miracles 6 Preaching 7 Discerning spirits. 8 Speaking in tongues 9 Interpreting tongues. 2. Fruits of the Holy Spirit Galatians 5:22-23 1 Lovewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2 Joy 3 Peace 4 Patience 5 Kindness 6 Goodness 7 Faithfulness 8 Gentleness 9 Self-control. Related story: Primary CRE pg 103-104 3. The Story Of Gideon Judges 6:11-16, 7:1-3, 7:16-22 Life history His home village was called Ophrah An angel appeared to him when threshing wheat. His tribe was Manasseh weakest tribe His father was called Joash. -. God was angry with the Israelites for their sins. He let the Amalekites and Midianites attack them. -. God heard the Israelites cry and sent Gideon to save them. -. Gideon meaning great worrier complained at first because:- His tribe was the weakest He was the least in his family. -. God promise to be with Gideon to fight Medianites. -. God helped Gideon to defeat Medianites with 300 soldiers. -. From Gideon story we learn to follow God s instructions to succeed. Questionswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1 Gideon s soldiers were to blow the , break and shout, a sword 2 How did God fight for Israelites? 3 How did Gideon test his soldiers to know the courageous and true soldiers? 4 Why did Gideon at first complain when he received God s message from the angel? Related story: Primary CRE pg 105-6 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.048905}
{"text": "3 How did Gideon test his soldiers to know the courageous and true soldiers? 4 Why did Gideon at first complain when he received God s message from the angel? Related story: Primary CRE pg 105-6 4. Response Of Paul to The Holy Spirit Acts 16:6-10, 18:9-11, 20:22-24 - Paul means small - At first called Saul. -. Born in Tarsus and was tent maker. -. He was a Pharisee and opposed Christianity. -. He witnessed the stoning of Stephen - On his way to Damascus, to arrest Christians, he met Jesus in form of a dazzling light. -. Jesus asked Paul why do you persecute me? . -. After conversion he became blind, his men led him to Judas home in Damascus. -. Ananias was sent to Paul to baptize, lay hands on him and help him regain sight. -. The Holy Spirit led Paul to preach to the gentiles. -. He wrote 10 letters epistles to different gentile churches - Pauline epistles: romans, -, , , , , , , and . Questions 1 Before Paul converted to become a Christian he was a? 2 Name 5 epistles in the bible that were not written by Paul. 3 Who is a gentile?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4 State 3 things Ananias did to Paul at Damascus Related story: Primary CRE pg 106-107 5. How The Holy Spirit Led The Writers Of The Bible - The bible is the Christian holy book. -. Bible is divided into: New Testament 27 books Old Testament 39 books. A. New testament 27 books i. Gospel 4 Mathew, , and . Ii. Historical 1 - Acts of the apostles written by Luke iii. Pauline epistles 10 Romans, , , , , , , , and - iv. Other epistles 8 Hebrews, ........ v. Prophetic books 1 Revelation written by John. B. Old Testament 39 books i. Books of law Moses Torah Genesis pupils to list the others ii. Historical books 12 Judges, pupils list the others iii.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.0621092}
{"text": "Old Testament 39 books i. Books of law Moses Torah Genesis pupils to list the others ii. Historical books 12 Judges, pupils list the others iii. Poetic books 5 Job, pupils list the others www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iv. Prophetic books 17 Isaiah, pupils list the others - The main purpose of the bible is to:- Teach the truthas about God and man. Rebuke errors Correct faults. Give instructions for right living. 6. Using The Bible As Our Guide Philip the Ethiopian Eunuch Acts 8:26-40 - Philip means lover of horses was a famous gentile evangelist - Holy Spirit led him to meet an Ethiopian eunuch on his way to Jerusalem. -. Philip guided him to understand prophesy of messiah according to Isaiah. -. Philip baptized Ethiopian eunuch after he believed. Nb: We should read and understand the bible to:- - Gain wisdom - Learn God s commandments. -. Learn how to live a good life. -. Experience joy in our lives - Know the truth. 7. Charismatic Renewal of the Church In Kenya. John 1:2. Acts 5:32, Luke 11:13 - Charismatic means God s grace. -. Charismatic renewal- renewing bringing back the experience of the presence of thewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Grace of God through the Holy Spirit. -. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit leads to extensive use of gifts of the Holy Spirit in serving God. -. Renewal began in Kenya in 1970s in both catholic and protestant churches. -. Charismatic renewal is characterized by:- Increased desire to serve and worship God. The reception of the gifts of the holy spirit by Christians. More fruits of the Holy Spirit seen among Christians. Questions 1 What is charismatic renewal? 2 In which year was charismatic renewal experienced in Kenya? 3 Name 5 spiritual gifts. 4 The Ethiopian Eunuch was baptized by 5 preached the good news to Samaria. 6 The early believers received power of Holy Spirit from Apostle through ? 8. The Holy Spirit In The Life Of A Christian - Works of the holy spirit in the life of a Christian are:- a.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.1505558}
{"text": "6 The early believers received power of Holy Spirit from Apostle through ? 8. The Holy Spirit In The Life Of A Christian - Works of the holy spirit in the life of a Christian are:- a. Giving us gifts and helping us to use them to produce fruits. B. Helps us to lead holy lives c. Gives us courage to preach good news. D. Helps in our prayers. E. Inspiring us to help others f. g. h. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke John 16:15 - Jesus says all that God has is His and Holy Spirit will take what he gave him and give it to us. 1 Peter 2:1-5 - We are advised to rid ourselves of all evil, lying, , or Acts 13:1-4 - Barnabas and were chosen and sent by the holy spirit to preach. They took to help them. 9. Unity In The Church Ephesians 4:3-6 i. Unity amongst Christians is expressed through: a. One body of Christ. B. One faith in God. C. One faith in Jesus. D. One faith in the Holy Spirit. Ii. Christians remain united today through:- a. The apostle creed- faith b. Working towards a common CRE syllabus. C. Attending interdenominational services prayers. D. Conducting charity works of mercy. E. Fostering unity through organizations e.g. NCCK Questions 1 The father of Gideon was called? 2 During the time of Gideon, the Israelites were attacked by? 3 Who is referred to as Gentile Apostles?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4 Paul and Silas were not allowed by the Holy Spirit to preach good news to ? 5 How many soldiers did Gideon chose to fight the Medianites? 6 Who accompanied Barnabas and Silas in their preaching work 7 When Philip met the Ethiopian Eunuch, he was reading from the book of ? 8 Gideon was from the tribe of? 9 State 4 believes found in the apostle creed. 10 By healing a paralytic man, Jesus shows that he has power to? UNIT 7: GOD S PEOPLE COME TOGETHER A. Differences in class - God created male and female.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.1455712}
{"text": "10 By healing a paralytic man, Jesus shows that he has power to? UNIT 7: GOD S PEOPLE COME TOGETHER A. Differences in class - God created male and female. -. God created us different in:- a. Sex b. Size c. Agewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Weight e. Talents abilities f. Physical appearances g. Academic performance h. Denominations Psalms 139:13-18 a. God the sole creator of all of us. B. God created us in unique way c. We are fearfully and wonderfully created by God. B. How different we are in our local community a. Ethnicity tribe Romans 12:4-10 b. Races Galatians 3:28, john 4:7-9 c. Wealth Luke 16:19-31, 18:24-25 d. Poverty roman 15:26-29 e. Religion 1 Corinthians 10;32-33 C. Accepting the needy people in the society The needy - Orphans - Widows - The sick - The hungry - The refugees - The disabledwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - The IDP - The aged. We accept the needy by: a. Sharing food, clothing, shelter e.t.c with them b. Visiting the sick and the prisoners. C. Caring for orphans and widows, displaced, aged e.t.c d. Building schools e. Paying school fees for the needy. Luke 10:27-37 - Love your neighbor the needy as you love yourself. Jesus demonstrated love for neighbor by: - Healed lepers though they were rejected and considered unclean. -. Gave the parable of the good Samaritan who helped a Jew. -. Died for all sinners. D. We are all equally important before God. -. We have differences amongst us but we are all equal before God. -. God made us in his own likeness and image. -. God gave us power over all creations - God wants us to live like brother and sisters James 2:1-4 - We should pray to God for ourselves and others. -. The rich and poor should be treated in the same way. E.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.137452}
{"text": "- God gave us power over all creations - God wants us to live like brother and sisters James 2:1-4 - We should pray to God for ourselves and others. -. The rich and poor should be treated in the same way. E. The role of the church in uniting people The church unites people by: a. Sharing the holy communion b. Conducting marriage wedding ceremonies.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Conducting interdenominational prayers. D. Conducting church choirs competitions e. Universal bible study. F. Common religious instructional materials in schools. G. Enhancing working together as Christians Ecumenism Psalms 133:1-3 - Teaches Christians to live together in unity and God will bless us. James 4:11-12 - We should respect other people and their religion Questions 1 List four differences among pupils in class 2 Name for ethnic communities in Kenya 3 What lesson do we learn from the story of Lazarus and the rich man? 4 What is the difference between a tribe and a race? 5 What happened to the man who was travelling to Jericho from Jerusalem in the parable of the Good Samaritan? 6 Name 3 activities that can unite people in a church 7 Psalms 139:14 says we are 8 Jesus healed 10 lepers, only one thanked him. The healed leper who thanked Jesus was a? 9 The man who was attacked by robbers in the parable of good Samaritan was travelling from --- to . 10 State the greatest commandments according to Jesus.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 8: THE DIGNITY OF WORK 1. What is work? -. Work is the use of physical or mental power in order to do or make something. -. Work is ordained by God. -. God worked for 6 days and rested on the seventh day. -. God put man in charge of all creations. -. God put man in the Garden of Eden and told him to care for it. -. Paul encourages us to work hard. He says those who do not work should not eat. 2 Thessalonians 3:6-12 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.1858492}
{"text": "- Paul encourages us to work hard. He says those who do not work should not eat. 2 Thessalonians 3:6-12 2. Why do people work today - To provide for familieswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - To earn a living. -. To relies our set goals. -. To acquire property. -. To fulfill the will of God. -. To help those in need - To realize development in the society. - -. 3. Why people worked in traditional African society - To feed their families. -. To become famous. -. To be seen hardworking. -. To set good example to children. -. To be wealthy. -. To earn respect. -. Laziness was discouraged. 4. Reasons why god wants us to work - Work is ordained by God. -. To continue with his work of creation. -. To emulate Jesus who also worked hard to save man. -. To make our environment better. -. To improve our living conditions - To spread news about His Kingdom. -. To serve others through our abilities. Romans 12:6-8 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - To be self- reliant - - - 5. Division of work at home - Every member in the family has a role to play. -. Family members share work according to ability, age, type of work and status. -. Shared work becomes lighter and takes less time. -. Sharing work promotes unity, love and joy in the family. -. Sharing work encourages members to avoid laziness Colossians 3:23 - We should work with all our hearts as if we are serving God. Thessalonians 3:10:12 - Paul encourages us to work hard and avoid laziness. -. Those who do not work should not eat. 6. Forms of child labor 2 kings 5:2 a. A child is any person under the age of 18 years. B. Child-labour- using children to do adults work. C. Child labour includes:- - Operating heavy machines - Working as house helps. -. Working at farms and on construction sites.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Hawking - Carrying heavy loads - - - Why are children engaged in child labour? A. Poverty b. Death of parents c. Neglect by guardians and parents d. Drug abuse e. f.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.2481937}
{"text": "Neglect by guardians and parents d. Drug abuse e. f. g. Effects of child labour 1 Children do not enjoy life- spend most time working. 2 Children fail to go to school. 3 Affects the health of children. 4 Some are paid very little or no pay at all. 5 Children are exposed to harassment and sexual abuse. 6 Children engage in irresponsible behaviors 7 Children develop fear because of mistreatment. 8 Children are exposed to dangers that can even cause death.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. Working in the community - Community work:- a. Building roads b. Clearing rubbish c. Building dams. D. Digging bore holes. Effects of community work 2 Thessalonians 3:6-13 - Enhances unity in the community - Reduces poverty - Improves quality of life in the community. -. Encourages people to work hard. Nb: apostle Paul worked as a tent maker to earn his living. 8. Working for the nation Romans 13:6-8 Different jobs in Kenya - Doctors - Technician - Policeman - Farming - Nurses - Lawyers a. Everyone should work well in order to help our nation. B. If people are lazy, poverty will strike our nation hence thieves increase. C. Bible encourages us to work hard to support the government by paying taxes.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Paying taxes enables the nation to develop. Dignity of manual work 2 Thessalonians 3:7-8, Acts 18:1-4, Genesis 4:2 9. -. Manual work- the work done using our hands. -. Examples: livestock keeping, digging, clearing, , , , - Manual work makes our lives better and helps us to have enough basic needs. -. Manual work keeps our environment safe. -. Examples of manual work in the bible:- a. Apostle Paul was a tent maker b. Cain was a farmer. C. Abel was a herdsman d. Joseph was a carpenter e. f. g. h. 10. Attitudes towards work Luke 18:9-14 a. Should appreciate it because it helps us earn a living. B. View work with dignity since through it we are able to provide basic needs. C.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.1999562}
{"text": "B. View work with dignity since through it we are able to provide basic needs. C. Work is a service to God and the community. D. All work is meant to help man live a comfortable life. E. f. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke g. 11. What it means to work for God. A. We use our talents and abilities to serve God through others. B. All work is a way of partnering with God e.g. doctors, teaching e.t.c. C. Preachers, pastors, priests and evangelists serve God directly. D. Voluntary work requires no pay but is a way of serving God through the needy. E. We are encouraged to receive servants of God; Jesus sent his disciples and commanded them not to carry money, food, clothes. Jesus expected people to provide for them. Questions 1 What is work? 2 Why did God put man in the Garden of Eden? 3 State 3 reasons why people worked in traditional communities 4 Apostle Paul worked as a? 5 Give two example of child labour 6 Why is it important for Christians to work together? 7 The slave girl who foretold the future and was healed by Paul was from? 8 Whoever does not work should not 9 Cain worked as a ? 10 Elisha worked as a before God called him to be a prophet.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 9: THE HOPE OF THE WORLD A. Our hope after primary school - Hope is a strong desire or expectation that something will happen or true. -. People have hopes about different things at different times. -. Hope gives meaning to life - Examples of things one can hope for:- a. Getting a good job b. Getting married. C. Getting children d. Joining university. E. Start a business and travel across the world. -. Hopes that are realized in future are called distant hopes. Biblical approach Romans 8:23-25,28 - Paul tells us that the whole of God s creation expects His salvation. We should patiently hope for good things in life. Evaluation 1. Should accompany hope in order to have salvation. 2. A person without hope is called? 3. The book of Romans was written by?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.225674}
{"text": "A person without hope is called? 3. The book of Romans was written by?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. List FOUR things one can hope for in life. 5. Which are the two main types of hopes? B. Our hopes for future adult life - An adult is a grown up person who in most cases is independent. -. An adult has to be over 18 years of age according to Kenyan Law. Rights and privileges of an adult in Kenya - Acquire a national identification card ID - Seek employment. -. Getting married. -. Running business - Joining church ministry - - Biblical Approach Psalms 138:7-8 - God keeps his promises and his love is everlasting. Jeremiah 29:10-14 - God knows the pans he has for us. 1 Corinthians 13:9-13 - God wants us to proper in all ways. -. Spiritual growth enables us to understand the plans of God. Quizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1 Having good feelings about good things that will happen to us is called? 2 Who will receive eternal life? 3 The greatest hope that a committed Christian should have is? 4 Who is an adult according to the Kenyan law? 5 Write the authors of the following books a. Psalms b. Jeremiah c. Corinthians 6. Name the prophet who prophesied about the new covenant. C. How we overcome disappointments 1 Corinthians 13:9-13 - Disappointment- a feeling of sadness because something has not happened as you hoped for. -. Disappointment happens as a result of broken hopes Ways of overcoming disappointments a. Setting achievable goals b. Being focused on strengths c. Developing a positive attitude towards everything we do. D. Being prayerful. E. Trusting in God in all our undertakings. F. Being hardworking. G. Accept situation we cannot change. Results of disappointments - Feeling unhappywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Feeling discouraged - Feeling frustrated. -. Lack of sleep. -. Loss of appetite. Quiz 1 Disappointment is the 2 The leper who said thank you was a 3 List three things we can do to avoid disappointment 4 List two results of disappointment to a human being D.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.2670965}
{"text": "- Lack of sleep. -. Loss of appetite. Quiz 1 Disappointment is the 2 The leper who said thank you was a 3 List three things we can do to avoid disappointment 4 List two results of disappointment to a human being D. What the church hopes for - Church it refers to a congregation of believers worshippers. -. A person who believes and follows Jesus Christ is called a Christian. -. Christians hope for:- a. The second coming of Jesus b. Peace and unity in the world. C. Salvation of yet non-believers by Christ. D. Good deeds. E. Eternal life with Christ. -. New life in Christ is characterized by a. A holy life b. Preaching c. Teaching the good news. D. Singing. -. Christians can achieve their hopes through:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Praying to God b. Reading the bible c. Going to church and worshipping. D. Confession that Jesus is our savior. Quiz 1 Name two beliefs for Christians 2 Disciples of Jesus were first referred to as Christians in a town called? 3 Jesus ascended to heaven from the town of? 4 Name the helper that Jesus promised His disciples. 5 Name four things that the church hopes for. E. The Wisemen hope for the king - Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea - Prophet Micah prophesied that the messiah would be born in Bethlehem - Wisemen studied a unique star. -. The star first led them to Herod s palace- the then king of Judea. -. Jesus was the hope of the whole world, so God protected him from being killed by King Herod. -. The wisemen brought the following to the baby Jesus:- a. Gold b. Frankincence c. Myrrh - Jesus was brought up grew in Nazareth. Quiz 1 Name three gifts that the Wisemen brought to baby Jesus. 2 The name Jesus means?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3 Which King was the ancestor of Jesus? 4 is known to be the city of David. 5 The Wisemen came from the? 6 Prophet foretold the birth of Jesus. 7 Prophet prophesied about the killing of babies by Herod soldiers. F.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.289837}
{"text": "6 Prophet foretold the birth of Jesus. 7 Prophet prophesied about the killing of babies by Herod soldiers. F. A sure hope for human kind Mathew 1:18-22, Romans 5:12, John 17:25-26 - Mary was a virgin Jewish lady and had an engagement with Joseph- a descendant of David. -. Mary conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit. -. The message was taken to Mary by Angel Gabriel. -. Prophet Isaiah refers to the baby as Emmanuel- meaning God with us - The gentiles were to put their hopes in him. -. When Jesus was presented to the temple, a man called Simeon was moved by the Holy Spirit and spoke good about the baby Jesus. Quiz 1 Who was the earthly father of Jesus? 2 Give four titles used by prophet Isaiah to describe Emmanuel 3 Who wanted to kill baby Jesus? 4 The wisemen were guided by a? 5 Jesus was a revelation and salvation for the who were not Israelites . 6 Name 3 occasions Jesus encountered with the gentiles. G. Our ambitions in life Micah 6:6-8 - An ambition is a determination to be successful in a certain area. -. Some of the ambitions include a. Being a doctorwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Being a pilot d. Being a teacher - Prophet Micah teaches that we should worship God in a just way. Just- being fair in the way we treat others - God expects us to be:- a. Just b. Loving and caring to everybody c. Humble d. Prayerful. Quiz 1 What did Simeon, a man full of the Holy Spirit, foretell about what Jesus would do to the gentiles? 2 Name three purposes God has for your life H. Jesus Christ hope of eternal life - Eternal life- life with a beginning but has no end. -. Eternal life is also called everlasting life - Eternal life starts on earth when one repents his her sins and gets baptized. The origin of death - Adam and eve disobeyed God. -. The sin of disobedience separated people from God and God pronounced death as one of the punishment on man. Christians view of death - Death does not mark the end of life of a Christian believer.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.3124228}
{"text": "The origin of death - Adam and eve disobeyed God. -. The sin of disobedience separated people from God and God pronounced death as one of the punishment on man. Christians view of death - Death does not mark the end of life of a Christian believer. -. John 3:16 says God sent His son Jesus Christ so that however believes in him shall not perish but have everlasting life.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Quiz 1 Eternal life is also called? 2 When does eternal Life begin? 3 Initiation in Christianity is equivalent to in African Traditional Religion 4 The tree that man ate from is known as the tree of? 5 Apart from death, state other punishments God gave to a. Snake b. Eve c. Adam How eternal life is received - Death came by means of a man called Adam and resurrection will come through Jesus Christ. -. When the body is buried it is immortal or perishable but when raised it is immortal or imperishable. -. Jesus died and was buried. -. He rose from the dead after 3 days with a spiritual body. -. On the last day, the living will receive the spiritual bodies that will join Jesus in the clouds. Quiz 1 State 3 women who were first to see the resurrected Jesus 2 Jesus resurrected on 3 offered a tomb to bury the body of Jesus. 4 Name the seven deacons I. Life after death John 14:1-30 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - In the ATR African traditional religion people believe in life after death, so does Christians. -. In ATR children are named after the dead as a show of honor - The dead are involved in rituals such as circumcision - Christians bury the dead and wait for the day of resurrection - We should not be afraid of death but respect God and love so as to inherit the kingdom of God. Quiz 1 State the common belief among the ATS and Christians. Both believe in 2 What is the significance of bloodshed during circumcision? 3 Naming children is very important in ATS. Name four ways of naming the children in ATS 4 Go wash your face in the pool of Siloam . Siloam means? Luke 9:1-12 5 Give the meaning of the following names: a. Emmanuel b. Isaac c. Jacob d.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.328602}
{"text": "Emmanuel b.Isaac c.Jacob d.Jesus e.Rabbi - www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-6-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.2781136}
{"text": "BASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBookSAD DLEBAC KBASIC ENGLISH GRAMMARSor English Language LearnersHoward Sargeant Copyright 2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-203-2Printed in the United States of America13 12 11 10 09 08 07Three WatsonIrvine, CA 92618-2767Web site: www.sdlback.comFirst published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore3Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.3865592}
{"text": "These common nouns are words for things.ruler chair hammer bicycle truthpen table saw ship calculatorcrayons sofa axe truck televisionpencil loyalty drill ferry fridgebook lamp ladder train cookerdictionary carpet lawnmower bus computercourage telephone spade laziness printerThese common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for young animals are included.animal its youngdog puppycat kittencow calfhorse foalsheep lambgoat kidfrog tadpole These common nouns are words for places.bank airporthotel gas stationlibrary parkmuseum farmmall zootheater factoryhospital nursery animal its youngfox cubelephant calfkangaroo joeybear cublion cubtiger cubwhale calfschool post officeuniversity police stationoffice restaurantmosque supermarkettemple stadiumshop synagoguegym church1 Nouns1 Nouns 8These common nouns are words for people who do certain things.singer manager sailor gardenerdancer secretary pilot police officerartist teacher driver plumberphotographer doctor writer farmermagician dentist friend clerkathlete lawyer brother technicianProper NounsThe names of particular people, places and things are proper nouns. They always begin with a capital letter. These people s names are proper nouns. Robin Hood Florence Nightingale Mom Miss ParkAladdin Muhammad Ali Dad Mrs. TaylorFrankenstein George Washington Granny Mr. YoungHarry Potter David Beckham Grandad Dr. LeeSanta Claus Julia Roberts Uncle David Professor RajMahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Aunt Diana JoseConfucius Alex Rodriguez Ms. Hall Yang MingThe names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.3624718}
{"text": "YoungHarry Potter David Beckham Grandad Dr. LeeSanta Claus Julia Roberts Uncle David Professor RajMahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Aunt Diana JoseConfucius Alex Rodriguez Ms. Hall Yang MingThe names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns. Days of the week months Monday January July Tuesday February August Wednesday March September Thursday April October Friday May November Saturday June December Sunday Nouns: Proper NounsAUGUSTSunday 4 11 18 25Monday 5 12 19 26Tuesday 6 13 20 27Wednesday 7 14 21 28Thursday 1 8 15 22 29Friday 2 9 16 23 30Saturday 3 10 17 24 319Nouns: Proper NounsThe names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns. New Year s Day Veterans' DayMother s Day ThanksgivingIndependence Day Memorial DayValentine s Day HalloweenLabor Day ChristmasRamadan Yom Kippur The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns. Big Ben the Empire State Buildingthe Sphinx the Taj MahalGraceland the Eiffel Towerthe Grand Canyon the Golden Gate Bridgethe Sydney Opera House the Great Wall of ChinaBuckingham Palace Chaco Canyon Pueblothe Leaning Tower of Pisa the Statue of Liberty The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper nouns.country peopleAfghanistan AfghansAustralia Australians Britain the BritishChina the ChineseFrance the FrenchGermany GermansIndia IndiansIndonesia IndonesiansItaly ItaliansJapan the JapaneseKorea KoreansMalaysia Malaysians country peopleSamoa SamoansNew Zealand New ZealandersPakistan Pakistanisthe Philippines FilipinosRussia RussiansNicaragua NicaraguansSouth Africa South AfricansSpain SpaniardsSwitzerland the SwissThailand ThaisUSA AmericansVietnam the Vietnamese Write each common noun under the correct heading.theater lion father brother doctor restaurant builder stove elephant kangaroo museum library things animals places people Exercise 2Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in these sentences. 1. I told Uncle John about my accident. 2. Kim and Stephanie wore masks on Halloween. 3. The lawnmower is broken. 4. We re going to the movies tomorrow. 5. The lion is playing with one of its cubs. 6. My sister s favorite soccer player is David Beckham. 7. I m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.4274652}
{"text": "7. I m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert. 8. The tourists visited Rome and saw the Colosseum. 9. Does this bus go to the stadium? 10. We re reading a story about a boy called Harry Potter. Exercise 3Read the following passage containing common nouns and proper nouns. Put a C in the box after a common noun and a P in the box after a proper noun. Mr. Peters lives in Maine in a big house by the sea . He has three cats and a dog . He likes to travel to different countries . Last Christmas , he went to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower . He enjoyed eating French food in nice restaurants .1011Nouns: Singular Nouns; Plural NounsSingular NounsNouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun. For example:a tent a park an ideaa taxi a doctor an ovena house a lady an exercisePlural NounsUse a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things. Just add s to make most nouns plural.singular plurala computer computersa chair chairsa train trainsa player playersa teacher teachersa taxi taxis N o t e s n Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.3994849}
{"text": "For example:a tent a park an ideaa taxi a doctor an ovena house a lady an exercisePlural NounsUse a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things. Just add s to make most nouns plural.singular plurala computer computersa chair chairsa train trainsa player playersa teacher teachersa taxi taxis N o t e s n Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules. A uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you; an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words is not pronounced.singular plurala mountain mountainsa river riversan envelope envelopesan insect insectsan oven ovensan uncle uncles 12singular pluralsandwich sandwicheswitch witchesbrush brushesflash flashesbox boxesfox foxessingular pluralday daystray traysrunway runwayschimney chimneystrolley trolleysvalley valleys Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.singular pluralbus busesglass glassesdress dressesbranch brancheschurch churchesbeach beaches Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.singular pluralbaby babiesfamily familiesstory storiesteddy teddiesfairy fairiespuppy puppieshousefly houseflieslibrary librariescity citieslily liliesparty partiesdictionary dictionariesNouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.4582725}
{"text": "A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules. A uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you; an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words is not pronounced.singular plurala mountain mountainsa river riversan envelope envelopesan insect insectsan oven ovensan uncle uncles 12singular pluralsandwich sandwicheswitch witchesbrush brushesflash flashesbox boxesfox foxessingular pluralday daystray traysrunway runwayschimney chimneystrolley trolleysvalley valleys Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.singular pluralbus busesglass glassesdress dressesbranch brancheschurch churchesbeach beaches Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.singular pluralbaby babiesfamily familiesstory storiesteddy teddiesfairy fairiespuppy puppieshousefly houseflieslibrary librariescity citieslily liliesparty partiesdictionary dictionariesNouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end. Singular pluralkey keysmonkey monkeysdonkey donkeystoy toysboy boyscowboy cowboys Nouns: Plural Nouns13Many nouns that end in f are made plural by changing the f to v and adding es.singular pluralhalf halvesleaf leavesshelf shelveswolf wolvesthief thievesBut some nouns that end in f are made plural simply by adding s.singular pluralchief chiefsroof roofshandkerchief handkerchiefscliff cliffspuff puffsSome nouns that end in f can be made plural in two ways.singular pluralscarf scarfs or scarveshoof hoofs or hoovesdwarf dwarfs or dwarveswharf wharfs or wharves Most nouns that end in fe are made plural by changing the f to v and adding s.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.467609}
{"text": "Put a checkmark in the correct box. Common nouns proper nouns 1. Do you like cheese? 2. They stood next to the Niagara Falls. 3. May I borrow your umbrella? 4. The ambulance was driving very fast. 5. Carl did not agree with them. 6. She loves to visit Disneyland. 7. Would you like some more water? 8. The fog was very thick. 9. May I invite Tom to join us? 10. My car is very old. N o t e s You can use a pair of with these plural nouns. For example: a pair of trousers a pair of pants a pair of glasses a pair of scissors a pair of chopsticks a pair of sandals a pair of glovesNouns: Plural Nouns 15Read the following passage. Write S in the box after each singular noun and P in the box after each plural noun. Our teacher is a very nice lady . She s very kind to all the children in the class and she tells us very funny stories . Yesterday, she told a story about the animals on a farm . They all had a race . The pigs and sheep ran faster than the ducks and cows , but the heroes of the story were the mice . They were faster than all the other animals , even though they had the shortest legs ! Exercise 6Read the following passage. Notice that the plural nouns are missing. Write the correct plural form of the singular nouns in parentheses. The first one has been done for you. Three lady in pink dress took their baby for a walk in the zoo. They saw four giraffe , three hippo , two kangaroo and an elephant. They walked for so long that their foot became sore, so they sat down on a bench for a rest near some monkey . The monkey were playing with cardboard box and throwing stick at each other. After a while, the lady looked at their watch and decided it was time to go home. Ladies1617 N o t e sCollective NounsWords for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns. Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.a family a crewa team a cluba community a committeea choir a companya band a gangan orchestra the governmentan audience the armyCollective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.4769864}
{"text": "After a while, the lady looked at their watch and decided it was time to go home. Ladies1617 N o t e sCollective NounsWords for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns. Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.a family a crewa team a cluba community a committeea choir a companya band a gangan orchestra the governmentan audience the armyCollective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb. If the group is acting as a single unit, use a singular verb. If group members are acting as individuals, use a plural verb. For example:The crowd was orderly. OrThe crowd were clapping, yelling and cheering. Here are more collective nouns you can use for groups of people.a crowd of shoppers a gang of thievesa company of actors a panel of judgesa class of schoolchildren a platoon of soldiersMany groups of animals have their own special collective nouns.a herd of cattle a pack of wolves a litter of puppiesa flock of birds a pride of lions a troop of monkeysa drove of sheep a pod of dolphins a brood of chickensa gaggle of geese a school of fish a swarm of bees Always use a plural verb with the collective nouns, people and the police. For example:Those people live not lives in Asia. The police have caught not has caught the thief. Nouns: Collective Nouns18Some groups of things also have their own special collective nouns.a bunch of bananas a deck of cardsa cluster of grapes a flight of stepsa bunch of flowers a suite of roomsa bouquet of flowers a suite of furniturea range of mountains a set of toolsa fleet of ships a string of beadsa fleet of vehicles a grove of treesSome nouns name the amount or form of something.a loaf of bread a bar of soapa ball of string a bar of chocolateThe words a piece of mean a single serving or part of something.a slice piece of bread a slice piece of cheesea piece square of chocolate a slice piece of cakea sheet piece of paper a piece of chalka piece of information a piece of adviceExercise 7Read the following passage. Write the missing collective nouns in the blank spaces. Remember that sometimes there are two words you can use. Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the zoo. The zoo was very busy. A of people had gathered round the monkeys.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.5258718}
{"text": "Remember that sometimes there are two words you can use. Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the zoo. The zoo was very busy. A of people had gathered round the monkeys. One of the monkeys had a of bananas. Watching the monkey eat made the children feel hungry. Mom took a of bread and some of cheese out of the picnic hamper and everyone made sandwiches. After eating the sandwiches, the children had two of chocolate each. Rudy wanted to give one piece to a monkey, but the zookeeper gave Rudy a very useful of advice. Monkeys may look friendly, but sometimes they are very fierce, he said. 18Nouns: Collective NounsRead the sentences. Does the collective noun indicate a group acting together as a single unit? If so, circle the singular verb. Does the collective noun indicate a group in which each member acts individually? Circle the plural noun. 1. The jury were was arguing about the importance of evidence. 2. A whole company of soldiers is are marching in the parade. 3. A gaggle of geese is are running every which way in the barnyard. 4. Those people live lives in North America. 5. The police has have arrested the suspect. 6. That troupe of actors always stay stays at the Grand Hotel. 7. The committee is are handing in their ballots. 8. Our school band play plays many lively marches. 9. A big colony of ants lives live under the front porch. 10. The government are is entitled to collect taxes. Exercise 9Complete each phrase with a noun from the box that names a part or an amount of something. Bushel scoop ream pair drop grain pinch galaxy 1. A of stars 5. A of potatoes 2. A of sand 6. A of bookends 3. A of paper 7. A of ice cream 4. A of salt 8. A of rain1920masculine femininenephew nieceking queenprince princessemperor empresswizard witchactor actresspoliceman policewomanwaiter waitress Nouns: Masculine and Feminine NounsMasculine and Feminine NounsMasculine nouns are words for men, boys and male animals.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.5625255}
{"text": "They are older than I am. 25Object PronounsThe object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb. Look at the following two sentences:Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them. In the first sentence, the noun cats is the object of the verb likes. In the second sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb stroke. Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as objects of verbs. I m doing my homework. Dad is helping me. Goodbye, children! I ll call you later. Where is John? I need to speak to him. Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her. The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it. Uncle Harry called Mary to ask her a question. My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them. First Person, Second Person and Third PersonIn grammar, the person who is speaking is called the first person. The one spoken to is called the second person, and the one spoken about is called the third person. Here is a table to help you remember which pronouns to use.subject object first person singularImesecond person singularyouyouthird person singularhehimsheherititfirst person pluralweussecond person pluralyouyouthird person pluraltheythem Pronouns: Personal Pronouns26Reflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of the verb.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.5237048}
{"text": "N o t e sn Use this and these when you are talking about things near you.n Use that and those when you are talking about things farther away. Pronouns: Possessive Pronouns; Demonstrative Pronouns28Interrogative PronounsInterrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The words who, whose, what, which and whom are interrogative pronouns. Who used all my paper?Who is Mom talking to?Who are those people?Whose pen is this?Whose are these shoes?What is your brother s name?What does Tom want?What is the date today?What do you want to be when you grow up?Which of these desks is yours?Which do you prefer?Which of your sisters is the tallest?Whom did the President criticize?Inedefinite PronounsAn indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to any other word. Most indefinite pronouns express he idea of quantity. Everybody is welcome at the meeting. Many prefer their coffee with sugar. Does anybody care for a cheese sandwich?Few choose to live in the arid desert. Pronouns: Interrogative Pronouns; Indefinite Pronouns N o t e sn In writing and formal speaking, you can also use whom as the object of verbs and prepositions. For example: Whom did the president criticize? Whom is the principal talking to? Or To whom is the principal talking?but you cannot use whom as the subject of a verb. So you cannot say: Whom came to the party last night?You have to say: Who came to the party last night? N Who can be used as the subject or the object of a verb. For example: Who broke the window? As the subject Who are you inviting to your party? As the object n Who can be used as the object of a preposition. For example: Who is Mom talking to?n You can also use whom as the object of a preposition.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.550385}
{"text": "As the subject Who are you inviting to your party? As the object n Who can be used as the object of a preposition. For example: Who is Mom talking to?n You can also use whom as the object of a preposition. For example: Whom is Mom talking to?If you put the preposition before the interrogative pronoun, you must use whom: To whom is Mom talking? 29Indefinite Pronounsalleachmostotheranothereitherneitherseveralanyeverybodynobodysomeanybodyeveryonenonesomebodyanyonefewno onesomeonebothmanyonesuchThe pronoun they is considered an indefinite pronoun when it makes an indefinite reference. They produce a lot of coal in your state. Why don't they repair the bad roads? Exercise 1Read the following passage. Write the missing subject and object pronouns in the blank spaces. My name is Charlie. Have two brothers. Are both older than . Sometimes they take me to the park and play football together. I like playing football with because they are very good. We are going to the park today. Would you like to come with ? Can all play together. Afterwards, can come to my house if want to. I think will like my dad. He is very funny and makes great pizzas. Do like pizza?29Pronouns: Indefinite Pronouns Some of the reflexive pronouns in the following sentences are used correctly, but some are not. Put a checkmark in the box if the reflexive pronoun is correct. Put an x in the box if it is not correct. Then write the correct reflexive pronoun in the blank space. 1. Sometimes I wash the dishes all by himself . 2. Dad had an accident. He cut herself with a knife. 3. Sally washes the car by herself . 4. Do you think the doctor can cure itself when he is ill? 5. The cat stays clean by licking itself . 6. Anna and May made the dinner all by herself . 7. Mom lets me walk to school by myself . 8. Can you dress themselves , boys and girls? 9. David can swim all by himself now.10. This light is automatic. It switches itself on at night. Exercise 3Write a short sentence using each of the interrogative pronouns below.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.6099863}
{"text": "5. Several applied for the job, but no one was hired. 32 3 Adjectives3 AdjectivesAdjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They give you more information about people, places, and things. Kinds of Adjectives Some adjectives tell about the size of people or things.a big housea long bridgetiny feeta large armya high mountainbig handsa huge shipa short mana short skirta tall buildinga thin boylong trousersSome adjectives tell about the color of things.a red carpeta gray suita brown beara white swanan orange balloongreen peppersa blue uniforma yellow ribbonblack shoesSome adjectives tell what people or things are like by describing their quality.a beautiful womana young soldiera flat surfacea handsome boyan old unclea hot drinka poor familya kind ladya cold wintera rich couple a familiar voicea sunny daya strange placea deep poolcool weatherSome adjectives tell what things are made of. They refer to substances.a plastic foldera stone walla clay pota paper baga metal boxa glass doora cotton shirta silk dressa concrete roada jade ringa wooden spoona porcelain vase33Some adjectives are made from proper nouns of place. These adjectives are called adjectives of origin.a Mexican hata British police officerthe French flaga Filipino dressan American customWashington applesa Japanese ladya Spanish dancean Indian templean Italian carThe Order of Adjectives Sometimes several adjectives are used to describe a single noun or pronoun. When you use two or more adjectives, the usual order is: size, quality, color, origin, substance. For example:a small green plastic box size color substancea stylish red Italian car quality color originHere are more examples.a large Indian templea tall white stone buildinga colorful cotton shirta long Chinese silk robedelicious Spanish foodan old graceful Japanese lady crunchy Australian applesa short handsome English manAdjectives of quality sometimes come before adjectives of size. For example:beautiful long hairelegant short hairBut adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color. For example:beautiful long black hairelegant short red hairIf you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective. For example:a beautiful long black silk dressAdjectives: The Order of Adjectives Read the following passage and underline the adjectives.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.5995524}
{"text": "For example:beautiful long hairelegant short hairBut adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color. For example:beautiful long black hairelegant short red hairIf you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective. For example:a beautiful long black silk dressAdjectives: The Order of Adjectives Read the following passage and underline the adjectives. Write S above adjectives of size, C above adjectives of color, Q above adjectives of quality and O above adjectives of origin. Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and expensive shops. In summer, it s a very hot place. People wear cool clothes and drink cool drinks. There are beautiful sandy beaches where people can rest and look up at the wide blue sky. There are big parks for tourists to visit. Japanese tourists like to sit and watch other people. British tourists take photographs of the strange plants and colorful birds. Exercise 2The following passage contains a lot of adjectives. Some of the adjectives appear in the wrong order. First underline the wrongly ordered adjectives. Then write them in their correct order on the lines below the passage. My friend Jeremy is a handsome tall boy. He always wears a white long T-shirt and a big red cap. He carries a blue huge canvas bag to school. His favorite food is red crunchy apples and he always has one in his bag. Our teacher is an English kind tall man called Mr. Clark. He wears a blue smart suit and glasses with black plastic thick frames.3435Adjective EndingsAdjectives have many different endings. Some adjectives end in -ful. These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something.a beautiful facea painful injurya careful studenta cheerful babya joyful smilea helpful teachera powerful machinea wonderful timeplayful childrena skillful playera useful bookcolorful clothesSome adjectives end in -ous.a famous writera courageous soldiera mountainous areaan adventurous explorera dangerous joba poisonous snakea humorous filma generous giftmischievous childrenmarvelous resultsSome adjectives end in -y. A messy rooma noisy cardirty handsa sleepy doga cloudy skythirsty childrena muddy patha sunny daystormy weatheran easy testa lazy worker juicy fruitSome adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.641306}
{"text": "These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something.a beautiful facea painful injurya careful studenta cheerful babya joyful smilea helpful teachera powerful machinea wonderful timeplayful childrena skillful playera useful bookcolorful clothesSome adjectives end in -ous.a famous writera courageous soldiera mountainous areaan adventurous explorera dangerous joba poisonous snakea humorous filma generous giftmischievous childrenmarvelous resultsSome adjectives end in -y. A messy rooma noisy cardirty handsa sleepy doga cloudy skythirsty childrena muddy patha sunny daystormy weatheran easy testa lazy worker juicy fruitSome adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something. A cloudless sky a meaningless worda sleeveless dressa fearless fightera careless driverhomeless peoplea joyless songseedless grapesa useless toolharmless animalsAdjectives: Adjective Endings 36Some adjectives end in -al.a national flagpersonal possessionsmusical instrumentsa traditional costumeelectrical goodsmagical powersa coastal townmedical equipmentHere are some adjectives that end in -ic, -ish, -ible, -able, -ive and -ly. A fantastic singera terrible messan imaginative storyan energetic doga sensible answerexpensive jewelerybasic grammarhorrible smellstalkative childrenenthusiastic shoutingvisible footprintsa creative artista selfish acta likeable childfriendly teachersfoolish behaviorcomfortable clothesa lovely dressstylish clothesvaluable advicea lively catchildish talksuitable colorsan elderly manMany adjectives end in -ing. Loving parentsan interesting booka caring nursea disappointing resulta flashing lightan outstanding swimmera smiling facean exciting ridea boring storychattering monkeysa gleaming carshocking news N o t e sWords like smiling, caring and flashing are present participles of verbs. They are formed by adding ing to the verbs. Many present participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Adjective Endings 37Many of adjectives end in ed. A closed doorsatisfied customersboiled eggsworried passengerswasted timeescaped prisonersa painted wallexcited studentsreduced pricesinvited guestsDescribing What Something Is Made OfSome nouns can be used like adjectives.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.6311226}
{"text": "They are formed by adding ing to the verbs. Many present participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Adjective Endings 37Many of adjectives end in ed. A closed doorsatisfied customersboiled eggsworried passengerswasted timeescaped prisonersa painted wallexcited studentsreduced pricesinvited guestsDescribing What Something Is Made OfSome nouns can be used like adjectives. For example, if you have a chair that is made of plastic, you can use the noun plastic as an adjective and say that the chair is a plastic chair. If you have a watch that is made of gold, you can say it is a gold watch. But the nouns wood and wool can t be used like this. To make adjectives of these nouns you have to add en. Noun adjectiveexamplewoodwoodena wooden doorwoolwoolena woolen jumperDescribing What Something Is LikeThere s another way to make adjectives from nouns. Suppose you want to say that something is like a certain material, although not made of it. To make these adjectives, add -en to some nouns and -y to other nouns.nounadjectiveexample goldgoldena golden sunrise bright yellow like gold silksilky or silkensilky skin as soft as silk leadleadena leaden sky dark gray like the color of lead N o t e sWords like closed, wasted and escaped are past participles of verbs. Many past participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Describing What Something Is Made Of 38careinterestingExercise 3The following sentences contain adjectives made by adding endings to nouns. Write the noun that each adjective comes from on the line after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. Remember that some nouns must be changed slightly before the ending is added. 1. She s always making careless mistakes. 2. It was a very painful injury. 3. Witches and wizards have magical powers. 4. These oranges are very juicy. 5. Dogs are usually more energetic than cats. 6. Our neighbors are not very friendly. 7. She keeps her toys in a large wooden box. 8. Take off your muddy shoes before you come in. 9. May I borrow your pencil sharpener? Mine is useless. 10. What a beautiful dress! Exercise 4Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the verbs in parentheses.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.694943}
{"text": "10. What a beautiful dress! Exercise 4Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the verbs in parentheses. Remember that both present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives. Choose the adjective that suits the sentence best. The first one has been done for you. 1. It wasn t a very interest movie. 2. We could hear the excite fans screaming. 3. I hope the pupils don t think that my classes are bore . 4. My dad had a very worry look on his face. 5. Have the police found the steal car yet? 6. The supermarket sells lots of freeze food. 7. The players on the win team don t look tired at all. 8. Some of the old houses had break windows.3839The Comparison of AdjectivesThe Comparative FormTo compare two people or things, use the comparative form of an adjective. The comparative form is usually made by adding er to the adjective.adjectivecomparative formadjectivecomparative form darkdarkerhardharderlightlighterwarmwarmerhighhighercoldcolderlowlowerfastfasteroldolderslowsloweryoungyoungerrichricherpoorpoorertalltallersmallsmallersoftsofterThe Superlative FormWhen you compare three or more people or things, use the superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is usually made by adding est to the adjective.adjectivesuperlative form adjectivesuperlative formdarkdarkestwarmwarmestlightlightestcoldcoldesthighhighestfastfastestlowlowestslowslowestoldoldestyoungyoungestrichrichestpoorpooresttalltallestsmallsmallestsoftsoftesthardhardest N o t e sThe word the is often used before the superlative form. For example:A bee is a small insect. A ladybird is smaller, but an ant is the smallest. N o t e sThe word than is often used to compare two things or people. For example, you say:Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.677048}
{"text": "N o t e sThe word than is often used to compare two things or people. For example, you say:Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike. Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives40If the adjective ends in e, add r to form the comparative and st to form the superlative.adjectivecomparativesuperlative nicenicernicestclosecloserclosestlargelargerlargestruderuderrudestsafesafersafestwidewiderwidestSuppose the adjective is a short word that ends in a consonant and has a single vowel in the middle. Just double the consonant and add er to make the comparative and est to make the superlative.adjectivecomparativesuperlativesadsaddersaddestwetwetterwettestslimslimmerslimmestthinthinnerthinnestbigbiggerbiggestSuppose the adjective has two syllables and ends in y. Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative. Adjective comparative superlativeadjective comparative superlativeeasyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestfunnyfunnierfunniestlovelylovelierloveliestdirtydirtierdirtiestprettyprettierprettiestnoisynoisiernoisiesttidytidiertidiesthappyhappierhappiestfriendlyfriendlierfriendliestnaughty naughtiernaughtiesttinytiniertiniest Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives41Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.adjectivecomparativesuperlative famousmore famousmost famouspreciousmore preciousmost precioushandsomemore handsomemost handsomeexcitingmore excitingmost excitingbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautifulexpensivemore expensivemost expensivecomfortablemore comfortablemost comfortabledeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousinterestingmore interestingmost interestingdifficultmore difficultmost difficultIrregular Comparative and Superlative FormsA few adjectives don t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.6836357}
{"text": "Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative. Adjective comparative superlativeadjective comparative superlativeeasyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestfunnyfunnierfunniestlovelylovelierloveliestdirtydirtierdirtiestprettyprettierprettiestnoisynoisiernoisiesttidytidiertidiesthappyhappierhappiestfriendlyfriendlierfriendliestnaughty naughtiernaughtiesttinytiniertiniest Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives41Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.adjectivecomparativesuperlative famousmore famousmost famouspreciousmore preciousmost precioushandsomemore handsomemost handsomeexcitingmore excitingmost excitingbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautifulexpensivemore expensivemost expensivecomfortablemore comfortablemost comfortabledeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousinterestingmore interestingmost interestingdifficultmore difficultmost difficultIrregular Comparative and Superlative FormsA few adjectives don t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are different words, called irregular forms.adjectivecomparativesuperlative goodbetterbestbadworseworstlittlelessleastmanymoremostfarfarther or furtherfarthest or furthestFor example:My painting is good, Melanie s painting is better, but Andrew s painting is the best. Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives 42Adjective PhrasesPhrases can be used like single adjectives to describe nouns and pronouns. Phrases that are used in this way are called adjective phrases. Most adjective phrases come after the word they describe. Look at these examples. The adjective phrases are in bold and the nouns they describe are in color. Who is the girl with long hair?My friend lives in the house across the street. Mrs. Morris is tall and slim. This is the road to Toledo. The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine. Some adjective phrases come before the word they describe.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.7221365}
{"text": "The adjective phrases are in bold and the nouns they describe are in color. Who is the girl with long hair?My friend lives in the house across the street. Mrs. Morris is tall and slim. This is the road to Toledo. The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine. Some adjective phrases come before the word they describe. The words in these phrases are often joined with hyphens.a long-legged bird an eight-year-old childa well-dressed ladya ten-cent coina fun-loving teenagera twenty-story buildinguser-friendly equipmenta large-sized shirtExercise 5Read the following passage. Write the correct comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in parentheses in the blank spaces. The first one has been done for you. Paul likes playing football. He s a very good player, but his friend Sally is a good player. She s the good player in the whole school. She is fast and strong than all the boys, even the boys who are old and big than her. That s why Paul likes her. Paul thinks all games are exciting, but football is the exciting game and it s noisy than all the other games he plays with his friends. When the grass is wet, everyone gets dirty when they play football. But Sally gets dirty and wet than everyone else.better 42Adjectives: Adjective Phrases 4343to Tokyosmall and brownExercise 6Complete the following sentences. Write an adjective phrase that includes the preposition in parentheses. The first one has been done for you. 1. Is this the train to ? 2. They live in a big house near . 3. Emilly's desk is oppposite . 4. The bucket has a hole in . 5. Who is the man with ? Exercise 4Complete the following sentences. Write an adjective phrase, using the adjective in parentheses and another adjective linked with and or but. The first one has been done for you. 1. My dog is small . 2. His sister's hair is black . 3. Our teacher is oppposite . 4. Tomorrow's weather will be sunny . 5. The museum was quiet . 44 N o t e sn Some vowels have a consonant sound as well as vowel sound. Use the article a with nouns that begin with these vowels: Is there a university in your town?", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.7471392}
{"text": "The museum was quiet . 44 N o t e sn Some vowels have a consonant sound as well as vowel sound. Use the article a with nouns that begin with these vowels: Is there a university in your town? Does every child in the school wear a uniform? We are taking a European vacation this summer.n Some words begin with a silent h. Use an with nouns that begin with a silent h: We ve been waiting here for an hour. Meeting the president was an honor for all of us.4 Determiners appleumbrellaentranceislandanfoxpeachmuseumladypencila4 DeterminersDeterminers, or noun signals, are special adjectives used before nouns. There are different kinds of determiners. The ArticlesThe words a, an and the are called the articles. The words a and an are indefinite articles. They are used with singular nouns. Use a before nouns that begin with a consonant. Use an before nouns that begin with a vowel. John is reading a book. Would you like a peach?Is that a dog or a fox?You ll need a ruler and a pencil. Is there also an entrance at the back of the building?Have you ever seen an elephant?I always take an apple to school. Do you have an umbrella that I can borrow?Would you like to live on an island? 45 The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are talking to someone who already knows which person or thing you mean. Dad is sitting in the garden. Who made the mess on the carpet?Turn the television off now. I ll wait for you in the car. The boys are upstairs and the girls are outside in the street. Using Nouns without Articles When you are talking about something in general, not a particular thing, use a noun without an article. You can also use plural nouns without an article. Frogs are my favorite animals. Children like playing games. Babies cry a lot. Glasses are things that you wear to correct your eyesight. Birds are animals that can fly. People enjoy watching television. Nouns that don't show quantity are normally used without a or an.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.7686305}
{"text": "I ll wait for you in the car. The boys are upstairs and the girls are outside in the street. Using Nouns without Articles When you are talking about something in general, not a particular thing, use a noun without an article. You can also use plural nouns without an article. Frogs are my favorite animals. Children like playing games. Babies cry a lot. Glasses are things that you wear to correct your eyesight. Birds are animals that can fly. People enjoy watching television. Nouns that don't show quantity are normally used without a or an. The article the, however, may be used with nouns that don't show quantity. I like sunshine. I sometimes have fruit for breakfast. You ve got dirt on your face. A clock measures time. Put sugar in your tea to make it sweet. I need time to think of a new plan. Would you pass me the salt, please. Can I borrow the paint when you ve finished? N o t e sYou often use the singular nouns school, home, work, church without an article:We go to school by bus. Dad has already left home for work. They go to church on Sundays. Determiners: Using Nouns without Articles 46Demonstrative DeterminersThe words this, that, these and those are also special pronouns called determiners. They are used to point out which thing or person you mean. They are called demonstrative determiners. Use this and these to talk about things and people that are near you. Use this with singular nouns. Who lives in this house?This car belongs to my mom. Does this key fit the lock?This book is my favorite. Who gave you this money?This cheese tastes funny. Use that and those to talk about things that are farther away from you. Use that with singular nounsThis chair is mine and that chair is yours. That animal is making a funny noise. Would you pass me that book, please? Who is that man talking to Dad? How much is that dress? Use those with plural nounsI gave my sandwiches to those boys. Those children go to a different school. These shoes are mine and those shoes are yours. These apples look fresh but those apples look rotten. Those people are from Africa. Determiners: Demonstrative DeterminersUse these with plural nounsThese trousers are too short. I don t like these comics. These biscuits don t taste very good. I bought these apples for lunch. Is there an adult with these children?", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.7854843}
{"text": "These apples look fresh but those apples look rotten. Those people are from Africa. Determiners: Demonstrative DeterminersUse these with plural nounsThese trousers are too short. I don t like these comics. These biscuits don t taste very good. I bought these apples for lunch. Is there an adult with these children? 47Quantifying DeterminersWords such as many, much and several tell about quantity without giving an exact number. They are called quantifying determiners. Some quantifying determiners are used only with plural nouns. They are few, a few, fewer, many, several and both. Few people have been to the moon. We went to Europe many years ago. A few children are absent today. Several friends went with me. I have fewer CDs than you. Both brothers have dark hair. Some quantifying determiners can be used with plural nouns and nouns that show no exact number. They are all, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, more, most, other and plenty of. All children seem to like chocolate. We ve eaten all the food in the refrigerator. Half the balloons have burst already. Jenny spends half her time watching television. Some girls like to play football. Can I have some water?Do you have enough books to read?I don t have enough material to make a dress. A lot of people like burgers. There s a lot of fruit in the bowl. They went to a park with lots of animals in it. You will gain weight if you eat lots of ice cream. You ve got more brothers than I have. There s more space in my room than yours. Most teachers enjoy teaching. Most lemonade contains sugar. He likes playing with other children. They had never tasted other food. Plenty of my friends have seen the Harry Potter movies. Drink plenty of water every day. Determiners: Quantifying Determiners48 Some determiners can be used only with nouns of no exact number. They are little meaning not much , a little meaning some , much and less. We have little time to play. There s a little rice left. Does the teacher give you much homework?I ve got less ice cream than you. Some quantifying determiners can only be used with singular nouns. They are another, every and each. I need another pencil. He likes every child in the class. Each house is painted a different color. The quantifying determiners either and neither refer to two people or things. I don t like either drink. Neither sister has long hair.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.800716}
{"text": "Some quantifying determiners can only be used with singular nouns. They are another, every and each. I need another pencil. He likes every child in the class. Each house is painted a different color. The quantifying determiners either and neither refer to two people or things. I don t like either drink. Neither sister has long hair. Some quantifying determiners are used with singular, plural, or nouns of no exact quantity. They are any, no, no other and the other. Any dog will bite if it s afraid. Are there any good books in the library?There wasn t any space in the cupboard. No child likes getting hurt. There were no pencils in the drawer. We ve done no work today. There is no other way of solving the problem. She has no other friends. We have no other food in the refrigerator. Do you like this picture or the other picture?The other boys laughed at him. I like the other music better. Determiners: Quantifying Determiners49Interrogative DeterminersThe words what, which and whose are used before nouns to ask questions. Interrogative determiners appear just before nouns. What time is it?Which boy is your brother?Whose pen is this?Possessive DeterminersThe words my, your, his, her, its, our and their are used before nouns to show ownership. They are called possessive determiners. I gave my sandwich to John. Is this your desk?Alan crashed his bike into a wall. Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean. The dog was licking its paws. There s a snake in our garden. Susan and Peter have invited me to their party. This table will help you remember how to use possessive determiners.singular personal possessiveplural personal possessive pronoundeterminerpronoundeterminerI subject pronoun my we subject pronoun ourme object pronoun my us object pronoun ouryou subject object pronoun your you subject object pronoun yourhe subject pronoun his they subject pronoun theirhim object pronoun his them object pronoun theirshe subject pronoun herher object pronoun herit subject object pronoun its N o t e sThe possessive determiner your can be used when you are talking to one person or more than one person:I m very angry with you, John.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.8442}
{"text": "They are called possessive determiners. I gave my sandwich to John. Is this your desk?Alan crashed his bike into a wall. Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean. The dog was licking its paws. There s a snake in our garden. Susan and Peter have invited me to their party. This table will help you remember how to use possessive determiners.singular personal possessiveplural personal possessive pronoundeterminerpronoundeterminerI subject pronoun my we subject pronoun ourme object pronoun my us object pronoun ouryou subject object pronoun your you subject object pronoun yourhe subject pronoun his they subject pronoun theirhim object pronoun his them object pronoun theirshe subject pronoun herher object pronoun herit subject object pronoun its N o t e sThe possessive determiner your can be used when you are talking to one person or more than one person:I m very angry with you, John. Your behavior has been very bad today. Jake and Josh, your dinner is ready. Determiners: Interrogative Determiners; Possessive Determiners50NumbersNumbers are determiners, too. Numbers are often used before nouns to tell you exactly how many people or things there are. Our family has two dogs. There are twelve months in the year. We bought three pizzas. My grandfather lived for a hundred years. Using Determiners Together You can use quantifying determiners with each other and with numbers. Some people like winter but many more people prefer summer. There s a little less space in this cupboard than in that one. There are five fewer children in my class than in your class. Use of between a quantifying determiner and another kind of determiner. I don t like any of these drinks. Some of my friends don t like country music. Each of the boys answered the question correctly. I ve had enough of your bad behavior!Five of these girls are taller than any of the boys. The quantifying determiner all may be used with or without of. For example you can say:We ate all of the food in the fridge. OrWe ate all the food in the fridge. He spends all of his time playing or He spends all his time playing football. Football. She likes all of my friends. Or She likes all my friends. Determiners: Numbers; Using Determiners Together Read the following passage.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.8528}
{"text": "OrWe ate all the food in the fridge. He spends all of his time playing or He spends all his time playing football. Football. She likes all of my friends. Or She likes all my friends. Determiners: Numbers; Using Determiners Together Read the following passage. Write the correct article in each blank space. If no article is needed, leave the space blank. The first one has been done for you. John lives in apartment with his mom, dad and sister Katy. Apartment has three bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom and living room. John s mom works in office and his dad stays at home and looks after apartment. He spends much of his time in kitchen, preparing meals. John and Katy help their dad with housework. John likes using vacuum cleaner and Katy likes to sweep floor. Dad gives John and Katy money when they help him. They usually spend the money on computer games! Exercise 2 Notice the determiners in the following passage. What kind of determiners are they? Put a D in the box after a demonstrative determiner, a Q after a quantifying determiner, an I after an interrogative determiner, a P after a possessive determiner and an N after a number. Sally is my friend. We play together every day. I usually go to her house to play. Her parents are very nice, but she has two brothers who sometimes spoil our games. Last week, her brothers pulled my hair. Sally s mom was very angry with them. Stop behaving in that rough way! She shouted. I m glad I don t have any brothers. 51an525 Verbs and Tenses5 Verbs and TensesMost verbs describe actions, so they are called action verbs. Action verbs tell what people or things are doing. Here are some common action verbs.drink look jump swim fall eat shout walk throw climblaugh run sit catch dance Subject and Verb AgreementWhen you use a verb, you have to say who or what is doing the action. This who or what is the subject of the verb. The subject and the verb match each other. You say that the subject and the verb agree when they match each other. Use a singular verb if the subject is a singular noun. For example, the subjects my dad or our school , or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.8732543}
{"text": "For example, the subjects my dad or our school , or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color. He always drinks milk when he s hot. She eats bananas for breakfast. Mom walks to work every day. My sister dances like a professional dancer. The baby falls when she tries to walk. Our cat climbs the trees in our garden. This form of the verb is called the third person singular. You use it when the subject of the verb is not you or the person you are speaking to, but some other person a third person or a thing. Here are some more third person singular verbs that end in s.plays sings shines rides smilesdraws paints blows thinks stopsreads rains travels talks starts 53The third person singular form of some verbs is made by adding es at the end. Some examples are verbs that end in sh, ch, ss, x, zz and o. brushes watches kisses fixesrushes reaches misses mixespolishes teaches passes buzzes crashes catches presses does washes touches dresses goesHere are some sentences with verbs in their third person singular form. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color. She always brushes her teeth at bedtime. Dad polishes his shoes until they shine. My brother watches television after school. Kim catches the ball with one hand. Dad mixes flour and water when he makes bread. The bee buzzes around the flowers. My friend Sanjay goes to the same school as I do. How do you make the third person singular form of most verbs that end in y? Usually, you just change the y to an i and then add es. Carry carries hurry hurries copy copiescry cries fly flies marry marriesstudy studies worry worries bully bulliesA cat carries its kitten with its mouth. Mr. Chen hurries to work every morning. The baby cries a lot at night. This plane flies to the island every day. Alice tries hard at school. She copies all the questions in her notebook. Verbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 54Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add an s at the end of these words to make the third person singular form.buy buys say says pray prayspay pays annoy annoys stay staysMom buys bread at the supermarket. Mr.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.898695}
{"text": "Chen hurries to work every morning. The baby cries a lot at night. This plane flies to the island every day. Alice tries hard at school. She copies all the questions in her notebook. Verbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 54Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add an s at the end of these words to make the third person singular form.buy buys say says pray prayspay pays annoy annoys stay staysMom buys bread at the supermarket. Mr. Carter pays all his bills with a credit card. My friend says he has a salt-water aquarium. She annoys me with her silly jokes. Anna stays with her aunt on weekends. If the subject of a verb is a plural noun, such as Mom and Dad or our teachers , use a plural verb. Do not add s, es or ies to plural verbs. Plural verbs are also used with the pronouns I, we, you and they. Mom and Dad love us. My sisters listen to music a lot. The stars shine brightly on a clear night. Some people drink tea. I like juicy hamburgers. We learn interesting things at school. You all know the words to this song, children. They always walk home from school together. Suppose the subject of a noun refers to a group of people. Depending on the meaning of the sentence, you may use either a singular or a plural verb. The audience was enjoying the play. The audience have all gone home. The class has thirty students. The class are handing in their papers. The band is performing until midnight. The band were arguing among themselves. N o t e sWords that refer to groups of people or animals are called collective nouns. Here are some more examples:crowd committee herd crew litter flockVerbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 55Transitive and Intransitive VerbsSome verbs have an object. The object of a verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. Look at this sentence: Alice eats a banana for breakfast. The subject of the verb is Alice. She is the person who does the action: she eats. The object of the verb is a banana. A banana is affected by the action of the verb. So in this sentence, the object of the verb eat is a banana . Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.9245322}
{"text": "So in this sentence, the object of the verb eat is a banana . Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. The verbs are printed in bold and their objects are printed in color. John likes apples. Sam knows the answer to the question. My sister cooks all our meals. My brother rides his bike in the street. Dad buys tea at the market. Mom writes stories in her spare time. Some verbs don t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs. In China, lots of people walk to work. The boys play in the yard after school. Mr. Carter always drives very carefully. Doris is a very successful businesswoman. Michael and I both entered the race. He won but I lost. Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Notice that the transitive meaning and the intransitive meaning are sometimes different.transitive verbsintransitive verbs The pilot flies the plane very well. Eagles fly high in the sky. The boys play football on weekends. The boys play in the yard on weekends. My mom runs her own company. My mom runs in the park for fun. We walk the dog every evening. We walk on the beach every evening. The verb is the action wordThe subjectdoes the actionThe object is affected by the action Verbs and Tenses: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Read the following sentences. Underline the verb in each sentence. 1. We live in an apartment on the boulevard. 2. Some children learn very fast. 3. We go for swimming lessons on Sunday. 4. I like my new bike. 5. Babies sometimes sleep during the day. 6. My dad buys a newspaper every morning. 7. These dolls belong to Kathleen. 8. I often walk to school with my dad. 9. My sister plays the piano very well. 10. Sarah sometimes reads in bed at night. Exercise 2Fill in the blank spaces with the third person singular form of the verbs in parentheses. Example: Ali look sad today. 1. Sumiko speak English very well. 2. Mr. Kim come to school on his motorbike. 3. My neighbor s dog bark very loudly. 4. My little brother always brush his teeth properly.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.9468696}
{"text": "My neighbor s dog bark very loudly. 4. My little brother always brush his teeth properly. 5. Dad is so tall that his head almost touch the ceiling. 6. Our dog catch the ball in its teeth. 7. Mom mix vinegar and oil to make salad dressing. 8. Sally try not to disturb her brother when he s reading. 9. Dad buy his newspaper from the store on the corner. 10. Her music annoy me when I m doing my homework. 56looksintransitive transitive objectverbverbExercise 3Underline the verbs in the following sentences. Then show whether the verb is transitive or intransitive by putting a checkmark in the correct box. Remember that depending on the meaning, some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. For each of the transitive verbs you have marked, write the object of the verb on the lines. The first one is done for you. 1. My brother and I often play chess. 2. Mom and Dad work in the garden on weekends. 3. The library closes at 5 P.M. 4. Mr. Ross drives his car very carefully. 5. The cat jumped over the wall. 6. My sister likes her new jeans. 7. Grandad walks the dog every evening. 8. Will you come with me to the shop? 9. The boys are skating in the park. 10. Dad is making sandwiches. 11. The children went to bed. 12. We buy our food at the supermarket. 13. Sally found a good hiding place. 14. They are learning to speak English. 15. Anna was reading an interesting book. 16. On weekends, I usually go to the beach with Dad. 17. The cat is sleeping under the tree. 18. They pushed the cart into the shed. 58The Simple Present TenseVerbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens. If the action happens regularly, sometimes or never, use the simple present tense. We always wash our hands before meals. Joe sometimes lends me his bike. Dad jogs in the park every day. We often go to the movies on Satrurday. Mr. Ross takes a train to work.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.9685833}
{"text": "4. You on the basketball team, too? 5. Nobody in my class interested in football. 6. This computer more expensive than that one? 7. Sally my best friend. 8. Mom and Dad downstairs watching television. 9. Paul and Henry in the computer room. 10. The Eiffel Tower the tallest monument in Paris. Exercise 6Read the following passage. Fill in there s, there are, there isn t or there aren t in the blank spaces. I like playing in our park because some great things to play on. A big chute to slide on and a huge sandbox to play in. Also some swings. Dogs are not allowed in the park so no dogs to bother us. Also a lot of space for us to run around. It sometimes gets hot because many trees to give shade, but a fountain where we can drink water. It s the best place in the town for children. Another place as good as the park.61Rewrite the following sentences using contractions. The first one has already been done to help you. 1. It is another sunny day today. 2. This is my sister. She is five. 3. I am not very interested in sports. 4. She is not my best friend. You are my best friend. 5. Cats are not as noisy as dogs. 6. We are busy doing our homework. 7. She is busy cleaning the car in the garage. 8. Our teacher is not very tall. 9. My parents are not home from work yet. 10. My friend is not very good at math. It s another sunny day today.6263The Present Progressive TenseThe present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing. I am learning how to swim. I am eating my lunch. I am watching television. She is reading a book. Dad is baking a cake. My sister is listening to music. Uncle David is cleaning his car. The dog is barking in the garden. We are singing our favorite song. My brother and I are playing a computer game. The teachers are showing us a film. They are bringing a television set into the classroom. The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future. I am going to the library tomorrow.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406277.9871163}
{"text": "It s another sunny day today.6263The Present Progressive TenseThe present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing. I am learning how to swim. I am eating my lunch. I am watching television. She is reading a book. Dad is baking a cake. My sister is listening to music. Uncle David is cleaning his car. The dog is barking in the garden. We are singing our favorite song. My brother and I are playing a computer game. The teachers are showing us a film. They are bringing a television set into the classroom. The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future. I am going to the library tomorrow. My sister is giving me her bike when she gets her new one. We can t go to the movies tomorrow because my mom is working. We are having a barbecue on Sunday. All my friends are coming to my party next week. We re taking my cousin to the zoo later today. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participle with am, is or are to make the present progressive tense.am watching present participle is listening present participle are playing present participle Verbs and Tenses: The Present Progressive Tense Fill in the blank spaces with the present progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses. Try to use contractions such as I m, she s and they re where you can. 1. We go to the zoo tomorrow. 2. He fix my bike in the garage. 3. I help Mom in the kitchen. 4. My sister and I watch television in our bedroom. 5. The train leave in ten minutes. 6. They come with us to the museum. 7. We paint some pictures for Aunt Susan. 8. The boys and girls dance in the hall. 9. The cat chase some birds. 10. My brother tickle me. Exercise 9Complete the following sentences with either 1 the simple present form of the verb, or 2 the present progressive form of the verb. 1. The teacher always give us interesting project work. 2. The wind blow very strongly today. 3. I like chocolate ice cream. 4. Be quiet!", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.0216148}
{"text": "I like chocolate ice cream. 4. Be quiet! We try to listen to the radio. 5. Let s go inside now. It begin to rain. 6. Penguins eat fish. 7. Dad never let us play in the street when it s dark. 8. The children go swimming every day. 9. We re trying to catch the ball that roll down the hill. 10. My teacher know a lot about plants and animals.6465The Simple Past Tense Use the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is usually made by adding ed to the verb. I opened the door and looked inside. The plane landed ten minutes ago. My cousin visited us last summer. We walked to school yesterday. She laughed when I told her the joke. If a verb ends in e, just add d to make the simple past tense. Who closed all the windows?We lived in that house when I was a baby. She smiled when she saw me. We raced each other on our bikes. If a verb ends in y, change the y to i before adding ed. I carried my mom s shopping bag. My brother cried when he fell off his bike. We hurried to the station to catch the train. Dad tried to help me with my homework. With some short verbs that end in a consonant, you must double the consonant before adding ed. I climbed over the fence and ripped my shirt. The stranger grabbed my arm. The dog wagged its tail when it saw the biscuits. He slammed the door and walked off angrily. Verbs and Tenses: The Simple Past Tense 66was and wereThe words was and were are the simple past forms of the verb be. N Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like my dad and the teacher , and with the pronouns he, she and it. N Were is the simple past form of are.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.0102787}
{"text": "N Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like my dad and the teacher , and with the pronouns he, she and it. N Were is the simple past form of are. Use were with plural nouns like my parents and Jenny and Mary , and with the pronouns we, you and they. Ten years ago, I was only a baby. When I was younger, I played with teddy bears. My friend was ill yesterday. Mom was angry when she saw the broken vase. It was very wet on Monday. It was six o clock when we got home. We were away on vacation last month. John and I were in the garden. You were nasty to me!You and Sally were not at school yesterday. Dinosaurs were prehistoric animals. Those were my best jeans. Here is a table to help you remember how to use was and were.singularplural first personI waswe weresecond personyou wereyou werethird personhe wasthey wereshe wasthey wereit wasthey were N o t e sYou may use these contractions when you are combining was and were with not. Full formshort form I was notI wasn the was nothe wasn tshe was notshe wasn tit was notit wasn twe were notwe weren tyou were notyou weren tthey were notthey weren tVerbs and Tenses: was and were67Irregular Verbs Many common verbs have unusual present and past tense forms. These are called irregular verbs. Remember that the simple past tense of most verbs is made by adding ed at the end: look becomes looked. Notice that the simple past tense of these common irregular verbs is quite different. Irregular verbsimple past tenseirregular verbsimple past tensebreakbrokekeepkeptbringbroughtkneelkneltbuyboughtknowknewcatchcaughtleaveleftcomecameloselostdodidmeetmetfallfellringrangfeedfedrunranfeelfeltseesawflyflewsellsoldgetgotsleepsleptgowentspeakspokehavehadwritewrote The simple past tense of other irregular verbs does not change at all. Verbsimple past tenseexample costcostI bought a new CD. It cost twenty dollars. CutcutMy brother cut his finger this morning. HithitShe hit the ball into a neighbor s garden. HurthurtI hurt my leg when I jumped off the wall.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.070451}
{"text": "CutcutMy brother cut his finger this morning. HithitShe hit the ball into a neighbor s garden. HurthurtI hurt my leg when I jumped off the wall. LetletMom opened the door and let us in. PutputThe tea tasted horrible because I put too much sugar in it. ReadreadDad read us a story last night. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Verbs Write each past tense verb below under the correct heading.laughed lived smiled landed cried pinned hurried played hopped tried grabbed raced verb edverb ddouble the last letter ed change y to i and add ed Exercise 11Complete the sentences with the simple past tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The boys whisper secrets to each other. 2. Uncle Ben hurry to catch his bus. 3. We return our books to the library. 4. She kiss the frog and it change into a prince. 5. Someone tap me on the shoulder. 6. The baby cry when we took her toy away. 7. John pin the badge onto his jacket. 8. Two doctors rush into the room. 9. This is the house that we live in when I was younger.10. Grandad lower himself into the chair.68Write was or were in the blank spaces in the following passage. It a beautiful summer s day and there n t a cloud in the sky. Mom, Dad and I all in the garden. Dad in the vegetable garden planting some seeds and Mom and I busy with other jobs. The sun hot and soon I feeling very tired. Mom and Dad n t tired at all. They went on working for a long time. I glad when it time to go inside and have a drink. Exercise 13Draw a circle around the correct past tense verb in each sentence below. 1. I losed lost my watch in the park. 2. David hurt hurted his knee when he falled fell . 3. I kicked the ball hard and it breaked broke a window. 4. My new shoes cost costed a lot of money. 5. I getted got this book from the library. 6. We had a garage where we keeped kept our car. 7.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.0636516}
{"text": "6. We had a garage where we keeped kept our car. 7. Ali shew showed me the cut on his knee. 8. The glass falled fell off the table and breaked broke . 9. We selled sold our old car and buyed bought a new one.10. The bell ringed rang and we all goed went into school. 11. The dog catched caught the ball in its mouth. 12. The man kneeled knelt down to talk to the little boy.13. I meeted met my friend in the park.14. Our cat runned ran onto the road in front of a car. 15. Jane writed wrote a letter to her best friend.6970The Past Progressive Tense Use the past progressive tense to talk about things that were happening in the past and had not stopped happening. They were continuing. To make the past progressive tense, use was or were and a verb that ends in ing. I was watching television. Ben was finishing his homework. She was putting her books into her schoolbag. Jenny and I were tidying the classroom. We were all dancing at the party. You weren t listening to the teacher. Some boys were looking out of the window. You can also use the past progressive tense to say what was happening when something else happened. Sam was doing his math homework when the phone rang. Dad was cooking our dinner when I got home. When I saw Joe, he was looking for his dog. We were all enjoying the movie when the power went out. What were they doing when the bell rang?Exercise 14Complete the sentences with the past progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. At the block party lots of people dance in the street. 2. I sit in my bedroom reading a book. 3. Someone make a very loud noise in the street. 4. Why you all laugh when I came in? 5. Mike and John wash their paintbrushes. 6. Sally practice the piano. 7. I ran so fast that my heart beat really hard. 8. Our neighbors have a barbecue. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.094623}
{"text": "8. Our neighbors have a barbecue. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participles with was or were to make the past progressive tense:was cleaning present participle were listening present participle 70 Verbs and Tenses: The Past Progressive Tense71have, has and had The verb have is used to say what people own or possess. N Use have with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as my parents and Tom and Susan . N Use has with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as my dad and the teacher .I have two brothers and one sister. Monkeys have long tails. My sister and I have a swing in our garden. John has a big brother. Sally has a pretty face. An elephant has a long trunk. It also has big ears. His brother has dark hair. Our apartment has big windows. Use have to talk about things that people do or get. I can t play football because I have a broken leg. We have art lessons on Mondays. You have a stain on your shirt. They have the desks nearest the teacher. Peter has a sore knee. You also use have to talk about things that people eat. We usually have lunch at school. Mom and Dad sometimes have their breakfast in bed. Jenny often has sandwiches for lunch. She sometimes has cola to drink. N o t e sThe words have and has are the simple present forms of the verb have. Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 72Here is a table to help you remember how to use have and has.singularplural first personI havewe havesecond personyou haveyou havethird personhe hasthey haveshe hasthey haveit hasthey have The simple past tense form of have and has is had. I had a big toy car when I was small. It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden. They had a wonderful holiday in Europe. Sally and I had chicken for dinner. The boys had a fight in the playground. Dad had a sore back yesterday. She had long hair when I saw her a year ago. Our cat had three kittens last week. Use had when you're talking about wishes.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.1157954}
{"text": "Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 72Here is a table to help you remember how to use have and has.singularplural first personI havewe havesecond personyou haveyou havethird personhe hasthey haveshe hasthey haveit hasthey have The simple past tense form of have and has is had. I had a big toy car when I was small. It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden. They had a wonderful holiday in Europe. Sally and I had chicken for dinner. The boys had a fight in the playground. Dad had a sore back yesterday. She had long hair when I saw her a year ago. Our cat had three kittens last week. Use had when you're talking about wishes. I wish I had a new bike. Kathleen wishes she had a big sister. Dad wishes he had a bigger garage. The boys wish they had more space to play football in. You can make the negative with didn t have. I wish I didn t have so much homework. Jack wishes he didn t have a broken leg. Dad wishes he didn t have to work on weekends. Do you wish you didn t have English classes today?Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 73The Present Perfect TenseThe present perfect tense shows action in the indefinite past. The present perfect tense is also used to show action begun in the past and continuing into the present. To make the present perfect tense, use have or has and a verb that ends in ed. We have lived in this house for five years. And we still live there Your plane has already landed. And it s still on the ground She has dirtied her new shoes. She made them dirty and they re still dirty The teacher has pinned a notice on the board. And the notice is still there You don t need your key. I ve already opened the door. And it s still open Irregular Past ParticiplesRemember that irregular verbs don t have a simple past form that ends in -ed. Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don t end in -ed.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.1374855}
{"text": "I ve already opened the door. And it s still open Irregular Past ParticiplesRemember that irregular verbs don t have a simple past form that ends in -ed. Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don t end in -ed. The past participle of some verbs is the same as the simple past tense.irregular verb simple past tense past participle fightfoughtfoughthavehadhadloselostlostteachtaughttaughtwinwonwonVerbs and Tenses: The Present Perfect Tense; Irregular Past Participles N o t e sThe ed form of a verb is called the past participle when it is used with has or have to make the present perfect tense:have landed past participle has opened past participle 74 Here are more examples of irregular past participles.irregular simple past exampleverbpast tense participlekeepkeptkeptI have kept the letter you sent me. CatchcaughtcaughtThe police have caught the thieves. BringbroughtbroughtMaggie has brought her favorite CD to school. MakemademadeThe children have made a birthday card for their mom. SellsoldsoldThey ve sold their car and now they buyboughtboughthave bought motorcycles. Some common irregular verbs have a past participle that is different from the simple past tense.irregular simplepastexampleverbpast form participlebewasbeenAnna has been my best friend for years. BreakbrokebrokenI m sorry, I ve broken your pencil. DodiddoneJack has already done his homework. DrawdrewdrawnWe ve drawn a picture for you, Mom. DrinkdrankdrunkHave you drunk all your orange juice? EatateeatenSomeone has eaten all the chocolates. FallfellfallenOne of the pictures has fallen off the wall. GowentgoneI m sorry, but your train has already gone. KnowknewknownI ve known Michael for two years. SeesawseenKathleen has already seen that movie. SpeakspokespokenMiss Hill has spoken to the principal about the problem. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past Participles75 Some irregular verbs have a past participle that does not change at all.irregular pastexampleverbparticiplecutcutI ve cut my finger and it s bleeding badly. HithitThe children next door have hit their ball into the busy street.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.1277413}
{"text": "SpeakspokespokenMiss Hill has spoken to the principal about the problem. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past Participles75 Some irregular verbs have a past participle that does not change at all.irregular pastexampleverbparticiplecutcutI ve cut my finger and it s bleeding badly. HithitThe children next door have hit their ball into the busy street. CostcostThis vacation has cost us hundreds of dollars already. ReadreadDad hasn t read my school report yet. HurthurtCan Anna sit down? She s hurt her leg. PutputHave you put any sugar in my tea? Exercise 15Complete the following sentences with has or have. 1. My dog a long shiny coat. 2. Our teacher a very kind face. 3. You a lot of homework to do. 4. Sam and I desks near the front of the class. 5. Paul two brothers and a sister. 6. My friend Andy a big house. 7. Mice long tails. 8. Most dogs sharp teeth. 9. I more toys than my friend .10. These flowers a strange smell.75 Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past ParticiplesComplete the sentence with the present perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The children make the house very messy. 2. I see that actor in several movies. 3. The boys drink all the soda in the refrigerator. 4. Our dog hurt its leg. 5. One of the workmen fall off his ladder. 6. She s sad because her friends go to the park without her. 7. Dad have a shower already. 8. I ve been shouting so much that I lose my voice. 9. My sister s boyfriend buy her a diamond ring. 10. Alan do this jigsaw puzzle so many times that he could do it with his eyes shut. Exercise 17Draw a circle around the correct past participle in each sentence below. 1. Your child has broke broken my window! 2. Have you eaten ate all your dinner? 3. I have known knew Sally since we were in kindergarden. 4. Michael has drew drawn a picture for his grandad. 5. The new girl seems nice, but I haven t spoke spoken to her yet. 6.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.16775}
{"text": "5. The new girl seems nice, but I haven t spoke spoken to her yet. 6. We ve drank drunk all the milk. 7. The ball has went gone over the garden fence. 8. Has Tom did done all his homework? 9. You have been was late for school every day this week.10. Help! I ve fell fallen down a hole!7677The Future Tense To show future action use the verbs shall and will with another verb that describes the action. N You can use either shall or will with the pronouns I and we. N Use will with the pronouns you, he, she, it and they. N Will is also used with singular nouns like my dad and with plural nouns like all the boys in my class .I shall do my homework after dinner. I will miss you when you leave. We shall take the dog for a walk later. We will visit Grandma this weekend. He will be home later. She will help us cook the food for the party. It will soon be dark outside. I think it will be sunny tomorrow. I expect they will give you a present. Mom will be very pleased with you. Your plant will die without water. The school will soon need a lot of repairs. John and I shall be glad when the exams are over. Bill and Kim will be late for school if they don t hurry. To make the negative form, use will and shall with not. The contraction for will not is won t.I will not help you unless you help me first. It won t be very sunny again until next summer. You won t like this food. It s horrible!We shall not go to the party without you. N o t e sYou can shorten shall and will as ll when you use these words with pronouns:full formcontraction I shall, I willI llwe shall, we willwe llyou willyou llhe willhe llshe willshe llit willit llthey willthey ll Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense 78To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense. Tomorrow is Sunday. Summer vacation ends on Friday. The new library opens next week. We fly to Paris on Wednesday. You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings by using be going to and another verb.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.206379}
{"text": "It s horrible!We shall not go to the party without you. N o t e sYou can shorten shall and will as ll when you use these words with pronouns:full formcontraction I shall, I willI llwe shall, we willwe llyou willyou llhe willhe llshe willshe llit willit llthey willthey ll Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense 78To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense. Tomorrow is Sunday. Summer vacation ends on Friday. The new library opens next week. We fly to Paris on Wednesday. You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings by using be going to and another verb. Remember to: n Use am and was with the pronoun I. n Use is and was with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns like my mom and the teacher . N Use are and were with the pronouns we, you and they, and with plural nouns like my friends and John and Sally . I am going to visit my cousin tomorrow. I am going to see the new Star Wars movie next week. My friend John is going to move to Chicago next year. Dad is going to buy me a skateboard. Aunt Jane is going to have another baby soon. It is going to be windy tomorrow. I hope someone is going to fix the television soon. You are going to help me, aren t you?My friends are going to teach me how to play chess. Mom and Dad are going to buy a new computer. Your books are going to fall off the shelf if you re not careful. Are you going to read your book now?Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense Decide whether shall and will are used correctly in each sentence. Put a checkmark in the box for a correct use and an x in the box for an incorrect use. 1. My dad will be home later. 2. I will never forget my days at school. 3. Tom and Kumar shall come with us. 4. The weather report says that it shall be sunny again tomorrow. 5. We will miss my cousins when they leave. 6. Raj and I shall feel happier when the exams are over. 7. It will be late when we arrive in London. 8. I shall stay awake all night and watch for Santa Claus. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.2231293}
{"text": "8. I shall stay awake all night and watch for Santa Claus. 9. My grandparents shall enjoy coming to our house for Christmas. 10. The winter holidays shall give us all a good rest. Exercise 19Read the pairs of subjects and verbs below. Then write sentences about future events using the correct form of be going to. For example, for the first sentence you could write:My friend Tom is going to sleep at my house tonight.subjectverb 1. My friend Tomsleep 2. Weride 3. The dogcatch 4. Uncle Andy come 5. Itrain 6. Weeat 7. Jamal and Ihave 8. The teachersread 7980do, does and did The verb do is used to talk about actions. The words do and does are the simple present forms of the verb do. N Use do with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as my parents and Tom and Susan . N Use does with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as my dad and the teacher .I always do my homework after dinner. I do drawings with colored pencils. We do our shopping at the supermarket. You do magic tricks very well. They do their housework on the weekend. Mom and Dad do the cooking together. Jim and Alan always do well in math tests. The artist does beautiful paintings. She does very interesting work. He does the washing and she does the cooking. Julie always does her exercises before breakfast. My friend Hannah does karate at a local gym. The vacuum cleaner does a better job than the broom. Here is a table to help you remember how to use do and does.singularplural first personI dowe dosecond personyou doyou dothird personhe doesthey doshe doesthey doit doesthey do Verbs and Tenses: do, does and did81full formshort form I we did notI we didn tyou did notyou didn tthey did notthey didn the she it did nothe she it didn t The simple past form of do is did. I did my homework but forgot to take it to school. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. The boys did very badly in their spelling test. Paul and Roger did some magic tricks for us. The children did the housework while their parents relaxed.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.2338064}
{"text": "Julie always does her exercises before breakfast. My friend Hannah does karate at a local gym. The vacuum cleaner does a better job than the broom. Here is a table to help you remember how to use do and does.singularplural first personI dowe dosecond personyou doyou dothird personhe doesthey doshe doesthey doit doesthey do Verbs and Tenses: do, does and did81full formshort form I we did notI we didn tyou did notyou didn tthey did notthey didn the she it did nothe she it didn t The simple past form of do is did. I did my homework but forgot to take it to school. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. The boys did very badly in their spelling test. Paul and Roger did some magic tricks for us. The children did the housework while their parents relaxed. To make the negative form of verbs in the simple present tense, use do and does with not. I do not have any brothers or sisters. We do not want any more bread, thank you. My brother and I do not like football. You see beautiful mountains in Scotland but you do not see much sunshine. Mom does not buy our food at that supermarket. Jenny does not eat lunch at school because she does not like the food. My cat does not make as much noise as your dog. The simple past tense of does not and do not is did not. The contraction is didn t. Maggie did not have long hair when I first met her. I got sunburned because I did not wear my hat. The teacher didn t give us any homework. Mom and Dad didn t buy me a cell phone for my birthday. You didn t take the dog for a walk last night. N o t e sHere are the contractions you can use when do, does and did are used with not.full formshort form I we do notI we don tyou do notyou don tthey do notthey don the she it does nothe she it doesn tVerbs and Tenses: do, does and did Complete the following sentences with do, does or did. 1. I always my homework in my room. 2. Mom and Dad usually the laundry together. 3. You the same math problems last week. 4. We always our shopping at the farmers' market. 5. The children their work quietly while the teacher looks at their homework. 6.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.2560346}
{"text": "5. The children their work quietly while the teacher looks at their homework. 6. Uncle David magic tricks when he comes to visit. 7. Last night, Mom her exercises before bedtime. 8. Anna played the piano and Rachel a lively dance. 9. Kamal always well in math tests.10. If John the cooking, will you the dishes? Exercise 21Complete the following sentences with the contractions don t, doesn t or didn t. 1. Katy go to school on the bus. 2. I like chocolate ice cream. 3. If the weather improve, we ll have the party indoors. 4. Worry about the mess. It does not matter. 5. I answer all the questions on the math test. 6. Mom and Dad work on weekends. 7. My sister and I visit Grandma last Sunday. 8. My friend John finish his homework yesterday. 9. Our neighbors like dogs very much.10. Our teacher speak Japanese.8283The InfinitiveThe infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is often preceded by the word to. Infinitives often appear after other verbs. The rain began to fall. Sally and I agreed to meet this afternoon. I ve arranged to see the doctor at 3 o clock. I hope to visit Disneyland someday. I like to ride my bike in the street. My parents have decided to buy a new car. Paul is learning to swim. I didn t mean to upset you. Some verbs have an object before the infinitive. In these examples the objects are printed in color. Simon asked me to help him. The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team. The manager allowed the staff to leave early. Infinitives often appear after adjectives.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.274011}
{"text": "In these examples the objects are printed in color. Simon asked me to help him. The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team. The manager allowed the staff to leave early. Infinitives often appear after adjectives. In these examples the adjectives are printed in color. The boys were afraid to cross the busy road. I m very pleased to see you again. This problem will be difficult to solve. The shelf is too high to reach. Don t you think it s rude to ignore the new girl in class?The experiment was interesting to watch. You re welcome to come with me. Verbs and Tenses: The Infinitive 84 You can also use infinitives after some nouns and pronouns to say what you are using something for. Take a book to read. I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport. Has everyone got something to drink?I ve got lots of nice clothes to wear. Find a space on the floor to sit in. Infinitives sometimes follow words like how, what, which and where. My brother is learning how to cook. I can t decide which to choose the ice cream or the pudding. I don t know what to say. Sally can t remember where to hang her coat. Infinitives are also used after helping verbs such as will, can, should, may and must. After these helping verbs use infinitives without the word to. I can swim. We think she will win the race. You must try harder. Do you think we should wait?May I come in?The Imperative Form of Verbs When you give an order or command, use the base form of a verb, such as give, read or come. This base form is called the imperative. Open your books to page 25.Stop and look before you cross the road. Come to the front of the class. Show me your homework. Read the first sentence out loud. Choose a partner and stand in a circle. N o t e sThe helping verbs will, can, should, may and must are called auxiliary verbs. Verbs and Tenses: The Infinitive; The Imperative Form of Verbs 85 Imperatives are very direct. To be more polite, you can use please before the imperative. Please show me your homework. Please read the first sentence out loud. Please come to the front of the class.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.3123486}
{"text": "9. It was embarrassing . 10. The sea was warm and wonderful .Exercise 23Decide whether or not each sentence uses the infinitive correctly. Mark a correct use with a checkmark and an incorrect use with an x . 1. She likes play in the park. 2. The sun was beginning to shine. 3. I decided to help Dad with the dinner. 4. Mom asked me close the window. 5. The teacher warned me to be quiet. 6. I didn t know which tool use. 7. We couldn t decide how many cakes to buy. 8. Can I to watch the TV, Mom? 9. Do you think I should help him?10. I think I shall to go home now.86 Study the following pairs of verbs and nouns. Then write a sentence using each pair with the verb as an imperative. Try to use negatives in some of your sentences. For the first pair, you could write:Show him the picture. Or Don t show him the picture. Verbnoun 1. Showpicture 2. Bringbike 3. Eatsandwiches 4. Washhands 5. Listenparents 6. Waitname 7. Sleepclassroom 8. MakenoiseExercise 25Make a gerund from each verb below. Then write a sentence using that gerund. For example, the gerund you can make from the first verb is cycling. You could write the sentence: She loves cycling in the countryside. Verbgerund 1. Cycle 2. Paint 3. Eat 4. Sleep 5. Watch 6. Bake 7. Fly 8. Cookcycling87886 Auxiliary Verbs6 Auxiliary VerbsAuxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:n that someone is able to do something,n that someone is allowed to do something, or n that someone has to do something. The hellping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must. Can and couldUse can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike?Can you help me with my homework?She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.3363283}
{"text": "For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:n that someone is able to do something,n that someone is allowed to do something, or n that someone has to do something. The hellping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must. Can and couldUse can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike?Can you help me with my homework?She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early. I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill. You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can t walk to school on my own. You can t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn t go in. N o t e sn Could is the simple past tense form of can.n When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home.n The contraction of cannot is can t, and the contraction of could not is couldn t.They can t find their way home. I m full.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.3263288}
{"text": "I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill. You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can t walk to school on my own. You can t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn t go in. N o t e sn Could is the simple past tense form of can.n When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home.n The contraction of cannot is can t, and the contraction of could not is couldn t.They can t find their way home. I m full. I can t eat any more. Sarah couldn t come to the party because she was ill. 89Can and could are also used for asking for information or help, for offering something, and for suggesting something. Can you tell me if this train goes to Topeka?Could you show me where the accident happened?Could you open that window, please?You can borrow my pen, if you like. Your sister could come with us, if she wanted to. I could lend you my football. We can go to the library instead. You could ask your dad to help us. John can borrow his brother s skates.will and wouldUse will and would when you are asking someone to do something. Will you please stop making that noise?Would you pass me that book, please?Please, will you close the door?You can also use will and would to offer something or to suggest something. Will I hold this end of the rope?Will I carry the bag for you?Would you like another drink?Which cake would you like?shall and shouldYou can use shall and should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest something. Should I bring waterproof clothes?Shall I go by car, or will it be better to walk?Should I phone the police?Shall I help you with that heavy bag?Shall we go home now?You should try that new French restaurant. Auxiliary Verbs: will and would; shall and should N o t e sThe contraction of will not is won t and the contraction of would not is wouldn t:Won t you stay and eat with us?Wouldn t it be better to wait?", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.3505163}
{"text": "The preposition gives the verb a special meaning. Here are some sentences that contain phrasal verbs. Read the meanings in parentheses. Who looks after takes care of the baby when your parents are at work?Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after looks like his mother. Dad bumped into met by chance an old friend at the station. My sister is getting into is starting to be interested in pop music. Is your mom getting over recovering from her illness?Some health inspectors came to look over inspect the factory. We hoped that the thieves wouldn t get away with escape punishment for their crime. I m going to the store because we ve run out of rice used all our rice .Exercise 1Complete the sentences below by writing can or can t on the blanks. 1. You borrow my book, if you want to. 2. Sam looked everywhere but he find his pencil. 3. Don t help me. I do it by myself. 4. Sandy open the window. She s not tall enough to reach it. 5. Why John come out to play? Because he s ill. 6. This is a film for adults only. Children watch it. 7. You help me with this heavy bag? 8. They ve lost the map and find their way back to the hotel. Auxiliary Verbs: Verb Phrases91 N o t e sSome verb phrases have three parts:get away withrun out of92would beComplete the sentences using would or wouldn t with a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.stopworkhelptakelikewaitbuybemoveenjoy 1. We hoped it sunny for our picnic. 2. I pushed the horse hard but it . 3. I asked Dad if he me some ice cream. 4. You some more orange juice? 5. Sally switched on her computer but it . 6. Mom and Dad said they me to the zoo as a treat. 7. We sat in the house and wished the rain . 8. Uncle David said he me with my homework. 9. The man said he until the doctor was free.10. I knew you playing my new video game. Exercise 3Tell whether each sentence below uses may or may not correctly. Show a correct use with a checkmark or an incorrect use with an x . 1. Andrew may not go out to play now because he has finished his homework. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.4540935}
{"text": "1. Andrew may not go out to play now because he has finished his homework. 2. Take an umbrella. It may not rain. 3. Please may we not watch television now? 4. You may not hurt yourself with that sharp knife. 5. I may come out to play later if I m feeling better. 6. They are late. The bus may not have broken down. 7. May I read the story you have written? Yes, you may not. 8. May Andrew stay for dinner? Yes, he may. 9393should stopExercise 4Complete the sentences using should or shouldn t and a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.goeatstopbelievethinkwaittryreadletlisten 1. They making all that noise. It s disturbing people. 2. Mom says I more vegetables. 3. We everything we see on television. 4. You more about other people and less about yourself. 5. It s getting late. I home now. 6. You your best. 7. You letters that are addressed to other people. 8. Parents their children go out after dark. 9. Students outside the door until the teacher tells them to come in.10. Children to the advice their parents give them. Exercise 5Now rewrite the sentences from Exercise 4 above, using ought to or ought not to. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 94 6. 7. 8. 9.10.Exercise 6Complete the sentences using must or mustn t with a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.goeatstopbelievetellstealbereadparklisten 1. You at the curb and look before you cross the street. 2. Children to the teacher if they want to learn. 3. You everything your friends tell you. 4. You the question carefully before you write the answer. 5. If you want to be healthy, you a lot of fruits and vegetables. 6. You out on your own at night. 7. We because it is wrong. 8. Drivers their cars in the middle of the road. 9. If you want people to be nice to you, you nasty to them.10. You always the truth.must stop94957 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases7 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.4361372}
{"text": "9. If you want people to be nice to you, you nasty to them.10. You always the truth.must stop94957 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases7 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Many adverbs end in ly. You make these adverbs by adding ly to adjectives. She writes neatly. The traffic was moving slowly. We waited patiently to see the doctor. They waved goodbye sadly. David sings beautifully. The children walked quickly into the classroom. Adverb phrases are groups of words that functions as single adverbs to describe the action of the verb. Are you sitting in a comfortable chair?Mr. Dickson always dresses in fashionable clothes. He draws cartoons like a real cartoonist. The train arrived on time. Adverbs of Manner Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things. They answer the question How? The girls answered all the questions correctly. He was driving carelessly. The plane landed safely. Katy plays the piano skillfully. Sam is behaving like a baby. Please speak in a clear voice. She writes in a very grown-up way. You can buy fruit very cheaply in this shop. They sell everything at very low prices. David sings like a professional singer. N o t e sSome words that end in ly are not adverbs. Some adjectives end in ly too. For example:Sam was feeling very lonely. She was wearing a lovely dress. It was a very lively party. 96Adverbs of TimeSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question when? They are called adverbs of time. I m going to my new school tomorrow. The train has already left. We moved into our new house last week. My big brother goes to college in the autumn. Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o clock. It rained heavily last night. We re going on a trip in a few days time. We ll leave as soon as possible. My shoes will be too small for me next year. I haven t seen Mom this morning. Is she working today?Adverbs of PlaceSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question where? They are called adverbs of place. It s very sunny but cold outside.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.4307168}
{"text": "I m going to my new school tomorrow. The train has already left. We moved into our new house last week. My big brother goes to college in the autumn. Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o clock. It rained heavily last night. We re going on a trip in a few days time. We ll leave as soon as possible. My shoes will be too small for me next year. I haven t seen Mom this morning. Is she working today?Adverbs of PlaceSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question where? They are called adverbs of place. It s very sunny but cold outside. The boys are playing upstairs. That s our ball there. I couldn t find my book anywhere. They live in a house nearby. The dog is in the garden. Flowers like these grow in the park. We re going to New York City on our school trip. My brother is studying at an English university. They live on the northern side of the island. Adverbs of Time and Place97The library is closed today and tomorrow 10 11 May . It will be reopened on 12 May. LibrarianAdverbs of FrequencySome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question how often? They are called adverbs of frequency. Katy practices the piano regularly. The children always go to school on the bus. I ll never make that mistake again. Have you ever been to Japan?We ve been to Disneyland twice. The shops are often very busy. The newspaper is delivered daily. We walk home from school every day. I clean my bedroom every week. Have you forgotten my name? I ve told you three times already. Dad polishes his shoes twice a week. You should go to the dentist once every six months. Adverbs of DurationSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question how long? They are called adverbs of duration. The library is temporarily closed. We re staying in a hotel overnight. The teacher left the classroom briefly. The snow lasted for three days. Mom was away a very long time. Stand still for a moment while I comb your hair. He talked to his girlfriend for over an hour. We waited for ages for a bus. I haven t seen my cousins for two years. We stayed up all night talking. Adverbs of Frequency and Duration98Adverbs of EmphasisWe have seen that most adverbs describe verbs, but remember that some adverbs also describe adjectives or other adverbs. They are usually used to add emphasis. Here are some examples. The emphasizing adverbs are printed in bold.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.4322042}
{"text": "They are usually used to add emphasis. Here are some examples. The emphasizing adverbs are printed in bold. The adjectives or adverbs they describe are printed in color. Anna can run really fast. That s a very good drawing. My rice is too hot. The film was just terrible. Your excuses are completely unbelievable. These old tools are totally useless. She sings quite beautifully. Exercise 1Choose an adjective from the box and turn it into an adverb to complete the sentences below. The first one has been done for you.closefirmbrightneatcarefulquicksadregularquietclear 1. She writes very . 2. You have to talk when you re in the library. 3. Carry the glass so you don t drop it. 4. You should exercise if you want to stay fit. 5. Goodbye. I m going to miss you, she said . 6. The sky was blue and the sun was shining . 7. If you follow us , you won t get lost. 8. I can t understand you. Please speak more . 9. Let s walk so we get home before it starts to rain. 10. Attach the sign to the wall.neatly98Adverbs: Adverbs of Emphasis99Are the bold words in the following sentences adverbs or adjectives? Write adverb or adjective on the line after each sentence. 1. The teacher smiled kindly. 2. She has a lovely smile. 3. The children in my class are very friendly. 4. John had no friends and felt very lonely. 5. It was raining, so they wisely decided to stay in. 6. My dad buys a daily newspaper. 7. Some snakes are deadly. 8. I ve nearly finished my homework. 9. I shook hands politely with the head teacher. 10. They played some very lively games. Exercise 3Circle the verb in each sentence below. Then underline the adverb or adverb phrase that describes the verb. What kind of adverb is it? Write M for manner, T for time, P for place, F for frequency or D for duration in the box after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. 1. Kent did his homework carelessly. 2. We start our vacation next week. 3. Farah read the poem in a very clear voice. 4. The accident happened during the afternoon. 5. The man walked very slowly. 6. My cousin arrived yesterday. 7. I left my schoolbag in the car. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.5497086}
{"text": "7. I left my schoolbag in the car. 8. It stopped raining for a few minutes. 9. Dad goes jogging regularly. 10. We eat our meals in the dining room. MComplete the sentences with an adverb or adverb phrase from the box. The kind of adverb you will need is in parentheses after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. Outsidethis morning everon the busclearlyall dayin old clothesfor a weekalreadyevery day 1. His face was dirty and he was dressed . Manner 2. Have you been in a plane? Frequency 3. She was so ill that she missed school . Duration 4. I did some homework last night and finished it . Time 5. We went to play. Place 6. Dad takes the dog for a walk . Frequency 7. Sally left her pencil case . Place 8. Speak so everyone can hear you. Manner 9. It was a fine day and the children played in the garden . Duration 10. Go and do your homework. I ve done it. Time in old clothes1001018 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases8 Prepositions and Prepositional PhrasesPrepositions are words that show a connection between other words. Most prepositions are little words like at, in and on. Prepositional phrases are groups of words, such as out of and on top of. Preposition or Adverb?Some words can be used either as prepositions or as adverbs. If the word is followed by a noun or a pronoun, it is a preposition. Look at these pairs of examples. In each of the sentences marked preposition, there is a noun or pronoun after the preposition. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. Notice that objects are printed in color. She put her hand inside my bag. It was raining, so they decided to stay inside. His friends walked past him without speaking. A car drove past at high speed. John s house is across the street. They got into the boat and rowed across. Water was running down the walls. He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.5204754}
{"text": "They got into the boat and rowed across. Water was running down the walls. He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down. Preposition noun adverb preposition noun adverb preposition nounadverb adverb preposition noun102Prepositions of PlaceSome prepositions show where something happens. They are called prepositions of place. Sally was sitting under a tree. There s a wooden floor underneath the carpet. Some geese flew over their house. John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe. There was a tree beside the river. I have a friend who lives in Wyoming. A big truck parked in front of their car. The cat jumped on top of the cupboard. One girl sits in the middle of the playground and the others dance round her. Prepositions of TimeSome prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time. School starts at nine o clock. I brush my teeth in the morning and at night. We re going to the zoo on Saturday. No, you can t watch a video. It s past your bedtime already. I visited my grandparents during the summer. You must finish the work by Friday. I ll do my homework before dinner. Mom, can you help me with my homework? Not now. You ll have to wait until this afternoon. Prepositions of Place and Time103Prepositions of DirectionSome prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. The boys chased after each other. The football rolled down the hill. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. The freeway goes right through the city. We were travelling towards Miami. A girl went past them on a bike. This road leads away from the stadium. They watched the train pull out of the station. Prepositions with Special UsesMany prepositions are used in other ways.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.4947503}
{"text": "You ll have to wait until this afternoon. Prepositions of Place and Time103Prepositions of DirectionSome prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. The boys chased after each other. The football rolled down the hill. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. The freeway goes right through the city. We were travelling towards Miami. A girl went past them on a bike. This road leads away from the stadium. They watched the train pull out of the station. Prepositions with Special UsesMany prepositions are used in other ways. Here are some of them.of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk. Would you like a glass of orange juice?Kathleen is a member of the chess club. I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like school. There are several ways of cooking meat.for I made this bookmark for Mom. Is there room for me on this seat?I d like a new computer for Christmas. We re going downtown for a meeting. What s this bag for?This word is too difficult for me to spell. Prepositions of Direction and with Special Uses104withHe pounds nails in with a hammer. Mix the flour with water. She painted the picture with her new paints. Would you like to come with us to the arcade? I can do difficult problems with help from Mom. Who is the man with the beard?Michael came home with dirty hands. Cross the busy street with care.except and instead ofI like all kinds of food except pasta. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. You should eat fruit instead of candy. Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.like, as and thanThe words like, as and than are used to compare things. Kathleen looks like her dad. Andrew smiles like his mother. Peter sings like a professional singer. Are these shoes the same as those?Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher. My backpack is bigger than John s.Dad is taller than all of us. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets. Prepositions with Special Uses105Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions are used with some adjectives.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.539022}
{"text": "Here are some of them.of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk. Would you like a glass of orange juice?Kathleen is a member of the chess club. I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like school. There are several ways of cooking meat.for I made this bookmark for Mom. Is there room for me on this seat?I d like a new computer for Christmas. We re going downtown for a meeting. What s this bag for?This word is too difficult for me to spell. Prepositions of Direction and with Special Uses104withHe pounds nails in with a hammer. Mix the flour with water. She painted the picture with her new paints. Would you like to come with us to the arcade? I can do difficult problems with help from Mom. Who is the man with the beard?Michael came home with dirty hands. Cross the busy street with care.except and instead ofI like all kinds of food except pasta. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. You should eat fruit instead of candy. Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.like, as and thanThe words like, as and than are used to compare things. Kathleen looks like her dad. Andrew smiles like his mother. Peter sings like a professional singer. Are these shoes the same as those?Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher. My backpack is bigger than John s.Dad is taller than all of us. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets. Prepositions with Special Uses105Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions are used with some adjectives. The adjectives in these examples are printed in color. Dad was angry with us. We were afraid of the big dog. She s not very interested in sports. John is very good at drawing. Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color. I m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?Can you think of another word for pleased ? Does this book belong to you?We re listening to CDs. I agree with you. I lent my skateboard to Sue. Tell me about the show you saw. Cut the cake into five pieces. They borrowed money from the bank. Prepositions are used with some nouns.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.5945704}
{"text": "The adjectives in these examples are printed in color. Dad was angry with us. We were afraid of the big dog. She s not very interested in sports. John is very good at drawing. Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color. I m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?Can you think of another word for pleased ? Does this book belong to you?We re listening to CDs. I agree with you. I lent my skateboard to Sue. Tell me about the show you saw. Cut the cake into five pieces. They borrowed money from the bank. Prepositions are used with some nouns. The nouns in these examples are printed in color. What s the answer to this question?Is there a reason for this delay?What s the matter with you?Here s an example of good behavior. Congratulations on winning the competition! Traffic can cause damage to the environment. Mr. Lee is pleased with our work. The teachers are always kind to us. What s wrong with the computer? Underline the prepositions in the following sentences. 1. There was a sign above the door. 2. The ball rolled under a car. 3. She put the letter in her pocket. 4. Sam hid behind the fence. 5. Tuesday comes after Monday. 6. Mr. Shin is from Korea. 7. The train went through the station without stopping. 8. I left the book on the table. 9. My favorite TV program starts at 6:00 o clock.10. There s a path between the two houses. Exercise 2Complete the following sentences with the prepositions from the box. The type of preposition you need is in parentheses. The first sentence has been done for you. Afterundertowardduringoninbeforeataway fromacross 1. A cat was sitting the roof of my car. Place 2. Some people were talking the movie. Time 3. A man was coming us on his bike. Direction 4. The party starts six o clock. Time 5. She put the book her bag. Place 6. We walked the street to the park. Place 7. I ll be late for school! It s nine o clock already! Time 8. She keeps her slippers her bed. Place 9. We always wash our hands meals. Time 10. She ran the dog because she was frightened.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.5794303}
{"text": "We always wash our hands meals. Time 10. She ran the dog because she was frightened. Direction on106107Circle the preposition in each sentence. Then underline the noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition. The first one has been done for you. 1. There is a new bookstore across the street. 2. Which letter comes after D? 3. She found the missing ticket under the carpet. 4. We opened the cupboard and found nothing in it. 5. Mom keeps a family photograph on her desk. 6. Students mustn t talk during the exam. 7. Our vacation starts on Friday. 8. You can play outside after lunch. 9. We ran inside the house when it started to rain.10. A plane flew over their heads. Exercise 4Complete each sentence by using a preposition from the box.offorwithexceptinstead of 1. We baked a cake Mom s birthday. 2. All the boys went swimming Tom. 3. Can I come you to the beach? 4. Most the children in my class like computer games. 5. Stir the sauce a wooden spoon. 6. Would you like rice pasta? 7. How many pounds hamburger did you buy? 8. Dad is good at everything cooking. 9. Children, what would you like dinner?10. Who s the lady the long blonde hair? Read the following sentences. Then tell whether like, as and than are used correctly in each sentence. Put a checkmark in the box for a correct use and put an x in the box for an incorrect use. If the wrong preposition is used, write the correct preposition on the line. The first one has been done for you. 1. John is nearly as tall than his dad. 2. Our house is smaller than David s. 3. That car isn t the same like this one. 4. Sally plays tennis like a professional player. 5. This video is longer than the one we watched last night. 6. Whales look as dolphins but they re much bigger. 7. The wind sometimes sounds like a howling dog. 8. This ring is more expensive as that one. 9. The sea was as calm as a swimming pool. 10. Mom is a few months younger than Dad. 108as 1099 Conjunctions9 ConjunctionsConjunctions are words used to link words, phrases or clauses. Some common conjunctions are and, but and or.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.625303}
{"text": "Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away. Before you leave the house, be sure that you ve got your backpack. I usually do my homework after I have my dinner. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs. We ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you. Since the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more. You can t watch TV until you ve done your homework. Until the rice is cooked, we can t eat dinner. I ll call you when I get home. When the wind blows, the branches on the tree bend. Dad watches TV while he does his exercises. While we re waiting for the bus, let s play a game. People stand back as the train goes through the station. As the president s car goes past, everybody waves. We went inside as soon as it started to rain. As soon as you ve finished your homework, let me see it. Conjunctions of PlaceThe conjunctions where and wherever are used to talk about places. They are called conjunctions of place. Does anybody know where Mr. Carter lives?Where the road is narrow, big trucks can t get through. The dog follows Andrew wherever he goes. Wherever there are mountains, you will also find streams. Conjunctions of Time and Place114Conjunctions of ReasonThe conjunctions because, since, as and in case tell why someone does something. They are called conjunctions of reason. I sat down because I was feeling tired. Because we arrived late, we missed the beginning of the play. I took an apple since it was the only fruit in the bowl. Since you have finished your homework, you can help me make dinner. Mom switched off the TV as it was past my bedtime. As you re my best friend, I ll lend you my new bike. Take an umbrella in case it rains. In case you forget the number, I ve written it on this piece of paper. Conjunctions of PurposeThe conjunctions so, so that and in order to tell what the purpose of something is. They are called conjunctions of purpose. The children are wearing hats so they won t get sunburned. John finished his homework before dinner so he could watch his favorite TV program. Let s write down the address so we don t forget it. We left early so that we wouldn t be late. John took a map so that he wouldn t get lost.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.6524925}
{"text": "The children are playing. They are singing. Four Kinds of SentenceA declarative sentence makes a statement. It is raining. Tom likes football. The school bell was ringing. The children are playing with the dog. Topeka is in Kansas. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are my keys?Why is the sky blue?Who is talking to the teacher?Is this the way to the ice skating rink?An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an exclamation. It shows a strong feeling such as surprise or anger. What a kind thing to do!How beautiful she is! The silly boy! N o t e sAn interrogative sentence ends with a question mark ? Instead of a period. N o t e sAn exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point ! Instead of a period. N o t e sA declarative sentence ends with a period. 119An imperative sentence gives an order. Ask Tom to come and see me. Don t tell me lies. Please leave. Go to your room!Speak up!Sentences with ObjectsThe subject of a sentence often does something to another person or thing. The person or thing that receives the action of the subject is called the object of the verb. Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. Subject transitive verb object Dad is reading a book. I am cooking dinner. You have broken my new toy. Mom likes her new car. She has forgotten her backpack. The dog licked my face. Our ball hit a window. They visited the museum. Anna is sewing a dress for her doll. Uncle Ben sent a package to his friend. Sentences: Sentences with Objects N o t e sAn imperative sentence can end with an exclamation point ! If the order is very firm. 120Verbs with Two ObjectsSome verbs have two objects. Look at the sentence below. Sam gave Anna a present. The thing that Sam gives is a present , so a present is the direct object of the verb. But there is another object: Anna . Anna is the person that receives the present, so Anna is the indirect object of the verb. Many verbs have both direct and indirect objects. Here are some examples.subject verb indirect object direct object Dad is reading the children a story. Grandma is baking me a cake. A kind man showed us the way. We have brought you some new magazines to read. Mr.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.6914687}
{"text": "A kind man showed us the way. We have brought you some new magazines to read. Mr. Berg is teaching the children French. Jack asked the teacher a question. I am writing my friend a letter. She sent her cousin an email. John has found us a secret place to play. Uncle Andy told them the good news. Verbs with No ObjectSome verbs don t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs. Mr. Park usually walks to work. Anna talks a lot in class. The sun is shining. It is snowing. I don t know. We have already eaten. The man smiled. Dad always drives carefully. Miss Lee always dresses very smartly. Can your little brother read?Sentences: Verbs with Two Objects; Verbs with No Object indirect object direct objectTell whether each sentence below is a declarative sentence, an interrogative sentence, an exclamatory sentence or an imperative sentence. The first one has been done for you. 1. The girls were playing volleyball. 2. Where is my bike? 3. What a lovely dog! 4. It s snowing again today. 5. Please show me that pair of black shoes. 6. Can Anna come out to play? 7. Do your homework now. 8. What time is it? 9. Pass me the orange juice, please. 10. On weekends, I often go fishing with Dad. 11. Can your little brother read? 12. Speak in a loud, clear voice. 13. That was a fantastic game! 14. What fun this is! 15. Jamal really likes horses. Exercise 2Underline the verbs in these sentences. Then tell whether each verb is transitive or intransitive. Put a checkmark in the correct box. Transitive verb intransitive verb 1. Dad is baking bread. 2. We buy our food at the supermarket. 3. We are learning Latin. 4. Come with me now. 5. The children went to bed. 121declarative sentence122 I DUnderline the objects in the following sentences. Write D for direct object or I for indirect object above each one. The first one has been done for you. 1. Uncle Bill gave Michael some money. 2. Mom is baking us a chocolate cake for Christmas. 3. The children crossed the road safely. 4. Please pass me that pencil. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.6684847}
{"text": "4. Please pass me that pencil. 5. Henry sent Sam a letter from Japan. 6. I ve forgotten your name. 7. She s always giving her students advice. 8. We gave Dad a watch for his birthday. Exercise 4All the following sentences have verbs with direct objects. Rewrite each sentence, adding an indirect object to it. For example, for the first sentence you could write: Dad bought Mom some flowers. 1. Dad bought some flowers. 2. The teacher found an empty seat. 3. The police officer showed her badge. 4. Rudy sent a postcard. 5. Will you buy some bread at the supermarket ? 6. I ll bring my stamp collection. 123Simple SentencesA clause is a group of words that contains one subject and one verb. A sentence that consists of one clause is called a simple sentence. Here are some examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the verbs are printed in color. The girls are playing baseball. Sally found a good hiding place. I am eating my breakfast. Tom is wearing his new shoes today. Will you help me?The sky was very cloudy. I can hear the birds. Everyone was happy. Is it raining again?Compound SentencesA compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a conjunction such as and, or, but or so. Look at these examples. The verbs in the clauses are printed in color. Notice that there are two verbs, one on each side of the conjunction. Some people are always happy and some people are always sad. She opened the bag and took out a book. Do you want coffee or would you prefer lemonade?Is that a bird or is it a plane?John is good at English but he s not very good at math. Michael wants to see Star Wars but his friends have already seen it. Tom dropped his sandwich so I gave him mine. It started to rain so we went inside. Sentences: Simple Sentences; Compound Sentences124 Conditional SentencesTo talk about things that are possible, you often use if in a sentence. A sentence with if is called a conditional sentence. Here is an example of a conditional sentence with the if-clause printed in color. If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the beach. In the if-clause, use a verb in the simple present tense. In the main clause, use shall or will and an infinitive. Here are some more examples.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.7177925}
{"text": "9. Our new teacher is a young man. 10. Switch off the light and go to sleep. 125and Sentences: Positive and Negative SentencesMatch the if-clauses in the box with the main clauses below. Write two sentences for each pair of clauses. The first one has already been done for you. If they get no water if you don t write neatlyif we all work together if we don t leave nowif you let me explain if I need helpif you don t want to see this movie if you work hard 1. You ll do well in your exams 2. We ll be late 3. I won t be able to read your story 4. We ll choose a different movie 5. The plants will die 6. We ll finish the job more quickly If you work hard, you ll do well in your exams. You ll do well in your exams if you work hard.126127 7. I ll tell you what happened 8. I ll ask Mom and Dad Exercise 7Rewrite the following sentences to make them negative. Use negative words such as no, not and never. Use contractions in some of your sentences. The first one has been done for you. 1. Children like chocolate. 2. John is my best friend. 3. I ve got a new bike. 4. Everybody knows where I live. 5. There s some food in the refrigerator. 6. I saw the boy throw the stone. 7. We want to go to the ballgame. 8. Sam always tells the truth. Children don t like chocolate.127128 QuestionsThere are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and question-word questions.yes or no questionsWhen you ask a yes or no question, you want the answer yes or the answer no. Use the verbs be, have and do along with helping verbs such as can, will and should when you ask these questions. Here are some examples of yes or no questions, with answers. Is this your seat? May I sit here?Yes. Yes. Can you ride a bike? Don t you like pizza?No. No. Do you like swimming? Are we late?Yes. No. In questions, the helping verb comes before the subject. The other verb comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.7396734}
{"text": "The other verb comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them. Notice that the helping verbs are printed in bold and the subjects are in color. Statement question Dad is ill today. Is Dad ill today? She has finished her homework. Has she finished her homework? The cat doesn t like noise. Doesn t the cat like noise? Michael can ride a bike. Can Michael ride a bike? Sally could borrow your pencil. Could Sally borrow your pencil? You may leave now. May I leave now? I think it will rain tomorrow. Do you think it will rain tomorrow? I saw Tom at the football game. Did you see Tom at the football game? Miss Lee sang a song. Did Miss Lee sing a song? The computer needs to be repaired. Does the computer need to be repaired? Sentences: Questions129 Question-word questionsUse the question words what, which, who sometimes whom , whose, when, where and how to ask for information. The verbs be, have and do, and helping verbs such as can, will and should are also used in questions. The helping verb comes before the subject, as it does in yes or no questions. Here are some examples. Again, the helping verb is printed in bold and the subject is printed in color. What is your name?What date is it today?Which boy is your brother?Which house do you live in?Who is the boy next to Alan?Who or Whom did he ask?Whose book is this?When can I come to visit you?When does the spring vacation start?Where is the pencil that I left on my desk?Where do the birds go when they fly away in winter?How can Grandma read without her glasses?How does a plane stay in the sky? Sometimes the wh-word itself is the subject of the sentence. In this case, don t use do to form questions. Who wants to come with me?What caused the accident?Which is the fastest car?I ve got my coat. Whose is this? Sentences: Question-word questions130Question TagsSometimes people finish what they are saying with a short question. Why do they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.7615004}
{"text": "Why do they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag. Look at the following sentence. The weather is lovely today, isn t it?The main part of the sentence is positive, but the question tag is negative. You expect the answer to a negative question tag to be yes. For example: The weather is lovely today, isn t it? Yes, it is. Use a helping verb and the subject of the sentence to make the question tag. Notice that the subject has been replaced by a pronoun in the example sentences. The pronoun in the question tag refers to the subject printed in color. Tom is older than you, isn t he?Sally has got a dog, hasn t she?Anna and I can go by train, can t we?Peter and David should leave now, shouldn t they?If the main part of the sentence has I am in it, use aren t I in the question tag. I m your best friend, aren t I?I m taller than Sumiko, aren t I?If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive. You expect the answer to a positive question tag to be no. These questions aren t very difficult, are they?You haven t read this book, have you?Peter isn t as tall as I am, is he?She isn t eight yet, is she?There aren t many clouds in the sky, are there?There isn t much wind today, is there?There weren t any emails for me, were there? Sentences: Question TagsRewrite the following statements as yes or no questions. The first one has already been done for you. 1. It is raining again. 2. She can speak Japanese. 3. Margaret is at home. 4. My mom works in an office. 5. The teacher told the children a story. 6. Philip has got a new bike. 7. She is Sumiko s best friend. 8. Tom could sit with David. 9. Dad will help Jennifer with her homework. 10. We will be late. Is it raining again?131Choose one of the question words from the box to complete the sentences below. You may use some of the words more than once. The first one has been done for you.what who when why which whose where how 1. Are my keys? 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.8002157}
{"text": "The first one has been done for you.what who when why which whose where how 1. Are my keys? 2. Is the tall boy at the back of the class? 3. Time did they arrive? 4. Is the problem? 5. Are we going to the zoo? Tomorrow. 6. Do you know the answer? 7. Do the stars twinkle? 8. Coat is this? 9. Would you like for dinner? 10. Did you open the door without a key? 11. Is your favorite singer? 12. Does this train leave? 13. Bike is that over there? 14. Cafe do you prefer? 15. Can we find a restaurant?Where132Complete the following sentences by adding a question tag. Remember that a positive sentence needs a negative question tag, and a negative sentence needs a positive question tag. The first one has been done for you. 1. This is your house, ? 2. That isn t the right answer, ? 3. Your sister is very pretty, ? 4. Andrew can t ride a bike, ? 5. You ve already seen that movie, ? 6. I m lucky to have a friend like Alice, ? 7. The tunnel was very dark, ? 8. They didn t play very well, ? 9. We shouldn t look at the answers first, ? 10. Aunt Sarah could come to our house for dinner, ? 11. There was a bag in the car, ? 12. Sally hasn t got a dog, ? 13. We mustn t be late, ? 14. There is a post office nearby, ? 15. There were some people in the park, ? 16. We can stay an extra day, ? 17. The journey won t take long, ? 18. I m your best friend, ? 19. Andrew and Susan are your neighbors, ? 20. You didn t see the dog in the garden, ? Isn t it13313411 Direct and Indirect Speech11 Direct and Indirect SpeechDirect SpeechThe exact words that someone says are called direct speech. Quotation marks are used to set off direct speech. Mom said, Where are my keys? This ice cream is delicious, said Tom. Have you boys washed your hands? Asked Dad. Please get out of the car, the police officer ordered. What a beautiful dress! Said Sally. Indirect SpeechYou can report what someone says without using their exact words.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.78067}
{"text": "You didn t see the dog in the garden, ? Isn t it13313411 Direct and Indirect Speech11 Direct and Indirect SpeechDirect SpeechThe exact words that someone says are called direct speech. Quotation marks are used to set off direct speech. Mom said, Where are my keys? This ice cream is delicious, said Tom. Have you boys washed your hands? Asked Dad. Please get out of the car, the police officer ordered. What a beautiful dress! Said Sally. Indirect SpeechYou can report what someone says without using their exact words. To do this, use a verb like say, ask or tell, followed by that. This is called indirect speech. There are several differences between a sentence with direct speech and a sentence with indirect speech. N You don t use quotation marks with indirect speech.n You change the tense of the verb.n You change the pronouns and determiners. Here are some examples. The verb tenses that change are printed in bold and the pronouns and determiners that change are printed in color. Remember that the past tense of can is could and the past tense of will is would.direct speechindirect speech Maggie said, I feel ill. Maggie said that she felt ill. Sumiko said, It s time to leave. Sumiko said that it was time to leave. I can t find my book, said Alice. Alice said that she couldn t find her book. John is hitting me, said Peter. Peter said that John was hitting him. Dad said, I haven t had my Dad said that he hadn t had his breakfast yet. Breakfast yet. My car won t start, said Mom. Mom said that her car wouldn t start. 135In indirect speech people often leave out the conjunction that. Maggie said that she felt ill. Sumiko said that it was time to leave. Alice said that she couldn t find her book. Peter said that John was hitting him. Dad said that he hadn t had his breakfast yet. When you are using indirect speech to report a statement that is still true now, you don t change the tense of the verb. Direct speechindirect speech John said, My mom doesn t like John said that his mom doesn t like fish. Fish. I live in a house by the sea, said Anna said that she lives in a house Anna.by the sea. Dad said, Paris is a beautiful city. Dad said Paris is a beautiful city.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.8374221}
{"text": "To report a question-word question, use the same question word in direct speech.direct speech indirect speech Mom said, Where are your shoes? Mom asked where my shoes were. Maggie said, Who has taken my Maggie asked who had taken her pen. Pen? What time does the show start? Sue asked what time the show started. Asked Sue. Peter said, Why did you leave Peter asked why I left before the end of before the end of the movie? The movie. Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Questions 137137When you are reporting yes or no questions, use if or whether after the verb.direct speech indirect speech Is it raining? Asked Tom. Tom asked if it was raining. Alice said, Can you help us? Alice asked whether I could help them. Dad said, Is the train on time? Dad asked if the train was on time. Exercise 1Fill in the blank spaces with a verb in the correct tense. The first one has been done for you.direct speechindirect speech 1. I am very tired, said Dad. Dad said that he very tired. 2. You look very handsome, Mike, Mom told Mike that he said Mom.very handsome. 3. The teacher said, Sam has not The teacher said that Sam made any mistakes. Not made any mistakes. 4. I am losing my patience, said Mr. Carter said that he losing Mr. Carter.his patience. 5. You can come to my house for Maggie told Jason that he dinner, Maggie told Jason.come to her house for dinner. 6. Dad said, Hurry up or we will be Dad told us to hurry up or we late. Be late. 7. The train is coming, said Peter. Peter said that the train coming. 8. I have cleaned up my room, said Kathleen said that she cleaned Kathleen.up her room. 9. The teacher said, It is time to stop The teacher said that it time writing. To stop writing.10. I don t want to watch TV, said John said that he want to John. Watch TV.Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Commandswas Exercise 2Complete these indirect speech sentences with the correct pronoun or determiner. The first one has been done for you.direct speechindirect Speech 1. My head is aching, said Sarah. Sarah said that head was aching. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.8776217}
{"text": "9. Write your name at the top of the page, everyone, said Miss Lee.10. Does the ball belong to you boys? The woman asked. Mom asked if I was feeling ill.13914012 Punctuation12 PunctuationPunctuation Marks Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and question marks. They are used in sentences to make the meaning clear.period Put a period at the end of a sentence. Tim lent me his skateboard. The children are playing in the garden. The train arrived late. It s not a very sunny day.comma Put a comma between items in a list. You need paper, scissors and glue. She likes reading, swimming, playing basketball and going to the movies. Tom, May Ling, Sue and Christopher all went shopping together. Put a comma after yes and no. Do you like football? Yes, I like it very much. Is this your house? Yes, it is. Is it still snowing? No, it s stopped. Has Sarah had breakfast yet? No, she hasn t. You also put a comma before or after the name of the person you are speaking to. Hello, Mr. Carter. Miss Lee, can I borrow a pencil, please?Goodbye, Andrew.., 141Commas are used before please and thank you. Could you pass me that pencil, please? Would you like some more orange juice, David? Yes, please. I ve had enough to eat, thank you. Would you like another cupcake, Sally? No, thank you. A comma is also used between the parts of a place name. Chicago, IllinoisTower Bridge, LondonAthens, Georgiathe Lincoln Memorial, Washington DCquestion mark Write a question mark at the end of a question, instead of a period. Can you hear me, children? Didn t you read the sign?Who is that man talking to Dad? Where is my schoolbag? Is there someone knocking at the door? How many apples are left?exclamation point Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence that shows a strong feeling such as surprise or fear. An exclamation point is used instead of a period. What a silly thing to do! Help! A monster!You re completely wrong!What a shame!I told you not to go out on your own!How sad!You can also use exclamation points with strong orders. Sit down! Don t touch that knife!Be quiet!", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.847508}
{"text": "Help! A monster!You re completely wrong!What a shame!I told you not to go out on your own!How sad!You can also use exclamation points with strong orders. Sit down! Don t touch that knife!Be quiet! Give me that ball!Leave that computer alone!Do it now!!?Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 142Exclamation points are usually used after interjections. People often use just one or two words to express a sudden feeling such as fear, happiness, surprise or anger, or in greeting somebody. These short expressions are called interjections. Here are some examples:Hello! Ouch! Good morning! Hurray! Good night! Help! Well done! Look out! Oh dear! Happy Birthday! Apostrophe Use an apostrophe with s to show who something belongs to. This is Michael s room. This is my Dad s desk. Are you Kathleen s mom?This dog s tail is very long. The teacher collects everyone s books at the end of the class. Jack is going to his friend s house for lunch. You also use an apostrophe to show where one or more letters are missing in a contraction. I m am the boy who lives next door. She s is my best friend. He s has been to Europe twice. We re are going to the zoo today. You re are my favorite uncle. I d had better go home now. You ve have got dirt on your new shoes. He ll will lend you his bike. Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 143quotation marks Use quotation marks around the exact words that someone says. You put the mark at the beginning of the words, and the mark at the end. Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the rest of the sentence. This bike is mine, said Susan. I would like some apple juice, please, said the little boy. Let s play computer games, said James. Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the sentence.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.8659368}
{"text": "You put the mark at the beginning of the words, and the mark at the end. Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the rest of the sentence. This bike is mine, said Susan. I would like some apple juice, please, said the little boy. Let s play computer games, said James. Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the sentence. In this case put a period before the last quotation mark. Dad said, Come inside and have lunch. John, said Mom, please turn your music down. Put question marks and exclamation points in the same place as periods, before the last quotation mark. Is this the way to the station? The man asked. Sam said, Can I borrow your pencil? Don t do that! Said Mom. John said, What a great movie! Colon When you are reading a playscript, notice the colon between the name of a character and the words that they speak. Jack: What have you got in the bag?Maggie: My swimming suit. Jack: When are you going swimming?Maggie: This afternoon. Would you like to come?:Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 144Capital LetterUse a capital letter as the first letter of the first word in a sentence. Dogs have wet noses. Where is my ball?That isn t fair!This is my brother. You need a racket if you re going to play tennis. You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct speech. Sam said, This is my brother. Where is my ball? Tom asked. Alice shouted, That isn t fair! You ll need a racket if you re going to play tennis, said Dad. The word I is always written as a capital letter. I m really pleased with your work. Do you know what I got for my birthday?Paul and I asked if we could help. Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places. JohnAustraliathe SphinxMay LingGermanythe Taj MahalDavid Beckhamthe United States of Americathe Grand CanyonDr. RajMexico Citythe Great Wall of ChinaMiss LeeBeijingthe Pacific OceanGrandadBuckingham PalaceMount FujiUncle Davidthe Statue of Libertythe Rio GrandeProfessor Parkthe Erie Canalthe Himalayas Punctuation: Capital Letter 145You also use capital letters after the initials in someone s name.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.9078994}
{"text": "You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct speech. Sam said, This is my brother. Where is my ball? Tom asked. Alice shouted, That isn t fair! You ll need a racket if you re going to play tennis, said Dad. The word I is always written as a capital letter. I m really pleased with your work. Do you know what I got for my birthday?Paul and I asked if we could help. Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places. JohnAustraliathe SphinxMay LingGermanythe Taj MahalDavid Beckhamthe United States of Americathe Grand CanyonDr. RajMexico Citythe Great Wall of ChinaMiss LeeBeijingthe Pacific OceanGrandadBuckingham PalaceMount FujiUncle Davidthe Statue of Libertythe Rio GrandeProfessor Parkthe Erie Canalthe Himalayas Punctuation: Capital Letter 145You also use capital letters after the initials in someone s name. T.K. LeeJ.K. RowlingJ.R.R. TolkienM.C. Hammer The days of the week and months of the year begin with a capital letter. MondayJanuaryJulyTuesdayFebruaryAugustWednesdayMarchSeptemberThursdayAprilOctoberFridayMayNovemberSaturdayJuneDecemberSundayThe names of holidays and special celebrations also begin with a capital letter. Valentine s DayVeterans DayYom KippurHalloweenChristmasIndependence DayMemorial DayThanksgivingCapital letters are also used in the titles of books, films and plays. The Lady and the Tramp Star WarsHarry Potter and the Sorcerer s StoneThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Alice in WonderlandThe Sword in the StoneHamlet, Prince of DenmarkCats and DogsUniversal World AtlasPunctuation: Capital Letter 146Nationalities and languages also begin with a capital letter. AustralianGermanIndonesianKoreanSpanishFrenchEgyptianRussianHinduJapaneseSouth AfricanChineseBritishEnglishPakistaniCantoneseYou also use a capital letter for the first letter in words and phrases that you use for saying hello and goodbye. Good morning. Have a nice day. Bye. Hi. See you later. Take it easy. Punctuation: Capital LetterPut the correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence. 1. Sally is my sister s friend 2. What time is it 3. Don t speak to your mother like that 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.9428282}
{"text": "Sally is my sister s friend 2. What time is it 3. Don t speak to your mother like that 4. Good morning Did you sleep well 5. Oh dear Did he hurt himself Exercise 2Rewrite the following sentences by putting commas and apostrophes in the correct places. 1. This food is delicious isnt it? 2. Hello David. Have you seen Toms new bike? 3. Good morning children said Miss Lee. 4. I cant speak French very well. 5. Excuse me Mr. Chen. Could you help me with this question please. 6. Sams mom bought rice eggs and flour. 7. Yes thank you. Ive had a lovely day. 8. Shes my big brothers girlfriend.147 6. Mom asked if I had cleaned my room 7. Help I m falling 8. Could you open a window, please 9. He s very handsome, isn t he10. What a lovely dayPut capital letters in the correct places as you rewrite these sentences. 1. Have you seen mr. Chen? 2. Can I help with the cooking, mom? 3. We went to paris for a holiday. 4. Do you like my new car? Asked uncle david. 5. We visited new york and saw the statue of liberty. 6. My friend doesn t speak english. 7. They spent christmas in london. 8. We went to the library on thursday. 9. Were you born in june or july?10. Have you read the lord of the rings by j.r.r. Tolkien? 11. They re going to italy next summer. 12. Have a good day, mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.9281712}
{"text": "They re going to italy next summer. 12. Have a good day, mrs. Park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.95343}
{"text": "12. Have a good day, mrs. Park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.9715717}
{"text": "Have a good day, mrs.park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessonsmake it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcementor intervention. BASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBook.", "metadata": {"source": "Basic-English-Grammar-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": true, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406278.978501}
{"text": "Table of ContentsUnit 1InfinitivesPart A Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form6B To-infinitives as Subjects10C To-infinitives in Predicates14D To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order18E Review GerundsPart A Gerunds and Common Verbs with Gerunds 24B Infinitives vs. Gerunds 28C Gerunds after Prepositions 32D Special Expressions with Gerunds 36E Review ParticiplesPart A Present and Past Participles 42B Perfect Participle Clauses46C Review Perfect TensesPart A Simple Past vs. Present Perfect 52B Past Perfect 56C Present Perfect Progressive 60D Past Perfect Progressive 64E Adverbs with Perfect Tenses 68F Review Modal AuxiliariesPart A Expressing Ability74B Polite Requests 78C Necessity and Obligation 82D Advice and Suggestion86E Expectation90F Review 94Unit 6Noun ClausesPart A Noun Clauses with Question Words96B Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether100C Noun Clauses vs. Noun Phrases 104D Review Relative ClausesPart A Restrictive Clauses 110B Non-restrictive Clauses 114C Review Direct and Indirect SpeechPart A Direct Speech 120B Indirect Speech 124C Review Active and Passive VoicesPart A Active and Passive Voices 130B Active and Passive Forms 134C Stative Passives 138D Review 142Unit 10 Prepositions with NounsPart A Nouns Followed by Prepositions 144B Prepositions Followed by Nouns 148C Review Index155Transcripts Answer Key6 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewDear Diary,I was so happy today because I overcame my fearof speaking in front of the class. My friend Emilywas so helpful because she helped me realizethat standing and speaking in front of others wasnot a big deal. After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.0019789}
{"text": "After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking. I am sograteful for all of her help. Claire A causative verb is a verb that enables, causes, or allows a person to do something to another person. For help, both to-infinitives and bare infinitives are acceptable. I helped them to move the sofa. I helped them move the sofa. Causative Verbswith To-infinitivesGet, force, allow, encourage, persuade,convince, and help are followed by an objectand the to-infinitive form of a verb. Let, make, have, and help are followed by anobject and the bare infinitive form of a verb. They persuaded us to join their group. She convinced me to leave early. My parents did not let me go to the rock concert. That food made my stomach feel sick. The teacher had me do the sum on the board. Causative Verbs and Infinitive FormPart AUnit 1 Infinitiveswith Bare InfinitivesPart A 71. My teacher forces me do chores around her house.2. I always help my grandmother to do my homework.3. Mark s brother had his friend help him with his homework.4. Jenny encourages others do the dishes after dinner.5. Allen hates it when his mom makes him to try new things. Exercise 2Match the sentence parts.1. My violin teacher made convinced me to practice for two hours every night.2. Are you sure I can t convince make you to come with us? 3. Sometimes late at night, my father gets lets me drive the car.4. Emily and Claire are always having persuading us to go shopping with them.5. My teacher is going to get have me take a special math class next month. 6. Even though Peter doesn t like it, his father always forces has him to go to musiclessons after school. Exercise 3Choose the correct causative verb.1. After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.0228693}
{"text": "After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3. My mother has me make my bed every morning. 4. My desire to get into a good university forces me to study hard every day. 5. They convinced me to go to the shop for them.6. Hopefully, she can persuade her father to let her stay out late on Friday. Exercise 1Circle the causative verbs in the sentences. Some sentences havemore than one causative verb. Practice 1Practice 28 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Underline the mistakes. Write the corrections on the lines. If there are nomistakes, write OK on the line.1. Yesterday, Peter and Allen let Jenny to beat them in the race. 2. The woman convinced the filthy boy to take a shower after he had been playing inthe mud. 3. Every day, my friend convinces me eat the same thing for lunch. 4. Yesterday, Allen s father had him to go to the hair stylist with his little sister. 5. After-school academies help children reinforce topics that they learn in school. 6. Tomorrow, we will get his friend help us move the giant sofa. Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences with causative verbs.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions. Track 21. What is the client s name? 2. What does the lawyer want the jury to do? 3. What does not guilty mean? 4. What was Mr. Pearson forced to do? Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Circle the four mistakes in the passage.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 8Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly. Bruce,I can t believe what happened to me yesterday! I was walking with Joe, andhe persuaded me play a joke on Michelle. We took her backpack. Then wetold her it was stolen. But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.0475607}
{"text": "But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter. Then she forced us tell Michelleabout the joke. It was really embarrassing. I ll never let myself to listen to Joe again!BrianPart B To-infinitives as Subjects10 Unit 1 InfinitivesA to-infinitive phrase may be used as the subject ofa sentence. When the to-infinitive phrase is long,the sentence begins with it and the to-infinitivephrase comes at the end of the sentence. For an object preceding an infinitive gives thatinfinitive a specific subject. An indirect object may follow take and cost. A to-infinitive can begin a sentence. This is usuallydone with short infinitive phrases or to give thesentence a more formal feeling. It is unusual to see an owl during the day. It takes time to learn a new language. It is worthwhile for people to invest their savings. It is unusual for owls to come out during the day. How long did it take her to do her homework?It cost her a lot of money to get a good tutor. To ski takes strong legs and good balance. To be kind to others is important. To-infinitives as SubjectsGrammar ExplanationPreviewLeadershipTo lead requires good organization and a clear set of goals. It takes good communication skillsto pass the vision of the goals to others, and it isalways important for the leader to inspire hisfollowers to work hard for that goal. Practice 1Part B 111. To do that again. For me would be It awful 2. Eighty years the championship. To win took the team It 3. Dollars lunch. To buy It four costs 4. Everyone to fail Not to do requires job. Their Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. Necessary - adults 2. Important - president 3. Unfortunate - a child 4. Rude - teenagers Exercise 3Make sentences using it and the words given.1. It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.060097}
{"text": "It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4. It is bad for business to too many customer complaints.5. When did it occur to you to ask for directions?6. How long does take you to finish a pint of ice cream?Exercise 1Check the sentences that are correct. Practice 212 Unit 1 Infinitives1. For me to help do chores around the house.2. To never do your homework.3. One dollar to take the bus.4. To stand up for what you believe.5. To hear my friend sing. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with your own information. Begin each sentencewith it.1. It costs about eight dollars to see a movie. 2. It takes a while to get to school in the morning. 3. It takes a lot of studying to do well in school. 4. It is strange for our boss to take us out for dinner. 5. It is quite common for Peter to forget his homework. Exercise 5Rewrite each sentence into a more formal sentence beginning with aninfinitive. Exercise 4Look at the pictures and answer the questions you hear.1. 2. 3. 4. Track 3Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the conversation with words from the box.1. To find my house is .2. It takes around .3. It is important for .4. It is also important for .5. Finally, .Exercise 8Give directions to your house using the prompts. Man:OK, how do we get to your house?Woman: Well, 1. My house is pretty easy. It takes abouttwenty minutes 2. There from here. Start bytaking Orchard Road for about fifteen minutes. It is important foryou 3. Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.0706792}
{"text": "Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5. To the big grey wall on your leftbecause you must turn right onthe street after the wall. Afterturning, go to the end of the streetand look for the big blue house. Man:OK, let s go!to pay attention to drive to find to be to getPart C To-infinitives in Predicates14 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewQ: Why should you be admitted to Tiger College?Even though there are many other opportunitiesfor me, I want to attend Tiger College. Eversince I was a small child, my father expected meto work my hardest, so I could go to the bestcollege. I did well on my tests and refused tosettle for number two in my class, and I hope to study under the guidance of Tiger sworld-renowned faculty. I will be delighted tostart classes this fall, and I promise tomaintain my high work ethic. The to-infinitive comes after a verb. The to-infinitive comes after an object. The to-infinitive comes after an adjective. A to-infinitive can be placed at several different positions within a sentence. They wanted to stay for a few extra days. We asked to see the menu. I asked her to stay for a few more hours. I lifted the heavy box to impress the girls. He will be disappointed not to see you. It will be strange to meet her after so many years. To-infinitives in PredicatesPractice 11. Me to give my teacher less My mother persuaded homework. 2. Information allows to get The Internet us anywhere. From 3. Off forgot to Peter oven. The turn 4. Embarrassed are going the play. We to be to act in 5. To travel the world. Around Jenny s planning sister is Part C 15Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. The President promised the citizens something. He listened to their problems. 2. After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.1132083}
{"text": "After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous. She flew for the first time. 4. I expect to have a good job when I grow up. I am going to be a doctor. 5. After the airplane landed, I was so excited. I saw my grandparents. Exercise 3Combine the two clauses using an infinitive. Exercise 1Write A if the infinitive comes after an adjective, O if it comes after anobject, or V if it is after a verb.1. I will be happy to finish this essay.2. My grandmother plans to give me a diamond ring when I get married.3. The skier appeared to injure his leg after the girl ran into him.4. When will your father ask Peter to finish building the dresser?5. Claire and Emily were very sad to leave Italy and return home. Practice 216 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Choose the correct answer for each sentence. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions.1. She really to like her new boyfriend.a. Prefers b. seems c. agrees d. decides2. I am sorry, I can t to ignore it any longer. You have food on your face. A. wish b. deserve c. attempts d. pretend3. My father always reminds me that he me to lose every time we playbasketball against each other.a. Expects b. plans c. determines d. agrees4. Hollywood actors are always eager for the camera.a. To fly b. to sneeze c. to smile d. to sleep1. What is the speaker s profession? 2. Which city are they in? 3. What does he want everybody to do? 4. What is he going to show the audience how to do? Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences using infinitives. Track 41. 2. 3. 4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.12299}
{"text": "4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring. Every day, I go to school tolisten to my teachers talk about the same thing. After school, Iget 2. To meet my friends so we can go playsoccer. I then go 3. To eat dinner. After that I 4. To finish myhomework, but I usually stop 5. To take a nap. I then 6. Tofinish my homework before going back tosleep for the night. Exercise 8Complete the sentences with information about your daily life.1. After I come home from school, I want .2. Every day, I am happy .3. Every day, my parents require me .4. Every day, I am amazed . To-infinitives with Too,Enough, and In OrderPart D18 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewMy parents are always telling me that their liveswere so much harder when they were kids. When Iwant to get a ride to go to a friend s house, they saythey had to walk in a meter of snow to get toschool. Or if I don t like my dinner, they say thatthey never had enough to eat. When I need newclothes because mine are too old to wear, theytell me that they always wore clothes that were toosmall to wear because their family never hadenough money to buy new ones. I don t believeeverything they say. I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.1545312}
{"text": "I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work. Too adjective adverb to-infinitiveI have too much work to do today. Too much uncountable noun to-infinitiveI have too many presents to buy. Too many plural countable noun to-infinitiveWe had enough time to finish the project. Enough noun to-infinitiveHe s not fast enough to play for the team. Adjective adverb enough to-infinitiveI studied hard in order to pass the test. I studiedhard to pass the test. My father drove down Oak Street in order toavoid traffic. In order to avoid traffic, my fatherdrove down Oak Street. Practice 1Part D 191. Emily doesn t have time to go to all her after-school classes andfinish her homework.2. My parents sent me chocolate to finish before I leave.3. There are cars on the road to drive home quickly.4. With forty students and only twenty-five desks, there are studentsto place in desks.5. Jenny feels that there is pressure on her to perform well in school. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.1. I must have creativity. I want to write novels. 2. After doing poorly on my exam, I must have a good interview. I want to get into agood college. 3. You want to see all of France. You must climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower. 4. Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.150853}
{"text": "Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5. Allen wants to buy his girlfriend a bracelet. Allen will need to get a job. Exercise 3Combine the two sentences to form one sentence using in order to-infinitive.1. In order to fly a kite, in order to get my work done.2. My friend doesn t practice enough to become a great pianist.3. He weighs too much to fly to America.4. I need to wake up early tomorrow to make sure I don t get thirsty.5. It usually costs a thousand dollars it must be a windy day.6. When hiking, I always take enough water to sit on the baby s swing. Exercise 1Match the sentence parts. Practice 220 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 4Listen and choose the best responses.1. He brought enough candy to share with everyone. Did ? 2. We have too much work to do it properly. Do ? 3. You must always watch the ball in order to hit a baseball. What ? 4. I take cooking lessons to impress Jenny. Why ? 5. Allen wants to be taller in order to be a good basketball player. Why ? Exercise 6Rewrite the sentences in question form.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5Use the pictures to write sentences using too, enough, and in order to. Track 51. A.b.c.2. A.b.c.3. A.b.c.4. A.b.c. Part D 21Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with too, enough, or in order to.1. Make the best ChocolateChip cookies, follow these easy steps.2. Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.2106621}
{"text": "Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4. After that, stir in the chocolate chips evenly avoid somecookies having many chips and some cookies with too few.5. Then, put your dough in the refrigerator for ten minutes let the baking soda rise so your cookies aren t flat like cardboard.6. Next, preheat your oven to 350 degrees, and put spoonfuls of cookie doughonto a cookie sheet. Don t make your cookies thick or themiddle will never bake.7. Finally, put your cookies into the oven for ten minutes. Be sure to allow time for the oven to preheat ensurethat your cookies are baked properly.8. Now you can take the cookies out of the oven and enjoy them!1. In order to make cookies, what ingredients do you need? 2. Why must you put the dough in the refrigerator? 3. Why shouldn t you make your cookies too thick? Exercise 8Answer questions about the reading. 22 Unit 1 InfinitivesReviewPart EA: I bought a new English book inorder to study harder. A: Yes, but sometimes I don t haveenough time to study. A: Yes, I will just do my best!B: Cool. It s a good idea to learn a newlanguage. B: Well, don t study too much. It takestime to learn a new language. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1.2.3.bought a new English book joined a new gym got a canoestudy harder get fit take up a sportto learn a new language get in shape learn a new sportstudy exercise practice1. My mother promised the author to finish his book.2. Because he misbehaved, the teacher had we need to have tickets.3. It took three years for Allen stand outside of the classroom.4. In order to get into the stadium, to buy me new shoes for my birthday.5. I never agreed to allow my cousin to stay in my room.1. Successful.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.1806576}
{"text": "In order to get into the stadium, to buy me new shoes for my birthday.5.I never agreed to allow my cousin to stay in my room.1.successful. It hard work to takes become 2.finish homework. Sister I help her will my 3.to care. Irresponsible One be not must 4.strange others. It is very help to see a selfish man Exercise 2Match the sentence parts. Exercise 3Unscramble the sentences. It is better to be safe than sorry. ProverbExercise 4Write a complete sentence using the words and tense given.1. Present I - too tired - to do 2. Future My friend - convince - comic books 3. Past We - invite - our friends 4. Future He - not have - enough - cake 5. Past In order to - catch - friend - he - run Exercise 5Circle two mistakes in each sentence and then rewrite the sentencecorrectly.1.Yesterday, Peter makes his friend to go with him to the doctor s office. 2.Mark wanted her help he with his homework. 3.She doesn t got a high enough score pass the test. 4.I m study French order to go to Paris. 5.You can never to do enough help others to live well. Review 23.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-4-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.1962569}
{"text": "INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1996: What is plantation farming system? 2. 1997: State the main characteristics of shifting cultivation. 3. 1997: Differentiate between olericulture and pomoculture 4. 1997: State three characteristics of shifting cultivation. 5. 2001: State six reasons why agriculture is important in Kenya s economy 6. 2002: State two ways in which agriculture contributes directly to the development of industries. 7. 2004: Give the limitations of pastoral Farming. 8. 2004: State any two disadvantages of pastoral nomadism system of farming. FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: List four environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya. 2. 1996: State two ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. 3. 1997: a State two ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. B Give two roles of micro-organisms in the soil that are beneficial to crops c State three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. 4. 1999: List down the four aspects of rainfall that affect agriculture. 5. 1999: Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields. 6. 2000: Outline three effects of soil organisms which benefit crop growth. 7. 2001: State two causes of hard pan in a crop yield. 8. 2002: a Name tow processes of rock weathering. B Differentiate between soil texture and soil structure. C State three benefits of good soil structure in crop production. 9. 2003: a List two aspects of light that influence crop growth. B The diagram below shows an experiment set up using soil types , H and J and observations made after 24 hours. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. I What is the experiment represented above designed to study? Ii Name the three soil types H and J. iii What is the characteristic texture of soil types G and J? Iv State how a farmer would improve the structure of soil type G. 10. 2004: a Give 3 reasons why soil is important to crops. B State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production. C Give 3 factors of soil that influence soil productivity. 11. 2004: Give three reasons why soil is important to crops. 12.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.2298036}
{"text": "11. 2004: Give three reasons why soil is important to crops. 12. 2004: a Give four reasons why a well drained soil is suitable for crop production. B State two benefits of optimum soil temperature in crop production. C Give three soil factors that influence soil productivity. 13. 2005: State three advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil. 14. 2005: a State tow roles of good soil aeration in crop growth. B Give two roles of micro-organisms in the soil that are beneficial to corps. C State three properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. FARM TOOLS AND MACHINERY 1. 1995: Give one use of each of the following hammers; i Ball pein hammer ii Sledge hammer State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on a wheelbarrow. 2. 1996 The diagram labeled N I, N II, N III below represent some tolls used in farms. I What functional advantage does the tool labeled N II have over the tool labeled NIII? Ii What is the function of tool labeled NI iii Give the maintenance practice of NI3. Study the photographs below carefully and answer the questions that follows: a i Identify 1------------------------ 2 ----------------------- ii Give the land preparation stage when 2 is used b i Which of the tools is suited for a field with roots, trash and other obstacles? Ii Give a reason for your answer in b i 4. 1996: State one use of each of the following tools; i Spoke shave ii Plumb bob 5. 1997: Name two tools used for cutting galvanized iron pipes. 6. 1998: State four maintenance requirements of a jack plane. 7. 1998: List four tools used for laying concrete blocks when constructing a wall. 8. 1999: a What is the difference between a tenon saw and a crosscut saw? B What safety measure should be taken when using a crosscut saw? C Give three maintenance practices that should be carried out on crosscut saws. 9. 2000: Give the factor, that are considered when selecting a garden tool for primary cultivation. 10: 2000 a State one use of each of the following tools, i sickle ii Secateurs. B Give two reasons for proper maintenance of farm implements.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.266357}
{"text": "2000: Give the factor, that are considered when selecting a garden tool for primary cultivation. 10: 2000 a State one use of each of the following tools, i sickle ii Secateurs. B Give two reasons for proper maintenance of farm implements. C State three factors that should be considered when selecting gardener tools for primary cultivation. 12. 2001: L, M, N and O are diagrams of farm tools. Study them and answer the questions that follow. I Identify the farm tools; L, AA N and O. ii State the use of each tool L, AA, N and O. 13. 2001: List the tool used for each of the following i Tightening barbed wires during fencing, ii Smoothening concrete flours during plastering. Iii Administration of liquid medicine to livestock through the mouth. Iv Processing butter------------------- 14. 2003: List five tools used when constructing a wooden fence. 15. 2003: a Diagrams M, N, P and Q represents some farm tools. I Identify the tools; M,N,P and Q. ii Give the use of each of the tools named above. Iii State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on tool M. b The diagram below shows a farm equipment. Study it and answer the questions that follow. I Identify the equipment. Ii Name the parts labeled R, S, T and U. CROP PRODUCTION LAND PREPARATION K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: State 4 reasons for primary cultivation. 2. 1997: State four reasons for primary cultivation. 10. 1999: State four factors which determine the depth of ploughing. 3. 2000: a Give tow reasons why the use of fire should be discouraged in clearing land during seedbed preparation. B Give tow reasons for secondary cultivation. C State two benefits of minimum tillage in crop production. 4. 2000: List four implements used to carry out secondary cultivation 5. 2001: State two causes of hard pans in a crop field. 6. 2001: Give the maintenance practices of a disc plough. 7. 2002: State reasons why use of fire in clearing land is discouraged. 8. 2003: Outline the main reasons for secondary tillage. 9. 2004: State the main benefits of minimum tillage 10.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.3090003}
{"text": "2003: Outline the main reasons for secondary tillage. 9. 2004: State the main benefits of minimum tillage 10. 2005: a State one condition under which a farmer would prefer to use an ox-cart instead of tractor drawn trailer. B Give three maintenance practices carried on an ox plough. 11. 2004: Give four farming practices that may help in achieving minimum tillage. WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGATION K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: Give the main methods of conveying water from place to place. 2. 1995: State two methods of storing water on a farm. 3. 1995: State two ways of overcoming the problem of water logging in crop production. 4. 1996: State four methods of treating water for domestic use. 5. 1997: a Give tow ways of conserving water for livestock use. 6. State two means by which water can be conveyed from the place of Storage to where it is needed on the farm. 7. 1998: Name four types of water pumps which can be used on the farm. 8. 1998: List two features of plastic pipes a farmer should consider before buying the pipes. 9. 1998: a State three factors to be considered before deciding on irrigation in crop production. B State three advantages of overhead irrigation compared to surface irrigation. 10. 1998: Give four feature of plastic pipes a farmer should consider before buying the pipes. 11. 1998: Name four types of water pumps which can be used on a farm. 12. 1998: Which of these factors would you consider in deciding on irrigation in crop production. 13. 2000: In what way is water useful for agriculture activities? 14. 2000: a Explain the reasons for treating water on the farm. B State the uses of water in the farm. C Describe the process involved in water treatment using a chemical treatment system. 15. 2001: Give two factors that influence the quantity of water used in the farm. 16. 2001: State three farming activities which may cause pollution to water sources. 17. 2002: State three advantages of crop irrigation in a farm. 18. 2003: Study the illustration below carefully am answer the questions which follow River. A Identify the illustration b Explain part 1 -6 19. 2003: Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water storage tanks. 20.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.2872727}
{"text": "A Identify the illustration b Explain part 1 -6 19. 2003: Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water storage tanks. 20. 2003: List three types of surface irrigation in crop production. 21. 2003: List four methods used to drain farm land. 22. 2004: a List three surface water sources found in a farm. B Give two reasons for treating water before use in a farm. 23. 2004: Give the reasons why water treatment ii important. SOIL FERTILITY ORGANIC MANURES K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS. 1. 1995: How is green maturing carried out on a farm? 1995: a Give four reasons why it is advantageous to use farm yard manure instead of straight fertilizer. B State four factors that determine the quality of farm yard manure. 2. 1998: State four ways by which plant nutrients may be lost fro the soil. 3. Outline the various benefits of F. Y. M in the farm. 4. 1999: a Define soil fertility b List the major characteristics of a fertile soil. 5. The diagram below is a presentation of a cross section through a compost heap studies it and answer the questions which follow. A i Name the parts labeled 1 Give the importance of 5, 4, 3 b Why is it advisable that i A long sharp pointed stick driven into the file at an angle. Ii Compost pits be preferably alone in more drier area weather. 9. 1999: Give four ways by which soil loses its fertility 10. 2000: State four characteristics that make a crop suitable for green manuring. 11. 2002: State three factors that determine the quality of compost manure. 12. 2003: State four characteristics of a fertile soil. 13. 2003: Name three farming practices which may lead to soil erosion. 14. 2005: State three factors which should be considered when sitting a compost heap. 15. 2005: State three advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION COMMON BREEDS K.C.S.E PAST PAPERS 2. 1996: i Name the breed of camel that is used for provision of quicker mode of transport and is better adapted for arid conditions. Ii Give two reasons why this species of camel is well adapted to North par of Kenya. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.3188546}
{"text": "1996: i Name the breed of camel that is used for provision of quicker mode of transport and is better adapted for arid conditions. Ii Give two reasons why this species of camel is well adapted to North par of Kenya. 3. 1998: i Give two reasons why jersey breeds is better suited for marginal areas than Friesians breed. 3. 1999: Name the major characteristics of indigenous cattle breeds. 4. 1999: Give the major features of exotic beef breeds 1. 2000: Name the exotic cattle with i Highest butter fat content ii Lowest butter fat content 5. 2001: State two characteristics of goats that make them adaptable to arid areas of Kenya. 6. 2001: Give three ways used to improve production in indigenous cattle. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: List any four types of records a farmer should keep. 2. 2001: State four reasons for keeping health records in livestock production 3. 2005: State the conditions under which the opportunity cost is Zero in a farming enterprise. SOIL FERTILITY II INORGANIC FERTILIZERS KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995 2001: State four characteristics of Nitrogenous fertilizers 2mks 2. 1996: Calculate the amount of K2O contained in 400kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5. 2mks 3. 1996: State four functions of Potassium in plant growth. 2mks 4. Give two symptoms of potassium deficiency in crops 2mks 5. 1998: State four ways by which plant nutrients may be lost from the soil 2mks 6. 2001 a State three functions of nitrogen in crops 2mks b State two symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in a growing maize crop 2mks 7. 2003: State four effects of excessive application of Nitrogenous fertilizers on crop growth. 2mks 8. 2004: Give two functions of sulphur in crops 2mks 9. 2004: Give four deficiency symptoms of phosphorous in crops. 2mks 10. 2005: List four ways of applying fertilizers in crops 2mks 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.3420467}
{"text": "2004: Give four deficiency symptoms of phosphorous in crops. 2mks 10. 2005: List four ways of applying fertilizers in crops 2mks 11. 2005: a Differentiate between macro nutrients and mirco nutrients 2mks b State four functions of Calcium in plant growth and development 2mks CROP PRODUCTION II PLANTING KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1995: State four benefits of using vegetative propagation in orange production. 2mks 2. 1995: a Give two advantages of growing cereal crops in rows instead of broadcasting. 2mks b Give two reasons for planting crops at correct spacing 2mks c Give two factors that determine the depth at which seeds should be planted. 2mks 3. 1996: State any four factors that determine the spacing of a crop 2mks 4. 1997: Give two reasons for sowing annual crops early in the planting season. 2mks 5. 1997: Why should legume seeds be inoculated before planting 1mks 6. 1997: State two benefits a farmer would get by having the correct plant population in the production of annual crops. 2mks 7. 1998: State four factors that influence spacing when planting a pure stand maize. 2mk 8. 1998: Give two factors that would influence the time of planting beans 1mk 9. 1999: Give four reasons for seed selection in crop production. 2mks 10. 1999: State six factors that influence the spacing of an annual crop. 2mks 11. 2000: Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production. 2mks 12. 2000: a Give two harmful effects of high population density in a maize crop growth for grain production 2mks b Calculate the plant population per hectares of a maize crop planted at a spacing of 100cm x 50cm. Show your working 2mks 13. 2002: Name two crop production practices carried after planting to achieve optimum plant population. 1mk 14. 2002: State five qualities of the mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative materials for planting. 2mks 15.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.3542728}
{"text": "1mk 14. 2002: State five qualities of the mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative materials for planting. 2mks 15. 2002: State four factors that determine the time of planting of a crop. 2mks 16. 2002: Give four disadvantages of planting seed using broadcasting method. 2mks 17. 2004: List four factors that determine 2mks 18. 2005: Give six reasons for timely planting of annual crops. 3mks CROP PRODUCTION-NURSERY PRACTICES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1996 2005: Give a reason for carrying out each of the following practices in a tomato nursery. 2mks i Pricking out ii Hardening off. 1997: Give two activities carried out during hardening off tomato seedlings 2mks 1998: Give two characteristics of a good root stock for grafting. 1mk CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD PRACTICES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1997 2005: State four reasons for pruning fruit crops 2mks 2. 1998: Give two reasons for drying grains before storage. 2mks 3. 1999: a Why is training done in some crops. 1mk b Name two crops, which require training. 5. 1999: State two factors that determine the stage at which a grain crop is ready for harvesting 1mk 6. 1999: State four benefits of using organic matter for mulching, sounds 2mks 7. 2000: State two ways in which inorganic mulch helps to conserve moisture in the soil 1mk 8. 2001: a What is crop rotation? 1mk b State three advantages of crop rotation. 1mk c State three factors considered when designing a crop rotation programme 2mks CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1996 2005: a Give one cause of blossom end rot in tomatoes b State two methods of controlling blossom end rot in tomatoes 2mks 2. 1996 2005: State four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.4257514}
{"text": "1mk c State three factors considered when designing a crop rotation programme 2mks CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1996 2005: a Give one cause of blossom end rot in tomatoes b State two methods of controlling blossom end rot in tomatoes 2mks 2. 1996 2005: State four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market. LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1996 1997: a State three advantages of keeping a herd of dairy cattle health. 3mks 2. 1997: a State two reasons for maintaining livestock in good health. 2mks b Name two noticeable diseases in cattle. 2mks 3. 1999: state two ways by which proper feeding contribute to disease control in livestock. 1mk 4. 2000: Explain measures used to control livestock diseases. 12 marks 5. 2002: Give four ways in which diseases can spread can spread from one animal to the other within the farm. LIVE STOCK HEALTH PARASITES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: a Which livestock disease is transmitted by each of the following ticks? 2mks i Blue tick Boophilous decoloratus ii Brown ear tick Rhipicephalous appendicula tus b How many hosts does the red-legged tick Rhipicephalous averts require to complete its life cycle? 1mk 2. 1998: a State four signs of infestation by external parasites in livestock? 2mks 3. A State four signs of infestation by external parasites in livestock? 2mks b Name the intermediate host for each of the following internal parasites. 2mks Tape worm Taenia solium ii Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica 4. 200: describe the life cycle of a three- host tick. 8mks 5. 2003: State four non-chemical methods of controlling ticks in cattle. 2mks 6. 2004: Give four measures that should be taken to control tapeworms on the farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.3644}
{"text": "2003: State four non-chemical methods of controlling ticks in cattle. 2mks 6. 2004: Give four measures that should be taken to control tapeworms on the farm. 2mks LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION II NUTRITION KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995 2002: What is a production ration as used in animal nutrition? 1mk 2. 1995: Name two groups into which vitamins are classified. 1 mk 3. 1996: State 3 factors that influence the amount of water intake by a farm Animal. 11 2 mks 4 1996: a Differentiate between a roughage and a concentrate feed in animal nutrition. 2mks b State three ways in which a production ration may be utilized by cattle. 3 mks 5. 1998: Give four characteristics of a livestock roughage feedstuff. 6. 1998: Outline four functions of proteins in the body of an animal. 2mks 7. 1999 2002: Outline four factors that determine the nutritional requirements in cattle 2mks 8. 2000: Give 4 functions of calcium in dairy cow. 2mks 9. 2001: State four factors that are considered when formulating a livestock ration 2 marks 10. 2002: a Explain the term production ration as used in livestock productions. 1mk b State four factor which determine the amount of feed an animalcan consume. 4mks 11. 2004. State three reasons for feeding livestock. 11 2mks LIVE STOCK PRODUCTION III - SELECTION AND BREEDING KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1994: a How does crossbreeding improve livestock production. 2. 1994: State six signs that are likely to be observed when a cow is on heat 3. 1996: State four disadvantages of natural mating as a method of breeding in dairy cattle management. 4. 1997: Define the term out crossing in animal breeding. 5. The diagram below shows the reproductive system of a cow. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow. A i Name the parts labeled A B and C.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.3991547}
{"text": "7. 2000: State four reasons for castrating male piglets. 8. 2000: Give two qualities of creep feed that makes it suitable for piglets. 9. 2000: State two reasons why it is necessary to place sugar syrup close to a beehive. 10. 2000: State four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe. 11. 2001: State six management practices in fish rearing. 12 2002: Give five signs, which indicate that a sow is about to furrow. 13. 2002: State four conditions which would make it necessary to feed bees. 14. 2003: State four management practices that should be carried out during the mating season in sheep. 15. 2005: Name four species of fresh water fish reared in Kenya. FARM STRUCTURES. 1. 1994: The diagram below represents a calf pen. Study it to answer the questions that follow. I How high should the floor be above the ground level? Ii Why should the floor of the calf pen be raised? Iii Why should the parts of the pen marked p be open? Iv State three factors that should be considered in sitting a calf pen? 2 1995: State two advantages of using wood in the construction of farm buildings 3. 1995: Describe the construction of a rabbit hutch under the following sub- headings. 4. 1996: Give two reasons for treating timber to the used in construction of farm buildings. 5. 1996: State one advantage and one disadvantage of using barbed wire instead of plain wire for fencing paddocks. 6. 1996: State two functions of ventilation in an animal house. 7. 1996: a One of the recommended ratio of mixing ingredients for making Concrete block is 1:3:4, Name ingredients represented by the numbers 1, 3 and 4 in the mixture. B If stronger concrete blocks were to be made, name the ingredient that would be increased. C State three properties of concrete that make it suitable for constructing farm buildings. D In addition to concrete, name three other materials that would be required to construct the floor of milking shed. 8. 1997: State four features of a good maize granary. 9. 1998: State two reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. 10. 1998: a State any four factors that would influence the sitting of a calf pen.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.4763572}
{"text": "1998: State two reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. 10. 1998: a State any four factors that would influence the sitting of a calf pen. B State fur factors to consider when selecting materials for constructing a calf pen. C Give four maintenance practices that should be carried out on a permanent calf pen. 11. 1999: Give two practices, other than use of preservatives, that can be carried out on wooden fencing posts to make them last long. 12. 1999: State six features of an ideal calf pen. 13. 1999: Outline any four maintenance practices that should be carried out in a deep litter poultry house. 14. 2001: Give two advantages of concrete blocks over timber as building materials. 15. 2001: a State the uses of fences in farms. B What factors would be considered when sitting a farm structures. 16. 2002: a State four advantages of a hedge in a farm. 17. 2003: State four advantages of using a Kenya Top Bar Hive ove log hive. 18. 2003: Outline two routine maintenance practices carried out on water tanks. 19. 2004: a Explain the uses of various hand tools in the construction a Kenya Top Bar Hive b Describe the procedure of erecting wooden posts for fencing. 20. 2005: State three disadvantages of using steel in construction of farm buildings. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: Give one way through which check dams control soil erosion. 2. 1997: State two ways by which trees help in soil conservation. 3. 1997: State two reasons for carrying out soil conservation in a farm. 4. 1998: State two ways by which grass cover help to conserve soil. 5. 2003: State two ways by which inorganic mulch help to conserve water in the Soil. 6. 2004: Define the terms; a Forestation b Re-a forestation 7. 2005: Outline three factors, which may influence soil erosion. WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1998: State four reasons why timely weed control is advisable in crop production. 2. 2000: Give four ways of controlling weeds in a maize field. 2mks 3. 2000: PP2: Diagram and H show weeds. I Identify the weeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.4411056}
{"text": "2mks 3. 2000: PP2: Diagram and H show weeds. I Identify the weeds. 2mks ii State the economic importance of the weed shown in diagram G 2mks iii Why is it difficult to control weed in diagram G? 1mk 4. 2001: State six disadvantages of weeds in crop production 3mks 5 2004: i State four factors that contribute to the competitive ability of weeds. 2mks 6. 2004: The diagram below represents a weed. I Identify the weed 1 2 mrks ii Classify the weed according to its life span. 1 2 mark iii State one harmful effect of the weed to livestock. 1mk AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS II - LAND TENURE AND REFORMS KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1997: State four disadvantages of communal land tenure system. 2. 1999: Give two ways in which land consolidation helps to improve farm management. 3. 2003: State four objectives of land settlement which have been undertaken in Kenya 4. 2005: Give two forms of collective land tenure system in CROP PESTS AND DISEASES KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1994: PP2 Below is a diagram of a bird labeled A. Which is a crop pest? I Identify the pestii State two ways by which the bird causes loss in crops. Iii State four methods, which are used to control the pests. 2. 1995: The diagram labeled D below shows a Kale crop invested by a pest i Identify the pest. Ii What damage does the pest cause the crop? Iii State two methods of controlling the pest 3. 1995: Give two methods of controlling the pest? 4. 1995: State two cultural methods of controlling bollworms in a crop of cotton. 5. 1996: Give two ways of controlling bacteria blight in cotton. 6. 1998 1999: State four factors that affect the effectiveness of a pesticide. 7. 1999: a State two feeding habits of field insect pests. B State two cultural methods of pest control in stored grains. 8. 1999: Explain how various practices carried out in the field help to control crop diseases. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.4869368}
{"text": "8. 1999: Explain how various practices carried out in the field help to control crop diseases. 9. 2003: State three cultural ways of controlling nematodes in a field of bananas. 10. 2003: a Define the term Economic Injury Level of a crop. B Give two ways by which pesticides kills crop pests. C State four disadvantages of chemical pest control in crop production. 11. 2004: Give three harmful effects of pests in crop production 12. 2005: State two cultural methods in controlling bollworms in a tomato crop. 13. 2005: Give two possible causes of swelling on the roots of bean plants. CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES II KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1994: Name two field pests and two diseases of millet. 2. 1996: Why is it advisable to apply a straight nitrogenous fertilizer to a crop of maize at a height of 30 45cm. 3. 1996: Which disease causes a mass of dark spores on the flowering parts of maize? 4. 1996: State any four non chemical methods of controlling storages pests in a maize granary. 5. 1996: List four insect pests of maize in storage. 6. 1996: PP2 The diagram below labeled G, H, J and K shows different stages of cotton fruit. I Rearrange the label G, H, J, and K to show the correct sequence in which the cotton fruit develops. Ii What would be the effect of attack by cotton boll worms at the stage labeled K? Iii State two conditions that should be observed when harvesting to ensure that cotton picked is of high quality. Iv Name the two products which are obtained after processing cotton. 7. 1997: State four practices used to control maize streak in the field. 8. 1998: i State tow cultural methods of controlling pests in an established field of sorghum. Ii List any four insect pests that attack maize in the field. 9. 2000: Give four ways of controlling weeds in a field of maize. 10. 2000: Give four control measures pf maize steak virus. FORAGE CROPS KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1997 1995: State two advantages of establishing a mixed grass legume pasture instead of planting a pure grass pasture. 2. 1996: Give two disadvantages of overstocking in cattle production. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.532557}
{"text": "2. 1996: Give two disadvantages of overstocking in cattle production. 3. 1997: State two roles of additives in silage making. 4. 1997: a Define the following term, i Under sowing ii Over sowing b State three methods of controlling weeds in a pure grass pasture. C Give three benefits of top dressing in the management of grass pastures. 5. 1998: State four ways by which a farmer can make efficient use of a pasture crop. 6. 1999 2004: Give four factors that determined the nutrient content of hay. 7. 2000: State four advantages of under sowing in pasture production 8. 2003: Describe field production of Napier elephant grass under the following sub-headings. I Seedbed preparationii Planting iii Fertilizer application iv Weed control v Utilization 9. 2004: a List three pasture legumes grown in medium altitude zones. B Give three advantages of rotational grazing. C State three ways by which overheating can be prevented in the process of making silage. 10. 2005: State two advantages of proper stocking pasture management. 11. 2005: Explain the following terms as used in pasture establishment. A Seed Inoculation b Over sowing LIVE STOCK HEALTH III LIVESTOCK DISEASES KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1994: List six routes through which pathogens can enter the body of an animal. 2. 1995: State two methods of controlling rinder pest disease in cattle. 3. 1994 1996: Give four symptoms of Newcastle disease in poultry. 4. 1996: State four predisposing factors to the occurrence of mastitis in dairy cattle. 5. 1996: State any three symptoms of mastitis in dairy cattle. 6. 1997: Name two notifiable diseases in cattle. 7. 1996 2004: State two measures that should be taken to prevent an outbreak of Newcastle disease in poultry. 8. 1997: PP2: The diagram below shows the head of a chicken having symptoms of a poultry disease. I Identify the disease ii Give two reasons why the disease is of economic importance to the farmer. Iii State any tow methods of controlling the disease. 9. 1999: State four symptoms of foot rot in sheep. 10.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.5219417}
{"text": "9. 1999: State four symptoms of foot rot in sheep. 10. 2009: Name the causal agents for each of the following disease, i Coccidiosis ii Black quarter 11. 2000: i State two predisposing factors of foot rot in sheep. Ii Give three symptoms of anaplasmosis disease. 12. 2000: Explain measures used to control livestock diseases. 12mks 13. 2001: Give two signs that would indicate that a cow has died of anthrax. 14. 2001: a Name the causal organism of brucellosis in cows 1mks b Give two symptoms of brucellosis in cows. C State four measures that should be taken to control brucellosis in cattle. 15. 2002: Give three methods of controlling rinderpest in cattle. 16. 2004: Mention four symptoms of East Coast Fever in cattle. 17. 2005: a State the cause of milk fever in dairy cows. 1mks b Give four symptoms of milk fever in dairy cows. C State two methods of controlling milk fever. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION POULTRY KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: Give three methods of controlling cannibalism in a flock of layers in deep litter system. 2. 1995: List four factors that should be considered when grading eggs for marketing. 3. 1998: a Describe the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old up to the end of brooding. B Describe the characteristics of a poor layer, which should be considered during culling 4. 1999: Outline any four maintenance practices, which should be carried out in a deep litter poultry house. 2mks 5. 2000: Give four conditions that reduce the quality of eggs for hatching. 2mks 6. 2001: Give four measures that can control egg eating by hens in a deep litter system 2mks 7. 2002: a State four observations on the behaviour of chicks which would indicate that the temperature of a brooder is too high. 4mks b Give four advantages of deep litter system of poultry keeping. 4mks 8. 2005: List six qualities of eggs suitable for incubation 3mks 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.542639}
{"text": "4mks b Give four advantages of deep litter system of poultry keeping. 4mks 8. 2005: List six qualities of eggs suitable for incubation 3mks 9. 2005: Describe the steps to be taken in maintaining hygiene in a deep litter poultry house. 5mks LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI CATTLE KCSE PAST PAPERS. 1. 1995: a The diagram below is a cross section of part of a cows adder Label on the diagram the parts marked k, I, m and n. 2mks b i What is milk let down? 1mk ii Which hormone stimulates milk let down. 1mk c State three practices which are carried out to control mastitis in lactating cows. 2. 1995: Describe the management of a dairy heifer calf from birth until it is mature for first service. 20mks 3. 1997: a Name any two characteristics of good quality whole milk. 1mk b State three advantages of artificial calf rearing. 3mks 4. 1998: State four qualities of clean milk. 2mks a Define the term colostrums 1mk b Explain three qualities that make colostrums suitable for newly born calves. 3mks c Give two methods if feeding colostrums to a newly born calf. 1mk 5. 1999: State any six practices that would ensure clean milk production 3mks 6. 2000: State six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya. 3mks 7. 2001: Describe the management of a dairy calf using artificial rearing method from birth to weaning 20 mks FARM POWER AND MACHINERY KCSE PAST PAPERS 1. 1995: a States four advantages of farm mechanization 2mks b Give the functions of each of the following parts of a mould board plough. 4mks i Mould board ii Share iii Frog iv Landslide. C Give two daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a mould board plough. 2mks 2.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.5628967}
{"text": "4mks i Mould board ii Share iii Frog iv Landslide. C Give two daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a mould board plough. 2mks 2. 1995: The diagram below is a tractor drawn implant hitched at the rear of the tractor. I Identify the implement 1mk ii What is the method of power transmission for operating the implement? 1mk iii State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on the implement. 3mks 3. 1996 a Compare the use of an ox-drawn mould board plough with that of a tractor-drawn mould board plough. 9mks b Describe the maintenance practices that should be carried out on an ox-drawn mould board plough 6mks c What are the advantages and disadvantages of using tractor hire service farming instead of owning and using your own tractors. 5mks 4. 1997 a State two reasons of applying oil and grease on a rotary mower. 2mks b State four maintenance practices required on a rotary mower besides oiling and greasing. 2mks c State four factors that a farmer should consider before buying a tractor for use as the source of power on the farm. 2mks 5. 1999 a Give two uses of ox drawn harrow 2mks b Give two maintenance practices of a ox-drawn tine harrow. 2mks c State two advantages of an ox- drawn harrow over tractor-drawn harrow. 2mks 6. 2000: Out line four maintenance practices of a disc harrow. 2mks 7. 2001 a State one method of increasing ploughing depth when using a disc plough. 1mk b State two reasons for maintaining a disc plough, 2mks c State three advantages of farm mechanization. 3mks 8. 2003 a State two functions of a coulter in a mould board plough. 2mks b Give three maintenance practices carried out on an 0x-drawn trailer. 3mks 9. 2004 a State two problems associated with tractor hire service that farmers encounter.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.6182013}
{"text": "2mks b Give three maintenance practices carried out on an 0x-drawn trailer. 3mks 9. 2004 a State two problems associated with tractor hire service that farmers encounter. 1mk b List four implements used to carry out secondary cultivation. 2mks 10. 2005 a State one condition under which a farmer would prefer to use an ox-cart instead of a tractor-drawn trailer. B Give three maintenance practices carried out on an ox-plough.,. 3mks AGRICULTURE ECONOMIC III- PRODUCTION ECONOMICS 1 1995: a State four ways of improving the labour productivity of farm labour. 2mks b What is increasing returns in a production? 1m ark c What are three classifications of farm credits according to the repayment periods? I mks 2. 1996: a Define the term opportunity cost as used in economics. 1mk b What is working capital in a farming situation 1mk c Define the term utility of a commodity as used in agriculture economics. 1 mk 3. 1997; a State any two sources of capital for farming b Explain the advantages of budgeting in farm business. 5mks 4. 1998: a Explain the difference between fixed costs and variable costs in farming. B Give four variable costs in the production of coffee in an established field of coffee. 2mks c Give 3 advantages of planning in a farm business. 3mks 5. 1999: Give two uses of gross margin analysis in farm business. 6. 1999: a Below is a graphical representation of The law of admonishing returns. A Explain what happens in each of the Zones marked I, II and III in relation to output. 3mks b Which of the three is a rational zone of production? 1mks c State any three precautions a potatoes farmer would take to minimize risks in the production of potatoes. 2mks 7. 2000: a State three ways of improving labour productivity in a farm. B Give two changes that would indicate improvement of labour efficiency in farm. 2mks c State two ways of determining the rate of payment of casual labour in a farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.6105268}
{"text": "2000: a State three ways of improving labour productivity in a farm. B Give two changes that would indicate improvement of labour efficiency in farm. 2mks c State two ways of determining the rate of payment of casual labour in a farm. 3mks 8. 2001: a State four factors that influence the supply of casual labour in a farm. 2mks b State six ways by which a farmer can risk and uncertainties. C State six reasons why agriculture is important in Kenya economy. 3mks 9. 2002: State 2 reasons for choosing the right enterprise combination in farming business. 1mks 10 2003: a Give four examples of joint products in livestock production. B List four variable inputs in poultry production. C A farmer can combine dairy meal and home made in Dairy meal kg Home made feed kg Marginal rate of substitution 1 48 O 2 39 V 3 32 7 4 27 W 5 23 4 6 21 X 7 20 1 8 19 y i Given the above information, calculate the marginal rate of substitution and give values of V, W, X and X 4mks ii Given that the pride of dairy meal is Ksh. 8.00 per kilogram and that of homemade feeds in Ksh. 2.00 per kilogram, calculate the least cost combination. 1mks 11. 2004: a Name three product relationship in agriculture economics. B Explain the following terms as used in agriculture economics. I Production function ii Equi marginal returns. 12. 2005: Name five sources of agriculture credit in Kenya 1 mks 13. Give two examples in each case of the following costs incurred in the production of milk. A Variable costs 1mk b Fixed costs 1mks 14. 2005: a Differentiate between partial budget and complete budget. 2mks b Explain how factors may adjust uncertain rules in farming business 2mks The cost of fertilizer is Kshs. 1500 per unit and the price of maize in Ksh. 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.5911365}
{"text": "1500 per unit and the price of maize in Ksh. 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize. Ii Give two reasons for your answer in b i above. Iii Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS FARM ACCOUNTS 1. 1996: a List four types of financial books farmers should keep. 2mks 1996: State two uses of a balance sheet. 2 mks 2. 1998: Study the following information which was extracted from Mr. Rambo s farm record on 31 -12 95 and answer the question below. Kshs. Loans payable to bank 300,000 Five milking cows 250,000 400 layers 80,000 20 goats 30,000 Debts payable to cooperative 20,000 Buildings and structures 600,000 Bonus payable to workers 19,000 Cattle feed in store 10,000 Animal drugs in store 4,000 Debts receivable 18,000 Breakages to repair 30,000 I cash at hand 20,000 I Cash in bank 30,000 Spray equipment 12,000 Prepare a balance sheet for Rambo s farm using the information above 7 mks3. 2001: a Explain the following terms as used in farm account. I Cash account ii Ledger iii Balance sheet iv Purchase order. Name two types of inventories used in farm accounts. 2mks 4. 2002: On 5 1- 2001 Tamu farm purchased on credit the following items from a K. F. A shop. 20 bags of dairy meal, 70kg each sh. 1,100 per bag. 16 bags of bran, 70kg each sh. 700 per bag. 18 bags of D.S.P fertilizer, 50kg each sh. 1,500 per bag. 45 bags of seed maize, each 2kg Ksh. 300 per bag. 8 shearing knives medium size sh. 300 per knife. I Prepare the purchase order that Tamu farm made to K.F.A.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.639316}
{"text": "8 shearing knives medium size sh. 300 per knife. I Prepare the purchase order that Tamu farm made to K.F.A. 6mks ii Calculate the value of each item purchased and the total value of the order. 3mks 5. 2004: The following accounts information is from Mrs. Mbuta s farm for the year ended 31 12 2003. Opening valuation Ksh. 6,0007 Paid wages Ksh. 5000 Bought equipment worth Ksh. 8,000 Bought pig feeds worth Ksh. 4,000 Sold mature pigs worth Ksh. 7,000 Bought drugs worth Ksh. 3,200 Sold maize worth Ksh. 3,000 Closing valuation Ksh. 4,000 i Using the information above, prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Mbuta s farm. Ii From the calculations in i above, state whether Mrs. Mbuta made a profit or a loss. 1mk 6. 2005: a What is opening valuation as used in farm account? 1mks b State the use of each of the following financial documents 3mks i Cash receipt ii Purchase order. Mi Delivery note. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND ORGANIZATION 1. 1995: a What is the minimum number of people required to form a co-operative society? 1mks b State four factors that may influence the supply of a commodity in a market? 4mks c State four problems that farmers are likely to face when marketing their produce. 4mks d Name two marketing organizations for coffee in Kenya. 1mk 2. 1996: a Differentiate between market and marketing? 2mks b What is an imperfect market? 1mk c How will the price of mangoes in the short run be affected if the quantity of mangoes supplied in a market is increased d State any four problems a dairy farmer is likely to face in marketing milk. 2mks 3. 1997: a State the law of demand. 1mk b State four factors that determine the demand of a commodity in a free market economy.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.6601717}
{"text": "2mks 3. 1997: a State the law of demand. 1mk b State four factors that determine the demand of a commodity in a free market economy. 4mks c What is elasticity of demand for a commodity? 1mk d Explain the functions of agricultural marketing boards. 15 mks 4. 1998: a Give four benefits a farmer would derive from being a member of a dairy co-operative society. 2mks 5. 1999: a Explain the problems farmers face in marketing of agricultural produce. 9mks b Describe the various agencies and institutions involved in marketing of a agricultural produce. 5mks 6. 2000: a State six factors that influence demand for a commodity in a market. 3mks 7. 2003: a Given that at a price of Ksh.100 per bag, 20 bags of maize are demanded, but when the price changes to Ksh.800 per bag, 22 bags of are demanded. Calculate the elasticity of demand. Show your working. 3mks 8. 2003: a Describe the functions of agricultural marketing 10mks b Explain the role of agricultural co-operatives in Kenya. 10mks 9. 2004: a State six problems experienced by farmers in marketing agricultural produce. 3mks K.C.S.E AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 2006 SECTION A 30 marks Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided 1. Differentiate between Olericulture and pomocullure as used in crop production 1 mk 2. State three ways by which biological agents can enhance the process of soil formation 1 mk 3. State four advantages of drip irrigation 2 mks 4. State four advantages of adding organic manure to a sandy oil 2 mks 5. State two factors that would determine the amount of fertilizer to be top dressed to a crop in the field 1 mk 6. State four advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil condition 2 mks 7. Give four reasons for using certified seeds for planting 2 mks 8. Give four reasons for planting crops at the correct spacing 2 mks 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.69047}
{"text": "State four advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil condition 2 mks 7. Give four reasons for using certified seeds for planting 2 mks 8. Give four reasons for planting crops at the correct spacing 2 mks 9. State three effects of soil erosion 2 mks 10. Name four methods used to control weeds in pastures 2 mks 11. State two benefits of conserving forage crops 2 mks 12. Mention four practices that should be carried out to maintain grass pasture 1 mks 13. Define the following terms as used in agriculture economics a Gross domestic product GDP 1 mks b Per capita income mks 14. What is profit maximization in agriculture economics? Marks 15. State four benefits of budgeting to a farm manager 2 mks 16. Give two reasons why farmers keep farm accounts 17. State activities carried out by young farmers club in Kenya 2 mks 18. State four ways by which afforestation helps in land reclamation 2 mks 19. State three advantages of multiple stem pruning over single stem pruning in coffee 1 mks SECTION B 20 mks Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided 20. Two maize pests are shown in the diagram below. Study them and answer the questions that follow, a Identify the pests in the diagram labeled A and B 1 mk b at what stage of maize production does each damage the crop? C Give one way of controlling each of the pests in the field21 a state the law of diminishing returns in a production process b Use the information on the table below to answer the questions that follow Fertilizer input units Maize yield bags Marginal productions bags 0 50 12 1 62 12 2 66 4 3 68 2 4 69 1 5 69 0 The cost of fertilizer is Kshs 1500 per unit and the price of maize is Kshs 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.6791005}
{"text": "Study them and answer the questions that follow, a Identify the pests in the diagram labeled A and B 1 mk b at what stage of maize production does each damage the crop? C Give one way of controlling each of the pests in the field21 a state the law of diminishing returns in a production process b Use the information on the table below to answer the questions that follow Fertilizer input units Maize yield bags Marginal productions bags 0 50 12 1 62 12 2 66 4 3 68 2 4 69 1 5 69 0 The cost of fertilizer is Kshs 1500 per unit and the price of maize is Kshs 1200 per bag. I At what unit of fertilizer input should the farmer be advised to stop applying any more fertilizer to the maize? 1mk ii Give a reason for your answer in b above iii Calculate the marginal return at the point of optimum production 1mk 22. A Describe the procedure which should be followed in spraying a crop in tomatoes using a fungicide in powder form, water and a knapsack sprayer. 3 mks b Name one fungal disease of tomatoes that can be controlled using the above procedure. 1mks c State four safety measures that should be taken while spsraying the crop with the fungicide. 2mks 23. The diagram below shows a weed a Identify the weed 1mk b State two reasons for controlling the weed. 2mks c Name two herbicides that can be used to control the weed in a field of maize 1mk d A t what stage of growth of maize should the weed be controlled using a post emergence herbicide ? SECTION C 40 MARKS Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided at the end of the section. 24. Describe the establishment of kales under the following sub headings: a Nursery preparation b Establishment in the nursery c Management of seedlings in the nursery. D Transplanting of seedlings. 25. A Outline the factors necessary for proper functioning of farmers co-operative societies in Kenya. 5mks b Explain how farmers overcome risks and uncertainties in a farming business.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.7188845}
{"text": "25. A Outline the factors necessary for proper functioning of farmers co-operative societies in Kenya. 5mks b Explain how farmers overcome risks and uncertainties in a farming business. C Describe the steps farmers should follow when planning a farm business 26. A List various methods of harvesting water in a farm b Outline farming activities which may encourage soil erosion. C Explain how various farming practices would help to conserve soil in a farm. K.C.S.E. 2006 PAPER 2 SECTION A 30 MARKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1. Name a breed of sheep with a Lambing percentage of above 125 and whose fleece may be inferior due to black fibres. 1mk 2. List two appropriate hand tools needed to finish off the handle of a fork-jembe. 1mk 3. What is cropping in fish farming? 1mk 4. State four functions of lubrication system in a tractor. 2mks 5. Give four maintenance practices carried out on the water cooling system of a tractor. 2mks 6. State reasons why a farmer would choose to use a disc plough rather than a mould board plough. 2mks 7. State four construction features necessary in a fish pond. 2mks 8. Give four ways in which disease causing organisms can gain access into a newly born calf 2mks 9. State four ways of controlling tsetse flies. 2mks 10. Give two predisposing factors of foot-rot in sheep. 1mk 11. State four factors which should be considered when selecting dairy goats for breeding. 2mks 12. Give four reasons why camels are suited to living in arid areas. 2mks 13. Name two functions of the crop in the digestive system of chicken. 1mk 14. State four methods of dehorning 2mks 15. Mention six causes of stress to a flock of layers. 3mks 16. State four functions of the worker bees in a bee colony. 2mks 17. State four features of a good pig house. 2mks SECTION B 20 MARKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 18.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.7491288}
{"text": "10mks b Discuss Foot and Mouth disease under the following headings: i Casual organisms. 1mk ii Livestock species attacked. 2mks iii Symptoms of attack. 4mks iv Control measures. 3mks 23. A Describe the management practices that a farmer should carry out to improve milk production in a low yielding herd of dairy cattle. 15mks b Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum yield of fish in a fish pond. 5mks 24. A What are the advantages of farm mechanization? 6mks b Explain the differences between a two stroke and a four stroke cycle engine. 6mks c Outline the daily maintenance practices that should be carried out on a farm tractor 8mks K.C.S.E 2007 AGRICULTURE PAPER 1 SECTION A 30 MARKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 1. Give four conditions of the land which may make it necessary to carry out reclamation practices. 2marks 2. List three physical weathering agents in the soil formation process 11 2 3. State two mechanical methods of separating soil particles according to size during soil analysis 1marks 4. Give two benefits of possessing a land Title Deed to a farmer. 1mark 5. Give four advantages of crop rotation 2 marks 6. State four factors that should be considered when classifying crop pest 7. State three functions of boron in crop development. 11 2 8. Outline four observable indicators of economic development of a nation 2marks 9. Give three factors that may influence the price of an agricultural commodity. 11 2 10. Name three examples of leguminous fodder crops. 11 2 11. Give two factors that may determine the size of a pit for silage making 1mark 12. Give three reasons for controlling weeds in pastures. 11 2 13. State six characteristics of a productive soil. 3 mks 14.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.7355943}
{"text": "Study them and answer the questions that follow. A Name the parts labeled A1, and A2 2 mks A1 A2 b Name the methods of propagation illustrated in diagrams A3 and B 2 mks A3 B 19. Study the crop illustrated in the diagram below and answer the questions that follow a Name one insect pest which attacks the part labeled C1 and one disease which attacks the part labeled C2 2 mks C1 C2 20. A member of young farmers club was advised to apply a complete fertilizer 30: 20:10 in a tomato plot measuring 10m long by 5m wide at the rate of 300kg per hectare a State the percentage of P205 in the complete fertilizer 1 mk b Calculate the amount of fertilizer the member would require for the plot 2 mks Show your working 21. The diagrams labeled D and E below are illustrations of coffee established using two different formative pruning systems. Study them and answer the questions that follow. A Name the system of pruning illustrated in diagram D above 1mk b Outline how the pruning system illustrated in diagram E is carried out 2 mks SECTION C 40 MARKS Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after questions 24 22. A Describe the field production of irrigated rice under the following sub-headings i Land preparation 7 mks ii Water control 6 mks b Describe the management of trees grown under various agro- forestry systems 7 mks 23. A Describe the problems of marketing of agricultural produce 10 mks b Discuss the importance of budgeting in agricultural production 10 mks 24. A Discuss the importance of irrigation if farming 12 mks b Explain the factor that influence the type of irrigation to be used in a farm 8 mks K.C.S.E 2007 AGRICULTURE PAPER 2 SECTION A 30 marks Answer ALL the questions in this section in this section in the spaces provided. 1. Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house. 1mk 2. Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination. 1mk 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.763759}
{"text": "1mk 2. Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination. 1mk 3. State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service. 1mk 4. Give tow causes of scouring in calves. 1mk 5. State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle. 1 marks 6. Give three ways of stimulating milk let-down in a dairy cow. 1 marks 7. State tow reasons for dehorning cattle. 1mk 8. List two equipment used in handling cattle during an agricultural exhibition. 1mk 9. State three signs of anthrax infection disease observed in the carcass of cattle. 1 mks 10. Give three effects of external parasites that are harmful to livestock. 1 mks 11. State four factors to consider when siting a fish pond. 2mks 12. State three adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor mounted moulboard plough in preparation for ploughing. 1 mks 13. A Name four breeds of dairy goats. 2mks b Mention two distinguishing characteristics of the Bactrian camel breed. 1mk 14. State five methods of maintaining good health in livestock. 2 mks 15. List four sources of farm power which are environmental friendly. 2mks 16. State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on a feed trough. 1 mks 17. Name four systems of a tractor engine. 2mks 18. List three types of calf pens. 1 mks 19. State four conditions that would encourage hens to eat eggs in poultry production 2mks SECTION B 20 MKS Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided. 20. The diagrams labeled A and B below show the teeth arrangements in hand workshop tools. A Identify the tools represented with by the teeth arrangements A and B. 1mk A .. B .. b State one functional difference between tools represented by the teeth arrangements A and B. A B c Give two maintenance practices for the tools represented by the teeth arrangement shown above. 2mks 21.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.7936313}
{"text": "B State one functional difference between tools represented by the teeth arrangements A and B. A B c Give two maintenance practices for the tools represented by the teeth arrangement shown above. 2mks 21. A The diagram below illustrates a method of identification in livestock production. Study the diagram and answer the Questions that follow. I Name the type of identification illustrated above. 1mks ii Give the identification number of the animal illustrated in the diagram above. 1mk iii Using diagrams illustrate how you can identify animals Nos 24 and 36 using the above method. 2mks Animal No. 24 Animal No. 36 b If a sow was successfully served on 27th September, 2006, state the date she is likely to have farrowed. 1mks 22. The diagram below shows a type of a farm gate. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the type of gate shown 1 2 mk b Name the parts labeled C, D and E. 1 mks C .. D E .. c i State one function of the part labeled F. 1mk F ii State two functions of the gate illustrated above. 2mks 23. The diagram below shows a farm implement. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the farm implement illustrated above. 1mk b Name the parts labeled G, H, J and K. G H ... J K .. c State four functions of the farm implement illustrated above. 2mks SECTION C 40 marks Answer any TWO questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 26. 24. A Describe the advantages of the battery system of rearing layers. 10mks b Outline the factors to consider when selection livestock for breeding. 25. A Name the strokes in a four stroke engine and describe how each operates. 12mks b Describe the functions of the gear box in a tractor. 8mks 26. A Name and describe the features of an ideal calf pen.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.814222}
{"text": "A Name the strokes in a four stroke engine and describe how each operates. 12mks b Describe the functions of the gear box in a tractor. 8mks 26.a Name and describe the features of an ideal calf pen. 9mks b Discuss pneumonia in calves under the following sub headings: i Predisposing factors 3mks ii Symptoms 5mks iii Control measures 3mks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-PAST-KCSE-KNEC-TOPICALS.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.7746227}
{"text": "INTRODUCTION Composition writing is an important component in the KCPE examination Primary English Paper. In fact it constitutes over 40 of what a candidate gets in the English paper. It goes without saying that highlighting on the various skills, principles and challenges in writing a composition would be very useful to KCPE examination candidates What is a Composition? The answer to this question varies from person to person depending on theme and areas of specialization. But as for our case, based on K.C.P.E examination, a composition is a combination of thoughts and ideas put down in a logical manner. A composition can either be fictitious or factual depending on the title given rubric . Types of Compositions. There is a number of composition types covered under the primary school curriculum. The main ones include;- i Narratives ii Stories iii Letters- friendly and official iv Recipes. V Reports vi Minutes vii Dialogues viii Filling forms. NB:- In all the themes covered in the English syllabus, the last exercises introduces a learner into articulating what he or she has learnt orally into continuous writing. This dictates the need for proper teaching and syllabus coverage to enhance the acquisition of language and writing skills www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke When does a child begin writing a composition? The answer to this question is not fixed. It all depends on the interpretation. But one thing is certain. That composition writing begins as soon as child begins to think critically and recall what he or she sees, learns, hears and feels. This should tell us that a child begins writing composition even before joining a formal system of education. In formal education, a pupil is introduced to letters then to words and subsequently sentences. It is the combination of sentences that bring about a paragraph and many paragraphs bring out a story. Of course the paragraphs should be centered on a given goal lesson or subject. They should also make sense to both the writer and the reader otherwise the whole process could be futile. The writers thoughts should come out strongly, in fact show me a piece of good writing and I shall tell you the mind of the writer Writing a Composition. Writing a composition depends on a number of factors some of which are answers to the following questions 1. Is it a guided composition? This is mainly done in class 3,4 and 5 2. Is it a topical composition?", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.883436}
{"text": "Is it a guided composition? This is mainly done in class 3,4 and 5 2. Is it a topical composition? This type of composition is some what restrictive in that the pupil is expected to develop the story from a certain angle or point of view - Much is expected since the facts are known Examples of topical compositions, given in form of a composition title are; The August Holiday A wedding Ceremony A tree plating day Soil Erosion . 3. Is it a started composition or an ended composition? This has been the mode of K.C.P.E testing of composition since its inception. I don t wish to suggest that a change is impossible. All www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke what is stipulated in the curriculum is examinable and therefore candidates should practice on all the areas. NB:- In most of the K.C.P.E composition tasks, the topic is often open ended. This means that a learner has a wide scope of what to write about. Below are the beginning of compositions for various years in K.C.P.E. These and many other questions dictated how a composition should be written. However, one major factor in writing a composition is one s preparedness. Think critically on what you have to write about and list down the main points. This may sound unusual but unless a person on a journey knows where he is, where he wants to go and how far it is from his initial position, the journey may not take place. The writer can ease the writing of a composition if an attempt is made to answer questions such as what?,. Where?,when? How? And so? As relates to the composition to be written. For instance if one was to write a composition on the topic A Wedding Ceremony, the following questions can go a long way in making a pupil focus on the topic, 1. Who is wedding? 2. Where is the wedding taking place? 3. When is the wedding taking place? 4. How are the preparations before the wedding? 5. What is your take or involvement in the wedding? 6. What were the emerging issues during the wedding? 7. So how did it end and what was the day like? A good composition should therefore have the following notable characteristics: i An interesting introduction one that captivates the reader and acts as a gateway to the writers thoughts. It should be short, clear and interesting.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.852208}
{"text": "So how did it end and what was the day like? A good composition should therefore have the following notable characteristics: i An interesting introduction one that captivates the reader and acts as a gateway to the writers thoughts. It should be short, clear and interesting. Ii A body that brings together the writers thoughts and ideas logically and must be explicit elaborate. Iii A conclusion - This captures the lesson experienced in the whole plot. It brings out the writers feeling about the whole story or www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke sums up the story. At times it leaves the reader to guess the outcome of an episode. Basing on the title A wedding ceremony the introduction should be such that it touches on the people wedding, the place or venue and the preparation in place. The body should concentrate much on the ceremony itself- from the service, the officiating, and the signing of the certificate, the cutting of the cake, the eating process and the giving of gifts. The conclusion should highlight the general feeling of the ceremony and the departure from the venue. The attitude of the writer is felt here. Where need be, a proverb is best placed to conclude a story. SKILLS IN COMPOSITION WRITING. Below are a number of skills necessary in writing a good composition. I Legibility First and foremost, a piece of writing must be appealing to both the writer and the reader. The teacher for that matter looks at the level of legibility as a merit. An illegible one that cannot be read composition is bound to score less compared to the former. Let your lettering be correct. Some pupils do not write certain letters correctly which bring about some confusion. For example a pupil can write letter a look like letter Q, letter r that looks like v. Let your letters be very clear. The rubbing of any letter or word should be such that the marks do not overlap causing illegibility of the intended word. Avoid crossing a word and writing another one above it. The spacing of words should be uniform and not too close neither too far apart. The letters if possible should follow a particular pattern preferably erect and should be large enough. Ii Fluency www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A script should be such that ideas tend to flow in a logical manner. Many candidates find themselves mixing up ideas.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.8368423}
{"text": "The letters if possible should follow a particular pattern preferably erect and should be large enough. Ii Fluency www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A script should be such that ideas tend to flow in a logical manner. Many candidates find themselves mixing up ideas. For example, what should have been the introduction comes last and what should have been the conclusion comes first. In the case of events, we would expect a certain sequence of proceedings that do not seem to overlap. Fluency is also affected by ideas that do not seem to fully develop or come in quick successions. Such a composition is termed as being jerky . For example, in reference to a composition on A wedding ceremony, it is not in order to have the arrival of bridal team coming first, then followed by writing about the venue and then jumping onto the party and then the signing of the certificate. In such a case the flow is hampered. Another element that hampers flow in composition writing is the mixing of tenses and wrong structures that tend to confuse the reader. Punctuation is yet another area that affects the fluency of a composition as we shall see later under challenges in composition writing. Iii Accuracy This includes all the other elements of language in terms of word agreement, correct use of words, phrases, proverbs, paragraphing, and punctuation and so on. What hinder accuracy are the numerous errors displayed in the scripts. These will be highlighted later. Iv Creativity This is a skill that has to be developed through interest and being dynamics while interacting with the course content as well as the immediate environment. It involves coming up with a unique composition that use correct but unfamiliar words, expressions and creates suspense - You keep yearning for more when the story ends. Involvement of all the senses in a composition makes it interesting, varied and the reader relates well with it. Creating scenes within a scene but still keeping the flow can be one way of expressing creativity.- for example on a composition on sports, a writer could create a scene within the main scene about sports where perhaps a player is about to score but a mad man dashes into the field as if from hell and picks the ball after which he runs with it into the maize plantation, or The guest of honour in a harambee meeting thanks the www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke audience and volunteers to pray for the hefty collection only to find the money gone after.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.9176893}
{"text": "It involves coming up with a unique composition that use correct but unfamiliar words, expressions and creates suspense - You keep yearning for more when the story ends. Involvement of all the senses in a composition makes it interesting, varied and the reader relates well with it. Creating scenes within a scene but still keeping the flow can be one way of expressing creativity.- for example on a composition on sports, a writer could create a scene within the main scene about sports where perhaps a player is about to score but a mad man dashes into the field as if from hell and picks the ball after which he runs with it into the maize plantation, or The guest of honour in a harambee meeting thanks the www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke audience and volunteers to pray for the hefty collection only to find the money gone after. V Originality Our learning environment has become affected by an attitude of laxity. Most learners have a tendency of copying work or cramming or memorizing passages, stories or paragraphs from the many sample composition in textbooks in order to impress the teachers. This hinders originality of a composition. This is a practice that should be avoided at all cost. Candidates should realize that those who mark KCPE composition are teachers who have come across all those compositions in revision books. They can therefore tell when one writes such a composition that has been crammed from books. COMMON CHALLENGES IN COMPOSITION WRITING. A Mother tongue influence A learner first interacts with his or her language before getting introduced to English. This has an effect on the writing of the child unless thorough work is done to alleviate this. A good example is:- today is today from the Kiswahili saying Leo ni leo msema kesho ni mwongo. It may sound proper English but that is far from the truth. Other examples of instance where mother tongue interference occur are; - My brother removes job in Nairobi, instead of, My brother works in Nairobi - The tisha told us to go out, Instead of The teacher told us to go out - We ate lice rast night, Instead of, We ate rice last night - Where is my pook? Instead of Where is my book? B Spelling errors: This is a very common problem with most pupils. Some words such as tomorrow, surprised, beautiful, received, until, writing among other www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke are often not spelled correctly.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.9030375}
{"text": "Instead of Where is my book? B Spelling errors: This is a very common problem with most pupils. Some words such as tomorrow, surprised, beautiful, received, until, writing among other www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke are often not spelled correctly. Teachers can give dictation to pupils as a remedy to this problem. Pupils on the other hand are advised to read widely. Looking up new words in a dictionary is another sure way to arrest the problem. B Mixing of speech For example, When the teacher came in he asked us are you going to the show? We said Yes and we boarded the bus. The underlined words were to be punctuated. The correct way of writing it would be- When the teacher came in, he asked us Are you going to the show? We said Yes and we boarded the bus. Alternatively, it can be written as a reported speech to read- When the teacher came, he asked us whether we were to go to the show. We told him that we were interested and we boarded the bus. Pupils should learn how to write in the correct speech. This is only possible if they practice writing compositions which should be marked and errors noted by the teacher corrected. C Use of short form This is another area that challenges a number of pupils. KCPE candidates are advised to be careful when writing short forms of the following words among others. Word Short form Cannot can t Shall not shan t Is not isn t Will not won t Could not couldn t They are they re Would not wouldn t Here is an example of a sentence with short form of some words. We couldn t go home so the teacher asked us to remain in class. He wouldn t let us play. Unless in direct speech, contracted form of verbs should be avoided. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d Wrong use of vocabulary, expression, phrase I will use the example below to illustrate wrong use of vocabulary, expression and phrase. I occasionally without wasting time left the hall and went straight to the office. Within a snitch of time, I was holding a convocation with the principal. In the above example, the word occasionally refers to frequency and therefore does not sound well with the sentence which is on time. In a nick of time, within a stitch of time or in a fraction of a second would be the right expression to use.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.9349213}
{"text": "Within a snitch of time, I was holding a convocation with the principal. In the above example, the word occasionally refers to frequency and therefore does not sound well with the sentence which is on time. In a nick of time, within a stitch of time or in a fraction of a second would be the right expression to use. The writer must have held a conversation with the principal or rather a dialogue. F Omission and commission Some errors are mastered and unless revision is carried out, they will keep recurring year after year. Such errors are such as return back, enter in, discuss about, congratulate for reached at among others are common. The additional prepositions are wrongly placed which distorts the rule of the English language. Another challenge here is joining words that should not be joined. For example Iam instead of I am Infact instead of In fact Infront instead of In front Or separating a word that one for example Can not instead of Cannot every thing instead of everything. My self instead of myself There are also errors of omission such as in the two sentences below 1. My uncle lives in USA. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. The monitor put some on the table The correct way of writing the sentences would be i My uncle lives in the USA. Ii The monitor put some books on the table. The underlined words were omitted g Tenses This is a major concern in the writing and speaking of English. We more often than not write what we speak and with a lot of broken English carrying the day, remedial measures must be put in place. It is not surprising to find a writer with the kind of writing shown below : - My mother take coffee and I took tea. -. We eat ugali and meat and then we go home. -. My uncle said that we can go swimming that afternoon. -. She wake up hurriedly and shout for help - I likes eating rice and meat The correct way of writing the above sentences is as shown below. Note the underlined words which were not correctly used earlier. -. My mother took coffee but I took tea. Took but to - We ate ugali and meat and then we went home. -. My uncle said that we could go swimming that afternoon. -. She woke up hurriedly and shouted for help. -. I like eating rice and meat. I like eating rice and meat.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.9911616}
{"text": "- She woke up hurriedly and shouted for help. -. I like eating rice and meat. I like eating rice and meat. H Poor sentence construction: A sentence is NOT a sentence unless it fulfills the grammatical rule. It would be ridiculous to say: Me I always come to school early, the correct way should be- I always come to school early. We are see that is not easy to go back home. The correct way should be- We realize that it was not easy to go home. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke All visitors they could not believe. The correct way should be- All visitors would not believe. That was the episode day to recall until I kick the bucket. The correct way should be- That was an episode to recall until I kick the bucket or That was an unforgettable episode NB: It is wrong to have two pronouns or a noun and a pronoun in a sentence following each other. I Punctuation errors Many candidates either do not know the use of punctuation marks in writing or they simply ignore them. Emphasis need to be put in order to alleviate the vice. Some common punctuation errors involve wrong punctuation such as - What a great day it was? Instead of What a great day! -. My brother s wives are coming today. This might sound ambiguous but reading through a composition, the writer might be referring to his two or three brothers wives. To correct this, the apostrophes should come after s so that the sentence reads- my brother s wives are coming today. Mr. Nguri our teacher of English is absent today. Commas are, missing to separate the main idea from the additional statement. -. This is very common. The correct way of writing is -Mr. Nguri, our teacher of English, is absent today j Irrelevancy This comes about when the writer deviates from the subject matter and goes on to write a story that has no relationship with the topic one supposed to write about. For example if one was writing on the topic Sports, it would be a grave mistake to go a head and ignore the subject and instead write about a kidnap ordeal or wedding. This is usually common among candidates who cram a given sample composition from books prior to a test. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Once again I would like to discourage this.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406279.976021}
{"text": "For example if one was writing on the topic Sports, it would be a grave mistake to go a head and ignore the subject and instead write about a kidnap ordeal or wedding. This is usually common among candidates who cram a given sample composition from books prior to a test. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Once again I would like to discourage this. There are instances where a whole class crams a given composition which they reproduce during the examination. If this happen during KCPE examination, chances of all the candidates being penalized is very high. CONCLUSION In conclusion, I wish to state that for a learner to be able to write an elaborate story, a lot of preparedness has to be done. The teacher has to inculcate the discipline of wide reading, research, use of the dictionary and the speaking of English. This enhances confidence in the learner which in turn creates a sense of determination in composition writing. To the teacher, The evaluation or making of composition should be objective. A teacher should target what to look for in a given composition. If for instance your aim is to look for spelling errors, do so without putting much emphasis on writing or any other aspect of language. This should be alternated every other time with emphasis on a different area. Since practice makes perfect, pupils should be made to write as many compositions as is practical. As for the candidates, I wish to advise that you desist from lifting passage, stories or extract from past papers, newsletters, revision composition books or any other source but rather be creative in your own way. This does not mean that you should not borrow words, expressions, phrases, but copying a whole story hampers your own intellectual capability Read the story below and identify the errors discussed earlier. There are more than thirty errors! SAMPLE COMPOSITION WITH ERRORS . Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke I wake up very early in the mourning and headed to the bathroom. I took a cold shawer that left me as fresh as a cucumber. I took a few minutes at the dressing table before emerging looking elegant. The table has been set. I sat comfortably and served myself. Their were all sorts of delicacy ranging from sausages, bacons, egg not to mention tosted bread. In no time, I had grulped my scrimptions breakfast and washed it down with a glass of worm water.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.0180218}
{"text": "I sat comfortably and served myself. Their were all sorts of delicacy ranging from sausages, bacons, egg not to mention tosted bread. In no time, I had grulped my scrimptions breakfast and washed it down with a glass of worm water. I was set for the long journey that awaited me- a tour in Tsavo National park. The journey was to comment shortly before eight thirty. I walked the short distance from home to the local market centre where the Moi primary school bus was to pick up. To my utter amazing, Ochola, the moniter of our class, was already their. I joined him and congratulated him for his early arrival. By quarter past eight almost everybody had arrived at the place except Kasuve who, as long as I could remember has never arrived to school earlier than eight. He was a reknowed latecomer. The bus negotiated a corner from the far end of the end of the market and halted at the bus stop area.we filed in as the classteacher Mr Nguri called the register. It was not until the driver ignited the engine that Kasuve was seen running towards the bus. As soon as he entered in the bus it set of. You may ask questions if you wish, the teacher said as the bus drove on and on. With it s windscreen glittering as the sun shore on it was surprising to find that what seem a days journey took us not more than two hours to be there.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Guide-to-composition-writing-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.038016}
{"text": "CRE NOTES CLASS 8 COMPLETE CHAPTER ONE GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God Various drugs and how they are used The effect of drug on human body Sexual misuse The effects of sexual misuse The misuse of natural resources The view of traditional African society on the misuse God s creation The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation How to respond to the misuse of God s creation CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living , the living dead and the ancestors The difference between continuity of life in African tradition and Christianity Respect for the life of the unborn and the born Concept of God in African traditional Society and Christianity Response to God in African traditional society Similarities between TAS and Christianitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The difference between Christianity and African traditional beliefs and customs GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God In the ancient times, Israelites worshipped God from temples They had to travel from far and wide to go and worship God and offer sacrifices in the temple Through the death and resurrection of our lord Jesus Christ, God lives in our bodies, only those who have accepted the salvation of Jesus Christ Today we do not have to travel to the temple or churches to worship God We can worship God anywhere anytime Though we may worship God anywhere, it is still necessary to go to church to be encouraged and have our faith strengthened by others 1 corinthians 6:19-20, romans 12:1-3 St Paul teaches that: Our bodies are the temples of God hence should be used well We should allow God to transform our mind through the power of the holy spirit We should offer our bodies as a living sacrifice before GOD Sin makes our bodies dirty in the eyes of God We should avoid all sins to make our bodies remain clean drug abuse, sexual immorality As Christians we should appreciate our bodies and take good care of them Wash your body to avoid bad smell Various drugs and how they are used A drug is a substance which when used it affects the normal functioning of the body Medicine: these are drugs prescribed by the doctors when one is sickwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Abuse: the wrong use of drugs and substances Drug abuse: taking of drugs for non-medical purposes Commonly abused drugs Alcohol This drug is cheaply and readily available in cheap quantities It is abused through drinking It is packed in bottles, sachets, and at times in a container Some types of alcohol used in the society include: Changaa Muratina Busaa Mnazi Genesis 9:24 states that Noah who took some wine and took off his clothes His son saw the fathers nakedness and laughed When he got sober and learnt about it he cursed him Effects of alcohol Drunkards are not able to think well They walk in a staggering gait Their bodies are weak to perform duties Alcohol destroys the brain cell and liver Alcoholic mothers give birth to babies with low weight Tobacco cigarette Tobacco is abused through:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Smoking Sniffing Chewing People addicted to smoking are called chain smokers Effects of tobacco Lung cancer leading to breathing problems Mouth ulcers and sores Causes cancer of mouth and throat Stained teeth and bad smell from their mouth Non-smokers who inhale the smoke are affected Bhang cannabis sativa Also known as: Marijuana Grass Charas Ganja Hashish It is abused through: Smoking Mixing with food and drinks Effects of bhang Causes loss of memorywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Causes cancer of mouth, brain, throat and stomach Sense of sight and hearing are distorted Their eyes are always red It leads to depression and finally madness Miraa khat An evergreen plant tree Its young shoots are sold in bundles Miraa is abused through chewing the green tender leaves It helps one remain awake for long hours Effects Causes lack of sleep Damages the brains Causes lack of appetite Slowed performance at work May lead to infertility Causes mouth ulcers and stomach ulcers Heroine and cocaine These drugs are abused through: Sniffing Injection Smoking Cocaine comes from a leaf known as coca It has no smellwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke It is white, crystal and is like powder Effects They cause hallucinations They are dangerous stimulants Increase body temperatures and sweat a lot They cause stroke and heart attacks They cause liver and kidney failure Inhalants glue, petroleum products These are drugs that are abused through: Inhaling Sniffing They are put in a bottle and brought closer to the nose Effects Cause brain damage leading to slurred speech Breathing problems leading to nose bleeding Sniffing causes dizziness and vomiting Liver and kidney failure Ephesians 5: 18 Apostle Paul teaches that: We should not get drunk with alcohol because it has negative effects Instead e should be filled with the Holy Spirit who influences our lives positively Preventing drug abusewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Educating the users the dangers of drugs through drug fighting body NACADA: national agency for the campaign against drug abuse, ministry of education, ministry of health, parents, teachers, etc Avoid the company of drug users Stiff penalties should be issued to drug traffickers Drug barons should be exposed to the public at large Mass education through the radio, television, films, seminars, bill boards and posters Young people should engage in active leisure and do something constructive Sexual misuse Sex is an act of intercourse between a male and a female Sex is sacred holy Sex is ordained by God Sexual misuse is having sex with wrong purpose NB: Our bodies are the temple of the holy spirit and they should not be misused People should avoid irresponsible sex behaviors Sex is meant for married partners Ways of misusing sex Prostitution Adultery Homo sexuality Rape Incest Fornicationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Bestiality Prostitution This is the act of commercializing your body for material gain It is the work done by a prostitute Hosea 2:5-7 It states of Gomer, Hosea s wife She practiced prostitution She looked for lovers who would give her food, water, clothes, olive oil and wine God was not happy Prostitution is shameful, sinful and degrading We should refrain from prostitution and work honorably Adultery This is the act of having sex outside the marriage bond Exodus 20: 14 The seventh commandment states that do not commit adultery Marriage partners need to love and respect one another 2 samuel 11: 2-15 It sates about David He took Bethsheba, uriahs wife and committed adultery He killed uriah trying to cover this sin God sent prophet Nathan to warn him against these God punished him through the death of his sonwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Jogn4:16 It teaches about Samaritan woman at Jacobs well She did not have a defined husband for she had five different men Homosexuality This is sex between two people of the same gender God hates sexual intercourse between people of the same gender During the times of Moses homosexuals were punished through stoning Rape This is forced sex Rape involves use of violence Genesis 34:1-29 It states of Dinah Jacobs daughter who was raped by Shechem This act caused death to Scechem and his father Hamor Rape cases are on the rise and children are being molested Do not leave children with people who have questionable behavior Incest This is sexual intercourse between relatives: father, brothers, sisters.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.2191954}
{"text": "CRE NOTES CLASS 8 COMPLETE CHAPTER ONE GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God Various drugs and how they are used The effect of drug on human body Sexual misuse The effects of sexual misuse The misuse of natural resources The view of traditional African society on the misuse God s creation The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation How to respond to the misuse of God s creation CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living , the living dead and the ancestors The difference between continuity of life in African tradition and Christianity Respect for the life of the unborn and the born Concept of God in African traditional Society and Christianity Response to God in African traditional society Similarities between TAS and Christianitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The difference between Christianity and African traditional beliefs and customs GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God In the ancient times, Israelites worshipped God from temples They had to travel from far and wide to go and worship God and offer sacrifices in the temple Through the death and resurrection of our lord Jesus Christ, God lives in our bodies, only those who have accepted the salvation of Jesus Christ Today we do not have to travel to the temple or churches to worship God We can worship God anywhere anytime Though we may worship God anywhere, it is still necessary to go to church to be encouraged and have our faith strengthened by others 1 corinthians 6:19-20, romans 12:1-3 St Paul teaches that: Our bodies are the temples of God hence should be used well We should allow God to transform our mind through the power of the holy spirit We should offer our bodies as a living sacrifice before GOD Sin makes our bodies dirty in the eyes of God We should avoid all sins to make our bodies remain clean drug abuse, sexual immorality As Christians we should appreciate our bodies and take good care of them Wash your body to avoid bad smell Various drugs and how they are used A drug is a substance which when used it affects the normal functioning of the body Medicine: these are drugs prescribed by the doctors when one is sickwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Abuse: the wrong use of drugs and substances Drug abuse: taking of drugs for non-medical purposes Commonly abused drugs Alcohol This drug is cheaply and readily available in cheap quantities It is abused through drinking It is packed in bottles, sachets, and at times in a container Some types of alcohol used in the society include: Changaa Muratina Busaa Mnazi Genesis 9:24 states that Noah who took some wine and took off his clothes His son saw the fathers nakedness and laughed When he got sober and learnt about it he cursed him Effects of alcohol Drunkards are not able to think well They walk in a staggering gait Their bodies are weak to perform duties Alcohol destroys the brain cell and liver Alcoholic mothers give birth to babies with low weight Tobacco cigarette Tobacco is abused through:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Smoking Sniffing Chewing People addicted to smoking are called chain smokers Effects of tobacco Lung cancer leading to breathing problems Mouth ulcers and sores Causes cancer of mouth and throat Stained teeth and bad smell from their mouth Non-smokers who inhale the smoke are affected Bhang cannabis sativa Also known as: Marijuana Grass Charas Ganja Hashish It is abused through: Smoking Mixing with food and drinks Effects of bhang Causes loss of memorywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Causes cancer of mouth, brain, throat and stomach Sense of sight and hearing are distorted Their eyes are always red It leads to depression and finally madness Miraa khat An evergreen plant tree Its young shoots are sold in bundles Miraa is abused through chewing the green tender leaves It helps one remain awake for long hours Effects Causes lack of sleep Damages the brains Causes lack of appetite Slowed performance at work May lead to infertility Causes mouth ulcers and stomach ulcers Heroine and cocaine These drugs are abused through: Sniffing Injection Smoking Cocaine comes from a leaf known as coca It has no smellwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke It is white, crystal and is like powder Effects They cause hallucinations They are dangerous stimulants Increase body temperatures and sweat a lot They cause stroke and heart attacks They cause liver and kidney failure Inhalants glue, petroleum products These are drugs that are abused through: Inhaling Sniffing They are put in a bottle and brought closer to the nose Effects Cause brain damage leading to slurred speech Breathing problems leading to nose bleeding Sniffing causes dizziness and vomiting Liver and kidney failure Ephesians 5: 18 Apostle Paul teaches that: We should not get drunk with alcohol because it has negative effects Instead e should be filled with the Holy Spirit who influences our lives positively Preventing drug abusewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Educating the users the dangers of drugs through drug fighting body NACADA: national agency for the campaign against drug abuse, ministry of education, ministry of health, parents, teachers, etc Avoid the company of drug users Stiff penalties should be issued to drug traffickers Drug barons should be exposed to the public at large Mass education through the radio, television, films, seminars, bill boards and posters Young people should engage in active leisure and do something constructive Sexual misuse Sex is an act of intercourse between a male and a female Sex is sacred holy Sex is ordained by God Sexual misuse is having sex with wrong purpose NB: Our bodies are the temple of the holy spirit and they should not be misused People should avoid irresponsible sex behaviors Sex is meant for married partners Ways of misusing sex Prostitution Adultery Homo sexuality Rape Incest Fornicationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Bestiality Prostitution This is the act of commercializing your body for material gain It is the work done by a prostitute Hosea 2:5-7 It states of Gomer, Hosea s wife She practiced prostitution She looked for lovers who would give her food, water, clothes, olive oil and wine God was not happy Prostitution is shameful, sinful and degrading We should refrain from prostitution and work honorably Adultery This is the act of having sex outside the marriage bond Exodus 20: 14 The seventh commandment states that do not commit adultery Marriage partners need to love and respect one another 2 samuel 11: 2-15 It sates about David He took Bethsheba, uriahs wife and committed adultery He killed uriah trying to cover this sin God sent prophet Nathan to warn him against these God punished him through the death of his sonwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Jogn4:16 It teaches about Samaritan woman at Jacobs well She did not have a defined husband for she had five different men Homosexuality This is sex between two people of the same gender God hates sexual intercourse between people of the same gender During the times of Moses homosexuals were punished through stoning Rape This is forced sex Rape involves use of violence Genesis 34:1-29 It states of Dinah Jacobs daughter who was raped by Shechem This act caused death to Scechem and his father Hamor Rape cases are on the rise and children are being molested Do not leave children with people who have questionable behavior Incest This is sexual intercourse between relatives: father, brothers, sisters. Cousins Leviticus 18: 6-18 God forbids us from having sexual intercourse with relatives I cor 5:1-3 It teaches that Paul was annoyed with a man who had sexual intercourse with the step mother He ordered this man to be expelled from the churchwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Fornication This is sex between two people who are not married This is commonly practiced by young people who disobey God s commands Young people should abstain from sex before marriage Bestiality This is sex between man and animals Leviticus 18:23 It states that anybody who may have sexual relations with an animal is condemned by God Effects of sexual misuse Sexually transmitted diseases eg: syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes, chancroid, HIV AIDS, etc Early pregnancies which may lead to girls being affected physically, mentally and psychologically School dropout for one may not remain in school and still bring up the baby Early marriages Death in case the girl may decide to abort and complication arise Abortion is removal of foetus before the time of birth Guilt and stress Quiz State 5 effects of sexual misuse Identify 3 sexually transmitted diseases Give 2 reasons why we should not conduct abortion Which king committed adultery Misuse of natural resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A resource is an asset that can be used to generate wealth Natural resources are found in nature.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.2141314}
{"text": "CRE NOTES CLASS 8 COMPLETE CHAPTER ONE GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God Various drugs and how they are used The effect of drug on human body Sexual misuse The effects of sexual misuse The misuse of natural resources The view of traditional African society on the misuse God s creation The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation How to respond to the misuse of God s creation CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living , the living dead and the ancestors The difference between continuity of life in African tradition and Christianity Respect for the life of the unborn and the born Concept of God in African traditional Society and Christianity Response to God in African traditional society Similarities between TAS and Christianitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The difference between Christianity and African traditional beliefs and customs GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God In the ancient times, Israelites worshipped God from temples They had to travel from far and wide to go and worship God and offer sacrifices in the temple Through the death and resurrection of our lord Jesus Christ, God lives in our bodies, only those who have accepted the salvation of Jesus Christ Today we do not have to travel to the temple or churches to worship God We can worship God anywhere anytime Though we may worship God anywhere, it is still necessary to go to church to be encouraged and have our faith strengthened by others 1 corinthians 6:19-20, romans 12:1-3 St Paul teaches that: Our bodies are the temples of God hence should be used well We should allow God to transform our mind through the power of the holy spirit We should offer our bodies as a living sacrifice before GOD Sin makes our bodies dirty in the eyes of God We should avoid all sins to make our bodies remain clean drug abuse, sexual immorality As Christians we should appreciate our bodies and take good care of them Wash your body to avoid bad smell Various drugs and how they are used A drug is a substance which when used it affects the normal functioning of the body Medicine: these are drugs prescribed by the doctors when one is sickwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Abuse: the wrong use of drugs and substances Drug abuse: taking of drugs for non-medical purposes Commonly abused drugs Alcohol This drug is cheaply and readily available in cheap quantities It is abused through drinking It is packed in bottles, sachets, and at times in a container Some types of alcohol used in the society include: Changaa Muratina Busaa Mnazi Genesis 9:24 states that Noah who took some wine and took off his clothes His son saw the fathers nakedness and laughed When he got sober and learnt about it he cursed him Effects of alcohol Drunkards are not able to think well They walk in a staggering gait Their bodies are weak to perform duties Alcohol destroys the brain cell and liver Alcoholic mothers give birth to babies with low weight Tobacco cigarette Tobacco is abused through:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Smoking Sniffing Chewing People addicted to smoking are called chain smokers Effects of tobacco Lung cancer leading to breathing problems Mouth ulcers and sores Causes cancer of mouth and throat Stained teeth and bad smell from their mouth Non-smokers who inhale the smoke are affected Bhang cannabis sativa Also known as: Marijuana Grass Charas Ganja Hashish It is abused through: Smoking Mixing with food and drinks Effects of bhang Causes loss of memorywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Causes cancer of mouth, brain, throat and stomach Sense of sight and hearing are distorted Their eyes are always red It leads to depression and finally madness Miraa khat An evergreen plant tree Its young shoots are sold in bundles Miraa is abused through chewing the green tender leaves It helps one remain awake for long hours Effects Causes lack of sleep Damages the brains Causes lack of appetite Slowed performance at work May lead to infertility Causes mouth ulcers and stomach ulcers Heroine and cocaine These drugs are abused through: Sniffing Injection Smoking Cocaine comes from a leaf known as coca It has no smellwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke It is white, crystal and is like powder Effects They cause hallucinations They are dangerous stimulants Increase body temperatures and sweat a lot They cause stroke and heart attacks They cause liver and kidney failure Inhalants glue, petroleum products These are drugs that are abused through: Inhaling Sniffing They are put in a bottle and brought closer to the nose Effects Cause brain damage leading to slurred speech Breathing problems leading to nose bleeding Sniffing causes dizziness and vomiting Liver and kidney failure Ephesians 5: 18 Apostle Paul teaches that: We should not get drunk with alcohol because it has negative effects Instead e should be filled with the Holy Spirit who influences our lives positively Preventing drug abusewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Educating the users the dangers of drugs through drug fighting body NACADA: national agency for the campaign against drug abuse, ministry of education, ministry of health, parents, teachers, etc Avoid the company of drug users Stiff penalties should be issued to drug traffickers Drug barons should be exposed to the public at large Mass education through the radio, television, films, seminars, bill boards and posters Young people should engage in active leisure and do something constructive Sexual misuse Sex is an act of intercourse between a male and a female Sex is sacred holy Sex is ordained by God Sexual misuse is having sex with wrong purpose NB: Our bodies are the temple of the holy spirit and they should not be misused People should avoid irresponsible sex behaviors Sex is meant for married partners Ways of misusing sex Prostitution Adultery Homo sexuality Rape Incest Fornicationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Bestiality Prostitution This is the act of commercializing your body for material gain It is the work done by a prostitute Hosea 2:5-7 It states of Gomer, Hosea s wife She practiced prostitution She looked for lovers who would give her food, water, clothes, olive oil and wine God was not happy Prostitution is shameful, sinful and degrading We should refrain from prostitution and work honorably Adultery This is the act of having sex outside the marriage bond Exodus 20: 14 The seventh commandment states that do not commit adultery Marriage partners need to love and respect one another 2 samuel 11: 2-15 It sates about David He took Bethsheba, uriahs wife and committed adultery He killed uriah trying to cover this sin God sent prophet Nathan to warn him against these God punished him through the death of his sonwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Jogn4:16 It teaches about Samaritan woman at Jacobs well She did not have a defined husband for she had five different men Homosexuality This is sex between two people of the same gender God hates sexual intercourse between people of the same gender During the times of Moses homosexuals were punished through stoning Rape This is forced sex Rape involves use of violence Genesis 34:1-29 It states of Dinah Jacobs daughter who was raped by Shechem This act caused death to Scechem and his father Hamor Rape cases are on the rise and children are being molested Do not leave children with people who have questionable behavior Incest This is sexual intercourse between relatives: father, brothers, sisters. Cousins Leviticus 18: 6-18 God forbids us from having sexual intercourse with relatives I cor 5:1-3 It teaches that Paul was annoyed with a man who had sexual intercourse with the step mother He ordered this man to be expelled from the churchwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Fornication This is sex between two people who are not married This is commonly practiced by young people who disobey God s commands Young people should abstain from sex before marriage Bestiality This is sex between man and animals Leviticus 18:23 It states that anybody who may have sexual relations with an animal is condemned by God Effects of sexual misuse Sexually transmitted diseases eg: syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes, chancroid, HIV AIDS, etc Early pregnancies which may lead to girls being affected physically, mentally and psychologically School dropout for one may not remain in school and still bring up the baby Early marriages Death in case the girl may decide to abort and complication arise Abortion is removal of foetus before the time of birth Guilt and stress Quiz State 5 effects of sexual misuse Identify 3 sexually transmitted diseases Give 2 reasons why we should not conduct abortion Which king committed adultery Misuse of natural resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A resource is an asset that can be used to generate wealth Natural resources are found in nature. These are things like trees, water, soil, air and minerals Human beings should be responsible and take care of the environment Human beings use the resources to derive their livelihood Man has misused the resources in the following ways: Deforestation This is cutting down of trees This causes: Soil erosion Global warming Change of rain pattern Famine Drying up of water reservoirs Desertification Mining This is the act of getting minerals from the earths surface Effects of mining include Open pits Breeding sites for mosquitoes Ugly sites Destroys fertile agricultural land A lot of dust from the mining area Mining interferes with eco-systemwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Pollution This is the act of making dirty or impure Pollution is caused on: Land Air Water Chemicals released into water bodies make it unfit for drinking It also causes water borne diseases eg.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.2831073}
{"text": "CRE NOTES CLASS 8 COMPLETE CHAPTER ONE GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God Various drugs and how they are used The effect of drug on human body Sexual misuse The effects of sexual misuse The misuse of natural resources The view of traditional African society on the misuse God s creation The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation How to respond to the misuse of God s creation CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living , the living dead and the ancestors The difference between continuity of life in African tradition and Christianity Respect for the life of the unborn and the born Concept of God in African traditional Society and Christianity Response to God in African traditional society Similarities between TAS and Christianitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The difference between Christianity and African traditional beliefs and customs GOD S HELP AND SELF HELP The body is the temple of God In the ancient times, Israelites worshipped God from temples They had to travel from far and wide to go and worship God and offer sacrifices in the temple Through the death and resurrection of our lord Jesus Christ, God lives in our bodies, only those who have accepted the salvation of Jesus Christ Today we do not have to travel to the temple or churches to worship God We can worship God anywhere anytime Though we may worship God anywhere, it is still necessary to go to church to be encouraged and have our faith strengthened by others 1 corinthians 6:19-20, romans 12:1-3 St Paul teaches that: Our bodies are the temples of God hence should be used well We should allow God to transform our mind through the power of the holy spirit We should offer our bodies as a living sacrifice before GOD Sin makes our bodies dirty in the eyes of God We should avoid all sins to make our bodies remain clean drug abuse, sexual immorality As Christians we should appreciate our bodies and take good care of them Wash your body to avoid bad smell Various drugs and how they are used A drug is a substance which when used it affects the normal functioning of the body Medicine: these are drugs prescribed by the doctors when one is sickwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Abuse: the wrong use of drugs and substances Drug abuse: taking of drugs for non-medical purposes Commonly abused drugs Alcohol This drug is cheaply and readily available in cheap quantities It is abused through drinking It is packed in bottles, sachets, and at times in a container Some types of alcohol used in the society include: Changaa Muratina Busaa Mnazi Genesis 9:24 states that Noah who took some wine and took off his clothes His son saw the fathers nakedness and laughed When he got sober and learnt about it he cursed him Effects of alcohol Drunkards are not able to think well They walk in a staggering gait Their bodies are weak to perform duties Alcohol destroys the brain cell and liver Alcoholic mothers give birth to babies with low weight Tobacco cigarette Tobacco is abused through:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Smoking Sniffing Chewing People addicted to smoking are called chain smokers Effects of tobacco Lung cancer leading to breathing problems Mouth ulcers and sores Causes cancer of mouth and throat Stained teeth and bad smell from their mouth Non-smokers who inhale the smoke are affected Bhang cannabis sativa Also known as: Marijuana Grass Charas Ganja Hashish It is abused through: Smoking Mixing with food and drinks Effects of bhang Causes loss of memorywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Causes cancer of mouth, brain, throat and stomach Sense of sight and hearing are distorted Their eyes are always red It leads to depression and finally madness Miraa khat An evergreen plant tree Its young shoots are sold in bundles Miraa is abused through chewing the green tender leaves It helps one remain awake for long hours Effects Causes lack of sleep Damages the brains Causes lack of appetite Slowed performance at work May lead to infertility Causes mouth ulcers and stomach ulcers Heroine and cocaine These drugs are abused through: Sniffing Injection Smoking Cocaine comes from a leaf known as coca It has no smellwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke It is white, crystal and is like powder Effects They cause hallucinations They are dangerous stimulants Increase body temperatures and sweat a lot They cause stroke and heart attacks They cause liver and kidney failure Inhalants glue, petroleum products These are drugs that are abused through: Inhaling Sniffing They are put in a bottle and brought closer to the nose Effects Cause brain damage leading to slurred speech Breathing problems leading to nose bleeding Sniffing causes dizziness and vomiting Liver and kidney failure Ephesians 5: 18 Apostle Paul teaches that: We should not get drunk with alcohol because it has negative effects Instead e should be filled with the Holy Spirit who influences our lives positively Preventing drug abusewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Educating the users the dangers of drugs through drug fighting body NACADA: national agency for the campaign against drug abuse, ministry of education, ministry of health, parents, teachers, etc Avoid the company of drug users Stiff penalties should be issued to drug traffickers Drug barons should be exposed to the public at large Mass education through the radio, television, films, seminars, bill boards and posters Young people should engage in active leisure and do something constructive Sexual misuse Sex is an act of intercourse between a male and a female Sex is sacred holy Sex is ordained by God Sexual misuse is having sex with wrong purpose NB: Our bodies are the temple of the holy spirit and they should not be misused People should avoid irresponsible sex behaviors Sex is meant for married partners Ways of misusing sex Prostitution Adultery Homo sexuality Rape Incest Fornicationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Bestiality Prostitution This is the act of commercializing your body for material gain It is the work done by a prostitute Hosea 2:5-7 It states of Gomer, Hosea s wife She practiced prostitution She looked for lovers who would give her food, water, clothes, olive oil and wine God was not happy Prostitution is shameful, sinful and degrading We should refrain from prostitution and work honorably Adultery This is the act of having sex outside the marriage bond Exodus 20: 14 The seventh commandment states that do not commit adultery Marriage partners need to love and respect one another 2 samuel 11: 2-15 It sates about David He took Bethsheba, uriahs wife and committed adultery He killed uriah trying to cover this sin God sent prophet Nathan to warn him against these God punished him through the death of his sonwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Jogn4:16 It teaches about Samaritan woman at Jacobs well She did not have a defined husband for she had five different men Homosexuality This is sex between two people of the same gender God hates sexual intercourse between people of the same gender During the times of Moses homosexuals were punished through stoning Rape This is forced sex Rape involves use of violence Genesis 34:1-29 It states of Dinah Jacobs daughter who was raped by Shechem This act caused death to Scechem and his father Hamor Rape cases are on the rise and children are being molested Do not leave children with people who have questionable behavior Incest This is sexual intercourse between relatives: father, brothers, sisters. Cousins Leviticus 18: 6-18 God forbids us from having sexual intercourse with relatives I cor 5:1-3 It teaches that Paul was annoyed with a man who had sexual intercourse with the step mother He ordered this man to be expelled from the churchwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Fornication This is sex between two people who are not married This is commonly practiced by young people who disobey God s commands Young people should abstain from sex before marriage Bestiality This is sex between man and animals Leviticus 18:23 It states that anybody who may have sexual relations with an animal is condemned by God Effects of sexual misuse Sexually transmitted diseases eg: syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes, chancroid, HIV AIDS, etc Early pregnancies which may lead to girls being affected physically, mentally and psychologically School dropout for one may not remain in school and still bring up the baby Early marriages Death in case the girl may decide to abort and complication arise Abortion is removal of foetus before the time of birth Guilt and stress Quiz State 5 effects of sexual misuse Identify 3 sexually transmitted diseases Give 2 reasons why we should not conduct abortion Which king committed adultery Misuse of natural resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A resource is an asset that can be used to generate wealth Natural resources are found in nature. These are things like trees, water, soil, air and minerals Human beings should be responsible and take care of the environment Human beings use the resources to derive their livelihood Man has misused the resources in the following ways: Deforestation This is cutting down of trees This causes: Soil erosion Global warming Change of rain pattern Famine Drying up of water reservoirs Desertification Mining This is the act of getting minerals from the earths surface Effects of mining include Open pits Breeding sites for mosquitoes Ugly sites Destroys fertile agricultural land A lot of dust from the mining area Mining interferes with eco-systemwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Pollution This is the act of making dirty or impure Pollution is caused on: Land Air Water Chemicals released into water bodies make it unfit for drinking It also causes water borne diseases eg. Typhoid, cholera, bilharzias etc Air is polluted by the gases of emitted from the loud noise from the music shop. S, vehicles Land pollution occurs when refuse is disposed anyhow anywhere Questions Write down 2 effects of desertification Give three reasons why human beings take care of the environment The view traditional African society on the use and misuse of God s creation According to TAS, God is the creator of everything Man is in charge of all God s creation African man considers the earth as the mother because it provides for his food Some plants provide medicine for him Rivers were considered as sources of water Some places were considered sacred: God s dwelling place In the past, environment was given special care It was a taboo to destroy the environment Anyone who destroyed it was punished heavilywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation Genesis 1:11-29 All plants were created by God on the third day On the fourth day He created heavenly bodies On the fifth day He created animals which live in the water and the birds On the sixth day He created all and animals and man God created everything and for a purpose Christians should: Care for the environment Use it responsibly Preserve water catchment areas Cultivate and guard it Improve on areas already destroyed Consider the earth to be the source of life and respect it Questions Write four effects of misuse of God s creation What did God mean by telling human beings to control His creation Describe 2 ways in which people misuse animals State one way in which rivers and lakes water is misused How to respond to the misuse of God s creation We should join together and campaign for the restoration of the environment that has been destroyed Educating people to avoid cultivating near the river bank and other water resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Plant cover crops on bare land, dig terraces and build gabions in sloppy areas to control soil erosion Dispose garbage carefully to avoid pollution Regulate mining activities Protect animals and give poachers stiffer punishment Plant trees where there were no trees Plant trees where they were cut prof Wangari Maathai Prevent desertification after cutting one tree plant two Work to do: Pry cre pupils bk 8 page 29-31 CHAPTER TWO CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation In traditional African society, different communities had their own creation stories People in TAS believed that God is the sole creator Human beings are the most important of God s creation TAS stories are called myths A myth is a story with a message Different communities explain how they were formed: Agikuyu People of central Kenya believe that God created the universe He then created a man called Gikuyu God gave Gikuyu a wife called Mumbi They both lived at a place called Mukurwe wa Nyagathanga They had nine daughterswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Gikuyu offered sacrifices to God who offered nine handsome men to marry them Thus the gikuyu community today Akamba They had a God called Mulungu, Ngai, Mwatuangi He created the first man and woman Let them down from heaven and fell on earth They landed on a stone on Nzaui hills God blessed them with many sheep cattle and goats Akamba people are believed to have come from anthills The Nandi They believe to have come from a knee The knee belonged to a certain animal It got swollen and finally it burst Out of it a man and woman They became the first parents of the Nandi Biblical teachings about creation Genesis 1:4-13 The story of creation is illustrated in the bible God is the sole creator He created for 6 days the world and everything in it He created human beings last God gave him authority over all creationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The learners to give the order of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living, the living dead and ancestors In TAS, life was very important because it is given by God Every stage of life was related to the other None of the stage was important than the other Life has no end Life began before birth and it continued after death Before children were born, they were considered as part of the society A person who has died continues to be a member of the society In TAS, life existed in four forms, The unborn The living The living dead The ancestors Unborn These were members of the society who were not yet born Everybody in the society looked forward to the birth of the unborn They were protected Expectant mothers were given healthy food and avoided heavy duties When children were born they became part of the family and community They replaced the dead Children ensured life continuity in the family, clan and communitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The living The other form of life is living It is made up of the community who are alive Once children were born they became living members of the community The living dead These are community members who died recently Their physical appearance, behavior and character could still be remembered by the living members of the community The ancestors These are the community members who died long time ago No living member of the community could recall them Information about them is passed by the word to the next generation They are important for they founded the clan They are remembered in the history of the community NB: Ancestors and the living dead exist in form of spirit Ancestors and the living dead influence the life of the living through dreams or visions They are believed to be closer to God and therefore acted as mediators They could warn people and rebuke any evil done in the family or community In TAS.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.5418856}
{"text": "Cousins Leviticus 18: 6-18 God forbids us from having sexual intercourse with relatives I cor 5:1-3 It teaches that Paul was annoyed with a man who had sexual intercourse with the step mother He ordered this man to be expelled from the churchwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Fornication This is sex between two people who are not married This is commonly practiced by young people who disobey God s commands Young people should abstain from sex before marriage Bestiality This is sex between man and animals Leviticus 18:23 It states that anybody who may have sexual relations with an animal is condemned by God Effects of sexual misuse Sexually transmitted diseases eg: syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes, chancroid, HIV AIDS, etc Early pregnancies which may lead to girls being affected physically, mentally and psychologically School dropout for one may not remain in school and still bring up the baby Early marriages Death in case the girl may decide to abort and complication arise Abortion is removal of foetus before the time of birth Guilt and stress Quiz State 5 effects of sexual misuse Identify 3 sexually transmitted diseases Give 2 reasons why we should not conduct abortion Which king committed adultery Misuse of natural resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke A resource is an asset that can be used to generate wealth Natural resources are found in nature. These are things like trees, water, soil, air and minerals Human beings should be responsible and take care of the environment Human beings use the resources to derive their livelihood Man has misused the resources in the following ways: Deforestation This is cutting down of trees This causes: Soil erosion Global warming Change of rain pattern Famine Drying up of water reservoirs Desertification Mining This is the act of getting minerals from the earths surface Effects of mining include Open pits Breeding sites for mosquitoes Ugly sites Destroys fertile agricultural land A lot of dust from the mining area Mining interferes with eco-systemwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Pollution This is the act of making dirty or impure Pollution is caused on: Land Air Water Chemicals released into water bodies make it unfit for drinking It also causes water borne diseases eg. Typhoid, cholera, bilharzias etc Air is polluted by the gases of emitted from the loud noise from the music shops, vehicles Land pollution occurs when refuse is disposed anyhow anywhere Questions Write down 2 effects of desertification Give three reasons why human beings take care of the environment The view traditional African society on the use and misuse of God s creation According to TAS, God is the creator of everything Man is in charge of all God s creation African man considers the earth as the mother because it provides for his food Some plants provide medicine for him Rivers were considered as sources of water Some places were considered sacred: God s dwelling place In the past, environment was given special care It was a taboo to destroy the environment Anyone who destroyed it was punished heavilywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation Genesis 1:11-29 All plants were created by God on the third day On the fourth day He created heavenly bodies On the fifth day He created animals which live in the water and the birds On the sixth day He created all and animals and man God created everything and for a purpose Christians should: Care for the environment Use it responsibly Preserve water catchment areas Cultivate and guard it Improve on areas already destroyed Consider the earth to be the source of life and respect it Questions Write four effects of misuse of God s creation What did God mean by telling human beings to control His creation Describe 2 ways in which people misuse animals State one way in which rivers and lakes water is misused How to respond to the misuse of God s creation We should join together and campaign for the restoration of the environment that has been destroyed Educating people to avoid cultivating near the river bank and other water resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Plant cover crops on bare land, dig terraces and build gabions in sloppy areas to control soil erosion Dispose garbage carefully to avoid pollution Regulate mining activities Protect animals and give poachers stiffer punishment Plant trees where there were no trees Plant trees where they were cut prof Wangari Maathai Prevent desertification after cutting one tree plant two Work to do: Pry cre pupils bk 8 page 29-31 CHAPTER TWO CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation In traditional African society, different communities had their own creation stories People in TAS believed that God is the sole creator Human beings are the most important of God s creation TAS stories are called myths A myth is a story with a message Different communities explain how they were formed: Agikuyu People of central Kenya believe that God created the universe He then created a man called Gikuyu God gave Gikuyu a wife called Mumbi They both lived at a place called Mukurwe wa Nyagathanga They had nine daughterswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Gikuyu offered sacrifices to God who offered nine handsome men to marry them Thus the gikuyu community today Akamba They had a God called Mulungu, Ngai, Mwatuangi He created the first man and woman Let them down from heaven and fell on earth They landed on a stone on Nzaui hills God blessed them with many sheep cattle and goats Akamba people are believed to have come from anthills The Nandi They believe to have come from a knee The knee belonged to a certain animal It got swollen and finally it burst Out of it a man and woman They became the first parents of the Nandi Biblical teachings about creation Genesis 1:4-13 The story of creation is illustrated in the bible God is the sole creator He created for 6 days the world and everything in it He created human beings last God gave him authority over all creationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The learners to give the order of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living, the living dead and ancestors In TAS, life was very important because it is given by God Every stage of life was related to the other None of the stage was important than the other Life has no end Life began before birth and it continued after death Before children were born, they were considered as part of the society A person who has died continues to be a member of the society In TAS, life existed in four forms, The unborn The living The living dead The ancestors Unborn These were members of the society who were not yet born Everybody in the society looked forward to the birth of the unborn They were protected Expectant mothers were given healthy food and avoided heavy duties When children were born they became part of the family and community They replaced the dead Children ensured life continuity in the family, clan and communitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The living The other form of life is living It is made up of the community who are alive Once children were born they became living members of the community The living dead These are community members who died recently Their physical appearance, behavior and character could still be remembered by the living members of the community The ancestors These are the community members who died long time ago No living member of the community could recall them Information about them is passed by the word to the next generation They are important for they founded the clan They are remembered in the history of the community NB: Ancestors and the living dead exist in form of spirit Ancestors and the living dead influence the life of the living through dreams or visions They are believed to be closer to God and therefore acted as mediators They could warn people and rebuke any evil done in the family or community In TAS. ,. Life began before birth, one was born, she he then diedwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Christians also have ancestors also called patriarchs These are people whose has greatly influenced the Christians Genesis 13: 14-18, 50: 24-25, Mathew 1:1-17 In the book of genesis, we read the origin of the people of Israel From Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their children The generations that existed before the birth of Jesus that took place in the new testament Abraham, joseph and david are the ancestors of Jesus Christians share in the life of Jesus through believing in him Quiz What is the difference between the living dead and the ancestors Write down three ancestors of Jesus Mary the mother of Jesus received the good news about the birth of Jesus in ?", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.5164857}
{"text": "These are things like trees, water, soil, air and minerals Human beings should be responsible and take care of the environment Human beings use the resources to derive their livelihood Man has misused the resources in the following ways: Deforestation This is cutting down of trees This causes: Soil erosion Global warming Change of rain pattern Famine Drying up of water reservoirs Desertification Mining This is the act of getting minerals from the earths surface Effects of mining include Open pits Breeding sites for mosquitoes Ugly sites Destroys fertile agricultural land A lot of dust from the mining area Mining interferes with eco-systemwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Pollution This is the act of making dirty or impure Pollution is caused on: Land Air Water Chemicals released into water bodies make it unfit for drinking It also causes water borne diseases eg. Typhoid, cholera, bilharzias etc Air is polluted by the gases of emitted from the loud noise from the music shops, vehicles Land pollution occurs when refuse is disposed anyhow anywhere Questions Write down 2 effects of desertification Give three reasons why human beings take care of the environment The view traditional African society on the use and misuse of God s creation According to TAS, God is the creator of everything Man is in charge of all God s creation African man considers the earth as the mother because it provides for his food Some plants provide medicine for him Rivers were considered as sources of water Some places were considered sacred: God s dwelling place In the past, environment was given special care It was a taboo to destroy the environment Anyone who destroyed it was punished heavilywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation Genesis 1:11-29 All plants were created by God on the third day On the fourth day He created heavenly bodies On the fifth day He created animals which live in the water and the birds On the sixth day He created all and animals and man God created everything and for a purpose Christians should: Care for the environment Use it responsibly Preserve water catchment areas Cultivate and guard it Improve on areas already destroyed Consider the earth to be the source of life and respect it Questions Write four effects of misuse of God s creation What did God mean by telling human beings to control His creation Describe 2 ways in which people misuse animals State one way in which rivers and lakes water is misused How to respond to the misuse of God s creation We should join together and campaign for the restoration of the environment that has been destroyed Educating people to avoid cultivating near the river bank and other water resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Plant cover crops on bare land, dig terraces and build gabions in sloppy areas to control soil erosion Dispose garbage carefully to avoid pollution Regulate mining activities Protect animals and give poachers stiffer punishment Plant trees where there were no trees Plant trees where they were cut prof Wangari Maathai Prevent desertification after cutting one tree plant two Work to do: Pry cre pupils bk 8 page 29-31 CHAPTER TWO CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation In traditional African society, different communities had their own creation stories People in TAS believed that God is the sole creator Human beings are the most important of God s creation TAS stories are called myths A myth is a story with a message Different communities explain how they were formed: Agikuyu People of central Kenya believe that God created the universe He then created a man called Gikuyu God gave Gikuyu a wife called Mumbi They both lived at a place called Mukurwe wa Nyagathanga They had nine daughterswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Gikuyu offered sacrifices to God who offered nine handsome men to marry them Thus the gikuyu community today Akamba They had a God called Mulungu, Ngai, Mwatuangi He created the first man and woman Let them down from heaven and fell on earth They landed on a stone on Nzaui hills God blessed them with many sheep cattle and goats Akamba people are believed to have come from anthills The Nandi They believe to have come from a knee The knee belonged to a certain animal It got swollen and finally it burst Out of it a man and woman They became the first parents of the Nandi Biblical teachings about creation Genesis 1:4-13 The story of creation is illustrated in the bible God is the sole creator He created for 6 days the world and everything in it He created human beings last God gave him authority over all creationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The learners to give the order of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living, the living dead and ancestors In TAS, life was very important because it is given by God Every stage of life was related to the other None of the stage was important than the other Life has no end Life began before birth and it continued after death Before children were born, they were considered as part of the society A person who has died continues to be a member of the society In TAS, life existed in four forms, The unborn The living The living dead The ancestors Unborn These were members of the society who were not yet born Everybody in the society looked forward to the birth of the unborn They were protected Expectant mothers were given healthy food and avoided heavy duties When children were born they became part of the family and community They replaced the dead Children ensured life continuity in the family, clan and communitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The living The other form of life is living It is made up of the community who are alive Once children were born they became living members of the community The living dead These are community members who died recently Their physical appearance, behavior and character could still be remembered by the living members of the community The ancestors These are the community members who died long time ago No living member of the community could recall them Information about them is passed by the word to the next generation They are important for they founded the clan They are remembered in the history of the community NB: Ancestors and the living dead exist in form of spirit Ancestors and the living dead influence the life of the living through dreams or visions They are believed to be closer to God and therefore acted as mediators They could warn people and rebuke any evil done in the family or community In TAS. ,. Life began before birth, one was born, she he then diedwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Christians also have ancestors also called patriarchs These are people whose has greatly influenced the Christians Genesis 13: 14-18, 50: 24-25, Mathew 1:1-17 In the book of genesis, we read the origin of the people of Israel From Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their children The generations that existed before the birth of Jesus that took place in the new testament Abraham, joseph and david are the ancestors of Jesus Christians share in the life of Jesus through believing in him Quiz What is the difference between the living dead and the ancestors Write down three ancestors of Jesus Mary the mother of Jesus received the good news about the birth of Jesus in ? How do the dead influence the life of the living Continuity of life in Christianity and African traditions Both Christians and people in TAS, believe that life is a gift from God and it has no end There are differences between Christian understanding and traditional understanding concerning the continuity of life Christian understandingtraditional African understanding Christians hope to live forever with God in heaven Life continuedafter death in spiritual;world which is not definite Evil doers are not welcome in the spiritual world.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.456411}
{"text": "Typhoid, cholera, bilharzias etc Air is polluted by the gases of emitted from the loud noise from the music shops, vehicles Land pollution occurs when refuse is disposed anyhow anywhere Questions Write down 2 effects of desertification Give three reasons why human beings take care of the environment The view traditional African society on the use and misuse of God s creation According to TAS, God is the creator of everything Man is in charge of all God s creation African man considers the earth as the mother because it provides for his food Some plants provide medicine for him Rivers were considered as sources of water Some places were considered sacred: God s dwelling place In the past, environment was given special care It was a taboo to destroy the environment Anyone who destroyed it was punished heavilywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The Christian teaching on the use and misuse of God s creation Genesis 1:11-29 All plants were created by God on the third day On the fourth day He created heavenly bodies On the fifth day He created animals which live in the water and the birds On the sixth day He created all and animals and man God created everything and for a purpose Christians should: Care for the environment Use it responsibly Preserve water catchment areas Cultivate and guard it Improve on areas already destroyed Consider the earth to be the source of life and respect it Questions Write four effects of misuse of God s creation What did God mean by telling human beings to control His creation Describe 2 ways in which people misuse animals State one way in which rivers and lakes water is misused How to respond to the misuse of God s creation We should join together and campaign for the restoration of the environment that has been destroyed Educating people to avoid cultivating near the river bank and other water resourceswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Plant cover crops on bare land, dig terraces and build gabions in sloppy areas to control soil erosion Dispose garbage carefully to avoid pollution Regulate mining activities Protect animals and give poachers stiffer punishment Plant trees where there were no trees Plant trees where they were cut prof Wangari Maathai Prevent desertification after cutting one tree plant two Work to do: Pry cre pupils bk 8 page 29-31 CHAPTER TWO CHRISTIANITY AND TRADITIONAL AFRICAN HERITAGE African stories of creation In traditional African society, different communities had their own creation stories People in TAS believed that God is the sole creator Human beings are the most important of God s creation TAS stories are called myths A myth is a story with a message Different communities explain how they were formed: Agikuyu People of central Kenya believe that God created the universe He then created a man called Gikuyu God gave Gikuyu a wife called Mumbi They both lived at a place called Mukurwe wa Nyagathanga They had nine daughterswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Gikuyu offered sacrifices to God who offered nine handsome men to marry them Thus the gikuyu community today Akamba They had a God called Mulungu, Ngai, Mwatuangi He created the first man and woman Let them down from heaven and fell on earth They landed on a stone on Nzaui hills God blessed them with many sheep cattle and goats Akamba people are believed to have come from anthills The Nandi They believe to have come from a knee The knee belonged to a certain animal It got swollen and finally it burst Out of it a man and woman They became the first parents of the Nandi Biblical teachings about creation Genesis 1:4-13 The story of creation is illustrated in the bible God is the sole creator He created for 6 days the world and everything in it He created human beings last God gave him authority over all creationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The learners to give the order of creation The relationship between the unborn, the living, the living dead and ancestors In TAS, life was very important because it is given by God Every stage of life was related to the other None of the stage was important than the other Life has no end Life began before birth and it continued after death Before children were born, they were considered as part of the society A person who has died continues to be a member of the society In TAS, life existed in four forms, The unborn The living The living dead The ancestors Unborn These were members of the society who were not yet born Everybody in the society looked forward to the birth of the unborn They were protected Expectant mothers were given healthy food and avoided heavy duties When children were born they became part of the family and community They replaced the dead Children ensured life continuity in the family, clan and communitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke The living The other form of life is living It is made up of the community who are alive Once children were born they became living members of the community The living dead These are community members who died recently Their physical appearance, behavior and character could still be remembered by the living members of the community The ancestors These are the community members who died long time ago No living member of the community could recall them Information about them is passed by the word to the next generation They are important for they founded the clan They are remembered in the history of the community NB: Ancestors and the living dead exist in form of spirit Ancestors and the living dead influence the life of the living through dreams or visions They are believed to be closer to God and therefore acted as mediators They could warn people and rebuke any evil done in the family or community In TAS. ,. Life began before birth, one was born, she he then diedwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Christians also have ancestors also called patriarchs These are people whose has greatly influenced the Christians Genesis 13: 14-18, 50: 24-25, Mathew 1:1-17 In the book of genesis, we read the origin of the people of Israel From Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their children The generations that existed before the birth of Jesus that took place in the new testament Abraham, joseph and david are the ancestors of Jesus Christians share in the life of Jesus through believing in him Quiz What is the difference between the living dead and the ancestors Write down three ancestors of Jesus Mary the mother of Jesus received the good news about the birth of Jesus in ? How do the dead influence the life of the living Continuity of life in Christianity and African traditions Both Christians and people in TAS, believe that life is a gift from God and it has no end There are differences between Christian understanding and traditional understanding concerning the continuity of life Christian understandingtraditional African understanding Christians hope to live forever with God in heaven Life continuedafter death in spiritual;world which is not definite Evil doers are not welcome in the spiritual world. Such spirits were the evil spirits When the living died, they became part of Those who die without believing will be punished by God on judgment day.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.5208879}
{"text": ",life began before birth, one was born, she he then diedwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Christians also have ancestors also called patriarchs These are people whose has greatly influenced the Christians Genesis 13: 14-18, 50: 24-25, Mathew 1:1-17 In the book of genesis, we read the origin of the people of Israel From Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and their children The generations that existed before the birth of Jesus that took place in the new testament Abraham, joseph and david are the ancestors of Jesus Christians share in the life of Jesus through believing in him Quiz What is the difference between the living dead and the ancestors Write down three ancestors of Jesus Mary the mother of Jesus received the good news about the birth of Jesus in ? How do the dead influence the life of the living Continuity of life in Christianity and African traditions Both Christians and people in TAS, believe that life is a gift from God and it has no end There are differences between Christian understanding and traditional understanding concerning the continuity of life Christian understandingtraditional African understanding Christians hope to live forever with God in heaven Life continuedafter death in spiritual;world which is not definite Evil doers are not welcome in the spiritual world. Such spirits were the evil spirits When the living died, they became part of Those who die without believing will be punished by God on judgment day. They will not receive eternal life Christians who die will resurrect and be www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke given heavenly bodies the living dead They continued to live in form of spirits Quiz 1. How do we become a member of Christian family? 2. Where did life continue in African society? 3. Teaches about resurrection of the body. Respect for life of the unborn and the unborn 1. Life is a gift from God. 2. Expectant mothers were taken care of. 3. They were protected from any evil forces. 4. The unborn were regarded as potential human beings 5. Life begins after conception 6. Expectant mothers were not allowed to do heavy duties. 7. They were fed with a well balanced diet. Psalms 139:13-16 1. Christians teach that life begins at conception. 2. The unborn should be loved and taken care of. 3. God formed me and put every part in my mother s womb. 4. Life should be highly regarded.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.5855114}
{"text": "God formed me and put every part in my mother s womb. 4. Life should be highly regarded. Nb: both African Traditional and Christianity does not allow for abortion. Life should be protected and valued. Quiz 1. Why is abortion a sin 2. Why do Africans regard life as sacred?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. Memorize verse psalms 139:13-14 Concepts of God in African Traditional society and Christianity 1. African tradition considers God to be as follows:- a. All powerful b. All knowing omniscient c. Everywhere omnipresent d. God is eternal has no beginning or end. E. He is the creator of the world and all that is in it. F. God is a spirit. G. God is merciful h. God is good. I. God is the father, mother, friend e.t.c j. God is the provider. K. God is holy Christians consider God to be as follows Matthew 6:9, john 1:3, 6:35, 8:12, 14:6, 15:5 1. Giver of life and creator 2. God is the provider 3. God is good. 4. God is merciful 5. He is our father. 6. He is the bread of life 7. He is the provider 8. Omnipresentwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 9. Omniscient. 10. Omnipotent. Nb: God manifests himself as the trinity. This means 3 persons in one- God the father, son and the Holy Spirit. Quiz 1. Give similarities between African and Christian concepts of God. 2. Where do African names of God come from? 3. State 3 title given to God in T.A.S Response to God in Traditional African society Africans responded to God through 1. Offering sacrifices 2. Prayers 3. Consulting special people 4. Ritual cleansing 5. Dance and songs. Offering sacrifices a. People worshiped God using birds and animal sacrifices. B. A bird or an animal was slaughtered and the blood poured ou to God before people began worshipping. C. The sacrifice was either offered whole or a half and the other half was eaten. D.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.6081934}
{"text": "C. The sacrifice was either offered whole or a half and the other half was eaten. D. Birds and animals were of the same color without blemish. E. The colors preferred were black or white.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Prayers a. Traditional Africans prayed to God for help in different situations. B. Example, Elders prayed and blessed warriors when going for war c. They asked God to give warriors courage and victory. Consulting special people a. These special people were seers and diviners. B. Diviners found out about the future events by receiving signs from the spirit world. C. Seers foretold about God s will in the community d. They also foretold the future events from the dreams they had. E. They also advised people on what to do if the annoyed God to please him. Ritual cleansing a. This is done after the death of a spouse in a community. Example Taita people b. When one spouse died they had to cleanse the living spouse. C. She he had to be taken to the river for a ritual bath. D. This was important for one to be accepted by God. Dance and song a. People sang different songs b. Some songs were sacred or religious. C. As they sung, drums were beaten to remove evil spirtit. D. E.g the Swahili people had a ceremony called Kupunga pepo and it was accompanied by dancing and drumming e. This was to get rid of the evil spirit that possessed people. F. Medicine men conducted the ceremony but God cured people.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Quiz 1. Why did people pray in the African Traditional society 2. State 3 ways in which people worshiped in African traditional 3. Explain how people responded to God in African tradition Ways of reconciling with God in African tradition society 1. People reconcile to heal broke relationships 2. There were ways in which people offended God e.g a. Refusing to offer sacrifices b. Refusing to give offering after harvest c. Breaking rules in the society. 3. Reconciliation ways include a. Animal sacrifices b. An animal was burnt as a sacrifice to him c. The best animal was chosen d. Animals with blemish were not allowed. E. People also offered grains e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.6140974}
{"text": "Animals with blemish were not allowed. E. People also offered grains e.g. maize, bananas, beans e.t.c f. These were taken to the shrines and left there Cleansing Rituals a. If one committed a sin she he became dirty b. She he had to be cleansed to reconcile her him with God. C. A ritual bath had to be taken using water and special herbs, which were anointed with special oil. D. The appropriate ritual bath was given by a medicine woman or medicine man e. Special types of clothes were worn to seek reconciliation with God e.g when one was sick or under a curse. F. The clothes were prescribed by a medicine man.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Prayers a. Libation was poured to the ground and elders talked to ancestors to seek reconciliation with God. Similarities between Christianity and African Traditional beliefs and customs 1. Believe in God as the creator 2. Belief in life after death. 3. Power of covenants. 4. Presence of evil. 5. Belief in prophets and prophecy 6. Giving offering ad first fruits. 7. Power of prayers. The difference between Christianity and African Traditional beliefs and customs 1. Belief in trinity 2. Belief in lesser Gods 3. Belief in magic and witchcraft. 4. Animal sacrifice 5. Human sacrifices. 6. Image of God 7. Places of worship 8. Jesus and ancestors 9. Baptism 10. Lord s supper 11. Tithingwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke JESUS CHRIST VICTORY OVER PAIN AND SUFFERING CAUSES OF SUFFERING 1. Suffering is the feeling of pain, sorrow or discomfort. 2. All people experience suffering in different ways 3. Suffering is caused by:- a. Natural calamities b. Negligence c. Sickness and death d. Irresponsible sexual behavior e. Armed attacks e.g. by robbers f. War and ethnic clashes g. Violence in homes, at school h. Drug substance abuse. 4. Jesus taught that suffering can be caused by sins 5. He forgave the sins of the paralyzed man and took away his suffering.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 6.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.5946755}
{"text": "4. Jesus taught that suffering can be caused by sins 5. He forgave the sins of the paralyzed man and took away his suffering.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 6. Suffering can also come so that God s glory may be seen 7. Jesus took away the suffering of the blind man when He sent him to the pool of Siloam. 8. We should trust in God to overcome all forms of suffering. QUIZ 1. The Word Siloam means? 2. Write three examples of natural calamities. PAIN AND SUFFERING 1. Pain and suffering are the same or related 2. There are three main types of suffering: a. Physical suffering b. Emotional suffering c. Mental suffering 3. Physical suffering involves inflicting pain on the body. 4. Emotional suffering involves feelings such as guilt, sadness or joy. 5. Mental suffering relates to the mind. 6. Job suffered mentally, emotionally and physically 7. He suffered physically because he got sores all over his body. 8. He suffered emotionally because he lost the children he loved 9. Job also suffered mentally when he lost everything he owned. 10. We should remain faithful to God who helps us overcome suffering. Quiz 1. State three types of suffering each with a valid examplewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Name another person in the bible other than Job who suffered physically. 3. Job 2:10 says VARIETIES OF MENTAL SUFFERING 1. Any problem that affects the mind causes mental suffering 2. Not all people who suffer mentally are mad 3. Some people may be depressed while others are retarded. 4. Mental suffering can be caused by:- a. Diseases b. Injury to the brain c. Disturbing experiences d. Being naturally born in such a state e. Drug and substance abuse. 5. Jesus healed a man who suffered mentally in Gerasa territory. 6. The man had an evil spirit which made him mad. 7. He was called legion or mob because the demons in him were many 8. Jesus has the power to heal those who suffer mentally. Quiz 1. The evil spirits in legion begged Jesus not to 2. Mad people are also called 3. To be possessed means VARIETIES OF PHYSICAL SUFFERING 1.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.65526}
{"text": "The evil spirits in legion begged Jesus not to 2. Mad people are also called 3. To be possessed means VARIETIES OF PHYSICAL SUFFERING 1. Physical suffering occurs when pain is inflicted in the body.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Physical suffering can be caused by :- a. Injury b. Deprivation c. diseases d. Brutality e. War f. Poverty g. injustice 3. Jesus taught the parable of the rich man and Lazarus. 4. The rich man lived in great luxury and comfort 5. Lazarus had sores on his body and no food to eat 6. The rich man did not show love and concern for Lazarus. 7. Lazarus competed with dogs for left over s from the rich man s table. 8. Lazarus trusted in God and ended up being rewarded in paradise. Quiz 1. List down four examples of suffering 2. The of , the first Christian martyr made him suffer physically. VARIETIES OF EMOTIONAL SUFFERING 1. People suffer emotionally when they feel rejected or unloved. 2. Other cause of emotional suffering may include :- a. Conflict between friends or relatives b. Failure in examswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Harassment and bullying d. Loss of loved ones e. Breakdown in relationship f. Unemployment or loss of a job. G. Poverty. 3. When people suffer emotionally they cry or weep. 4. Emotional suffering can be overcome through prayer and moral support. 5. It can also be dealt with through guidance and counseling. 6. Jesus was tried both by Pirate and Sanhedrin. 7. He suffered emotionally because of the false accusations brought up against Him. 8. Like Jesus, we should always trust in God to help us overcome suffering. QUIZ 1. Which actions of the soldiers made Jesus suffer emotionally? A. b. 2. Jesus persevered because his suffering had JESUS CHRIST TRIUMPHS OVER PAIN AND SUFFERING 1. Jesus underwent pain and suffering 2. He persevered suffering in humility and silence 3. He accepted his suffering to save mankind from sin. 4. Jesus was the final sacrifice for the deliverance of man 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.6694996}
{"text": "Stephen was the first Christians martyr 7. He was one of the seven deacons 8. The seven deacons were a. Philip b. Nicanor c. Prochorus d. Nicolaus e. Permenaswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke f. Timon g. Stephen 9. Stephen was opposed by the Libertines, the synagogue of freed me. 10. Jesus promised us the holy spirit to help endure suffering. Quiz 1. Mention tea North African Martyrs 2. Acts 7:60 says CHRISTIAN SUFFERING TODAY 1. Some Christians suffer rejection from their friends and relatives. 2. They are considered traitors because of forsaking their traditional way of life. 3. Some people are sent away from home after responding to the call for salvation. 4. Persistent prayer and faith in God strengthens one s resolve to follow Christ. 5. The bible teaches that Christians should share in Christ suffering. 6. God rewards those who remain faithful even when persecuted. 7. God also saves people from danger and provides them with their needs. 8. We should pray for Christians undergoing persecution. Quiz 1. State three types of suffering 2. The words spoken by Stephen similar to those spoken by Jesus were www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke LIVING THE CHRISTIAN FAITH THE MEANING OF PRAYER 1. Prayer is communicating withy God 2. There are two types of prayers namely: a. Private prayer b. Public prayer 3. During prayer Christians hold a conversation with God. 4. In prayer, one talks to god and also listens to Him. 5. There are four elements of prayers a. Adoration b. Confession c. Thanksgiving d. Supplication 6. Adoration involves praise and worship 7. Supplication involves petition and intercession 8. Petition is a prayer on behalf of oneself. 9. Intercession is a prayer on behalf of others. 10. Prayers should be made in faith and humility. Quiz 1. Confession should be accompanied by 2. The parable of teaches about humility in prayer. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC PRAYERSwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. Prayer is a conversation with God. 2. There are public and private prayers 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.687126}
{"text": "Prayer is a conversation with God. 2. There are public and private prayers 3. Private prayer is when one converses with God 4. It is called individual or solo prayer 5. Public prayer is made in a group 6. It is also called communal or corporate prayer 7. Public prayer is made aloud 8. Such prayers are made in schools, homes or churches 9. Public prayers are also made during occasions such as a. Church services b. Weddings c. National holidays d. Christian holidays 10. God answers public and private prayers. Quiz 1. State the meaning of the following Christian groups abbreviations a. C U b. YMCA c. YWCA d. C A 2. Acts 2:42 says www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke ANSWERS TO PRAYERS 1. God listens to and answers prayers 2. We know God has answered our prayers when what we pray for happens 3. Christians expect answers to both public and private prayers 4. God can answer prayers in three ways namely:- a. Yes b. No c. Wait 5. God answers prayers according to his will 6. When God answers no it might be that we prayed for something that can harm us 7. God answers wait when the time is not appropriate for our requests. 8. Saul consulted a medium at Endor when God failed to answer his prayers. 9. God was angry with Saul because of his disobedience. 10. We should obey God so that our prayers get answered. Quiz 1. Write a prayer before exams 2. State four elements of prayers DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRAYER AND MAGICIANS 1. Magic is manipulating forces in the universe to achieve results. 2. It can be used for good or evil purposes 3. Consulting magicians comes from lack of trust in God. 4. Traditional Africans used magic to produce :www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Wealth b. Luck c. Success d. Good health. 5. Magi creates dependence on magicians who may control victims to their detriment. 6. Prayer, unlike magic has positive effects on a Christian. 7. It is guided by the free will of a Christian 8. Christian prayers lead to peace and reconciliation with God, oneself and others 9. Simon of Samaria used magic to do wonders.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.7045598}
{"text": "It is guided by the free will of a Christian 8. Christian prayers lead to peace and reconciliation with God, oneself and others 9. Simon of Samaria used magic to do wonders. 10. He tried to buy the Holy Spirit using money which offended God. Quiz 1. The words magician utter are called 2. Magicians cast on their victims. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FASTING AND PRAYER 1. Fasting and prayer are Christians practices. 2. Fasting is voluntarily denying oneself food and spend time in prayer. 3. It involves self denial and disciplined commitment 4. Fasting intensifies the effects of prayers 5. Jesus taught his disciples to be humble when praying and fasting. 6. He taught that fasting should not be done for a public show. 7. One can fast to pray for personal or individual needs. 8. Fasting can also be done to intercede for others.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 9. Genuine fasting is rewarded by God. 10. Prayer and fasting brings one nearer to God. Quiz 1. State three bible personalities who went without food for forty days 2. Jesus taught that prayer and fasting should be done in SELF DENIAL IN SERVICE TO OTHERS 1. Self-denial is depriving oneself of certain things so as to serve others. 2. Fasting is an example of self-denial in order to pray. 3. Christians also sacrifices money and other resources to serve God. 4. Christians also sacrifice their time to serve a. The aged b. Destitute children c. Prisoners d. People living with HIV AIDS 5. Jesus taught that following Him is about self denial 6. He taught that Christians must put the interest of others before their own. 7. Following Jesus involves carrying the cross daily. 8. The cross is a symbol of suffering. Quiz 1. List five ways through which Christians demonstrates self-denial 2. Celibacy means www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke FAITH IN DAILY ACTIONS 1. Christians face many challenges that require them to demonstrate their faith. 2. A committed Christian should trust in God even in difficult circumstances. 3. Christians can demonstrate their faith by :- a. Obeying God s commandments b. Observing set rules and regulations c. Reporting crime to lawful authorities. D. Being role models e.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.7383456}
{"text": "Reporting crime to lawful authorities. D. Being role models e. Helping the needy. F. Self-denial g. Practicing honesty and integrity. 4. The bible teaches that Christians should offer themselves as a living sacrifice. 5. They should dedicate themselves to God s service 6. Christians should please God in all they do. 7. They should allow God to transform them inwardly to be like Him. 8. We should emulate the example of patriarchs who had total faith in God. Quiz 1. Was considered blameless and walked with God 2. God called a man after my own heart.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke THE MEANING OF LIVING FAITH 1. Living faith involves actions dictated by gospel values. 2. Gospel values include :- a. Honesty b. Integrity c. Love d. Mutual caring e. Sharing 3. Apostle James teaches that Christian s faith should be meaningful. 4. Living faith is accompanied by actions 5. It involves practically showing concern for the needy. 6. Faith without action is dead. 7. James also taught that Christians should confess their sins to one another. 8. A prayer made in faith by a righteous person has power to heal. 9. Jesus taught that it is more blessed to give than to receive 10. We should demonstrate living faith in all we do. Quiz 1. The crippled beggar at the Beautiful gate was healed by and 2. State three reasons for fasting a. b. c. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT FIVE SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND CHRISTIAN VALUES CHRISTIAN VALUES A. JUSTICE 1. Justice is the quality of being fair and acting according to what is right. 2. It involves condemning what is wrong and uphold what is right. 3. Justice brings peace and harmony among people. 4. Prophet Jeremiah condemns the injustice of :- A. Killing innocent people B. Mistreating foreigners C. Mistreating windows and orphans. 5. Amos challenged the injustice in courts. 6. He spoke against oppressing the poorwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. Amos also condemned selling people in slavery. 8. He also condemned false scales and overcharging customers. 9. Apostle James condemned the rich who deny their laborers their wages. 10.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.763915}
{"text": "9. Apostle James condemned the rich who deny their laborers their wages. 10. He also condemned those who murder innocent people. Quiz 1. Corruption in courts was condemned by 2. Prophet Micah condemned the injustice of B. FAIRNESS 1. Fairness is the value of being just and impartial 2. It involves doing things according to laid down rules and regulations 3. Fair people treat others as they would like to be treated. 4. Joseph s brothers treated him unfairly because his father loved him. 5. They sold him to the Ishmaelite and he ended up in prison. 6. Jesus refused to condemn a woman who had been caught in adultery, 7. He treated her fairly and advised her to stop her immoral life. 8. God expects us to treat all people with justice and fairness Quiz 1. State two reasons why Joseph was Jacob s favorite son a. b. 2. Suggested that they should throw Joseph into a wellwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. Convinced his brothers to sell Joseph to the Ishmaelite. C. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY 1. Honesty and integrity are important Christian values 2. Honest people tell the truth and do not steal. 3. Integrity is the quality of being honest and having strong morals 4. People of integrity are upright, honest and sincere. 5. They are just and honest in their behaviour. 6. Prophet Elisha had a dishonest servant called Gehazi. 7. Gehazi wanted to benefit financially from Elisha s miracle 8. He ended up getting leprosy together with his descendants 9. God wants us to uphold justice and integrity 10. We should tell the truth to all people at all times. Quiz 1. Namaan got healed of his leprosy by 2. And lied to the holy spirit 3. Is the father of lies. NEPOTISM 1. Nepotism is the vice of showing favoritism to one s relatives. 2. It makes family members receive privileges they do not deserve. 3. Nepotism at the workplace may result in the following :www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Bitterness and rivalry b. Lack of love and concern c. Frustration and hopelessness d. Lack of teamwork e.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.7556581}
{"text": "Lack of love and concern c. Frustration and hopelessness d. Lack of teamwork e. Disrespect poor work output. 4. Jesus refused to show nepotism in his ministry 5. He refused his mother and his brothers undue recognition. 6. Jesus refused to grant James and John the right to sit beside Him in his kingdom 7. To Jesus, leadership meant service to others not gaining special favour. Quiz 1. The earthly brothers of Jesus were 2. James and John the sons of were also known as TRIBALISM ETHNICITY 1. Tribalism is the unfair treatment of people from other tribes. 2. It involves granting unwarranted favours to members of one s tribe. 3. Tribalism comes from mistrust among members of different ethnic communities. 4. It causes bitterness, pain and suffering to its victims. 5. Jesus was denied water by a Samaritan woman because he ws a Jew. 6. He however gave the Samaritan woman life- giving water. 7. Jesus taught his disciples not to discriminate against anyone. 8. He was a universal savior as shown by the miracles ofwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Healing the ten lepers b. Healing the centurion servant c. Healing a Canaanite woman s daughter. Quiz 1. To whom did Jesus say, it is not good for me to take children s food and give it to dogs 2. The fear and hatred for people from other countries is called CORRUPTION 1. Corruption is practiced by those who lack honesty and intergrity. 2. It involves giving and receiving bribes. 3. Bribes are given as money or service offered in return of a favour. 4. Corruption is caused by :- a. Greed b. Selfishness c. Desire to quick riches d. Indiscipline. 5. Corruption is prevalent when:- a. People win elections unfairly b. Police take handouts to flout traffic rules c. Justice is denied to court of laws d. Students are to schools they don t deserve. 6. Corruption can be overcome throughwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Refusing to give or receive bribes. B. Reporting corruption to relevant authorities c. Creating awareness supporting anti-corruption efforts. 7.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.7807474}
{"text": "Reporting corruption to relevant authorities c. Creating awareness supporting anti-corruption efforts. 7. The ethics and Anti-Corruption commission is charged with fighting corruption. 8. Jesus accepted Zacheus who denounced his former corrupt way of life. Quiz 1. State two reasons why tax collectors were hated 2. Define corruption MISMANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES 1. Resources are assets that are used to generate wealth 2. There are three types of assets namely :- a. Natural resources b. Man-made resources c. Human resources. 3. Natural resources are mismanaged through:- a. Pollution b. Over-mining c. Pouching. 4. Man-made resources are mismanaged by:- a. Vandalism b. Fraud and embezzlementwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Neglect d. Arson 5. Human resources are people who can be mismanaged through:- a. Being overworked and underworked b. Being denied promotion c. Being underpaid d. Being deployed outside their profession 6. The bible teaches us to value all resources 7. We should take care of all resources. Quiz 1. List four natural resources 2. NEMA stands for UPHOLDING CHRISTIAN VALUES IN OUR LIVES 1. Christian values are virtues and principals that are worthy of upholding 2. They include a. Justice b. Honesty c. Fairness d. Integrity e. Responsibility f. Humility g. Generositywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. Most Christian values are universal 4. They are derived from the teachings of Jesus. 5. They lead to forms of conduct that are universally considered worthwhile. 6. Apostle Paul taught the Ephesians to be patient, humble and loving. 7. Christian values show that one has matured in faith. Quiz 1. List three social evils that affect our society today 2. Which vice was EACC established to curb? UNIT 6 JESUS FREES AND COMMANDS THE MEANING OF CHRISTIAN FREEDOM 1. Freedom is the state or condition of being unrestrained. 2. It does not mean doing as one wishes 3. True freedom must be accompanied by responsibility 4. Truly free people respect and obey lawful authoritywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.8166077}
{"text": "It does not mean doing as one wishes 3. True freedom must be accompanied by responsibility 4. Truly free people respect and obey lawful authoritywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 5. They do not allow themselves to be enslaved by immoral things. 6. Jesus death on the cross set Christians free 7. Human being however still has freedom to choose their destiny. 8. God grants us the free will to choose life or death. 9. Each choice we make have consequences 10. We should protect or freedom by living according to Jesus teachings. Quiz 1. Galatians 5:1 says 2. We may be free to do anything but JESUS SHOWS HIS OBEDIENCE TO GOD 1. Jesus is God s only son 2. He is the first born of creations 3. He was born of virgin Mary who had conceived through immaculate conception 4. The baby Jesus was always obedient to his earthly parents 5. He grew up gaining favour with God and men. 6. He obeyed his heavenly father and accomplished his mission on earth 7. He restrained Peter who wanted to protect him using violence. 8. Jesus was obedient to his father even unto death 9. He condemned anyone who came in the way of God s will. 10. We should emulate Jesus obedient to lawful authority. Quizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. Peter cut the ear of was a servant of 2. Those who live by the sword shall also die by the sword . These words were said by to JESUS REACTION TOWARDS FREEDOM 1. Jesus taught his disciples to obey his commandments 2. He said that those who obey his commandments would know the truth 3. Those who know the truth, Jesus said, would be st free. 4. True freedom, Jesus taught, comes from being informed 5. Everyone who sins is a slave of sins. 6. Jesus teaching makes people free by taking away sin and immorality 7. We should work to inform people about Jesus and quality life 8. Such people will make informed choices. 9. We should desire to achieve true freedom. 10. We should also help other to make the most informed decisions. Quiz 1. John 8:31-32 says 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.8252556}
{"text": "We should also help other to make the most informed decisions. Quiz 1. John 8:31-32 says 2. True freedom must be accompanied by JESUS CHRIST S RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY 1. Jesus grew up as an obedient child 2. When he was eight days old, he was circumcised according to the law of Moses.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. When Jesus was forty days old he was presented at the temple for dedication. 4. He attended the Passover feast in Jerusalem when he was twelve years old 5. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist so as to fulfill God s wish. 6. He began his ministry in Galilee and had twelve disciples. 7. Jesus taught his disciples to respect lawful authority. 8. He supported payment of taxes and sent peter to pay temple tax 9. The Pharisee tried to trap Jesus on the issue of paying taxes. 10. He evaded their trap and said give to Ceaser what belongs to ceaser and to God what belongs to God Quiz 1. State three accusations brought against Jesus before Pilate, the governor 2. When Jesus was born, who was the Roman Emperor? PERSONAL FREEDOM PERSONAL FREEDOM IN RELATION TO OURSELVES 1. It is important to use our personal freedom wisely 2. Our freedom of action should be exercised in a cautious manner 3. Freedom should never be a stumbling block to others 4. All Christians should exercise freedom by being of good character 5. Freedom should never be misused to cover up evil 6. We should commit ourselves to God in all we do. 7. We should not engage in drug abuse or immorality.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 8. We should use our freedom to serve God and others. Quiz 1. List two other words which mean the same as freedom 2. According to Apostle Peter, freedom should not be used PERSONAL FREEDOM IN RELATION TO AUTHORITY 1. Christians should submit to lawful and relevant authority. 2. Lawful authorities are instituted by God. 3. Those who oppose lawful authority oppose God and will be punished. 4. Christians should be peaceful, friendly and law abiding. 5. They should not talk ill of anyone especially those in authorities. 6.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.8450887}
{"text": "A family is a group of people who are related by:- a. Blood b. Marriage c. Adoption.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. There are two types of families namely :- a. Nuclear family b. Extended family. 3. A nuclear family is made up of:- a. Father b. Mother c. Children 4. An extended family is made up of: a. The nuclear family b. Other relatives. 5. A Christian nuclear is complete even without children 6. Family members should love and respect one another. 7. God established families and wants them to stay united. Quiz 1. Name members of the extended family other than the nuclear family a. b. c. d. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke e. f. 2. List two complete biblical families. FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN CHOOSING A MARRIAGE PARTNER. 1. Marriage is a legally recognized union between a man and a woman. 2. The legal union between marriage partners makes them one. 3. There are various factors considered when choosing a marriage partner. 4. These factors include :- a. Maturity b. Self-discipline c. Good character d. Respect e. Family background f. Hard work 5. When choosing a marriage partner, one should not consider : a. Physical beauty b. Wealth c. Sexual demands 6. Factors when choosing whom to marry are considered during courtship 7. The bible teaches that a sensible wife is only given by God. 8. Joseph was engaged to Mary and married her according to God s law.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Quiz 1. List two types of families 2. List three thing that join family members. MARRIAGE BENEFITS OF A CHRISTIAN MARRIAGE 1. A Christian marriage has many benefits 2. The couple is given guidance and counseling. 3. Marriage partners are taught about their responsibilities in advance 4. A Christian wedding is conducted in public and has many witnesses 5. The wedding gives one a sense of belonging when it is conducted in his her church. 6. Prayers said during a Christian wedding bestow blessings on the couple. 7. Wedding rings are an outward mark of a Christian marriage. 8. Marriage certificate given during a Christian wedding makes it legal. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.8545527}
{"text": "8. Marriage certificate given during a Christian wedding makes it legal. 9. Christian marriages are recognized by God and the state. 10. A Christian marriage is monogamous and gives one a sense of security. Quiz 1. The bible teaches that whoever God has put together 2. List three Christians virtues that bind marriage partners a. b. c. FACTORS CONSIDERED WHEN GETTING MARRIEDwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. Marriage is voluntary and binding for a man and a woman to become one. 2. It is a lifelong commitment that should be entered in sobriety. 3. There are several factors one should consider when getting married. 4. These factors include a. Religious background. B. Likes and interest c. Age of a partner d. Family background. E. Level of education f. Economic background 5. Abraham organized for his son Isaac to get a good wife. 6. Abraham servant prayed before choosing Rebecca for Isaac. 7. Christians should pray for God s guidance when choosing a marriage partner. Quiz 1. Match the following bible personalities with their wives a. Amram b. Aquila c. Nabal d. Mahlon 2. Dowry is ESSENTIAL NEEDS OF A FAMILY 1. A family has member who have essential needswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. The essential needs of a family can be classified as a. Physical needs b. Social needs c. Spiritual needs 3. Physical needs include food, water, shelter and clothing. 4. Social needs of a family include:- a. Security b. Love c. Acceptance d. Self esteem 5. The need for God stands above every other need of a family. 6. Family members need to live with hope and assurance of eternal life. 7. Jesus taught that human beings cannot live on bread alone. 8. Just as we need food for physical growth, we need the gospel for spiritual well-being. Quiz 1. Give examples of the following a. Basic need b. Secondary needs c. Tertiary needs 2. The word essential means OBSTACLES TO A GOOD MARRIAGEwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. There are many factors that may lead to failure in a marriage 2. Some of the factors include a.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.8880837}
{"text": "The word essential means OBSTACLES TO A GOOD MARRIAGEwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. There are many factors that may lead to failure in a marriage 2. Some of the factors include a. Unfaithfulness b. Childlessness c. Communication breakdown d. Mistrust e. Different likes and interest f. Poverty g. Interference from the extended family. H. Alcoholism and drug abuse i. Un- forgiveness and intolerance j. Failure to pay dowry. 3. Marriage partners should strive to overcome all obstacles. 4. God values the institution of marriage 5. No one should separate those whom God has put together, Quiz 1. Partners who have marriage problems should go for and 2. The first marriage was ordained by in 3. List three factors considered when choosing a marriage partner a. b. c. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW ON LOVE AND MARRIAGE 1. Africans traditionally valued and respected the marriage institution 2. Marriage was an obligation and every African was expected to marry. 3. African marriage was mainly for child-bearing or procreation. 4. An African family was not complete without children. 5. Africans valued chastity and sex before marriage was considered immoral. 6. African marriage extended kinship bands; one got more relatives. 7. An African marriage raised the status of a couple. 8. Polygamous unions were encouraged in African marriage eradicating adultery and prostitution. 9. Polygamy also raised the status of the first wife and the husband. 10. The bible teaches that riches can be inherited but a sensible wife comes from the Lord. Quiz 1. State three reasons why children were valued in African communities 2. Dowry is also known as CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON LOVE AND MARRIAGE 1. A Christian marriage is highly valued. 2. The marriage unit forms the foundation of a strong nation 3. Among the Christian teaching on marriage are:- a. Marriage was established by God b. Courtship should be pure and maturewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Fornication is not allowed d. Procreation should be within marriage e. Love and fitfulness are the cornerstones of marriage. F.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.9108515}
{"text": "Procreation should be within marriage e. Love and fitfulness are the cornerstones of marriage. F. The wife should submit to the husband. 4. The bible teaches that God ordained marriage from the very beginning. 5. Celibacy is a gift from God but it is not for all people. 6. Apostle taught that marriage partners should honour their roles towards each other. 7. Windows and widowers can remarry to avoid temptations. Quiz 1. Define courtship 2. List two types of sexual immorality. 3. Husbands should love their wives just as QUALITIES OF A GOOD PARENT 1. A good parent provides the basic needs of his or her family. 2. Such parent advises children concerning good conduct and character. 3. Z good parent provides both formal and non-formal education. 4. Good parents provide security and protection for their families. 5. Children should get love and attention from their parents. 6. Parents should give directions to their children in all matters especially about God. 7. The bible teaches that children are a gift from God. 8. Family members should always be committed to the family cause. 9. Jesus admonished his disciples for barring children from him.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 10. He said let the children come to me Quiz 1. List three biblical parents and their children 2. Mathew 19:14 says THE QUALITIES OF A GOOD CHILD 1. A good child takes the initiative to help in family duties 2. Such a child offers encouragement to his or her parents. 3. A good child provides physical protection for the family where need be. 4. An obedient child is a role model to the rest of the family. 5. He she can be relied on to provide for the family when the parents are away. 6. A good child accepts and takes correction positively when wrong. 7. Above all, a good child is God fearing 8. The bible teaches that children have a chriatian duty to obey their parents. 9. Those who obey their parents have a promised of a long and prosperous life. 10. We should desire to honour and obey our parents. Quiz 1. State two types of families 2. Define a family 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.9392166}
{"text": "Quiz 1. State two types of families 2. Define a family 3. The words, let the children come to me were said by www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke RESPONDING TO CHRIST S CALL THE MEANING OF DISCIPLESHIP 1. A disciple is a follower of another person s religious or political teaching. 2. Jesus had twelve disciples. 3. John the Baptist and the Pharisees also had disciples. 4. In Christianity, discipleship is a response to Christ s call 5. The first four disciples of Jesus were : a. Peter and Andrew b. James and John. 6. All disciples of Jesus gave up their comfort and worldly possessions to follow him. 7. Discipleships call for love and commitment in serving God and others. 8. A disciple should have unshakeable faith in Jesus and God. 9. Disciples of Jesus are expected to be his witness all over the world. 10. Disciples should also be ready to suffer for their faith like Stephen and Paul. Quiz 1. Name four disciples of Jesus with multiple names. THE TEACHING OF JESUS CHRIST ON DISCIPLESHIP 1. Jesus taught his disciples to deny themselves so as to follow him. 2. He taught them to love their enemies and do good to those who persecute them. 3. Jesus taught his followers to forgive and forget. 4. Our forgiveness completely depends on our forgiveness.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 5. God forgives the sins of those who forgive others. 6. Disciples must be ready to endure hardships. 7. Family obligations should not interfere with the demands of the kingdom. 8. Discipleship calls for total commitment on the part of the disciple. 9. Jesus was approached by a man in the Samaritan village who wanted to follow him. 10. Jesus told him that foxes have holes and birds have nests but the son of man has nowhere to rest his head. Quiz 1. Mathew 5:44 says 2. The disciple who said , can anything good come from Nazareth was 3. The disciple who walked with the risen Christ to Emmaus was ABIDING IN THE VINE 1. Christ is the true vine and his followers are the branches. 2. His father, our God, is the vinedresser. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.9281478}
{"text": "2. His father, our God, is the vinedresser. 3. Abiding in the vine is accepting Jesus and obeying his commandments. 4. Branches are totally dependent on the vine for growth. 5. Christians too, should be totally dependent on Jesus the source of life. 6. They are also expected to bear fruits of love, patience and service to God and mankind. 7. Without abiding in Christ, such fruits cannot be produced. 8. We should desire to be true disciples of Jesus Christ. Quiz 1. John 15:7 says www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Write four qualities of a Christian disciple 3. The most loved disciple of Jesus was LOVING ONE ANOTHER 1. To love is to care deeply for someone. 2. As disciples of Jesus we are expected to love one another. 3. Loving others involves a. Caring for the well being of others b. Sharing with the needy c. Forgiving those who offend us. D. Praying for our enemies. E. Denying oneself comfort for others sake f. Suffering for those we love. 4. God demonstrate His love by offering his son as a sacrifice for sin. 5. Apostle Paul taught that love is the greatest thing a disciple can achieve. 6. Love without good deeds is worthless. 7. Apostle John taught that from the beginning God wanted us to love onr another. 8. Christians should love one another as a mark of true discipleship. Quiz 1. All commandments are summed up by 2. The first four commandment are about loving www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. Love is the way Jesus summarized the last six commandments. SERVING ONE ANOTHER AND DENYING ONESELF 1. Service refers to actions of kindness and love to others. 2. Christians should serve all people without discrimination 3. They should deny themselves some comfort in order to be of service to others. 4. Self denial in an important characteristic of a Christian disciple. 5. Jesus taught that his disciples should be ready to endure suffering. 6. During the last supper, Jesus washed his disciple s feet. 7. By so doing, Jesus taught humility in service. 8. We can serve God through serving our fellow human beings. Quiz 1. List four New Testament names for Passover.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.9570348}
{"text": "We can serve God through serving our fellow human beings. Quiz 1. List four New Testament names for Passover. 2. Who had denied Jesus the chance to wash his feet? THE PLACE OF WEALTH IN CHRISTINA DISCIPLESHIP 1. Wealth is material possessions such as money, land or property. 2. God blesses people to be wealthy. 3. Wealthy people should not be proud or arrogant. 4. Instead, they should live with humility and thankfulness. 5. Wealthy Christians can use their wealth to work for God. 6. They can use their wealth to support church programs such as evangelization and outreach.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. They can also support the needy in the communities they live in. 8. The bible teaches Christians to ask God to bless them with enough. 9. Jesus taught that it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for the rich to enter God s kingdom. 10. We should share with gladness what God has given us. Quiz 1. Wealthy people are those who have a. b. c. d. 2. Africans believe that wealth came from MISUSE OF WEALTH IN CHRISTIAN DISCIPLESHIP 1. Wealth is said to be misused when it is used in a way that does not glorify God. 2. Christians should not in opulence and luxury to draw people s attention. 3. They should not exploit their workers to work for long hours. 4. Christian employers should not threaten their employees. 5. Wealthy Christians should give tithe to support the work of God. 6. Prophet Micah condemned the rich who gave bribes to subvert justice. 7. They paid prophets to give favourable revelations. 8. The priest interpreted the law for them to favour their interests. Quizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. List two wealthy bible personalities. 2. State three things done by the rich condemned by Apostle James. THE ROLE OF EVANGELISTIC AND WITNESSES 1. An evangelist is a person who preaches to person urging them to accept Christ. 2. A witness is a person who tells the truth about what he has seen or heard. 3. A Christian witness tells others about Christ through their actions. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406280.9951217}
{"text": "3. A Christian witness tells others about Christ through their actions. 4. We can all be witnesses of Christ if we conduct ourselves according to the teachings of Christ. 5. Jesus started the greatest commission on earth 6. He sent his disciples to make people of all nations his disciples. 7. The early missionaries responded to that call by spreading the gospel to Frica. 8. We should appreciate the role of evangelists and witnesses in the church. Quiz 1. Was the apostle of the gentiles. 2. Jesus told his disciples to begin their missionary work in to the uttermost parts of the earth. 3. Paul made missionary journeys. UNIT NINE LEISUREwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke THE MEANING OF LEISURE 1. Leisure is the time when we are free from work or studies. 2. There are many activities one can do during leisure. 3. These activities can be classified into: a. Active leisure b. Passive leisure 4. Active leisure involves physical activities . 5. Such activities include:- a. Sports and games. B. Dancing. 6. Passive leisure has minimal or no physical activity. 7. It includes watching television, reading, listening to music or sleeping. 8. We should not use leisure time to engage in immoral activities. Quiz 1. List four games one can take part in during leisure time a. b. c. d. 2. The fourth commandment states www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke LEISURE TODAY AND IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITIES 1. There were many leisure activities in traditional African communities. 2. Different people participated in leisure activities according to:- a. Age b. Gender c. Social status. 3. Today leisure activities are done according to people s :- A. Interests B. Affordability. C. Availability of time. 4. Leisure activities were conducted during seremonies such as:- a. Naming b. Initiation c. Marriage d. Funerals e. Thanksgiving. 5. Some of these leisure activities were a. Visits b. Games and sports c. Folk stories d. Riddles and tongue twisters. 6. Leisure activities accompanied work in African societies.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.0068834}
{"text": "Riddles and tongue twisters. 6. Leisure activities accompanied work in African societies.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. Leisure is important to all people irrespective of age, gender or social status. USES OF LEISURE FOR PERSONAL GROWTH. 1. Leisure is good for physical and spiritual growth. 2. One can do voluntary work in the community. 3. Leisure time can also be used to develop skills and talents. 4. One can also acquire new skills during leisure time. 5. Leisure time can be used for fellowship with other chriatians. 6. David used his leisure time to play the harp. 7. He ended up using the skill to help King Saul when he was tormented by evil spirit. 8. Leisure can be used to relieve fatigue, evil thoughts and sadness. Quiz 1. List three talents one can develop during leisure a. b. c. 2. State four examples of passive leisure a. b. c. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. TO BE WITH THE FAMILY 1. Leisure time can be used to be with one s family 2. During leisure time, family members can a. Visit friends or relatives. B. Attend ceremonies. C. Spend time with one another. D. Pray and worship together. E. Visit different places. F. Engage in charity work. 3. Leisure time allows family members to :- a. Unite as a family b. Appreciate one another c. Support each other d. Understand one another. E. Enjoy each other s company. 4. The bible teaches that Mary went to visit her cousin Elizabeth. 5. Elizabeth felt honored to be visited by the Lord s mother 6. We should spend quality leisure time with our friends and relatives. Quiz 1. List two types of familieswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. State three things one can do with his or her family members. FOR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Leisure time can be used to gain knowledge on culture. 2. This can be done through a. Visiting cultural centers b. Participating in music and drama festivals. C. Telling folk stories, riddles and tongue twisters. D. Visiting grandparents. E. Encouraging sports and games. F.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.0374446}
{"text": "E. Encouraging sports and games. F. Supporting cultural events. G. Having family leisure time. 3. David was gifted in playing the harp. 4. Playing the harp was a Jewish cultural practice for boys. 5. He ended up helping Saul who was tormented by evil spirits. 6. We should enhance our culture during our free time. Quiz 1. Name two cultural centers in Kenya 2. Write three proverbs in English, Kiswahili and your mother tongue. CHRISTIAN ACTIVITIES DURING LEISURE 1. There are many ways a Christian can spend their leisure time 2. Christian leisure activities should be morally right. 3. Such activities may includewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Visiting b. Worshipping God c. Resting d. Spending time with family e. Participating in church activities f. Attending retreats. G. Games and sports h. Community development projects i. Guidance and counseling 4. The bible teaches that God sanctioned rest when he made the sabath. 5. The Sabbath is sanctified as a holy day of rest. 6. Christians should observe the Sabbath and keep it holy. Quiz 1. List the creations of God according to the biblical order of creation a. b. c. d. e. f. 2. Is the fourth commandment. MISUSE OF LEISUREwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. Leisure can be used to engage in immoral activities. 2. This may be caused by a. Peer pressure b. Curiosity c. Idleness d. Lack of guidance e. Having too much money. 3. Activities that misuse leisure include a. Pre-marital sex b. Abusing drugs c. Idling and gossiping d. Over-indulging in the same activities. E. Getting into bad company. 4. Misuse of leisure makes life miserable 5. Noah abused leisure when he got drunk with wine. 6. He ended up staying naked in sight of his son Ham. 7. The end result was that Ham got cursed 8. We should avoid destructive leisure activities. Quiz 1. State two effects or results of irresponsible sex during leisure 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.0220656}
{"text": "We should avoid destructive leisure activities. Quiz 1.State two effects or results of irresponsible sex during leisure 2.The sons of Noah were LEISURE AND UNEMPLOYMENTwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1.Leisure time is the time when one is free from work and studies.2.Unemployment, on the other hand, is lack of work to earn a living.3.Unemployed people are not in continuous leisure time.4.Such people may engage in crime and other destructive activities.5.This can be avoided through self employment.6.One can also train to acquire new skills.7.Apostle Paul condemned laziness when teaching Thessalonians.8.He was a good example for he worked as a tent-maker.9.Unemployed people should not engage in idling and gossip.10.They should trust in God and keep trying to gain regular employment. Quiz 1.State two categories of leisure activities 2.2nd Thessalonians 3:10 says 3.List two traditional leisure activities www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-8-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.0618734}
{"text": "Table of ContentsUnit 1Nouns and Basic PronounsPart A Nouns and Articles6B Subject Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives10C ReviewSimple PresentPart A Be and Information Questions with Be16B Negative Forms of Be and Yes No Questions with Be20C Regular Verbs24D Irregular Verbs28E Negative Verb Forms and Yes No Questions32F Information Questions36G ReviewPunctuation and Simple SentencesPart A Capitalization and Punctuation42B Suggestions Let s and Why don t 46C Interjections and Exclamations50D Imperatives54E Statements58F Tag Questions62G ReviewPresent ProgressivePart A Form and Function68B Negative Forms and Questions72C Non-progressive Stative Verbs76D The Present Progressive vs. The Simple Present80E Review84Unit 5Simple PastPart A Regular Verbs86B Irregular Verbs90C Negative Verb Forms and Yes No Questions94D Information Questions98E ReviewFuturePart A Affirmative and Negative Forms of Will and Be Going To104B Questions108C ReviewPronounsPart A Personal and Possessive Pronouns114B Demonstrative Pronouns118C It122D ReviewBasic Sentence StructuresPart A Subjects, Verbs, Objects, and Adverbials128B Subject Complements and Object Complements132C Direct and Indirect Objects136D ReviewIndex143Transcripts Answer KeyUnit 1 Nouns and Basic PronounsPart A Nouns and Articles 6 Unit 1 Nouns and Basic PronounsNouns can be singular or plural. SINGULAR: bananaPLURAL: bananasArticles are a, an, and the. A baby cries. An alligator swims. Sometimes no article is used. The teenagers whisper. Apples are delicious.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-1-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.0702112}
{"text": "A baby cries. An alligator swims. Sometimes no article is used. The teenagers whisper. Apples are delicious. Spelling Rules for Plural NounsNoun EndingRuleExamplesa consonant or a voweladd -sa bed bedsa table tables most regular nouns a bus busesa match matches-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -xadd -esa glass glassesa fox foxesa dish dishesa consonant ychange y to i and add -esa dictionary dictionaries-f or -fechange -f -fe to v and add -esa leaf leavesa knife knivesVowels: a, e, i, o, uConsonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z ArticlesA is for singular nouns. A zebra has stripes. It goes in front of consonant sounds. Nick eats a sandwich. An is for singular nouns. An iris is a flower. It goes in front of vowel sounds. John sees an airplane. The is for singular or plural nouns. The dogs bark. The ice cream is vanilla. It goes in front of consonant or vowel sounds. Tom is at the library. Lisa has the erasers. Words beginning with u often have a y ju sound. In this case, a is used. Y SOUND: A unicorn ju;nIk ;rn has a horn. U SOUND: Amy has an umbrella mbrel .H is often silent when it begins a word. In this case, an is used. SILENT: An hour is a long time. SPOKEN: Sarah has a hamster. Grammar ExplanationPreviewLisa has new shoes. The shoes are blue and brown. Blue is Lisa s favorite color. Practice 1Part A 71.a. The girls are hitting a tennis ball.b. The girl is hitting a tennis ball.c. The tennis ball is hitting the girl.2.a. A child carries her parents.b. A mother carries a child.c. A father carries a child.3.a. A tree climbs the koala.b. A koala climbs a tree.c. Koalas climb the trees. Exercise 2Look at the pictures and circle the correct sentences. 1.anhour hours2. Earring 3. Baseball 4. Year 5. University 6.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-1-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.1276927}
{"text": "Baseball 4. Year 5. University 6. House 7. Pineapple 8. Plant 9. Armchair 10. Uncle 11. Helicopter 12. Athlete Exercise 3Write a or an before the words. Then write the plural forms.1. Tom plays an the violin.2. A An ant is a an insect.3. Amy rides a an horse.4. The A apples are ripe.5. Amy wears a an uniform to school.6. The An hotel is near a the airport. Exercise 1Circle the correct answers. Practice 28 Unit 1 Nouns and Basic PronounsA.B.C.D.Exercise 5Fill in the blanks with a or an. Then make sentences by matching the words.1.Alaska is a cold place. Live in Alaska.2. Has a pencil. The is yellow.3. The change color. The change.4. A is a vegetable. Are good for you. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with nouns from the box.1.Afork is fruit.2. Kitten is home.3. Orange is autensil.4. Apartment is big animal.5. Elephant is baby cat. Exercise 4Listen and number the pictures from 1--4.leaves pencil carrot seasons Alaska vegetables Amy Polar bearsTrack 2Part A 9Grammar in Useplants The night porcupine AExercise 7Complete the sentences with words from the box.1. Porcupines eat meat. TF2. Porcupines climb trees. TF3. Twigs protect porcupines. TF4. Porcupines are awake at night. TFExercise 8Circle T for true or F for false. Welcome to City Zoo! A porcupine is nocturnal. It sleeps all day andstays awake at 2. . A porcupine eats green 3. . A porcupine has long quills. 4. Quills protect the porcupine. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-1-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.1049669}
{"text": "4. Quills protect the porcupine. 5. Porcupine climbs trees. Learn about a 1. ! Subject Pronouns andPossessive AdjectivesPart B10 Unit 1 Nouns and Basic PronounsSubject Pronouns refer to nouns. They replace subjects. John plays basketball. He is athletic. He John Lisa and Tom play musical instruments. They take lessons. They Lisa and Tom Possessive Adjectives show ownership orrelationship. They often go before nouns. My hair is brown. Amy and her brother have a pet rabbit. Their rabbit eats lettuce. Grammar ExplanationPreviewMy brother and I want a horse. Our aunt has two horses. We ride the horses. They are fast!Subject PronounsIyouhesheitwethey Its is a possessive adjective. It s It isPossessive Adjectivesmyyourhisherits ourtheirPractice 1Part B 111.Jennifer likes bubble gum. Favorite flavor is watermelon. Chews it every day. Is delicious. 2.Sam is a skateboarder. Can do tricks. Brother and sister skateboard, too. Learn from Sam.3.The cow sees Ryan. Shows Ryan tongue. Takes a picture. Picture is funny. Exercise 2Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with subject pronounsor possessive adjectives. 1. My name is John. 2. I am fifteen years old. 3. I live with my mom and dad. 4. We live in an apartment.5. My dad is a teacher. 6. He likes his job. Exercise 1Underline the subject pronouns and circle the possessive adjectives. Exercise 3Listen and circle the subject pronouns and possessive adjectives youhear. He my they I his you their we it its your she her ourTrack 3Practice 212 Unit 1 Nouns and Basic PronounsExercise 4Rewrite the sentences with subject pronouns.1. Lisa wears skirts. She wears skirts.2. John and Nick play tennis. 3. Giraffes are tall. 4. The sofa is comfortable. 5. Tom and his sister watch cartoons. Exercise 5Fix the mistakes in the sentences. Each sentence has one mistake.1. His is happy.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-1-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.1396782}
{"text": "The They c.an We d.a ItExercise 2Choose the best answers.1.2.3.Amy John Nicka new student your new teammate an art studentLisa headband Tom goggles Sarah watchReview 151.We live on island.2.He has basketball.3.She is acrobat.4. Orangutan has long arms.5.She wears uniform to school.6.I see ambulance.1. My I sister is nineteen years old.2. She Her name is Monica.3. She He is nice.4. I You love her very much. She is 5. An a universitystudent.6. Its Her favorite subject is science. She is 7. A an good student.8. She Their often studies in 9. An the library. Exercise 4Circle the correct answers.1.He throws an baseball. 2.She washes she face. 3.We see an helicopter. Exercise 5Fix the mistakes in the sentences. Each sentence has one mistake. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. ProverbExercise 3Complete the sentences with a or an. Then number the pictures from 1--6.", "metadata": {"source": "Active-English-Grammar-1-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.1123228}
{"text": "CRE STD 4JESUS AND CREATIONTHE EFFECTS OF WEATHER AND WATERGenesis 7:11-24, numbers 20:2-6, psalms 104:10-14.1. Weather is the day to day change in the atmosphere.2. There are good effects of weather and bad effect.3. Good effectsa. It helps crops to growb. It helps to water land and prevent dust.c. It provides water for cooking, washing and drinking.d. Sun dries our grains, wind helps winnowing4. Bad effects of weathera. Flood destroys plants and cropsb. Wind can destroy the roofs, draught dries crops.5. During the time of Noah, it rained for 40 days and 40 nights. Questions1. Name the three sons of Noah , , and .2. Noah build the .3. Noah was years when he started building the ark.4. Write down three bd effects of weatheri. Ii. Iii. 5. Write down 3 good effects of weatheri. Ii. Iii. The Miracles Of Jesus ChristThe feeding of 5000 people John 6:1-13 1. Jesus fed 5000 men with two fish and 5 loaves of bread.2. After eating 12 baskets were left.3. The food belonged to a small boy.4. Jesus asked Philip where they will buy bread.5. Andrew said that there was a boy with 5 loaves and 2 fish.6. These miracles shows that Jesus cares for our spiritual and physical needs.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 7. Jesus has the power over nature. The Raising Of Lazarus John 38:44 1. Lazarus lived in Bethany.2. Lazarus had two sisters Mary and Martha.3. Lazarus died and was buried 4 days.4. Jesus raised Lazarus5. Christians should have hope of life after death. The Miraculous Catch of Fish Luke 5:3-11 1. Simon peter and Andrew had gone fishing in the lake of Galilee.2. Jesus asked them to throw their nest into water.3. Simon Peter believed and trusted God.4. They managed to catch 153 fish.5.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.1762853}
{"text": "Jesus asked them to throw their nest into water.3. Simon Peter believed and trusted God.4. They managed to catch 153 fish.5. The disciples were amazed at the miraculous catch of fish.6. Jesus showed that he had power over nature. Quiz1. Jesus fed people with loaves of bread and fish.2. Baskets remained.3. The food belonged to a 4. And were the sisters of Lazarus5. Lazarus and his sisters lived in 6. Lazarus was dead for days.7. In the miraculous catch of fish, how many fish were caught?The Calming Of The Storm Luke 8:22-25 1. Jesus and his disciples were crossing the lake in a boat.2. A great storm suddenly appeared.3. The disciples were terrified and woke Jesus up.4. Jesus Christ ordered the wind and the storm to calm down.5. Jesus asked the disciple why they did not have faith.6. The disciples were amazed.7. This shows that Jesus has power over nature.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Walking On Water John 6:16-21 1. Jesus and his disciple were on a boat going to Capernaum.2. Jesus failed to turn up, the disciples decided go to Capernaum3. As they were sailing they saw Jesus walking on water.4. They thought it was a ghost.5. Jesus told them not to be a afraid6. Jesus got in the and they sailed on.7. This shows that Jesus has power over nature. The response to the power of Jesus Christ.1. God created everything through Jesus Christ.2. Jesus has power over all that God created.3. We should respond to the power of Jesus Christ by:a.Reading the bibleb. Obeying God s commandment.c. Trusting and believing God s word.d. Showing love to God and others.e. Helping the needy.f. Living in peace with neighbours.g. Taking care of God s creationQuiz1. And were the sons of Zebedee2. By raising Lazarus, Jesus showed that he had power over 3. By calming the storm, Jesus showed that he had power over 4.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.1879613}
{"text": "And were the sons of Zebedee2. By raising Lazarus, Jesus showed that he had power over 3. By calming the storm, Jesus showed that he had power over 4. By feeding the 5000 people, Jeus showed he had power over .Jesus Christ Our Leader 1 Timothy 3:1-7 1. Qualities of a good leadera. Honesb. Without faultc. Orderly and soberd. Trustworthye. Self controlf. Able to manage family.g. Hospitable to strangers.h. Be a husband of one wife.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 i.Not greedy.j. Not a drunkard or violentk. Able to teachl. Mature in faith.m. Above reproach. Jesus Christ As An Example Of A Good Leader John 7:17, Matthew 3:13-17 1. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist.2. He was baptized in river 3. Jesus accepted to be baptized as a sign of obeying the will of God his father.4. When Jesus was baptized the holy spirit of God came in form of a dove.5. A voice was heard from heaven saying this is my beloved son in whom I am wellpleased 6. Jesus did everything to glorify God. Quiz1. Name 5 qualities of a good leader.a. B. c. d. e. 2. Jesus was baptized by 3. He was baptized in river?4. The Holy Spirit came in a form of?5. The voice that was heard was from?Jesus Christ Cleansing The Temple Mark 11:15-18 1. Jesus went to the temple in 2. Jesus was unhappy with those were selling3. Jesus used his authority to drive out people who were selling and buying in the temple.4. He said that the temple is a house of prayer. Forgiving sins Luke 5:17-25 1. Jesus was teaching people in a house.2. A paralyzed man was brought through the roof.3. Jesus healed him by forgiving his sin.4. The Pharisees were not happy that Jesus could forgive sins.5.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.2126453}
{"text": "Church leaders should accept the authority of Jesus by:a.Be concerned about the needs of others.b. Be compassionate and lovingc. Praying for the sick.d. Mobilize people to donate food for the hungry.e. Help in raising funds to educate the orphans.f. Mobilize people to donate funds to pay hospital bills for the sick.g. Offer guidance and counseling to the church youth. Quiz1. Jesus Christ used and to feed 4000 people.2. How many baskets were collected after feeding the 4000 people?3. Write things that show Christ was a responsible leader. Following Jesus Christ Mark 9:14-29, 1 Timothy 4:18 Following Christ is not always easy. Some of the difficulties in following Christ include:a.People being cruel to themb. Lack of to do their work.c. Lack of shelter.d. Lack of food and clothinge. Lack of transport.f. Fear and lack of faith. The bible teaches us thata. We should follow Christ out of love and not out of fear.b. Fear makes it difficult for us to follow Christ.c. Christian s should pray for enough faith to follow Christ. Quiz1. A boy brought to Christ by his father had and spirit.2. Write two reasons why disciples were unable to heal the boya. B. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 3. The bible teaches us that there is no in .4. Perfect drives out all 5. Makes it difficult for the followers of Christ to do their work.6. We should follow Christ out of and not Revision exercise pg 48-49 Primary CRE book 4.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 UNIT 4FOLLOWING JESUS CHRIST OUR LEADER.How Good Leader Leads Us.1. A good leader is the one who guides people, serves them well and sets a good example.2. A good leader should desire to do excellent work3. Good leaders should:a.Perfect in all thingsb. Sober and self-controlled.c. A husband of one wife.d. Gentle and peaceful.e. Hospitablef. Mature in faithg. Respected by people in the community4.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.2241561}
{"text": "Sober and self-controlled.c. A husband of one wife.d. Gentle and peaceful.e. Hospitablef. Mature in faithg. Respected by people in the community4. A good leader is not a boss but a servant of the people. Memory verse 1 timothy 3:1 This is a true saying; if a man is eager to be a church leader, he desires an excellent work. Quiz1. Name 3 qualities of a good leader.2. Name 2 leaders in a church.3. In which book do we find the qualities of a good leader?4. Jesus had followers.5. Name 3 things that a church leader should not do. Service1. Service is help or assistance we give to others.2. When we work at home, school or in the community we serve other.a. Service at homeService at home involves serving our parents, brothers, sisters and all the other memberof our family. We can give service at home bya. Fetching waterb. Washing clothec. Looking after animalsd. E. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 f. b. Service in the communitya community is a group of people living together. We can offer our services to the community by:a.Planting trees.b. Helping the needy.c. Taking part in cleaning the shopping centred. E. f. c.Service in the churchWe can serve in the church by :a.Collecting offeringb. Ushering people in the church.c. Singing in the church choird. Leading people in prayers.e. F. g. Samuel served God in the at .Quiz1. A place where we get education is called a 2. Give 3 ways in which pupils can serve at school3. How many wives should a church leader have?4. What is service?5. And were parents of Samuel. Jesus Christ: washing the disciples feet1. Jesus Christ as a good leader served people.2. He served them by:a.Praying for themb. Forgiving sinsc. Healing the sickd. Feeding the crowds.3. Jesus washed his disciple s feet to show service.4.This was a sign of humility.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 5. He told them to do to others what he had done for them.6.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.2490575}
{"text": "Feeding the crowds.3. Jesus washed his disciple s feet to show service.4.This was a sign of humility.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 5. He told them to do to others what he had done for them.6. Jesus Christ wants us to serve one another.7. He set a good example for all the leaders to follow. Quiz1. Name 2 in which Jesus served people.2. Washing of the disciples feet shows 3. Had first refused to be washed by Jesus.4. Name three things Jesus used to wash his disciple feet.5. Was the most beloved disciple of Jesus. Jesus Christ Teaching His Disciples1. Jesus taught his disciple using short stories called parables.2. He serviced his disciples by teaching them.3. In Luke 8:18-22 Jesus taught:a.Whoever has something will be given moreb. He taught them the importance of listening attentively to the word of God.c. Taught them to obey the word of God.d. Taught them we should care for our spiritual life as we care for our physical life.e. Taught that we should show genuine love for Jesus.f. Taught that when serving God we should be ready to suffer. Quiz1. Jesus called Peter times.2. Jesus called Peter son of 3. According to Luke 11:38-41 who invited Jesus to his home?4. Christian suffering bring to God.5. Was the first Christian martyr. Jesus Healing the Centurion Servant1. The roman officer or the centurion met Jesus at Capernaum.2. A centurion is a roman officer in charge of a hundred soldiers.3. He begged Jesus to heal his servant.4. He told Jesus to give and his servant will be well.5. Jesus was amazed by the centurion faith.6. He said that he had never seen such faith in Israel.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 7. Jesus served the sick servant by healing him.8. The centurion served his servant by asking Jesus on his behalf. Quiz1. Who begged Jesus to heal his servant .2. The roman officer had that Jesus would heal his servant.3. The centurion was a leader of soldiers.4. The roman officer met Jesus at 5.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.2825084}
{"text": "The roman officer had that Jesus would heal his servant.3. The centurion was a leader of soldiers.4. The roman officer met Jesus at 5. For us to be healed we should have in God. Choosing To BelongMaking our choices as Christians1. As Christians we can choose to obey or disobey.2. God made Adam and Eve and put them in the Garden of Eden.3. He allowed them to eat from all trees apart from the one in the middle.4. It was the tree of knowledge.5. God gave them freedom to choose to obey or disobey.6. They disobeyed when they listened to the serpent and ate the forbidden fruit.7. They were punished by God.8. Adam and Eve made a wrong choice. Quiz1. And were the first parents.2. They lived in the Garden of .3. Satan appeared to Eve in form of a 4. From punishment of Adam and Eve Christians learn to a.Hide when nakedb. Obey Gods commandsc. Avoid talking to strangersd. Avoid snakes.5. Adam and Eve had 3 sons namely:a. b. c. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Choice made by Abraham1. Abraham was the son of Terah.2. Abraham was called by God when he was 75 yrs old.3. Abraham wife was called Sarah.4. Abraham got his son when he was 100yrs old and Sarah was 90 yrs.5. Their son was called Isaac.6. Isaac means laughter.7. God asked Abraham to sacrifice his only son on Mt. Moriah8. As Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, God provided a ram.9. Abraham made a choice to trust and obey God.10. Isaac made a choice to obey his father.11. They made a good choice. Quiz.1. Sarah servant was called?2. The promised son of Abraham was 3. Isaac means 4. Abraham was to sacrifice his son on mt. 5. Instead of Isaac God provided a for sacrificea. Goatb. Bullc. Ramd. SheepChoice Made By Moses1. Moses s was the son of Amram and Jochebed.2. He was a brother to Mirriam and Aaron.3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.2972865}
{"text": "SheepChoice Made By Moses1. Moses s was the son of Amram and Jochebed.2. He was a brother to Mirriam and Aaron.3. Moses means drawn from water 4. His wife was Zipporah the daughter of Jethro.5. Moses killed an Egyptina and run away to midian6. He was called by God when he was looking after Jethro sheep near Mt. Sinai7. God told Moses his name is I AM.8. God sent Moses to Egypt to deliver the children of Israelites.9. God told Moses to go with his brother Aaron.10. Moses and Aaron obeyed God and made a good choiceQuizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527 1. And were the parents of moses.2. Moses means 3. Moses had two sons and .4. Moses run away and went to 5. Saw a buring bush.6. The call of moes in the bible is recorded in the book of Choice Made By Ruth1. Naomi and her husband Elimelech lived in Bethlehem Judah2. They had two sons mahlon and Chillion.3. The family moved from Bethlehem to Moab because there was a famine.4. In moab, their sons married two Moabite women orpha and Ruth.a. Ruth was the wife of mahlonb. Orpha was the wife of chillion.5. Later the son and father died6. Naomi was left with her daughters in-law.7. Naomi chose to go back to Bethlehem.8. Orpha chose to go back to her people.9. Ruth chose t follow Naomi.10. Ruth made the correct choice. Quiz1. An were Naomi s daughters in-law.2. And were the sons of Naomi.3. Was the wife of elimelech.4. This family was refugee in the land of 5. Between Ruth and Orpha who was royal to Naomi?Choices made by Solomon1. Solomon was the son of David and Bathsheba.2. He was the 3rd king of Israel.3. God appeared to him in a dream while at Gibeon4.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.308313}
{"text": "Solomon was the son of David and Bathsheba.2. He was the 3rd king of Israel.3. God appeared to him in a dream while at Gibeon4. Solomon asked God for wisdom to :a.Rule God s people with justice.b. To know the difference between good and bad.5. He made a very good choice.6. God gave him wisdom, understanding , wealth, honor and a long life.7. As Christians we should serve God by serving other people.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Quiz1. Was the w ise king.2. And were the parents odf Solomon3. Built a temple for God.4. After giving Solomon wisdom God also added hima. B. c. Choices Made By Levi1. Levi was a tax collector.2. He was also called Matthew.3. The tax-collectors were dishonest people.4. Jesus asked Levi to follow him.5. Levi left everything and followed Jesus.6. Levi made a good choice by following Jesus.7. He was one of the disciples of Jesus. Quiz1. Who among the disciples of Jesus was a tax collector?2. Another name for Mathew is?3. Is the first book of the gospel. Choices made by Ananias and sapphire1. The early church lived together nad shared what they had.2. They would sell their properties and bring money to the apostles.3. Ananias and sapphire sold a land that belonged to them.4. They did not give the whole amount of money to peter.5. They lied to the holy spirit.6. They died the same day because of cheating the holy spirit.7. They made a wrong choice.8. Selfishness and greed cause people to make the wrong choices. Quiz1. And - cheated the Holy spirit.2. The story of Ananias and sapphire is found in the book of .3. Ananias and sapphire took the money to apostle www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 4. And made a wrong choice. Choices Made By Jesus during The Temptation1. Jesus was baptized by John in RIVER Jordan2. After baptism he was filled by the holy spirit and he went to pray.3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.3301964}
{"text": "And made a wrong choice. Choices Made By Jesus during The Temptation1. Jesus was baptized by John in RIVER Jordan2. After baptism he was filled by the holy spirit and he went to pray.3. Jesus prayed and fated for 40 days.4. Satan tempted Jesus three times. He told Jesus to:a.Turn stones into bread.b. Worship him.c. To throw himself down.5. Jesus chose to reject the temptation of food, powere and fame.6. The holy spirit gave him power to overcome the temptations.7. We should also seek the help of the holy spirit and the word of God to be able toovercome the temptation. Choosing To Belong To the Family Of Jesus Christ.1. The first family was started by God.2. It had Adam and Eve and their sons Cain.,. Abel and Seth.3. The church is the family of Jesus Christ.4. The family of Jesus Christ consist of those who believe and are baptized.5. Children should obey their parents.6. Parents should teach their children good Christian behaviors.7. Servant should respect and obey their master. Quiz1. Tempted Jesus.2.Jesus fasted for days.3. Which was the second temptation4. Children obey your parent this is a commandment with a Christians communities in KenyaSome Christians communities in KenyaWhat re Christian communities.1. A Christian community is a group of people who believe that Jesus Christ is their lordand savior.2. The first believers were called Christians at a place called Antioch.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 3. Christians worship in church4. Examples of Christian communities in Kenyaa. The roman Catholicsb. Pentecostal assemblies of God PAG c.The seventh day Adventist SDDA d.The Methodist churche. African inland church AIC f.Presbyterian church of east Africa PCEA g.The Pentecostal evangelistic fellowship of Africa PEFA h. Full gospels churches of Kenya FGCK i.The Lutheran churchj. The Salvation Army.5. Some of the Christian communities were started by the missionaries.6. The church at Antioch had some leaders who were prophets and teachers.7. Some of them werea. Barabbasb. Simon called black c.Lucias from Cyrene.d.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.3600135}
{"text": "The church at Antioch had some leaders who were prophets and teachers.7. Some of them werea. Barabbasb. Simon called black c.Lucias from Cyrene.d. Manach who was brought up with Herod Antipas.e. Saul8. Paul guided by the holy spirit strengthened the Christian believers ina. Antiochb. Caesareac. Galatiad. Phrygia. Quiz1. Name five Christian communities in Kenya2. He preached the gospel to Antioch and Galatia churches and converted many to Jesus. Whowas he?3. The first Christian community was found at a place called?4. Who among the following was not a teacher or a prophet in the first Christian community?a. Manaenb. Luciasc. Barnabasd. Zaccheuswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527 The work of the Christian communities1. Christian communities in Kenya are involved in many activities2. They share the love of Jesus Christ bya. They build schools, churches, hospitals, homes for the aged and orphans and disabled.b. They visit and comfort the sick and those with HIV AIDSThey preach the gospel of Jesus Christ. They visit prisoners.3. Jesus taught his disciples that they should:a.Feed the hungryb. Give a drink to the thirstyc. Clothe the naked.d. Welcome strangers.e. Visit the sick4. Jesus taught that those who do good work will inherit the kingdom of God. Quiz1. Name for activities carried out by the Christian communitya. B. c. d. 2. Jesus said I was and you did not give me food 3. I was thirsty and you did not give me The Early Church1. Jesus was taken up to heaven Mt. Olives IN Bethany.2. He promised his disciples a helper who was the holy spirit.3. The disciple received the holy spirit on the day of Pentecost.4. Peter preached and 3000 people became Christians.5. The early church began in Jerusalem after the disciple received the holy spirit.6. The believers lived together as a family. They also :a.Prayed and worshiped together.b. Read the word of God together.c. Shared meals together.d. Sold what they had and shared the money according to their needs.7. The number of Christians increased every day8.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.3714418}
{"text": "Read the word of God together.c. Shared meals together.d. Sold what they had and shared the money according to their needs.7. The number of Christians increased every day8. Prophet Agabus predicted about a serious famine that would affect the whole worldwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527 9. We should follow the example of Jesus Christ by sharing what we have. Quiz1. Jesus was taken up to heaven on Mt. 2. Name for activities that the early church did together.3. The disciple received the holy spirirt on the day of 4. Prophet predicted about a serious famine that would affect the wholeword. The Christian Sacred Places.1. A sacred place is a holy place2. A church is a community of believers3. There are different sacred places for different religious traditions for example :a.Christian churchb. Muslim- mosquec. Hindu templed. Jews synagogue temple4. Jesus was angry with the people who were selling and buying in the temple.5. He was angry that the people did not respect the house of God.6. He taught the people that the temple is a place of prayer for all nations. The church1. A church is a community of believers.2. Christians meet and worship in a church.3. Worship can be led by a pastor or a priest4. Christian use different names to describe a churchA chapelCathedralSchool halls, cinema halls, open air and stadiums.5. Christians sacred places should be approached I honor and respect.6. In Traditional African Communities prayers were held at:a.Under treesb. In cavesc. Facing the sond. Facing the mountain.7. We should respect the house of God.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Quiz1. A is a community of believers.2. Name three places that Christians worship God.3. In African traditional society, prayers were done in places like?a. B. c. d. 4. A is found in school and collegesa. Caveb. Churchc. Chapeld. SDASharing and voluntary servicesTHE MEANING OF SHARING OF WORK1. Work is nay task that requires mental or physical efforts to do.2. Sharing work means dividing task according to ability.3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.390904}
{"text": "SDASharing and voluntary servicesTHE MEANING OF SHARING OF WORK1. Work is nay task that requires mental or physical efforts to do.2. Sharing work means dividing task according to ability.3. Work should be shared at home, school, church and in the community.4. Sharing work is important because:a.It makes work easyb. It makes work enjoyablec. It is less tiring.d. Work is done in a short timee. It promotes unity.5. When sharing work we should consider factors like:a.Experienceb. Agec. Abilityd. Intereste. Availability of time.f. Work rate.6. Hannah and elkanah shared work by visiting Samuel.7. Jesus shared work with his disciples.8. We should desire to work with others.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Quiz1. List three disadvantage of sharing work2. When sharing work we should consider factors like?a. B. c. Sharing work in the traditional African community1. In traditional African community, work was done to provide the basic family needs.2. In Tradition African Community everybody is expected.3. Work in traditional African community was shared according to :A. AgeB. TalentsC. Status of the familyD. GenderE. Ability4. Women shared domestic work like cooking, fetching water, firewood and looking afterthe young ones.5. Men were hunting, looking after cattle and digging.6. Children helped in grazing and looking after small ones.7. Those who were lazy were mocked through songs and riddles.8. The bible teaches us to carry one another s burdenQuiz1. Outline the work that was done by men in traditional African society.a. B. c. 2. Women were supposed toa. B. c. 3. Children helped looking afar .Benefits of sharing work1. Benefits of sharing work areIt creates the spirit of teamworkwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527 It creates peace, love and unity among people. It brings joy and happiness. It brings understating among workers. It makes work easierWork is completed faster. It brings unity Acts 4:32-37.Quiz1.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.4141119}
{"text": "C. 3. Children helped looking afar .Benefits of sharing work1. Benefits of sharing work areIt creates the spirit of teamworkwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527 It creates peace, love and unity among people. It brings joy and happiness. It brings understating among workers. It makes work easierWork is completed faster. It brings unity Acts 4:32-37.Quiz1. List down 4 characteristics of early believers according to acts 4:32-37.Serving Others Deuteronomy 24:19-21, Luke 10:29-37 Serving others means doing something for the good of others. It also means helping others without expecting to be paid back. We serve others by :a.Caring for the needy.b. Visiting homes for orphansc. Teaching others how to read and write.d. Cleaning the church.e. Helping in chores,f.Donating food and clothing for the needy.g. Praying for the needs of other people. Quiz1. The Jew in the good Samaritan parable was traveling from to .2. Samaritans and Jews were 3. Name two people who walked by and never helped the Jew4. Who is a good neighbor?Exploitation of children through work1. Exploitation is when children are treated unfairly.2. Exploitation is also called child labour.3. Exploiting children is against the children rights.4. Children are exploited in the following waysCarrying heavy loads. Being employed at a young age.Hawkingwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Being beach boys. Employed to pick tealeaves and coffee. Employed as house helps.5. All children have right to :To be educated. To be loved. To be cared for. To lifeGood health careBe protected from exploitation. Quiz1. List for problems of exploiting children2. We should take care of the helpless such asa. B. c. d. e. Types Of Voluntary Services Mathew 9:35-38, Acts 4:32-37 1. Voluntary service is work done freely and willingly.2.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.4382982}
{"text": "C. d. e. Types Of Voluntary Services Mathew 9:35-38, Acts 4:32-37 1. Voluntary service is work done freely and willingly.2. Voluntary services includei. Collecting litter in the estate.ii. Tree planting.iii. Visiting children s home.iv. Cleaning drainage systems.v. Picking litter in the school compound.vi. Cooking for the elderly people.vii. Helping at social functions such as weddings and funerals.3. Jesus Christ offered voluntary services such asa..b. .c.d.4. The early Christians offered voluntary services such aswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527 a..b. .c..d. .Peace John 14:27 1. Peace refers to the harmony between people.2. Is a situation where there is no war or disagreement3. When there is no peace peoplea. B. c. 4.It is important for people to live in with one another.5. We should be at with God, others and 6. Jesus Christ came to make peace between and 7. List sown six benefits of peace. The Expression Of Peace In Traditional African Communities. John 14:27 1. Peace was highly appreciated in the African traditional society.2. In the absence of peace people fight and quarrel.3. Ways of expressing peace in traditional African societies :A. Pouring libationB. Shaking handsC. Sharing a mealD. Offering sacrificesE. Naming schildren after ancestors. F. Using elders in solving quarrels. G. Holding meetings after a conflict. Teachings of Jesus Christ On Peace John 14:1-3, 20:19 When we quarrel or fight we should make peace. Jesus teaches us not to be worried, upset or afraid. We should believe in God and in Jesus Christ.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Jesus is the source of peace. He is the prince of peace. The Holy Spirit gives us power to overcome fear. Quiz1. Jesus taught his disciple not to bea. B. c. 2. Fear takes away 3.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.4634478}
{"text": "Jesus taught his disciple not to bea. B. c. 2. Fear takes away 3. In john 20:19 why were disciples behind locked doors?Being At Peace With God Psalms 29:11, Romans 5:1, Colossians 1:20, 2 Thessalonians3:16 We should desire to be at peace with God. We experience peace in God when we believe in him. We have peace with God through God brought peace in the world through the death of Psalms 29:1, God is the source of and people with List down 6 ways of being at peace with God. Being At Peace With Oneself Luke 18:9-13 1. We feel guilty when we wrong others2. We are ot at peace when we wrong others.3. We should promote peace within ourselves by:a.Accepting we are sinners.b. Ask God for forgiveness.c. Being humbled. Believing in ourselves.e. Being prayerful.4. We should not be boastful or proud.5. In Luke 18:9-13 humbled himself before God and prayed for his sins tobe forgiven6. Was praising himself before God.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 Being At Peace with Others. Matthew 5:19, Romans 12:8, 2 Corinthians 13:11, Ephesians 2:14-15We must be at peace wit others for us to live happily. We should be at peace with our:a.Classmatesb. Neighborsc. Family membersd. Teacherse. Members of societyf. ParentsIn Romans 12:8 we should do everything possible to live at with everybody. Matthew 5:9 peacemakers would be called of God.2 Corinthians 13:11, we should strive for perfection, agree and live at The death of Jesus Christ unites people and brings peace. Agencies That Work For Peace Romans 12:18 1. Peace is very important in the society.2. Peace enables us to go on well with our normal duties.3. Agencies of peace are organizations that help bring peace4. They include:a.The Kenya defense forces- KDFb. The policec. The churchd.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.4559946}
{"text": "Agencies of peace are organizations that help bring peace4. They include:a.The Kenya defense forces- KDFb. The policec. The churchd. Parents and teachers.e. Eldersf. The African union- AUg. The united nations UN5. In Romans 12:18, we are told to live in peace with 6. List down 5 people who helps us to live in pace in the community. The birth of the price of peacePeace at home Ephesians 4:31-32 1. Ways of expressing peace at home:a.Worshiping togetherb. Obeying parentsc. Showing respect to one another.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 d. Using polite words.e. Forgiving each other.f. Avoiding being angry.2. Peace at home brings a b, c 3. List down 5 things that disrupt pace according to Ephesians 4:31-324. The bible encourages us to be:a. b. c. d. The Promise Of The Prince Of PeaceIsaiah 7:14, 9:6, Micah 5:2, Mathew 1:18-23, 2:1-11, john 14:271. God promised through prophet Isaiah and Micah messiah would be born2. Isaiah promised that messiah would be born of a woman.3. Prophet Isaiah promised that messiah would be called Immanuel4. Immanuel means 5. According to Isaiah 9:6 he would bea. The wonderful counselor.b. Mighty Godc. Prince of peace6. Prophet promised messiah would be born in Bethlehem7. According to Micah, messiah would also be . Micah 5:2Quiz1. Messiah means 2. Prophet Micah said Jesus would be born in the town of 3. Prophesied about the birth of prince of peace.4. Announced about the birth of Jesus. The Birth of The Prince Of Peace Luke 2:1-14 1. Jesus was born at the time of emperor 2. Jesus was born In the town of 3. Joseph and Mary had gone to be in Bethlehem.4.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.4770398}
{"text": "Jesus was born at the time of emperor 2.Jesus was born In the town of 3.Joseph and Mary had gone to be in Bethlehem.4.Baby Jesus was laid in a because there was no room.5. Told shepherds the good news of the birth of Jesus.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 6.A great army of appeared singing praise to God.7. Were the first people to visit baby Jesus.8. Was the home town of Jesus Christ.9.Mary concaved a child through the power of the 10. Was a relative of Mary and was six months pregnant.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527.", "metadata": {"source": "GRADE-4-CRE-NOTES-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.4863217}
{"text": "TOPICS COVERED SECTION I QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE ..3 CROP PRODUCTION I LAND PREPARATION 5 FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE ......5 WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE .. ....", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.4906473}
{"text": "TOPICS COVERED SECTION I QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE ..3 CROP PRODUCTION I LAND PREPARATION 5 FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE ......5 WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE .. .... SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE .. ..8 AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 9 SOIL FERTILITY II IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS . .. 10 CROP PRODUCTION II PLANTING .. .12 CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .14 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 15 CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES ..16 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH 17 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM .18 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ...18 WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL 19 CROP PESTS AND DISEASES .21 pp1 : CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE AND TEA CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 23 FORAGE CROPS ...24 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III PRODUCTION ECONOMICS ..25 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES ..", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.523474}
{"text": "TOPICS COVERED SECTION I QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE ..3 CROP PRODUCTION I LAND PREPARATION 5 FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE ......5 WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE .. .... SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE .. ..8 AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 9 SOIL FERTILITY II IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS . .. 10 CROP PRODUCTION II PLANTING .. .12 CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .14 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 15 CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES ..16 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH 17 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM .18 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ...18 WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL 19 CROP PESTS AND DISEASES .21 pp1 : CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE AND TEA CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 23 FORAGE CROPS ...24 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III PRODUCTION ECONOMICS ..25 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES .. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV .29 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II AND TENURE AND LAND REFORM . SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION .. ..", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.5562463}
{"text": "TOPICS COVERED SECTION I QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE ..3 CROP PRODUCTION I LAND PREPARATION 5 FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE ......5 WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE .. .... SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE .. ..8 AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 9 SOIL FERTILITY II IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS . .. 10 CROP PRODUCTION II PLANTING .. .12 CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .14 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 15 CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES ..16 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH 17 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM .18 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ...18 WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL 19 CROP PESTS AND DISEASES .21 pp1 : CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE AND TEA CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 23 FORAGE CROPS ...24 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III PRODUCTION ECONOMICS ..25 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES .. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV .29 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II AND TENURE AND LAND REFORM . SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION .. .. WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL ..", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.5503695}
{"text": "SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE .. ..8 AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 9 SOIL FERTILITY II IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS . .. 10 CROP PRODUCTION II PLANTING .. .12 CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .14 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 15 CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES ..16 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH 17 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM .18 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ...18 WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL 19 CROP PESTS AND DISEASES .21 pp1 : CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE AND TEA CROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 23 FORAGE CROPS ...24 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III PRODUCTION ECONOMICS ..25 CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CROP PRODUCTION V VEGETABLES .. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV .29 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II AND TENURE AND LAND REFORM . SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION .. .. WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL .. CROP PESTS AND DISEASES ..", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.5396268}
{"text": "AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV .29 LIVESTOCK HEALTH INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II AND TENURE AND LAND REFORM . SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION .. .. WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL .. CROP PESTS AND DISEASES .. CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON, PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE TEA AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS V . .. 32 AGRO FORESTRY ....32 SECTION I ANSWERS .. .. 34 SECTION II QUESTIONS FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ... .92 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS 96 LIVESTOCK HEALTH II LIVESTOCK PARASITES 97 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II NUTRITION ..98 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III SELECTION AND BREEDING .. 99 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ..100 FARM STRUCTURES 103 LIVESTOCK HEALTH III LIVESTOCK DISEASES 108 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V POULTRY 110 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES 112 FARM POWER AND MACHINERY ..113 SECTION IIAnswers ..117SECTION I : QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE This topic entails the following:- Definition of agriculture Main branches of agriculture Farming systems Farming methods Role of agriculture to Kenya s economy Varied opportunities in agriculture.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.5919545}
{"text": "WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL .. CROP PESTS AND DISEASES .. CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON, PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE TEA AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS V . .. 32 AGRO FORESTRY ....32 SECTION I ANSWERS .. .. 34 SECTION II QUESTIONS FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ... .92 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS 96 LIVESTOCK HEALTH II LIVESTOCK PARASITES 97 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II NUTRITION ..98 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III SELECTION AND BREEDING .. 99 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ..100 FARM STRUCTURES 103 LIVESTOCK HEALTH III LIVESTOCK DISEASES 108 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V POULTRY 110 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES 112 FARM POWER AND MACHINERY ..113 SECTION IIAnswers ..117SECTION I : QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE This topic entails the following:- Definition of agriculture Main branches of agriculture Farming systems Farming methods Role of agriculture to Kenya s economy Varied opportunities in agriculture. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.6013162}
{"text": "CROP PESTS AND DISEASES .. CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON, PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE TEA AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS V . .. 32 AGRO FORESTRY ....32 SECTION I ANSWERS .. .. 34 SECTION II QUESTIONS FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ... .92 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS 96 LIVESTOCK HEALTH II LIVESTOCK PARASITES 97 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II NUTRITION ..98 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III SELECTION AND BREEDING .. 99 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ..100 FARM STRUCTURES 103 LIVESTOCK HEALTH III LIVESTOCK DISEASES 108 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V POULTRY 110 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES 112 FARM POWER AND MACHINERY ..113 SECTION IIAnswers ..117SECTION I : QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE This topic entails the following:- Definition of agriculture Main branches of agriculture Farming systems Farming methods Role of agriculture to Kenya s economy Varied opportunities in agriculture. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1. Give two factors which characterize intensive farming 2.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.6122372}
{"text": "CROP PRODUCTION VI FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON, PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE TEA AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS V . .. 32 AGRO FORESTRY ....32 SECTION I ANSWERS .. .. 34 SECTION II QUESTIONS FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ... .92 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS 96 LIVESTOCK HEALTH II LIVESTOCK PARASITES 97 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II NUTRITION ..98 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III SELECTION AND BREEDING .. 99 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ..100 FARM STRUCTURES 103 LIVESTOCK HEALTH III LIVESTOCK DISEASES 108 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V POULTRY 110 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES 112 FARM POWER AND MACHINERY ..113 SECTION IIAnswers ..117SECTION I : QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE This topic entails the following:- Definition of agriculture Main branches of agriculture Farming systems Farming methods Role of agriculture to Kenya s economy Varied opportunities in agriculture. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1. Give two factors which characterize intensive farming 2. State three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.5878212}
{"text": "The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1. Give two factors which characterize intensive farming 2. State three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming 3. State two ways in which agriculture contributes to industrial development 4. State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops 5. State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil 6. Outline four advantages of organic farming 7. State two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced 8. Differentiate between the following terms as used in Agriculture:- a Oleculture and floriculture b Apiculture and aquaculture FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE In this topic, the following factors influence agriculture. -Human factors e.g. -level of education, -Health HIV AIDS, -Economic status of the farmer e.t.c - Biotic factors e.g. pests, parasites, decomposers, pathogens, pollinators, predators e.t.c.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.6382613}
{"text": "State two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced 8. Differentiate between the following terms as used in Agriculture:- a Oleculture and floriculture b Apiculture and aquaculture FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE In this topic, the following factors influence agriculture. -Human factors e.g. -level of education, -Health HIV AIDS, -Economic status of the farmer e.t.c - Biotic factors e.g. pests, parasites, decomposers, pathogens, pollinators, predators e.t.c. -. Climatic factors e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity, light - Edaplus factors e.g. type of soils, soil profile, soil structure, soil texture, soil chemical properties. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts: 1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops 2.a outline five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.6436734}
{"text": "- Climatic factors e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity, light - Edaplus factors e.g. type of soils, soil profile, soil structure, soil texture, soil chemical properties. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts: 1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops 2.a outline five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming 3. List four effects of temperature on crop growth 4. State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops 5. Name two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya 6. Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields 7. List three environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya 8. State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil 9. Outline four advantages of organic farming 10.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.6333055}
{"text": "List three environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya 8. State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil 9. Outline four advantages of organic farming 10. The diagrams below show an experiment carried out by a form 1 class. Study them carefully and answer questions that follow: a What was the aim of the experiment? B What was the observation that form 1 students made at the end of the experiment in flasks D and E? C Give the reason for the observation made in flask D 12. Briefly explain how sub-soil as a horizon in a soil profile can affect soil productivity 13. A What are the three aspects of light that are important to a farmer? B Mention three ways through which relative humidity affect crop production 14.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.659847}
{"text": "Briefly explain how sub-soil as a horizon in a soil profile can affect soil productivity 13. A What are the three aspects of light that are important to a farmer? B Mention three ways through which relative humidity affect crop production 14. The diagram labeled E and F below illustrates some type of soil structure. Study the diagrams carefully and answer the questions that follow: a Identify the types of soil structure illustrated in diagrams E and F b Identify the parts labeled i and ii in diagram F c Outline the influence of physical characteristics of soil on its properties 15. State three physical characteristics of soil 16. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow a State merits of horizon A b State distinct features of horizon B c What does the term transition zone refer to in soil profile i Name horizon C and state its importance 17. Outline two ways temperature affects crop production 18.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.6887808}
{"text": "State three physical characteristics of soil 16. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow a State merits of horizon A b State distinct features of horizon B c What does the term transition zone refer to in soil profile i Name horizon C and state its importance 17. Outline two ways temperature affects crop production 18. List four ways by which biological agents can enhance the process of soil formation 19. List four environmental factors that affect crop production in Kenya 20. Explain the role played by topography in soil formation 22. Mention two importance of parent s material in soil profile 23. Mention four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production24.a Mention two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides b Name two farming practice that cause water pollution 25. Give four factors that influence soil formation 26. State three properties of soil that is influenced by soil texture 27.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.676343}
{"text": "Mention four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production24.a Mention two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides b Name two farming practice that cause water pollution 25. Give four factors that influence soil formation 26. State three properties of soil that is influenced by soil texture 27. Name any t hree agents of biological weathering CROP PRODUCTION I LAND PREPARATION Land preparation entails the following farming practices. Land clearing or bush clearing tools, chemicals and equipment used. Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used. Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used. Secondary cultivation, tools and equipment used. Tertiary operations e.g. ridging, rolling and leveling. Sub-soiling, tools used and reasons for the same. Minimum tillage and reasons for the secure. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and farming practices: 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.6950824}
{"text": "Sub-soiling, tools used and reasons for the same. Minimum tillage and reasons for the secure. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and farming practices: 1. Give three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation 2. List four reasons for cultivating land before planting 3. A What is minimum tillage? B Give four farming practices that help in achieving minimum tillage. 4. A Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing b Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds c Describe five factors that determine the number of cultivations when preparing a seedbed 5.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.7055285}
{"text": "B Give four farming practices that help in achieving minimum tillage. 4. A Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing b Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds c Describe five factors that determine the number of cultivations when preparing a seedbed 5. State four physical conditions of the seedbed that need to be changed to facilitate germination 6. State four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation 7. Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation 8. State four disadvantages of minimum tillage 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.7245815}
{"text": "State four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation 7. Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation 8. State four disadvantages of minimum tillage 9. The diagram below illustrate a tertiary operation carried out in the farm a Identify the tertiary operation b i State the importance of the tertiary operation identified in 20 a above ii Give two other tertiary operations carried out in the field besides the one identified above 10. Give two reasons why it is advisable to cultivate the field during the dry season 11. How are hard pans caused by cultivation? 12. Give four factors that determine the number of secondary cultivation operations 13. Define the term minimum tillage 14. List four advantages of timely planting 15. State any two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting 17. Give three benefits of timely planting of annual crops 18.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.7480254}
{"text": "List four advantages of timely planting 15. State any two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting 17. Give three benefits of timely planting of annual crops 18. State four factors determining the depth of ploughing land WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE This topic entails the following: Hydrological cycle Sources of water on the farm Water collection and storage Pumps and pumping of water Types water pipes Water treatment Uses of eater of the farm. Types of irrigation advantages and disadvantages. Importance and methods of drainages Water pollution causes and prevention. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.779954}
{"text": "The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops 3. Use the diagram below of irrigation method to answer the questions that follow. A Identify the method of irrigation b State four advantages of the above irrigation system c State three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm d State two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation 4.a What is irrigation b Outline three methods of irrigation 5. A List four use of water on the farm b Give four methods of harvesting water on the farm c Outline the stages involved in water treatment process 6. List any four uses of water in the farm 7. State two types of irrigation used in Kenya 8.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.7663438}
{"text": "A List four use of water on the farm b Give four methods of harvesting water on the farm c Outline the stages involved in water treatment process 6. List any four uses of water in the farm 7. State two types of irrigation used in Kenya 8. Outline four disadvantages of cambered beds Describe the process of water treatment9. Give four roles of drainage as a method of land reclamation 10. Name two types of water pumps which can be used in the farm 11. Name any four examples of working capital in maize production 12. List four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm 13. State four methods of drainage 14. Distinguish between a dam and a weir 15. How do the government control prices of essential farm produce 16. What is the difference between pumping and piping of water in the farm? 17. List four reasons of draining water logged soils before planting. 18.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.8215933}
{"text": "Give four reasons for practicing irrigation 22.a State four importance of water to plants b State four reasons for treating water before use c Describe water treatment system in a chemical treatment plant23. Name four diseases caused to man by drinking untreated water 24. State the functions of the following chemicals as used in water treatment; a Chlorine. B Aluminum sulphate AIlum 21. The diagrams labeled S and T illustrate some methods of draining waterlogged fields; use it to answer the questions that follow: a Identify the methods illustrated b What are the materials in S labeled M and N c Name two types of crops that can be planted in the field instead of carrying out the practice illustrated in S and T d What is the importance of carrying out land reclamation?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.8012514}
{"text": "State the functions of the following chemicals as used in water treatment; a Chlorine. B Aluminum sulphate AIlum 21. The diagrams labeled S and T illustrate some methods of draining waterlogged fields; use it to answer the questions that follow: a Identify the methods illustrated b What are the materials in S labeled M and N c Name two types of crops that can be planted in the field instead of carrying out the practice illustrated in S and T d What is the importance of carrying out land reclamation? SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE This topic entails the following: Characteristics of a fertile soil How soil loses soil fertility Soil fertility maintenance Reasons of adding organic matter to soil Disadvantages of organic manure Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.8071027}
{"text": "B Aluminum sulphate AIlum 21. The diagrams labeled S and T illustrate some methods of draining waterlogged fields; use it to answer the questions that follow: a Identify the methods illustrated b What are the materials in S labeled M and N c Name two types of crops that can be planted in the field instead of carrying out the practice illustrated in S and T d What is the importance of carrying out land reclamation? SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE This topic entails the following: Characteristics of a fertile soil How soil loses soil fertility Soil fertility maintenance Reasons of adding organic matter to soil Disadvantages of organic manure Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.8414083}
{"text": "The diagrams labeled S and T illustrate some methods of draining waterlogged fields; use it to answer the questions that follow: a Identify the methods illustrated b What are the materials in S labeled M and N c Name two types of crops that can be planted in the field instead of carrying out the practice illustrated in S and T d What is the importance of carrying out land reclamation? SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE This topic entails the following: Characteristics of a fertile soil How soil loses soil fertility Soil fertility maintenance Reasons of adding organic matter to soil Disadvantages of organic manure Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops 2.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.8581245}
{"text": "SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE This topic entails the following: Characteristics of a fertile soil How soil loses soil fertility Soil fertility maintenance Reasons of adding organic matter to soil Disadvantages of organic manure Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices: 1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops 2. List four characteristic of fertile soil 3. The diagram below illustrates a compost heap. Study it and answer the questions that followa Name the part labeled Q and state its function b What is the function of each of the following components in preparation of compost manure i Top soil ii Wood ash iii Rotten manure 4.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.85133}
{"text": "State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops 2. List four characteristic of fertile soil 3. The diagram below illustrates a compost heap. Study it and answer the questions that followa Name the part labeled Q and state its function b What is the function of each of the following components in preparation of compost manure i Top soil ii Wood ash iii Rotten manure 4. The illustration below shows a four heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A By use of arrows indicate on the diagram above how the following material should be transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field b How long does the material take to be ready for application in the field as manure?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.8777072}
{"text": "The diagram below illustrates a compost heap. Study it and answer the questions that followa Name the part labeled Q and state its function b What is the function of each of the following components in preparation of compost manure i Top soil ii Wood ash iii Rotten manure 4. The illustration below shows a four heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A By use of arrows indicate on the diagram above how the following material should be transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field b How long does the material take to be ready for application in the field as manure? C Give a reason for turning the material in the heap regularly d Give two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap 5. Name four indicators of well-decomposed manure 6.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.9057362}
{"text": "A By use of arrows indicate on the diagram above how the following material should be transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field b How long does the material take to be ready for application in the field as manure? C Give a reason for turning the material in the heap regularly d Give two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap 5. Name four indicators of well-decomposed manure 6. A State two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap b When preparing compost manure, explain the importance of each of the following:- i Addition of ash ii Regular turning of the compost manure7. What is leaching ? 8. State four advantages of adding organic matter to a sandy soil 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.8939059}
{"text": "What is leaching ? 8. State four advantages of adding organic matter to a sandy soil 9. A Describe the preparation of the following farm materials: i Farm yard manure ii Hay b Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops 10. A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square method to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed ii A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS This topic entails the following Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.9152384}
{"text": "State four advantages of adding organic matter to a sandy soil 9. A Describe the preparation of the following farm materials: i Farm yard manure ii Hay b Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops 10. A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square method to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed ii A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS This topic entails the following Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production. Uses of farm records Types of farm records i.e production records, filed operation records, breeding records, feeding records, health, labour records and master roll.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.9469206}
{"text": "A Describe the preparation of the following farm materials: i Farm yard manure ii Hay b Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops 10. A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square method to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed ii A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS This topic entails the following Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production. Uses of farm records Types of farm records i.e production records, filed operation records, breeding records, feeding records, health, labour records and master roll. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user comprehend and understand the concepts and practices.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.9796615}
{"text": "A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square method to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed ii A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS This topic entails the following Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production. Uses of farm records Types of farm records i.e production records, filed operation records, breeding records, feeding records, health, labour records and master roll. The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the user comprehend and understand the concepts and practices. 1. A What are the uses of farm records to a farmer? 2.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.9656587}
{"text": "1. A What are the uses of farm records to a farmer? 2. Identify the farm record below and the questions that follow: Date Disease symptoms Animals affected Drug used Cost of treatment Remarks a Identity of the record b State two different information that should be entered in the remarks column c Give two importance of keeping the farm record illustrated above 3. State four uses of farm records 4. State four uses of farm records 5. Outline two ways the level of education and technology influence the efficiency of agricultural production 6. Study the illustration below of farm records:- Use it to answer the questions that follow: Enterprise Month Name of cow DAYS IN MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM a Name the type of the farm record illustrated above b Give three reasons for keeping health records in a livestock production c Give three pieces of information a dairy farm manager should collect for planning purposes 7.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.9727879}
{"text": "State four uses of farm records 5. Outline two ways the level of education and technology influence the efficiency of agricultural production 6. Study the illustration below of farm records:- Use it to answer the questions that follow: Enterprise Month Name of cow DAYS IN MONTH 1 2 3 4 5 6 AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM a Name the type of the farm record illustrated above b Give three reasons for keeping health records in a livestock production c Give three pieces of information a dairy farm manager should collect for planning purposes 7. List down four pieces of information recorded in a field operation record. 8. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine 9. Give two conditions under which a farmer may prefer the use of donkey trailed cart instead of a tractor drawn trailer in his farmForm 1 work ANSWERS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406281.999776}
{"text": "8. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine 9. Give two conditions under which a farmer may prefer the use of donkey trailed cart instead of a tractor drawn trailer in his farmForm 1 work ANSWERS INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE 1. Two factors which characterize intensive farming Small farms Huge capital Skilled labour Produce for sale Mechanization done 2. Three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming Cheap Environmental friendly No chemical residues in produce 3.two ways in which Agriculture contributes to industrial development. -. Provide raw materials for industries. -. Provide market for industrial goods. -. Is a source of capital for starting industries. 4.four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. -. Causes physical damage to crops. -. Cause rapid spread of diseases pests weeds. -. Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation. -. Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.016449}
{"text": "- Cause rapid spread of diseases pests weeds. -. Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation. -. Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds. -. Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake. Agriculture rearing of fish in fish ponds 5. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is: Colour, Texture, Structure 6. Four advantages of organic farming Environmental friendly Products do not have organic farming Products do not have organic chemical residue Improve soil structure Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure Enhances soil water retention Provides food for soil microbes Enhances soil water infiltration 7. Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced are: Can only be practiced where land is abundant Practiced where population is sparse Practiced where number of livestock per units low 2 mks 8.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.063663}
{"text": "One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is: Colour, Texture, Structure 6. Four advantages of organic farming Environmental friendly Products do not have organic farming Products do not have organic chemical residue Improve soil structure Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure Enhances soil water retention Provides food for soil microbes Enhances soil water infiltration 7. Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced are: Can only be practiced where land is abundant Practiced where population is sparse Practiced where number of livestock per units low 2 mks 8. Four factors that determine the time of planting a crop a Olericulture production of vegetables Floriculture production of flowers b Apiculture bee keeping Agriculture rearing of fish in fish ponds FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.0312927}
{"text": "Four advantages of organic farming Environmental friendly Products do not have organic farming Products do not have organic chemical residue Improve soil structure Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure Enhances soil water retention Provides food for soil microbes Enhances soil water infiltration 7. Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced are: Can only be practiced where land is abundant Practiced where population is sparse Practiced where number of livestock per units low 2 mks 8. Four factors that determine the time of planting a crop a Olericulture production of vegetables Floriculture production of flowers b Apiculture bee keeping Agriculture rearing of fish in fish ponds FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE 1. Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2.a five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming Mulching Apply manure Use medicinal plants to control parasites and diseases Crop rotation Rear livestock on natural organically grown pasture Physical cultural biological pests, weeds and disease control 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.0618184}
{"text": "Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced are: Can only be practiced where land is abundant Practiced where population is sparse Practiced where number of livestock per units low 2 mks 8. Four factors that determine the time of planting a crop a Olericulture production of vegetables Floriculture production of flowers b Apiculture bee keeping Agriculture rearing of fish in fish ponds FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE 1. Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2.a five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming Mulching Apply manure Use medicinal plants to control parasites and diseases Crop rotation Rear livestock on natural organically grown pasture Physical cultural biological pests, weeds and disease control 3. Four effects of temperature on crop growth Low temp-slow growth rate -increase incidence of negative infection e.g. CBD -improve quality of some crop High temp-cause wilting -increase growth rate -improve quality of some crops -increase pest and disease incidences 1 2x4 2mks 4.four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.0925498}
{"text": "Four factors that determine the time of planting a crop a Olericulture production of vegetables Floriculture production of flowers b Apiculture bee keeping Agriculture rearing of fish in fish ponds FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE 1. Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2.a five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming Mulching Apply manure Use medicinal plants to control parasites and diseases Crop rotation Rear livestock on natural organically grown pasture Physical cultural biological pests, weeds and disease control 3. Four effects of temperature on crop growth Low temp-slow growth rate -increase incidence of negative infection e.g. CBD -improve quality of some crop High temp-cause wilting -increase growth rate -improve quality of some crops -increase pest and disease incidences 1 2x4 2mks 4.four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. -. Causes physical damage to crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.1182058}
{"text": "Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2.a five activities that may be undertaken in organic farming Mulching Apply manure Use medicinal plants to control parasites and diseases Crop rotation Rear livestock on natural organically grown pasture Physical cultural biological pests, weeds and disease control 3. Four effects of temperature on crop growth Low temp-slow growth rate -increase incidence of negative infection e.g. CBD -improve quality of some crop High temp-cause wilting -increase growth rate -improve quality of some crops -increase pest and disease incidences 1 2x4 2mks 4.four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. -. Causes physical damage to crops. -. Cause rapid spread of diseases pests weeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.12616}
{"text": "Four effects of temperature on crop growth Low temp-slow growth rate -increase incidence of negative infection e.g. CBD -improve quality of some crop High temp-cause wilting -increase growth rate -improve quality of some crops -increase pest and disease incidences 1 2x4 2mks 4.four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops. -. Causes physical damage to crops. -. Cause rapid spread of diseases pests weeds. -. Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation. -. Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds. -. Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake. 5. Two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya:- Light intensity Light duration - Light wavelength6.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.1062605}
{"text": "- Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake. 5. Two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya:- Light intensity Light duration - Light wavelength6. The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields Poor soil fertility infertile soil Damage by hailstorms Less rainfall unreliable drought Poor soil type resulting into leaching or water logging Inappropriate soil PH Inappropriate temperature too low or high Excessive wind leading to increase in water loss from the soil Extreme relative humidity Extreme of light intensity Topography some attitudes e.g. very high may limit crop growth 1mk x any 7pts 7mks 7.- Rainfall Soil Topography Light Wind 8. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is: Colour, Texture, Structure 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.137771}
{"text": "Two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya:- Light intensity Light duration - Light wavelength6. The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields Poor soil fertility infertile soil Damage by hailstorms Less rainfall unreliable drought Poor soil type resulting into leaching or water logging Inappropriate soil PH Inappropriate temperature too low or high Excessive wind leading to increase in water loss from the soil Extreme relative humidity Extreme of light intensity Topography some attitudes e.g. very high may limit crop growth 1mk x any 7pts 7mks 7.- Rainfall Soil Topography Light Wind 8. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is: Colour, Texture, Structure 9. Four advantages of organic farming Environmental friendly Products do not have organic farming Products do not have organic chemical residue Improve soil structure Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure Enhances soil water retention Provides food for soil microbes Enhances soil water infiltration 4x 2mks 10.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.1789138}
{"text": "The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields Poor soil fertility infertile soil Damage by hailstorms Less rainfall unreliable drought Poor soil type resulting into leaching or water logging Inappropriate soil PH Inappropriate temperature too low or high Excessive wind leading to increase in water loss from the soil Extreme relative humidity Extreme of light intensity Topography some attitudes e.g. very high may limit crop growth 1mk x any 7pts 7mks 7.- Rainfall Soil Topography Light Wind 8. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is: Colour, Texture, Structure 9. Four advantages of organic farming Environmental friendly Products do not have organic farming Products do not have organic chemical residue Improve soil structure Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure Enhances soil water retention Provides food for soil microbes Enhances soil water infiltration 4x 2mks 10. A The aim of the experiment was:- to show presence of living organisms in the soil b observations were: Flask D - Limewater turns milky turbid 1mk Flask E Lime water remains clear 1mk c The reason for the observation in flask D is:- Carbon dioxide which turns water milky in flask D would have been produced only during the respiration of living organisms present in fresh soil 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.193808}
{"text": "One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is: Colour, Texture, Structure 9. Four advantages of organic farming Environmental friendly Products do not have organic farming Products do not have organic chemical residue Improve soil structure Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure Enhances soil water retention Provides food for soil microbes Enhances soil water infiltration 4x 2mks 10. A The aim of the experiment was:- to show presence of living organisms in the soil b observations were: Flask D - Limewater turns milky turbid 1mk Flask E Lime water remains clear 1mk c The reason for the observation in flask D is:- Carbon dioxide which turns water milky in flask D would have been produced only during the respiration of living organisms present in fresh soil 11. -. It may have hard pan which interfere with water infiltration 12.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.1706154}
{"text": "Four advantages of organic farming Environmental friendly Products do not have organic farming Products do not have organic chemical residue Improve soil structure Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure Enhances soil water retention Provides food for soil microbes Enhances soil water infiltration 4x 2mks 10. A The aim of the experiment was:- to show presence of living organisms in the soil b observations were: Flask D - Limewater turns milky turbid 1mk Flask E Lime water remains clear 1mk c The reason for the observation in flask D is:- Carbon dioxide which turns water milky in flask D would have been produced only during the respiration of living organisms present in fresh soil 11. -. It may have hard pan which interfere with water infiltration 12. A - Light duration Light intensity Light wave length x3 1 mks b Evapotranspiration Presence of pest 13.a - E Single grained structure - F Granular structure 1x1 1 mk b i Humus with clay 1x1 1 mk ii Air space 1x1 1 mk c - Colour affects soil texture and hence micro- organisms in the soil - Texture affects drainage, aeration and capillary - Structure affects aeration and root penetration 14.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.2054722}
{"text": "A State merits of horizon A source of plant nutrients support anchor the crops store of water for the crops sources of soil micro organism b State distinct features of horizon B deficient of humus nutrients contain leached nutrients contains more compact soil particles presence of hard pans in some soils c Transitional zone-this is a zone bordering two adjacent layer of soil profile i Weathered rock Importance Give rise to sub soil Source of minerals Determine mineral content of soil and type of soil 16 Low temperatures encourages crop diseases such as leaf rust Low temperatures may increase or lower the quality of farm produce High temperatures hastens maturity improves the quality lower the quality Increases the rate of evapo transpiration which may result loss plant moisture leading to wilting of crops 17. Movement of animals in large numbers Decomposition of plant and animal remains by soil micro- organisms Physical breaking of rocks by roots of higher plants Man s activities e.g. cultivation, mining and road construction Mixing up of soil by animals e.g. earth worms and 18. -. Temperature Altitude - Soil type; - Prevailing winds;- Rainfall; 4x 2mks 19. -. It influences the movement of the weathered materials hence affecting the depth of soil development; 22.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.2539675}
{"text": "Movement of animals in large numbers Decomposition of plant and animal remains by soil micro- organisms Physical breaking of rocks by roots of higher plants Man s activities e.g. cultivation, mining and road construction Mixing up of soil by animals e.g. earth worms and 18. -. Temperature Altitude - Soil type; - Prevailing winds;- Rainfall; 4x 2mks 19. -. It influences the movement of the weathered materials hence affecting the depth of soil development; 22. Two importance of parent s material in soil profile Determine soil characteristics Determine soil depth Determine soil nutrients 23. Four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production Mulching Pruning Shading of crops Irrigation 4x mks 24.a two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides Stage of plants growth Plants morphology and anatomy Mode of action Environmental factors 2x1 2mks b Name two farming practice that cause water pollution 25.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.2586377}
{"text": "- It influences the movement of the weathered materials hence affecting the depth of soil development; 22. Two importance of parent s material in soil profile Determine soil characteristics Determine soil depth Determine soil nutrients 23. Four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production Mulching Pruning Shading of crops Irrigation 4x mks 24.a two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides Stage of plants growth Plants morphology and anatomy Mode of action Environmental factors 2x1 2mks b Name two farming practice that cause water pollution 25. Four factors that influence soil formation Parents rock material Climate Topography Biotic organic living organism 26. -. Drainage -Aeration -Water-holding capacity -capillary 27.-large animals e.g. Buffaloes -Man activities e.g. farming -Root pressure of plants -Burrowing animals e.g moles, termites CROP PRODUCTION I LAND PREPARATION 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.2303593}
{"text": "Four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production Mulching Pruning Shading of crops Irrigation 4x mks 24.a two factors that affect selectivity of herbicides Stage of plants growth Plants morphology and anatomy Mode of action Environmental factors 2x1 2mks b Name two farming practice that cause water pollution 25. Four factors that influence soil formation Parents rock material Climate Topography Biotic organic living organism 26. -. Drainage -Aeration -Water-holding capacity -capillary 27.-large animals e.g. Buffaloes -Man activities e.g. farming -Root pressure of plants -Burrowing animals e.g moles, termites CROP PRODUCTION I LAND PREPARATION 1. Three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation Crop to be planted Implement available Type of soil 2.Four reasons for cultivating land before planting. -. To improve soil aeration. -. To improve germination. -. Destroy weeds. -. Destroy weeds. -. Incorporate organic matter in the soil. -. Increase water infiltration. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.2699063}
{"text": "- Incorporate organic matter in the soil. -. Increase water infiltration. 3. A Is a situation in which least possible cultivation operations are carried out in crop production. B - Clearing the land bush clearing. -. Using appropriate chemicals to kill the existing vegetation. -. Weeding using herbicides. -. Planting drilling seeds directly into the stubble of previous crop.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.275676}
{"text": "- Using appropriate chemicals to kill the existing vegetation. -. Weeding using herbicides. -. Planting drilling seeds directly into the stubble of previous crop. 4. A - Harrow the land to a fine filth; - Harrow during the dry or before the rains; - Make the seed be weed free ensure clean seed bed; - Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing; - Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,; - Sow seeds at the onset rains early planting; - Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 300 kgs ha at planting time; - Drill or broadcast the seeds evenly; - Use a recommended seed rate for the variety seed rate of 1.5 2.0 kh ha pure seeds; - Bury seeds at 2 times their diameter; - Control weeds by uprooting apply a suitable herbicide; - Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.3239326}
{"text": "- Weeding using herbicides. -. Planting drilling seeds directly into the stubble of previous crop. 4. A - Harrow the land to a fine filth; - Harrow during the dry or before the rains; - Make the seed be weed free ensure clean seed bed; - Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing; - Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,; - Sow seeds at the onset rains early planting; - Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 300 kgs ha at planting time; - Drill or broadcast the seeds evenly; - Use a recommended seed rate for the variety seed rate of 1.5 2.0 kh ha pure seeds; - Bury seeds at 2 times their diameter; - Control weeds by uprooting apply a suitable herbicide; - Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application. -. Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.3107157}
{"text": "- Planting drilling seeds directly into the stubble of previous crop. 4. A - Harrow the land to a fine filth; - Harrow during the dry or before the rains; - Make the seed be weed free ensure clean seed bed; - Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing; - Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,; - Sow seeds at the onset rains early planting; - Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 300 kgs ha at planting time; - Drill or broadcast the seeds evenly; - Use a recommended seed rate for the variety seed rate of 1.5 2.0 kh ha pure seeds; - Bury seeds at 2 times their diameter; - Control weeds by uprooting apply a suitable herbicide; - Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application. -. Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young. -. Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.3342466}
{"text": "4. A - Harrow the land to a fine filth; - Harrow during the dry or before the rains; - Make the seed be weed free ensure clean seed bed; - Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing; - Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,; - Sow seeds at the onset rains early planting; - Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 300 kgs ha at planting time; - Drill or broadcast the seeds evenly; - Use a recommended seed rate for the variety seed rate of 1.5 2.0 kh ha pure seeds; - Bury seeds at 2 times their diameter; - Control weeds by uprooting apply a suitable herbicide; - Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application. -. Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young. -. Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment. 10 x 1 10 mk b - Select seeds of the same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.3403597}
{"text": "- Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young. -. Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment. 10 x 1 10 mk b - Select seeds of the same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases. -. Plant seeds at the same time. -. Prepare the whole field to required uniform tilth. -. Plant at the right moisture content of the soil irrigation uniformly. -. Treat seeds before planting i.e. break dormancy. -. Plant at the correct depth. 5 x 1 5 mks c - Soil moisture content. -. Type of soil. -. Cost of operation. -. Size of seed type of planting material type of crop. -. Type of machinery available use of tractors. -. Topography gradient of the land liability of soil erosion. -. Skills of the operator. -. Initial conditions of the land the cropping history of the land.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.3626566}
{"text": "Four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation Brings leached nutrients to the surface Breaks hard pans Promotes aeration of the soil Promotes water infiltration - Ensures better root penetration 7. Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are: Press the seeds against the soil moisture Controls soil erosion Ensure uniform germination Controls removal of small seeds by wind Breaks large soil cods 8.four disadvantages of minimum tillage The less porous surface increased soil erosion especially in heavily sols Difficulty in weed control Speed of planting to reduce due to large amount of residues in the soil and big clods Leads to accumulating of soil borne pests and diseases 9. A - ridging b i Encourage tuber expansion Allow easy harvesting of crop roots ii Rolling Leveling 10. Leads to timely planting Weeds are appropriately controlled especially the perennial such as couch grass Farmers take advantage of availability of labour reducing the cost of labour Control of soil borne pests Gives time for better organic decomposition 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.3883107}
{"text": "Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are: Press the seeds against the soil moisture Controls soil erosion Ensure uniform germination Controls removal of small seeds by wind Breaks large soil cods 8.four disadvantages of minimum tillage The less porous surface increased soil erosion especially in heavily sols Difficulty in weed control Speed of planting to reduce due to large amount of residues in the soil and big clods Leads to accumulating of soil borne pests and diseases 9. A - ridging b i Encourage tuber expansion Allow easy harvesting of crop roots ii Rolling Leveling 10. Leads to timely planting Weeds are appropriately controlled especially the perennial such as couch grass Farmers take advantage of availability of labour reducing the cost of labour Control of soil borne pests Gives time for better organic decomposition 11. -. By repeated cultivation at the same depth; - Cultivating the soil when wet using heavy machinery; 12.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.4074955}
{"text": "A - ridging b i Encourage tuber expansion Allow easy harvesting of crop roots ii Rolling Leveling 10. Leads to timely planting Weeds are appropriately controlled especially the perennial such as couch grass Farmers take advantage of availability of labour reducing the cost of labour Control of soil borne pests Gives time for better organic decomposition 11. -. By repeated cultivation at the same depth; - Cultivating the soil when wet using heavy machinery; 12. -. Type and size of planting material; - Topography slope f land; - Soil moisture content; - Initial condition of land amount of vegetation on the land; -Capital available - Type of implement used; 13.It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or during the management of the crops. 14.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.399634}
{"text": "- By repeated cultivation at the same depth; - Cultivating the soil when wet using heavy machinery; 12. -. Type and size of planting material; - Topography slope f land; - Soil moisture content; - Initial condition of land amount of vegetation on the land; -Capital available - Type of implement used; 13.It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or during the management of the crops. 14. Market demand Type of crop to be planted Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern Prevalence of pests and diseases Prevalence of weeds 15.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.4195175}
{"text": "- Type and size of planting material; - Topography slope f land; - Soil moisture content; - Initial condition of land amount of vegetation on the land; -Capital available - Type of implement used; 13.It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or during the management of the crops. 14. Market demand Type of crop to be planted Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern Prevalence of pests and diseases Prevalence of weeds 15. Two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting purpose of crop moisture content concentration of desired chemical weather market demand 16.- Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture -Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time -Crops fetch high market prices -Crops escape from pests and diseases -There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases -Ensures timely harvesting 17.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.4453695}
{"text": "14. Market demand Type of crop to be planted Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern Prevalence of pests and diseases Prevalence of weeds 15. Two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting purpose of crop moisture content concentration of desired chemical weather market demand 16.- Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture -Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time -Crops fetch high market prices -Crops escape from pests and diseases -There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases -Ensures timely harvesting 17. -. Type of crop to be planted -Implements available -Type of soil -Climatic conditions WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.4627445}
{"text": "Two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting purpose of crop moisture content concentration of desired chemical weather market demand 16.- Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture -Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time -Crops fetch high market prices -Crops escape from pests and diseases -There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases -Ensures timely harvesting 17. -. Type of crop to be planted -Implements available -Type of soil -Climatic conditions WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.4758682}
{"text": "- type of crop to be planted -Implements available -Type of soil -Climatic conditions WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 . A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.5405722}
{"text": "State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 . A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm. -. For diluting chemicals used to control pests.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.5623386}
{"text": "State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 . A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm. -. For diluting chemicals used to control pests. -. For watering livestock.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.539232}
{"text": "A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm. -. For diluting chemicals used to control pests. -. For watering livestock. -. For watering plants e.g. irrigation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.554557}
{"text": "- For diluting chemicals used to control pests. -. For watering livestock. -. For watering plants e.g. irrigation. -. For washing utensils, calf pen bully sheds. -. For domestic use e.g. drinking, cooking. -. For rearing fish. -. For recreation - Processing of farm produce. -. In construction of buildings. 7.two types of irrigation used in Kenya. -. Overhead sprinkler. -. Surface Flood furrow basin. -. Drip trickle. 8. Four disadvantages cambered beds High cost of maintenance Provides breeding ground for vectors of malaria Prevents proper mechanization of the farm - Labour intensive c Stage I: Filtration of water intake. -. Water from source river is made to pass through a series of sieves. -. Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves. -. Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber. Stage II:Softening of the water.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.619746}
{"text": "- Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves. -. Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber. Stage II:Softening of the water. Water circulates in the mixing chamber and doses of soda ash to soften the water. Stage III:Coagulation and sedimentation Water is passed through coagulation tank where fresh air enters to remove bad smell chloride of lime used. Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed. Alum added to coagulated solid particles which settle at the bottom. Stage IV:Filtration Water is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it. Water leaving the filtration tank is clean. Stage V:Chlorination Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added. Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine. Stage VI:Storage - The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.601378}
{"text": "Stage V:Chlorination Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added. Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine. Stage VI:Storage - The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use. 9. -. Improves soil aeration Raises soil temperature Increases activities of micro- organisms Increases soil volume - Prevent accumulation of poisonous substances in the soil 10.- Semi-rotary Hydram Piston reciprocating Centrifugal Rotary 11. Four examples of working capital in maize production are; Seeds fertilizer Herbicides Pesticides Fuel fragticides Casual labour 4x 2mks 12. Four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm Centrifugal rotadynathic pumps Piston reciprocating pump Semi-Rotan pump Hydram pump 13. Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.6333976}
{"text": "Four examples of working capital in maize production are; Seeds fertilizer Herbicides Pesticides Fuel fragticides Casual labour 4x 2mks 12. Four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm Centrifugal rotadynathic pumps Piston reciprocating pump Semi-Rotan pump Hydram pump 13. Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.6131275}
{"text": "Four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm Centrifugal rotadynathic pumps Piston reciprocating pump Semi-Rotan pump Hydram pump 13. Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16. Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.6616535}
{"text": "Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16. Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17. To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.686629}
{"text": "A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16. Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17. To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle. 18.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.7007508}
{"text": "Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17. To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle. 18. Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.6926818}
{"text": "To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle. 18. Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways. Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.738897}
{"text": "18. Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways. Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21. Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.752203}
{"text": "Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways. Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21. Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23. -. To prevent rotting -For processing - For long storage - Prevent pest and disease attack 24.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.7582424}
{"text": "Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21. Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23. -. To prevent rotting -For processing - For long storage - Prevent pest and disease attack 24. A Kill germs b For sedimentation 21. S- French drainageT- Vambedred pedsM soil- stones SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.7687485}
{"text": "Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23. -. To prevent rotting -For processing - For long storage - Prevent pest and disease attack 24. A Kill germs b For sedimentation 21. S- French drainageT- Vambedred pedsM soil- stones SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE 1. Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2. Four characteristic of fertile soil 2mks Well drained Correct PH Good water holding capacity Adequate plant nutrients Free from pest and diseases Correct soil nutrients 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.784959}
{"text": "A Kill germs b For sedimentation 21. S- French drainageT- Vambedred pedsM soil- stones SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE 1. Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2. Four characteristic of fertile soil 2mks Well drained Correct PH Good water holding capacity Adequate plant nutrients Free from pest and diseases Correct soil nutrients 3. A Q-stick Function-checking temperature and other conditions within the heap b i Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition ii Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium iii Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism 4. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.8119755}
{"text": "Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2. Four characteristic of fertile soil 2mks Well drained Correct PH Good water holding capacity Adequate plant nutrients Free from pest and diseases Correct soil nutrients 3. A Q-stick Function-checking temperature and other conditions within the heap b i Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition ii Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium iii Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism 4. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A use of arrows indicate how the decomposing material should be transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field. B - 3 - 6 wks c one reason for turning the material in the heap regularly.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.8050792}
{"text": "A Q-stick Function-checking temperature and other conditions within the heap b i Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition ii Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium iii Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism 4. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A use of arrows indicate how the decomposing material should be transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field. B - 3 - 6 wks c one reason for turning the material in the heap regularly. -. Proper decomposition. -. Facilitate air circulation. -. Microbial activities. D two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap. -. To regulate the internal temperatures in the heap. -. Create moist environment for microbial activity. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.82639}
{"text": "- To regulate the internal temperatures in the heap. -. Create moist environment for microbial activity. 5. Four indicators of well-decomposed manure Absence of bad odour and instead the smell of forest soil Light weight Brown colour Moist but not wet - Original nature of material not noticeable x 4pts 2mks 6. A Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are: Accessibility Drainage Direction of prevailing wind Size of the farm proximity b Five advantages of rotation grazing are: 5mks Livestock with maximum use of pastures Reduces build up of parasites and diseases Animal waste evenly distributed Pasture area given time to regenerate Excess pasture conserved Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use 5x1 5mks 7. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.8469276}
{"text": "Four indicators of well-decomposed manure Absence of bad odour and instead the smell of forest soil Light weight Brown colour Moist but not wet - Original nature of material not noticeable x 4pts 2mks 6. A Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are: Accessibility Drainage Direction of prevailing wind Size of the farm proximity b Five advantages of rotation grazing are: 5mks Livestock with maximum use of pastures Reduces build up of parasites and diseases Animal waste evenly distributed Pasture area given time to regenerate Excess pasture conserved Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use 5x1 5mks 7. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8. Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.8680117}
{"text": "A Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are: Accessibility Drainage Direction of prevailing wind Size of the farm proximity b Five advantages of rotation grazing are: 5mks Livestock with maximum use of pastures Reduces build up of parasites and diseases Animal waste evenly distributed Pasture area given time to regenerate Excess pasture conserved Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use 5x1 5mks 7. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8. Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9. A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.9180026}
{"text": "It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8. Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9. A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.9647505}
{"text": "Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9. A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.9746468}
{"text": "A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 1. A - Help to determine the value of the farm determine assets and liabilities.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.963421}
{"text": "Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 1. A - Help to determine the value of the farm determine assets and liabilities. -. Provide history of the farm. -. Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields. -. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. -. Assists when sharing losses or profits dividends for communal owned farms partnership. -. Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs. -. Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft. -. Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406282.9854465}
{"text": "- Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs. -. Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft. -. Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees. -. Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms. -. Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. -. Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.014154}
{"text": "- Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms. -. Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. -. Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2. A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.006231}
{"text": "- Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. -. Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2. A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4. Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.0592322}
{"text": "- Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2. A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4. Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5. Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.0710566}
{"text": "A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4. Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5. Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6. A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.1100092}
{"text": "Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5. Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6. A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7. Field Area of the land Season Crop planted Crop variety Land preparation date Type of fertilizer at planting Type of fertilizer at top dressing Seed rate used Type of weed and date of weed control Type of pest and date of pest control Date of harvesting Remarks Any 4 8.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.0959053}
{"text": "Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6. A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7. Field Area of the land Season Crop planted Crop variety Land preparation date Type of fertilizer at planting Type of fertilizer at top dressing Seed rate used Type of weed and date of weed control Type of pest and date of pest control Date of harvesting Remarks Any 4 8. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. 1mk Piston moves down from TDC Exhaust valve is closed Inlet valve is open Air fuel mixture get into combustion chamber Piston reaches BDC. 4x 2mks 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.1194928}
{"text": "A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7. Field Area of the land Season Crop planted Crop variety Land preparation date Type of fertilizer at planting Type of fertilizer at top dressing Seed rate used Type of weed and date of weed control Type of pest and date of pest control Date of harvesting Remarks Any 4 8.List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. 1mk Piston moves down from TDC Exhaust valve is closed Inlet valve is open Air fuel mixture get into combustion chamber Piston reaches BDC. 4x 2mks 9. Where the resources are free - where there is no alternative - where the alternatives are very many.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-REVISION-BOOKLET.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.1512349}
{"text": "FORM ONE TOPICS. 1.a . What is Agriculture? The art and Science of crop and livestock production. B . State the roles played by agriculture in national development Food supply Source of raw materials for industries Employment opportunities Foreign exchange earnings Source of capital for development Market for industrial goods. C . State the forms of employment in Agriculture i.Primary employment - Working on farms ii. Secondary employment - In agriculture based industries iii. Tertiary employment In distribution of farm produce. D . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural development in Kenya.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.1394627}
{"text": "B . State the roles played by agriculture in national development Food supply Source of raw materials for industries Employment opportunities Foreign exchange earnings Source of capital for development Market for industrial goods. C . State the forms of employment in Agriculture i.Primary employment - Working on farms ii. Secondary employment - In agriculture based industries iii. Tertiary employment In distribution of farm produce. D . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural development in Kenya. Lack of capital for investment Pests and diseases of crops and livestock Unpredictable climatic conditions Fluctuation of market prices Inadequate or poor storage structure leading to heavy lose Inadequate technical know-how Population pressure hence over-use of land Poor communication Perishability Bulky commodity prices ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviated Proper food preservation Improved communication network Industries located near bulky products Extension services advice Provide good seeds Credit facilities Pest and disease control Irrigation Proper storage facilities Government price control.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.1731548}
{"text": "C . State the forms of employment in Agriculture i.Primary employment - Working on farms ii. Secondary employment - In agriculture based industries iii. Tertiary employment In distribution of farm produce. D . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural development in Kenya. Lack of capital for investment Pests and diseases of crops and livestock Unpredictable climatic conditions Fluctuation of market prices Inadequate or poor storage structure leading to heavy lose Inadequate technical know-how Population pressure hence over-use of land Poor communication Perishability Bulky commodity prices ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviated Proper food preservation Improved communication network Industries located near bulky products Extension services advice Provide good seeds Credit facilities Pest and disease control Irrigation Proper storage facilities Government price control. 2.a i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Limited capital for investment Use of rudimentary tools and equipment 1Small land usually cultivated Slash and burn technique of clearing Crops not properly managed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.1834896}
{"text": "Lack of capital for investment Pests and diseases of crops and livestock Unpredictable climatic conditions Fluctuation of market prices Inadequate or poor storage structure leading to heavy lose Inadequate technical know-how Population pressure hence over-use of land Poor communication Perishability Bulky commodity prices ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviated Proper food preservation Improved communication network Industries located near bulky products Extension services advice Provide good seeds Credit facilities Pest and disease control Irrigation Proper storage facilities Government price control. 2.a i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Limited capital for investment Use of rudimentary tools and equipment 1Small land usually cultivated Slash and burn technique of clearing Crops not properly managed. Ii State the problems associated with shifting cultivation .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.1993098}
{"text": "2.a i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Limited capital for investment Use of rudimentary tools and equipment 1Small land usually cultivated Slash and burn technique of clearing Crops not properly managed. Ii State the problems associated with shifting cultivation . A wasteful method of farming Slow rate of regeneration of vegetation allowing soil erosion to take place No incentive to develop land No permanent structures are put up hence a lot of time wasted in moving or travelling to the homestead A lot of time wasted in moving from one place to another. B What is pastoralism? A major system of keeping livestock and moving with them from place of search of better pasture and water for livestock. C State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farm Type of enterprise itself Environmental factors Knowledge and skills of the farmer about the enterprise Available resources e.g labour and capital Cultural factors social factors Governmental policy Type of market he is producing for.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.209626}
{"text": "B What is pastoralism? A major system of keeping livestock and moving with them from place of search of better pasture and water for livestock. C State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farm Type of enterprise itself Environmental factors Knowledge and skills of the farmer about the enterprise Available resources e.g labour and capital Cultural factors social factors Governmental policy Type of market he is producing for. D What is arable farming? Growing of crops only. E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.2313454}
{"text": "Growing of crops only. E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.2468498}
{"text": "E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching? 2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.25709}
{"text": "Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching? 2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management. G i State the advantages of plantation farming Provision of employment Revenue to government High outputs Foreign exchange earner Economies of large scale production Other activities done e.g processing. Ii State the disadvantages of plantations.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.2708445}
{"text": "2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management. G i State the advantages of plantation farming Provision of employment Revenue to government High outputs Foreign exchange earner Economies of large scale production Other activities done e.g processing. Ii State the disadvantages of plantations. Overdependence on one enterprise High initial capital required. Iii State the major characteristics of plantation farming. Most of the work is mechanised Requires skilled and qualified personnel Large tracts of land used Sometimes run by a company or the government or individuals The aim is to produce enough for local consumption and export market. Provides a lot of employment High output and quality of products Enjoys the economies of large scale production Scientific methods of farming used High investments of capital.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.2939265}
{"text": "Iii State the major characteristics of plantation farming. Most of the work is mechanised Requires skilled and qualified personnel Large tracts of land used Sometimes run by a company or the government or individuals The aim is to produce enough for local consumption and export market. Provides a lot of employment High output and quality of products Enjoys the economies of large scale production Scientific methods of farming used High investments of capital. 3.a List the ecological factors affecting agriculture. Rainfall Humidity Soil Temperature Wind Light Topography b Mention the aspects of rainfall which are important in crop production Reliability Distribution Intensity of rainfall Amount of rainfall c i What is optimal temperature? Temperature at which plant growth is at its best. 3ii State the effects of temperature on crop production. Photosynthesis Respiration Flowering and ripening Quality of the products. D State the effects of wind to crops. Physical damage Stress through evaporation chilling Spread of pests, weeds, diseases Soil erosion Increase of water and mineral uptake by increasing transpiration.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.3130007}
{"text": "Photosynthesis Respiration Flowering and ripening Quality of the products. D State the effects of wind to crops. Physical damage Stress through evaporation chilling Spread of pests, weeds, diseases Soil erosion Increase of water and mineral uptake by increasing transpiration. 4.a . I. Define the term soil. A collection of natural unconsolidated body covering the earth s crust, where plants grow ii . Name the ways in which soil is important to growing plants. Provides enchorage support for the plant Provides nutrients Provides moisture b . I State the factors which influence the soil forming process Climatic factors e.g rainfall Biotic factors e.g plants Type of parent materials Topography of land Time taken by the process. Ii . What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process? Movement of animals in large groups Man s activities e.g cultivation, mining, road and railway construction.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.3209205}
{"text": "Provides enchorage support for the plant Provides nutrients Provides moisture b . I State the factors which influence the soil forming process Climatic factors e.g rainfall Biotic factors e.g plants Type of parent materials Topography of land Time taken by the process. Ii . What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process? Movement of animals in large groups Man s activities e.g cultivation, mining, road and railway construction. Micro-organisms ie. Decomposing plant and animal remains and adding to soil Earth worms, termites, moles etc mix up soil Roots of higher plants force their way through the rock cracks and further break them physically. C i Define the term soil Profile The vertical arrangement of soil layers ii How does soil profile influence plant growth?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.3292222}
{"text": "E i What is soil structure? Aggregation of soil particles. Ii State the farming practices that improve soil structure. Addition of organic matter Fallowing Mixed cropping including cereals and legumes Minimum tillage Good crop rotation programme Cultivation at right moisture content of soil Liming. Iii Why is a good soil structure desireable for growing crops. Improves drainage and water infiltration. Improves aeration Minimises buildup of carbondioxide in the soil which becomes toxic to crops and micro-organisms. Facilitates better root penetration Creates favourable conditions for activity of micro-organisms Ensures adequate water retention for growing crops It makes tillage easier. F i What is soil texture? Proportion of different sizes of soil particles. Ii State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. Aeration porosity Drainage Water holding capacity capillarity Stickiness consistency Cation exchange capacity PH availability of nutrients iii Give the types of soil based on texture.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.3690956}
{"text": "Proportion of different sizes of soil particles. Ii State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. Aeration porosity Drainage Water holding capacity capillarity Stickiness consistency Cation exchange capacity PH availability of nutrients iii Give the types of soil based on texture. Sandy soils Clay soils Loam soils 5.a State the advantages of using farm tools. They make work easier i.e increase working efficiency Help to avoid drudgery Timeliness of operations is achieved 5Operations e.g spraying to control pests and diseases are more exact hence effective b List the factors that determine a farmer s choice of tools and equipment. Nature of work to be done The financial status Type of power used on the farm Condition of land where the tool will be used. C i Why should tools and equipment to maintained well? To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.376543}
{"text": "Nature of work to be done The financial status Type of power used on the farm Condition of land where the tool will be used. C i Why should tools and equipment to maintained well? To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order. Ii How should tools and equipment be maintained? Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.3833606}
{"text": "To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order. Ii How should tools and equipment be maintained? Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely. E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.3902333}
{"text": "Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely. E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment. Garden tools Workshop tools Livestock production tools Masonery and plumbing tools 6.a State the importance of land preparation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.4337184}
{"text": "E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment. Garden tools Workshop tools Livestock production tools Masonery and plumbing tools 6.a State the importance of land preparation. Removal of weeds Breaking the soil into smaller pieces Mixing organic matter into soil bury crop aeration Improve drainage water holding capacity 6Destroy pests and disease causing organisms. B i What is primary cultivation? All operations carried cut in opening up land for crop promotion. Ii Which factors influence choice of tools for primary cultivation. Type of soil Availability of implements Depth of ploughing Type of tilth required Condition of the land Type of crop to be growth Topography of the area Financial ability of the farmer Time remaining before planting c i What is secondary cultivation? Subsequent cultivation after primary cultivation to make seedbed fine and ready for planting. Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.4415941}
{"text": "Type of soil Availability of implements Depth of ploughing Type of tilth required Condition of the land Type of crop to be growth Topography of the area Financial ability of the farmer Time remaining before planting c i What is secondary cultivation? Subsequent cultivation after primary cultivation to make seedbed fine and ready for planting. Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation? Removing weeds which have just germinated break soil into small clods Make the field level Mixing organic matter with soil Make land ready for planting. D i Define minimum tillage To maintain soil structure To reduce soil erosion To reduce cost of seedbed preparation To conserve soil moisture To avoid damage to roots. Iii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Saves time Reduces cost of production Maintains soil structure controls soil erosion Maintains soil moisture e Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.452091}
{"text": "D i Define minimum tillage To maintain soil structure To reduce soil erosion To reduce cost of seedbed preparation To conserve soil moisture To avoid damage to roots. Iii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Saves time Reduces cost of production Maintains soil structure controls soil erosion Maintains soil moisture e Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation. Implement used type of machinery used The crop to be planted Soil moisture Initial condition of the land Soil type soil condition Skill of operator Liability of soil to erosion topography Capital available cost of operation Time available for other operations. 7.a List the sources of water on the farm. 7Surface water Rain water rainfall Underground ground water b How is water conveyed from one point to another? Transporting in containers by vehicles animals human Piping Use of channels c State how water is stored on a farm Use of water tank container Use of dam pond d i Name the types of water pipes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.470017}
{"text": "7.a List the sources of water on the farm. 7Surface water Rain water rainfall Underground ground water b How is water conveyed from one point to another? Transporting in containers by vehicles animals human Piping Use of channels c State how water is stored on a farm Use of water tank container Use of dam pond d i Name the types of water pipes. Metal pipes Plastic pipes Hose pipe ii Mention the types of metal pipe Aluminium pipes Galvanised iron pipes. Iii What features are considered when buying plastic pipes? Quality of material used for making the pipes Size of the pipes i.e diameter length Working pressure of the pipes. E Name the types of water pumps to be used on the farm. Centrifugal rotodynamic Semi-rotary Piston reciprocating pumps Hydram. F i Why should water be treated before use? Kill disease causing organisms Remove chemical impurities Remove bad smell and taste Remove sediments and other solids.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.5137465}
{"text": "9b List types of records kept on mixed farms. Production records Health records Field operations Feeding Inventory Breeding records c List types of records kept by crop farmers. Field operations Marketing Production Labour Inventory. 11. A i What are livestock domesticated animals ii Give examples of livestock Cattle, poultry, sheep, goat, pigs, bees, fish, donkey, camel b i Explain the role of livestock in human life food supply. Source of income Raw materials for industry Source of employment Cultural uses e.g dowry, sacrifices, etc Biological cooks e.g cocks For sports and recreation. Ii List factors that affect livestock industry in Kenya. Tradition and belief Product input prices Management Capital Selling prices marketing Climatic conditions Communication transport Diseases and parasites. C i List dairy breeds of cattle Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey ii State their characteristics. Triangular shaped Well attached udder Little flesh on the body Short, well set legs Ling, thin neck Feminine appearance Wide spring of ribs Long, thin tail. 10d i Name beef cattle breeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.5193486}
{"text": "C i List dairy breeds of cattle Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey ii State their characteristics. Triangular shaped Well attached udder Little flesh on the body Short, well set legs Ling, thin neck Feminine appearance Wide spring of ribs Long, thin tail. 10d i Name beef cattle breeds. Boran, Aberdean Angus, Hereford, Galloway, Charolais. Ii What are the characteristics of beef cattle. Blocky squared rectangular shape Low set have short legs Have a fleshy body Have short, thin necks Smaller udders. E Name the important rabbit breeds in Kenya. Chinchilla, earlops, New Zealand, White, Kenya white, Californian Angora, Flemish giant. F i Which is the common species of camel in Kenya? Single humped dromedary ii State the uses of camels Milk production Meat production Provide leather, wool and Transport people loads ii State the general characteristics of camels.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.5027645}
{"text": "Chinchilla, earlops, New Zealand, White, Kenya white, Californian Angora, Flemish giant. F i Which is the common species of camel in Kenya? Single humped dromedary ii State the uses of camels Milk production Meat production Provide leather, wool and Transport people loads ii State the general characteristics of camels. Beast of burden Provides meat, wool, milk and leather Adapted to life in dry regions Drink a lot of water Resistant to most diseases. G i What is the reasons for keeping poultry? For meat and egg production. Ii List the characteristics of broilers. Have red waxy combs and wattles Beak free from yellow pigmentation Abdomen soft and pliable to touch Good distance between pelvic bones and breastbone Well developed bones Bent is crescent shaped, moist and white in colour Body is light iii List the characteristics of broilers. Heavier and bigger than layer Grow very fast Females lay very few eggs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.5320265}
{"text": "Ii List the characteristics of broilers. Have red waxy combs and wattles Beak free from yellow pigmentation Abdomen soft and pliable to touch Good distance between pelvic bones and breastbone Well developed bones Bent is crescent shaped, moist and white in colour Body is light iii List the characteristics of broilers. Heavier and bigger than layer Grow very fast Females lay very few eggs. H Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept for Hampshire down for meat Corriadace for multon and wool dual purpose 11Romney Marsh which is dual purpose Merino kept for wool South Down for mutton Locals e.g Black headed persia, Maasai sheep are kept for meat and skin production. I Name important goat breeds and their uses Dairy breeds are Toggenberg and saanen Dual purpose are Boer, Nubian Meat is Jamnapar Meat and skin is small E. A goat Wool fur is the Angora goat. J Name important pig breeds kept in Kenya.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.5600219}
{"text": "H Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept for Hampshire down for meat Corriadace for multon and wool dual purpose 11Romney Marsh which is dual purpose Merino kept for wool South Down for mutton Locals e.g Black headed persia, Maasai sheep are kept for meat and skin production. I Name important goat breeds and their uses Dairy breeds are Toggenberg and saanen Dual purpose are Boer, Nubian Meat is Jamnapar Meat and skin is small E. A goat Wool fur is the Angora goat. J Name important pig breeds kept in Kenya. Large white Saddleback Landrace Hampshire k i Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds. Exotic means imported breeds while indigenous means local breeds. Ii State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.5796096}
{"text": "Large white Saddleback Landrace Hampshire k i Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds. Exotic means imported breeds while indigenous means local breeds. Ii State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds. Able to walk long distances in search of pasture and water Tolerate high ambient temperatures Tolerate tick-borne diseases. Iii What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk? Can tolerate high temperatures High butter fat content Small size hence less food required Can utilize poor pasture well. L i State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.5704482}
{"text": "Iii What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk? Can tolerate high temperatures High butter fat content Small size hence less food required Can utilize poor pasture well. L i State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds . No humps Produce more milk Easily attacked by tropical diseases Susceptible to tropical heat Cannot tolerate hardy areas Early maturing ii Give the characteristics of indigenous cattle Are humped Produce less milk Good resistance to tropical diseases like East Coast Fever Tolerate hardy areas Can withstand tropical heat Late maturing 12FORM TWO TOPICS. 1. A i What is soil fertility? The ability of a soil to provide all the required plant nutrients thereby producing and sustaining high crop yields. Ii State the characteristics of a fertile soil. Suitable PH Good aeration Deep soil Good water holding capacity Good drainage Free from pests and diseases.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.6013482}
{"text": "The ability of a soil to provide all the required plant nutrients thereby producing and sustaining high crop yields. Ii State the characteristics of a fertile soil. Suitable PH Good aeration Deep soil Good water holding capacity Good drainage Free from pests and diseases. Iii How can a fertile soil loss its fertility 13Soil erosion Weed infestation Leaching of nutrients Alteration of soil PH Monocropping Accumulation of undesirable salts salination Burning the land Soil capping formation of impervious layer. Iv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertility Improving water retention Crops rotation Maintain right PH value Erosion control Drainage to remove water logging Maintain adequate nutrient level Weed control Irrigation to add water b i What are plant nutrients? Minerals which constitute plant food and help to sustain plant life Mainly got from the soil ii Na me the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.634547}
{"text": "Iii How can a fertile soil loss its fertility 13Soil erosion Weed infestation Leaching of nutrients Alteration of soil PH Monocropping Accumulation of undesirable salts salination Burning the land Soil capping formation of impervious layer. Iv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertility Improving water retention Crops rotation Maintain right PH value Erosion control Drainage to remove water logging Maintain adequate nutrient level Weed control Irrigation to add water b i What are plant nutrients? Minerals which constitute plant food and help to sustain plant life Mainly got from the soil ii Na me the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur. C State the roles and deficiency of the following nutrients in plants. I Nitrogen uses. Formation of proteins Part of chlorophyll Vegetative growth Increase grain size. Deficiency. Chlorosis yellowing Stunted growth Premature leaf fall Very short roots Excessive supply Excessive succulency in grains Lodging Weak stems Delayed maturity ii Phosphorous used.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.6233315}
{"text": "Formation of proteins Part of chlorophyll Vegetative growth Increase grain size. Deficiency. Chlorosis yellowing Stunted growth Premature leaf fall Very short roots Excessive supply Excessive succulency in grains Lodging Weak stems Delayed maturity ii Phosphorous used. Protein and enzyme formation Shoot growth Root development Synthesis of sugar Seed formation 14Deficiency Purplish leaves Less fruit grain low yield Stunted slow growth Delayed maturity Poor root development Weak slender stems iii Potassium uses. Carbohydrate formation Uptake of nutrients Resistance against diseases Strengthen straw cell wall Development of chlorophyll Neutralise organic acids. Deficiency. Lodging weak stems Chlorotic leaf surface Scorching at tips and margin Premature defoliation Mottling brown spots on leaves Stunted growth. D i What is soil sampling? Taking a small representative quantity of soil from an area for testing. Ii List the methods of soil sampling. Traverse diagonal pattern Zigzag random collection. Iii State the reasons for soil testing: To determine nutrient status of the soil To determine soil PH.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.6507354}
{"text": "Ii List the methods of soil sampling. Traverse diagonal pattern Zigzag random collection. Iii State the reasons for soil testing: To determine nutrient status of the soil To determine soil PH. Iv Explain the procedure of soil sampling: Clear all vegetation Make a vertical cut and scoop soil at 15-25 cm depth Take soil from many places take representative sample Mix all soils thoroughly Break up soil clods. Get a small representative sample by quartering. V State precautions necessary during soils sampling Avoid contamination e.g by cigarette ash Avoid unused areas like ant-hill manure heaps etc Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil. Vi Name the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops: Soil analysis 15Leaf analysis Observation of deficiency symptoms iv State the importance of soil PH to a crop: Determines availability of nutrients in a place Determines presence activity of micro-organisms in soil Influences soil structure.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.657502}
{"text": "Get a small representative sample by quartering. V State precautions necessary during soils sampling Avoid contamination e.g by cigarette ash Avoid unused areas like ant-hill manure heaps etc Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil. Vi Name the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops: Soil analysis 15Leaf analysis Observation of deficiency symptoms iv State the importance of soil PH to a crop: Determines availability of nutrients in a place Determines presence activity of micro-organisms in soil Influences soil structure. 1.a i Differentiate between manure and fertilizer: Manures are organic substances which contain plant nutrients Fertilizers are inorganic manures usually prepared artificially and sold commercially. Ii List the common organic manures Farm yard manure Green manure Compost manure Organic mulches. B . I What is organic matter? Part of soil formed from dead and decomposed plant and animal remains.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.6910157}
{"text": "Ii List the common organic manures Farm yard manure Green manure Compost manure Organic mulches. B . I What is organic matter? Part of soil formed from dead and decomposed plant and animal remains. Ii State the importance of organic matter Improves soil aeration Improves soil structure Improves water infiltration and retention in soil Adds nutrients after decomposition Reduces soil erosion Modify soil temperature iii How can organic matter be added to soil? Incorporating crop remains, weeds, etc Adding organic manure Mulching using organic materials c i Describe how to make farm Yard manure: Place plant materials in inside a shed on the floor Animals defecate on it and mix it with urine and dung Remove it from pen and heap it outside for 6 months Cover the heap with soil and polythene sheet to prevent leaching of nutrients Consolidate heap to prevent entry of water Allow it to rot completely before being used.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.702103}
{"text": "Nearness to the place where compost will be used Distance to the place where compost will be used Direction of prevailing winds in relation to the position of homestead milking shed In a well drained place In a sheltered place Accessibility to the site ii Describe how to make compost manure Materials are put in a pit or pits 1.2 x 1.2 x 60cm depth Chop large pieces into small pieces Keep compost well moistened and well aerated Add organic materials in layers Add some soil to provide micro-organisms Add ash to provide potash and sulphure Insert a stick to allow free air circulation, test temperature and to test degree of decomposition. Turn compost every two to three weeks to facilitate air Add water whenever compost becomes dry Keep the center warm Avoid contraction or waterlogging Do not use material infested with pests or disease Protect from rain and sun Materials include crop residues, animal waste, old manure, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers and top soil. E i How is green manuring done on the farm? A crop is grown and then ploughed under to be incorporated in the soil while it is still green.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.7257547}
{"text": "Turn compost every two to three weeks to facilitate air Add water whenever compost becomes dry Keep the center warm Avoid contraction or waterlogging Do not use material infested with pests or disease Protect from rain and sun Materials include crop residues, animal waste, old manure, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers and top soil. E i How is green manuring done on the farm? A crop is grown and then ploughed under to be incorporated in the soil while it is still green. Ii List the characteristics of green manure crops: Fast growth rate Preferably a legume Leafy high foliage ratio Ability to rot rapidly iii What are the advantages of green manuring? 17Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil Improves soil aeration, water infiltration and absorption Increases organic matter and humus content of the soil Increases crop yields. 2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.7319865}
{"text": "Ii List the characteristics of green manure crops: Fast growth rate Preferably a legume Leafy high foliage ratio Ability to rot rapidly iii What are the advantages of green manuring? 17Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil Improves soil aeration, water infiltration and absorption Increases organic matter and humus content of the soil Increases crop yields. 2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content. Straight fertilizers contain one type of nutrient e.g nitrogenous, potassic or phosphatic Compound contains two or more e.g DAP, MAP and NPK b i Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers. They supply nitrogen and include sulphate of ammonia, ammonium sulphate nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea and calcium ammonium nitrate.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.7696936}
{"text": "2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content. Straight fertilizers contain one type of nutrient e.g nitrogenous, potassic or phosphatic Compound contains two or more e.g DAP, MAP and NPK b i Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers. They supply nitrogen and include sulphate of ammonia, ammonium sulphate nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea and calcium ammonium nitrate. Ii State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers characteristics Highly soluble in water easily leached no residual effect Have a scorching burning effect on plants They are volatile change into gaseous form Hygroscopic absorb moisture from the atmosphere cake easily. Iii When are they applied and why at that time? When the crop is already growing e.g for maize at 30-45 cm height At this stage the crop has well developed roots to absorb dissolved nitrogen fertilizer.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.7775218}
{"text": "Ii State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers characteristics Highly soluble in water easily leached no residual effect Have a scorching burning effect on plants They are volatile change into gaseous form Hygroscopic absorb moisture from the atmosphere cake easily. Iii When are they applied and why at that time? When the crop is already growing e.g for maize at 30-45 cm height At this stage the crop has well developed roots to absorb dissolved nitrogen fertilizer. The crop has well developed leaves for foliar feed Crop is growing fast and required a lot of nitrogen. C i Name the common phosphatic fertilizers: They supply phosphorous and include DSP, SSP and TSP ii When are they applied and why at the time? Applied at planting time Applied for formation, development and early establishment of roots.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.8039207}
{"text": "The crop has well developed leaves for foliar feed Crop is growing fast and required a lot of nitrogen. C i Name the common phosphatic fertilizers: They supply phosphorous and include DSP, SSP and TSP ii When are they applied and why at the time? Applied at planting time Applied for formation, development and early establishment of roots. Has long residual effect stays long in the soil Have low mobility Rather insoluble d i Name the common potassic fertilizers supply potassium and include potassium chloride kcl and muriate of potash. Ii Characteristics: Easily soluble Mobile No fixation hence Easily absorbed Easily leached Have searching effect. E i What is fertilizer application? Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.788446}
{"text": "E i What is fertilizer application? Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing? F i Calculate the amount of K 2 O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K 2 O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5 Therefore:400kg of fertilizer contains 400 x 5 20kg of K 2 O 100 ii A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.8212397}
{"text": "Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing? F i Calculate the amount of K 2 O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K 2 O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5 Therefore:400kg of fertilizer contains 400 x 5 20kg of K 2 O 100 ii A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare. A Calculate the amount of the fertilizer the farmer would require for the plot. Show your working 10,000 sq. M require 200kg of fertilizer therefore 5 x 4 sq. M would require 20 x 200 0.4 kg 400gm 10,000 b What do the figures 20, 30 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for 20 stands for the ratio of N 2 Nitrogen 30 stands for the ratio for phosphorous 10 stands for the ratio of potassium iii How much of a fertilizer labeled 20:20:10 should be applied to a plot which requires 30 kg P 2 O 5 ?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.8514788}
{"text": "Iii What happens to nitrogen in the soil? May evaporate volatilize Used up by micro-organisms May be used up by plants May be released into atmosphere by bacteria In the process of denitrification May be leached May be eroded. B i State the importance of carbon cycle Provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis Production of energy for plant and animal use. Ii Describe the carbon Compounds in plant residues digested oxidised to release carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide in the soil produces carbonic acid, carbonates and bicarbonates. Animals release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration Plants also release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration. Iii How is carbon lost? Leaching Used by higher plants iv How can carbon be restored to the atmosphere? Enhancing process of photosynthesis Burning hydrocarbons During plant and animal respiration. 5. A i Define crop propagation. Development and multiplication of new individual crops from existing ones. Ii What are the methods of crop propagation?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.872527}
{"text": "5. A i Define crop propagation. Development and multiplication of new individual crops from existing ones. Ii What are the methods of crop propagation? Seeds Vegetative materials b i List the different methods of vegetative propagation: Use of cuttings Layering Grafting 20Budding bud grafting Use of storage organs ii State advantages of vegetative propagation. Desirable characteristics reserved Disease resistance imported from some crops Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop. Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.8580444}
{"text": "Desirable characteristics reserved Disease resistance imported from some crops Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop. Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.898131}
{"text": "Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.915968}
{"text": "Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.941084}
{"text": "C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth. E i List the methods of planting Dibbling Broadcasting Row planting Drilling ii State the advantages of row planting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.9736726}
{"text": "To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth. E i List the methods of planting Dibbling Broadcasting Row planting Drilling ii State the advantages of row planting. Saves on seeds economy on seeds Easy to get correct spacing Makes subsequent operations easier iii State the factors which influence planting depth. Soil moisture Soil type Size of seeds. Iv What factors determine crop spacing?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.9720826}
{"text": "Saves on seeds economy on seeds Easy to get correct spacing Makes subsequent operations easier iii State the factors which influence planting depth. Soil moisture Soil type Size of seeds. Iv What factors determine crop spacing? Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406283.9879944}
{"text": "Iv What factors determine crop spacing? Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.0039313}
{"text": "Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation? Growing of different crops in an orderly sequence on the same field seedbed ii Why is crop rotation important?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.0280528}
{"text": "To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation? Growing of different crops in an orderly sequence on the same field seedbed ii Why is crop rotation important? Maintains soil fertility improves soil structure, aeration, water infiltration, addition of nitrogen by legumes Controls pests diseases Makes maximum use of soil nutrients Reduces chance of erosion Controls weeds. Iii State the factors to consider when planning a crop rotation system: Nutrient requirement of different crops in the sequence The need to include grass loys in the programme Prevalent pests and diseases Types of crops in the sequence Growth habit of the different crops included.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.0359666}
{"text": "Iv Why dry grains before storage? Prevents germination sprouting in storage Reduces pests disease attack Reduces attack by fungi. V What factors are considered when grading crops for market? Size Colour Shape Dryness Damages on crops j i List the various storage structures on farms Traditional granaries Maize crib Bags Bulk storage e.g silos ii State the problems farmers face in storage of produce from farms . Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.0533826}
{"text": "Size Colour Shape Dryness Damages on crops j i List the various storage structures on farms Traditional granaries Maize crib Bags Bulk storage e.g silos ii State the problems farmers face in storage of produce from farms . Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery? A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.0832658}
{"text": "Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery? A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery. When seeds are too small Easy to handle take care of seedlings Easy to select seedlings Some seeds are delicate hence not viable and require proper care Pest control is easy It is possible to carry out watering Uniformity of plants in the field 24For bulking up as in the case of sugarcane planting. C State the nurseries management practices.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.0978963}
{"text": "A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery. When seeds are too small Easy to handle take care of seedlings Easy to select seedlings Some seeds are delicate hence not viable and require proper care Pest control is easy It is possible to carry out watering Uniformity of plants in the field 24For bulking up as in the case of sugarcane planting. C State the nurseries management practices. Proper watering Hardening off Controlling pests and diseases Thinning or pricking out d Explain the following nursery practices. I Pricking out. Done to enable seedling to grow vigorously and healthy avoid overcrowding ii Hardening off. Carried out to make the seedlings to get used to the actual field conditions. Iii Rogueing.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.1036065}
{"text": "Done to enable seedling to grow vigorously and healthy avoid overcrowding ii Hardening off. Carried out to make the seedlings to get used to the actual field conditions. Iii Rogueing. Removal of diseased crop plants 7.a i What is health and diseases Health is the state of the body in which all body organs and systems are functioning normally and are normal. Disease is any alteration in the state of the body or any organs or systems which would interfere with or interrupt the proper functioning. Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.1121385}
{"text": "Removal of diseased crop plants 7.a i What is health and diseases Health is the state of the body in which all body organs and systems are functioning normally and are normal. Disease is any alteration in the state of the body or any organs or systems which would interfere with or interrupt the proper functioning. Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly. Iii State the signs of illness in cattle Dullness Abnormal urination e.g red water Rough hair-coat hair falls off Abnormal respiration rate Dry mucus membrane Abnormally low or high temperature Loss of appetite Abnormal pulse rate Decline in production Abnormal defalcation e.g diarrhoea constipation Aggressive when approached. Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.1491804}
{"text": "Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly. Iii State the signs of illness in cattle Dullness Abnormal urination e.g red water Rough hair-coat hair falls off Abnormal respiration rate Dry mucus membrane Abnormally low or high temperature Loss of appetite Abnormal pulse rate Decline in production Abnormal defalcation e.g diarrhoea constipation Aggressive when approached. Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms. V What are the categories of diseases? 25Bacterial Viral Ricketsial Fungal Protozoan b State the general methods of disease control.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.1596978}
{"text": "Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms. V What are the categories of diseases? 25Bacterial Viral Ricketsial Fungal Protozoan b State the general methods of disease control. Use of prophylactic drugs e.g antibiotics prophylaxis Proper sanitation farm hygiene Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning Quarantine and isolation to reduce spread Slaughtering, culling or killing affected animals Routine vaccination to prevent infection Killing vectors e.g ticks, tsetsefly, etc Proper nutrition feed properly Use proper technique of milking to control mastitis Artificial insemination to avoid breeding disease e.g contagious abortion Proper disposal of carcass e.g for Anthrax Proper housing avoid overcrowding Treat affected animals to avoid infecting others Avoid injuring animals Rotational grazing to control parasites internal parasites Prevent avoid factors causing stress. 8.a What is a parasite? Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.1671505}
{"text": "Use of prophylactic drugs e.g antibiotics prophylaxis Proper sanitation farm hygiene Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning Quarantine and isolation to reduce spread Slaughtering, culling or killing affected animals Routine vaccination to prevent infection Killing vectors e.g ticks, tsetsefly, etc Proper nutrition feed properly Use proper technique of milking to control mastitis Artificial insemination to avoid breeding disease e.g contagious abortion Proper disposal of carcass e.g for Anthrax Proper housing avoid overcrowding Treat affected animals to avoid infecting others Avoid injuring animals Rotational grazing to control parasites internal parasites Prevent avoid factors causing stress. 8.a What is a parasite? Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes. B i What are external parasites? Live on the host at lease for part of its life cycle.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.1733804}
{"text": "Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes. B i What are external parasites? Live on the host at lease for part of its life cycle. Ii State examples of external parasites: Ticks, tsetsefly, mites, lice, fleas, keds iii State the signs of infestation by external parasites: Anaemia Irritation scratching Loss of hair Sores wounds on skin Presence of parasites on animals body iv List the harmful effects of external parasites. Transmit diseases cause diseases Suck blood and cause anaemia Irritation and discomfort Poor quality hides and skins Increase production costs. C i State the categories of tick. One-host Two-host 26Three-host ii Give the stage of tick s life cycle in proper order Egg, larva, nymph, adult. Iii How are ticks controlled? Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.223066}
{"text": "Iii How are ticks controlled? Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.196338}
{"text": "Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.2283769}
{"text": "Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.2521183}
{"text": "Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.283628}
{"text": "Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases. Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.3114302}
{"text": "Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases. Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble Functions are to promote growth, help in blood clotting, bone formation, muscular activities, prevent diseases and act as catalysts. Sources are most food eaten.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.30007}
{"text": "Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble Functions are to promote growth, help in blood clotting, bone formation, muscular activities, prevent diseases and act as catalysts. Sources are most food eaten. V Minerals. Maintain osmotic pressure, regulate metabolism, bone formation and development, teeth development, increase food conversion, increase in appetite. Deficiency leads to reduced appetite, loss of weight, decrease in production, poor growth and loss of condition. Sources include mineral supplements. Vi Water Functions: Regulation of body temperature Make cells turgid and maintain body shape Transport of nutrients Biochemical reactions As a lubricant vii Factors influencing intake.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.3170958}
{"text": "Deficiency leads to reduced appetite, loss of weight, decrease in production, poor growth and loss of condition. Sources include mineral supplements. Vi Water Functions: Regulation of body temperature Make cells turgid and maintain body shape Transport of nutrients Biochemical reactions As a lubricant vii Factors influencing intake. Size of animal Productivity e.g milk Type of food given to animal Physiological status of animal e.g pregnant Ambient temperature Species kind of animal 28c Explain what the following means: i Concentrates A feed with high protein and or energy content but low in fibre Have high available nutrients per unit weight Compact in form mashes powder, granules, salt and mineral blocks, etc Fed in small amounts. Ii Roughage A feed with high fibre contents and or low energy Are bulky, of low digestibility, low in protein, and of plant origin e.g pasture, hay, silage, fodder. D What is a ration?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.3486946}
{"text": "Size of animal Productivity e.g milk Type of food given to animal Physiological status of animal e.g pregnant Ambient temperature Species kind of animal 28c Explain what the following means: i Concentrates A feed with high protein and or energy content but low in fibre Have high available nutrients per unit weight Compact in form mashes powder, granules, salt and mineral blocks, etc Fed in small amounts. Ii Roughage A feed with high fibre contents and or low energy Are bulky, of low digestibility, low in protein, and of plant origin e.g pasture, hay, silage, fodder. D What is a ration? Amount of food that will produce essential nutrients to an animal to enable animal nest its nutritional requirements. E Explain the meaning and importance of.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.3537502}
{"text": "Ii Draw a ruminant stomach e.g cow and explain the functions of the four chambers. 29Rumen: First chamber Stores and softens food Microbial action of food takes places here Reticulum Separates coarse food from fine food particles Omasum Grinds food and reduces water content Abomasum Has enzymes which act on food thus causing food digestion b How is grass digested in the rumen of an adult ruminant? Food is stored in the rumen Coarse grass is regurgitated from the rumen for further chewing in the mouth i.e chewing cud. Saliva that is mixed with feed when chewing cud creates alkaline PH suitable for bacterial action in the rumen. Food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen In the rumen carbohydrates are broken down into volatile fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid. Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.3673308}
{"text": "Saliva that is mixed with feed when chewing cud creates alkaline PH suitable for bacterial action in the rumen. Food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen In the rumen carbohydrates are broken down into volatile fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid. Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released. Proteins are broken down into peptides amino acids Amino acids essential amino acids are synthesized from ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen by micro-organisms. Micro-organisms also synthesize certain vitamins e.g vitamin B complex, vitamin K. Much of the volatile fatty acids and ammonia are absorbed through bolching i.e carbon dioxide and methane. C State the functions of the following parts of poultry digestive system . I Crop Softening food Storage of food ii Gizzard Contains small stones which help to grind food and break down cellulose. 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.371348}
{"text": "C State the functions of the following parts of poultry digestive system . I Crop Softening food Storage of food ii Gizzard Contains small stones which help to grind food and break down cellulose. 11. A i Draw the reproductive system of a hen and explain the stage taken during the formation of an egg. 30Ovary Produces ova Infindibulum Site of fertilization and storage of sperm calls Yolk takes 15 minutes here Magnum Albumen is added Egg takes 3 hours here Isthmus Secretes the shell membrane Water, minerals and vitamins Process takes 1 hours Uterus shell gland Has calcium deposits Shell added round eggs Completes the addition of albumen Process takes 18 22 hours Vagina Pigmentation of egg takes place here Socrates mucus which reduces friction and facilitates expulsion of the egg Takes 1. 10 minutes Cloaca Delivers the egg out gently. Ii Draw a clearly labeled diagram to show the reproductive system of a cow and state the functions of the labeled parts.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4004333}
{"text": "A i Draw the reproductive system of a hen and explain the stage taken during the formation of an egg. 30Ovary Produces ova Infindibulum Site of fertilization and storage of sperm calls Yolk takes 15 minutes here Magnum Albumen is added Egg takes 3 hours here Isthmus Secretes the shell membrane Water, minerals and vitamins Process takes 1 hours Uterus shell gland Has calcium deposits Shell added round eggs Completes the addition of albumen Process takes 18 22 hours Vagina Pigmentation of egg takes place here Socrates mucus which reduces friction and facilitates expulsion of the egg Takes 1. 10 minutes Cloaca Delivers the egg out gently. Ii Draw a clearly labeled diagram to show the reproductive system of a cow and state the functions of the labeled parts. Fallopian tube. This is a passage through which ova pass from the ovary. This is where fertilization takes place as the ovum passes to the uterus. Ovary.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.3828485}
{"text": "This is a passage through which ova pass from the ovary. This is where fertilization takes place as the ovum passes to the uterus. Ovary. Produce ova Produce sex hormones e.g oestrogen, progesterone 31Uterus After fertilization foetus develops until birth here. Vagina and Vulva. Receive male s sperms Aid in expulsion of young from the womb during birth b i What is selection in animal breeding? The process of allowing certain animals to be parents of future generations. Ii State the factors to consider during selection. Increase in yield Improved quality of products Resistance against diseases Resistance to heat or dry conditions Reduced maturity age. C i What is breeding? It involves mating of desirable males and females ii State the importance of breeding. To obtain high quality products Increase production capacity Import disease resistance Increase tolerance to high ambient temperature To reduce maturity age. Iii Give the methods of mating cattle Artificial insemination AI Natural method d i What is natural mating?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.409802}
{"text": "May cause inbreeding if bull is not controlled Expensive uneconomical to keep a bull There is a risk of transmission of breeding diseases A bull may cause physical injury to a cow handler Only a limited number few cows can be mated by one bull within a given period of time. E Explain the main systems of breeding. I Grading up The process of crossing until an animal having desirable characteristics is obtained. Example is mating Boran bull to Friesian cow to obtain increased production and disease resistance. 32ii Line breeding Is the mating of two individuals originating from one ancestor or same line of breeding. Iii Cross breeding Meaning: Mating two pure breeds belonging to different breeds mating a pure bred sire of one breed to a high quality grade female of another breed. Reasons: To produce a hybrid with hybrid vigour Imparts desirable genes from either of the parents. What is hybrid vigour?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4148474}
{"text": "Iii Cross breeding Meaning: Mating two pure breeds belonging to different breeds mating a pure bred sire of one breed to a high quality grade female of another breed. Reasons: To produce a hybrid with hybrid vigour Imparts desirable genes from either of the parents. What is hybrid vigour? The increased ability and performance of the offspring above the average of the two unrelated parents. Iv Outcrossing Mating two unrelated animals of the same breed v Inbreeding. Meaning. Mating of closely related animals Aim To retain preserve certain desirable qualities Disadvantages Increases embryonic mortality abortion Reduces disease resistance ability Reduces the vigour of the animal causes weakness abnormality Reduces yield. F i What is artificial insemination? Obtaining semen from males and depositing it in female s reproductive canal by artificial means. Ii State its advantages.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.426679}
{"text": "F i What is artificial insemination? Obtaining semen from males and depositing it in female s reproductive canal by artificial means. Ii State its advantages. Cheap can be afforded by many farmers Controls breeding diseases One male can serve many females Makes use of good bulls quick way of improvement Young small females not injured Used to prevent inbreeding Semen can be used in distant places iii Give the disadvantages. Can quickly spread undesirable genetic traits Requires special equipment and good communication network Timing of optimum period is difficult Not readily available to small scale farmers. 3312. A Discuss sheep management from selection of breeding stock to lambing. I Selection of breeding stock . High fertility and regular breeding Good quality products Fast growing early maturing Healthy stock Good mothering instinct Good body conformation not physically deformed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4349504}
{"text": "A Discuss sheep management from selection of breeding stock to lambing. I Selection of breeding stock . High fertility and regular breeding Good quality products Fast growing early maturing Healthy stock Good mothering instinct Good body conformation not physically deformed. Ii Breeding Flush owes by giving extra concentrates high plant nutrition Flushing should be started about 3 weeks before mating and continued for three weeks after mating Clip wool around vulva for easy mating do crouching Raddling of rams before mating Use one ram for 35 60 owes Mating time for lambing to coincide with the season when there is enough pasture. If more than one ram used, use different colour of paste for each ram. Remove rams from owes after mating.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4475663}
{"text": "Ii Breeding Flush owes by giving extra concentrates high plant nutrition Flushing should be started about 3 weeks before mating and continued for three weeks after mating Clip wool around vulva for easy mating do crouching Raddling of rams before mating Use one ram for 35 60 owes Mating time for lambing to coincide with the season when there is enough pasture. If more than one ram used, use different colour of paste for each ram. Remove rams from owes after mating. Iii Management during gestation Food owes on good pasture concentrates 3 4 weeks before lambing steam up Move owes to clean pasture three weeks before lambing Deworm owes 2 3 weeks before lambing Vaccinate owes 2 3 weeks before lambing against common diseases Provide clean water. Iv Lambing management.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4567165}
{"text": "Remove rams from owes after mating. Iii Management during gestation Food owes on good pasture concentrates 3 4 weeks before lambing steam up Move owes to clean pasture three weeks before lambing Deworm owes 2 3 weeks before lambing Vaccinate owes 2 3 weeks before lambing against common diseases Provide clean water. Iv Lambing management. Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4704857}
{"text": "Iv Lambing management. Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.491283}
{"text": "Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4850101}
{"text": "B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.4769356}
{"text": "Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.5236428}
{"text": "A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.518692}
{"text": "Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.5381277}
{"text": "Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.550383}
{"text": "Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.5887198}
{"text": "C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.5743587}
{"text": "Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.600145}
{"text": "35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen. Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before farrowing Observe the signs of farrowing, and supervise the farrowing process.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.6101491}
{"text": "Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen. Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before farrowing Observe the signs of farrowing, and supervise the farrowing process. Deworm the gilt 7-10 days before farrowing. E i Give the reasons for culling a breeding boar. When the boar is old When the health of the boar is poor injury When the offsprings are being used as replacement stock to stop inbreeding When the bear is too fat and lazy back leg weakness When the performance of offsprings is poor When the bear lacks libido infertile ii Why should a breeding sow be culled?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.6325667}
{"text": "Deworm the gilt 7-10 days before farrowing. E i Give the reasons for culling a breeding boar. When the boar is old When the health of the boar is poor injury When the offsprings are being used as replacement stock to stop inbreeding When the bear is too fat and lazy back leg weakness When the performance of offsprings is poor When the bear lacks libido infertile ii Why should a breeding sow be culled? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers. 14. A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.6226578}
{"text": "14. A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.6575851}
{"text": "A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.651689}
{"text": "Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.6626854}
{"text": "If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15. A State the factors that should be considered when selecting rabbits for breeding.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.6799822}
{"text": "Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15. A State the factors that should be considered when selecting rabbits for breeding. Good body size Breeding efficiency Good body conformation Growth rate Good health Freedom from physical deformities. B Why is it important that rabbits are fed on a balanced diet? For quick growth To prevent mineral deficiency To give good quality products To give maximum yield Prevention from diseases c List the heat signs in a doe. Restlessness Rubs itself against any object Vulva swells Interested in other rabbits May lie on her side d Name the types of rabbits keeping. Rabbitry and hutches Mordant i.e movable rabbit house built of light materials Warren Colony system. E State the general routine management practices necessary to protect rabbits from diseases and parasites. Cleanliness in the housing units Do not feed on contaminated food Isolation and treatment of sick ones Disinfect cages, water and feed troughs Impose quarantine of two weeks on new rabbits.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.7078822}
{"text": "Rabbitry and hutches Mordant i.e movable rabbit house built of light materials Warren Colony system. E State the general routine management practices necessary to protect rabbits from diseases and parasites. Cleanliness in the housing units Do not feed on contaminated food Isolation and treatment of sick ones Disinfect cages, water and feed troughs Impose quarantine of two weeks on new rabbits. 3716. A State the uses of bees on the farm. Pollination of flowers Production of honey and wax b Give the functions of the various classes of bees found in a beehive. Queen is fertile and lays egg Drones are fertile males and mate with queen to fertilize the eggs Works are sterile male who take care of all other bees and the hive, and also offer protection to the hive. C How can bees be attracted to a hive? Using honey Smear sugar syrup on hive Use of molasses. D i When is it recommended to harvest honey?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.703542}
{"text": "C How can bees be attracted to a hive? Using honey Smear sugar syrup on hive Use of molasses. D i When is it recommended to harvest honey? Late in the evening Early in the morning ii State why smoke should be used when harvesting honey, but not fire. Smoke makes bees loss aggressive less active It does not kill bees breed Quality of honey obtained is sufficiently high iii What precautions are necessary when harvesting honey? Avoid excess smoke getting into the hive Prevent rain water from getting into hive Use clean utensils to avoid contamination Use of protective clothes e i Name diseases of bees. Acorive disease Foul breath disease ii Give examples of pests of bees. Safari ants Bee lose Private wasps Wax moth Birds Honey badger Beetles Robber bees 17. What makes the camel suited to living and working in desert conditions?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.6975558}
{"text": "Acorive disease Foul breath disease ii Give examples of pests of bees. Safari ants Bee lose Private wasps Wax moth Birds Honey badger Beetles Robber bees 17. What makes the camel suited to living and working in desert conditions? Can tolerate high temperature A browser which survives well on scanty vegetation Travels long distance and for several days without water Hooves are suited to walk on sand 3818. Mention the uses of donkeys. Transportation Work e.g pulling ox-ploughs for cultivation. B What management practices are necessary to enable a donkey work efficiently? Proper harnessing to avoid injuries Foot care and hoof trimming when necessary Proper feeding Enough rest after work Treat when sick Drenching using horse dewormer. 19. A i Explain cropping in fish farming. The removal of marketable size of fish from the pond to provide more food for those left behind. Ii What is fish harvesting? Removal of all fish from the pond b List the features that are necessary in fish-pond construction.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.729991}
{"text": "The removal of marketable size of fish from the pond to provide more food for those left behind. Ii What is fish harvesting? Removal of all fish from the pond b List the features that are necessary in fish-pond construction. Inlet for fresh water Spillway to remove excess overflow water Outlet for drainage e.g when harvesting fish or replacing water Fence to keep away predators thieves Screen to prevent fish from escaping. C Explain the maintenance practices necessary for a fish pond. Maintain optimum level of water by regulating inflow and outflow of water Immediate blockage of water leakages Remove any debris Out weeds or grass growing around pond Fertilize pond regularly Provide enough food to fish 20. A i How can skin of an animal be damaged while animal is still alive? Poor branding Scratching by sharp objects such as wires whipping injury by other animals Skin diseases Bites by parasites. Ii State the treatment given to hides and skins after flaying.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.7565324}
{"text": "A i How can skin of an animal be damaged while animal is still alive? Poor branding Scratching by sharp objects such as wires whipping injury by other animals Skin diseases Bites by parasites. Ii State the treatment given to hides and skins after flaying. Washing Trimming Tanning Draining and fleshing Preserving by salting iii What are the uses of hides and skins? Source of revenue Used to make items e.g shoes, etc 39b i Give reasons why honey harvesting at night is not encouraged. To avoid bush fires Because one may not distinguish between honey combs and brood combs Loss damage to combs Little contamination of honey To avoid killing bees. Ii Describe the procedure of harvesting honey.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.7446272}
{"text": "Source of revenue Used to make items e.g shoes, etc 39b i Give reasons why honey harvesting at night is not encouraged. To avoid bush fires Because one may not distinguish between honey combs and brood combs Loss damage to combs Little contamination of honey To avoid killing bees. Ii Describe the procedure of harvesting honey. Wear protective clothing Approach beehive from behind Move smoothly Puff smoke, using smoker, into entrance holes Inspect combs thoroughly Harvest only where scaled combs Leave enough combs with honey, especially in dry season, to avoid starving bees Brush out bees from honey combs Avoid crushing bees. Iii State the methods of extracting honey from honey combs Using heat method Crush and strain Using of extraction. Iv What factors influence the quality of honey?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.75082}
{"text": "Wear protective clothing Approach beehive from behind Move smoothly Puff smoke, using smoker, into entrance holes Inspect combs thoroughly Harvest only where scaled combs Leave enough combs with honey, especially in dry season, to avoid starving bees Brush out bees from honey combs Avoid crushing bees. Iii State the methods of extracting honey from honey combs Using heat method Crush and strain Using of extraction. Iv What factors influence the quality of honey? Presence of impurities foreign materials Source of nectar food type Stage of ripening maturity under 17 moisture content Season of the year rainy season flowering Method of extraction.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.7779725}
{"text": "Iii State the methods of extracting honey from honey combs Using heat method Crush and strain Using of extraction. Iv What factors influence the quality of honey? Presence of impurities foreign materials Source of nectar food type Stage of ripening maturity under 17 moisture content Season of the year rainy season flowering Method of extraction. C Describe hoe to kill and prepare a rabbit carcass Kill by dislocating the neck Hold by back legs in the hand Strike a sharp blow with edge of hand, at base of skull behind the ears This causes bone separation and breaks blood vessels of the neck Hook up rabbit immediately by one leg Remove head to assist bleeding Slit abdominal wall and eviscerate remove visceran remove internal organs Dry the skin using appropriate method Sell meat locally. D i State the difference between wool and hair.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.7861419}
{"text": "Presence of impurities foreign materials Source of nectar food type Stage of ripening maturity under 17 moisture content Season of the year rainy season flowering Method of extraction. C Describe hoe to kill and prepare a rabbit carcass Kill by dislocating the neck Hold by back legs in the hand Strike a sharp blow with edge of hand, at base of skull behind the ears This causes bone separation and breaks blood vessels of the neck Hook up rabbit immediately by one leg Remove head to assist bleeding Slit abdominal wall and eviscerate remove visceran remove internal organs Dry the skin using appropriate method Sell meat locally. D i State the difference between wool and hair. Wool is outer coat of sheep made of many fibres with crimp Appearance that make the fibres elastic Hair is smooth, lacks waviness and is inelastic ii What is fleece?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8000546}
{"text": "C Describe hoe to kill and prepare a rabbit carcass Kill by dislocating the neck Hold by back legs in the hand Strike a sharp blow with edge of hand, at base of skull behind the ears This causes bone separation and breaks blood vessels of the neck Hook up rabbit immediately by one leg Remove head to assist bleeding Slit abdominal wall and eviscerate remove visceran remove internal organs Dry the skin using appropriate method Sell meat locally. D i State the difference between wool and hair. Wool is outer coat of sheep made of many fibres with crimp Appearance that make the fibres elastic Hair is smooth, lacks waviness and is inelastic ii What is fleece? Wool which has been shorn out from sheep iii Give the qualities of good wool. Clean loss 40Long Fine soft wool count Be of pure colour white Strong Elasticity crimpy.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.793163}
{"text": "Wool is outer coat of sheep made of many fibres with crimp Appearance that make the fibres elastic Hair is smooth, lacks waviness and is inelastic ii What is fleece? Wool which has been shorn out from sheep iii Give the qualities of good wool. Clean loss 40Long Fine soft wool count Be of pure colour white Strong Elasticity crimpy. Iv List the precautions to be taken during the sheep shearing process to ensure good quality wool Shearing on dry and fine weather season Use clean floor to avoid fouling of wool Avoid half cut wool as this lowers quality e How are fish processed before cooking? Scaling Removal of offal s eviscerating Sun drying or smoking to slow down deterioration ii List the methods of preserving fish before sale to consumers Splitting then drying in the sun Smoking Salting. FORM THREE TOPICS 411.a Define farm layout refers to how land on the farm is allocated to various uses.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.815662}
{"text": "Iv List the precautions to be taken during the sheep shearing process to ensure good quality wool Shearing on dry and fine weather season Use clean floor to avoid fouling of wool Avoid half cut wool as this lowers quality e How are fish processed before cooking? Scaling Removal of offal s eviscerating Sun drying or smoking to slow down deterioration ii List the methods of preserving fish before sale to consumers Splitting then drying in the sun Smoking Salting. FORM THREE TOPICS 411.a Define farm layout refers to how land on the farm is allocated to various uses. B What is a good layout One which allows easy management of various enterprises on the farm One which satisfies the farmer and give him comfort. C State the factors to consider when planning the layout of a mixed farm .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8325646}
{"text": "FORM THREE TOPICS 411.a Define farm layout refers to how land on the farm is allocated to various uses. B What is a good layout One which allows easy management of various enterprises on the farm One which satisfies the farmer and give him comfort. C State the factors to consider when planning the layout of a mixed farm . Slope of land drainage topography Direction of prevailing winds Type of soil Type of enterprises required other enterprises on farm Infrastructure accessibility other enterprises on farm Government regulation Existing permanent structures on the farm Land size Security of enterprises Existing ammonites e.g electricity, water Panoramic view 2.a List the common structures found on the farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8277717}
{"text": "V What maintenance practices are carried out on farm fences? Replacing broken posts, droppers etc Replacing tightening loose wires Control termites and fungi from causing damage Replace struts if broken. E State the uses of a crush. Hand spraying or hand dressing to control ticks Drenching or deworming against internal parasites Artificial insemination Applying identification marks Taking temperature Pregnancy diagnosis Milking Dehorning Castration f i Name the main sections of a cattle dip stating its functions. Assembly yard is a waiting area for holding the animals before dipping Footbath for washing mud from cattle hooves to prevent dip contamination s Dip tank which contains dip wash into which cattle got immersed Draining race drying race for holding animals after dipping to let the dip wash drip. Ii State the main use of a dip. Where animals are immersed in a solution of acaricide and water dipwash to control external parasites e.g ticks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8404748}
{"text": "Assembly yard is a waiting area for holding the animals before dipping Footbath for washing mud from cattle hooves to prevent dip contamination s Dip tank which contains dip wash into which cattle got immersed Draining race drying race for holding animals after dipping to let the dip wash drip. Ii State the main use of a dip. Where animals are immersed in a solution of acaricide and water dipwash to control external parasites e.g ticks. G State the factors to consider when planning to construct a grain store . Sited on a well-drained ground Free ventilation without draughts Rainproof leakproof Adequate floor space Easy to clean Vermin pest proof have rat guards Keep away thieves predators. H i State the features of an ideal calf porn Well ventilated Leakproof Well drained floor Clean 44Draught free Enough space for calf ii What facts influence siting of calf pens?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8479803}
{"text": "Repair broken parts of the house Clean and remove the cobwebs and any dirt Improve drainage Fumigate against pests and diseases Paint some parts of the house. J i State the factors to consider in siting a rabbit hutch. The site should be safe and secure especially in or near a homestead It should be sized in an accessible place The place should be sheltered from strong prevailing winds The area should be well drained It should be located on the leeward side of the farm to avoid bad smell ii What factors should be considered in selecting the construction materials ? Consider availability or materials Durable materials are preferred Consider cost of the material to use Select roofing materials that can keep off rain Some materials for the walls should allow enough light and ventilation Select some materials for the floor that will allow drainage of urine and from passage of droppings. Iii Give the environment of a rabbit hutch.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8629186}
{"text": "The site should be safe and secure especially in or near a homestead It should be sized in an accessible place The place should be sheltered from strong prevailing winds The area should be well drained It should be located on the leeward side of the farm to avoid bad smell ii What factors should be considered in selecting the construction materials ? Consider availability or materials Durable materials are preferred Consider cost of the material to use Select roofing materials that can keep off rain Some materials for the walls should allow enough light and ventilation Select some materials for the floor that will allow drainage of urine and from passage of droppings. Iii Give the environment of a rabbit hutch. 45Lack proof Easy to clean Free from strong wind draught Safe from prodiors raised above ground level Floor to allow from drainage of urine and droppings Well ventilated Adequate space. Iv State the reasons for raising rabbit hutches above ground level.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8745387}
{"text": "Iii Give the environment of a rabbit hutch. 45Lack proof Easy to clean Free from strong wind draught Safe from prodiors raised above ground level Floor to allow from drainage of urine and droppings Well ventilated Adequate space. Iv State the reasons for raising rabbit hutches above ground level. To ensure security from attack by dogs, cats, etc To hasten drying of bedding To avoid dampness from the ground K i State the factors to consider when designing a piggery to ensure good health of pigs. Ventilation Space requirements according to recommended stocking rate Basking exercise area Security of piglets e.g constructing guard rails Drainage Position of food troughs and water troughs in relation to dunging area. L a State the reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. Avoid accidents when using them Ensure efficiency of usage of structure Prolong the life of the structure farm 3. A i What is land tenure?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.894882}
{"text": "Ventilation Space requirements according to recommended stocking rate Basking exercise area Security of piglets e.g constructing guard rails Drainage Position of food troughs and water troughs in relation to dunging area. L a State the reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. Avoid accidents when using them Ensure efficiency of usage of structure Prolong the life of the structure farm 3. A i What is land tenure? Ownership of rights to the use of land ii List the land tenure Collective e.g communal and cooperative tenure Individual e.g owner-occupier, company and tenancy and landlordism lease held system b i What is land refers? Any organised action taken to improve the structure of land tenure and land use deliberate change in the land tenure system ii State the methods of land refers. Land consolidation Land subdivision fragmentation Land adjudication and registration demarcation Settlement and resettlement c i Distinguish between settlement and resettlement.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.8817308}
{"text": "Ownership of rights to the use of land ii List the land tenure Collective e.g communal and cooperative tenure Individual e.g owner-occupier, company and tenancy and landlordism lease held system b i What is land refers? Any organised action taken to improve the structure of land tenure and land use deliberate change in the land tenure system ii State the methods of land refers. Land consolidation Land subdivision fragmentation Land adjudication and registration demarcation Settlement and resettlement c i Distinguish between settlement and resettlement. Settlement is planned transfer of population from one area to another Resettlement is transferring population from more densely populated area to less populated one. Ii State the objectives of settlement and resettlement To settle the land lost 46To make use of idle land To create self employment To relieve population pressure To increase agricultural population. Iii What were the contributions of settlement schemes?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.906701}
{"text": "Settlement is planned transfer of population from one area to another Resettlement is transferring population from more densely populated area to less populated one. Ii State the objectives of settlement and resettlement To settle the land lost 46To make use of idle land To create self employment To relieve population pressure To increase agricultural population. Iii What were the contributions of settlement schemes? Have increased production Better use of extension services Increased agricultural credit Marketing cooperatives are being used There are more improved livestock Acceleration in development of infrastructure 4. A i What is soil erosion? Detachment and carrying away of top soil by wind and water. Ii Name the types of soil erosion. Splash raindrop erosion Gully erosion Streambank erosion Rill erosion Shoot erosion iii State the factors which influence the rate of soil erosion.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.9106324}
{"text": "Compete with crops are nutrients, space, light, water Reduce quality of products Some are Some block irrigation channels and deprive fish of oxygen Some lower quality of pasture They increase production costs d Describe the wed control methods i Cultural Includes mulching, cover cropping, field hygiene, timely planting, crop rotation, using clean planting materials, etc. Ii Mechanical: By use of tillage, cultivation, slashing defoliation and uprooting weeds iii Biological Deliberate use of a biological agent e.g insect, virus, fungi animal to reduce the population of a target weed. Iv Chemicals. Use of herbicides to kill weeds Herbicides are chemicals which kill plants. 6.a i What is a crop pest? Any organism that destroys is a nuisance to crops, either directly xxxxx, by feeding on tem or introducing disease causing ii Name the categories of crop pest? Insects- Micro-organisms Mites- Higher animals Birds- Molasses Nematodes- Rodents iii How can pests be controlled on the farm?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.9204705}
{"text": "6.a i What is a crop pest? Any organism that destroys is a nuisance to crops, either directly xxxxx, by feeding on tem or introducing disease causing ii Name the categories of crop pest? Insects- Micro-organisms Mites- Higher animals Birds- Molasses Nematodes- Rodents iii How can pests be controlled on the farm? By use of chemical e.g pesticides Early planting of crops Field hygiene e.g destruction of affected crop residues Use of trap crops, trap cropping Close season Crop rotation Growing resistant varieties Trapping and killing pest. 48iv What is integrated pest management? The use of a combination of various control methods b i What is a plant disease. Any alteration in the state of a plant or of its parts, which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of functions of its parts. Ii Name the disease causing factors in crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.930863}
{"text": "The use of a combination of various control methods b i What is a plant disease. Any alteration in the state of a plant or of its parts, which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of functions of its parts. Ii Name the disease causing factors in crops. Viruses Mineral deficiency nutritional in balance Bacterial Fungi Physiological disorders iii List the various practices carried out in the field to control crop diseases . Crop rotation Close season Roguing destroying infected Planting disease free plants use of certified seeds Early planting timely planting Pruning proper spacing Weed control Use of resistance varieties Quarantine Application of appropriate chemicals Use of clean equipment Heat treatment. 7.Discuss the growing of the following crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.9467795}
{"text": "Scare the birds Apply appropriate insecticides to control stalk bearer Fungal disease control use resistant varieties, plant certified seeds vi Harvesting Ready 3-9 months depending on variety Cut head panicle b Maize i Seedbed preparation Clear land early before the rains Harrow the land to medium tilth Cultivate land to get rid of parannial weeds and allow vegetation to rot. Ii Planting Done at the beginning of rains Dry planting is recommended Spacing varies with variety i.e 23-30 cm x 57 90 cm Plant seed at 2.5 10 cm deep Planting manually or mechanically Apply DAP at 100 150 kg hectare in planting hole Top dress with CAN at 200kg hectare iii Weeding Weed at early stage to reduce competition for moisture Hand weeding done Herbicides sometimes used e.g simazine artrazine before germination and MCPA 2,40 after germination. Iv Field management Thinning done early to get consistent growth Gapping done early v Pests control Scare birds e.g quellea and weaver birds Use appropriate control of pests e.g aphids, army worm e.g insecticides. Vi Disease control Use appropriate control e.g fungicides for smut, rust and maize stork vii Harvesting Depending on altitude and variety Stock out maize or harvest cabs when dry in field c Cassava i Basic requirements Requires altitude of below 1500m.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.9585314}
{"text": "Ii Planting Done at the beginning of rains Dry planting is recommended Spacing varies with variety i.e 23-30 cm x 57 90 cm Plant seed at 2.5 10 cm deep Planting manually or mechanically Apply DAP at 100 150 kg hectare in planting hole Top dress with CAN at 200kg hectare iii Weeding Weed at early stage to reduce competition for moisture Hand weeding done Herbicides sometimes used e.g simazine artrazine before germination and MCPA 2,40 after germination. Iv Field management Thinning done early to get consistent growth Gapping done early v Pests control Scare birds e.g quellea and weaver birds Use appropriate control of pests e.g aphids, army worm e.g insecticides. Vi Disease control Use appropriate control e.g fungicides for smut, rust and maize stork vii Harvesting Depending on altitude and variety Stock out maize or harvest cabs when dry in field c Cassava i Basic requirements Requires altitude of below 1500m. Moderate rainfall drought resistant 50Sandy soils free draining soils ii Seedbed preparation and planting Deep ploughing recommended prepare ridges Plant stem cuttings 40cm long at 45 o or less Spacing is 1.5m x 0.9m Bury half stem in soil.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.9718902}
{"text": "Iv Field management Thinning done early to get consistent growth Gapping done early v Pests control Scare birds e.g quellea and weaver birds Use appropriate control of pests e.g aphids, army worm e.g insecticides. Vi Disease control Use appropriate control e.g fungicides for smut, rust and maize stork vii Harvesting Depending on altitude and variety Stock out maize or harvest cabs when dry in field c Cassava i Basic requirements Requires altitude of below 1500m. Moderate rainfall drought resistant 50Sandy soils free draining soils ii Seedbed preparation and planting Deep ploughing recommended prepare ridges Plant stem cuttings 40cm long at 45 o or less Spacing is 1.5m x 0.9m Bury half stem in soil. Iii Field management Control weeds at early stages of growth. Iv Pest control White scale controlled by clean planting materials. V Diseases. Mosaic disease causes melting of leaves and deformed tubers Control by planting resistant varieties.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.9673753}
{"text": "Iv Pest control White scale controlled by clean planting materials. V Diseases. Mosaic disease causes melting of leaves and deformed tubers Control by planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting Remove individual tubers or uproot whole plant Use stick or forked jembes to harvest Yields about 7-10 tons per hectare d Millet i Basic requirements Altitude from 0-1200m Rainfall of 500-600mm per annum Light sandy soils ii Seedbed preparation and planting Prepare seedbed of fine tilth Spacing is 60 x 30 cm Sometimes interplanted with other crops iii Field management Top dress with nitrogenous fertilizer when 30cm long Weeding done upto tillering stage iv Pest control Quelea birds cat seeds at miling stage Controlled by scaring v Disease control Dowry mildow control using fungicides and crop rotation vi Harvesting Individual heads out using knife or sickle e Sweet potatoes i Basic requirements Altitude of C-2400m 750 mm of rainfall per year drought resistant 51wide variety of soils warm to cool climate ii Seedbed preparation and planting Prepare flat seedbed ridges Plant cutting in form of apical pieces of vines Bury atleast half of vine.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.997219}
{"text": "Vi Pests Control 52Birds Scaring Rice hispid, stem Spray with BHC, DDT dimention Field rats Field rat poison vii Diseases Control Rice blast - Use loss nitrogen - Use resistant varieties yellow mottling - Quarantine. Viii Water regulation. Maintain water depth at 1 3 height of plant throughout growing period Ensure fresh water supply Drain off water 3 weeks before harvesting. Ix Harvesting Rice reaches maturity at 4-5 months harvest when dry Out stem at base any correct method Dry to 12-14 moisture content Bag for dispatch. 8.a What do the following terms mean? I Pasture A cover of grass or legume or grass and legume used for feeding livestock. Ii Forage Crop A plant which either grows naturally or is cultivated by farmers and used for feeding livestock. Iii A forage plant that is grown, harvested and given to livestock when ready. B Outline the methods that can be used to improve permanent potatoes .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406284.992057}
{"text": "Ii Forage Crop A plant which either grows naturally or is cultivated by farmers and used for feeding livestock. Iii A forage plant that is grown, harvested and given to livestock when ready. B Outline the methods that can be used to improve permanent potatoes . Irrigation Control weeds Top dress with N-fertilizers to avoid denudation Reseeding Out back dry and unpalatable atoms with tractor mower to encourage fresh regrowth after grazing cycle Controlled grazing. C What factors determine the forage crop species to be established at a place ? 53Yield of forage species in terms of herbage is quantity per unit of land Resistance to pests and diseases Adaptability to the area where it is established Ease with which it can be established and eradicated Whether pure or mixed stand Growth rate and fast establishment d i In which form can pasture be considered? Silage Hay Standing hay ii Why is it important to conserve pasture?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.0147395}
{"text": "C What factors determine the forage crop species to be established at a place ? 53Yield of forage species in terms of herbage is quantity per unit of land Resistance to pests and diseases Adaptability to the area where it is established Ease with which it can be established and eradicated Whether pure or mixed stand Growth rate and fast establishment d i In which form can pasture be considered? Silage Hay Standing hay ii Why is it important to conserve pasture? To distribute available forage for livestock throughout the year To provide feed for dry season To ensure better and full utilization of the available land Conserved forage can be sold for money. 9.a List the routes though which pathogens can enter the body of an animal . Skin, eye, nose, mouth, anus, ear, genital organs, mammary glands, navel cord. B i What is immunity? The ability of an animal to resist infection by disease ii Name the types of immunity.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.031908}
{"text": "Skin, eye, nose, mouth, anus, ear, genital organs, mammary glands, navel cord. B i What is immunity? The ability of an animal to resist infection by disease ii Name the types of immunity. Natural immunity Artificial immunity iii What is a vector? A carrier of disease from one organism to another. It does not cause disease itself. Iv Explain the term incubation in livestock diseases Period between infection by pathogen and showing of symptoms of the disease. 10. Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.0268898}
{"text": "Iv Explain the term incubation in livestock diseases Period between infection by pathogen and showing of symptoms of the disease. 10. Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings. A Red water i Causal agent Protozoa bibesia bigomina ii Symptoms Red urine Fever high temperature Loss of appetite Anaemia Loss of production Jaundice Swollen lymph glands Licking soil Increased breathing iii Control measures Tick control e.g spraying, dipping, fencing, etc 54b Anthrax i Causal agent Bacteria bacillus enthracis ii Symptoms Sudden death Bleeding form external crifices Bleated carcass High temperature shivering Dullness Bloody diarrhoea milk ha blood stains Non-clotting blood Lack of rigor nortis Loss of appetite iii Control measures Vaccination Quarantine isolation Treatment of the herd tread early with antibiotics Proper disposal burying burning Public education c Newcastle i Causal agent Virus ii Symptoms Watery diarrhoea Staggering with dreeping wings and bent neck Soft-shelled eggs Sneezing Sudden death Nervousness restlessness Loss of production Thick mucus discharge from nostrils difficulty in breathing.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.0457926}
{"text": "10. Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings. A Red water i Causal agent Protozoa bibesia bigomina ii Symptoms Red urine Fever high temperature Loss of appetite Anaemia Loss of production Jaundice Swollen lymph glands Licking soil Increased breathing iii Control measures Tick control e.g spraying, dipping, fencing, etc 54b Anthrax i Causal agent Bacteria bacillus enthracis ii Symptoms Sudden death Bleeding form external crifices Bleated carcass High temperature shivering Dullness Bloody diarrhoea milk ha blood stains Non-clotting blood Lack of rigor nortis Loss of appetite iii Control measures Vaccination Quarantine isolation Treatment of the herd tread early with antibiotics Proper disposal burying burning Public education c Newcastle i Causal agent Virus ii Symptoms Watery diarrhoea Staggering with dreeping wings and bent neck Soft-shelled eggs Sneezing Sudden death Nervousness restlessness Loss of production Thick mucus discharge from nostrils difficulty in breathing. Iii Control measures.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.0691056}
{"text": "Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings. A Red water i Causal agent Protozoa bibesia bigomina ii Symptoms Red urine Fever high temperature Loss of appetite Anaemia Loss of production Jaundice Swollen lymph glands Licking soil Increased breathing iii Control measures Tick control e.g spraying, dipping, fencing, etc 54b Anthrax i Causal agent Bacteria bacillus enthracis ii Symptoms Sudden death Bleeding form external crifices Bleated carcass High temperature shivering Dullness Bloody diarrhoea milk ha blood stains Non-clotting blood Lack of rigor nortis Loss of appetite iii Control measures Vaccination Quarantine isolation Treatment of the herd tread early with antibiotics Proper disposal burying burning Public education c Newcastle i Causal agent Virus ii Symptoms Watery diarrhoea Staggering with dreeping wings and bent neck Soft-shelled eggs Sneezing Sudden death Nervousness restlessness Loss of production Thick mucus discharge from nostrils difficulty in breathing. Iii Control measures. Vaccination Disinfection proper hygiene Quarantine Proper disposal killing the flock Use birds that are certified to be clean Examination and treatment of suspected birds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.081603}
{"text": "A i Name the sources of farm power Human power Wind power Animal power Oil fuel power gas paraffin Electricity Solar energy Wood charcoal Biogas power Nuclear energy ii Mention the ways in which solar energy is used on the farm. Production of electric energy by use of photo-electric cell panel Electricity used for lighting, pumping water, healing etc Direct drying of crops Water heating Cooking iii Give the disadvantages of using wood fuel or charcoal as a source of power. Inefficient use of energy Leads to destruction of environment through indiscriminate felling of trees Snake produced pollutes environment Exhaustible source of power b i What are the requirements for animals used as a source of farm power? Good health healthy Fully grown maturing Well fed. Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.061109}
{"text": "Inefficient use of energy Leads to destruction of environment through indiscriminate felling of trees Snake produced pollutes environment Exhaustible source of power b i What are the requirements for animals used as a source of farm power? Good health healthy Fully grown maturing Well fed. Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm. Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.0879772}
{"text": "Good health healthy Fully grown maturing Well fed. Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm. Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding. C i State the advantages of farm mechanization.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.0963883}
{"text": "Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm. Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding. C i State the advantages of farm mechanization. The rate at which a job can be completed is increased improves efficiency Number of man-days involved is reduces labour saving Products harvested mechanically are more uniform Uniformly harvested products are more acceptable to consumers Timeliness of operations Contributes to increased farm production Contributes to increased farm productivity Uniformity of operations e.g ploughing, planting Less labour easy ii What are its disadvantages?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.115223}
{"text": "Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding. C i State the advantages of farm mechanization. The rate at which a job can be completed is increased improves efficiency Number of man-days involved is reduces labour saving Products harvested mechanically are more uniform Uniformly harvested products are more acceptable to consumers Timeliness of operations Contributes to increased farm production Contributes to increased farm productivity Uniformity of operations e.g ploughing, planting Less labour easy ii What are its disadvantages? Capital outlay on machinery is high May lead to problem of soil capping Mechanization is more worthwhile in large scale farming enterprises Maintenance is expensive May create an unemployment problem Requires skilled manpower Requires uniform produce Tractors and ox-ploughs can not be used on steep land iii Why is mechanisation on small scale farming not worthwhile?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.1449556}
{"text": "C i State the advantages of farm mechanization. The rate at which a job can be completed is increased improves efficiency Number of man-days involved is reduces labour saving Products harvested mechanically are more uniform Uniformly harvested products are more acceptable to consumers Timeliness of operations Contributes to increased farm production Contributes to increased farm productivity Uniformity of operations e.g ploughing, planting Less labour easy ii What are its disadvantages? Capital outlay on machinery is high May lead to problem of soil capping Mechanization is more worthwhile in large scale farming enterprises Maintenance is expensive May create an unemployment problem Requires skilled manpower Requires uniform produce Tractors and ox-ploughs can not be used on steep land iii Why is mechanisation on small scale farming not worthwhile? Low level of capital investment Use of machinery is uneconomical No efficiency in farm operations. D i Name the tractor drawn implements.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.1265166}
{"text": "Capital outlay on machinery is high May lead to problem of soil capping Mechanization is more worthwhile in large scale farming enterprises Maintenance is expensive May create an unemployment problem Requires skilled manpower Requires uniform produce Tractors and ox-ploughs can not be used on steep land iii Why is mechanisation on small scale farming not worthwhile? Low level of capital investment Use of machinery is uneconomical No efficiency in farm operations. D i Name the tractor drawn implements. Trailers, ploughs disc and mouldboard , harrows and mowers ii Name the animal drawn implements. Ox plough, ox-time cultivator, ex-cart e State the functions of the following parts of a mouldboard plough. I Landside Stabilises the plough absorbs side thrust caused by furrow slice 58ii Mouldboard Inverts furrow slice buries woods trash iii Coulter Vertically cuts the soil or trash iv Share point. Digs opens cuts or breaks the ground v Frog Holds the frame onto the moldboard, landslide and share.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.1377761}
{"text": "Ox plough, ox-time cultivator, ex-cart e State the functions of the following parts of a mouldboard plough. I Landside Stabilises the plough absorbs side thrust caused by furrow slice 58ii Mouldboard Inverts furrow slice buries woods trash iii Coulter Vertically cuts the soil or trash iv Share point. Digs opens cuts or breaks the ground v Frog Holds the frame onto the moldboard, landslide and share. F State the functions of the following principal parts of a disc plough. I Beam. Part of the plough on which all parts are joined ii Hitch most. Point at which the top link is connected to tractor iii Scrapper Inverting furrow slice cleans disc iv Disc. Cutting the ground ploughing inverting overturning v Hub Contains roller bearings that allow the disc to roll while in operation. Vi Standard Holds the discs vii Springs Absorbs vertical shock of plough viii Furrow wheel Absorbs side thrust used for adjusting the depth of ploughing.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.1650136}
{"text": "Point at which the top link is connected to tractor iii Scrapper Inverting furrow slice cleans disc iv Disc. Cutting the ground ploughing inverting overturning v Hub Contains roller bearings that allow the disc to roll while in operation. Vi Standard Holds the discs vii Springs Absorbs vertical shock of plough viii Furrow wheel Absorbs side thrust used for adjusting the depth of ploughing. Ix Crossbar Attachment for left and right arm x Hitch point Where plough is attached to tractor. G i State the sources of tractor hire services Government hire services Private contractors Individual farmers Some cooperatives ii Give the advantages of tractor hire services. A farmer does not incur cost of buying tractor No cost of maintenance by farmer No risks of owning a tractor The farmer is able to carry out the task faster 59iii What are its disadvantages? May not be available when required May be very expensive to hire Some operators can produce poor quality work. FORM FOUR TOPICS.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.1691377}
{"text": "A farmer does not incur cost of buying tractor No cost of maintenance by farmer No risks of owning a tractor The farmer is able to carry out the task faster 59iii What are its disadvantages? May not be available when required May be very expensive to hire Some operators can produce poor quality work. FORM FOUR TOPICS. 1.a Discuss the management of dairy cattle to ensure high milk production. I Selection Select good animals on the basis of high yield Select healthy animals Select animals with good body conformation Should be of high fertility level To have good temperament it docile cattle Poor animals should be coulled Selecting and culling should be a continous exercise ii Breeding management Use superior bulls or semen from superior bulls Breed heifers when fully mature i.e right age and size Breed cows 60-90 days after calving to maintain a calving internal of 1 year. 60iii Feeding management.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.1762297}
{"text": "1.a Discuss the management of dairy cattle to ensure high milk production. I Selection Select good animals on the basis of high yield Select healthy animals Select animals with good body conformation Should be of high fertility level To have good temperament it docile cattle Poor animals should be coulled Selecting and culling should be a continous exercise ii Breeding management Use superior bulls or semen from superior bulls Breed heifers when fully mature i.e right age and size Breed cows 60-90 days after calving to maintain a calving internal of 1 year. 60iii Feeding management. Feed on a balanced diet, water, minerals, vitamins Give adequate fee Feed should be clean and free from contamination. Iv Housing Provide proper housing i.e well drained, clean, well ventilated, well lit Avoid overcrowding it provide enough space.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.1834106}
{"text": "60iii Feeding management. Feed on a balanced diet, water, minerals, vitamins Give adequate fee Feed should be clean and free from contamination. Iv Housing Provide proper housing i.e well drained, clean, well ventilated, well lit Avoid overcrowding it provide enough space. V Disease and parasite control Keep animals healthy by routine vaccination Control external parasites by spraying using appropriate drugs e.g acaricides Control internal parasites by routines drenching using appropriate drugs Treat sick animals Isolate and put new animals under quarantine Avoid physical injuries to animals by avoiding sharp objects or holes and using plain wires, not barbed Improve sanitation i.e hygiene or cleanliness in the farm vi General management practices. Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.2356384}
{"text": "Iv Housing Provide proper housing i.e well drained, clean, well ventilated, well lit Avoid overcrowding it provide enough space. V Disease and parasite control Keep animals healthy by routine vaccination Control external parasites by spraying using appropriate drugs e.g acaricides Control internal parasites by routines drenching using appropriate drugs Treat sick animals Isolate and put new animals under quarantine Avoid physical injuries to animals by avoiding sharp objects or holes and using plain wires, not barbed Improve sanitation i.e hygiene or cleanliness in the farm vi General management practices. Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd. B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.2164385}
{"text": "V Disease and parasite control Keep animals healthy by routine vaccination Control external parasites by spraying using appropriate drugs e.g acaricides Control internal parasites by routines drenching using appropriate drugs Treat sick animals Isolate and put new animals under quarantine Avoid physical injuries to animals by avoiding sharp objects or holes and using plain wires, not barbed Improve sanitation i.e hygiene or cleanliness in the farm vi General management practices. Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd. B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination. Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.2121453}
{"text": "Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd. B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination. Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock. Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.2545717}
{"text": "B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination. Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock. Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection. Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.2610748}
{"text": "Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock. Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection. Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian. C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.276256}
{"text": "Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection. Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian. C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service. Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.3343873}
{"text": "Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian. C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service. Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother. Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.3106139}
{"text": "C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service. Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother. Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own. E What is zero grazing?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.323089}
{"text": "Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother. Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own. E What is zero grazing? The practice of rearing animals under confinement in stalls whereby food and water are brought to the animals.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.3550594}
{"text": "Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own. E What is zero grazing? The practice of rearing animals under confinement in stalls whereby food and water are brought to the animals. Ii State the advantages of zero grazing Easy to control livestock diseases High production per unit area of land Proper utilization of pasture i.e no trampling or fouling Animals do not waste a lot of energy in walking Good method of accumulation and collection of farm yard manure for plant and dung for biogas Possible to keep livestock where there is bad terrain eg. Swampy, stony or steep slopes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.3605673}
{"text": "E What is zero grazing? The practice of rearing animals under confinement in stalls whereby food and water are brought to the animals. Ii State the advantages of zero grazing Easy to control livestock diseases High production per unit area of land Proper utilization of pasture i.e no trampling or fouling Animals do not waste a lot of energy in walking Good method of accumulation and collection of farm yard manure for plant and dung for biogas Possible to keep livestock where there is bad terrain eg. Swampy, stony or steep slopes. Possible to keep livestock where land is limited High level of stocking rate achieved. Iii List the limitation of zero grazing Expensive as it requires high initial capital Labour intensive i.e a lot of labour required May not be possible where there is in adequate water Requires a lot of technical sills to manage well. 2.Discuss the management of beef cattle from birth until it is ready to be sold as steer.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.409887}
{"text": "633.a Describe the preparations one would make before the arrival of day old chicks on the farm. A poultry house should be constructed The house should be well ventilated and should not allow draught inside A brooder should be ready 2-3 days before chicks arrive A coccidiostat should be bought ready for use in case acoccidiosis attacks chicks Put newspapers on the floor of the brooder to prevent chicks from eating litter e.g saw dust. Spread food on the newspapers and some on feeders Avail proteins DCP and vitamins A and B. The protein and vitamin A encourage faster growth rate provide chick starter mash Provide feeders and waterers The farmer should ensure that the poultry house has a door to keep of predators like wild cats, jackals and foxes The door also keeps of cold wind entering the house. B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.3889034}
{"text": "Spread food on the newspapers and some on feeders Avail proteins DCP and vitamins A and B. The protein and vitamin A encourage faster growth rate provide chick starter mash Provide feeders and waterers The farmer should ensure that the poultry house has a door to keep of predators like wild cats, jackals and foxes The door also keeps of cold wind entering the house. B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding. This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.3816638}
{"text": "The protein and vitamin A encourage faster growth rate provide chick starter mash Provide feeders and waterers The farmer should ensure that the poultry house has a door to keep of predators like wild cats, jackals and foxes The door also keeps of cold wind entering the house. B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding. This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age. Control diseases using appropriate methods e.g vaccination against Newcastle, fowl pox and marcocks diseases.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.3993971}
{"text": "B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding. This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age. Control diseases using appropriate methods e.g vaccination against Newcastle, fowl pox and marcocks diseases. Isolate and treat the sick chicks immediately Keep proper records Debeaking should be done 8 10 days towards the end of breeding c i What are growers?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.4337785}
{"text": "This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age. Control diseases using appropriate methods e.g vaccination against Newcastle, fowl pox and marcocks diseases. Isolate and treat the sick chicks immediately Keep proper records Debeaking should be done 8 10 days towards the end of breeding c i What are growers? These are chicks that are between 9 22 weeks old ii Discuss briefly the rearing of growers upto the point of lay Provide adequate floor space i.e 18 20 cm sq per 100 birds Provide enough space at water and feed throughs and at roosts The house should be disinfected Provide enough clean litter on the floor Provide growers mash 16 17 protein Provide insoluble grit for digestion Hang green vegetables e.g cabbage leaves to keep birds busy Provide plenty of clean water Vaccinate against fowl typhoid, newcastle diseases when necessary Keep a high level of hygiene Keep litter dry to avoid disease out break and change as necessary Control external parasites 64d Describe the management of layers in deep litter system starting from the point of lay.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.439947}
{"text": "Collect eggs frequently, atleast twice a day Provide atleast 20g of layers mash per bird per day Ensure the birds have enough calcium by providing oyster shell Supply some grits to help in digestion Ensure enough supply of grits or vitamins Cull poor layers and diseased birds Debeak birds to prevent cannibalism or egg eating if necessary Vaccinate birds regularly against predominant diseases or give prophylactic drugs Check birds for disease symptoms Check for occurrence of pests and apply appropriate pesticides. Avoid stress factors e.g noise, disturbance, etc Discourage broodiness among a the layers Maintain and repair the house and equipment as the need arises Provide enough feed throughs Provide grains in the litter to keep birds busy Isolate and treat sick birds Keep appropriate records Dispose off the dead birds by burying or burning and also dispose off broken eggs or shells Maintain correct concentration of disinfectant at foot bath. 4.a State the tests that should be carried out to determine the quality of fresh eggs. Candling Physical observation Floatation Shaking lightly.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.4294245}
{"text": "Avoid stress factors e.g noise, disturbance, etc Discourage broodiness among a the layers Maintain and repair the house and equipment as the need arises Provide enough feed throughs Provide grains in the litter to keep birds busy Isolate and treat sick birds Keep appropriate records Dispose off the dead birds by burying or burning and also dispose off broken eggs or shells Maintain correct concentration of disinfectant at foot bath. 4.a State the tests that should be carried out to determine the quality of fresh eggs. Candling Physical observation Floatation Shaking lightly. B List the factors that should be considered when grading eggs for marketing . Size, weight or volume of egg Colour Shell quality e.g rough or broken Shape of egg c i What is candling? Examining an egg for abnormalities by looking at it against a strong source of light.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.4569488}
{"text": "B List the factors that should be considered when grading eggs for marketing . Size, weight or volume of egg Colour Shell quality e.g rough or broken Shape of egg c i What is candling? Examining an egg for abnormalities by looking at it against a strong source of light. Ii Describe how to candle an egg 65Put a strong light under the egg and look at it contents Look at the external and internal contents If abnormalities are seen discord the egg iii State the reasons for candling an egg To check for fertility To confirm presence of chick during incubation d Explain the occurrence of double yolked eggs A yolk delays in the infindibulum and is joined by the next yolk The two yolks travel together to the magnum They are then enclosed by one albumen and one shell 5.a What is milk? The white substance secreted in the mammary system of female mammals. B Draw a well labelled diagram of a mammary glad.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.4753375}
{"text": "Ii Describe how to candle an egg 65Put a strong light under the egg and look at it contents Look at the external and internal contents If abnormalities are seen discord the egg iii State the reasons for candling an egg To check for fertility To confirm presence of chick during incubation d Explain the occurrence of double yolked eggs A yolk delays in the infindibulum and is joined by the next yolk The two yolks travel together to the magnum They are then enclosed by one albumen and one shell 5.a What is milk? The white substance secreted in the mammary system of female mammals. B Draw a well labelled diagram of a mammary glad. C What is milk let-down? The flow of milk from the upper region of the udder alveolar region to the gland and test cistern. Ii State the essentials of clean milk production.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.487094}
{"text": "C What is milk let-down? The flow of milk from the upper region of the udder alveolar region to the gland and test cistern. Ii State the essentials of clean milk production. The milkmen should be clean Test for mastitis before milking Ensure clean milking utensils and equipment Have a clean milking parlour i.e shed Ensure the cows are free from diseases e.g T.B. Cows with mastitis should be milked last Clean the udder Sieve the milk iii Explain the procedure of hand milking Collect all milking equipment around so that you do not need to move unnecessarily once milking has started Restrain the cow Give some feeds Clean the udder with a clean towel Squeeze test to extract milk within 7 8 minutes Strip the udder dry Apply milking jelly 66Dip the test in anti-mastitis solution Release the cow Weigh the milk Filtering and sieving Cooling or storage in cool place. E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.4814482}
{"text": "The milkmen should be clean Test for mastitis before milking Ensure clean milking utensils and equipment Have a clean milking parlour i.e shed Ensure the cows are free from diseases e.g T.B. Cows with mastitis should be milked last Clean the udder Sieve the milk iii Explain the procedure of hand milking Collect all milking equipment around so that you do not need to move unnecessarily once milking has started Restrain the cow Give some feeds Clean the udder with a clean towel Squeeze test to extract milk within 7 8 minutes Strip the udder dry Apply milking jelly 66Dip the test in anti-mastitis solution Release the cow Weigh the milk Filtering and sieving Cooling or storage in cool place. E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow. Breed of animal Age of animal Period of lactation Health of the animal Temperament of the cow Feed and water supply Season of the year Animal handling during milking 6.Discuss the field production of the following crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.4977133}
{"text": "Cows with mastitis should be milked last Clean the udder Sieve the milk iii Explain the procedure of hand milking Collect all milking equipment around so that you do not need to move unnecessarily once milking has started Restrain the cow Give some feeds Clean the udder with a clean towel Squeeze test to extract milk within 7 8 minutes Strip the udder dry Apply milking jelly 66Dip the test in anti-mastitis solution Release the cow Weigh the milk Filtering and sieving Cooling or storage in cool place. E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow. Breed of animal Age of animal Period of lactation Health of the animal Temperament of the cow Feed and water supply Season of the year Animal handling during milking 6.Discuss the field production of the following crops. A Tea i Biological requirements At least 1400mm rainfall per annum Altitude of 1900 2200m Soils should be well drained, fertile, deep slighly acidic.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.5236132}
{"text": "E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow. Breed of animal Age of animal Period of lactation Health of the animal Temperament of the cow Feed and water supply Season of the year Animal handling during milking 6.Discuss the field production of the following crops. A Tea i Biological requirements At least 1400mm rainfall per annum Altitude of 1900 2200m Soils should be well drained, fertile, deep slighly acidic. Ii Land preparation Clear land well Remove all tree stumps to prevent almillaria Remove all parannial weeds Make cut off drains to divert storm water Terrace where land is steep Ring back trees six months before cutting iii Transplanting Dig holes 30 x 45cm Spacing of 1.2 x 0.9 m or 1.5 x 0.75m or 1.2 x 0.7m Plant when there is enough moisture in soil Apply phosphatic fertilizer in planting hole Apply shade when necessary Water when necessary Avoid planting in unusual places. Iv Field management.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.530331}
{"text": "B Cotton i Ecological requirements Requires 500 100mm, well distributed rainfall Altitude of 0-1500m Temperature above 15.5c o but below 30 o c Soils well drained with PH above 5 i.e alkalinic Black cotton soil or clay soil preferable ii Land preparation Clear the site of vegetation Remove all stumps and roots Remove all perennial or grass weeds Planting holes spaced at 30 x 90cm or 45 x 90cm- iii Planting. Plant early in the main rainy season Put one seed in spacing of 30 x 90 cm or two seeds in a spacing of 45 x 90 cm Apply DAP fertilizer at planting time at the recommended rate Initially plant 20 seeds per hole. Iv Field management Keep field weed free Thin out plants not required v Pests include cotton stainers, American Bellworm, pink bellworms and cotton lygus. They are controlled by using insecticides Control bacterial blight by using cultural means and jusarium with disease by using appropriate fungicides. Vi Harvesting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.5377398}
{"text": "Iv Field management Keep field weed free Thin out plants not required v Pests include cotton stainers, American Bellworm, pink bellworms and cotton lygus. They are controlled by using insecticides Control bacterial blight by using cultural means and jusarium with disease by using appropriate fungicides. Vi Harvesting. Pick cotton in dry season when lint is dry Sort out into grade A and B Use clean hands when harvesting Pick only clean cotton Avoid sisal bags and any form of contamination. C Coffee. Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.5197392}
{"text": "Pick cotton in dry season when lint is dry Sort out into grade A and B Use clean hands when harvesting Pick only clean cotton Avoid sisal bags and any form of contamination. C Coffee. Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation. Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.5723941}
{"text": "C Coffee. Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation. Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade. Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.5534747}
{"text": "Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation. Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade. Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds. V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.5928128}
{"text": "Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade. Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds. V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.6001775}
{"text": "Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds. V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting. Done by hand Pick only crops berries or cherries Deliver to factory some day Harvest early to avoid loss of fruit through pests and over-ripening overripe as MBUNI d Phyrethrum.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.5864294}
{"text": "V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting. Done by hand Pick only crops berries or cherries Deliver to factory some day Harvest early to avoid loss of fruit through pests and over-ripening overripe as MBUNI d Phyrethrum. I Biological factors At least 1000mm rainfall yearly Short period of dry weather for high quality Altitude of 1500 3000m Temperature of 15.5 o C Fertile, well drained soils with good water retention and PH of 5.6 ii Land preparation Early land preparation Eradication of perennial weeds e.g grasses Dig deep Make ridges 60 90cm apart Spacing of 90 x 60cm on ridges iii Selection of planting materials From high yielding mother plant Pest free Disease free Vigorous Use splits instead of roots 69iv Transplanting At the onset of the rains Dig holes 10 15 cm deep Add 1 teaspoonful of TSP i.e 15gm or 30g DSP Mix fertiliser with soil Place splits as they were in the nursery Fill soil bit by bit Firm the soil around the roots v Field practices.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.610916}
{"text": "Coveid bug attacks young nuts and has no effective control 70Termites controlled by applying insecticides v Harvesting Matures from 5 10 years after transplanting Nuts picked 7 10 months after flowering f Citrus i Ecology Altitude of 0 2000m Atleast 900mm, well distributed rainfall annually Deep, well drained soils with PH 5.0 7.0 ii Land preparation and planting Plant by budding Buds mature early, are less thorny, seedless Rough lemon commonly used as root stock Nursery managed for 12 18 months before transplanting Holes are 60 x 60 x 60cm Refill holes with top soil, farm yard manure, and add phosphate fertilizer Spacing is 6 x 4 m iii Field Management Control weeds by mulching, chemicals, mechanically Apply compound fertilizers at recommended rate Mulch young plants Remove any flower appearing upto 2 yars After transplanting Remove suckers. Iv Pests and Diseases Citrus aphids, false codling moth, fruit flies, scale, insects and mites are controlled using appropriate chemicals Gummosis and citrus tristeza controlled by use of resistant rootstock v Harvesting Harvest by picking the fruits by hand Harvesting starts after 2 years Avoid damage by bruising Pack fruits well. 7.a What do the following terms mean? I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.6585073}
{"text": "Iv Pests and Diseases Citrus aphids, false codling moth, fruit flies, scale, insects and mites are controlled using appropriate chemicals Gummosis and citrus tristeza controlled by use of resistant rootstock v Harvesting Harvest by picking the fruits by hand Harvesting starts after 2 years Avoid damage by bruising Pack fruits well. 7.a What do the following terms mean? I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed. Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.6456103}
{"text": "7.a What do the following terms mean? I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed. Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics. D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.665099}
{"text": "I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed. Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics. D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg. 8.a i What is agricultural economics?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.6535387}
{"text": "Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics. D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg. 8.a i What is agricultural economics? The art and science of organising limited resources to achieve maximum returns ii Explain the meaning of scarcity and chice Productive resources are scarce in relation to demand i.e goods and services produced are not enough to satisfy human wants Therefore, a choice has to be made on which goods and services should be produced using the limited resources.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.7133043}
{"text": "D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg. 8.a i What is agricultural economics? The art and science of organising limited resources to achieve maximum returns ii Explain the meaning of scarcity and chice Productive resources are scarce in relation to demand i.e goods and services produced are not enough to satisfy human wants Therefore, a choice has to be made on which goods and services should be produced using the limited resources. 72b Explain how the house hold and firm are both producers and consumers .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.7061744}
{"text": "The relationship generates money to both sides therefore both are producers and consumers. C What do the following terms mean? I Gross domestic product G.D.P The sum total of goods and services produced by a country within one year. Ii Gross national product GNP Total output from resources owned by the nationals of a country both within and outside the country within a year. Iii Per capital income Gross national income divided by total population d i What does the term opportunity cost in farming mean? Cost of the foregone alternative when we make a choice. Example is choosing to grow maize instead of wheat. Opportunity cost is the value of wheat Opportunity cost only exists where there are alternatives. Ii State the main implications of opportunity cost in farming. Poor decision leads to losses Correct decision leads to good profits iii When is opportunity cost nil or zero? When supply is unlimited When goods are free When there are no alternatives 9.a i What is production?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.700422}
{"text": "Ii State the main implications of opportunity cost in farming. Poor decision leads to losses Correct decision leads to good profits iii When is opportunity cost nil or zero? When supply is unlimited When goods are free When there are no alternatives 9.a i What is production? The process of transforming productive resources e.g land, labour and capital into consumption resources e.g potatoes, maize and milk over a period of time. Ii State the factors of production. Land provides space for production Labour human effort Capital man made to assist other factors Management organises other factors b i Name the sources of capital for farming. Leading a genoies Personal savings and earnings Inherited property. Ii How is labour classified?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.6944578}
{"text": "Land provides space for production Labour human effort Capital man made to assist other factors Management organises other factors b i Name the sources of capital for farming. Leading a genoies Personal savings and earnings Inherited property. Ii How is labour classified? Permanent Casual 73Family iii State the functions of farm manager Planning Gathering information Comparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farms Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them Keeping up to date farm records Implementing farm management decisions Taking responsibilities c i State the law of diminishing returns In a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines. Ii State agricultural examples of this law.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.757754}
{"text": "Ii How is labour classified? Permanent Casual 73Family iii State the functions of farm manager Planning Gathering information Comparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farms Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them Keeping up to date farm records Implementing farm management decisions Taking responsibilities c i State the law of diminishing returns In a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines. Ii State agricultural examples of this law. Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of land Feeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk production Using varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given crop d i What is production function?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.748632}
{"text": "Permanent Casual 73Family iii State the functions of farm manager Planning Gathering information Comparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farms Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them Keeping up to date farm records Implementing farm management decisions Taking responsibilities c i State the law of diminishing returns In a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines. Ii State agricultural examples of this law. Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of land Feeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk production Using varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given crop d i What is production function? The relationship between the units of input that a farmer employs in production and the corresponding units of output The out put depends on inputs hence output is a function inputs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.7446733}
{"text": "Ii State agricultural examples of this law. Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of land Feeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk production Using varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given crop d i What is production function? The relationship between the units of input that a farmer employs in production and the corresponding units of output The out put depends on inputs hence output is a function inputs. Ii Name the types of production function? Increasing returns Constant returns Decreasing returns iii What is a decreasing returns to a production function? A production function where each additional unit of input results into a smaller increase in output than the proceeding unit of input. E State the ways in which farmers may improve the production efficiency in farming.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.7343922}
{"text": "Increasing returns Constant returns Decreasing returns iii What is a decreasing returns to a production function? A production function where each additional unit of input results into a smaller increase in output than the proceeding unit of input. E State the ways in which farmers may improve the production efficiency in farming. Following proper livestock production practices Efficient use of labour Following proper crop rotation practices e.g spacing and control of pests and diseases Mechanization of farm operations Adoption of new techniques and methods of production Organising marketing activities to realize high prices as possible Revising farm plans when necessary Proper enterprise selection f i State the risks and uncertainties in farming Weather changes Disease and pest outbreaks Natural calamities e.g earthquakes 74Obsolescence becoming out of date e.g farm machinery New production techniques Changing prices of commodities Low or high yields of production Theft cases Change in government policy Fire outbreaks Sickness, injury or death. Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.7908704}
{"text": "E State the ways in which farmers may improve the production efficiency in farming. Following proper livestock production practices Efficient use of labour Following proper crop rotation practices e.g spacing and control of pests and diseases Mechanization of farm operations Adoption of new techniques and methods of production Organising marketing activities to realize high prices as possible Revising farm plans when necessary Proper enterprise selection f i State the risks and uncertainties in farming Weather changes Disease and pest outbreaks Natural calamities e.g earthquakes 74Obsolescence becoming out of date e.g farm machinery New production techniques Changing prices of commodities Low or high yields of production Theft cases Change in government policy Fire outbreaks Sickness, injury or death. Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties . Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.818903}
{"text": "Following proper livestock production practices Efficient use of labour Following proper crop rotation practices e.g spacing and control of pests and diseases Mechanization of farm operations Adoption of new techniques and methods of production Organising marketing activities to realize high prices as possible Revising farm plans when necessary Proper enterprise selection f i State the risks and uncertainties in farming Weather changes Disease and pest outbreaks Natural calamities e.g earthquakes 74Obsolescence becoming out of date e.g farm machinery New production techniques Changing prices of commodities Low or high yields of production Theft cases Change in government policy Fire outbreaks Sickness, injury or death. Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties . Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin? Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.812187}
{"text": "Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties . Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin? Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare. -. Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.8080034}
{"text": "Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin? Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare. -. Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis? To compare performance of one farm and another To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another in the same farm To act as a measure of profit in a farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.843051}
{"text": "Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare. -. Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis? To compare performance of one farm and another To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another in the same farm To act as a measure of profit in a farm. H i What is budgeting?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.8490121}
{"text": "- Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis? To compare performance of one farm and another To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another in the same farm To act as a measure of profit in a farm. H i What is budgeting? The estimation of inputs and outputs both physically and financially, in a production process. Ii Name the types of farm budgets.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.876017}
{"text": "H i What is budgeting? The estimation of inputs and outputs both physically and financially, in a production process. Ii Name the types of farm budgets. Complete budget prepared for each enterprise on the farm Partial budget prepared for specific enterprises when there is a minor change required. Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.838118}
{"text": "Ii Name the types of farm budgets. Complete budget prepared for each enterprise on the farm Partial budget prepared for specific enterprises when there is a minor change required. Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise? Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.8903077}
{"text": "Complete budget prepared for each enterprise on the farm Partial budget prepared for specific enterprises when there is a minor change required. Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise? Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors. I Name the sources of agricultural support services available to farmers .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.8714387}
{"text": "Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise? Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors. I Name the sources of agricultural support services available to farmers . Extension services Research services Training services Veterinary services Artificial insemination services bull camps Credit services Marketing services Tractor hire services Banking Farm input supplies Insurance services J i What is agricultural credit?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.8863928}
{"text": "Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors. I Name the sources of agricultural support services available to farmers . Extension services Research services Training services Veterinary services Artificial insemination services bull camps Credit services Marketing services Tractor hire services Banking Farm input supplies Insurance services J i What is agricultural credit? Borrowed capital resources to be invested in agricultural projects 76ii Name types of agricultural credit and state their uses. SHORT TERM A credit for seasonal purchases of seed, fertilizers, chemicals, livestock feeds, fuel, etc Usually repaid within one year. MEDIUM TERM.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.9177575}
{"text": "Borrowed capital resources to be invested in agricultural projects 76ii Name types of agricultural credit and state their uses. SHORT TERM A credit for seasonal purchases of seed, fertilizers, chemicals, livestock feeds, fuel, etc Usually repaid within one year. MEDIUM TERM. Used for the purpose of minor land improvement e.g fencing and purchase of machinery Repaid in 2-5 years LONG TERM Used for long lasting projects like land purchase, and major improvement within the farm e.g soil conservation and irrigation. Repaid in 6-15 or more years. 10. A State the uses of the following financial documents i Invoices A document issued by a seller to a buyer for goods taken on credit ii Receipts A document issued as evidence when goods and services rendered are paid for iii Delivery notes A financial document given by the seller to the buyer as an evidence of goods supplied. Iv Purchase order A document issued for requesting for the supply of goods or services on credit.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.9114673}
{"text": "10. A State the uses of the following financial documents i Invoices A document issued by a seller to a buyer for goods taken on credit ii Receipts A document issued as evidence when goods and services rendered are paid for iii Delivery notes A financial document given by the seller to the buyer as an evidence of goods supplied. Iv Purchase order A document issued for requesting for the supply of goods or services on credit. B What are the uses of the following financial books? I Ledger The principal book of account where all entries contained in other books are recorded. Ii Journal A financial book in which daily farm transactions are entered as they occur iii Inventory A financial book which shows all assets of the farm at a particular time It gives an estimated value of all farm assets and also enables him to know that is missing, stolen or lost iv Cash book A financial book where all transaction which involve cash receipts and payments are recorded.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.9287264}
{"text": "B What are the uses of the following financial books? I Ledger The principal book of account where all entries contained in other books are recorded. Ii Journal A financial book in which daily farm transactions are entered as they occur iii Inventory A financial book which shows all assets of the farm at a particular time It gives an estimated value of all farm assets and also enables him to know that is missing, stolen or lost iv Cash book A financial book where all transaction which involve cash receipts and payments are recorded. C List the financial statements which are usually prepared on a farm. Balance sheet Profit and loss account or a training account Cash analysis d i What is a balance sheet? 77A statement which shows the financial position of the farm at a given date and is made at the end of the year.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.9231849}
{"text": "C List the financial statements which are usually prepared on a farm. Balance sheet Profit and loss account or a training account Cash analysis d i What is a balance sheet? 77A statement which shows the financial position of the farm at a given date and is made at the end of the year. Ii State the uses of a balance sheet Shows farm assets and liabilities Shows farm network and can therefore be used to negotiate for a loan or for correct income tax assessment. Can be used for decision making concerning the farm e i State the uses of a profit and loss account It shows all purchases and receipts made during a particular accounting period ii What is opening valuation in profit and loss account? A financial statement showing the worth of all assets one has at the beginning of the accounting period. F Name the various columns that should be shown in a cash analysis.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.948842}
{"text": "Can be used for decision making concerning the farm e i State the uses of a profit and loss account It shows all purchases and receipts made during a particular accounting period ii What is opening valuation in profit and loss account? A financial statement showing the worth of all assets one has at the beginning of the accounting period. F Name the various columns that should be shown in a cash analysis. Sales and receipts Purchases and expenses Details or particulars Types of enterprises Money value g i What is a statement in financial accounts Document issued by a supplier to a buyer which summarises all transactions that have taken place and not yet paid for in a certain period e.g end of month. Ii Explain the meaning of solvent and insolvent in a farming situation Solvent means the farm is able to pay up all its debts Insolvent means the farm is unable to pay up all debts owed by it to other people or farms. 11.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.9729695}
{"text": "Performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers and consumers. B State the following laws. I Law of demand States that as price increases quantity of a good bought declines and as price decreases the quantity of goods bought increases. Ii Law of supply At higher prices more quantity of goods are supplied and at lower prices less quantity is supplied. C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.954109}
{"text": "I Law of demand States that as price increases quantity of a good bought declines and as price decreases the quantity of goods bought increases. Ii Law of supply At higher prices more quantity of goods are supplied and at lower prices less quantity is supplied. C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price? A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.9636524}
{"text": "Ii Law of supply At higher prices more quantity of goods are supplied and at lower prices less quantity is supplied. C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price? A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products. Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406285.995957}
{"text": "C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price? A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products. Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12. A i what is a cooperative?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.0025377}
{"text": "A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products. Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12. A i what is a cooperative? An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.015334}
{"text": "Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12. A i what is a cooperative? An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members. Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.0264745}
{"text": "A i what is a cooperative? An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members. Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies . Open membership which voluntary Equal rights e.g one person, one vote 79Share buying is limited Dividends distributed according to contribution Withdrawal is voluntary Sale of produce only through cooperative Total loyalty of members to the cooperative Education to members Non-profit motive by cooperative Cooperation with other cooperative organizations Only cash sale of produce Continous expansion Neutrality e.g in religion, politics or language iv State the functions of cooperative societies Marketing facilities Provision of inputs on credits Provide expert advice Storage of inputs and produce Giving loans all credit to farmers Educating for fair prices of inputs and produce Keep proper records of all activities Provide banking services to members.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.0389795}
{"text": "An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members. Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies . Open membership which voluntary Equal rights e.g one person, one vote 79Share buying is limited Dividends distributed according to contribution Withdrawal is voluntary Sale of produce only through cooperative Total loyalty of members to the cooperative Education to members Non-profit motive by cooperative Cooperation with other cooperative organizations Only cash sale of produce Continous expansion Neutrality e.g in religion, politics or language iv State the functions of cooperative societies Marketing facilities Provision of inputs on credits Provide expert advice Storage of inputs and produce Giving loans all credit to farmers Educating for fair prices of inputs and produce Keep proper records of all activities Provide banking services to members. V What problems are faced by cooperative societies?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.0610697}
{"text": "Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies . Open membership which voluntary Equal rights e.g one person, one vote 79Share buying is limited Dividends distributed according to contribution Withdrawal is voluntary Sale of produce only through cooperative Total loyalty of members to the cooperative Education to members Non-profit motive by cooperative Cooperation with other cooperative organizations Only cash sale of produce Continous expansion Neutrality e.g in religion, politics or language iv State the functions of cooperative societies Marketing facilities Provision of inputs on credits Provide expert advice Storage of inputs and produce Giving loans all credit to farmers Educating for fair prices of inputs and produce Keep proper records of all activities Provide banking services to members. V What problems are faced by cooperative societies? Poor management i.e administrative problems Shortage of capital Disloyalty of members Political interference. 13. I What is a statutory board?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.0538106}
{"text": "Poor management i.e administrative problems Shortage of capital Disloyalty of members Political interference. 13. I What is a statutory board? An organisation established by an act of parliament to run or manage an industry e.g KTDA, NCPB, CBK, etc ii State the functions of statutory boards Promote and regulate production of crops Carry out research Provide bulk planting materials Marketing i.e selling crops for farmers Represents government in international issues Provide licences for crops and processing factories Provide inputs Regulate prices of farm produce Quality control e.g inspect and maintain quality Provide storage facilities Risk bearing by sharing overhead costs Provide market information Provide credit to farmers Process farm produce Grade and standardize farm produce Storage of farm produce 80Packaging function Invest profits for benefit of farmers Advertisement i.e sales promotion d State the functions of each of the following farmers organisations i Kenya farmers National Union KNFU Better prices of farm produce Adequate supply of farm inputs at reasonable prices Better terms of loans Good roads and infrastructure to improve farming Adequate control of livestock and crop pests and diseases Education to farmers ii Agricultural society of Kenya ASK Organise agricultural shows and exhibitions Assist in administration of milk records schemes Publishes Kenya Study book and the Kenya Farmers magazine Organise national ploughing completion.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.0959952}
{"text": "13. I What is a statutory board? An organisation established by an act of parliament to run or manage an industry e.g KTDA, NCPB, CBK, etc ii State the functions of statutory boards Promote and regulate production of crops Carry out research Provide bulk planting materials Marketing i.e selling crops for farmers Represents government in international issues Provide licences for crops and processing factories Provide inputs Regulate prices of farm produce Quality control e.g inspect and maintain quality Provide storage facilities Risk bearing by sharing overhead costs Provide market information Provide credit to farmers Process farm produce Grade and standardize farm produce Storage of farm produce 80Packaging function Invest profits for benefit of farmers Advertisement i.e sales promotion d State the functions of each of the following farmers organisations i Kenya farmers National Union KNFU Better prices of farm produce Adequate supply of farm inputs at reasonable prices Better terms of loans Good roads and infrastructure to improve farming Adequate control of livestock and crop pests and diseases Education to farmers ii Agricultural society of Kenya ASK Organise agricultural shows and exhibitions Assist in administration of milk records schemes Publishes Kenya Study book and the Kenya Farmers magazine Organise national ploughing completion. Iii 4 K CLUBS Means Kuungana, Kuanya, Kusaidia Kenya Teaching youth to like agriculture Showing youth new techniques of farming Teaching youth on leadership qualities Participation in competitive shows iv Young farmers Clubs YFC Participating in shows and competitions Hold workshops and seminars in agriculture Organise youth exchange programmes Develop sense of self reliance and individual responsibility in the youth.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.1433666}
{"text": "I What is a statutory board?An organisation established by an act of parliament to run or manage an industry e.g KTDA, NCPB, CBK, etc ii State the functions of statutory boards Promote and regulate production of crops Carry out research Provide bulk planting materials Marketing i.e selling crops for farmers Represents government in international issues Provide licences for crops and processing factories Provide inputs Regulate prices of farm produce Quality control e.g inspect and maintain quality Provide storage facilities Risk bearing by sharing overhead costs Provide market information Provide credit to farmers Process farm produce Grade and standardize farm produce Storage of farm produce 80Packaging function Invest profits for benefit of farmers Advertisement i.e sales promotion d State the functions of each of the following farmers organisations i Kenya farmers National Union KNFU Better prices of farm produce Adequate supply of farm inputs at reasonable prices Better terms of loans Good roads and infrastructure to improve farming Adequate control of livestock and crop pests and diseases Education to farmers ii Agricultural society of Kenya ASK Organise agricultural shows and exhibitions Assist in administration of milk records schemes Publishes Kenya Study book and the Kenya Farmers magazine Organise national ploughing completion.iii 4 K CLUBS Means Kuungana, Kuanya, Kusaidia Kenya Teaching youth to like agriculture Showing youth new techniques of farming Teaching youth on leadership qualities Participation in competitive shows iv Young farmers Clubs YFC Participating in shows and competitions Hold workshops and seminars in agriculture Organise youth exchange programmes Develop sense of self reliance and individual responsibility in the youth.81.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-REVISION-FORM-1-4.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.1208973}
{"text": "ThePearlGuideThePearlbyJohnSteinbeckBelowaretheEssentialQuestions,ThemeTopics Motifs ,ThematicQuestions,andKeyLiteraryTermsthatwewilluseforouranalysisofThePearl. Thesequestions,themetopics,andtermswillguideourdiscussionandanalysisduringthisunit,soitisimportantforyoutobefamiliarwiththemasyouread. Usethisoverviewtohelpguideyourannotationsandreadthroughthebackgroundinformationbeforeyoureadthenovel. EssentialQuestionsHowdoesparabletranscendtimeandplacetoemployauniversaltheme?Whatmakesathemeuniversal?Whyaresymbolsusefultowritersandtheiraudience?Howcanwritingbeusedtoeffectchangeinsociety?ThemeTopics Motifs fromThePearlDuringyourreadingandannotatingofThePearllookforandmarkpassagesthatmakeapointorstatementaboutthesepossiblethemetopics: Money,Possessions,Greed:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththequestformoneyandthedesireforthingsofthematerialworld,aswellasreferencestothestepswhichpeoplewilltaketoattainthosethings. Also,lookforpassages quotesthatimplythatmoneycanbuyhappiness. SocialOppression:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththeoppressionoftheMexicanIndiansintheportrayalofthedoctor,thepriest,thepearlbuyers,andthetrackers. WatchfordetailswhichshowhowKinoandhispeoplearetreateddisrespectfully,takenadvantageof,anddiscriminatedagainst. Manasapartofnature:Lookforpassages quoteswhichillustratesimilaritiesbetweenhumansandotherspeciesthroughcomparisons. NOTICEthefrequentimagesSteinbeckusesandthinkofhowthesepassagesreflectorforeshadow givehintsaboutfutureevents HUMANevents. Kino ssongs:Lookforpassages quoteswithreferencestothe music Kinohears thethreetypesofsongshehearsandtheirsignificance. PayparticularattentiontoWHENandUNDERWHATCIRCUMSTANCEShe hears aparticularsong. Goodvs. Evil:Lookforpassages quotesthatreflectimagesandideasofdarknesslight,good-evil,brightness-dimness,day-night,black-white,etc. Appearancevs. Reality:Lookforpassages quotesthatrefertothingsnotbeingwhattheyseem. Considerlookingforpassages quotesaboutvisions,haze,mirages,dreams,vagueness,ghostlygleams,illusions,etc. ThematicQuestionsHowdoesoppressionmanifestinboththecommunityandindividual?Howcansociety swrongsberighted?Howmuchcontroldoesanindividualhaveoverhis her success inlife?Howcanwedetermineifsomethingorsomeoneiswhatorwhotheyappeartobe?Canmoneyordesirechangeanindividual?Ismoneynecessarytobe successful inlife?Whatisthedifferencebetweengoodandevil?Arethereanyshadesofgray?HonorsEnglishIThePearl RememberthataLiteraryThemeis thecontrollingideaofastory anarguablecommentorstatementanauthormakesaboutthenatureofhumankindorsociety atruththatcanbetakenfromthespecificsofthestoryandappliedtosocietyingeneral somehumantruththattheauthorwantsthereadertounderstandaboutlife,thehumanexperience,orhumannatureKeyLiteraryTerms:theme,motif,characterization,conflict,symbolism,parable,allegory,setting,metaphor,simile,personification,figurativelanguage,imagery,Freytag sPlotPyramidThePearl BackgroundInformationAuthor:JohnSteinbeck 1902-1968 wasborninSalinas,Californiathesonofpoorparents. AlthoughhewaseducatedatStanfordUniversityandbecameacelebratedwriter,heneverforgothisorigins. Growingupinworkingclasstowns,hebecameanexcellentobserverofhumannatureandlaterwroteaboutthepeoplehelivedaround workersincludingMexican-Americanandmigrantworkers. Hediscoveredtheharshrealitythatthesepeoplewereoftentreatedpoorlyandwithoutrespectandhadlittlemeansofdefendingthemselves. Asaresult,manyofthecharactershewroteaboutweredownandout,isolatedandoppressed. Theyrepresentthe struggle themeofhisnovels principallythestrugglebetweenthepoorandthewealthy,theweakandthestrong,goodandevil,andbetweenculturesorcivilizations. ThesethemesareallevidentinThePearl. Origins:In1940,SteinbecksetoutonasailingexpeditiontostudymarinelifeintheGulfofCalifornia,hopingtofinduniversalpatternsinmarinespeciesthatwouldhelphimunderstandlifeingeneral. Duringthistrip,SteinbeckheardaboutthelegendofaMexicanfisherboywhohadfoundanenormouspearlthathadbroughthimmuchmisery. SteinbeckdevelopedthislegendintothenovelThePearl. AsyoureadThePearl,watchfordetailsabouttheplantandanimallifeintheGulfandthemanymetaphors comparisons ,imagesandthemesSteinbeckuseswhichareconnectedtothesedetails. Setting:TheeventsofThePearltakeplacesometimearoundthe1900onanestuary mouthoftheriver somewhereonthecoastofMexicointhetownofLaPaz. OnamapthelongpeninsulawhichdescendsfromCaliforniaiscalledBAJACALIFORNIA.ItispartofMexicoandisseparatedfromtherestofMexicobytheGulfofCalifornia,alsoknownastheSeaofCortez. HonorsEnglishIThePearlHistoricalBackgroundandSocialCulture:Atthetimethestorytakesplace,theIndiansofMexicohadalreadybeenunderthedominationofpeopleofSpanishdescentfor300years. ThegoverningclasswasprimarilymadeupofthoseofSpanishdescentandtheRomanCatholicChurchwho,together,kepttheMexicanIndiansatthebottomofthesocialhierarchyorsocialladder. Inmostcases,theIndianswerenotallowedtoattendschoolorownland. Keepingpeopleuneducatedanddependentkeepsthemoppressed .AlthoughSpanishcultureandCatholicritualswereforcedupontheIndians,theyfiercelyheldontomanyoftheirspiritualbeliefs,cultures,andcustomsoftheirvarioustribes. WATCHFOREVIDENCEOFTHISINTHENOVEL!Style:ThePearlisashortnovelornovellawhichistoldintheformofanallegoryorPARABLE ashort,simpleworkwithlittledialogueillustratingalessonoralargertruthoftenonthesubjectofgoodandevil. InaPARABLE,goodandevilareclearlydefined everythingisblackandwhite,therearenoshadesofgray. Forinstance,thegoodcharactershavenames,andthebadcharactershavenonames. Thecharactersandactionsymbolizecertainuniversalideasorconceptsandthereadersattachtheirownmeaningtothesesymbols. PointofView:ThePearlistoldbyanallknowingOMNISCIENTthird-personnarratorwhoisobservingthecharactersandtheiractionsfromoutsidethestory. Comment:Thereaderistoldinthepreface, Inthetowntheytellthestoryofthegreatpearl howitwasfoundandhowitwaslostagain Ifthisstoryisaparable,perhapseveryonetakeshisownmeaningfromitandreadshisownlifeintoit. ThusbeginsSteinbeck snovelofgoodandevil,ThePearl. ItisthetimelesstaleoftheMexican-IndianfishermanKino,hiswifeJuana,andtheirinfantson,Coyotito. IttellsofhowKinofindsthePearloftheWorldanddreamsofbreakingoutofthetrapofpovertyandignorancethatoppresseshimandhisfamily. Theviolencethatfollowshisdreams,butbringshimagreaterunderstandingofhimselfandtherealitiesoftheworldinwhichhelives. Asyouread,considerwhatmeaningyoutakefromKino sstory. OtherWell-KnownNovelsBySteinbeck:TortillaFlat 1935 TheRedPony 1937 OfMiceandMen 1937 TheGrapesofWrath 1939 CanneryRow 1945 EastofEden 1952 TheWinterofOurDiscontent 1961 TravelsWithCharley 1962 HonorsEnglishIThePearlThePearl LiteratureGuideAsyoureadThePearl,completethefollowingquestions. Thesequestionswillhelpyourememberandreflectonimportantplotandliteraryelements techniquesfromthereading,sothatyouranalysisismorein-depth. Thestoryissimple,butbecauseitisanallegory,thereisdeepermeaningateveryturn. Readbetweenthelinesandanalyzecharacters,setting,imagery,symbols,etc. ThePearlisashortnovellaandreadingitseveraltimesbeforethestartoftheschoolyearwillofferyouamorein-depthunderstanding. Chapter1 pg.3-13 1.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.1950402}
{"text": "ThePearlGuideThePearlbyJohnSteinbeckBelowaretheEssentialQuestions,ThemeTopics Motifs ,ThematicQuestions,andKeyLiteraryTermsthatwewilluseforouranalysisofThePearl. Thesequestions,themetopics,andtermswillguideourdiscussionandanalysisduringthisunit,soitisimportantforyoutobefamiliarwiththemasyouread. Usethisoverviewtohelpguideyourannotationsandreadthroughthebackgroundinformationbeforeyoureadthenovel. EssentialQuestionsHowdoesparabletranscendtimeandplacetoemployauniversaltheme?Whatmakesathemeuniversal?Whyaresymbolsusefultowritersandtheiraudience?Howcanwritingbeusedtoeffectchangeinsociety?ThemeTopics Motifs fromThePearlDuringyourreadingandannotatingofThePearllookforandmarkpassagesthatmakeapointorstatementaboutthesepossiblethemetopics: Money,Possessions,Greed:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththequestformoneyandthedesireforthingsofthematerialworld,aswellasreferencestothestepswhichpeoplewilltaketoattainthosethings. Also,lookforpassages quotesthatimplythatmoneycanbuyhappiness. SocialOppression:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththeoppressionoftheMexicanIndiansintheportrayalofthedoctor,thepriest,thepearlbuyers,andthetrackers. WatchfordetailswhichshowhowKinoandhispeoplearetreateddisrespectfully,takenadvantageof,anddiscriminatedagainst. Manasapartofnature:Lookforpassages quoteswhichillustratesimilaritiesbetweenhumansandotherspeciesthroughcomparisons. NOTICEthefrequentimagesSteinbeckusesandthinkofhowthesepassagesreflectorforeshadow givehintsaboutfutureevents HUMANevents. Kino ssongs:Lookforpassages quoteswithreferencestothe music Kinohears thethreetypesofsongshehearsandtheirsignificance. PayparticularattentiontoWHENandUNDERWHATCIRCUMSTANCEShe hears aparticularsong. Goodvs. Evil:Lookforpassages quotesthatreflectimagesandideasofdarknesslight,good-evil,brightness-dimness,day-night,black-white,etc. Appearancevs. Reality:Lookforpassages quotesthatrefertothingsnotbeingwhattheyseem. Considerlookingforpassages quotesaboutvisions,haze,mirages,dreams,vagueness,ghostlygleams,illusions,etc. ThematicQuestionsHowdoesoppressionmanifestinboththecommunityandindividual?Howcansociety swrongsberighted?Howmuchcontroldoesanindividualhaveoverhis her success inlife?Howcanwedetermineifsomethingorsomeoneiswhatorwhotheyappeartobe?Canmoneyordesirechangeanindividual?Ismoneynecessarytobe successful inlife?Whatisthedifferencebetweengoodandevil?Arethereanyshadesofgray?HonorsEnglishIThePearl RememberthataLiteraryThemeis thecontrollingideaofastory anarguablecommentorstatementanauthormakesaboutthenatureofhumankindorsociety atruththatcanbetakenfromthespecificsofthestoryandappliedtosocietyingeneral somehumantruththattheauthorwantsthereadertounderstandaboutlife,thehumanexperience,orhumannatureKeyLiteraryTerms:theme,motif,characterization,conflict,symbolism,parable,allegory,setting,metaphor,simile,personification,figurativelanguage,imagery,Freytag sPlotPyramidThePearl BackgroundInformationAuthor:JohnSteinbeck 1902-1968 wasborninSalinas,Californiathesonofpoorparents. AlthoughhewaseducatedatStanfordUniversityandbecameacelebratedwriter,heneverforgothisorigins. Growingupinworkingclasstowns,hebecameanexcellentobserverofhumannatureandlaterwroteaboutthepeoplehelivedaround workersincludingMexican-Americanandmigrantworkers. Hediscoveredtheharshrealitythatthesepeoplewereoftentreatedpoorlyandwithoutrespectandhadlittlemeansofdefendingthemselves. Asaresult,manyofthecharactershewroteaboutweredownandout,isolatedandoppressed. Theyrepresentthe struggle themeofhisnovels principallythestrugglebetweenthepoorandthewealthy,theweakandthestrong,goodandevil,andbetweenculturesorcivilizations. ThesethemesareallevidentinThePearl. Origins:In1940,SteinbecksetoutonasailingexpeditiontostudymarinelifeintheGulfofCalifornia,hopingtofinduniversalpatternsinmarinespeciesthatwouldhelphimunderstandlifeingeneral. Duringthistrip,SteinbeckheardaboutthelegendofaMexicanfisherboywhohadfoundanenormouspearlthathadbroughthimmuchmisery. SteinbeckdevelopedthislegendintothenovelThePearl. AsyoureadThePearl,watchfordetailsabouttheplantandanimallifeintheGulfandthemanymetaphors comparisons ,imagesandthemesSteinbeckuseswhichareconnectedtothesedetails. Setting:TheeventsofThePearltakeplacesometimearoundthe1900onanestuary mouthoftheriver somewhereonthecoastofMexicointhetownofLaPaz. OnamapthelongpeninsulawhichdescendsfromCaliforniaiscalledBAJACALIFORNIA.ItispartofMexicoandisseparatedfromtherestofMexicobytheGulfofCalifornia,alsoknownastheSeaofCortez. HonorsEnglishIThePearlHistoricalBackgroundandSocialCulture:Atthetimethestorytakesplace,theIndiansofMexicohadalreadybeenunderthedominationofpeopleofSpanishdescentfor300years. ThegoverningclasswasprimarilymadeupofthoseofSpanishdescentandtheRomanCatholicChurchwho,together,kepttheMexicanIndiansatthebottomofthesocialhierarchyorsocialladder. Inmostcases,theIndianswerenotallowedtoattendschoolorownland. Keepingpeopleuneducatedanddependentkeepsthemoppressed .AlthoughSpanishcultureandCatholicritualswereforcedupontheIndians,theyfiercelyheldontomanyoftheirspiritualbeliefs,cultures,andcustomsoftheirvarioustribes. WATCHFOREVIDENCEOFTHISINTHENOVEL!Style:ThePearlisashortnovelornovellawhichistoldintheformofanallegoryorPARABLE ashort,simpleworkwithlittledialogueillustratingalessonoralargertruthoftenonthesubjectofgoodandevil. InaPARABLE,goodandevilareclearlydefined everythingisblackandwhite,therearenoshadesofgray. Forinstance,thegoodcharactershavenames,andthebadcharactershavenonames. Thecharactersandactionsymbolizecertainuniversalideasorconceptsandthereadersattachtheirownmeaningtothesesymbols. PointofView:ThePearlistoldbyanallknowingOMNISCIENTthird-personnarratorwhoisobservingthecharactersandtheiractionsfromoutsidethestory. Comment:Thereaderistoldinthepreface, Inthetowntheytellthestoryofthegreatpearl howitwasfoundandhowitwaslostagain Ifthisstoryisaparable,perhapseveryonetakeshisownmeaningfromitandreadshisownlifeintoit. ThusbeginsSteinbeck snovelofgoodandevil,ThePearl. ItisthetimelesstaleoftheMexican-IndianfishermanKino,hiswifeJuana,andtheirinfantson,Coyotito. IttellsofhowKinofindsthePearloftheWorldanddreamsofbreakingoutofthetrapofpovertyandignorancethatoppresseshimandhisfamily. Theviolencethatfollowshisdreams,butbringshimagreaterunderstandingofhimselfandtherealitiesoftheworldinwhichhelives. Asyouread,considerwhatmeaningyoutakefromKino sstory. OtherWell-KnownNovelsBySteinbeck:TortillaFlat 1935 TheRedPony 1937 OfMiceandMen 1937 TheGrapesofWrath 1939 CanneryRow 1945 EastofEden 1952 TheWinterofOurDiscontent 1961 TravelsWithCharley 1962 HonorsEnglishIThePearlThePearl LiteratureGuideAsyoureadThePearl,completethefollowingquestions. Thesequestionswillhelpyourememberandreflectonimportantplotandliteraryelements techniquesfromthereading,sothatyouranalysisismorein-depth. Thestoryissimple,butbecauseitisanallegory,thereisdeepermeaningateveryturn. Readbetweenthelinesandanalyzecharacters,setting,imagery,symbols,etc. ThePearlisashortnovellaandreadingitseveraltimesbeforethestartoftheschoolyearwillofferyouamorein-depthunderstanding. Chapter1 pg.3-13 1. Wheredoesthestoryopen?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2058592}
{"text": "ThePearlGuideThePearlbyJohnSteinbeckBelowaretheEssentialQuestions,ThemeTopics Motifs ,ThematicQuestions,andKeyLiteraryTermsthatwewilluseforouranalysisofThePearl. Thesequestions,themetopics,andtermswillguideourdiscussionandanalysisduringthisunit,soitisimportantforyoutobefamiliarwiththemasyouread. Usethisoverviewtohelpguideyourannotationsandreadthroughthebackgroundinformationbeforeyoureadthenovel. EssentialQuestionsHowdoesparabletranscendtimeandplacetoemployauniversaltheme?Whatmakesathemeuniversal?Whyaresymbolsusefultowritersandtheiraudience?Howcanwritingbeusedtoeffectchangeinsociety?ThemeTopics Motifs fromThePearlDuringyourreadingandannotatingofThePearllookforandmarkpassagesthatmakeapointorstatementaboutthesepossiblethemetopics: Money,Possessions,Greed:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththequestformoneyandthedesireforthingsofthematerialworld,aswellasreferencestothestepswhichpeoplewilltaketoattainthosethings. Also,lookforpassages quotesthatimplythatmoneycanbuyhappiness. SocialOppression:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththeoppressionoftheMexicanIndiansintheportrayalofthedoctor,thepriest,thepearlbuyers,andthetrackers. WatchfordetailswhichshowhowKinoandhispeoplearetreateddisrespectfully,takenadvantageof,anddiscriminatedagainst. Manasapartofnature:Lookforpassages quoteswhichillustratesimilaritiesbetweenhumansandotherspeciesthroughcomparisons. NOTICEthefrequentimagesSteinbeckusesandthinkofhowthesepassagesreflectorforeshadow givehintsaboutfutureevents HUMANevents. Kino ssongs:Lookforpassages quoteswithreferencestothe music Kinohears thethreetypesofsongshehearsandtheirsignificance. PayparticularattentiontoWHENandUNDERWHATCIRCUMSTANCEShe hears aparticularsong. Goodvs. Evil:Lookforpassages quotesthatreflectimagesandideasofdarknesslight,good-evil,brightness-dimness,day-night,black-white,etc. Appearancevs. Reality:Lookforpassages quotesthatrefertothingsnotbeingwhattheyseem. Considerlookingforpassages quotesaboutvisions,haze,mirages,dreams,vagueness,ghostlygleams,illusions,etc. ThematicQuestionsHowdoesoppressionmanifestinboththecommunityandindividual?Howcansociety swrongsberighted?Howmuchcontroldoesanindividualhaveoverhis her success inlife?Howcanwedetermineifsomethingorsomeoneiswhatorwhotheyappeartobe?Canmoneyordesirechangeanindividual?Ismoneynecessarytobe successful inlife?Whatisthedifferencebetweengoodandevil?Arethereanyshadesofgray?HonorsEnglishIThePearl RememberthataLiteraryThemeis thecontrollingideaofastory anarguablecommentorstatementanauthormakesaboutthenatureofhumankindorsociety atruththatcanbetakenfromthespecificsofthestoryandappliedtosocietyingeneral somehumantruththattheauthorwantsthereadertounderstandaboutlife,thehumanexperience,orhumannatureKeyLiteraryTerms:theme,motif,characterization,conflict,symbolism,parable,allegory,setting,metaphor,simile,personification,figurativelanguage,imagery,Freytag sPlotPyramidThePearl BackgroundInformationAuthor:JohnSteinbeck 1902-1968 wasborninSalinas,Californiathesonofpoorparents. AlthoughhewaseducatedatStanfordUniversityandbecameacelebratedwriter,heneverforgothisorigins. Growingupinworkingclasstowns,hebecameanexcellentobserverofhumannatureandlaterwroteaboutthepeoplehelivedaround workersincludingMexican-Americanandmigrantworkers. Hediscoveredtheharshrealitythatthesepeoplewereoftentreatedpoorlyandwithoutrespectandhadlittlemeansofdefendingthemselves. Asaresult,manyofthecharactershewroteaboutweredownandout,isolatedandoppressed. Theyrepresentthe struggle themeofhisnovels principallythestrugglebetweenthepoorandthewealthy,theweakandthestrong,goodandevil,andbetweenculturesorcivilizations. ThesethemesareallevidentinThePearl. Origins:In1940,SteinbecksetoutonasailingexpeditiontostudymarinelifeintheGulfofCalifornia,hopingtofinduniversalpatternsinmarinespeciesthatwouldhelphimunderstandlifeingeneral. Duringthistrip,SteinbeckheardaboutthelegendofaMexicanfisherboywhohadfoundanenormouspearlthathadbroughthimmuchmisery. SteinbeckdevelopedthislegendintothenovelThePearl. AsyoureadThePearl,watchfordetailsabouttheplantandanimallifeintheGulfandthemanymetaphors comparisons ,imagesandthemesSteinbeckuseswhichareconnectedtothesedetails. Setting:TheeventsofThePearltakeplacesometimearoundthe1900onanestuary mouthoftheriver somewhereonthecoastofMexicointhetownofLaPaz. OnamapthelongpeninsulawhichdescendsfromCaliforniaiscalledBAJACALIFORNIA.ItispartofMexicoandisseparatedfromtherestofMexicobytheGulfofCalifornia,alsoknownastheSeaofCortez. HonorsEnglishIThePearlHistoricalBackgroundandSocialCulture:Atthetimethestorytakesplace,theIndiansofMexicohadalreadybeenunderthedominationofpeopleofSpanishdescentfor300years. ThegoverningclasswasprimarilymadeupofthoseofSpanishdescentandtheRomanCatholicChurchwho,together,kepttheMexicanIndiansatthebottomofthesocialhierarchyorsocialladder. Inmostcases,theIndianswerenotallowedtoattendschoolorownland. Keepingpeopleuneducatedanddependentkeepsthemoppressed .AlthoughSpanishcultureandCatholicritualswereforcedupontheIndians,theyfiercelyheldontomanyoftheirspiritualbeliefs,cultures,andcustomsoftheirvarioustribes. WATCHFOREVIDENCEOFTHISINTHENOVEL!Style:ThePearlisashortnovelornovellawhichistoldintheformofanallegoryorPARABLE ashort,simpleworkwithlittledialogueillustratingalessonoralargertruthoftenonthesubjectofgoodandevil. InaPARABLE,goodandevilareclearlydefined everythingisblackandwhite,therearenoshadesofgray. Forinstance,thegoodcharactershavenames,andthebadcharactershavenonames. Thecharactersandactionsymbolizecertainuniversalideasorconceptsandthereadersattachtheirownmeaningtothesesymbols. PointofView:ThePearlistoldbyanallknowingOMNISCIENTthird-personnarratorwhoisobservingthecharactersandtheiractionsfromoutsidethestory. Comment:Thereaderistoldinthepreface, Inthetowntheytellthestoryofthegreatpearl howitwasfoundandhowitwaslostagain Ifthisstoryisaparable,perhapseveryonetakeshisownmeaningfromitandreadshisownlifeintoit. ThusbeginsSteinbeck snovelofgoodandevil,ThePearl. ItisthetimelesstaleoftheMexican-IndianfishermanKino,hiswifeJuana,andtheirinfantson,Coyotito. IttellsofhowKinofindsthePearloftheWorldanddreamsofbreakingoutofthetrapofpovertyandignorancethatoppresseshimandhisfamily. Theviolencethatfollowshisdreams,butbringshimagreaterunderstandingofhimselfandtherealitiesoftheworldinwhichhelives. Asyouread,considerwhatmeaningyoutakefromKino sstory. OtherWell-KnownNovelsBySteinbeck:TortillaFlat 1935 TheRedPony 1937 OfMiceandMen 1937 TheGrapesofWrath 1939 CanneryRow 1945 EastofEden 1952 TheWinterofOurDiscontent 1961 TravelsWithCharley 1962 HonorsEnglishIThePearlThePearl LiteratureGuideAsyoureadThePearl,completethefollowingquestions. Thesequestionswillhelpyourememberandreflectonimportantplotandliteraryelements techniquesfromthereading,sothatyouranalysisismorein-depth. Thestoryissimple,butbecauseitisanallegory,thereisdeepermeaningateveryturn. Readbetweenthelinesandanalyzecharacters,setting,imagery,symbols,etc. ThePearlisashortnovellaandreadingitseveraltimesbeforethestartoftheschoolyearwillofferyouamorein-depthunderstanding. Chapter1 pg.3-13 1. Wheredoesthestoryopen? ThestoryopensinKino shut,locatedonthebeach. ThebeachisontheGulfofMexico,butthisinformationisnotrevealeduntilChapter2.2.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2326329}
{"text": "ThePearlGuideThePearlbyJohnSteinbeckBelowaretheEssentialQuestions,ThemeTopics Motifs ,ThematicQuestions,andKeyLiteraryTermsthatwewilluseforouranalysisofThePearl. Thesequestions,themetopics,andtermswillguideourdiscussionandanalysisduringthisunit,soitisimportantforyoutobefamiliarwiththemasyouread. Usethisoverviewtohelpguideyourannotationsandreadthroughthebackgroundinformationbeforeyoureadthenovel. EssentialQuestionsHowdoesparabletranscendtimeandplacetoemployauniversaltheme?Whatmakesathemeuniversal?Whyaresymbolsusefultowritersandtheiraudience?Howcanwritingbeusedtoeffectchangeinsociety?ThemeTopics Motifs fromThePearlDuringyourreadingandannotatingofThePearllookforandmarkpassagesthatmakeapointorstatementaboutthesepossiblethemetopics: Money,Possessions,Greed:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththequestformoneyandthedesireforthingsofthematerialworld,aswellasreferencestothestepswhichpeoplewilltaketoattainthosethings. Also,lookforpassages quotesthatimplythatmoneycanbuyhappiness. SocialOppression:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththeoppressionoftheMexicanIndiansintheportrayalofthedoctor,thepriest,thepearlbuyers,andthetrackers. WatchfordetailswhichshowhowKinoandhispeoplearetreateddisrespectfully,takenadvantageof,anddiscriminatedagainst. Manasapartofnature:Lookforpassages quoteswhichillustratesimilaritiesbetweenhumansandotherspeciesthroughcomparisons. NOTICEthefrequentimagesSteinbeckusesandthinkofhowthesepassagesreflectorforeshadow givehintsaboutfutureevents HUMANevents. Kino ssongs:Lookforpassages quoteswithreferencestothe music Kinohears thethreetypesofsongshehearsandtheirsignificance. PayparticularattentiontoWHENandUNDERWHATCIRCUMSTANCEShe hears aparticularsong. Goodvs. Evil:Lookforpassages quotesthatreflectimagesandideasofdarknesslight,good-evil,brightness-dimness,day-night,black-white,etc. Appearancevs. Reality:Lookforpassages quotesthatrefertothingsnotbeingwhattheyseem. Considerlookingforpassages quotesaboutvisions,haze,mirages,dreams,vagueness,ghostlygleams,illusions,etc. ThematicQuestionsHowdoesoppressionmanifestinboththecommunityandindividual?Howcansociety swrongsberighted?Howmuchcontroldoesanindividualhaveoverhis her success inlife?Howcanwedetermineifsomethingorsomeoneiswhatorwhotheyappeartobe?Canmoneyordesirechangeanindividual?Ismoneynecessarytobe successful inlife?Whatisthedifferencebetweengoodandevil?Arethereanyshadesofgray?HonorsEnglishIThePearl RememberthataLiteraryThemeis thecontrollingideaofastory anarguablecommentorstatementanauthormakesaboutthenatureofhumankindorsociety atruththatcanbetakenfromthespecificsofthestoryandappliedtosocietyingeneral somehumantruththattheauthorwantsthereadertounderstandaboutlife,thehumanexperience,orhumannatureKeyLiteraryTerms:theme,motif,characterization,conflict,symbolism,parable,allegory,setting,metaphor,simile,personification,figurativelanguage,imagery,Freytag sPlotPyramidThePearl BackgroundInformationAuthor:JohnSteinbeck 1902-1968 wasborninSalinas,Californiathesonofpoorparents. AlthoughhewaseducatedatStanfordUniversityandbecameacelebratedwriter,heneverforgothisorigins. Growingupinworkingclasstowns,hebecameanexcellentobserverofhumannatureandlaterwroteaboutthepeoplehelivedaround workersincludingMexican-Americanandmigrantworkers. Hediscoveredtheharshrealitythatthesepeoplewereoftentreatedpoorlyandwithoutrespectandhadlittlemeansofdefendingthemselves. Asaresult,manyofthecharactershewroteaboutweredownandout,isolatedandoppressed. Theyrepresentthe struggle themeofhisnovels principallythestrugglebetweenthepoorandthewealthy,theweakandthestrong,goodandevil,andbetweenculturesorcivilizations. ThesethemesareallevidentinThePearl. Origins:In1940,SteinbecksetoutonasailingexpeditiontostudymarinelifeintheGulfofCalifornia,hopingtofinduniversalpatternsinmarinespeciesthatwouldhelphimunderstandlifeingeneral. Duringthistrip,SteinbeckheardaboutthelegendofaMexicanfisherboywhohadfoundanenormouspearlthathadbroughthimmuchmisery. SteinbeckdevelopedthislegendintothenovelThePearl. AsyoureadThePearl,watchfordetailsabouttheplantandanimallifeintheGulfandthemanymetaphors comparisons ,imagesandthemesSteinbeckuseswhichareconnectedtothesedetails. Setting:TheeventsofThePearltakeplacesometimearoundthe1900onanestuary mouthoftheriver somewhereonthecoastofMexicointhetownofLaPaz. OnamapthelongpeninsulawhichdescendsfromCaliforniaiscalledBAJACALIFORNIA.ItispartofMexicoandisseparatedfromtherestofMexicobytheGulfofCalifornia,alsoknownastheSeaofCortez. HonorsEnglishIThePearlHistoricalBackgroundandSocialCulture:Atthetimethestorytakesplace,theIndiansofMexicohadalreadybeenunderthedominationofpeopleofSpanishdescentfor300years. ThegoverningclasswasprimarilymadeupofthoseofSpanishdescentandtheRomanCatholicChurchwho,together,kepttheMexicanIndiansatthebottomofthesocialhierarchyorsocialladder. Inmostcases,theIndianswerenotallowedtoattendschoolorownland. Keepingpeopleuneducatedanddependentkeepsthemoppressed .AlthoughSpanishcultureandCatholicritualswereforcedupontheIndians,theyfiercelyheldontomanyoftheirspiritualbeliefs,cultures,andcustomsoftheirvarioustribes. WATCHFOREVIDENCEOFTHISINTHENOVEL!Style:ThePearlisashortnovelornovellawhichistoldintheformofanallegoryorPARABLE ashort,simpleworkwithlittledialogueillustratingalessonoralargertruthoftenonthesubjectofgoodandevil. InaPARABLE,goodandevilareclearlydefined everythingisblackandwhite,therearenoshadesofgray. Forinstance,thegoodcharactershavenames,andthebadcharactershavenonames. Thecharactersandactionsymbolizecertainuniversalideasorconceptsandthereadersattachtheirownmeaningtothesesymbols. PointofView:ThePearlistoldbyanallknowingOMNISCIENTthird-personnarratorwhoisobservingthecharactersandtheiractionsfromoutsidethestory. Comment:Thereaderistoldinthepreface, Inthetowntheytellthestoryofthegreatpearl howitwasfoundandhowitwaslostagain Ifthisstoryisaparable,perhapseveryonetakeshisownmeaningfromitandreadshisownlifeintoit. ThusbeginsSteinbeck snovelofgoodandevil,ThePearl. ItisthetimelesstaleoftheMexican-IndianfishermanKino,hiswifeJuana,andtheirinfantson,Coyotito. IttellsofhowKinofindsthePearloftheWorldanddreamsofbreakingoutofthetrapofpovertyandignorancethatoppresseshimandhisfamily. Theviolencethatfollowshisdreams,butbringshimagreaterunderstandingofhimselfandtherealitiesoftheworldinwhichhelives. Asyouread,considerwhatmeaningyoutakefromKino sstory. OtherWell-KnownNovelsBySteinbeck:TortillaFlat 1935 TheRedPony 1937 OfMiceandMen 1937 TheGrapesofWrath 1939 CanneryRow 1945 EastofEden 1952 TheWinterofOurDiscontent 1961 TravelsWithCharley 1962 HonorsEnglishIThePearlThePearl LiteratureGuideAsyoureadThePearl,completethefollowingquestions. Thesequestionswillhelpyourememberandreflectonimportantplotandliteraryelements techniquesfromthereading,sothatyouranalysisismorein-depth. Thestoryissimple,butbecauseitisanallegory,thereisdeepermeaningateveryturn. Readbetweenthelinesandanalyzecharacters,setting,imagery,symbols,etc. ThePearlisashortnovellaandreadingitseveraltimesbeforethestartoftheschoolyearwillofferyouamorein-depthunderstanding. Chapter1 pg.3-13 1. Wheredoesthestoryopen? ThestoryopensinKino shut,locatedonthebeach. ThebeachisontheGulfofMexico,butthisinformationisnotrevealeduntilChapter2.2. Whoarethemaincharactersintroducedatthebeginningofthischapter?Kino,hiswife,Juana,andhisinfantson,Coyotito3.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2467651}
{"text": "Wheredoesthestoryopen? ThestoryopensinKino shut,locatedonthebeach. ThebeachisontheGulfofMexico,butthisinformationisnotrevealeduntilChapter2.2. Whoarethemaincharactersintroducedatthebeginningofthischapter?Kino,hiswife,Juana,andhisinfantson,Coyotito3. WheredoesCoyotitosleep?Inahangingbox4. WhatdidKino s people do?Theyweremakersofgreatsongs. Everythingtheysaw,thought,did,heardorexperiencedbecameasong.5. WhatistheSongoftheFamily?Thesoundsofthefamilywaking JuanatalkingtoCoyotito,Juanafanningthefireintoflames,andtherhythmofthegrindingstonethatJuanausedtoworkthecornformorningcakes.6. WhatkindofmorningdidKinothinkitwas? Itwasamorninglikeothermorningsandyetperfectamongmornings. 7. WhatistheWhole?ItisthesafetyandwarmthprovidedbythefamiliarroutinesofKino sfamily.8. HowisKinodescribed? Kinowasyoungandstrongandhisblackhairhungoverhisbrownforehead. Hiseyeswerewarmandfierceandbrightandhismustachewasthinandcoarse. 9. WhatdrawsKino sattentiontoCoyotito shangingbox?Atinymovement ascorpionwasclimbingdowntheropethatsuspendedthebox.10. WhatistheSongofEvil? WhatbringstheSongofEvil? TheSongofEvilisthemusicoftheenemy,ofanyfoeofthefamily,asavage,secretdangerousmelody . ThescorpionbringstheSongofEvil.11. WhatcontradictiondoesJuanadisplaywhenthescorpionappears?Sherepeatsanancientmagictoguardagainstevil,whilemutteringaHailMarybetweenclenchedteeth. ItisthecontradictionbetweenpaganandChristianreligiousrituals.12. WhatharmcomestoCoyotito?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.221244}
{"text": "WhatcontradictiondoesJuanadisplaywhenthescorpionappears?Sherepeatsanancientmagictoguardagainstevil,whilemutteringaHailMarybetweenclenchedteeth. ItisthecontradictionbetweenpaganandChristianreligiousrituals.12. WhatharmcomestoCoyotito? WhyisKinounabletostopit?Kinoreachesforthescorpionandwhenitposestosting,Coyotitoshakestheropetothebox,andthescorpionfallsonthebabyandstingshim.13. WhatdoesKinodotothescorpion?Hebeatsandstampsituntilitisonlyamoistplaceinthedirt.14. HowdoesJuanareacttoCoyotito sinjury?Sheimmediatelybeginstosuckthepoisonfromthepuncturewound.15. Whatisthedangerofthescorpion ssting?Thepoisonfromthestingmaymakeanadultgravelyill,butitcouldcausedeathinababy.16. WhatsurprisingthingdidJuanarequestafterCoyotitowasstung? Whywasitsurprising?SheaskedKinotogogetthedoctor. Itwassurprisingbecause Togethimwouldbearemarkablething. Thedoctornevercametotheclusterofbrushhouses. 17. WhatdoesKinodoaboutJuana srequest? HowdoesJuanarespond?KinotellsJuana, Thedoctorwouldnotcome. JuanatellsKinotheywillgotothedoctor.18. What skill didthebeggarshave? Theywereexpertsin financialanalysis. Thatis,theywereabletodeterminepeople sstatusofwealthorpovertybyobservingthem.19. WhatdidthebeggarsdecideaboutKinoandJuana?Theydecidedthattheyweretoopoor,andthedoctorwouldnotseethem.20. Whatdidthebeggarsknowaboutthedoctor? Theyknewhisignorance,hiscruelty,hisavarice,hisappetites,hissins. 21.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2535884}
{"text": "Theywereexpertsin financialanalysis. Thatis,theywereabletodeterminepeople sstatusofwealthorpovertybyobservingthem.19. WhatdidthebeggarsdecideaboutKinoandJuana?Theydecidedthattheyweretoopoor,andthedoctorwouldnotseethem.20. Whatdidthebeggarsknowaboutthedoctor? Theyknewhisignorance,hiscruelty,hisavarice,hisappetites,hissins. 21. WhydoesKinohesitatewhentheyreachthedoctor sresidence?BecausethedoctorwasofaracewhichfornearlyfourhundredyearshadbeatenandstarvedandrobbedanddespisedKino srace;allofthedoctor sracespoketoallofKino sraceasthoughtheyweresimpleanimals.22. Whataresomeindicationsthatthedoctorleadsawealthylifestyle?HewearsadressinggownofsilkfromParis. Thegownistight,whichmeanshe seatingwellandgainingweight. Hehasasilvertraywithdelicatechinaonit. Thed coroftheroomindicatesawealthylifestyleaswell.23. WhenthedoctorlearnsofCoyotito sinjury,whatishisreaction? WhatdoesthisindicateabouthisattitudetowardKino srace?Hereactswithanger,thenhereactswithgreed. Hesays, HaveInothingbettertodothancureinsectbitesfor littleIndians ? Iamadoctor,notaveterinary. Thenhedemands, Hasheanymoney? Seeifhehasanymoney! ThedoctorbelievesKino speopleareanimals,andtheyareworthlessunlesstheycanpayforhisservices.24. WhenKinoofferspearlsaspaymentsforthedoctor sservice,whathappens?Thedoctor sservantisgoneforashortmoment,andthenhereturnstotellKino, Thedoctorhasgoneout. Hewascalledtoaseriouscase. 25. Whatisironicabouttheservant scommentstoKino?Thedoctorhasnotreallygoneout,andtheservant schoiceofwordsisironic.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2648265}
{"text": "WhenKinoofferspearlsaspaymentsforthedoctor sservice,whathappens?Thedoctor sservantisgoneforashortmoment,andthenhereturnstotellKino, Thedoctorhasgoneout. Hewascalledtoaseriouscase. 25. Whatisironicabouttheservant scommentstoKino?Thedoctorhasnotreallygoneout,andtheservant schoiceofwordsisironic. Whatcouldbeamore seriouscase thanapoisonedchild?26. HowdoesKinoreacttothedoctor sbehaviortowardhisfamily?Hestrikesthegatewithhisfist. Chapter21. WhatdopeopleoftheGulftrust? Thingsofthespiritandthingsoftheimagination,buttheydonottrusttheireyestoshowthemdistanceorclearoutlineoranyopticalexactness. 2. WhatistheonethingofvalueKinoowns? Whyisitsovaluable?Hiscanoe; itisthebulwarkagainststarvation. Itishismeansofincomeandkeepinghisfamilyfedandsheltered.3. HowdoesJuanatreatCoyotito sscorpionsting?Shemakesapoulticeoutofbrownseaweedandpressesittothebaby sswollenshoulder.4. Doesherremedywork?Theremedyis asgoodaremedyasanyandprobablybetterthanthedoctorcouldhavedone. Buttheremedylackedhisauthoritybecauseitwassimpleanddidn tcostanything. Theremedymightwork,butJuanaisskepticalbecauseadoctordidn tapplyit. Asyet,Coyotitohadn texperiencedthestomachcrampstypicalforscorpionpoisoning,soherremedymightbeworking.5. ForwhatdoesJuanapray?Shedidn tpraydirectlyforCoyotito srecovery. ShepraysforKinotofindapearllargeenoughtopaythedoctorforhisservicestocurethebaby.6. Whatisthe accident thathappenstooysters?Asmallgrainofsandgetsinthefoldsofmuscleandirritatesthefleshuntilinselfprotectionthefleshcoatsthegrainofsand.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2737572}
{"text": "ForwhatdoesJuanapray?Shedidn tpraydirectlyforCoyotito srecovery. ShepraysforKinotofindapearllargeenoughtopaythedoctorforhisservicestocurethebaby.6. Whatisthe accident thathappenstooysters?Asmallgrainofsandgetsinthefoldsofmuscleandirritatesthefleshuntilinselfprotectionthefleshcoatsthegrainofsand. Thecoatedgrainofsandbecomesapearl.7. AboutwhathadKino speoplemadesongs?Everythingthathappenedorexisted;theymadesongstothefishes,totheseainangerorincalm,tothelightanddark,tothesunandmoon.8. WhatsongwasinKinoasheheldhisbreathunderwater?TheSongofthePearlThatMightBe,partoftheSongoftheUndersea9. HowlongcanKinoholdhisbreathunderwater?Overtwominutes10. WhatattractsKino sattentiontotheancientoysterthatlyingbyitself?Aghostlygleam11. WhyisKinoreluctanttoopen the oysteruntilhe sopenedalltheotheroysters?Hedoesn tdaretohopethattheoystercontainsapearl. Theghostlygleamhesawcouldhavebeenanillusion,orareflectionoftheshell. Hispeople,thepeopleoftheGulfareusedtodisappointment,andthispearloffershope.12. WhatdoesJuanatellKinotodowith the oyster?Shetellshimtoopenit.13. WhathasKinofoundintheoyster?Hehasfound thegreatestpearlintheworld. 14. WhatdoKinoandJuanadiscoverrightaftertheydiscoverthepearl?TheyfindthattheseaweedpoulticehastakentheswellingoutofCoyotito sshoulder,andthepoisonwasrecedingfromhisbody. Chapter31. Throughoutthenovel,therearevarioustypesofanimalimagery. Whatischaracterizedasananimalatthebeginningofthischapter?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2967844}
{"text": "WhatdoKinoandJuanadiscoverrightaftertheydiscoverthepearl?TheyfindthattheseaweedpoulticehastakentheswellingoutofCoyotito sshoulder,andthepoisonwasrecedingfromhisbody. Chapter31. Throughoutthenovel,therearevarioustypesofanimalimagery. Whatischaracterizedasananimalatthebeginningofthischapter? Whenisthisimageryfirstusedinthenovel? Thetownisathinglikeacolonialanimal. Theimagetheauthorgivesdemonstrateshowthetownspeople digest thenewsofKino sdiscovery. TheanimalimageryisfirstusedwhenKino speoplearecharacterizedasanimalsbythedoctorinChapter1.2. AsthenewsofKino sprizetravelsthroughthevillage,wholearnsofthe PearloftheWorld ? Thepriest,theshopkeepers,thedoctor,andthebeggarsinfrontofthechurch3. Whatisthedoctor sreactiontothenewsofKino spearl?HesaysthatKinoisaclientofhis,andheistreatingCoyotitoforascorpionsting.4. Whatdoesthedoctor sreactiontoKino sgoodfortunerevealabouthischaracter? Itemphasizeshisgreediness. Hewouldn thaveanythingtodowithKinoorhisfamilywhentheycametohimforhelpwhenCoyotitowasinjured,becauseheknewtheycouldn tpayforhisservices. NowthatheknowsaboutKino spearl,he swillingtotreatCoyotito.5. HowdopeoplereacttothenewsofKino spearl?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.2852492}
{"text": "Hewouldn thaveanythingtodowithKinoorhisfamilywhentheycametohimforhelpwhenCoyotitowasinjured,becauseheknewtheycouldn tpayforhisservices. NowthatheknowsaboutKino spearl,he swillingtotreatCoyotito.5. HowdopeoplereacttothenewsofKino spearl? Whatdoesthenewsofthepearlstirupinthetown? EverymansuddenlybecamerelatedtoKino spearl,andKino spearlwentintothedreams,thespeculations,theschemes,theplans,thefutures,thewishes,theneeds,thelusts,thehungers,ofeveryone,andonlyonepersonstoodinthewayandthatwasKino,sothathebecamecuriouslyeveryman senemy. Thepearlstirsupsomethingblackandevilinthetown thepoisonsacsofthetownbegantofillwithvenom. PeoplebecameimmediatelyenviousofKino sgoodfortune,andtriedtofigureoutawaytogetthepearlforthemselves.6. Whatcommentonhumannaturedoestheauthormakewiththevillagers response?Peoplearebasicallygreedy. Evenpeoplewhoareusedtohavingnothingandarehappycanbechangedbythepossibilityofwealth.7. WhatdoKinoandJuanaassumeaboutthevillager sresponsetoKino sprize?Theyassumethateveryonewouldbehappyfortheirgoodfortune.8. WhatmusicdoesKinoexperienceafterfindingthepearl? Themusicofthepearlhadmergedwiththemusicofthefamilysothatonebeautifiedtheother. Thepearlissomethinggoodforthefamily.9. WhatdoesJuanTomasaskKinoabouthisdiscovery? WhatisKino sresponse?JuanTomasasks, Whatwillyoudonowthatyouhavebecomearichman? KinotellsJuanTomasthatheandJuanawillbemarriedinthechurch,theywillhavenewclothes,hemightbuyarifle,andCoyotitowillgotoschool.10.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3294826}
{"text": "WhatmusicdoesKinoexperienceafterfindingthepearl? Themusicofthepearlhadmergedwiththemusicofthefamilysothatonebeautifiedtheother. Thepearlissomethinggoodforthefamily.9. WhatdoesJuanTomasaskKinoabouthisdiscovery? WhatisKino sresponse?JuanTomasasks, Whatwillyoudonowthatyouhavebecomearichman? KinotellsJuanTomasthatheandJuanawillbemarriedinthechurch,theywillhavenewclothes,hemightbuyarifle,andCoyotitowillgotoschool.10. WhydoestheideaofKino ssonattendingschoolcausesuchastiramongthevillagers?Kinosays, thesethingswillmakeusfreebecausehewillknow andthroughhimwewillknow. Kino speoplehadbeenoppressedforhundredsofyears,andonereasonthatthisoppressioncontinuedisbecausetheyareilliterateanduneducated. ThepossibilityofCoyotitobecomingeducatedcreateshope.11. Whathappenstotimeasaresultofthepearl?Timewillbemeasuredbasedonthepearl. Everythingwillbeintermsofhappeningbeforeorsincethediscoveryofthepearl.12. WhocomestovisitKino? Why?ThepriestcomestovisitKino. Heremindshimtobegeneroustothechurchwithhisnewfoundfortune. 13. Howisthepriestliketherestofthevillageinhisrequest?HewantstobenefitfromKino sdiscoveryofthepearl.14. WhatfaintsongdoesKinohearwhenthepriestvisits? Whatdoesthismean?Kinobeginstohearthesongofevil,oftheenemy. Kinoknows,perhapsonlyonasubconsciouslevel,thatpeoplewanttogetthepearlawayfromhim.15. WhatanimalimageryisusedfortheSongoftheFamilyinthischapter? Whydoyouthinktheauthorusesthisimage?TheSongoftheFamilyischaracterizedaslikethepurringofakitten. ThisimageconveysthewarmthandsecurityKinofeelswithinhisfamily. Akittenonlypurrswhenitfeelssafeandiscontentorhappy.16.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3110778}
{"text": "Whydoyouthinktheauthorusesthisimage?TheSongoftheFamilyischaracterizedaslikethepurringofakitten. ThisimageconveysthewarmthandsecurityKinofeelswithinhisfamily. Akittenonlypurrswhenitfeelssafeandiscontentorhappy.16. Shortlyafterthepriestandtheneighborsleave,Kinosensesdanger. Whoappearsatthistime?Thedoctorappearswithtwoassistants.17. WhatliedoesthedoctortellKinoandJuana? Iwasnotinwhenyoucamethismorning. Butnow,atthefirstchance,Ihavecometoseethebaby. Ofcourse,hewashomewhentheyvisitedthatmorning,andhehasonlycomeafterhearingaboutKino spearl.18. EventhoughCoyotitoappearstoberecoveringfromthescorpion ssting,howdoesthedoctormakeKinoandJuanabelievehisservicesarestillnecessary?Hetellsthemthatascorpion spoisoncanlaydormant,andthencauseseriousdamagesuchasablindeyeorwitheredleg. HetellsKino, Iknowthestingofascorpion,myfriend,andIcancureit. HetellsKinothatthepoisonhas goneinwardanditwillstrike Coyotitosoon. OnesignofthisisCoyotitoblueeyelid.19. Whatremedydoesthedoctorgivethebaby? WhatsuspiciondoesKinohaveaboutthisremedy?ThedoctorgivesCoyotitoagelatincapsuleofwhitepowder,andsaysthatifthepoisonisgoingtostrike,itwilldosowithinthehour. Duringthathour,Coyotitobeginstoconvulseandvomit. Thedoctorreturnsandtreatshimwithafewdropsofammoniadilutedinwater. Thebaby sspasmssubsideanditappearsthedoctorhascuredhimfromthepoison. KinobelievesthatthecapsulescontainedsomethingthatcausedCoyotito sconvulsions,andthedoctorwasonlytryingtogetsomeofKino smoneyfromthepearl.20. WhatquestiondoesthedoctoraskwhenheisdonetreatingCoyotito?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3233535}
{"text": "Thebaby sspasmssubsideanditappearsthedoctorhascuredhimfromthepoison. KinobelievesthatthecapsulescontainedsomethingthatcausedCoyotito sconvulsions,andthedoctorwasonlytryingtogetsomeofKino smoneyfromthepearl.20. WhatquestiondoesthedoctoraskwhenheisdonetreatingCoyotito? WhatofferdoeshemaketoKino? Heaskswhenpaymentwillbemadeforhisservices. Kinotellshimaboutthepearl aboutwhichthedoctoralreadyknew,ofcourse ,andpromisestopaythedoctorafterhehassoldit. ThedoctorofferstokeepKino spearlinhissafe. Kinorefusestheofferandsaysthepearlissafe.21. Whatdidthedoctorhopetorevealwithhisoffer? Isthisinformationrevealed? Heknewthepearlwouldbeburiedinthehouse,andhethoughtKinomightlooktowardtheplacewhereitwasburied. Yes,theinformationisrevealedwhen Kino seyesflickinvoluntarilytothefloornearthesidepostofthebrushhut. 22. Aftereveryonehasleftthehut,JuanaasksKino, Whodoyoufear? Whatishisresponse?Kinosayshefearseveryone.23. Whiletheyaresleepingthatnight,whathappensinKinoandJuana shut?Kinoawakensandhears thewhisperofafootondryearthandthescratchoffingersinthesoil. Anintrudercomes,andquietlytriestodigupthepearl.24. Istheintrudersuccessful?No,Kinoattackshiminthedarkandtriestostabhim. Kino sheadissmashedinthescuffleandtheintruderescapes.25. Whoisthemostlikelypersontohavesenttheintruder? Howdoyouknow?Thedoctorsenttheintruder. Itmusthavebeenthedoctor,becausetheintrudertriestodigintheplacewhereKinoglancedwhenthedoctoraskedhimifthepearlwassafe.26.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3386445}
{"text": "Whoisthemostlikelypersontohavesenttheintruder? Howdoyouknow?Thedoctorsenttheintruder. Itmusthavebeenthedoctor,becausetheintrudertriestodigintheplacewhereKinoglancedwhenthedoctoraskedhimifthepearlwassafe.26. HowisKinocharacterizedduringthefight?Heis likeanangrycat,leapedstrikingandspittingforthedarkthing . Again,theauthorusesanimalimageryfordescription.27. WhatisJuana sresponsetothestranger sintrusionandattackonherhusband?Shecries, Thisthingisevil. Thispearlislikeasin! Itwilldestroyus. Sheasksherhusbandtothrowthepearlbackintotheseaandsays, Ithasbroughtevil. Kino,myhusband,itwilldestroyus. 28. WhatstatementdoesJuanamakethatservesasforeshadowing? Itwilldestroyusall. Evenourson. 29. WhatpromisedoesKinomaketoJuanaaboutthepearl? Howisthepearldescribedattheendofthechapter?Kinopromisesthattheywillsellthepearlandtheevilwillgowithit,andonlythegoodwillstay. Thepearlisa guaranteeofthefuture,ofcomfort,ofsecurity. Itswarmlucencepromisedapoulticeagainstillnessandawallagainstinsult. Itclosedadooronhunger. Chapter41. Whatisthenameofthetownthat keepstrackofitselfandofallitsunits ? Whatdoesthismean?LaPaz. Itmeansthateveryoneinthissmalltownknowseveryoneelse sbusiness.2. Whatdidthepearlbuyersknow?TheyalreadyknewthatKinowascomingtosellhispearlthatday.3. Whatsuppositionismadeaboutthepearlbuyers? Whatisactuallythecase? Whenarethepearlbuyershappy?Itissupposedthatthepearlbuyersactaloneandcompeteagainstoneanotherforbusiness. Inactuality,onemajorbuyeremploysthemall. The bestandhappiestpearlbuyerwashewhoboughtforthelowestprice. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3517096}
{"text": "Whenarethepearlbuyershappy?Itissupposedthatthepearlbuyersactaloneandcompeteagainstoneanotherforbusiness. Inactuality,onemajorbuyeremploysthemall. The bestandhappiestpearlbuyerwashewhoboughtforthelowestprice. 4. WhatdotheneighborshopeforKino?Theyhopethatthepearldoesnotdestroyhimandhisfamily. Theydon twantwealthtochangeKino,theyhopedthatwealthwouldnotgraftontohimtheevillimbsofgreedandhatredandcoldness.5. WhatwasexpectedoftheneighborswhenKinogoestotowntosellhispearl?Itwasexpectedthattheywouldjoinhim itwasanhistoricmoment,theywouldbecrazyiftheydidn tgo. Itwouldbealmostasignofunfriendship. 6. WhatdoesJuanTomaswarnKinoagainstasheleavestosellthepearl? Whyishiswarningironic?JuanTomastellsKino, Youmustbecarefultoseetheydonotcheatyou. Thisisironicbecause,inthenextlineJuanTomasadmits, Wedonotknowwhatpricesarepaidinotherplaces. Sincetheydonotknowwhatthepearl smarketvalueis,theycannotknowiftheyarebeingcheated.7. WhydidKino sancestorsgiveuptryingtogetbetterpricesfortheirpearlsinthecapital?Becausewhentheysenttheirpearlsmentosellthemontheirbehalf,themenwoulddisappearwiththeirpearlsandtheywouldendupwithnothing. 8. WhydoesKinobelievethatsellingthepearlatthecapitalisagainstreligion? Whatisreallytrueaboutthisbelief?Becausethepriesthassaidso thepriestgivesayearlysermonabouthoweachmanorwomanisasoldiersentbyGodtoguardhisownpartoftheuniverse. Eachpersonissupposedtoremainfaithfulandnotgorunningabout. Themenwhotriedtoselltheirpearlsatthecapitalwere runningabout andnotguardingtheirpost,andthatiswhytheylosttheirpearls. Thebeliefisbasedinblindfaith.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3668249}
{"text": "Eachpersonissupposedtoremainfaithfulandnotgorunningabout. Themenwhotriedtoselltheirpearlsatthecapitalwere runningabout andnotguardingtheirpost,andthatiswhytheylosttheirpearls. Thebeliefisbasedinblindfaith. Kinobelievesthepriestbecausehewasraisedtodoso,butinreality,thepriestiscontributingtotheoppressionofKino speoplebyperpetuatingthisbelief.9. WhatsigndoesthepearlbuyergiveofhisastonishmentatKino spearl?HegivesnovisualsignorfacialexpressionthatKinocandistinguish,butunderthedesk,thepearlbuyerdropsacoinhehasbeenturningbetweenhisknuckles.10. Whatisthepearlbuyer sinitialappraisalofthepearl? Whatofferdoeshemake?ThepearlbuyertellsKinothatthepearlistoolargetosell,becausethereisnomarketforsuchthings. HetellsKinoitislikefool sgold,anditisonlyacuriosity. ThepearlbuyeroffersKino1,000pesosforthepearl.11. DoesKinoaccepttheoffer? WhatdoesKinobelievethepearlisworth?No. Kinoaccusesthebuyeroftryingtocheathim. Kinothinksthepearlisworth50,000pesos.12. HowdoestheauthorcharacterizethefeelingsKinohaswhiledealingwiththepearlbuyer?Theanimalimageryisusedagain. Kino feltthecreepingoffate,thecirclingofwolves,thehoverofvultures. Hefelttheevilcoagulatingabouthim,andhewashelplesstoprotecthimself. 13. Howdoesthepearlbuyer prove hisoriginalofferwasfair? HowdoyouknowhewasreallytryingtocheatKino?Theotherpearlbuyerssupporttheideathatthepearlisvalueless,buttheyprobablyarrangedthisaheadofKino sarrival,sothattheycouldgetthegreatpearlfortheleastamountofmoney. ThepearlbuyerrevealshimselfwhenheisreluctanttoletKinoleavewithhis worthless pearl,andhemakesanotherofferof1,500pesos.14.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3610437}
{"text": "Howdoesthepearlbuyer prove hisoriginalofferwasfair? HowdoyouknowhewasreallytryingtocheatKino?Theotherpearlbuyerssupporttheideathatthepearlisvalueless,buttheyprobablyarrangedthisaheadofKino sarrival,sothattheycouldgetthegreatpearlfortheleastamountofmoney. ThepearlbuyerrevealshimselfwhenheisreluctanttoletKinoleavewithhis worthless pearl,andhemakesanotherofferof1,500pesos.14. Whatdotheneighborssayaboutthepearlbuyers businessdealingswithKino? Whyisthisironic?TheneighborsbelievethepearlbuyersmusthavebeentruthfulwithKinobecausetheyeachdeterminedthepearltobevalueless. WhenKinooffersthetheorythattheycouldhavearrangedthecollusionbeforehisarrival,theysay, Ifthatisso,thenallofushavebeencheatedallofourlives. Thatcommentisironicbecause,infact,thesepeoplehavebeencheatedalloftheirlives.15. WithwhatproblemregardingthepearlisKinonowconfronted?Sincehehasdefiedthepearlbuyers,hehasnowaytosellthepearllocally.16. WhatdothelessfearfulneighborssayaboutKino sactionswiththepearlbuyers?Theysaid, Kinoisabraveman,andafierceman;heisright. Fromhiscouragewemayallprofit. TheyrealizethatKino sconfrontationwiththepearlbuyersmayleadtofairerdealingsinthefuture.17. Whosaid, Wedoknowthatwearecheatedfrombirthtotheoverchargeonourcoffins ? Whatdoeshemean?JuanTomassaiditbecausethepearlbuyerscheatedKino,andtheirpeoplehavebeencheatedforgenerations.18. WhydoesJuanTomasfearforKino?HesaysthatKinohasnotonlydefiedthepearlbuyers,butthewholestructureofhowKino speoplemaketheirliving. Hesays, Youhavedefiednotthepearlbuyers,butthewholestructure,thewholewayoflife,andIamafraidforyou. 19.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3756392}
{"text": "Whatdoeshemean?JuanTomassaiditbecausethepearlbuyerscheatedKino,andtheirpeoplehavebeencheatedforgenerations.18. WhydoesJuanTomasfearforKino?HesaysthatKinohasnotonlydefiedthepearlbuyers,butthewholestructureofhowKino speoplemaketheirliving. Hesays, Youhavedefiednotthepearlbuyers,butthewholestructure,thewholewayoflife,andIamafraidforyou. 19. Kinoisundertheimpressionthathisfriendswillprotecthimifnecessary,butwhatdoesJuanTomastellhim?HisfriendswillprotectKino onlysolongastheyarenotindangerordiscomfortfromit. 20. WhathappensduringthenightatKinoandJuana shut?MoreintrudersattackKino.21. WhatdoesJuanaaskKinoaftertheattackersaregone?Sheaskshim,again,todestroythepearlorthrowitbackintheseabeforeitdestroysthem. Chapter51. WhatisJuanadoingatthebeginningofthechapter? Whatissheplanningtodo?Atthebeginningthechapter,Juanaismovingaroundthehutandshemovesthefireplacestone wherethepearlishidden . Sheisplanningtothrowthepearlbackintothesea. 2. WhostopsJuanafromthrowingthepearl? How?Kinostopsherbywrenchingherarm,andstrikingherintheface. Aftershefalls,hekicksherintheside.3. WhatdoKino sactionsdemonstrateaboutwhatthepearlhasdonetohim?ThepearlhasbecomeeverythingtoKino hewouldmurderhiswiferatherthanlosethepearl.4. WhatanimalimageryisusedwhenKinoattacksJuana?Kinobareshisteethand, hissedatherlikeasnake. Juanastaresbackathim, likeasheepbeforethebutcher. 5. WhathappenstoKinoafterheattacksJuana? Why?Whenheiswalkingupthebeach,heistackledandsearchedbyattackers. Theyaretryingtofindthepearl.6.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4081223}
{"text": "WhathappenstoKinoafterheattacksJuana? Why?Whenheiswalkingupthebeach,heistackledandsearchedbyattackers. Theyaretryingtofindthepearl.6. WhenKinotoldJuana, Iamaman, whatdidthatmeantoher?Itmeantthathewashalfinsaneandhalfgod.7. WhenJuanawalksbackinthedarknessafterKinoattacksher,whatthingsdoesshefind?First,shefindsthepearlthatwasknockedfromKino shandwhenhewasattacked. Thensheseestwodarkfigureslyinginthepath. OnefigureisKino;theotherisanattackerwhomKinohaskilled.8. WhatdoesJuanaknowaftersheseesthatKinohaskilledaman?Sheknowsthattheiroldlifeisgoneforever.9. WhenKinostartstoregainhissensesaftertheattack,whatishisfirstconcern? Whatideadoesthisemphasize see 3 ? Hisfirstconcernisthathehaslostthepearl. Again,thepearlhasbecomeeverything Kinoisnotsoconcernedthathehascommittedmurder,asheisthathe slostthepearl.10. WhydoesKinostillthinkhecanreturntothevillageandretainhisoldlife? Canhe?Hethinkspeoplewillbelievethathestrucktosavehislife. Hecannotreturntohisoldlife it sgone. Juanaremindshimabouthowthepearlbuyerstreatedhimandhowsomeoftheneighborstreatedhimafterhisdefianceofthebuyers. Toomanypeopleareagainstthemnowbecauseofthepearl. 11. AfterKinodecidesthathewilltakehisfamilyandleave,whatdoeshediscover?Hediscoversthathiscanoehasbeenvandalized,andalargeholeisknockedintothebottom.12. WhenKinodiscovershisbrokencanoe,hethinks, Thiswasanevilbeyondthinking. Thekillingofamanwasnotsoevilasthekillingofaboat. Whydoeshebelievethis?Becauseaboatcannotprotectitself,andawoundedboatdoesnotheal.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4000525}
{"text": "AfterKinodecidesthathewilltakehisfamilyandleave,whatdoeshediscover?Hediscoversthathiscanoehasbeenvandalized,andalargeholeisknockedintothebottom.12. WhenKinodiscovershisbrokencanoe,hethinks, Thiswasanevilbeyondthinking. Thekillingofamanwasnotsoevilasthekillingofaboat. Whydoeshebelievethis?Becauseaboatcannotprotectitself,andawoundedboatdoesnotheal. Also,theboatisaman swayofmakingaliving,andwhenhisboatisdamaged,amanhasnotprotectionagainststarvation. Thebrokencanoealsodemonstratestheevilinman. ThemeninthevillageweresoenviousofKino,theycouldnolongerallowhimtohaveanormallifeamongthem.13. WhatthoughtneveroccurstoKinoafterhediscovershisbrokencanoe? Whatdoesthissayabouthim?ItneveroccurstoKinototakeanotherman scanoe. Hecannotconceiveoftreatinganothermantheywayhehasbeentreated. Thismaymeanthathestillhasashisbasichumanity. Hehasn tlosteverythingtothepearl yet .14. WhathappenstoKinoandJuana shutasthey repreparingtoleave?Theirhutisransackedandthensetonfire.15. AccordingtoJuana,whoisresponsiblefordestroyingtheirhut? Thedarkones. KinoandJuanadon tknowwhoisagainstthem theintrudersandattackerscouldbeanyone,buttheonethingKinoandJuanaknowaboutthemisthattheyareevilor dark. 16. TowhatdoesJuanTomasattributeKinoandJuana smisfortune?Heblamesthepearl. Hesays, thereisadevilinthispearl. Youshouldhavesolditandpassedonthedevil. Perhapsyoucanstillsellitandbuypeaceforyourself. 17. WhatrequestdoesKinomakeofhisbrother? DoesJuanTomasagree?KinoasksJuanTomastohidehisfamily,andJuanTomasagreestodoso.18.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.3944871}
{"text": "Perhapsyoucanstillsellitandbuypeaceforyourself. 17. WhatrequestdoesKinomakeofhisbrother? DoesJuanTomasagree?KinoasksJuanTomastohidehisfamily,andJuanTomasagreestodoso.18. WhatpromisedoesKinomaketohisbrother?Kinosays, Iwillgotonightandthenyouwillbesafe. Kinodoesn twanttobeadangertohisbrotherorhisbrother sfamily.19. HowdoesJuanTomasaccountforthedisappearanceofKinoandhisfamily?Hetellspeopledifferentthings. TosomehesaysKinoandJuanahavegonesouthalongtheshoretoescapeevil. ToothershesaysKinomusthavegonebysea. TotheneighborshesaysthatifKinowenttothesea,hemusthavedrowned. HetellspeoplehiswifeisillwithgriefoverthelossofKinoandhisfamily.20. WhatdoesKinotellJuanTomasaboutthepearl?Kinotellshimhestillhasit,andhewillkeepit. Hesays, Imighthavegivenitasagift,butnowitismymisfortuneandmylifeandIwillkeepit. 21. Whycan tKinogiveupthepearl? Kino soriginalplanwhenhefoundthepearlwastoprovidemoreforhiswifeandson. Hewasunselfishinthisplan,andpossiblyhe sstillnotwillingtogivethatup. Atthispoint,however,he slostsomuchbecauseofthepearl,heisn twillingtogiveitup. Hefeelsthatitmustbeworthallthathe slost. Hesays, Thispearlhasbecomemysoul. IfIgiveitupIshalllosemysoul. Chapter61. WhatchangeoccursinKinoasheandJuanaareescaping?Somethingancientstirsinhim,andsomeanimalqualityabouthimmakeshimcautiousandwaryanddangerous.2. WhatmusicorsongdoesKinohearastheywalk?Themusicofthepearlintertwinedwiththequietmelodyofthefamily.3.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4231422}
{"text": "IfIgiveitupIshalllosemysoul. Chapter61. WhatchangeoccursinKinoasheandJuanaareescaping?Somethingancientstirsinhim,andsomeanimalqualityabouthimmakeshimcautiousandwaryanddangerous.2. WhatmusicorsongdoesKinohearastheywalk?Themusicofthepearlintertwinedwiththequietmelodyofthefamily.3. WhydoesKinobelievetheyarebeingfollowed?Hestillbelievestheywillbetrackedforthepearl,aswellasforthemurderhecommitted.4. HowdoesKinoconvinceJuanathatthepearlbuyerswerewrongintheirstatementthatthepearlwasworthless?Hetellsherthattheywouldnothavetriedtostealitifitwasworthless.5. WhatcontradictionsdoesKinoseeonthesurfaceofthepearl?Hethoughtthepearlwouldallowhimtobuyarifle,butheonlyseesthemanhekilled. HethoughtthepearlwouldallowheandJuanatohaveachurchwedding,butheseeshimselfbeatinghiswifeforthepearl. Hethoughtthepearlwouldallowhimtoeducatehisson,butheseeshissonsickwithfeverfromthedoctor smedicine.6. WhathappenstothemusicofthepearlforKino? Themusicofthepearlbecomessinister,andintertwineswiththemusicofevil.7. WhodoKinoandJuanaencounterastheyaretryingtoescape?Theyarebeingfollowedbythreetrackers,twoonfootandoneonhorsebackcarryingarifle.8. Whatanimalimageryisusedtodescribethetrackers? Theywereassensitiveashounds. Later,whenitappearsthetrackershavefoundasignofKino strail,they whinedalittle,likeexciteddogsonawarmingtrail. 9. WheredoKinoandJuanadecidetogoinanefforttoescapethetrackers?Theytrytolosethetrackersinthemountains. Theauthorusestheanimalimageryyetagainwhenhewrites, AndKinoranforthehighplace,asnearlyallanimalsdowhentheyarepursued. 10.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4373722}
{"text": "Whatanimalimageryisusedtodescribethetrackers? Theywereassensitiveashounds. Later,whenitappearsthetrackershavefoundasignofKino strail,they whinedalittle,likeexciteddogsonawarmingtrail. 9. WheredoKinoandJuanadecidetogoinanefforttoescapethetrackers?Theytrytolosethetrackersinthemountains. Theauthorusestheanimalimageryyetagainwhenhewrites, AndKinoranforthehighplace,asnearlyallanimalsdowhentheyarepursued. 10. WhatdoKinoandJuanaargueaboutduringtheirescape?KinotriestogetJuanatotakethebabyandgoinadifferentdirectionthanKino. Juanaisdeterminedandrefusestoleaveherhusband.11. WheredoKinoandJuanagointhemountainrange?Theytraveltowardadarkandshadowycleft. Thecleftwouldprovideasourceofwater,andiftherewereanypassagethroughthemountains,itwouldbethroughthecleft.12. DothetrackersloseKinoandJuana strailinthemountains?No,theyarefarbehind,buttheyarestillontheirtrail.13. Sincethetrackerswillfollowthemintothemountainrange,Kinodecideshisfamilywillclimbtothelowlandsagain. Whatconcerndoeshehaveaboutdoingthis?Heisafraidthatthebabymaycry.14. Asthetrackerscampforthenight,whatdoesKinodecide? Whenmusthecarryouthisplan?Kinodecidestoattackthetrackersduringthenight. Ifhecangettotheonewiththeriflefirst,hewillkillhimandusehisrifletokilltheothertwotrackers. Hemustcarryouthisplanbeforethemoonrises,orthetrackerswillspothim.15. WhatformofprotectiondoesKinousetoambushthetrackersduringthenight?Heremoveshiswhiteclothingbecauseitwillshowupinthemoonlight. Hisownbrownskinisbetterprotectionforhiminthedarkness.16.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4343555}
{"text": "Hemustcarryouthisplanbeforethemoonrises,orthetrackerswillspothim.15. WhatformofprotectiondoesKinousetoambushthetrackersduringthenight?Heremoveshiswhiteclothingbecauseitwillshowupinthemoonlight. Hisownbrownskinisbetterprotectionforhiminthedarkness.16. WhatdrivesKinodowntowardhisenemy?TheSongoftheFamilybecomes asfierceandsharpandfelineasthesnarlofafemalepuma. Again,theauthorusestheanimalimagerytodescribeKino sfeelings.17. Whycan tKinocarryouthisplan?Themoonrises.18. Whatdothetrackershear? Whatdotheythinktheyhear?ThetrackershearCoyotitocrying. Theythinkitisacoyoteandherlitter.19. Whatdoesthetrackerdoaboutthesound? HowdoesKinoreact?Thetrackerdecidestoshootinthedirectionofthesound. Kinoleapsatthetrackerandstabshimintheneck,killinghim. Heusesthebuttoftherifletosmashtheheadofaseatedtracker,andshootsthethirdtrackerwhilehe stryingtoescape.20. WhatdoesKinohearafterhekillsthetrackers? Thekeening,moaning,risinghystericalcryfromthelittlecave thecryofdeath. 21. WhateventhappenedtoeveryoneinLaPaz?ThereturnofKino sfamilytothevillage22. WhatisJuanacarryingwhensheandKinowalkintothevillage?Shecarrieshershawllikeasackoverhershoulder. Initwasasmall,limpheavybundle,andtheshawliscrustedwithdriedblood. Thespecificcontentsoftheshawlarenotrevealedforanotherpageandahalf,butthebundleisthedeadbodyofCoyotito.23. TowheredoKinoandJuanawalk?Theywalktotheshore,totheedgeoftheGulf.24.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4449978}
{"text": "Initwasasmall,limpheavybundle,andtheshawliscrustedwithdriedblood. Thespecificcontentsoftheshawlarenotrevealedforanotherpageandahalf,butthebundleisthedeadbodyofCoyotito.23. TowheredoKinoandJuanawalk?Theywalktotheshore,totheedgeoftheGulf.24. WhatdoesKinoseeinthesurfaceofthepearlwhenheremovesitfromhisclothing?Heseesevilfaces,thefranticeyesofthemanhekilled,andheseeshisinfantsonlyinginacavewitthetopofhisheadshotaway.25. Whathappenstothepearl?Kinothrowsitintotheoceanwithallhismightanditdisappears. 26. Whydoyousupposetheauthorusessomuchanimalimagerythroughoutthisnovel?Perhapsitistoshowhowmenactlikeanimalswhentheybecomegreedy.27. Whateventsforeshadowedthenovel sconclusion?JuanarepeatedlytoldKinothatthepearlwasevilandthepearl woulddestroyus. Evenourson. JuanTomastoldKinothatthepearlhadthedevilinitandheshouldgetridofit. Kinoneverreallyhadachancetohangontothepearl. TherewereothercommentsmadethroughoutthenovelaboutthepovertythatKino speoplelivedinandwouldalwayslivein losingthepearlwasinevitablebecausethoseinpowerwouldnevergiveuptheirpowertooneofKino srace.28. Whatdoesthepearlrepresentinthisnovel?Thepearlcouldrepresentmanythings. First,itrepresentshope,becauseitallowsKinotheopportunitytoprovidethingsforhisfamilyhecouldneverhaveprovidedbeforefindingthepearl. Second,itrepresentsgreed. Thepearlchangesthepersonalitiesofeveryonewhocomesincontactwithit,andtheycanonlythinkabouthowtobenefitfromthepearl. CharacterslikethedoctorandthepriestbehavedifferentlytowardKino sfamilybecauseoftheiravariceforthepearl. Ofcourse,Kinoisthegreediestofall,whenheultimatelyforsakeshisfamilyinordertoprotecthispreciouspearl.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.461814}
{"text": "Thepearlchangesthepersonalitiesofeveryonewhocomesincontactwithit,andtheycanonlythinkabouthowtobenefitfromthepearl. CharacterslikethedoctorandthepriestbehavedifferentlytowardKino sfamilybecauseoftheiravariceforthepearl. Ofcourse,Kinoisthegreediestofall,whenheultimatelyforsakeshisfamilyinordertoprotecthispreciouspearl. Third,thepearlrepresentsevil.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4508874}
{"text": "CharacterslikethedoctorandthepriestbehavedifferentlytowardKino sfamilybecauseoftheiravariceforthepearl. Ofcourse,Kinoisthegreediestofall,whenheultimatelyforsakeshisfamilyinordertoprotecthispreciouspearl. Third,thepearlrepresentsevil. WhenitcausesKinotomurderfourmen,itcausesthelossofmoralityinKino. CharacterListKino - Theprotagonistofthenovella. Kinoisadignified,hardworking,impoverishednativewhoworksasapearldiver. Heisasimplemanwholivesinabrushhousewithhiswife,Juana,andtheirinfantson,Coyotito,bothofwhomhelovesverymuch. AfterKinofindsagreatpearl,hebecomesincreasinglyambitiousanddesperateinhismissiontobreakfreeoftheoppressionofhiscolonialsociety. Ultimately,Kino smaterialambitiondriveshimtoastateofanimalisticviolence,andhislifeisreducedtoabasicfightforsurvival..Juana - Kino syoungwife. Afterherprayersforgoodfortuneintheformofagiantpearlareanswered,Juanaslowlybecomesconvincedthatthepearlisinfactanagentofevil. Juanapossessesasimplefaithindivinepowers,butshealsothinksforherself. Unfortunatelyforherandherchild,Coyotito,shesubjectsherdesirestothoseofherdominanthusbandandallowsKinotoholdontothepearl. Coyotito - KinoandJuana sonlyson,whoisstungbyascorpionwhilerestinginahammockonemorning. BecauseCoyotitoisaninfant,heishelplesstoimprovehissituationandthusatthemercyofthosewhoprovideforhim. KinoandJuana seffortstosavehimbyfindingabigpearlwithwhichtheycanpayadoctorprovetodomoreharmthangood. JuanTom s - Kino solderbrother. Deeplyloyaltohisfamily,JuanTom ssupportsKinoinallofhisendeavorsbutwarnshimofthedangersinvolvedinpossessingsuchavaluablepearl. HeissympathetictoKinoandJuana,however,puttingthemupwhentheyneedtohideandtellingnooneoftheirwhereabouts. Apolonia - JuanTom s swifeandthemotheroffourchildren. Likeherhusband,ApoloniaissympathetictoKinoandJuana splight,andsheagreestogivethemshelterintheirtimeofneed. Thedoctor - Asmall-timecolonialwhodreamsofreturningtoabourgeoisEuropeanlifestyle. ThedoctorinitiallyrefusestotreatCoyotitobutchangeshismindafterlearningthatKinohasfoundagreatpearl. Herepresentsthearrogance,condescension,andgreedattheheartofcolonialsociety. Thepriest - Thelocalvillagepriestostensiblyrepresentsmoralvirtueandgoodness,butheisjustasinterestedinexploitingKino swealthaseveryoneelse,hopingthathecanfindawaytopersuadeKinotogivehimsomeofthemoneyhewillmakefromthepearl. Thedealers - Theextremelywell-organizedandcorruptpearldealersinLaPazsystematicallycheatandexploittheIndianpearldiverswhosellthemtheirgoods. TheydesperatelylongtocheatKinooutofhispearl. Thetrackers - ThegroupofviolentandcorruptmenthatfollowsKinoandJuanawhentheyleavethevillage,hopingtowaylayKinoandstealhispearl.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-PEARL-SET-BOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.4810808}
{"text": "CRE NOTES CLASS 4 COMPLETE JESUS AND CREATION THE EFFECTS OF WEATHER AND WATER Genesis 7:11-24, numbers 20:2-6, psalms 104:10-14. 1. Weather is the day to day change in the atmosphere. 2. There are good effects of weather and bad effect. 3. Good effects a. It helps crops to grow b. It helps to water land and prevent dust. C. It provides water for cooking, washing and drinking. D. Sun dries our grains, wind helps winnowing 4. Bad effects of weather a. Flood destroys plants and crops b. Wind can destroy the roofs, draught dries crops. 5. During the time of Noah, it rained for 40 days and 40 nights. Questions 1. Name the three sons of Noah , , and . 2. Noah build the . 3. Noah was years when he started building the ark. 4. Write down three bd effects of weatherwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke i. ii. Iii. 5. Write down 3 good effects of weather i. ii. Iii. The Miracles Of Jesus Christ The feeding of 5000 people John 6:1-13 1. Jesus fed 5000 men with two fish and 5 loaves of bread. 2. After eating 12 baskets were left. 3. The food belonged to a small boy. 4. Jesus asked Philip where they will buy bread. 5. Andrew said that there was a boy with 5 loaves and 2 fish. 6. These miracles shows that Jesus cares for our spiritual and physical needs. 7. Jesus has the power over nature. The Raising Of Lazarus John 38:44 1. Lazarus lived in Bethany. 2. Lazarus had two sisters Mary and Martha. 3. Lazarus died and was buried 4 days. 4. Jesus raised Lazarus 5. Christians should have hope of life after death. The Miraculous Catch of Fish Luke 5:3-11 1. Simon peter and Andrew had gone fishing in the lake of Galilee. 2. Jesus asked them to throw their nest into water.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. Simon Peter believed and trusted God. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.5236676}
{"text": "Jesus asked them to throw their nest into water.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. Simon Peter believed and trusted God. 4. They managed to catch 153 fish. 5. The disciples were amazed at the miraculous catch of fish. 6. Jesus showed that he had power over nature. Quiz 1. Jesus fed people with loaves of bread and fish. 2. Baskets remained. 3. The food belonged to a 4. And were the sisters of Lazarus 5. Lazarus and his sisters lived in 6. Lazarus was dead for days. 7. In the miraculous catch of fish, how many fish were caught? The Calming Of The Storm Luke 8:22-25 1. Jesus and his disciples were crossing the lake in a boat. 2. A great storm suddenly appeared. 3. The disciples were terrified and woke Jesus up. 4. Jesus Christ ordered the wind and the storm to calm down. 5. Jesus asked the disciple why they did not have faith. 6. The disciples were amazed. 7. This shows that Jesus has power over nature. Walking On Water John 6:16-21 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. Jesus and his disciple were on a boat going to Capernaum. 2. Jesus failed to turn up, the disciples decided go to Capernaum 3. As they were sailing they saw Jesus walking on water. 4. They thought it was a ghost. 5. Jesus told them not to be a afraid 6. Jesus got in the and they sailed on. 7. This shows that Jesus has power over nature. The response to the power of Jesus Christ. 1. God created everything through Jesus Christ. 2. Jesus has power over all that God created. 3. We should respond to the power of Jesus Christ by:- a. Reading the bible b. Obeying God s commandment. C. Trusting and believing God s word. D. Showing love to God and others. E. Helping the needy. F. Living in peace with neighbours. G. Taking care of God s creation Quiz 1. And were the sons of Zebedee 2. By raising Lazarus, Jesus showed that he had power over 3. By calming the storm, Jesus showed that he had power over 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.5158167}
{"text": "And were the sons of Zebedee 2. By raising Lazarus, Jesus showed that he had power over 3. By calming the storm, Jesus showed that he had power over 4. By feeding the 5000 people, Jeus showed he had power over .www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Jesus Christ Our Leader 1 Timothy 3:1-7 1. Qualities of a good leader a. Hones b. Without fault c. Orderly and sober d. Trustworthy e. Self control f. Able to manage family. G. Hospitable to strangers. H. Be a husband of one wife. I. Not greedy. J. Not a drunkard or violent k. Able to teach l. Mature in faith. M. Above reproach. Jesus Christ As An Example Of A Good Leader John 7:17, Matthew 3:13-17 1. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist. 2. He was baptized in river 3. Jesus accepted to be baptized as a sign of obeying the will of God his father. 4. When Jesus was baptized the holy spirit of God came in form of a dove. 5. A voice was heard from heaven saying this is my beloved son in whom I am well pleased 6. Jesus did everything to glorify God. Quiz 1. Name 5 qualities of a good leader.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. b. c. d. e. 2. Jesus was baptized by 3. He was baptized in river? 4. The Holy Spirit came in a form of? 5. The voice that was heard was from? Jesus Christ Cleansing The Temple Mark 11:15-18 1. Jesus went to the temple in 2. Jesus was unhappy with those were selling 3. Jesus used his authority to drive out people who were selling and buying in the temple. 4. He said that the temple is a house of prayer. Forgiving sins Luke 5:17-25 1. Jesus was teaching people in a house. 2. A paralyzed man was brought through the roof. 3. Jesus healed him by forgiving his sin. 4. The Pharisees were not happy that Jesus could forgive sins. 5. Jesus used His power to forgive sins and heal the sick man.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.5358307}
{"text": "F. Mobilize people to donate funds to pay hospital bills for the sick. G. Offer guidance and counseling to the church youth. Quiz 1. Jesus Christ used and to feed 4000 people. 2. How many baskets were collected after feeding the 4000 people? 3. Write things that show Christ was a responsible leader. Following Jesus Christ Mark 9:14-29, 1 Timothy 4:18 - Following Christ is not always easy. -. Some of the difficulties in following Christ include:- a. People being cruel to them b. Lack of to do their work.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Lack of shelter. D. Lack of food and clothing e. Lack of transport. F. Fear and lack of faith. -. The bible teaches us that a. We should follow Christ out of love and not out of fear. B. Fear makes it difficult for us to follow Christ. C. Christian s should pray for enough faith to follow Christ. Quiz 1. A boy brought to Christ by his father had and spirit. 2. Write two reasons why disciples were unable to heal the boy a. b. 3. The bible teaches us that there is no in . 4. Perfect drives out all 5. Makes it difficult for the followers of Christ to do their work. 6. We should follow Christ out of and not Revision exercise pg 48-49 Primary CRE book 4.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 4 FOLLOWING JESUS CHRIST OUR LEADER. How Good Leader Leads Us. 1. A good leader is the one who guides people, serves them well and sets a good example. 2. A good leader should desire to do excellent work 3. Good leaders should:- a. Perfect in all things b. Sober and self-controlled. C. A husband of one wife. D. Gentle and peaceful. E. Hospitablewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke f. Mature in faith g. Respected by people in the community 4. A good leader is not a boss but a servant of the people. Memory verse 1 timothy 3:1 This is a true saying; if a man is eager to be a church leader, he desires an excellent work. Quiz 1. Name 3 qualities of a good leader.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.5516565}
{"text": "Memory verse 1 timothy 3:1 This is a true saying; if a man is eager to be a church leader, he desires an excellent work. Quiz 1. Name 3 qualities of a good leader. 2. Name 2 leaders in a church. 3. In which book do we find the qualities of a good leader? 4. Jesus had followers. 5. Name 3 things that a church leader should not do. Service 1. Service is help or assistance we give to others. 2. When we work at home, school or in the community we serve other. A. Service at home - Service at home involves serving our parents, brothers, sisters and all the other member of our family. -. We can give service at home by a. Fetching water b. Washing clothe c. Looking after animals d. e. f. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Service in the community - a community is a group of people living together. -. We can offer our services to the community by: a. Planting trees. B. Helping the needy. C. Taking part in cleaning the shopping centre d. e. f. c. Service in the church - We can serve in the church by :- a. Collecting offering b. Ushering people in the church. C. Singing in the church choir d. Leading people in prayers. E. f. g. - Samuel served God in the at . Quiz 1. A place where we get education is called a 2. Give 3 ways in which pupils can serve at school 3. How many wives should a church leader have?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. What is service? 5. And were parents of Samuel. Jesus Christ: washing the disciples feet 1. Jesus Christ as a good leader served people. 2. He served them by:- a. Praying for them b. Forgiving sins c. Healing the sick d. Feeding the crowds. 3. Jesus washed his disciple s feet to show service. 4. This was a sign of humility. 5. He told them to do to others what he had done for them. 6. Jesus Christ wants us to serve one another. 7. He set a good example for all the leaders to follow. Quiz 1. Name 2 in which Jesus served people. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.6023338}
{"text": "Quiz 1. Name 2 in which Jesus served people. 2. Washing of the disciples feet shows 3. Had first refused to be washed by Jesus. 4. Name three things Jesus used to wash his disciple feet. 5. Was the most beloved disciple of Jesus. Jesus Christ Teaching His Disciples 1. Jesus taught his disciple using short stories called parables. 2. He serviced his disciples by teaching them. 3. In Luke 8:18-22 Jesus taught:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Whoever has something will be given more b. He taught them the importance of listening attentively to the word of God. C.Taught them to obey the word of God. D. Taught them we should care for our spiritual life as we care for our physical life.e. Taught that we should show genuine love for Jesus. F. Taught that when serving God we should be ready to suffer. Quiz 1. Jesus called Peter times. 2. Jesus called Peter son of 3. According to Luke 11:38-41 who invited Jesus to his home? 4. Christian suffering bring to God. 5. Was the first Christian martyr. Jesus Healing the Centurion Servant 1. The roman officer or the centurion met Jesus at Capernaum. 2. A centurion is a roman officer in charge of a hundred soldiers. 3. He begged Jesus to heal his servant. 4. He told Jesus to give and his servant will be well. 5. Jesus was amazed by the centurion faith. 6. He said that he had never seen such faith in Israel. 7. Jesus served the sick servant by healing him. 8. The centurion served his servant by asking Jesus on his behalf. Quiz 1. Who begged Jesus to heal his servant . 2. The roman officer had that Jesus would heal his servant.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. The centurion was a leader of soldiers. 4. The roman officer met Jesus at 5. For us to be healed we should have in God. Choosing To Belong Making our choices as Christians 1. As Christians we can choose to obey or disobey. 2. God made Adam and Eve and put them in the Garden of Eden. 3. He allowed them to eat from all trees apart from the one in the middle. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.5950193}
{"text": "3. He allowed them to eat from all trees apart from the one in the middle. 4. It was the tree of knowledge. 5. God gave them freedom to choose to obey or disobey. 6. They disobeyed when they listened to the serpent and ate the forbidden fruit. 7. They were punished by God. 8. Adam and Eve made a wrong choice. Quiz 1. And were the first parents. 2. They lived in the Garden of . 3. Satan appeared to Eve in form of a 4. From punishment of Adam and Eve Christians learn to a. Hide when naked b. Obey Gods commands c. Avoid talking to strangers d. Avoid snakes. 5. Adam and Eve had 3 sons namely:- a. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. c. Choice made by Abraham 1. Abraham was the son of Terah. 2. Abraham was called by God when he was 75 yrs old. 3. Abraham wife was called Sarah. 4. Abraham got his son when he was 100yrs old and Sarah was 90 yrs. 5. Their son was called Isaac. 6. Isaac means laughter. 7. God asked Abraham to sacrifice his only son on Mt. Moriah 8. As Abraham was about to sacrifice his son, God provided a ram. 9. Abraham made a choice to trust and obey God. 10. Isaac made a choice to obey his father. 11. They made a good choice. Quiz. 1. Sarah servant was called? 2. The promised son of Abraham was 3. Isaac means 4. Abraham was to sacrifice his son on mt. 5. Instead of Isaac God provided a for sacrifice a. Goat b. Bull c. Ramwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Sheep Choice Made By Moses 1. Moses s was the son of Amram and Jochebed. 2. He was a brother to Mirriam and Aaron. 3. Moses means drawn from water 4. His wife was Zipporah the daughter of Jethro. 5. Moses killed an Egyptina and run away to midian 6. He was called by God when he was looking after Jethro sheep near Mt. Sinai 7. God told Moses his name is I AM. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.6350017}
{"text": "Sinai 7. God told Moses his name is I AM. 8. God sent Moses to Egypt to deliver the children of Israelites. 9. God told Moses to go with his brother Aaron. 10. Moses and Aaron obeyed God and made a good choice Quiz 1. And were the parents of moses. 2. Moses means 3. Moses had two sons and . 4. Moses run away and went to 5. Saw a buring bush. 6. The call of moes in the bible is recorded in the book of Choice Made By Ruth 1. Naomi and her husband Elimelech lived in Bethlehem Judah 2. They had two sons mahlon and Chillion. 3. The family moved from Bethlehem to Moab because there was a famine.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. In moab, their sons married two Moabite women orpha and Ruth. A. Ruth was the wife of mahlon b. Orpha was the wife of chillion. 5. Later the son and father died 6. Naomi was left with her daughters in-law. 7. Naomi chose to go back to Bethlehem. 8. Orpha chose to go back to her people. 9. Ruth chose t follow Naomi. 10. Ruth made the correct choice. Quiz 1. An were Naomi s daughters in-law. 2. And were the sons of Naomi. 3. Was the wife of elimelech. 4. This family was refugee in the land of 5. Between Ruth and Orpha who was royal to Naomi? Choices made by Solomon 1. Solomon was the son of David and Bathsheba. 2. He was the 3rd king of Israel. 3. God appeared to him in a dream while at Gibeon 4. Solomon asked God for wisdom to :- a. Rule God s people with justice. B. To know the difference between good and bad. 5. He made a very good choice. 6. God gave him wisdom, understanding , wealth, honor and a long life.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. As Christians we should serve God by serving other people. Quiz 1. Was the w ise king. 2. And were the parents odf Solomon 3. Built a temple for God. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.6211512}
{"text": "And were the parents odf Solomon 3. Built a temple for God. 4. After giving Solomon wisdom God also added him a. b. c. Choices Made By Levi 1. Levi was a tax collector. 2. He was also called Matthew. 3. The tax-collectors were dishonest people. 4. Jesus asked Levi to follow him. 5. Levi left everything and followed Jesus. 6. Levi made a good choice by following Jesus. 7. He was one of the disciples of Jesus. Quiz 1. Who among the disciples of Jesus was a tax collector? 2. Another name for Mathew is? 3. Is the first book of the gospel. Choices made by Ananias and sapphire 1. The early church lived together nad shared what they had.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. They would sell their properties and bring money to the apostles. 3. Ananias and sapphire sold a land that belonged to them. 4. They did not give the whole amount of money to peter. 5. They lied to the holy spirit. 6. They died the same day because of cheating the holy spirit. 7. They made a wrong choice. 8. Selfishness and greed cause people to make the wrong choices. Quiz 1. And - cheated the Holy spirit. 2. The story of Ananias and sapphire is found in the book of . 3. Ananias and sapphire took the money to apostle 4. And made a wrong choice. Choices Made By Jesus during The Temptation 1. Jesus was baptized by John in RIVER Jordan 2. After baptism he was filled by the holy spirit and he went to pray. 3. Jesus prayed and fated for 40 days. 4. Satan tempted Jesus three times. He told Jesus to:- a. Turn stones into bread. B. Worship him. C. To throw himself down. 5. Jesus chose to reject the temptation of food, powere and fame. 6. The holy spirit gave him power to overcome the temptations. 7. We should also seek the help of the holy spirit and the word of God to be able to overcome the temptation.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Choosing To Belong To the Family Of Jesus Christ. 1. The first family was started by God. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.6619396}
{"text": "1. The first family was started by God. 2. It had Adam and Eve and their sons Cain.,. Abel and Seth. 3. The church is the family of Jesus Christ. 4. The family of Jesus Christ consist of those who believe and are baptized. 5. Children should obey their parents. 6. Parents should teach their children good Christian behaviors. 7. Servant should respect and obey their master. Quiz 1. Tempted Jesus. 2. Jesus fasted for days. 3. Which was the second temptation 4. Children obey your parent this is a commandment with a Christians communities in Kenya - Some Christians communities in Kenya - What re Christian communities. 1. A Christian community is a group of people who believe that Jesus Christ is their lord and savior. 2. The first believers were called Christians at a place called Antioch. 3. Christians worship in church 4. Examples of Christian communities in Kenya a. The roman Catholics b. Pentecostal assemblies of God PAG c. The seventh day Adventist SDDA www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. The Methodist church e. African inland church AIC f. Presbyterian church of east Africa PCEA g. The Pentecostal evangelistic fellowship of Africa PEFA h. Full gospels churches of Kenya FGCK i. The Lutheran church j. The Salvation Army. 5. Some of the Christian communities were started by the missionaries. 6. The church at Antioch had some leaders who were prophets and teachers. 7. Some of them were a. Barabbas b. Simon called black c. Lucias from Cyrene. D. Manach who was brought up with Herod Antipas. E. Saul 8. Paul guided by the holy spirit strengthened the Christian believers in a. Antioch b. Caesarea c. Galatia d. Phrygia. Quiz 1. Name five Christian communities in Kenya 2. He preached the gospel to Antioch and Galatia churches and converted many to Jesus. Whowww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke was he? 3. The first Christian community was found at a place called? 4. Who among the following was not a teacher or a prophet in the first Christian community? A. Manaen b.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.6905656}
{"text": "Who among the following was not a teacher or a prophet in the first Christian community? A. Manaen b. Lucias c. Barnabas d. Zaccheus The work of the Christian communities 1. Christian communities in Kenya are involved in many activities 2. They share the love of Jesus Christ by a. They build schools, churches, hospitals, homes for the aged and orphans and disabled. B. They visit and comfort the sick and those with HIV AIDS They preach the gospel of Jesus Christ. They visit prisoners. 3. Jesus taught his disciples that they should:- a. Feed the hungry b. Give a drink to the thirsty c. Clothe the naked. D. Welcome strangers. E. Visit the sick 4. Jesus taught that those who do good work will inherit the kingdom of God. Quiz 1. Name for activities carried out by the Christian communitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. b. c. d. 2. Jesus said I was and you did not give me food 3. I was thirsty and you did not give me The Early Church 1. Jesus was taken up to heaven Mt. Olives IN Bethany. 2. He promised his disciples a helper who was the holy spirit. 3. The disciple received the holy spirit on the day of Pentecost. 4. Peter preached and 3000 people became Christians. 5. The early church began in Jerusalem after the disciple received the holy spirit. 6. The believers lived together as a family. They also :- a. Prayed and worshiped together. B. Read the word of God together. C. Shared meals together. D. Sold what they had and shared the money according to their needs. 7. The number of Christians increased every day 8. Prophet Agabus predicted about a serious famine that would affect the whole world 9. We should follow the example of Jesus Christ by sharing what we have. Quiz 1. Jesus was taken up to heaven on Mt. 2. Name for activities that the early church did together.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. The disciple received the holy spirirt on the day of 4. Prophet predicted about a serious famine that would affect the whole word. The Christian Sacred Places. 1. A sacred place is a holy place 2. A church is a community of believers 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.7072065}
{"text": "1. A sacred place is a holy place 2. A church is a community of believers 3. There are different sacred places for different religious traditions for example :- a. Christian church b. Muslim- mosque c. Hindu temple d. Jews synagogue temple 4. Jesus was angry with the people who were selling and buying in the temple. 5. He was angry that the people did not respect the house of God. 6. He taught the people that the temple is a place of prayer for all nations. The church 1. A church is a community of believers. 2. Christians meet and worship in a church. 3. Worship can be led by a pastor or a priest 4. Christian use different names to describe a church - A chapel - Cathedral - School halls, cinema halls, open air and stadiums. 5. Christians sacred places should be approached I honor and respect. 6. In Traditional African Communities prayers were held at:- a. Under trees b. In caveswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Facing the son d. Facing the mountain. 7. We should respect the house of God. Quiz 1. A is a community of believers. 2. Name three places that Christians worship God. 3. In African traditional society, prayers were done in places like? A. b. c. d. 4. A is found in school and colleges a. Cave b. Church c. Chapel d. SDA Sharing and voluntary services THE MEANING OF SHARING OF WORK 1. Work is nay task that requires mental or physical efforts to do. 2. Sharing work means dividing task according to ability. 3. Work should be shared at home, school, church and in the community. 4. Sharing work is important because:- a. It makes work easywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. It makes work enjoyable c. It is less tiring. D. Work is done in a short time e. It promotes unity. 5. When sharing work we should consider factors like:- a. Experience b. Age c. Ability d. Interest e. Availability of time. F. Work rate. 6. Hannah and elkanah shared work by visiting Samuel. 7. Jesus shared work with his disciples. 8. We should desire to work with others. Quiz 1.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.7183661}
{"text": "8. We should desire to work with others. Quiz 1. List three disadvantage of sharing work 2. When sharing work we should consider factors like? A. b. c. Sharing work in the traditional African communitywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. In traditional African community, work was done to provide the basic family needs. 2. In Tradition African Community everybody is expected. 3. Work in traditional African community was shared according to :- A. Age B. Talents C. Status of the family D. Gender E. Ability 4. Women shared domestic work like cooking, fetching water, firewood and looking after the young ones. 5. Men were hunting, looking after cattle and digging. 6. Children helped in grazing and looking after small ones. 7. Those who were lazy were mocked through songs and riddles. 8. The bible teaches us to carry one another s burden Quiz 1. Outline the work that was done by men in traditional African society. A. b. c. 2. Women were supposed to a. b. c. 3. Children helped looking afar .www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Benefits of sharing work 1. Benefits of sharing work are - It creates the spirit of teamwork - It creates peace, love and unity among people. -. It brings joy and happiness. -. It brings understating among workers. -. It makes work easier - Work is completed faster. -. It brings unity Acts 4:32-37. Quiz 1. List down 4 characteristics of early believers according to acts 4:32-37. Serving Others Deuteronomy 24:19-21, Luke 10:29-37 - Serving others means doing something for the good of others. -. It also means helping others without expecting to be paid back. -. We serve others by :- a. Caring for the needy. B. Visiting homes for orphans c. Teaching others how to read and write. D. Cleaning the church. E. Helping in chores, f. Donating food and clothing for the needy. G. Praying for the needs of other people. Quizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. The Jew in the good Samaritan parable was traveling from to . 2. Samaritans and Jews were 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.7420437}
{"text": "The Jew in the good Samaritan parable was traveling from to . 2. Samaritans and Jews were 3. Name two people who walked by and never helped the Jew 4. Who is a good neighbor? Exploitation of children through work 1. Exploitation is when children are treated unfairly. 2. Exploitation is also called child labour. 3. Exploiting children is against the children rights. 4. Children are exploited in the following ways - Carrying heavy loads. -. Being employed at a young age. -. Hawking - Being beach boys. -. Employed to pick tealeaves and coffee. -. Employed as house helps. 5. All children have right to :- - To be educated. -. To be loved. -. To be cared for. -. To life - Good health care - Be protected from exploitation. Quizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. List for problems of exploiting children 2. We should take care of the helpless such as a. b. c. d. e. Types Of Voluntary Services Mathew 9:35-38, Acts 4:32-37 1. Voluntary service is work done freely and willingly. 2. Voluntary services include i. Collecting litter in the estate. Ii. Tree planting. Iii. Visiting children s home. Iv. Cleaning drainage systems. V. Picking litter in the school compound. Vi. Cooking for the elderly people. Vii. Helping at social functions such as weddings and funerals. 3. Jesus Christ offered voluntary services such as a. . B. . C. d. 4. The early Christians offered voluntary services such aswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. .b. .c. .d. . Peace John 14:27 1. Peace refers to the harmony between people. 2. Is a situation where there is no war or disagreement 3. When there is no peace people a. b. c. 4. It is important for people to live in with one another. 5. We should be at with God, others and 6. Jesus Christ came to make peace between and 7. List sown six benefits of peace. The Expression Of Peace In Traditional African Communities. John 14:27 1. Peace was highly appreciated in the African traditional society. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.7648947}
{"text": "John 14:27 1. Peace was highly appreciated in the African traditional society. 2. In the absence of peace people fight and quarrel. 3. Ways of expressing peace in traditional African societies :- A. Pouring libation B. Shaking hands C. Sharing a meal D. Offering sacrificeswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke E. Naming schildren after ancestors. F. Using elders in solving quarrels. G. Holding meetings after a conflict. Teachings of Jesus Christ On Peace John 14:1-3, 20:19 - When we quarrel or fight we should make peace. -. Jesus teaches us not to be worried, upset or afraid. -. We should believe in God and in Jesus Christ. -. Jesus is the source of peace. -. He is the prince of peace. -. The Holy Spirit gives us power to overcome fear. Quiz 1. Jesus taught his disciple not to be a. b. c. 2. Fear takes away 3. In john 20:19 why were disciples behind locked doors? Being At Peace With God Psalms 29:11, Romans 5:1, Colossians 1:20, 2 Thessalonians 3:16 - We should desire to be at peace with God. -. We experience peace in God when we believe in him. -. We have peace with God through - God brought peace in the world through the death of www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Psalms 29:1, God is the source of and people with - List down 6 ways of being at peace with God. Being At Peace With Oneself Luke 18:9-13 1. We feel guilty when we wrong others 2. We are ot at peace when we wrong others. 3. We should promote peace within ourselves by:- a. Accepting we are sinners. B. Ask God for forgiveness. C. Being humble d. Believing in ourselves. E. Being prayerful. 4. We should not be boastful or proud. 5. In Luke 18:9-13 humbled himself before God and prayed for his sins to be forgiven 6. Was praising himself before God. Being At Peace with Others.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.787896}
{"text": "B.c.d. The Promise Of The Prince Of Peace Isaiah 7:14, 9:6, Micah 5:2, Mathew 1:18-23, 2:1-11, john 14:27 1.God promised through prophet Isaiah and Micah messiah would be born 2.Isaiah promised that messiah would be born of a woman.3.Prophet Isaiah promised that messiah would be called Immanuel 4.Immanuel means 5.According to Isaiah 9:6 he would be a.The wonderful counselor.b. Mighty God c.Prince of peace 6.Prophet promised messiah would be born in Bethlehem 7.According to Micah, messiah would also be .Micah 5:2www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Quiz 1.Messiah means 2.Prophet Micah said Jesus would be born in the town of 3.prophesied about the birth of prince of peace.4.announced about the birth of Jesus. The Birth of The Prince Of Peace Luke 2:1-14 1.Jesus was born at the time of emperor 2.Jesus was born In the town of 3.Joseph and Mary had gone to be in Bethlehem.4.Baby Jesus was laid in a because there was no room.5.told shepherds the good news of the birth of Jesus.6.A great army of appeared singing praise to God.7.were the first people to visit baby Jesus.8.was the home town of Jesus Christ.9.Mary concaved a child through the power of the 10.was a relative of Mary and was six months pregnant.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Grade-4-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.7728138}
{"text": "CRE NOTES UNIT 1 GOD GIVEN TALENTS ABILITIES AND THEIR USES 1. MEANING OF TALENTS pg 1,2,3- pre CRE 6 and quick reading pg 1 Talents i. They are special gift that God has given us. Ii. Physical talents include athletics, singing, and football e.t.c. Iii. Mental talents are expressed through knowledge of subjects e.g. mathematics, English e.t.c iv. Each person has been given different talents of God v. We should use our talents to serve God and others. Vi. We should appreciate our God given talents. 1 Samuel 16:14-23 a. The spirit of God left Saul and evil spirits tormented him b. Kings servants asked him to look for someone who would soothe the spirits c. David son of Jesse was indentified because he was a talented Harp player d. David was also talented as a good speaker, soldier and a shepherd. E. Whenever King Saul was tormented by evil spirits David played harp and the evil spirits left Saul. F. David served king Saul and was even chosen to be carrying kings Saul s weapons. Nb:- 1. King David killed goliath 2. King David captured Jerusalem city from Jebusites. CLASS 7 COMPLETE www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. King David made Jerusalem capital city of Israel. 4. King David brought the Ark of Covenant to Jerusalem. 5. King David married King Saul s daughter. 6. King David defeated most of Israelites enemies. 7. King David was promised an everlasting kingdom and King; also called man after God s own heart 8. King David desired Uriah s wife 9. King David planned uriah s death and took his wife 10. Prophet Nathan warned him against his sin and building Jerusalem temple. 2. Uses of talents at home, school and free time a. At home i. Helping our parents with work e.g washing utensils, cooking, digging ii. Knitting and sewing iii. Operating machine iv. V. vi. Let pupils fill the gaps Mathew 25:14-30 - Jesus compared the kingdom of God with the parable of 3 servants - A master shared his part of property with 3 servants. -. He gave each according to ability.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.8281307}
{"text": "Vi. Let pupils fill the gaps Mathew 25:14-30 - Jesus compared the kingdom of God with the parable of 3 servants - A master shared his part of property with 3 servants. -. He gave each according to ability. 1st was given , the 2nd was givenwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke and the 3rd was given silver coins. -. The servants used the talents in different ways and the first two got profit. -. Third servant did not use his talents to make profit but hid it. How was he punished ? -. God will reward us if we use our talents to serve Him. B. At school i. Playing games ii. Clubs and societies. Iii. Studying iv. V. 1 Corinthians 12:4-7 - Different kinds of gifts but given by same spirit - Gifts of Holy Spirit:- - - - - - - - - - There are different ways of serving but the same Lord is served - There are different abilities but the same Lord gives them. -. Should use our talents in school to glorify God and benefit of others. C. Free time leisure time www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Visiting the sick - Visiting the aged - Visiting orphanages. -. Participating in voluntary work 1 Peter 4:10-11 - We should use our gifts for the good of others - However preaches must preach God s message - Whoever serves must serve with God s strength for His Glory. Nb: a. We should be good managers of our talents b. We should use our talents for the good of others. Questions 1. God rejected Saul to lead Israelites as their king because? 2. When evil spirits tormented king , would sooth the evil spirits by 3. In the parable of the three servants, why did the mater punish the 3rd servant? 4. State 5 parables Jesus used in His Ministry 5. Prophet tore his robe into 12 pieces and gave 10 pieces to and the rest two were to be given to 1 kings 11:26-40 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.8805215}
{"text": "4. State 5 parables Jesus used in His Ministry 5. Prophet tore his robe into 12 pieces and gave 10 pieces to and the rest two were to be given to 1 kings 11:26-40 3. The meaning of abilities - An ability is the power to use a certain skill or power to do something - Ability can be learnt in school or from other people Examples of abilities Painting, weaving, embroidery, Exodus 35:31-35www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Bazalel son of Uri and Ohalib son of Ahisamach were given by God various artistic skills. B. God gave Bazalel abilities to - Weave - Embroidery - Curve craftsman - Work with gold, silver - Carpentry c. Abilities are God given for well-being of ourselves. And others. 4. Improving our abilities at school - A school consists of members from different families and backgrounds - We all have different abilities - We should always pray for God s wisdom on how to improve abilities. -. We should seek advice on how to improve our abilities. -. We should always practice using abilities to help others in school - We should work harder and smarter, listen to instructions given and share with others. 1 Corinthians 12:4-10 The gifts of the Holy Spirit include i. ii. Iii. Iv. V. vi. Vii. Viii. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke ix. 5. Improving our abilities at work By:- i. Assisting fellow workmates ii. Asking assistance iii. Asking for God s help iv. Being responsible v. Being committed vi. Being honest John 13:12-15 - Jesus demonstrated service by washing his disciples feet - Jesus set a good example of humility in our services Exodus 36:1-2 - Moses called Bazalel and Oholiab and all skilled men. -. These men worked together and build the sacred tent each working according to God given ability. -. Therefore, we should be willing to improve our abilities at work. 6. The work of Christians and God 1. Christian work in the community is aimed at building the kingdom of God. 2. We co-operate with God when we use abilities well 3. Christians work includes: i. Preaching the good news ii. Helping the needy iii.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.8755922}
{"text": "Christians work includes: i. Preaching the good news ii. Helping the needy iii. Building schools, hospitals, special homes e.t.cwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iv. Caring for environment v. Improving abilities. Vi. Pleasing God in their life. Exodus 6:28-30 - God appointed Moses and sent Him as his spokesman to Pharaoh in Egypt. 2 Kings 5:2-4 - The little Israelite girl worked for Naaman s wife. -. She was concerned and wanted Namaan healed - She informed Namaan s wife about prophet Elisha who later healed Namaan s leprosy. Jeremiah 1:4-8 - God chose Jeremiah to be a prophet in his mother s womb - Jeremiah complained he was young and knew nothing. -. God touched Jeremiah lips with his finger and put his message in him. Nb: both Moses and Jeremiah were reluctant when God sent them but only agreed when God gave them assurance of being with them. Acts 18:24-28 - Apollos was eloquent speaker - Worked for God at Ephesus - Priscilla and Aquila worked for God by explaining to Apollos about Jesus. -. Apollos became a great help to all believers - Christians should tirelessly work for God. 7. Values acquired in education As we use our talents and abilities in school we acquire:- i. Teamwork ii. Co-operationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke iii. Obedience iv. Wisdom and insight v. Patience vi. Tolerance vii. Diligence viii. Respect ix. Honesty x. Leadership xi. Understanding xii. Faithfulness xiii. Knowledge 2 Timothy1:6 - We should keep alive the gift God has given us. 2 Timothy 2:5-6 - We should obey laid rules in order to please God Proverbs 2:1-4 - We are advised to learn, not forget, listen to wisdom, beg for knowledge, plead for insight and look for wisdom a hidden treasure Questions 1. Apart from playing harp David was also good in , and 2. Moses called , and to build the sacred tent. 3. Who was Moses spokesman in Egypt? 4. The Hebrews settled in a place called in Egypt. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.864413}
{"text": "Change with circumstances and influenced by one s position in the society. 5. They are eternal. Beatitudes God s blessings Mathew 5:1-11 BeatitudeRewardHappy are those who know they are spiritually poor God will comfort themHappy are the humble meek God will satisfy them fullyHappy are the merciful They will see GodHappy are the peace makers The kingdom of God belongs to themHappy are those persecuted for Christ s www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke sake 3. Christian values from the sermon on the mountain. I. Poverty ii. Mercy iii. Charity iv. Humility v. Purity vi. Discernment vii. Judgment forgiveness and reconciliation viii. Peace and contentment ix. Prayer and fasting x. True riches xi. Integrity 1 Poverty Mathew 5:3 - Spiritual poverty means seeking and trusting God. -. This is total dependence on God - When we help the needy we should not make a show of it mt 6:6-10 - Spiritual poverty demonstrated through prayer and fasting and allowing Jesus to live in us. 2 Charity - Charity means love in action - It is an act of kindness to others - We show charity by giving.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3 Mercy Mathew 5:7 - It is an act of forgiving those who wrong us - Those who forgive others receive forgiveness from God. -. It is also an act of showing pity to the helpless we should help without expecting a reward from those we help. 4 Humility Mathew 5:5 - It is an act of not showing off but lowering ourselves by considering others more important. -. Demonstrated by Acceptance of oneself and others Serving and caring for others Showing kindness. 5 Purity Matthew5:8 - This is an act of good thoughts, intentions and actions - Pure people live holy lives - Living a life emulating Jesus Christ. -. Demonstrated by Practicing chastity avoiding sexual sin Being truthful Being prayerful Avoiding evil thoughts. Choosing pure thoughts and judgments Philippians 1:9-11 6 Discernment, Judgment and Justice - Discernment: ability to exercise wisdom in evaluating a given situation - Judgment: making a decision after analyzing a given issue.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.897963}
{"text": "5 Purity Matthew5:8 - This is an act of good thoughts, intentions and actions - Pure people live holy lives - Living a life emulating Jesus Christ. -. Demonstrated by Practicing chastity avoiding sexual sin Being truthful Being prayerful Avoiding evil thoughts. Choosing pure thoughts and judgments Philippians 1:9-11 6 Discernment, Judgment and Justice - Discernment: ability to exercise wisdom in evaluating a given situation - Judgment: making a decision after analyzing a given issue. -. Justice: form a right opinion and make a fair conclusion.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Matthew7:1-5 - Should not be quick in judging others - God will judge us the same way we judge others. -. Christians should set good examples by correcting their faults. 7 Forgiveness and Reconciliation - To forgive is to stop feeling angry with somebody who has wronged us - Reconciliation is the act of ending disagreement and starting a good relationship. -. Forgiveness and reconciliation:- Promotes peace and harmony Restores broken relationships Promotes acceptance and understanding. 8 Peace and Contentment - Peace is a state of being in harmony with oneself, others and God. -. Contentment is being satisfied with what we have, who we are and where we are. -. Those who live in peace and contentment have:- Faith in God Happiness when things go wrong Confidence in God for provision Peace and satisfaction in God. Not worried or upset about their needs Matthew6:25-31 Peace with everybody Romans 12:18, John 14:27 1 Kings 21:1-16 - King Ahab was not at peace with himself. -. He wanted Naboth s vineyard.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Had a lot of land but not contented with it - Ahab and Jezebel killed Naboth to have his vineyard. 9 Prayer - It is a dialogue with God the father, son and Holy Spirit. -. Mode of communicating to God Elements of Prayer Praise, confession, thanksgiving, petition own needs and intercession other needs Types of prayers - Public praying as group together.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.951382}
{"text": "- He wanted Naboth s vineyard.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Had a lot of land but not contented with it - Ahab and Jezebel killed Naboth to have his vineyard. 9 Prayer - It is a dialogue with God the father, son and Holy Spirit. -. Mode of communicating to God Elements of Prayer Praise, confession, thanksgiving, petition own needs and intercession other needs Types of prayers - Public praying as group together. -. Private praying alone meditation - Prayer can be done anywhere at anytime - Prayer has no specific posture - Prayer should be done in humbleness- parable of the tax collector and Pharisee. -. Prayer should be always persistent- parable of widow and the judge and friend at midnight. 10 Fasting Isaiah 58:3-7, Matthew6:16-18 - This is accepting to go without food as a self-denial for religious purposes. -. Done in secret private- only God should know who sees in the secret and rewards. -. One should continue with normal duties. -. Jesus fasted for 40 days and nights before starting work. -. Christians fast for 40 days before Easter to remember death and resurrection of Jesus. This period is lent - Christians can fast anytime to strengthen their faith in God - God wants true fasting that promotes peace. Love, harmony, freedom to all. Isaiah 58:3- 7 Nb:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Prayer and fasting renew our relationship with God. Strengthens our faith Brings us closer to God Helps us to live holy life 11 The Riches - This is a life that Christ is at the centre - True riches are Christian values i.e. love, humility, mercy, charity, forgiveness, reconciliation, tolerance 1 timothy 6:6 - True religion makes a person rich i.e. he is contented with what he has. Matthew6:19-21 - We should store our riches in heaven - Earthly riches are temporary. 12 Integrity - It is the quality of being honest and truthful - It involves honesty, faithfulness, trustworthy, loyalty, contentment and forgiving. 1 Corinthians 10:21 - We should trust in God and serve him alone.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.9262993}
{"text": "Matthew6:19-21 - We should store our riches in heaven - Earthly riches are temporary. 12 Integrity - It is the quality of being honest and truthful - It involves honesty, faithfulness, trustworthy, loyalty, contentment and forgiving. 1 Corinthians 10:21 - We should trust in God and serve him alone. 2 Corinthians 8:21 - It is our Christian duty to do what is right before God and man. 13 Living Values Acquired In Education a.HonestyTelling the truth in spirit of loveb. RespectRecognizing other people s rightsc. Co-OperationWorking together with othersd. ObedienceBeing loyal and follow instructions givene. SelfDiscipline Ability to make someone do something as requiredf. ResponsibilityDuty to deal with or take care of somethingwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke g.SharingTo give some of what one has to someone else.h. ToleranceWillingness to accept situation that are not appealing Revision questions primary CRE 7 pg 41-42, 1-15 Quick reading 7 pg 12 UNIT 3 ETERNAL LIFE MEANING OF ETERNAL LIFE - Eternal means knowing God and Jesus Christ whom God sent john 17 - Begins when one believes and accepts Jesus in one s life. -. It is everlasting- starts here on earth and continues after death a. Eternal life as a way of holiness 1 Peter 1:13-16, 2 Peter 3:11 - Holiness is a state of being totally separated from evil - Holiness is given by the Holy Spirit through Jesus Christ. -. Christians are expected to live a holy life. This can be done by Practicing self control Setting our minds completely focused on Jesus Being obedient to God Avoiding evil desires. Devoted to live according to Christians values. B. Eternal life as a way of faith mark 11:22-24 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Faith is complete trust and reliance on God i.e. strong belief in God. -. It is being sure of what one hopes for even though not seen - Faith causes great things to happen through prayer. -. Faith involves total dependence on God and always ready to please God. -. Faithfulness to God demands risking one s life for God s sake. C.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.9616258}
{"text": "- Faith involves total dependence on God and always ready to please God. -. Faithfulness to God demands risking one s life for God s sake. C. Eternal life as a way of Joy Luke 10:20, Philippians 4:4-6 - Joy is intense happiness - Eternal life brings happiness in our life because there is assurance of eternal joy even in times of hardships. -. Jesus told his disciples they should be glad because their names are in the book of life. Luke 10:20 - Always rejoice in God because of eternal life. -. Not to worry about anything because he care for us - Joy in serving God is everlasting and fulfilling. D. Way of love john 3:16, 1 Peter 1:22 - Love is a strong attraction by affection. -. Love is the greatest commandment that sums up God s law. -. John 15:13 greatest love one can give is one s life for others. -. John 3:16: God greatest love shown through gift of Jesus - Eternal life is way of love through selfless acts. -. Actions of love include helping the needy, praying for others e. Way of hope 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18 - Hope: desire or expectation of some fulfillment - All Christians hope to receive eternal life - Those who die believing in Jesus hope to inherit God s kingdom. -. Eternal life is a way of hope for all Christianswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - All Christians hope for the second coming of Jesus. -. Eternal life gives us hope for future. F. Way of justice 2 Samuel 12:1-6, psalms 82:3 - Justice is practicing what is right and fair towards others - Justice brings forth reconciliation, love in the parties involved and caring for others eg oppressed - Justice brings harmony and understanding - Eternal life as a way of justice Creates a sense of belonging - Justice promotes peace, stability, integrity and good judgment. 2 Samuel 12:1-6 - David sinned by:- a. Desiring Uriah s wife b. Committing adultery with Bathsheba c. Killing Uriah. D. Prophet Nathan rebukes David s sin. E. Nathan used a story of a rich man and a poor man f. David practiced injustice by taking Bathsheba g. God punished David. His son got ill and died.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406286.99292}
{"text": "Sacrifices are offered to God and ancestors e. Children are named after dead relatives or people f. Africans make ancestors happy appeasing them by:- a. pouring libation b. Calling their names c. Sacrificing to them d. Naming children after them g. In some communities the dead are buried with belongings to use in the next world. H. Both Christians and Africans believe in life-after-death i. Africans believe in reincarnation but Christians believe in resurrection Revision questionswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Primary CRE pg 65-65 1-15 b. Quick reading CRE 7 pg 17 1-10 c. Spotlight CRE 7 pg 24-26 1-20 FAITH AND WORK 1. Meaning of faith and work James 2:14-18 a. Faith is a string belief or trust on something or someone. B. Being sure of invisible hopes. C. By faith Abraham obeyed God d. We believe in existence of God e. We believe God Created the universe. F. Work is the use of energy g. Work is sacred because it is ordained by God h. Manual work involves physical energy while intellectual involves mental energy. Col 3:23 a. Should work with all our heart to please God and not man. B. We should be committed to work. James 2:14-18 a. Faith must be accompanied by actions b. Faith without actions is dead. C. Can express our faith in action by refer spotlight CRE 7 pg 36 2. Reasons for working 2 thess 3:6-10, acts 18:1-3 a. Work is ordained by God, it is a duty and a right from God. B. Work enables us to get our basic needswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Conserves the environment d. To improve our living standards e. Give sense of responsibility and fulfillment f. To earn our living. 2 thess 3:6-10 a. We should follow example of apostles who tirelessly worked. B. We should avoid laziness and lazy people. C. Those who do not work should not eat. Acts 18:1-3 d. Aquila and Paul and Pricilla eared their live as tentmakers e.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.006826}
{"text": "Cleaning church e. Teaching Sunday school f. g. h. i. Romans 12:9-21 Christians should :- a. Respect in sincere heart b. Value hard work c. Be patient and pray always d. Do everything that pleases God.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 6. Christian Service To The Nation Titus 3:8 - Nation : people living in a country under one government - Nation leaders represents God s authority in their working stations - Christians can serve a nation by a. Electing leaders b. Praying for the nation c. Respecting laws d. Nation building e. Showing respect for authority. Titus 3:8 - Give our time to doing good deeds useful to everyone. 7. Cause Of Child Labour - Child labour is involving children to do work meant for adults. -. Causes:- a. Poverty- poor families fail to provide basic needs to children. Therefore, children look for ways of getting basic needs b. Orphan hood- they have no one to care for them c. Divorce d. Drugs substance abuse- those engaged have to look for money to buy drugs. E. Parent s disability- they are not physically fit to work and provide basics hence they use their children to do the work. F. Political instability e.g. war- children are recruited as soldiers g. Irresponsible parents h. i. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke j. 8. Child Rights Concerning Labour a. Right to be protected from any form of exploitation b. Right to basic needs c. Right to a satisfactory environment for development. D. Right to exercise their talents and skills through play. E. Right to life and safety f. Right to love and care g. h. i. Ephesians 6:4 - Parents do not treat your children in way to anger them - Parents should bring up children with Christian discipline and instructions. Working for God a. Commitment Romans 12:11, Luke 9:23-26 Commitment - Willingness to work and give your best - Being devoted to work - Involves: i. Self sacrifice and thinking of others ii. Enduring sufferings iii. Self-denial iv. Perseverance and endurance v. Carrying ones cross and follow Jesuswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke vi.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.0234752}
{"text": "Self-denial iv. Perseverance and endurance v. Carrying ones cross and follow Jesuswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke vi. Generosity vii. Full devotion to a task. -. We show responsibility at home by i. Helping our parents ii. Taking care of our brothers , sisters and property iii. Obeying set rules and instruction iv. Spending money given wisely v. vi. Vii. 1 Peter 4:10-11 - We should be good managers of God-given gifts - We should use talents abilities gifts for the good of others and ourselves Revision questions a. Spotlight CRE 7 pg 45-49 b. Quick reading CRE pg 26 c. Primary CRE 7 pg 94-96. UNIT 5 CHRISTIANS IN EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT THE CHURCH IN EDUCATION a. The early missionary contribution Matthew28:19-20 - The missionaries came to Kenya through the coast - Their main objective was to spread the gospel. -. They could not spread the gospel because Africans did not know how to read and write. -. The first missionary arrived in Kenya at Rabai in 1844. His name was Ludwing Krapfwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Krapf started the first mission station at Rabai in 1844. -. In 1846, he was joined by Johan Rebman - Both started a mission school at Rabai in 1846. -. Krapf learnt Kiswahili and translated part of St. Luke into Kiswahili. -. Both were sent by church missionary society under ACK - The missionaries fulfilled Jesus command to preach good news mt 28:19-20 b. The early missionary schools - They aimed at training Africans to read and write so that they could read the bible - Examples Aaliance school St. Mary Yala Mangu high School Friend s School Kamusinga Loreto convent - Africans were involved in activities that encouraged them attend learning. Formal EducationInformal EducationTaught in schoolsTaught anytime and anywhere daily events Taught by trained teachersLearnt through daily activitiesFollows a set syllabusNo set syllabus and not assessed formally www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Assessment are doneNo textbooks neededUse textbooks Questions 1.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.0470662}
{"text": "The early missionary schools - They aimed at training Africans to read and write so that they could read the bible - Examples Aaliance school St. Mary Yala Mangu high School Friend s School Kamusinga Loreto convent - Africans were involved in activities that encouraged them attend learning. Formal EducationInformal EducationTaught in schoolsTaught anytime and anywhere daily events Taught by trained teachersLearnt through daily activitiesFollows a set syllabusNo set syllabus and not assessed formally www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Assessment are doneNo textbooks neededUse textbooks Questions 1. State 4 ways the church is involved in formal education 2. Write down 3 ways the church is involved in non-formal education today Special Education John 9:1-3 Special Groups Include - The deaf and mute - The blind - Physically handicapped - Mentally handicapped These people receive special attention and care. They use special learning equipments. Example SchoolSpecial GroupSponsorMumia schoolThe deafCatholicNyangoma school kisumuPhysically handicappedACKKambui Presbyterian school The deafPCEAThika schoolThe blindSALVATION ARMYJacaranda school NairobiMentally handicapped John 9:1-3 - Jesus and disciples saw a blind man - Disciples asked whether his blindness was caused by his or his parent s sins - Jesus told them, that the man was blind so that God s power might be seen at work. C. Youth education programmes ecc 12:1-5 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Youth are young people between 18-35 years - The church youth programmes are important for : a. Evangelism b. Training leadership c. Information of good Christian characters. -. These programmes include:- a. Youth fellowship b. Camp and treats c. Talent shows d. Bible studies e. Drama and music competitions f. Mission work g. h. i. j. Ecclesiastes 12:1-5 - Youth are reminded to remember God while still energetic Nb: Some youth training centres are a. Rural training centre Limuru Agricultural Youth Centre, Mogotio Village Polytechnic b. Industrial Training Centre Maua Methodist Youth Polytechnic, African Inland Church Naivasha Polytechnic CHURCH AND DEVELOPMENT a.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.070646}
{"text": "Ecclesiastes 12:1-5 - Youth are reminded to remember God while still energetic Nb: Some youth training centres are a. Rural training centre Limuru Agricultural Youth Centre, Mogotio Village Polytechnic b. Industrial Training Centre Maua Methodist Youth Polytechnic, African Inland Church Naivasha Polytechnic CHURCH AND DEVELOPMENT a. Farming genesis 1:28-31 - Church has initiated projects to satisfy physical needs under N.C.CK.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Examples:- - Initiating irrigation schemes in dry areas - Poultry farming - Training agricultural officers - Training farmers on new methods. Genesis 1:28-31 - God blessed man and woman and put them in charge of CREation - Have many children and live all over the earth. -. Bring the earth under control - Guard and cultivate land - Church obeys God command during Creation when it is involved in farming. B. International Involvement 2 Corinthians 8:1-4 - Providing emergency relief during disasters and political crisis. -. Involvement in community development projects. -. Evangelism internationally global teaching - Building homes for needy orphans and aged - Offering scholarship - Training people on missionary work, farming, teaching e.t.c. - - -. 2 Corinthians 8:1-4 - Paul praises the church of Macedonia - Macedonia church was tested by troubles but went through.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - The poor were generous - We should therefore support the church in its involvement internationally. Some international Christian organization 1. The world vision 2. The catholic relief services 3. The world church council 4. Christian Aid c. Christian Training Centres 2 Thessalonians 3:6-10 - Church is involved in building of training centres - They are meant to teach people to be self-reliant - Provides basic facilities and training - The government provides required staff. D. Rural Training Centre - Aim at:- improving talents and abilities - Have a source of income - Develop skills - Become self-reliant They include:- - Village polytechnics carpentry, tailoring, agricultural, tannery leather work, adult literacy.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.122249}
{"text": "Christian Training Centres 2 Thessalonians 3:6-10 - Church is involved in building of training centres - They are meant to teach people to be self-reliant - Provides basic facilities and training - The government provides required staff. D. Rural Training Centre - Aim at:- improving talents and abilities - Have a source of income - Develop skills - Become self-reliant They include:- - Village polytechnics carpentry, tailoring, agricultural, tannery leather work, adult literacy. -. Industrial training centres Found in urban centres Offers: masonary, plumbing, seCREtarial, hairdressing, carpentry, welding, ICT, mechanics, electricity, wiring, painting, art and design. Revision questionwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Spotlight CRE 7 pg 55 - Primary CRE 7 pg 117-118 - Quick reading 7 pg 32 UNIT 6 CHRISTIAN IN ACTION IN HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL WELFARE The Church and Health Care a. Training Medical Personnel s Luke 9:1-2, Mark 16: 15-18 - The church provides medical help and train medical personnel. -. Medical work is a vocation and requires total commitment - Church activities includes: a. Building hospitals and dispensaries b. Organizing seminars and workshops c. Free mobile services. D. Educating on nutrition e. Offering education on health matters. Luke 9:1-2, mark 16:15-18 - Jesus gave disciples power and authority to:- a. Cure diseases b. Drive out demons preach the kingdom of God c. Heal the sick d. Baptize the believers in the name of Jesuswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke e. Perform miracles and exercise Holy Spirit. B. Flying Doctors Service - Doctors use air transport to give health services in remote areas. -. The service started by Michael woods in Kenya in 1950s - It was initiated in Kenya by the Christians churches of Kenya CCK - It is part of AMREF African Medical and Research Foundation - This service was first started in Australia - Activities a. Organizing free medical camps b. Vaccination and treatment c. First Aid and evacuation e.g accident victims. D. Training health workers c.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.1120694}
{"text": "First Aid and evacuation e.g accident victims. D. Training health workers c. Community Health Programmes Luke 9:6 - They are sponsored by Christians, non-Christians and government. -. Mainly these programs educate the community on:- a. health matters b. Diseases prevention through vaccination c. Hygiene on handling food d. Proper waste disposal e. Family planning programmes f. HIV AIDS related matters. G. h. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Luke 9:6 a. Disciples of Jesus preached good news and healed the sick b. Christians should support the church by participating in community health. The church in training the clergy Matthew4:18-22 - Clergy:- these are people trained and ordained to serve the church - They include- bishops, priests, pastors, pope - Courses learnt Theology Divinity Pastoral studies church doctrines Philosophy Guidance and counseling Leadership and communication Administration. Matthew4:18-22 - Jesus called the 1st 4 disciples to be fishers of men - Jesus trained them to be preachers 2 Timothy 2:12 - Paul trained timothy and advised him to train others. CHURCH TRAINING ON THE LAITY ACTS 6:1-6 - Laity : Christians given various responsibilities in the church. -. It includes- Sunday school teachers, choir masters, ushers, catechists e.t.c - Laity duties:- a. Conducting Sunday school b. Training choirswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Assisting clergy d. Making announcements e. Teaching catechism f. g. h. Acts 6:1-6 - Apostles choose helpers deacons to help distribute food to the windows and orphans - Their leader was Stephen who was stoned because of His faith in Jesus. -. Seven deacons were Stephen, Philip, , , , , The Church and Social Welfare Acts 2:43-47, 4:32 a. Care for the aged mt 25:41-45 b.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.1002703}
{"text": "Acts 6:1-6 - Apostles choose helpers deacons to help distribute food to the windows and orphans - Their leader was Stephen who was stoned because of His faith in Jesus. -. Seven deacons were Stephen, Philip, , , , , The Church and Social Welfare Acts 2:43-47, 4:32 a. Care for the aged mt 25:41-45 b. Church helps the aged by: - Taking them in special homes for the aged. Give examples of such homes - Giving them food, clothes and medical care - Building homes for them - Protecting properties - - - Matthew25:41-45 - Our judgment will be based on our service to the less fortunate. -. Any service given to the needy is service to God.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Care for the Orphans James 1:27 - An orphan is a child whose both parents are dead. -. Challenges a. Lack of basic needs b. Lack of care c. Lack of love d. Child labour e. Discrimination - The church supports orphans by:- a. Giving them basic needs b. Building special homes orphanages e.g Nyumbani childrens home Daggoretti Mama ngina SOS eldoret, Nairobi and Mombasa Mama fatuma children s home Nairobi c. Giving them education d. Helping them improve talents e. f. g. Relief Services 1 Corinthians 16:1-3 - Relief is the assistance given to people affected by war, draught, famine, floods etc - Relief can be inform of food, shelter, clothing, money, medicine e.t.c - Relief provided by the church includewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Building shelters b. distributing food, clothing, medicine c. paying school fees for the affected d. clean water e. pupils to add four more point - Church organizations that offer relief services a. Catholic relief service CRS b. Christian Aid c. AMREF d. Jesus Relief Service. E. Red Cross. -. Christians offer prayers, comfort, guidance and counseling to the affected. -. Paul advised Corinthians to offer help to the needy in Judea.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.1417334}
{"text": "Red Cross. -. Christians offer prayers, comfort, guidance and counseling to the affected. -. Paul advised Corinthians to offer help to the needy in Judea. Care For Refugees Matthew25:25-26,5:16 - A refugee is a person who is forced to leave motherland country because of war, persecution, political problem e.t.c - Refugee s main help comes from church organizations, non-governmental organizations NGOs and government. -. Church activities to the refugees are:- a. Provision of basic needs. B. Provision of loans and grants for self-employment. C. Giving spiritual encouragement. D. Offering educational scholarships e. Offering training and career guidance. F. g. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke h. - Church organizations involved with refugees a. NCCK- National Council of Churches Of Kenya b. KEC- Kenya Episcopal Conference Catholics c. SDA d. AACC- All Africa Conference of Churches e. WCC- World Council of Churches. F. UNHCR- United Nations High Commission for Refugees. -. Matthew25:25-26: Jesus taught that we should support the needy financially, materially and spiritually. When we support the needy we glorify God. -. Matthew5:16: our good deeds must shine among people that God will be praised. Christians Working Together - Church is a community of believer. -. Christian community shows unity and strength when they work together. -. The cooperation of different church denominations for a common purpose is called ecumenism. -. Christians work together in:- a. Preaching the word of God b. Praying for others c. Community health and youth programs. D. Training the clergy and laity. E. Building schools, hospitals, homes and orphanages.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke f. Promoting peace and harmony in a country. G. Caring for the needy. H. Educating people on health, drugs , family e.t.c Revision questions 1. Quick reading CRE 7 pg 39 2. Primary CRE 7 pg 145-146 3. Spotlight CRE 7 pg 64-68 TERM 2 UNIT 7 FRIENDSHIP AND LOVE 1. What emotions - Ways of coping with emotionswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Accepting ourselves and others 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.1929355}
{"text": "Spotlight CRE 7 pg 64-68 TERM 2 UNIT 7 FRIENDSHIP AND LOVE 1. What emotions - Ways of coping with emotionswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 2. Accepting ourselves and others 3. Friendship - Wanting the best for others - Tolerance and patience in friendship 4. Necessity of loyalty, openness and trust in friendship 5. Sharing activities with others 6. Contribution of parents in making a happy home. 7. Contribution of children in making a happy home. 8. The effects of good and bad relationships in a family 9. Christ our example. Reference books 1. Primary CRE klb 2. Quick reading CRE 3. Spotlight CRE 4. Face to face CRE 5. Good news bible A. FRIENDSHIP AND LOVE What emotions are 1. Emotions are strong feelings we experience in our lives. Emotions can either be - Negative- sadness - Positive- happiness. 2. Positive desirable emotions include - Joy - Happinesswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Love - Excitement Negative undesirable emotions include - Fighting - Quarreling - Enmity - Abusing others - Depression - Suicide - Destruction of properties. 3. 1 Samuel 17:28-30 a. David eldest son was b. was angry with David because he saw him in the battle field c. Jesus when he was in sorrow. He arrived and found his friend, , dead and buried. Quiz 1. Lazarus sisters were and 2. Lazarus family lived in 3. Jesse s sons were I chronicles 2:13 4. Jesse s family lived in 5. Eliab scolded David calling him Ways of Coping with Emotions 1. Our emotions changes depending on the circumstances we find ourselves in 2. When we are angry we should control our anger by forgiving those who makes us angry. 3. Positive ways of coping with emotions: - Prayingwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Seeking guidance and counseling. -. Exercising patience and tolerance. -. Forgiveness s - Sharing the problem with a trusted friend. 4. Ephesians 4:26-32 a. If you become angry do not let your anger lead you into sin and do not stay angry all day.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.1840708}
{"text": "Our freedom should not be an excuse to b. Love should c. Love your as you d. Love should help us not to behave , e. Harm and others. Quiz 1. Which Jewish feast were Jesus and his disciples celebrating when they had the last supper? 2. The story of annunciation of birth of Jesus is written on the books of? 3. Which one of the was done by prophet Elisha a. Healing a blind man b. Casting demons from a woman c. Calling fire from heaven d. Multiplication of bread 4. The first man to plant a vineyard in the world was likely to be 5. Who Among the following judges of Israel was the first one in Israel? Recitation - Seven deacons - Isaiah s prophecy about Jesuswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Order of Creation Friendship Wanting the best for others 1. True friendship lasts when we want the best for the other person 2. We can show that we want the best for our friends by - Helping - Comforting - Visiting 3. True friendship involves love 4. A loving friend is patient, kind, faithful and ready to forgive. 5. 1 Corinthians 13:4-7 Love isLove is not Quiz 1. What kind of education was carried out in Traditional African Society? Formal, non-formal, modern adult 2. Three of the following happened in the last night in Egypt. Which one did not a. Ate roasted meat b. Smeared the blood on the door posts c. Took bitter herbs d. Jesus pointed out his betrayal. 3. Was the disciple who was a tax collector before he was called by Jesuswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. Bring the full amount of your tithes to the temple so that there will be plenty of food there which said these words? 5. Which two disciples were sent by Jesus to make ready the Lord s supper? Recitation - Disciple - Abraham s promises by God. -. Ten Commandments. Tolerance and Patience in Friendship 1. Tolerant means the ability to bear or put with a situation or something or somebody. 2. Patience ability to endure trying situations 3. Genesis 29 :15-29 a. Jacob s uncle is b. Laban promised to give Jacob his daughter c.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.2122722}
{"text": "Genesis 29 :15-29 a. Jacob s uncle is b. Laban promised to give Jacob his daughter c. Jacob had to work years to get Rachael d. After disappointment with Leah, Laban promised to give Rachel to Jacob after e. Jacob was patient and tolerant with Quiz 1. In the book of Acts which Christians value is seen in Dorcas and Cornelius? 2. From apostle Creed which statement does not show that Jesus was truly the son of God? A. Was conceived by the Holy spirit b. Born of the Virgin Mary c. Rose from the dead on the third day d. Suffered under Pontius Pilatewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. The resurrection of Jesus teaches Christians to be 4. The festival celebrated by Christians to mark Jesus victory over death is 5. The meaning of the name Messiah is Recitation - Beatitude - Apostle Creed - Lord s prayer. Necessity of Loyalty, Openness and Trust In Friendship 1. -. Loyalty is being faithful in supporting somebody - Openness is being honest and not hiding information or feeling from somebody - Trust is the belief that somebody is sincere and will not harm or betray one. 2. 1 Samuel 20:1-23, 19:2 a. warned David that his father wanted to kill him. He asked David to hide b. He made his father swore that he would not kill David. He was to David c. David was open to by telling him how king wanted to kill him. D. The two friends trusted each other by telling the truth e. David promised to remain loyal to his friends house forever. Quiz 1. Which one of the following ways did Jonathan show his loyalty to his best friend David? A. Telling David that king Saul wanted to murder him B. Helping David to escape from his father C. Promising to always help David D. Allowing David to take his royal coat. 2. Who is not properly matched to mother www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. John Mary b. Isaac- Rebecca c. Joseph- leah d. Samuel- Hannah 3. Prayed for and blessed seven lepers 4. Was angry when he saw David in the battle field. 5. Who among the following s not Jesses son? A. Jonathan b. Eliab c.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.2287967}
{"text": "Children s role in making a happy home include a. Being kind b. Helpful to one another c. Share home activitieswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Obey and respect their parents e. Work hard at school f. Being good listeners to instruction and advice given. G. Taking care of family and personal property. 2. Luke 2:51-52 a. When Jesus was years old he went with parent to Jerusalem to celebrate and they went back home in b. Jesus grew up in and gaining favour with and c. Colossians 3:20 Children, it is your christain duty to for that is what pleases God. Quiz 1. Was given skills and ability to work on silver and gold 2. Blessed and the poor in spirit 3. Why was King Saul rejected by God a. He got possessed by the evil spirit b. He wanted to kill David c. He obeyed God d. He married many wives 4. Jonathan, David s friend was the son of 5. Was the disciples that Jesus loved most. Recitationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Early church - Apostle Creed - Fruit of the holy spirit EFFECTS OF GOOD AND BAD RELATIONSHIP IN THE FAMILY 1. Benefit of good relationship in a family include a. Respect among members b. Love among members c. Enhanced communication and openness d. Harmony and unity in the family e. Promoting concern for each other f. Stability and security. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.2587216}
{"text": "Promoting concern for each other f. Stability and security. 2. Effect of bad relationship in a family - Unfaithfulness - Impatience and lack of understanding - Lack of respect, obedience and love - Oppression, frustration, hopelessness and depression - Selfishness - Increase in pride - Lack of peace and harmony Luke 15:11-24 - The prodigal lost son took all his - He wasted it and went back home and his father forgave him - The parable teaches that when we repent God is ready to forgive us because he loves us.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Ephesians 4:26 - In our anger we should not sin - We should not let the sun go down while still angry John 11:1-27 - Lazarus sisters were and - They lived in - acknowledged Jesus as the messiah, the son of God - went to meet Jesus but stayed in the same house. Quiz 1. The disciple of Jesus also known as Twin is 2. Who among the disciples of Jesus did not see the risen Christ? 3. Christianity was first introduced in Kenya in the mid 18th century by missionaries who were sent by 4. Brothers choose seven men from among you who are known to be full of the spirit and wisdom , who among the following are the seven deacons? A. Philip, Mathias, Nicolas, And Timon b. Paul, Stephen, Procoru, And Nicana c. Timon, Nicolus, Nicanor And Cleopas d. Nicolas, Parmenas, Timon And Philip 5. Jesus healed a blind man who always sat by the roadside in Jericho. The blind man was called? Recitation - Seven deacons - Beatitudes - Lord s prayerwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke CHRIST OUR EXAMPLE 1. Jesus showed what love is through his many acts of mercy and kindness. 2. His greatest act of love was his death on the cross. 3. Mark 15:1-5 a. Jesus was taken before and accused of claiming to be b. Jesus was the son of God and He did not boast about it. 4. Memorize 1 john 4:7-8 Dear friends, lets us love one another because love comes from God. Whoever loves is a child of God and knows God.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.2709348}
{"text": "4. Memorize 1 john 4:7-8 Dear friends, lets us love one another because love comes from God. Whoever loves is a child of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God Recitation - Song- Jesus loves me Jesus love is very wonderful - Disciples of Jesus - Order of Creation - King David achievement. Quiz 1. Who was thrown in the den of lions for kneeling and praying to God? 2. True riches should be stored in? 3. Who was an apostle of the gentiles? 4. Blessed are the poor in spirit 5. I am fearfully and wonderfully made were said by? Unit evaluation exercise 1. CRE klb pg 1717-172 1-15 2. Spotlight pg 86-88www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. Revision exercise 7a 7b UNIT 8www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke CIVIC RESPONSIBILITIES 1. The meaning and purpose of authority Luke 22:24-27 - Authority is the power to set rules and guide other people to achieve set goals. -. The duties of citizens are called responsibility - Authority is found in all sectors at LevelleadersAuthorityHomeParentsGuiding and counseling- Discipline children - Training children to be morally upright - Settling disputes at home SchoolHead teacherEnsuring school rulesare followedDeputy teacher TeachersInstilling discipline - Supervising school activities - Impart knowledge ChurchBishopPreaching the word ofGodPastors - Priests Guiding and counseling members - Making rules for the church - Leading people in forgiveness and reconciliation GovernmentPresidentEnsure that there is lawwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Mps - Governors - Dcs and order - Maintain security in the country - Developing the country - Implementing government policies - Luke 22:24-27 Jesus taught the disciples that the purpose of authority is service. -. Christians should obey and respect people in authority because authority is from God. -. Jesus used authority to serve others. Questions 1. Authority comes from 2. God wants us to respect people in authority 3. Jesus taught that to be a leader you have to 4. State two ways in which teachers can use their authority in school 5.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.2884243}
{"text": "God wants us to respect people in authority 3. Jesus taught that to be a leader you have to 4. State two ways in which teachers can use their authority in school 5. Became the leader of disciples after accession of Jesus Christ. 2. Respect for people in authority Romans 13:1-7, Titus 3;11 - Authority exists to serve the community - Leaders are people of authority - There is peace and harmony when we respect people in authority. -. We respect people in authority by: a. Obeying the rules of the country b. Paying taxes c. Encouraging and supporting themwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Implementing policies laid down e. Carrying out duties assigned to us f. Correcting them with love when they make wrong decisions. G. Praying for them. H. Guiding and counseling those who oppose our leaders. -. Romans 13:1-7 Paul tells us that we should obey authority not for fear of punishment but as our Christian duty. When we obey we please God as leaders are God s servants. -. Titus 3:1 we should submit to rulers and authorities, obey them and be ready to do good in every way memory verse Questions 1. State three ways of which we can show respect for people in authority 2. We show authority to school authorities by and 3. We should to rulers and authorities, them and be ready to good in all ways. 4. St. Paul worked as a 5. The collection of books written by Paul is called? Name them 3. Building a better society through love, peace and unity Colossians 3:12-15, Romans 13:1-7 Activity relating to national anthem - Love, peace and unity brings prosperity and harmony in a nation - Love, peace and unity fostered our country s development in a. Building learning institutions through Harambeewww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Raising money to pay hospital bills and school fees. -. Love, peace and unity can develop if we:- a. Share with others b. Respect others c. Obey rules d. Understanding others e. Avoid quarrels - Factors to undermine love, peace and unity a. Selfish and un co-operative behavior b. Social evils e.g. bribery, injustice, tribalism c.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.3047743}
{"text": "Selfish and un co-operative behavior b. Social evils e.g. bribery, injustice, tribalism c. Quarrels, fights, war d. Suspicion of each other e. Disobeying the laws of the country. -. Colossians 3:12-15 a good society should have the following qualities- kindness, humility, gentleness, love, peace, patience and compassion. Questions 1. Love, peace and unity are words found in our 2. God asks us to tolerate and one another if a quarrel arise among us. 3. Which of the following promote peace, love and unity? A. Revenge and kindness b. Pride and hard work c. Hard work and revenge d. Forgiveness and tolerance. 4. The greatest fruit of the holy spirit is www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 5. The greatest commandment is based on 4. Care Of Personal And Public Property Exodus 20:13,15,17 - Property are things we own - Personal property- are things that belongs to an individual - Public property- are things that belong to the community or state. They are shared by all the people; they are either built or bought by tax payers money. -. Example in each category Personal propertyPublic propertyClothesRoadsHousesSchoolsCarsHospitalBicyclesGovernment vehiclesSchool bagsRailways , public toilets - Ways of misuse of these property include:- a. Stealing, destroying or mishandling public property b. Deforestation c. Dumping garbage anywhere resulting to disease. D. Vandalism of telephone booths, wires, streetlightswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke e. Killing - Ways of caring for these properties include a. Washing and keeping personal property clean b. Proper disposal of refuse c. Cleaning the environment and planting trees d. Proper use of public amenities e.g. toilets. -. Exodus 20:13, 15, 17 life belong to God and should be protected hence should not commit murder. -. We should respect other people s property by not desiring. Questions 1. Property is divided into two categories namely and 2. Name 3 things the we should not desire according to exodus 20:17 3. When we take care of the property a. God is not involved b. We glorify God c.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.359826}
{"text": "When we take care of the property a. God is not involved b. We glorify God c. We suffer for it d. It becomes ours. 4. Which one of the following shoes that we take care of public property? A. Water shortages b. Garbage along the roads c. Dirty toilets d. Neat classrooms with clean walls. 5. Name two public properties 5. Activities Of The Harambee Youth Week Ephesians 4:2, 15-16www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Harambee means working together to accomplish a certain goal. -. Takes place once a year as it is set aside by the government of Kenya. -. The youth are involved in a. Visiting the sick b. Helping the needy c. Caring for and cleaning the environment d. Participating in youth exchange programs e. CREating awareness of the youth rights and responsibilities. -. Ephesians 4:2, 15-16 we should work together as the body works. -. Christians are expected to have virtues like: Humility Gentleness Patience Tolerance and love. Questions 1 What is Harambee youth week 2 List at least three activities youth can participate in during the Harambee Youth Week. A. b. c. 3 The greatest value required in the breaking of bread is? 4 Who among the following was told by God to preserve the gift that God had given him? A. Timothy b. Titus c. Silaswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Apollos 6. Christian Obligation towards Strangers Matthew25:35, 38,40 - Strangers are the people we do not know or have never met before. -. We meet strangers in public places - We should treat strangers by :- a. Greeting them and finding out whether they need assistance. B. Providing them with food, water, shelter and clothing. C. Directing them to places they want to get to. D. Being hospitable to them. -. It is our Christian duty to help the strangers because We obey Jesus teachings We show the readiness to help those in need It promotes love, peace and unity. It is a way of serving God. It is loving others as we love ourselves. -. Jesus taught that we should help strangers by feeding them, giving them a drink, clothing and welcoming them in our homes.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.3454185}
{"text": "It is a way of serving God. It is loving others as we love ourselves. -. Jesus taught that we should help strangers by feeding them, giving them a drink, clothing and welcoming them in our homes. -. As Christians we should not discriminate but treat all as God s children. Questionswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Who is a stranger? B. The deacons chosen to distribute food, who among them was a gentile? C. was referred as the apostle of the gentiles d. According to Christian teachings, the MAIN purpose for marriage is to? E. Who among the following sons of Jacob was an ancestor of Jesus? A. Reuben b. Simeon c. Judah d. Benjamin 7. Helping In Literacy Work Proverbs 4:13 - Illiteracy means inability to read and write - Literacy is the ability to read and write. -. Christians help to fight illiteracy through Donating reading and writing materials Discouraging school drop-outs. Educating parents on the importance of education Volunteering to teach illiterate people Building more schools through Harambee. -. The government has helped reduce illiteracy through:- Free primary education Providing textbooks and other equipments Training teachers. -. Proverbs 4:13- we should remember all that we have learnt - We should value our education and use it well.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Questions 1. The ability to read and write is called? 2. Paul was brought up under strict instructions of a man known as? A. Appolos b. Timothy c. Gamaliel d. Eliazar 3. The current minister of education is? 4. Jesus taught using? 5. Is the only prophetic book in the New Testament and is the only historical book in the New Testament. 8. Our Role In Community Work Philippians 2:1-5 - Community work is work or activities done by the residents of a place to uplift their social and economic welfare. -. The activities include: a. Building schools and hospitals b. Conservation of soil and water resources c. Sensitizing the community on development projects. D. Contributing money towards school fees for the needy and hospital bills, building gabions and planting cover crops to prevent soil erosion. Advantages of working together a.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.386937}
{"text": "D. Contributing money towards school fees for the needy and hospital bills, building gabions and planting cover crops to prevent soil erosion. Advantages of working together a. Helps us to live in peace, love and unity b. Enables us to give service to each other c. Helps us to do a lot of work within a short time.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Brings faster development in our community. E. Helps christens express their unity in Christ. -. Philippians 2:1-5: Christians show love, care and concern towards those in need when they take part in the community work. -. We should be willing to take part in the community work. Questions 1. List three advantages of working together 2. The best way a Christian can use leisure to serve God is by? A. Participating in community work b. Taking part in community celebrations c. Participating in games d. Entertaining friend at home. 3. The book of Acts was written by? 4. Was raised by Peter from the dead. 5. Which one of the following Christian values do Christians learn from the story of Tabitha making clothes for the poor? A. Kindness b. Humility c. Honesty d. Purity 9. Celebrating National Days And Christian Festivals Leviticus 23:39-44 - National days are days when Nations in the world remember important events. -. Christian festivals are celebrated to remember important Christian events.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Example of these days are:- National Days - Labour Day Christian Festivals - Good Friday Madaraka DayEaster Sunday MondayMashujaa DayPentecost DayJamuhuri DayChristmas Day - National days are celebrated by:- Singing the National Anthem Performing dances and entertainments. Listening to patriotic songs. Listening to Presidential speech. Visiting places of interest e.g. recreational facilities. -. Christian festivals are celebrated by :- Going to church to worship. Sharing with the needy. Praying and singing together Exchanging gifts. Visiting the needy. -. Leviticus 23:39-44: God commanded the Israelites to celebrate the festivals of shelters or booths or tabernacle. The people were to offer food, offerings and sacrifices. Questions 1. Name three national days in Kenya. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.3764274}
{"text": "Questions 1. Name three national days in Kenya. 2. Name three Christian festivalswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3. The feast described in Leviticus 23:39-44 is the? A. Passover feast b. Harvest feast c. Purification feast d. Feast of weeks 4. The Christian festival which is celebrated to mark Christ s victory over death is? 5. Was a Jew from Alexandria who was an eloquent speaker and had a good knowledge of the scripture. Topical summary questions Primary CRE- let us remember 192-194 UNIT 9www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke GOD S PURPOSE FOR EVERY CHILD 1. -. Our Fears - Overcoming Fear By Relaying On God 2. Careers In Adult Life 3. The Purpose Of God For Every Child 4. Jesus as a Refugee in Egypt. 1. OUR FEARS - Fear is the feeling that something bad might happen. -. Fear include An attack Punishment Murder- death Sickness Accidents - Imagined fears include:- Darkness ghost Failure New environment. -. We overcome fear by 1. Praying to God. 2. Sharing with others 3. Seeking advice from friends and responsible adults. -. John 16:16-21:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Jesus explains he will die, be buried and resurrect. B. His disappearance will bring temporary pain but eventually joy. Quiz 1. Jesus went to the temple when he was years old. 2. Samuel was called by God times. 3. Which is the main value required by boys and girls in African traditional society? 4. Who were the parents of Samuel? 5. Which is the greatest commandment according to Jesus Christ? Recitation 1. Song by the Angels to the shepherd. 2. Life among the early church. 3. Ten Commandments. Overcoming Our Fear by Relaying On God - We can overcome our fears if we fully trust God in everything. -. In prayer, let our worry be known to God. -. Psalms 34:4: David says, I prayed to the Lord and he answered me; he free me from - Isaiah 41:10: God is our protector and savior. We should not fear anything. Quiz 1. Jesus Christ chose His first four disciples who were?", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.436407}
{"text": "We should not fear anything. Quiz 1. Jesus Christ chose His first four disciples who were? 2. When Jesus began his ministry he was years old. 3. Which king of Israel did not worship other gods and was called a man after God s own heart? 4. A Jewish servant girl helped her master to get healed from leprosy. 5. Who among the following never lived in Egypt? A. Jesuswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Abraham c. Solomon d. Jacob 6. Jesus grew up in? Recitation 1. Ten commandments 2. God s promises to Abraham 3. Sons of Jacob. 2. CAREERS IN ADULT LIFE - The kind of work or occupation people choose to be when they grow up is a career. -. A career is also an occupation one chooses to be their life s work in future. -. A career gives an opportunity to make use of the talents God has given us. -. Ephesians 1:15-18: in prayer we should ask God to give us the Holy Spirit that will a. Make us wise b. Help us know. C. Understand God s plan for our future. Quiz 1. Was the last Judge of Israel. 2. Broke the commandment do not kill 3. A Jewish servant girl advised Namaan to see prophet to be healed 4. ,. A disciple did not believe Jesus had risen. 5. The spirit of the Lord is upon me, for He has anointed me to preach good news to the poor . Jesus read this scripture from the book of 6. Jesus appeared to on their walk to Emmaus. Recitationwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1. Song spirit of the Lord. 2. Order of Creation 3. Disciples. 3. THE PURPOSE OF GOD FOR EVERY CHILD 1. We are all God s children and He has a particular purpose for each one of us. 2. God s purpose for each child include a. Bring prosperity and hope. B. Doing everything without complaining c. Be innocent and pure d. Be holy and perfect even though living with sinful and corrupt people. E. Avoid being shy and proud. F. Allow the spirit to fill us with love, power and self-control. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.4441679}
{"text": "F. Allow the spirit to fill us with love, power and self-control. 3. Jeremiah 29:11 memorize I alone know the plans I have for you. Plans to bring you prosperity and not disaster, plans to bring the future you hope for . Quiz 1. Which King wanted to kill baby JESUS? 2. Why did the Israelites go to live in Egypt? A. Because Joseph had bought a piece of land there. B. Because they were looking for jobs. C. Because John fought the angel and they had to run away from God. D. Because there was famine in the land. 3. While in the synagogue of Nazareth, Jesus read from the book of? 4. Prophet prophesied that a virgin would give birth to a son. 5. Why did angel Gabriel tell Mary to name her son Jesus ? Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Because he would be the savior of the world b. Because he would rule forever. C. Because he would be the prince. D. Because God wanted him to be born. Recitations 1. Song- Angels to the shepherd 2. Fruits of the Holy Spirit. 3. Jacob s sons. 4. Jesse s sons. 4. JESUS CHRIST AS REFUGEE IN EGYPT. MATTHEW2:13-14, PHILIPPIANS 4:13 - A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave his her country because of: War or fighting Religious reasons Social reasons Political reasons. -. Challenges faced by refugees Lack of food, shelter and clothing Lack of medical facilities. Lack of security. -. Matthew2:13-14 : King Herod learnt of the birth of Jesus through Magi wise men who came from East www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - King Herod planned to kill the baby boys as prophesied by Jeremiah. -. Joseph, Mary and Jesus fled to Egypt as refugees. -. The parents had hope in God s protection, deliverance and faithfulness. Questions 1. Jesus was a refugee in 2. Which prophet foretold about Jesus being a refugee in Egypt? 3. Matthew2:15 Jesus and his parents fled to Egypt to fulfill the prophecy of God that, I called my son of Egypt. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.453482}
{"text": "3. Matthew2:15 Jesus and his parents fled to Egypt to fulfill the prophecy of God that, I called my son of Egypt. 4. Which prophet prophesied the birth place of Jesus? 5. I alone know the plans I have for you; plans to give you a future and hope , were words said by prophet? 5. THE HOPE OF JESUS CHRIST FOR HUMAN KIND. -. Hope is to have faith that something will happen. -. Jesus went in the synagogue of Nazareth and was given a scroll as it was written by prophet Isaiah. -. Jesus spoke of his hope for human kind which was:- To bring good news to the poor. To proclaim liberty to the captives. To give sight to the blind.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke To set the oppressed free. To announce that the time had come when the Lord will save His people. -. Jesus enlightened Nicodemus and gave sight to Bartimeus. -. He set free the Gerasene demoniac. -. Jesus healed the lepers and kept company of the tax collectors. -. Angel Gabriel announced that Jesus was to save Jews. -. The angel told the shepherds that he had good news for them. Questions 1. Name three people who received information about the birth of Jesus from the angel 2. Jesus was born in and brought up in 3. Who were the two seCREt disciples of Jesus? 4. Who were the first people to know about the birth of Jesus? 5. Who brought gifts to baby Jesus? 6. REASON FOR THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST MATTHEW1:21 - God had planned for Jesus Christ to be born - Angel Gabriel told Mary to name the child Jesus meaning savior. -. Jesus was born to save people from sins. -. Jesus was born to proclaim the love of God for all people. -. Purpose of God sending Jesus was to reconcile human beings who had fallen to sin through Adam. -. Jesus said it is finished meaning his mission to forgive sins through shedding blood was over. -. During the last supper, Jesus told his disciples that his body and blood would take away sins from mankind.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - God showed love for us by sending Jesus Christ. Questions 1. The annunciation of Jesus is recorded in the book of? 2. Angel announced the birth of the messiah. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.4950001}
{"text": "2.Angel announced the birth of the messiah.3.At that time when Jesus was born, emperor had called for census.4.and asked for permission to bury the body of Jesus.5.Jesus celebrated the Passover in the house of?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke.", "metadata": {"source": "Class-7-CRE-Notes-Complete-Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.4653409}
{"text": "Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Synopsis and Summary of Acts - A Doll's House Study GuideSynopsisA Doll s House traces the awakening of Nora Helmer from her previously unexamined life of domestic,wifely comfort. Having been ruled her whole life by either her father or her husband Torvald, Nora finallycomes to question the foundation of everything she has believed in once her marriage is put to the test. Having borrowed money from a man of ill-repute named Krogstad by forging her father s signature, shewas able to pay for a trip to Italy to save her sick husband s life he was unaware of the loan, believingthat the money came from Nora s father. Since then, she has had to contrive ways to pay back her loan,growing particularly concerned with money and the ways of a complex world. When the play opens, it is Christmas Eve, and we find that Torvald has just been promoted to manager ofthe bank, where he will receive a huge wage and be extremely powerful. Nora is thrilled because shethinks that she will finally be able to pay off the loan and be rid of it. Her happiness, however, is marredwhen an angry Krogstad approaches her. He has just learned that his position at the bank has beenpromised to Mrs. Linde, an old school friend of Nora s who has recently arrived in town in search of work,and he tells Nora that he will reveal her secret if she does not persuade her husband to let him keep hisposition. Nora tries to convince Torvald to preserve Krogstad s job, using all of her feminine tricks whichhe encourages , but she is unsuccessful. Torvald tells her that Krogstad s morally corrupt nature isphysically repulsive to him and impossible to work with. Nora becomes very worried. The next day, Nora is nervously moving about the house, afraid that Krogstad will appear at any minute. Her anxiety is reduced by being preoccupied with the preparations for a big fancy-dress party that willtake place the next night in a neighbor s apartment. When Torvald returns from the bank, she again takesup her pleas on behalf of Krogstad. This time, Torvald not only refuses but also sends off the noticeof termination that he has already prepared for Krogstad, reassuring a scared Nora that he will take uponhimself any bad things that befall them as a result.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.5560586}
{"text": "Nora becomes very worried. The next day, Nora is nervously moving about the house, afraid that Krogstad will appear at any minute. Her anxiety is reduced by being preoccupied with the preparations for a big fancy-dress party that willtake place the next night in a neighbor s apartment. When Torvald returns from the bank, she again takesup her pleas on behalf of Krogstad. This time, Torvald not only refuses but also sends off the noticeof termination that he has already prepared for Krogstad, reassuring a scared Nora that he will take uponhimself any bad things that befall them as a result. Nora is extremely moved by this comment. She beginsto consider the possibility of this episode transforming their marriage for the better as well as thepossibility of suicide. Meanwhile, she converses and flirts with a willing Dr. Rank. Learning that he is rapidly dying, she has anintimate conversation with him that culminates in him professing his love for her just before she is able toask him for financial help. His words stop her, and she steers the conversation back to safer ground. Theirtalk is interrupted by the announcement of Krogstad s presence. Nora asks Dr. Rank to leave and hasKrogstad brought in. Krogstad tells her that he has had a change of heart and that, though he will keep the bond, he will notreveal her to the public. Instead, he wants to give Torvald a note explaining the matter so that Torvald willbe pressed to help Krogstad rehabilitate himself and keep his position at the bank. Nora protests againstTorvald s involvement, but Krogstad drops the letter in Torvald s letterbox anyway, much to Nora s horror. Nora exclaims aloud that she and Torvald are lost. Still, she tries to use her charms to prevent Torvaldfrom reading the letter, luring him away from business by begging him to help her with the tarantella forthe next night s party. He agrees to put off business until the next day. The letter remains in the letterbox. The next night, before Torvald and Nora return from the ball, Mrs. Linde and Krogstad, who are old lovers,reunite in the Helmers living room. Mrs. Linde asks to take care of Krogstad and his children and to helphim become the better man that he knows he is capable of becoming.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.5350714}
{"text": "Linde and Krogstad, who are old lovers,reunite in the Helmers living room. Mrs. Linde asks to take care of Krogstad and his children and to helphim become the better man that he knows he is capable of becoming. The Helmers return from the ball asMrs. Linde is leaving Krogstad has already left , with Torvald nearly dragging Nora into the room. Alone, Torvald tells Nora how much he desires her but is interrupted by Dr. Rank. The doctor,unbeknownst to Torvald, has come by to say his final farewells, as he covertly explains to Nora. After heleaves, Nora is able to deter Torvald from pursuing her any more by reminding him of the ugliness ofdeath that has just come between them, Nora having revealed Dr. Rank s secret. Seeing thatTorvald finally has collected his letters, she resigns herself to committing suicide. As she is leaving, though, Torvald stops her. He has just read Krogstad s letter and is enraged by itscontents. He accuses Nora of ruining his life. He essentially tells her that he plans on forsaking her,contrary to his earlier claim that he would take on everything himself. During his tirade, he is interruptedGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.by the maid bearing another note from Krogstad and addressed to Nora. Torvald reads it and becomesoverjoyed. Krogstad has had a change of heart and has sent back the bond. Torvald quickly tells Nora thatit is all over after all: he has forgiven her, and her pathetic attempt to help him has only made her moreendearing than ever. Seeing Torvald s true character for the first time, Nora sits her husband down to tell him that she isleaving him. After he protests, she explains that he does not love her and, after tonight, she does notlove him. She tells him that, given the suffocating life she has led until now, she owes it to herself tobecome fully independent and to explore her own character and the world for herself. As she leaves, shereveals to Torvald that she hopes that a miracle might occur: that one day, they might be able to unitein real wedlock.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.5188947}
{"text": "After he protests, she explains that he does not love her and, after tonight, she does notlove him. She tells him that, given the suffocating life she has led until now, she owes it to herself tobecome fully independent and to explore her own character and the world for herself. As she leaves, shereveals to Torvald that she hopes that a miracle might occur: that one day, they might be able to unitein real wedlock. The play ends with the door slamming on her way out. Summary of ActsAct OneNora Helmer enters her lovely living room laden with packages and a Christmas tree, humming a happytune and sneaking a macaroon. Her husband, Torvald, greets her with questions about her spending,calling Nora his little lark, squirrel, spendthrift, and sweet tooth. Nora reminds him that they haveno worries since Torvald has just been offered a bank managerial position, but her husband opts forcaution. When Torvald inquires what she desires for Christmas, Nora asks for money. Two visitors enterthe house: Dr. Rank accompanies Torvald to his study, and Mrs. Linde, an old friend who has been out oftouch, joins Nora. The two women share confidences, and Nora reveals that she has hidden more thanmacaroons from her husband. Due to Torvald s serious illness several years prior, Nora explains, she hadto finance a year of recovery in Italy. While she told Torvald that her father had left them the money, Noraactually forged her father s signature and borrowed the money from a lawyer named Krogstad. Justifyingher dishonesty by saving Torvald s health and pride, Nora explains that she has been secretly working topay off the loan, and she is almost free of her debt. Krogstad enters next, hoping to salvage his position atthe bank by speaking to Torvald. After Krogstad leaves, Nora is able to talk Torvald into giving Mrs. Linde aposition at the bank. Torvald, Dr. Rank, and Mrs. Linde leave, and Nora visits with her three children. Krogstad returns with a threat: Nora must get Torvald to keep Krogstad s position at the bank, or Krogstadwill reveal Nora s deception and forgery.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.565786}
{"text": "Torvald, Dr. Rank, and Mrs. Linde leave, and Nora visits with her three children. Krogstad returns with a threat: Nora must get Torvald to keep Krogstad s position at the bank, or Krogstadwill reveal Nora s deception and forgery. Upon Torvald s return, Nora questions him about Krogstad s past,and Torvald explains that Krogstad lost his own reputation due to forgery. Declaring that such a lie infects the whole life of a home, Helmer returns to his study, leaving Nora anxious but determined. Act TwoThe curtain rises on the same room the next day, which is Christmas. Nora paces frantically, anxious thatKrogstad will return to reveal her forgery to Torvald. The nurse enters with a box of masquerade clothesfor the next evening s festivities, and Nora questions her about children who grow up without mothers. Kristine Linde enters, and as she helps Nora repair her masquerade dress, Nora confides in her friend onceagain. Assuring Kristine that she did not get the money from Dr. Rank, Nora asks Mrs. Linde to play withthe children while she speaks to Torvald. Promising to scamper about and do tricks if only Torvald wouldgive in, Nora asks her husband to keep Krogstad at the bank. Reminding her that rumors would spreadabout his wife s influence, Torvald denies Nora s request. When she says his concerns about propriety are petty, Torvald becomes incensed and sends Krogstad s termination letter to his home. Dr. Rank confidesto Nora that he is dying and that he has loved her for years. Unable to ask the doctor for help after hisadmission, Nora asks for a lamp to be brought in. Krogstad, having received his termination, returns tothreaten Nora again, and the two admit that though they have both considered suicide, neither can braveit. Krogstad leaves, but his letter revealing all is clearly heard entering the mail slot. Nora keeps Torvaldfrom reading the letter by begging his help with the tarantella dance she will perform at the masquerade. Dancing frenetically as though her life were at stake, Nora keeps Torvald occupied re-teaching her thedance.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.6054988}
{"text": "Krogstad, having received his termination, returns tothreaten Nora again, and the two admit that though they have both considered suicide, neither can braveit. Krogstad leaves, but his letter revealing all is clearly heard entering the mail slot. Nora keeps Torvaldfrom reading the letter by begging his help with the tarantella dance she will perform at the masquerade. Dancing frenetically as though her life were at stake, Nora keeps Torvald occupied re-teaching her thedance. But tomorrow night, she promises him, then you ll be free. Act ThreeThe act opens, once again, in the Helmer s living room, where Kristine Linde awaits the Helmers returnfrom the party upstairs. Nora has just danced the tarantella. As Mrs. Linde waits, Krogstad arrives at herrequest. Kristine asks Krogstad to give them a second chance at a relationship. Krogstad agrees,Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.promising to retrieve his letter of revelation, but Kristine convinces him to let the truth come to light forthe good of both Nora and Torvald. The Helmers arrive from the party, Kristine leaves, and Torvald samorous mood is interrupted by a visit from Dr. Rank, who leaves his calling card marked by the blackcross that announces his impending death. Helmer tells Nora that he has often wished for some danger tobefall her so that he can rescue her, and Nora seizes this opportunity to encourage Torvald to readKrogstad s letter. Torvald reads it and immediately chastises Nora, claiming she has wrecked hishappiness and ruined his future. Torvald explains that Nora can stay in the house but will be unfit to raisethe children. From now on, Torvald claims, happiness doesn t matter; all that matters is . . . Theappearance. When a letter arrives including Nora s cancelled debt, Torvald is happy again. But Nora isforever changed by her husband s reaction, and after removing her masquerade costume, she sits downwith Torvald to share the first serious conversation of their eight year marriage. Declaring she has been wronged greatly by both her father and her husband, Nora compares her existence in their homes to adoll in a doll house.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.612303}
{"text": "Theappearance. When a letter arrives including Nora s cancelled debt, Torvald is happy again. But Nora isforever changed by her husband s reaction, and after removing her masquerade costume, she sits downwith Torvald to share the first serious conversation of their eight year marriage. Declaring she has been wronged greatly by both her father and her husband, Nora compares her existence in their homes to adoll in a doll house. When Torvald declares his wife cannot leave because her husband and children areher most sacred duties, Nora responds with I have other duties equally sacred. . . .Before all else, I m ahuman being. Nora is determined to remain strangers unless the greatest miracle of all could happen the ability to live together in a true marriage. Nora departs, and the audience is left with the sound of adoor slamming shut. Powered by TCPDF www.tcpdf.org Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Themes, Motifs Symbols - A Doll's House Study GuideThemes, Motifs SymbolsThemesThemes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Sacrificial Role of Women Role of women in the societyIn A Doll s House, Ibsen paints a bleak picture of the sacrificial role held by women of all economic classesin his society. In general, the play s female characters exemplify Nora s assertion spoken to Torvald in ActThree that even though men refuse to sacrifice their integrity, hundreds of thousands of women have. The following points show how women sacrifice in this society. In order to support her mother and two brothers, Mrs. Linde found it necessary to abandonKrogstad, her true but penniless love, and marry a richer man. The nanny had to abandon her own child to support herself by working as Nora s and then asNora s children s caretaker.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.6335123}
{"text": ".Before all else, I m ahuman being. Nora is determined to remain strangers unless the greatest miracle of all could happen the ability to live together in a true marriage. Nora departs, and the audience is left with the sound of adoor slamming shut. Powered by TCPDF www.tcpdf.org Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Themes, Motifs Symbols - A Doll's House Study GuideThemes, Motifs SymbolsThemesThemes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Sacrificial Role of Women Role of women in the societyIn A Doll s House, Ibsen paints a bleak picture of the sacrificial role held by women of all economic classesin his society. In general, the play s female characters exemplify Nora s assertion spoken to Torvald in ActThree that even though men refuse to sacrifice their integrity, hundreds of thousands of women have. The following points show how women sacrifice in this society. In order to support her mother and two brothers, Mrs. Linde found it necessary to abandonKrogstad, her true but penniless love, and marry a richer man. The nanny had to abandon her own child to support herself by working as Nora s and then asNora s children s caretaker. As she tells Nora, the nanny considers herself lucky to have found thejob, since she was a poor girl who d been led astray. Though Nora is economically advantaged in comparison to the play s other female characters, shenevertheless leads a difficult life because society dictates that Torvald be the marriage s dominantpartner. Torvald issues decrees and condescends to Nora, and Nora must hide her loan from him becauseshe knows Torvald could never accept the idea that his wife or any otherwoman had helped save his life. Furthermore, she must work in secret to pay off her loan because it is illegal for a woman to obtaina loan without her husband s permission. By motivating Nora s deception, the attitudes ofTorvald and society leave Nora vulnerable to Krogstad s blackmail. Nora s abandonment of her children can also be interpreted as an act of self- sacrifice. Despite Nora s great love for her children manifested by her interaction with them and her greatfear of corrupting them she chooses to leave them.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.6466901}
{"text": "Linde found it necessary to abandonKrogstad, her true but penniless love, and marry a richer man. The nanny had to abandon her own child to support herself by working as Nora s and then asNora s children s caretaker. As she tells Nora, the nanny considers herself lucky to have found thejob, since she was a poor girl who d been led astray. Though Nora is economically advantaged in comparison to the play s other female characters, shenevertheless leads a difficult life because society dictates that Torvald be the marriage s dominantpartner. Torvald issues decrees and condescends to Nora, and Nora must hide her loan from him becauseshe knows Torvald could never accept the idea that his wife or any otherwoman had helped save his life. Furthermore, she must work in secret to pay off her loan because it is illegal for a woman to obtaina loan without her husband s permission. By motivating Nora s deception, the attitudes ofTorvald and society leave Nora vulnerable to Krogstad s blackmail. Nora s abandonment of her children can also be interpreted as an act of self- sacrifice. Despite Nora s great love for her children manifested by her interaction with them and her greatfear of corrupting them she chooses to leave them. Nora truly believes that the nanny will be abetter mother and that leaving her children is in their best interest. Parental and Filial ObligationsNora, Torvald, and Dr. Rank each express the belief that a parent is obligated to be honestand upstanding, because a parent s immorality is passed on to his or her children like a disease. In fact,Dr. Rank does have a disease that is the result of his father s depravity. Dr. Rank implies that his father simmorality his many affairs with women led him to contract a venereal disease that he passed on to hisson, causing Dr. Rank to suffer for his father s misdeeds. Torvald voices the idea that one s parentsdetermine one s moral character when he tells Nora, Nearly all young criminals had lying -mothers. Healso refuses to allow Nora to interact with their children after he learns of her deceit, for fear that she willcorrupt them. Yet, the play suggests that children too are obligated to protect their parents.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.6801767}
{"text": "Rank to suffer for his father s misdeeds. Torvald voices the idea that one s parentsdetermine one s moral character when he tells Nora, Nearly all young criminals had lying -mothers. Healso refuses to allow Nora to interact with their children after he learns of her deceit, for fear that she willcorrupt them. Yet, the play suggests that children too are obligated to protect their parents. Norarecognized this obligation, but she ignored it, choosing to be with and sacrifice herself for hersick husband instead of her sick father. Mrs. Linde, on the other hand, abandoned her hopes of being withKrogstad and undertook years of labor in order to tend to her sick mother. Ibsen does not pass judgmenton either woman s decision, but he does use the idea of a child s debt to her parent to demonstrate thecomplexity and reciprocal nature of familial obligations. The Unreliability of AppearancesOver the course of A Doll s House, appearances prove to be misleading veneers that mask the reality ofthe play s characters and -situations. Our first impressions of Nora, Torvald, and Krogstad are alleventually undercut. Nora initially seems a silly, childish woman, but as the play progresses, we see thatGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.she is intelligent, motivated, and, by the play s conclusion, a strongwilled, independent thinker. Torvald,though he plays the part of the strong, benevolent husband, reveals himself to be cowardly, petty, andselfish when he fears that Krogstad may expose him to scandal. Krogstad too reveals himself to be a muchmore sympathetic and merciful character than he first appears to be. The play s climax is largely a matterof resolving identity confusion we see Krogstad as an earnest lover, Nora as an intelligent, brave woman,and Torvald as a simpering, sad man. Situations too are misinterpreted both by us and by the characters. The seeming hatred between Mrs.Linde and Krogstad turns out to be love. Nora s creditor turns out to be Krogstad and not, as we and Mrs.Linde suppose, Dr. Rank. Dr. Rank, to Nora s and our surprise, confesses that he is in love with her.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.741542}
{"text": "Rank. Dr. Rank, to Nora s and our surprise, confesses that he is in love with her. Theseemingly villainous Krogstad repents and returns Nora s contract to her, while the seemingly kindheartedMrs. Linde ceases to help Nora and forces Torvald s discovery of Nora s secret. The instability of appearances within the Helmer household at the play s end results from Torvald sdevotion to an image at the expense of the creation of true happiness. Because Torvald craves respectfrom his employees, friends, and wife, status and image are important to him. Any disrespect when Noracalls him petty and when Krogstad calls him by his first name, for example angers Torvald greatly. By theend of the play, we see that Torvald s obsession with controlling his home s appearance and his repeatedsuppression and denial of reality have harmed his family and his happiness irreparably. Marriage as an Unequal PartnershipAt the heart of A Doll's House is the marriage between Nora and Torvald one fairly typical of the era. Is ita good or exemplary marriage? Is it an equitable relationship for the woman?A close analysis of the dialogue shows a very unequal relationship with Torvald holding all the power. Infact, the interactions between husband and wife serve a specific purpose: they illustrate the banality ofthe discourse between the two. Torvald does not address his wife regarding any subject of substance. Instead, he bestows her with pet names that often begin with the personal pronoun my and ofteninclude the diminutive little : Is that my little lark? In this respect, Torvald may think he is flattering hiswife. However, he is actually reducing her to a cute, harmless pet one that is clearly owned. And like a pet, Nora is expected to obey her owner husband and his petty tyrannical rules: she is forbiddenfrom eating macaroons and must do so on the sly which she clearly resents.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.7161932}
{"text": "Infact, the interactions between husband and wife serve a specific purpose: they illustrate the banality ofthe discourse between the two. Torvald does not address his wife regarding any subject of substance. Instead, he bestows her with pet names that often begin with the personal pronoun my and ofteninclude the diminutive little : Is that my little lark? In this respect, Torvald may think he is flattering hiswife. However, he is actually reducing her to a cute, harmless pet one that is clearly owned. And like a pet, Nora is expected to obey her owner husband and his petty tyrannical rules: she is forbiddenfrom eating macaroons and must do so on the sly which she clearly resents. Additionally, when Torvaldaddresses Nora, he belittles her by constantly bringing up her lack of responsibility with money. Depending on the translation, Nora is spendthrift, prodigal and little moneybags. All of these terms,spoken affectionately, are passively aggressive. A Doll's House has few stage directions indicating tone of voice, so there is a great deal of freedom in themanner in which the actor can play the part Torvald. He can be playedlike a patriarchal tyrant or a fatuous, passive-aggressive sexist. The second option is, perhaps, the betterchoice; Torvald s utter obliviousness to his own oppressive behavior is a driving force in the play. Heberates his wife for knowing nothing about worldly matters but, ultimately, is himself unaware of themeasures she has taken to save his life. Torvald is so self-centered that he continues to see his wife howhe wants her to be or how she fails to be his ideal woman; he never sees the actual woman she is. MaterialismTorvald in particular focuses on money and material goods rather than people. His sense of manhooddepends on his financial independence. He was an unsuccessful barrister because he refused to take\"unsavory cases.\". As a result, he switched jobs to the bank, where he primarily deals with money. For him,money and materialism may be a way to avoid the complications of personal contact. Respect and ReputationThe men of A Doll's House are obsessed with their reputation. Some have good standing in theircommunities and will do anything to keep it; others have lost their good name and will do anything to getit back.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.7024944}
{"text": "He was an unsuccessful barrister because he refused to take\"unsavory cases.\". As a result, he switched jobs to the bank, where he primarily deals with money. For him,money and materialism may be a way to avoid the complications of personal contact. Respect and ReputationThe men of A Doll's House are obsessed with their reputation. Some have good standing in theircommunities and will do anything to keep it; others have lost their good name and will do anything to getit back. Though the play is set in the living room of a private residence, the public eye is constantlypeeking through the curtains. Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Disease and MoralityDr. Rank has inherited his consumption from his father, who lived a morally questionable life, and in muchthe same way, Nora worries that her morally reprehensible actions fraudulently signing her father'sname will infect her children. Corruption, the play suggests, is hereditary. As he does in other plays, suchas The Wild Duck, Ibsen explores the tension between real life and moral ideals. Higher Moral Values vs. Societal Mores and LawsAs Nora reveals to Mrs. Linde, she faced a moral crisis at the beginning of her marriage. Unable to procure,in a legal manner, the funds needed to save her husband s life, she resorts to forging her father s name asguarantor of the loan. She places her love and concern for her husband s well-being above the law. Sinceshe diligently works to pay back the loan, the offense does not seem so severe; it is a crime in definitiononly. In a higher sense, Nora has not acted in an immoral manner. However, those who adhere to societal standards, like her husband, ultimately have different values. Torvald values social respectability and honor above all else, including actions done out of love. Nora values love over social honor. Consequently, a conflict emerges regarding their prioritization ofvalues. The Unexamined Life is Not Worth LivingThis paraphrase to a Socrates aphorism applies to Torvald and Nora. However. Nora eventually stops tolook at herself and her marriage and doesn t like what she sees. So she steps out of her old persona andinto a new one, and then walks into an uncertain future.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.7908883}
{"text": "However. Nora eventually stops tolook at herself and her marriage and doesn t like what she sees. So she steps out of her old persona andinto a new one, and then walks into an uncertain future. She has begun examining her life. MotifsMotifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform thetext s major themes. Nora s Definition of FreedomNora s understanding of the meaning of freedom evolves over the course of the play. In the first act, shebelieves that she will be totally free as soon as she has repaid her debt, because she will have theopportunity to devote herself fully to her domestic responsibilities. After Krogstad blackmails her,however, she reconsiders her conception of freedom and questions whether she is happy in Torvald shouse, subjected to his orders and edicts. By the end of the play, Nora seeks a new kind of freedom. Shewishes to be relieved of her familial obligations in order to pursue her own ambitions, beliefs, and identity. LettersMany of the plot s twists and turns depend upon the writing and reading of letters, which function withinthe play as the subtext that reveals the true, unpleasant nature of situations obscured by Torvald andNora s efforts at beautification. Krogstad writes two letters: the first reveals Nora s crime of forgery toTorvald; the second retracts his blackmail threat and returns Nora s promissory note. The first letter,which Krogstad places in Torvald s letterbox near the end of Act Two, represents the truth about Nora spast and initiates the inevitable dissolution of her marriage as Nora says immediately after Krogstadleaves it, We are lost. Nora s attempts to stall Torvald from reading the letter represent her continueddenial of the true nature of her marriage. The second letter releases Nora from her obligation to Krogstadand represents her release from her obligation to Torvald. Upon reading it, Torvald attempts to return tohis and Nora s previous denial of reality, but Nora recognizes that the letters have done more than exposeher actions to Torvald; they have exposed the truth about Torvald s selfishness, and she can no longerparticipate in the illusion of a happy marriage. Dr. Rank s method of communicating his imminent death is to leave his calling card marked with a blackcross in Torvald s letterbox.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.7796726}
{"text": "The second letter releases Nora from her obligation to Krogstadand represents her release from her obligation to Torvald. Upon reading it, Torvald attempts to return tohis and Nora s previous denial of reality, but Nora recognizes that the letters have done more than exposeher actions to Torvald; they have exposed the truth about Torvald s selfishness, and she can no longerparticipate in the illusion of a happy marriage. Dr. Rank s method of communicating his imminent death is to leave his calling card marked with a blackcross in Torvald s letterbox. In an earlier conversation with Nora, Dr. Rank reveals his understanding ofTorvald s unwillingness to accept reality when he proclaims, Torvald is so fastidious, he cannot face up to-anything ugly. By leaving his calling card as a death notice, Dr. Rank politely attempts to keep TorvaldGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.from the ugly truth. Other letters include Mrs. Linde s note to Krogstad, which initiates her -life-changingmeeting with him, and Torvald s letter of dismissal to Krogstad. SymbolsSymbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. The Christmas TreeThe Christmas tree, a festive object meant to serve a decorative purpose, symbolizes Nora s position inher household as a plaything who is pleasing to look at and adds charm to the home. There are severalparallels drawn between Nora and the Christmas tree in the play. Just as Nora instructs the maid that thechildren cannot see the tree until it has been decorated, she tells Torvald that no one can see her in herdress until the evening of the dance. Also, at the beginning of the second act, after Nora s psychologicalcondition has begun to erode, the stage directions indicate that the Christmas tree is correspondingly dishevelled. New Year s DayThe action of the play is set at Christmastime, and Nora and Torvald both look forward to New Year s asthe start of a new, happier phase in their lives. In the new year, Torvald will start his new job, and heanticipates with excitement the extra money and admiration the job will bring him. Nora also looksforward to Torvald s new job, because she will finally be able to repay her secret debt to Krogstad.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.8024037}
{"text": "Also, at the beginning of the second act, after Nora s psychologicalcondition has begun to erode, the stage directions indicate that the Christmas tree is correspondingly dishevelled. New Year s DayThe action of the play is set at Christmastime, and Nora and Torvald both look forward to New Year s asthe start of a new, happier phase in their lives. In the new year, Torvald will start his new job, and heanticipates with excitement the extra money and admiration the job will bring him. Nora also looksforward to Torvald s new job, because she will finally be able to repay her secret debt to Krogstad. By theend of the play, however, the nature of the new start that New Year s represents for Torvald and Nora haschanged dramatically. They both must become new people and face radically changed ways of living. Hence, the new year comes to mark the beginning of a truly new and different period in both their livesand their personalities. Dress and CostumeNora's fancy dress for the party symbolizes the character she plays in her marriage to Torvald. Take noteof when Nora is supposed to be wearing it and for whom. Note too that when she leaves Torvald in the lastact, she first changes into different clothes, which suggests the new woman she is to become. The Masquerade BallThe masquerade ball that Torvald and Nora attend represents the lies and deceit that people resort to ineveryday life. At a masquerade, people hide behind masks. Their true selves cannot be seen through thecostume. Nora is hiding behind a mask of lies, keeping the truth from her husband and Dr. Rank. She ispretending and playing a part much like people do at a masquerade ball. It is not long after the ball thatthe mask comes off and the truth is revealed. The TarantellaA tarantella is a folk dance from southern Italy that accelerates from its already quick tempo andalternates between major and minor keys. In its constant fluctuation, it is like Nora's character. In this Act,it serves as Nora's last chance to be Torvald's doll, to dance and amuse him.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.8698947}
{"text": "It is not long after the ball thatthe mask comes off and the truth is revealed. The TarantellaA tarantella is a folk dance from southern Italy that accelerates from its already quick tempo andalternates between major and minor keys. In its constant fluctuation, it is like Nora's character. In this Act,it serves as Nora's last chance to be Torvald's doll, to dance and amuse him. Also, the tarantella iscommonly and falsely known as a dance that is supposed to rid the dancer of the bite of the tarantula. Applied to the play, its use suggests that Nora is trying to rid herself of the deadly poison of an outsideforce, however fruitlessly. Rather than alleviating the bite, though, the music and her life only continue toaccelerate and spin out of control. Powered by TCPDF www.tcpdf.org Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERISATION - A Doll's House Study GuideCharacter ListNoraThe protagonist of the play and the wife of Torvald Helmer. Nora initially seems like a playful, na ve childwho lacks knowledge of the world outside her home. She does have some worldly experience, however,and the small acts of rebellion in which she engages indicate that she is not as innocent or happy as sheappears. She comes to see her position in her marriage with increasing clarity and finds the strength tofree herself from her oppressive situation. Torvald HelmerNora s husband. Torvald delights in his new position at the bank, just as he delights in his position ofauthority as a husband. He treats Nora like a child, in a manner that is both kind and patronizing. He doesnot view Nora as an equal but rather as a plaything or doll to be teased and admired. In general, Torvald isoverly concerned with his place and status in society, and he allows his emotions to be swayed heavily bythe prospect of society s respect and the fear of society s scorn. KrogstadA lawyer who went to school with Torvald and holds a subordinate position at Torvald s bank. Krogstad scharacter is contradictory: though his bad deeds seem to stem from a desire to protect his children fromscorn, he is perfectly willing to use unethical tactics to achieve his goals.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.8756816}
{"text": "He doesnot view Nora as an equal but rather as a plaything or doll to be teased and admired. In general, Torvald isoverly concerned with his place and status in society, and he allows his emotions to be swayed heavily bythe prospect of society s respect and the fear of society s scorn. KrogstadA lawyer who went to school with Torvald and holds a subordinate position at Torvald s bank. Krogstad scharacter is contradictory: though his bad deeds seem to stem from a desire to protect his children fromscorn, he is perfectly willing to use unethical tactics to achieve his goals. His willingness to allow Nora tosuffer is despicable, but his claims to feel sympathy for her and the hard circumstances of his own lifecompel us to sympathize with him to some degree. Mrs. LindeNora s childhood friend. Kristine Linde is a practical, down-to-earth woman, and her sensible worldviewhighlights Nora s somewhat childlike outlook on life. Mrs. Linde s account of her life of poverty underscoresthe privileged nature of the life that Nora leads. Also, we learn that Mrs. Linde took responsibility for hersick parent, whereas Nora abandoned her father when he was ill. Dr. RankTorvald s best friend. Dr. Rank stands out as the one character in the play who is by and largeunconcerned with what others think of him. He is also notable for his stoic acceptance of his fate. UnlikeTorvald and Nora, Dr. Rank admits to the diseased nature literally, in his case of his life. For the mostpart, he avoids talking to Torvald about his imminent death out of respect for Torvald s distaste forugliness. Bob, Emmy, and IvarNora and Torvald s three small children. In her brief interaction with her children, Nora shows herself to bea loving mother. When she later refuses to spend time with her children because she fears she maymorally corrupt them, Nora acts on her belief that the quality of parenting strongly influences a child sdevelopment. Anne-MarieThe Helmers nanny. Though Ibsen doesn t fully develop her character, Anne-Marie seems to be a kindlywoman who has genuine affection for Nora. She had to give up her own daughter in order to take thenursing job offered by Nora s father. Thus, she shares with Nora and Mrs.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.902856}
{"text": "Though Ibsen doesn t fully develop her character, Anne-Marie seems to be a kindlywoman who has genuine affection for Nora. She had to give up her own daughter in order to take thenursing job offered by Nora s father. Thus, she shares with Nora and Mrs. Linde the act of sacrificing herown happiness out of economic necessity. Nora s fatherGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Though Nora s father is dead before the action of the play begins, the characters refer to him throughoutthe play. Though she clearly loves and admires her father, Nora also comes to blame him for contributingto her subservient position in life. Analysis of Major CharactersNora HelmerAt the beginning of A Doll s House, Nora seems completely happy. She responds affectionately toTorvald s teasing, speaks with excitement about the extra money his new job will provide, and takespleasure in the company of her children and friends. She does not seem to mind her doll-like existence, inwhich she is coddled, pampered, and patronized. As the play progresses, Nora reveals that she is not just a silly girl, as Torvald calls her. That sheunderstands the business details related to the debt she incurred taking out a loan to preserve Torvald shealth indicates that she is intelligent and possesses capacities beyond mere wifehood. Her description ofher years of secret labor undertaken to pay off her debt shows her fierce determination and ambition. Additionally, the fact that she was willing to break the law in order to ensure Torvald s health shows hercourage. Krogstad s blackmail and the trauma that follows do not change Nora s nature; they open her eyes to herunfulfilled and underappreciated potential. I have been performing tricks for you, Torvald, she saysduring her climactic confrontation with him. Nora comes to realize that in addition to her literal dancingand singing tricks, she has been putting on a show throughout her marriage. She has pretended to besomeone she is not in order to fulfill the role that Torvald, her father, and society at large have expectedof her. Torvald s severe and selfish reaction after learning of Nora s deception and forgery is the final catalyst forNora s awakening. But even in the first act, Nora shows that she is not totally unaware that her life is atodds with her true personality.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.8914037}
{"text": "Nora comes to realize that in addition to her literal dancingand singing tricks, she has been putting on a show throughout her marriage. She has pretended to besomeone she is not in order to fulfill the role that Torvald, her father, and society at large have expectedof her. Torvald s severe and selfish reaction after learning of Nora s deception and forgery is the final catalyst forNora s awakening. But even in the first act, Nora shows that she is not totally unaware that her life is atodds with her true personality. She defies Torvald in small yet meaningful ways by eating macaroons andthen lying to him about it, for instance. She also swears, apparently just for the pleasure she derives fromminor rebellion against societal standards. As the drama unfolds, and as Nora s awareness of the truthabout her life grows, her need for rebellion escalates, culminating in her walking out on her husband andchildren to find independence. Torvald HelmerTorvald embraces the belief that a man s role in marriage is to protect and guide his wife. He clearlyenjoys the idea that Nora needs his guidance, and he interacts with her as a father would. He instructs herwith trite, moralistic sayings, such as: A home that depends on loans and debt is not beautiful because itis not free. He is also eager to teach Nora the dance she performs at the costume party. Torvald likes toenvision himself as Nora s savior, asking her after the party, D o you know that I ve often wished youwere facing some terrible dangers so that I could risk life and limb, risk everything, for your sake? Although Torvald seizes the power in his relationship with Nora and refers to her as a girl, it seems thatTorvald is actually the weaker and more childlike character. Dr. Rank s explanation for not wanting Torvaldto enter his sickroom Torvald is so fastidious, he cannot face up to anything ugly suggests that Dr.Rank feels Torvald must be sheltered like a child from the realities of the world. Furthermore, Torvaldreveals himself to be childishly petty at times.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.9486494}
{"text": "Dr. Rank s explanation for not wanting Torvaldto enter his sickroom Torvald is so fastidious, he cannot face up to anything ugly suggests that Dr.Rank feels Torvald must be sheltered like a child from the realities of the world. Furthermore, Torvaldreveals himself to be childishly petty at times. His real objection to working with Krogstad stems not from-deficiencies in Krogstad s moral character but, rather, Krogstad s overly friendly and familiar behavior. Torvald s decision to fire Krogstad stems ultimately from the fact that he feels threatened and offended byKrogstad s failure to pay him the proper respect. Torvald is very conscious of other people s perceptions of him and of his standing in the community. Hisexplanation for rejecting Nora s request that Krogstad be kept on at the office that retaining Krogstadwould make him a laughing stock before the entire staff shows that he prioritizes his reputation overhis wife s desires. Torvald further demonstrates his deep need for society s respect in his reaction toNora s deception. Although he says that Nora has ruined his happiness and will not be allowed to raise thechildren, he insists that she remain in the house because his chief concern is saving the appearance ofGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.their household. KrogstadKrogstad is the antagonist in A Doll s House, but he is not necessarily a villain. Though his willingness toallow Nora s torment to continue is cruel, Krogstad is not without sympathy for her. As he says, Evenmoney lenders, hacks, well, a man like me, can have a little of what you call feeling, you know. He visitsNora to check on her, and he discourages her from committing suicide. Moreover, Krogstad hasreasonable motives for behaving as he does: he wants to keep his job at the bank in order to spare hischildren from the hardships that come with a spoiled reputation. Unlike Torvald, who seems to desirerespect for selfish reasons, Krogstad desires it for his family s sake. Like Nora, Krogstad is a person who has been wronged by society, and both Nora and Krogstad havecommitted the same crime: forgery of signatures.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.9604766}
{"text": "As he says, Evenmoney lenders, hacks, well, a man like me, can have a little of what you call feeling, you know. He visitsNora to check on her, and he discourages her from committing suicide. Moreover, Krogstad hasreasonable motives for behaving as he does: he wants to keep his job at the bank in order to spare hischildren from the hardships that come with a spoiled reputation. Unlike Torvald, who seems to desirerespect for selfish reasons, Krogstad desires it for his family s sake. Like Nora, Krogstad is a person who has been wronged by society, and both Nora and Krogstad havecommitted the same crime: forgery of signatures. Though he did break the law, Krogstad s crime wasrelatively minor, but society has saddled him with the stigma of being a criminal and prohibited him frommoving beyond his past. Additionally, Krogstad s claim that his immoral behavior began when Mrs. Lindeabandoned him for a man with money so she could provide for her family makes it possible for us tounderstand Krogstad as a victim of circumstances. One could argue that society forced Mrs. Linde awayfrom Krogstad and thus prompted his crime. Though society s unfair treatment of Krogstad does not justifyhis actions, it does align him more closely with Nora and therefore tempers our perception of him as adespicable character. Powered by TCPDF www.tcpdf.org Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. GENERAL ESSAY QUESTIONS AND SAMPLE ESSAYS WITH ANSWERS- A Doll's House1. How could the submissive, selfish and silly Nora of the first two acts transform herselfinto an independent woman by the end of the last act? Is the transformation realistic?While Nora puts on a convincing performance of being a submissive, selfish and foolish womanduring the first act, there are early signs that this is not the real her. When she asks Torvald formore money despite having just been on a spending spree, she appears selfish and grasping. Butwe soon discover, in her conversation with Mrs Linde, that she is not squandering the money tosatisfy her own desires, but using it to pay off the loan she took out in order to save her husband'slife. In doing so, she has denied herself new things so that her husband and children can have allthey need.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406287.9760401}
{"text": "When she asks Torvald formore money despite having just been on a spending spree, she appears selfish and grasping. Butwe soon discover, in her conversation with Mrs Linde, that she is not squandering the money tosatisfy her own desires, but using it to pay off the loan she took out in order to save her husband'slife. In doing so, she has denied herself new things so that her husband and children can have allthey need. Her arranging the loan and the trip to Italy - and her subsequent careful managementof money and of her secret - show an astonishing strength of character. In addition, she secretlytakes jobs to pay off the loan, a step towards the independence she finally embraces. But in thefirst two acts, Nora does not dare to acknowledge her own strength, let alone use it. There aremany reasons for this. Chief among them are that her beloved Torvald, and society in general,would not comfortably countenance such strength in a woman. So it is easier for Nora to keep herhead below the parapet rather than risk the consequences of showing herself as she is. Nora's submissiveness to Torvald is not all it seems. By playing the doll-child according to hiswishes, she manipulates him into the role of indulgent father-figure. But in spite of her skill at'managing' him, there is one instance in which she desperately wants him to adopt the manly anddominant role: she wants him to rescue her from the ruin caused by Krogstad's revelations. Whenhe fails to provide the strength she needs, she realizes that she no longer loves him, as he is notthe man she thought him. It is almost inevitable that she is forced to find that strength withinherself. Her realization that she wants to pursue her independence is not so much a transformationas an awakening to a strength she has possessed all along.2. In what way does A Doll's House explore social issues?A Doll's House shines a searchlight on Victorian society, drawing attention to its hypocrisy and useof public opinion to suppress individuality.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.0006518}
{"text": "It is almost inevitable that she is forced to find that strength withinherself. Her realization that she wants to pursue her independence is not so much a transformationas an awakening to a strength she has possessed all along.2. In what way does A Doll's House explore social issues?A Doll's House shines a searchlight on Victorian society, drawing attention to its hypocrisy and useof public opinion to suppress individuality. The critic Bjorn Hemmer, in an essay in The CambridgeCompanion to Ibsen, wrote: \"The people who live in such a society know the weight of 'publicopinion' and of all those agencies which keep watch over society's 'law and order': the norms, theconventions and the traditions which in essence belong to the past but which continue into thepresent and there thwart individual liberty in a variety of ways. \"Torvald lives by society's norms, and when faced with a choice of whether to support his wife orsociety, he sides with society. When he realizes that she has broken the law in forging her father'ssignature on the loan document, he never questions the morality of such a law: it is left to Nora todo that. His aim is to preserve the appearance of respectability and ensure his continuedacceptance in society. He has become so shaped by society's conventions that he cannot see hiswife's suffering. In The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, Gail Finney writes that in Ibsen's own notesfor this play, he notes that a mother in modern society is \"like certain insects who go away and diewhen she has done her duty in the propagation of the race.\". This view is confirmed by Torvald'srejection of Nora when he discovers her secret; he says she is not fit to bring up their children ifher reputation is tarnished. For Torvald, public life has obscured and overtaken private self. Inorder to find out who she is and what she wants, Nora has to reject the life that society prescribesGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.for her as a wife and mother, and strike out on her own. \". I am going to see,\" she tells Torvald inAct 3, \"who is right, the world or I.\"But this is not simple. The nineteenth century saw a huge shift from the old social order of selfimprovement within a stable rural society to a new social order founded on money.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.0147438}
{"text": "Inorder to find out who she is and what she wants, Nora has to reject the life that society prescribesGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.for her as a wife and mother, and strike out on her own. \". I am going to see,\" she tells Torvald inAct 3, \"who is right, the world or I.\"But this is not simple. The nineteenth century saw a huge shift from the old social order of selfimprovement within a stable rural society to a new social order founded on money. But women atthe time could not control money without the authority of the man who 'owned' them, be ithusband, brother or father. Single and lone women like Mrs Linde had more control over their livesand money than married women, who were discouraged from taking jobs and had to surrendermoney matters to their husbands. But as Mrs Linde's story shows, having no male 'provider'brought its own problems. In sum, women had little power. Power lay with people like Torvald, who is a banker and lawyer. Torvald is able to dictate the fate not only of his family but of Mrs Linde by giving her a job andKrogstad by giving away his job . He is gratified by the prospect of sacking Krogstad because hedisapproves of his morality. In effect, the Torvalds of this world defined morality. As we have seenwith regard to Nora's crime, they also defined the law, and therefore, who was a criminal. It isworth noting that Ibsen based the episode of Nora's forgery on a similar 'crime' committed by afemale friend of his, which ended tragically for her, so he was drawing attention to what he saw asa genuine social problem. He supported economic reform that would protect women's property andbefriended European feminists. Other social issues addressed in the play include how women should be educated, both for theresponsibilities of family and for self-fulfillment; the right of women to define their role in thefamily and society; the degrading effects of poverty on self-fulfillment as with Mrs Linde and theNurse ; and the scourge of venereal disease as suffered by Dr Rank .3. How do different characters use the words \"free\" and \"freedom\"?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.0631886}
{"text": "It isworth noting that Ibsen based the episode of Nora's forgery on a similar 'crime' committed by afemale friend of his, which ended tragically for her, so he was drawing attention to what he saw asa genuine social problem. He supported economic reform that would protect women's property andbefriended European feminists. Other social issues addressed in the play include how women should be educated, both for theresponsibilities of family and for self-fulfillment; the right of women to define their role in thefamily and society; the degrading effects of poverty on self-fulfillment as with Mrs Linde and theNurse ; and the scourge of venereal disease as suffered by Dr Rank .3. How do different characters use the words \"free\" and \"freedom\"? How does the use ofthese words change throughout the play?It is Torvald who introduces the concept of freedom in the play, claiming that \"There can be nofreedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt.\". He defines freedom ineconomic terms, as befits an age where power depended upon money. He is also adoptingsociety's values, as debt was disapproved of and considered a sign of moral degeneracy. Thedramatic irony behind his words lies in the fact that Torvald would not have any life at all if his wifehad not gone into debt, though he does not realize this. Like Torvald, Krogstad sees freedom as moral respectability in the eyes of society. His job at thebank is the means by which he will \"cut himself free\" from the stigma of his \"indiscretion\" offorgery. The problem with this approach is that his \"freedom\" depends upon the whim of hisemployer, who also sits in moral judgment on him and can withdraw his job if he finds that he fallsshort in that respect. Mrs Linde feels proud that by working hard, she was able to support her brothers and mother, and\"I was privileged to make the end of my mother's life almost free from care.\". Like Torvald, she isdefining freedom in economic terms. But she is operating at a lower economic level than he is.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.0540345}
{"text": "His job at thebank is the means by which he will \"cut himself free\" from the stigma of his \"indiscretion\" offorgery. The problem with this approach is that his \"freedom\" depends upon the whim of hisemployer, who also sits in moral judgment on him and can withdraw his job if he finds that he fallsshort in that respect. Mrs Linde feels proud that by working hard, she was able to support her brothers and mother, and\"I was privileged to make the end of my mother's life almost free from care.\". Like Torvald, she isdefining freedom in economic terms. But she is operating at a lower economic level than he is. Sheis talking of being able to provide the necessities of life, whereas he is talking of the relative luxuryof being free from debt. In Act 1, Nora is delighted that soon she will have paid off her debt to Krogstad and will be \"freeGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.from care, quite free from care; to be able to play and romp with the children; to be able to keepthe house beautifully and have everything just as Torvald likes it!\". At this point, she defines herfreedom in terms of the very things that as she later realizes restrict her: her role as a submissivewife and mother. By the end of Act 2, Krogstad's letter revealing Nora's debt and forgery of her father's signature issitting in Torvald's letterbox. Nora, who fears yet hopes that Torvald will shield her by taking theentire blame upon himself, means to disappear or commit suicide, thereby saving him fromdisgrace. She tells him: \"Then you will be free.\". Thus Torvald will maintain his respectability bymeans of Nora's obliterating herself from his world. At the end of the play, Nora has been awakened to Torvald's narrow-mindedness and no longersees freedom in terms of bondage to him or obliteration of herself. On the contrary, she definesfreedom for herself and Torvald as complete independence from each other, as she leaves themarriage to forge a new life for herself: \"I set you free from all your obligations. You are not to feelyourself bound in the slightest way, any more than I shall. There must be perfect freedom on bothsides. \"4.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.091525}
{"text": "On the contrary, she definesfreedom for herself and Torvald as complete independence from each other, as she leaves themarriage to forge a new life for herself: \"I set you free from all your obligations. You are not to feelyourself bound in the slightest way, any more than I shall. There must be perfect freedom on bothsides. \"4. Compare Torvald s and Nora s attitudes toward money. Torvald and Nora s first conversation establishes Torvald as the member of the household whomakes and controls the money and Nora as the one who spends it. Torvald repeatedly teases Noraabout her spending, and at one point Mrs. Linde points out that Nora was a big spender in heryounger days. These initial comments paint Nora as a shallow woman who is overly concerned with-material delights. Yet Nora s generous tip to the porter in the play s opening scene shows that sheis not a selfish woman. More important, once the secret of Nora s loan is made known to theaudience, we see that Nora s interest in money stems more from her concern for her family swelfare than from petty desires. We realize that the excitement she has expressed over Torvald snew, well-paying job results from the fact that more spending money means she can finally pay offher debt to Krogstad. While Torvald seems less enthralled by money because he doesn t talk about it except to chastiseNora for her spending, he is obsessed with having a beautiful home, including a beautiful wife. Heconsiders these things important to his reputation, and keeping up this reputation requires money. Although Torvald accuses Nora of wasting money, Nora spends her money mostly on worthycauses, whereas Torvald uses his for selfish, shallow purposes.5. Why does Torvald constantly reprimand Nora for her wastefulness and foolishnesswhile simultaneously supporting her behavior? What insight does this contradictiongive us into Torvald and Nora s relationship?Torvald perceives Nora as a foolish woman who is ignorant of the way society works, but he likesNora s foolishness and ignorance because they render her helpless and therefore dependent onhim. It soon becomes clear to us that Nora s dependence, not Torvald s love for Nora as a person,forms the foundation of Torvald s affection for her. In Act One, Torvald teases Nora about wastingmoney but then tries to please her by graciously giving her more.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.1030636}
{"text": "What insight does this contradictiongive us into Torvald and Nora s relationship?Torvald perceives Nora as a foolish woman who is ignorant of the way society works, but he likesNora s foolishness and ignorance because they render her helpless and therefore dependent onhim. It soon becomes clear to us that Nora s dependence, not Torvald s love for Nora as a person,forms the foundation of Torvald s affection for her. In Act One, Torvald teases Nora about wastingmoney but then tries to please her by graciously giving her more. Similarly, he points out her faultsbut then says he doesn t want her to change a bit. He clearly enjoys keeping Nora in a positionwhere she cannot function in the world without him, even if it means that she remains foolish. Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. In general, Torvald disapproves of any kind of change in Nora s constant, obedient demeanorbecause he needs to control her behavior. When Nora begins to dance the tarantella wildly in ActTwo, he is unsettled. In Act One, Nora says that it would humiliate Torvald if he knew he wassecretly in debt to her for his life, indicating that Torvald wants the power in his marriage to be onesided rather than mutual.6. Compare and contrast Mrs. Linde and Nora at the end of the play. By the end of Act Three, both Nora and Mrs. Linde have entered new phases in their lives. Nora haschosen to abandon her children and her husband because she wants independence from her rolesas mother and wife. In contrast, Mrs. Linde has chosen to abandon her independence to marryKrogstad and take care of his family. She likes having people depend on her, and independencedoes not seem to fulfill her. Despite their apparent opposition, both Nora s and Mrs. Linde sdecisions allow them to fulfill their respective personal desires. They have both chosen their ownfates, freely and without male influence. Ibsen seems to feel that the nature of their choices is notas important as the fact that both women make the choices themselves.7. Using specific examples, discuss how Ibsen's \"progress from one work to the other\" is due to a\"perpetual scrutiny of the same general questions regarded from different points of view. \"8. Do you feel that Ibsen's drama is \"dated\"?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.154804}
{"text": "Ibsen seems to feel that the nature of their choices is notas important as the fact that both women make the choices themselves.7. Using specific examples, discuss how Ibsen's \"progress from one work to the other\" is due to a\"perpetual scrutiny of the same general questions regarded from different points of view. \"8. Do you feel that Ibsen's drama is \"dated\"? To defend your view, cite dramatic themes in theseplays which you consider to be universal, or limited in scope.9. Show how the first act forewarns the audience of almost all the forthcoming events in the rest ofthe drama.10. Point out some instances where Ibsen is able to \"externalize\" inner problems by using effectivesymbols.11. At least one character in each play prefers an imaginary view of life to a realistic viewpoint. Withthis in mind, discuss the life-view of Torvald Helmer.12. In what ways does the vocation of Torvald Helmer provide additional insight into his character?13. Devise an alternative ending for A Doll's House, trying not to violate Ibsen's dramatic thesis. Defend either your new conclusion or the inviolability of Ibsen's original ending.14. Explain the symbolic significance of hereditary disease in A Doll's House.15. Do today's women face the same sort of barriers that women did in Nora's time?16. In what ways is Torvald caged by societal expectations? What about the other men in the play?Krogstad? Dr. Rank?17. What is important about the title? Who is the \"doll\" Ibsen refers to?18. Who is the more significant female character in terms of plot development, Nora or Kristine?Explain your answer.19. Do you think Kristine's decision not to prevent Krogstad from revealing the truth to Torvald is abetrayal of Nora? Does this act ultimately hurt or benefit Nora?20. How does Henrik Ibsen reveal character in A Doll's House? Is Nora a sympathetic character? Didyour opinion of Nora change from the beginning of the play to its conclusion21. Does the play end the way you expected? Do you think this was a happy ending?22. A Doll's House is generally considered a feminist work. Do you agree with this characterization?Why or why not?23. How essential is the setting, both in terms of time period and location?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.1742482}
{"text": "A Doll's House is generally considered a feminist work. Do you agree with this characterization?Why or why not?23. How essential is the setting, both in terms of time period and location? Could the play have takenplace anywhere else? Would the final outcome have had the same impact if A Doll's House hadbeen set in the present day? Why or why not? Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.24. Knowing that the plot is based on a series of events that happened to a female friend of Ibsen's,did it bother you that he used Laura Kieler's story without it benefiting her?25. Which actress would you cast as Nora if you were to stage a production of A Doll's House? Whowould play Torvald? Why is the choice of actor important to the role? Explain your choices. Powered by TCPDF www.tcpdf.org Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. SAMPLE AND PRACTICE EXCERPTS - A Doll's House Study GuideRead the extract below and answer the questions that follow. 25 marks Nora: It s a shame to say that. I do really save all I can. Helmer: laughing That s very true, - all you can. But you can t save anything!Nora: smiling quietly and happily You haven t any idea how many expenses we skylarks andsquirrels have, Torvald. Helmer: You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way of wheedlingmoney out of me, and as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands. You never know where ithas gone. Still, one must take you as you are. It is in the blood: for indeed it is true that you can inheritthese things, Nora. Nora: Ah, I wish I had inherited many of papa s qualities. Helmer: And I would not wish you to be anything but just what you are, my little skylark. But do youknow, it strikes me that you are looking-rather what shall I say- rather uneasy today?Nora: do I?HELMER: You do, really.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.1656306}
{"text": "Still, one must take you as you are. It is in the blood: for indeed it is true that you can inheritthese things, Nora. Nora: Ah, I wish I had inherited many of papa s qualities. Helmer: And I would not wish you to be anything but just what you are, my little skylark. But do youknow, it strikes me that you are looking-rather what shall I say- rather uneasy today?Nora: do I?HELMER: You do, really. Look straight at me. Nora : looks at him well?Helmer: wagging his finger at her Hasn t Miss Sweet Tooth been breaking rules in town today?Nora: No; what makes you think that?Helmer: Hasn t she paid a visit to the confectioner s?Nora: No, I assure you, TorvaldHelmer: Not been nibbling sweets?Nora: No, certainly not. Helmer: Not even take a bite at a macaroon or two?Nora: going to the table on the right I shouldn t think of going against your wishes. Helmer: No, I am sure of that: besides, you gave me your word- Going up to her Keep your littleChristmas secrets to yourself, my darling. They will be revealed tonight when the Christmas tree is lit, nodoubt. Nora: Did you remember to invite Doctor Rank?Helmer: No. But there is no need; as a matter of course, he will come to dinner with us. However, I willask him when he comes this morning. I have ordered some good wine. Nora, you can t think how I amlooking forward to this evening. Nora: So am I! And how the children will enjoy themselves, Torvald!Helmer: It is splendid to feel that one has a perfectly a safe appointment, and a big enough income. Itis Delightful to think of, isn t it?Nora: It s wonderful! Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.a. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4 marks b. Explain the dramatic irony in this extract 3marks c. Helmer says here it is splendid to feel that one has a perfectly safe appointment . What is hereferring to?d. What issues on money and gender emerge in this extract? 4 marks e.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.1904483}
{"text": "What is hereferring to?d. What issues on money and gender emerge in this extract? 4 marks e. Identify and illustrate any two ways the playwright has used language to achieve foregrounding inthis extract. 4 marks f. What do we learn about the character of Nora in this extract. 4 marks g. Imagine you are directing this play. Which quality would you look for in an actor to play the role ofTorvald 2 marks h. Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the extract? 3 marks i. Wheedling money out of meii. Confectioner siii. You gave me your word Read the extract and answer the questions that followNora: I didn t find it dull. Helmer: smiling but there was a precious little, result, Nora. Nora: oh, you shouldn t tease me about that again. How could I help the cat s going in and tearingeverything to pieces?Helmer: of course you couldn t, poor little girl. You had the best of intentions to please us all, and that sthe main thing. But it is a good thing that our hard times are over. Nora: yes.it is wonderfulHelmer: this time I needn t sit here and be dull all alone and you needn t to ruin your dear eyes and yourpretty little handsNora: clapping her hands no, Torvald, I needn t any longer, need i! It s a wonderfully lovely to her yousay so! Taking his arm now I will tell you how I have been thinking we ought to arrange things. Torvalds. As soon as Christmas is over a bell rings in the hall. There s the bell. She tidies the room . There ssomeone at the door. What a nuisance!Helmer: if it is a caller, remember I am not at home. Maid: in the doorway a lady to see you ma am. A stranger. Nora: ask her to come in. Maid: to Helmer The Doctor came at the same time, sir. Helmer: did he go straight into my room?Maid: yes, sir. Questionsa. What didn t Nora find dull? 2 marks b. What has happened that has made the couple happy? 2 marks c.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.2310922}
{"text": "What didn t Nora find dull? 2 marks b. What has happened that has made the couple happy? 2 marks c. Discuss two themes evident in this extract. 4 marks Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.d. There s someone at the door. Add a question tag. 1 mark e. Who is the lady who has come to see Nora? Why does she want to see Nora? 4 marks f. How has Torvalds been portrayed in this extract? Write you answer in note form 4 marks g. Comment on the effectiveness of any style in this extract. 2 marks h. Briefly explain what happens after this extract. 2 marks i. Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract. 4 marks i. Tease ii. Dull iii. Nuisance .iv. A caller ..Read the extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: oh, yes, that one; but this one is another. I ordered it. Torvald mustn t know about it. Rank: oho! Then that was the great secret. Nora: of course. Just go in to him; he is sitting in the inner room. Keep him as long asRank: Make your mind easy: I won t let him escape goes into the Helmer s room Nora: to the maid and he is standing waiting in the kitchen?Maid: yes, he came up the back stairs. Nora: but didn t you tell him no one was in?Maid: yes, but it was no good. Nora: he won t go away?Maid: No; he says he won t until he has seen you ma am. Nora: well, let him come in- but quietly. You mustn t say anything about it to anyone. It is a surprise to myhusband. Maid: yes, ma am, I quite understand. Exit Nora: this dreadful thing is going to happen! It will happen in spite of me! No, no, no, it can t happen- itshan t happen.a. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4 marks b. What is referred to as the it by Nora in the first line?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.267145}
{"text": "No, no, no, it can t happen- itshan t happen.a. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4 marks b. What is referred to as the it by Nora in the first line? What does it reveal about the character ofNora? 3 marks c. Explain the use of soliloquy in this extract. 2 marks d. Who is waiting in the Kitchen and why has he come? 3 marks e. This dreadful thing is going to happen. Write in reported speech f. Explain one issue depicted in this extract. 2 marks g. Explain the dreadful thing that Nora fears might happen.h. How is the maid depicted in this extract? 2 marks i. Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the extract. 4 marks Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.i. Make your mind easyii. I won t let him escapeiii. It was no goodiv. DreadfulRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Krogstad: Are you sure of that?Mrs. Linde: Quite sure, butKrogstad: with a searching look at her is that what it all means? -. That you want to save your friend atany cost? Tell me frankly. Is that it?Mrs. Linde: Nils, a woman who has once sold herself for another s sake doesn t do it a second Time. Krogstad: I will ask for my letter back. Mrs.Linde: No.no. Krogstad: Yes, of course I will. I will wait here until Helmer comes; I will tell him he must give me myletter back. -. That it only concerns my dismissal- that he is not to read itMrs. Linde: No Nils, you must not recall your letter. Krogstad: But, tell me wasn t it for the very purpose that you asked me to meet you here?Mrs. Linde: In my first moment of fright, it was. But twenty-four hours have elapsed since then, In thattime I have witnessed incredible things in this house. Helmer must know all about it. This unhappy secretmust know all about it. This unhappy secret must be Disclosed; they must have a complete understandingbetween them which is impossible With all this concealment and falsehood going on. Krogstad: Very well, if you take this responsibility.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.2575095}
{"text": "Helmer must know all about it. This unhappy secretmust know all about it. This unhappy secret must be Disclosed; they must have a complete understandingbetween them which is impossible With all this concealment and falsehood going on. Krogstad: Very well, if you take this responsibility. But then there is one thing I can do in that Case and Ishall do it once. Mrs.Linde: listening you must be quick and go. The dance is over; we are not safe a moment Longer. Krogstad: I will wait for you below. Mrs.Linde: yes, do. You must see me back to my doorKrogstad: I have never had such an amazing piece of god fortune in my life.a. Explain what has happened before this extract. 2 marks b. Explain why Krogstad says he would ask for his letter back? 3 marks c. Nils, a woman who has once sold herself for another s sake doesn t do it second time . Explainwhat makes Mrs.Linde say this. 3 marks d. Make notes on we what we learn about the character of Mrs.Linde in this extract. 4 marks e. Explain the irony in this extract. 2 marks f. But there is one thing I can do in any case and I shall do it at once. What is that Krogstad doeslater and how does it affect the rest of the play. 4 marksg. I have never had such an amazing piece of good fortune in my life! Rewrite beginning Never h. What piece of good fortune is Krogstad referring to? 2 marks i. Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in this extract?i. At any costii. Recalliii. ElapsedGet more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.iv. Incredible thingsRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: But it was absolutely necessary that he should not know! My goodness can t you Understand that?It was necessary he should have no idea what a dangerous condition He was in. It was to me that thedoctors came and said that his life was in danger And that the only thing to save him was to live in theSouth. Do you suppose I didn t try?First of all, to get what I wanted as it were for myself?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.2814076}
{"text": "I mean, of course, when Torvald is No longer as devoted tome as he is now; when my dancing and dressing-up and reciting Have paled on him; then it may be a goodthing to have something in the reserve- Breaking off what nonsense! That time will never come. Nowwhat do you think I am of No use? I can tell you, too, that this affair has caused me a lot of worry. It hasbeen by No means easy for me to meet my engagements punctually. I may tell you that there Issomething that is called, in business, quarterly interest and another thing called?Payment in installments and it is always dreadfully difficult to manage them. I have had To save a littlehere and there, where I could, you understand. I have not been able to Put aside much from housekeepingmoney for Torvald must have a good table. I Couldn t let my children be shabbily dressed: I have feltobliged got use up all he Gave me for them, the sweet little darlings.a. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4 marks b. State and explain any two aspects of style used in this extract. 4 marks c. In about 35 words, summarize Nora s reasons for not revealing the secret to Torvald. 4 marks d. What is the attitude of Mrs.Linde towards Nora in this extract 3 marks e. Explain two themes evident in this extract. 4 marks f. Comment on the character of Nora in this extract. 2 marks g. Explain the meaning of the following words. 4 marks i. Indulgentii. To let him into the secretiii. Put asideiv. CapricesRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Mrs. Linde: is Doctor Rank a man of means?Nora: yes, he is. Mrs. Linde: and has no one to provide for?Nora: no, no one: butMrs. Linde: and comes her every dayNora: yes, I told you so. Mrs. Linde: but how can this well-bred man be so tactless?Nora: I don t understand you at all. Mrs. Linde: Don t prevaricate, Nora. Do you suppose I don t guess who lent you the two?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.3170302}
{"text": "Linde: but how can this well-bred man be so tactless?Nora: I don t understand you at all. Mrs. Linde: Don t prevaricate, Nora. Do you suppose I don t guess who lent you the two? Hundred andfifty pounds?Nora: are you out of your senses? How can you think of such a thing! A friend of ours who Comes hereevery day! Do you realize what a horribly painful position that would? Be?Mrs. Linde: No, certainly not. It would never have entered into my head for a moment. Besides, he hadno money to lend then: he came into his money afterwards. Mrs. Linde: well, I think that was lucky for you, my dear Nora. Nora: no, it would never have come into my head to ask Doctor Rank. Although I am quite sure That if Ihad asked him. Mrs. Linde: but of course, you won t.Nora: Of course not. I have no reason to think it could possibly be necessary. But I am quite Sure that if Itold Doctor RankMrs. Linde: behind your husband s back. Nora: I must make an end of it with the other one, and that will be behind his back too. I must make anend of it with him. Mrs.Linde: yes, that is what I told you yesterday, butNora: walking up and down a man can put a Thing like that straight much easier than a womanMrs. Linde: One s husband, yes. Nora: nonsense! Standing still when you pay off a debt you get your bond back, don t you?Mrs. Linde: Yes, as a matter of course. Nora: and can tear it into a hundred thousand pieces, and burn it up- the nasty dirty paper!Mrs. Linde: looks hard at her, lays down her sewing and gets up slowly Nora, you are Concealingsomething from me. Nora: Do I look as if I were?Mrs. Linde: Something has happened to you since yesterday morning. Nora, what s it?a. What happens immediately after this extract? 2 marks Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.b. Discuss any two issues brought out in this extract? 4 marks c. Explain the use of any two dramatic techniques in this extract. 4 marks d.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.3595614}
{"text": "What happens immediately after this extract? 2 marks Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.b. Discuss any two issues brought out in this extract? 4 marks c. Explain the use of any two dramatic techniques in this extract. 4 marks d. Linde is said to be laying down her sewing in this extract. What was she sewing and how isrelevant to the events in this play. 3 marks e. Something has happened to you since yesterday morning. Rewrite as an interrogative. 1mark f. What is Nora concealing from Mrs.Linde? Explain what happens when Mrs.Linde learns of it later inthis extract. 3 marks g. Give the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract.i. A man of meansii. Prevaricateiii. I must make an end of it.iv. ConcealingRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: I don t believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human Being, just asyou are- or at all events, that I must try and became one. I know quite Well, Torvald that most peoplewould think you right and that views of that kind are to be Found in books. I must think over things formyself and get to understand them. Helmer: can you not understand your place in your own home? Have you not any reliable guide in suchmatters as that? -. Have you known religion?Nora: I am afraid, Torvald, I do not exactly what religion is. Helmer: What are you saying?Nora: I know nothing but what the clergyman said when I went to be confirmed. He told us that religionwas this and that, and the other. When I am away from all this, and I am alone, I will look Into the mattertoo. I will see if what the clergyman said is true, or at all events if it is True for me. Helmer: This is unheard of in a girl of your age! But if religion cannot lead you alright, let me try Andawaken your conscience. I suppose you have some moral sense? Or-answer me- Am I to think you havenone?Nora: I assure you, Torvald that is not an easy question to answer. I really don t know. The thing Perplexesme all together. I only know that you and I look at it in a quite different light.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.3796206}
{"text": "I really don t know. The thing Perplexesme all together. I only know that you and I look at it in a quite different light. I Am learning, too, that thelaw is quite another thing from what I suppose; but I find it Quite impossible to convince myself that thelaw is right. According to it, a woman Has no right to spare her old dying father, or to save her husband slife. I can t believe That. Helmer: you talk like a child. You don t understand the conditions of the world in which you live. Nora: No, I don t. But now I am going to try. I am going to see if I can make out who is right, the World orI.a. Recount the circumstances leading to the events in this extract. 5 marks b. What is it that Nora doesn t believe any longer? 2 marks c. How is Torvald depicted in this extract. 4 marks d. From elsewhere in the play, how is Nora s character portrayed in a different way from the way sheis portrayed in this extract. 2 marks e. Discuss any concern addressed in this extract. 2 marks f. Why does Helmer ask Nora if she has no religion? 2 marks g. Explain the imagery in this extract. 2 marks h. Describe the mood in this extract. 2 marks i. What is the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract. 4 marks Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.i. I am a reasonable beingii. Clergymaniii. Conscienceiv. PerplexesRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: But you must believe me, Mr.Krogstad: it is not in my power to help you at all. Krogstad: Then it is because you haven t the will; but I have the means to compel you. Nora: You don t mean that you will tell my husband that I owe you money?Krogstad: Hm-suppose I were to tell him?Nora: it would be perfectly infamous of you. Sobbing to think of his learning my secret which Has beenmy joy and pride, in such an ugly, clumsy way-that he should learn it from you!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.3390594}
{"text": "Conscienceiv. PerplexesRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: But you must believe me, Mr.Krogstad: it is not in my power to help you at all. Krogstad: Then it is because you haven t the will; but I have the means to compel you. Nora: You don t mean that you will tell my husband that I owe you money?Krogstad: Hm-suppose I were to tell him?Nora: it would be perfectly infamous of you. Sobbing to think of his learning my secret which Has beenmy joy and pride, in such an ugly, clumsy way-that he should learn it from you! And it would put me in ahorribly disagreeable positionKrogstad: only disagreeable?Nora: impetuously well, do it then!-and it will be the worse for you. My husband will see for Himself whata blackguard you are, and you certainly won t keep your post then. Krogstad: I asked you if it was only a disagreeable scene at home you were afraid of. Nora: If my husband does get to know of it, of course he will at once pay you what is still owing You andwe shall have nothing more to do with you. Krogstad: coming a step nearer listen to me, Mrs Helmer. Either you have a bad memory or You knowvery little of business. I shall be obliged to remind you of a few details. Nora: what do you mean?a. It is not in my power to help you at all how is this statement ironic considering earlier events inthis play. 2 marks b. Explain why Krogstad wants Nora to help him 3 marks c. Why has Nora s secret been her joy and pride, in such an ugly, clumsy way? 4 marks d. I asked you if it was only a disagreeable scene at home that you were afraid of? Rewrite in directspeech.e. Explain any one theme evident in this extract 3 marks f. What is Nora s attitude towards Krogstad in this extract? 3 marks g. Discuss one character trait for each of the following. 4 marks h. Krogstadi. Noraj. Krogstad tells Nora the he shall be obliged to remind her of a few details. Briefly explain thesedetails. 3 marks k.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.3995352}
{"text": "Noraj. Krogstad tells Nora the he shall be obliged to remind her of a few details. Briefly explain thesedetails. 3 marks k. Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract. 4 marks i. Compelii. Infamousiii. Disagreeableiv. BlackguardRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Mrs. Linde: Nora-it was Krogstad who lent you the money! Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Nora: Yes, and now Torvald will know about it. Mrs.Linde: Believe me, Nora, that s the best thing for both of you. Nora: you don t know all. I forged a name. Mrs.Linde: Good heavens!Nora: I only want to say this to you, Christine- you must be my witnessMrs. Linde: Your witness? What do you mean? What am I to-?Nora: if I should go out of my mind and it might easily happenMrs. Linde: Nora!Nora: or anything else should happen to me anything, for instance, that prevent my being HereMrs. Linde: Nora! Nora! You are quite out of your mind. Nora: and if it should happen that there was someone who wanted to take all the responsibility, all theblame, you understandMrs. Linde: Yes, yes-but how can you suppose-?Nora: Then you must be my witness, that is not true Christine. I am in my right senses now, and Now I tellyou no one else has known anything about it; I and I alone, did the whole thing. Remember that. Mrs. Linde: I will, indeed. But I don t understand all this. Nora: how should you understand it? A wonderful thing is going to happen.a. Briefly explain what has just happened before this extract. 3 marks b. Believe me Nora, that s the best thing for both of you. From elsewhere in the play, which reasonsdoes mrs. Linde give to support what he says now? 3 marks c. Explain the dominant theme in this extract 3 marks d. Explain what tone would be appropriate in reading Nora s parts in this extract. 2 marks e. From this extract, how has Nora violated social ethics? 2 marks f. Nora says a wonderful thing is going to happen.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.411886}
{"text": "Explain what tone would be appropriate in reading Nora s parts in this extract. 2 marks e. From this extract, how has Nora violated social ethics? 2 marks f. Nora says a wonderful thing is going to happen. From the rest of the play, explain what she meansby that? 3 marks g. Discuss one aspect of style in this extract. 2 marks h. What do we learn about the character of Mrs.Linde in this context. 2 marks i. I and I alone did the whole thing Rewrite beginning The whole thing j. Explain the meaning of the following expression s as used in this extract. 4 marks i. Forgedii. Go out of my mindiii. Prevent my being hereiv. Right sensesRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Helmer: miserable creature- what have you done?Nora: let me go. You shall not suffer for my sake. You shall not take it upon yourself. Helmer: No tragic airs, please. Locks the hall door here you shall stay and give me explanation. Do youunderstand what you have done? Answer me! Do you understand what you? NHave done? Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Nora : looks steadily at him and says with a growing look of coldness in her face yes now I am Beginningto understand thoroughly. Helmer: walking about the room what a horrible awakening! All these years- she who was my Joy andpride- a hypocrite, a liar-worse, worse a criminal. The unutterable ugliness Of it all- For shame! Nora issilent and looks steadily at him. He stops in front of her I ought to have suspected something of that sortwould happen. I ought to have seen it. All your father s want of principle has come out in you. No religion,no morality, no sense of Duty- how I am punished for having winked at what he did! I did it for your sake,and this is How you repay me. Nora: yes, that s just it. Helmer: Now you have destroyed all my happiness. You have ruined all my future. It is horrible To thinkof! I am in the power of an unscrupulous man; he can do what he likes with me, Ask anything he likes ofme, give me any orders he pleases- I dare not refuse.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.4504216}
{"text": "You have ruined all my future. It is horrible To thinkof! I am in the power of an unscrupulous man; he can do what he likes with me, Ask anything he likes ofme, give me any orders he pleases- I dare not refuse. And I Must sink to such miserable depths because ofa thoughtless woman. Nora: when I am out of the way, you will be free.a. What has happened before this extract 2 marks b. Explain what Nora means by saying you shall not suffer for my sake 3 marks c. Describe Helmer s change of attitude towards Nora. 3 marks d. Describe two character traits of Krogstad from this extract 4 marks e. Explain two recurring ideas in this extract 4 marks f. Explain the use of satire in this extract. 2 marks g. When I am out of the way, you will be free. Give two possible meanings of Nora s wordsconsidering what happens later in the play. 2 marks h. Here you shall stay and give me an explanation. Rewrite beginning You.... i. Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the excerpt. 4 marks i. Take it upon yourselfii. No tragic airsiii. Your father s want of principleiv. Unscrupulous manRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Helmer: standing at the open door . Yes, do. Try and calm yourself, and make your mind easy again, myfrightened little singing bird. Be at rest, and feel secure; I have broad wings to shelter you under. Walksup and down by the door how warm and cozy our home is, Nora. Here is The shelter for you; here I willprotect you like a hunted dove that I have saved from A hawk s claws; I will bring peace to your poorbeating heart. It will come, little by Little, Nora, believe me. Tomorrow morning you will look upon itdifferently; soon Everything will be just as it was before. Very soon you won t need me to assure You that Ihave forgiven you; you will yourself feel the certainty that I have done so. Can You suppose I should everthink of such thing as repudiating you, or even reproaching You? You have no idea what a true man sheart is like, Nora.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.4611676}
{"text": "Very soon you won t need me to assure You that Ihave forgiven you; you will yourself feel the certainty that I have done so. Can You suppose I should everthink of such thing as repudiating you, or even reproaching You? You have no idea what a true man sheart is like, Nora. There is something so Indescribably sweet and satisfying, to a man, in the knowledgethat he has forgiven his Wife- forgiven her freely, and with all his heart. It seems as if that had made her,as it Doubly his own; and she has in a way become both wife and child to him. So you shall Be for me afterthis, my little scared helpless darling. Have no anxiety about anything, Nora; Only be frank and open withme, and I will serve as will and conscience both to you- what Is this? Not gone to bed? Have you changedyour things?Nora: in everyday dress yes, Torvald, I have changed my things now. Helmer: But what for? -. So late as this. Nora: I shall not sleep tonight. Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Helmer: But, my dear NoraNora: looking at her watch it is not so very late. Sit down here, Torvald. You and I have so much to sayto one another. She sits down at one side of the table Helmer: Nora-what s this? -. This cold, set face?Nora: sit down. It will take some time: I have a lot to talk over with you. Helmer: sits down at the opposite side of the table you alarm me, Nora! And I don t understand You. Nora: no, that is just it. You don t understand me, and I have never understood you either before tonight. No, you mustn t interrupt me. You must simply listen to what I say. Torvald, this is settling of accounts. Helmer: what do you mean by that?a. Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4 marks b. How is the character of Helmer brought out in this excerpt? 4 marks c. Comment on the use of imagery in this extract? 4 marks d. What are the two main issues of concern that are addressed in this extract 4 marks e. Describe the tone of Torvald in his first line?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.5093665}
{"text": "Comment on the use of imagery in this extract? 4 marks d. What are the two main issues of concern that are addressed in this extract 4 marks e. Describe the tone of Torvald in his first line? 2 marks f. I shall not sleep tonight. Rewrite in the affirmative. 1 mark g. Why is Nora in everyday dress? 2 marks h. Explain the meaning of the following words as used in excerpt 4 marks i. Repudiatingii. Reproachingiii. Indescribablyiv. AccountsRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: yes, tremendous! A barrister s profession is such an uncertain thing, especially if he won t Unsavorycases; and naturally Torvald has been willing to do that, and I quite agree with Him. You may imagine howpleased we are! He is to take up his work in the bank at the New Year. And then he will have a big salaryand lots of commissions. For the future we Can live quite differently- we can do just as we like. I feel sorelieved and happy, Christine! It will be splendid to have heaps of money and not need to have anyanxiety, Won t it?Mrs. Linde: Yes, anyhow I think it would be delightful to have what one needs. Nora: No, not only what one needs, but heaps and heaps of money. Mrs.Linde: smiling Nora. Nora, haven t you learned sense yet? In our schooldays you were a Greatspendthrift. Nora: laughing yes, that is what Torvalds says now. Wags her finger at her but Nora, Nora is Not sosilly as you think. We have not been in a position for me to waste money. We have Both had to work. Mrs.Linde: You too?Nora: yes; odds and ends, needlework, crotchetwork, embroidery and that kind of thing dropping Hervoice and other things as well. You know Torvald left his office when we were Married? There was noprospect of promotion there, and he had to try and earn more than Before. But during the first year heoverworked himself dreadfully.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.476633}
{"text": "You know Torvald left his office when we were Married? There was noprospect of promotion there, and he had to try and earn more than Before. But during the first year heoverworked himself dreadfully. You see he had to Make money every way he could, and he worked earlyand late; but he couldn t stand and Fell dreadfully ill, and the doctors said it was necessary for him to gosouth.a. Explain what happens after this extract. 2 marks Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com.b. Identify and illustrate two character traits of Nora and comment on them 4 marks c. Identify two aspects of style in this excerpt and comment on their effectiveness. 4 marks d. Explain two thematic concerns that are addressed in this extract. 4 marks e. In this extract, Torvalds is portrayed as overworking. Where else is portrayed in a similar way? 2marks f. What was Torvald s reaction when Nora told him he needed to go south for treatment? 2 marks g. There was no prospect of promotion there rewrite adding a question tag. 1 mark h. Nora says Torvald has been calling her spendthrift. Give two instances where Torvald referred toher as a spendthrift? 2 marks i. Explain the meaning of the following words as used in this extract. 4 marks i. Barristerii. Unsavouryiii. Prospectiv. DreadfullyRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: yes, you could-couldn t you?Helmer: And I hear he is a good worker too. But I knew him when were boys. It was one of those Harshfriendships that so often prove an incubus in afterlife I may as well tell you plainly, We were once on veryintimate terms with one another. But this tactless fellow lays no Restraint on himself when other peopleare present. On the contrary, he thinks it gives Him the right to adopt a familiar one with me and everyminute it is I say, Helmer, Old Fellow and that sort of thing I assure you it is extremely painful for me. Hewould make My position at the bank intolerable. Nora: Torvald, I don t believe you mean that. Helmer: Don t you?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.521017}
{"text": "But this tactless fellow lays no Restraint on himself when other peopleare present. On the contrary, he thinks it gives Him the right to adopt a familiar one with me and everyminute it is I say, Helmer, Old Fellow and that sort of thing I assure you it is extremely painful for me. Hewould make My position at the bank intolerable. Nora: Torvald, I don t believe you mean that. Helmer: Don t you? Why not?Nora: because it is such a narrow minded way of looking at things. Helmer: What are you saying? Narrow-minded? Do you think I am narrowing minded?Nora: no, just the opposite dear-and it is exactly for that reason. Helmer: It is the same thing. You say my point of view is narrow-minded, so I must Be so too. Narrow0minded! Very well- I must put an end to this. Goes to the hall and calls Helen!Nora: what are you going to do?Helmer: looking among his papers settle it. Enter MAID look here; take this letter and go Downstairswith it at once. Find a messenger and tell him to deliver it, and be quick. The address is on it, here is themoney. Maid: very well, sir. Exit with the letter Helmer: putting his papers together now then, little misses Obstinate. Nora: breathlessly Torvald- what was that letter?Helmer: Krogstad s dismissal. Nora: call her back, Torvald. There is still time. Oh Torvald, call her back! Do it for my sake- for Your ownsake- for the children s sake! Do you hear me Torvald? Call her back. You don t Know what that letter willbring upon us. Get more notes and past papers at downloads.easyelimu.com. Helmer: It s too late. Nora: Yes, it s too late. Helmer: My dear Nora, I can forgive the anxiety you are in, although really it is an insult to me. It isindeed. Isn t it an insult to think that I should be afraid of starving a quill s driver vengeance? But I forgiveyou nevertheless, because it is such eloquent witness to your great love for me.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.5648487}
{"text": "It isindeed. Isn t it an insult to think that I should be afraid of starving a quill s driver vengeance?But I forgiveyou nevertheless, because it is such eloquent witness to your great love for me. Takes her in his arms .And that it should be, my own darling Nora. Come what will, you may be sure that I shall have bothcourage and strength if they may be needed. You will see I am a man enough to take everything uponmyself.a. Explain what happens after this extract. 3 marks b.Comment on two issues addressed in the text. 4 marks c.State and explain the character trait for each of the two characters in this extract. 4 marks i.Torvaldii. Krogstadd. Why does Nora want the maid to be called back? 3 marks e.Identify two literary strategies used in this extract 4 marks f.Referring to other parts of the text, why can t Torvald work with Krogstad? 2 marks g.Because it is such a narrow minded way of looking at things rewrite using narrow mindedly 1mark h.Explain the meaning of the following words as used in this extract. 4 marks i.Intolerableii. Narrow-mindediii. Obstinateiv.vengeancePowered by TCPDF www.tcpdf.org.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-SETBOOK-GUIDE.pdf", "file_type": "pdf", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.5287051}
{"text": "THE FORMULA METHODTEACHERS NAME .TSC NO SCHOOL INSTITUTION FORM: THREESUBJECT: MATHEMATICSTOPIC: QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS AND EQUATIONSSUB TOPIC: SOLVING THE FORMED EQUATION USING THE FORMULA METHODWEEK:3LESSON NO: 5DATE ..TIME ..OBJECTIVES: By the end of the lesson the learner should be able to:Solve the formed equations using the formula methodLESSON PRESENTATIONSELF EVALUATION.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-FORMULA-METHOD.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.5423405}
{"text": "PHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM FOUR 2019TERM IREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM FOURTERM IIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM FOURTERM IIIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s Book.", "metadata": {"source": "Physics-Scheme-Form-4-2019.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.5488305}
{"text": "The River and the SourceQ1. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. At first light, as was her wont- for she was an early riser, she woke the entire village with wails and screams. People rushed out of their houses to the chief s homestead thinking that it was the chief or his son who had died, for either case it would have been Nyar Yimbo s duty to raise the alarm. When a good sized crowd had gathered, she stood just outside her house and spoke with a loud voice. I Akoko Obanda Nyar Yimbo daughter of the people of Yimbo came to the homestead of Owour Kembo, chief, as a pure girl nineteen seasons old. In all that time I was taught nothing but the ways of Chik and how to conduct myself as a woman of impeccable birth. Never in all that time did my mother or my father take me out in the dark for the purpose of showing me how to cast spells or to brew love potions to snare the hearts of me. I was taught that the way to keep a man was by the work of my hands and the words of my mouth. Obanda my granduncle was a great healer, after whom many children are named. He was known to harm no man and frequently sent off those who sought trouble for others with a flea in their ear. Has anyone ever seen me gossiping with other women at the water hole? Do I always not rise early to till my lands? Have I ever begged for food from you my mother-in-law as all your daughters-in-law do? Do I not always have enough to eat and more left over to barter in exchange for cattle, goats and sheep? Indeed the size of the herds had become quite impressive . Children are a gift from Were both to the deserving and undeserving. Do not even murderers, witches and sluggards who cannot even feed themselves have children? Should I spit in the eyes of Were like a snake and deny that he has given me children? Were creates a child in its mother s womb in secret, in his own time and at his own evolution. I have not stood in the way of my husband and other women. He is the chief and I cannot order him either to marry or not to marry.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.5990434}
{"text": "Were creates a child in its mother s womb in secret, in his own time and at his own evolution. I have not stood in the way of my husband and other women. He is the chief and I cannot order him either to marry or not to marry. Much has been said by the daughter of the people of Asembo nyar Asembo and her son Otieno about the thirty head of cattle that were paid to my father as a bride price. It causes them much bitterness that I have not borne thirty children in exchange for those cattle. Indeed my continued presence here is bitter aloes to them. Therefore I shall lift their gloom and suffering and depart from here to go back to my father s house. Be it known that my father was a wealthy man before receiving those cattle and would have remained wealthy without them. For none of my twenty- one brothers is wifeless. Be it noted also that the wealth I have created in this home is more than double the number paid for me. This everyone knows. Therefore when I reach home, I shall request the council of Jodongo to convene proceedings for a separation. My people will give back your cattle and you will give me back mine. A Explain what happens just before the extract. 3 marks b Identify one theme that is addressed in this excerpt. 2 marks c Identify and illustrate two features of style used in the extract. 4 marks d Identify and illustrate three character traits of Akoko as brought in the extract. 6 marks e Comment on the view that this society holds about a married woman. 2 marks f Explain the meaning of the following phrase as used raise the alarm 1 mark g Children are a gift from were both to the deserving and the undeserving.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.6324072}
{"text": "Religion Akoko believes in were- children are a gift from Were and created them in secret. 3. Traditions naming of a children; Obanda my granduncle was a great healer,after whom many children are named. C Rhetorical questions Has anyone ever seen me gossiping with other women at the water hole? Use of local language- Were chik children are brought up in the way of chik1 mark for identification1 mark for illustration d 1. Hardworking determinedShe tills her land and has enough to eat and barter2. Impulsive rash reckless-when she learns about the accusation from the mother in law she wails and people gather. She does not think about the results of her action. 3. Religious- she strongly believes that children are a gift from Were- god. E - Women are viewed as a source of wealth. Akoko says that thirty head of cattle waspaid as bride price. -. Women are supposed to bear as many children as possible as long as bride price was paid for them 1 mark each f Attract attention g Are children a gift from Were both to the deserving and undeserving? H Owour Kembo- treats Akoko as a queen 1 markOtieno treats his wives like sluts1 mark i -Akoko leaves her matrimonial home. -. The children protest but she orders them to go back and wait their father s return. -. When Owour Kembo comes and gets the story, he almost strikes his mother and throttles his brother half to death.1 markQ2. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. She means everything to me . She looked at him steadily for a little while. So do you -though I am beginning to think it s a waste of time. When are you going to propose if at all?. We ve known each other for six years. Six years? What I don t have by now I ll never get. I am twenty six years old and you are looking at the finished product. And I am tired of being asked when I will bring home the man from Ruguru- meaning the man from the west as my relatives refer to you . You do not mean it, don t you?", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.6160443}
{"text": "I am twenty six years old and you are looking at the finished product. And I am tired of being asked when I will bring home the man from Ruguru- meaning the man from the west as my relatives refer to you . You do not mean it, don t you? It is not brain fever due to overwork and lack of sleep, is it? He said it half in rest, half in earnest. You really are too much, she said getting up. Come on! Do have a sense of humor. It isn t every day a girl proposes to me. As a matter of fact this is the first time so forgive me if don t quite know what to say. But you know there s never been anyone else since I met you. To heal with it, since we are in the age of equality, why don t I just say that there s never been anyone else? The answer is yes I ll marry you. Any day you want. Today, if we can get anyone to marry us . You are really a comedian, you know. What are you still doing here- an underpaid intern? Your should be out there earning your millions with bill Cosby and the rest . This was how there conversation always ended. Two strong wills pitted against each other. She wondered if she was taking on more than she could manage. But he had a power over her- which even he did not know. There was no one else, there could be still she was piqued by him. Point taken. But I am dead serious. You can tell your mum that I ll over pay my courtesy call as soon as this internship business is over. My intentions towards her daughter have always been good even if I am not a son of Mumbi and Gikuyu- the founders of your great tribe . The alarm rang and cut him short. Yak! I ve got to run, honey. I have gallonfuls of blood testing yet to be done. I ll just walk you to the bus stop and then get on with the job at hand. He grubbed his coat and opened the door. She understood. After all, she herself was an intern and at the mercy of the clock and the back and call of others. It was one hell of a life and once heel of a courtship. Why couldn t she fall in love with an ordinary guy who worked ordinary hours? One doctor in the house was than enough. She wondered if the marriage would survive the onslaught of medicine.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.65289}
{"text": "4 marks e Which trait of character is shared by both Aoro and Wandia in this excerpt? 3 marks f Illustrate any two features of style used in the excerpt. 2 marks g Where do Aoro and Wandia meet for the first time in the story? 1 mark h There s never been anyone else since I met you Beginning: Never . 1 mark Answers a BeforeWandia has time off from Machakos Hospital to go and see her mother. On her way to Muranga she stops by to see Aoro her boyfriend in Nairobi. 2 marks AfterWandia meets her mother in Hospital she also visits her sister and spends the night there. Her intended marriage to Aoro is discussed by both her sister and mother. 2 marks b Change 1 mark - Wandia proposes to Aoro, a deviation from the norm since men normally propose to women 1 mark . C ii Wandia s mother. 1 mark ii Because of worry, overwork and lately diabetes. 1 mark iii She is mature and ready for marriage. She does not require any more time to develop. 1 mark d -they have no time to rest or eat. -they have no time for social life-they have no sleep and are overworked. -. They interact with rude and uncompromising consultants.4 x1 4 marks e Both are loving caring 2 marks-Wandia proposes to Aoro-Aoro confesses to Wandia 1 Identification -2Illustration -1 f Direct address she means everything to me Humour I ll marry you. Any day you want. Today, if we can get anyone to marry us. Rhetorical question- why couldn t she fall in love?2 marks g At the university of Nairobi as they pursue medicine1 mark h Never has there been anyone else1 markQ3.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.6620169}
{"text": "Any day you want. Today, if we can get anyone to marry us. Rhetorical question- why couldn t she fall in love?2 marks g At the university of Nairobi as they pursue medicine1 mark h Never has there been anyone else1 markQ3. Read the following extract and answer the questions that followOdero looked confused for a moment, having expected a spirited fight to reduce the number to at least twenty head. However, he was not a great Chief for nothing. He rose beautifully to the occasion. After all style had to be met with style, Nyadhi with Nyadhi Ayie, I have accepted your suit. May the young girl be called so that people of Sakwa may see what a jewel we are giving them. Giving us! Thought Otieno in annoyance. At this rate there will be no cattle left for me pay bride price with. In a little while Akoko walked in, in the company of her mother. Traditionally the girl at this point should have been the picture of demure shyness, her eyes fixed firmly on the floor, her hands held together in front of her mouth. Not Akoko. She walked in, steps measured, head held high, hands at her sides. Her head swiveled around a bit and then her gaze rested on Owuor. Let him see what he was getting. What a brazen lass, thought Otieno. Thirty head indeed! Owour experienced an indescribable sensation. What happened, of course was that he had fallen deeply and irrevocably in love. Since that was not considered particularly important for a successful marriage, he did not understand or appreciate what was happening to him and that it would change his entire life and outlook. She turned and left the room. Her mother remained for the rest of the ceremony. People of Sakwa, continued Aloo, We are pleased that we have reached an understanding. We hope that a friendship will spring up between us now and into posterity. Let us pour more libation to Were and drink more kong o to gladden our hearts. Mother of Akoko, please bring us some food. The feasting went on into the late afternoon until about the tenth hour. Then the suitors had to leave, for chick did not allow them to spend the night.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.7126117}
{"text": "Let us pour more libation to Were and drink more kong o to gladden our hearts. Mother of Akoko, please bring us some food. The feasting went on into the late afternoon until about the tenth hour. Then the suitors had to leave, for chick did not allow them to spend the night. Questions a Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4mks b What were chief Odero s expections after fixing the bride price at thirty head? 2mks c Why is Otieno disappointed? 2mks d Explain what Otieno does later in the novel as a sign of dislike for Akoko. 4mks e Explain the meaning of the following words as used in passage i Demure ii Brazen lass f Change the following into a question 1mk What a braze lass g Describe any two aspects of tradition evident in the excerpt. 2mks h Describe Otieno s character as depicted in the extract. 4mks i Examine two aspects of style and their effects. 4mks Answers a Before- The Jodongo had been outside consulting on how much to demand as bride price. -. They have come back into the hut. After- The people of Sakwa bring the bride price- Akoko is married off after the traditional mock fight b He thought the suitors would request to have it reduced. It wasn t to be c He did not expect the bride price to be fixed at thirty heads as this would mean there will be no more cattle to pay bride price for his own wives d Complains as does his mother about Akoko s inability to have many children. He takes away Akoko s wealth.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.6875196}
{"text": "After- The people of Sakwa bring the bride price- Akoko is married off after the traditional mock fight b He thought the suitors would request to have it reduced. It wasn t to be c He did not expect the bride price to be fixed at thirty heads as this would mean there will be no more cattle to pay bride price for his own wives d Complains as does his mother about Akoko s inability to have many children. He takes away Akoko s wealth. He is not willing to hand over the chieftaincy to Akoko s grandchild e i Modest ii A girl who is shameless f Is she not a brazen lass? G Tradition the behaviour of girls before their suitors they should be shy, their eyes on the ground hands at their mouthsSuitors cannot spend the night at their in-laws h Selfish wants Akoko s bride price reduced so as to benefit at this rate there will be no cattle left to pay bride price with Sarcastic says Thirty head indeed. As he does not approve of Akoko s behaviour 4mks i - Metaphor Jewel refers to Akoko she is precious her beauty makes her extremely valuable as a jewel- Local dialect Kong o and Were - the local words give the story local flavorQ4. Read t he following extract and answer the question that followVera did not want to be held, and the big flashing eyes on her skinny face were restless and tempestuous. Even adults were a little afraid of her. She however had one saving grace; her capacity for love. Hers was and would remain a passionate nature. She took nothing for granted. She was completely loyal and from an early age her sister was the object of love and protection. It was her business to see to it that Becky was happy and had everything she needed. She was willing and ready to do battle with anyone who crossed Becky s path and she was a fearless fighter although tears were ready to fall at the slightest provocation. Once when she was about five, she almost tore a playmate apart before anyone realized what was happening because she was screaming at the top of her lungs while pummeling him. The boy remained mute and shocked and did not or could not utter a sound.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.7367735}
{"text": "There was suspicion everywhere -white against black and black against white .the kikuyu especially suffered greatly- and could be shot ,maimed, killed or translocated at a moment s notice. They returned atrocity for atrocity and blood flowed- both black and white. Mark was very lonely without his wife and children. He particularly missed little Vera s constant chatter which he had found so irritating before. She had been tireless and irrepressible, but now he would have given anything to hear her say: Father why is mother s stomach so big? A Place the extract in its immediate context.4 marks b Characterize Vera according to the extract.4 marks c Identify and illustrate two features of style employed in the extract.4 marks d What are some of the themes brought out in the extract? 6 marks e In a paragraph of not more than 20 words give the effects of war as seen in the extract.4 marksRough draft Fair copy f Mark is said to have been lonely. This loneliness leads to something. Briefly say whathappens.3 marks Q5. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. Let them show that my daughter is not going to starve in that wasteland they call a home. They trooped back into the hut and the negotiations began in earnest. Brother, people of Sakwa, we are pleased to welcome you to Yimbo. It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours. We are therefore more than neighbours, we have great wat between us of the intermingling of blood though this has not occurred between our two lines so there is no danger of brother marrying sister- a great taboo.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.7279918}
{"text": "Brother, people of Sakwa, we are pleased to welcome you to Yimbo. It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours. We are therefore more than neighbours, we have great wat between us of the intermingling of blood though this has not occurred between our two lines so there is no danger of brother marrying sister- a great taboo. Since you are our brothers, we will not make things difficult for you. Here he stopped to take a sip of Kong o and you could have heard the ants talk, so great was the silence. However, nobody was fooled by his sweet words. He continued, enjoying immensely the tension he was creating. Our daughter, Adoyo Obanda is a great beauty whose assets have been praised and sung by many a nyatiti singer from here to Chumbu Kombit, from Sakwa to Loka Nam. She is as fleet as a gazelle and her flying feet have been incorporated into the saying of our village so that mothers sending their daughters on errand tell them to run like Adoyo of the flying feet. She has been carefully brought up and has been taught all the requirements of chik. She is a very apt pupil, and will therefore not bring shame and ruin to her husband by improper conduct. Her antecedents are peerless for she can trace her bloodline clear to Ramogi our great father and her blood is pure for we have always taken care to marry correctly. She is also the eldest daughter of our great chief, a man whose fame is known throughout this land. After careful consultation, we have therefore decided that thirty head of cattle should be the proper bride price. Was that an inaudible gasp from someone at the back? Chief Owour Kembo signaled to his uncle and the old man spoke. A State what happens just before and after this extract. 4 marks b What is the importance of this ceremony? 3 marks c Identify and illustrate two themes brought out in the extract. 4 marks d Identify and illustrate 3 features of style used in the extract.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.7702644}
{"text": "Chief Owour Kembo signaled to his uncle and the old man spoke. A State what happens just before and after this extract. 4 marks b What is the importance of this ceremony? 3 marks c Identify and illustrate two themes brought out in the extract. 4 marks d Identify and illustrate 3 features of style used in the extract. 3 marks e With illustrations, cite two character traits of Akoko as evidenced in the extract. 4 marks f We have therefore decided that thirty head of cattle should be proper bride price. Rewrite the statement in indirect speech 1 mark g Let them show that my daughter is not going to starve in that wasteland they call a home. Who says this and what aspect of his her character is brought out in the statement? 2 marks h However, nobody was fooled by his sweet words. Change into active voice 1 mark i What was Otieno s reaction about the bride prize? 3 marks Answers a Before- Akoko s marriage negotiations are going on. -Chief Odero Gogni calls the council Jodongo outside for consultation. -. He had already sent away twelve suitors who wanted a hand in marriage for his eldest daughter. -. He liked this particular suitor but wants to trim their arrogance. -. Sets bride price at thirty heads of cattle.2 marksAfter- The suitors request to be allowed to consult. -. Watching what was going on from her mothers kitchen. Akoko is resignedto remaining in her father s home. -. The suitors especially Otieno Kembo argue against the high bride price. -Owour Kembo accepts the dowry asked for without bargaining. 2 marks b - the marriage was to portray the great friendship between the two parties involved inthe case of Sakwa and Yimbo.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.7848587}
{"text": "- the suitors especially Otieno Kembo argue against the high bride price. -Owour Kembo accepts the dowry asked for without bargaining. 2 marks b - the marriage was to portray the great friendship between the two parties involved inthe case of Sakwa and Yimbo. -. Intermarriage was to lead to a cordial relationship. -. Customarily, good neighborliness was to be fostered through marriage. 3 marks c TraditionMarriage institution was core in the people s lives. Negotiations and dowry payments was necessary before marriage took place. Love and marriageLove wasn t a necessary ingredient for marriage to take place. A girl married the man of her fathers choice. 4 marks d simile she is as fleet as a gazelle. Personification you could have heard the ants talk. Metaphor her flying fleet. Local language wat dak nyatiti kongo Any three 3 marks e fast swift she is as fleet as a gazelle. Apt she is apt pupilPure her antecedents are peerless can trade her bloodline Her blood is pure. Popular have been praised by many singers4 marks f They said that it had therefore been decided that thirty head of cattle should be theproper bride prize. G chief Odero GogriProud egoistic- Sets high expectations for his visitors. -. Refers to their home as wasteland. Loving caring-wants to ensure his daughter would be comfortable when she gets married. 2 marks h - we were however not fooled by his sweet words.2 marks i - says thirty heads was enough to marry three wives. -. Says women are all the same. -. Suggests that they should get of there. 3 marksQ6. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. She felt the weight of injustice that women have felt since time immemorial in her male dominated world.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.80015}
{"text": "3 marksQ6. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. She felt the weight of injustice that women have felt since time immemorial in her male dominated world. Even a half- wit like her brother-in law could rob her of her hard earned wealth, and her grandson of his rightful position as the chief, for in all truth Otieno should have held the chief s stool only until the infant Owour came of age, but it was now clear he had no intention of ever giving up the chiefdom and after his death, his numerous sons would make sure that it stayed in the family. Owour would be outnumbered practically by infinity to one. As it was, his grandmother feared for his life and watched him like a hawk. It was disquieting to have all one s egg in this one tiny frail basket. After pondering over her predicament at length Akoko decided to make contact with the sirikal and seek their intervention. The first thing she did was to remove her two year old grandson and take him back to her brother, Oloo in Yimbo. His mother had meanwhile married one of the numerous cousins. In any case she was not the sort of woman to fight for her rights, leave alone her sons s. All she wanted was a husband and some security, and who could blame her? After all not everybody could be like Akoko. Before she left she went to see her daughter Nyabera who was in mourning again having lost both her sons to a ferocious outbreak of measles which had raged through her village during the last harvest. She was pregnant again but so downcast and depressed that she stayed in her house, rarely going out and hardly eating. She needed help and her mother decided to spend some time with her before leaving. She found her daughter thin to the point of emaciation with her belly sticking out before her like an appendage. When she saw her mother still unbent and uncowed by suffering, looking like a woman half her age, she just broke down and wept in her arms as if she was a little girl again. Cry my child, for one does not bury a child without burying a apart of one s soul with it. It is good to cry for who can comprehend the ways of Were? It is for us men to wash away our painful confusion with tears and then to carry on, perhaps there might be some meaning in it all that only glimmers like firefly in a dark night.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.8123438}
{"text": "Cry my child, for one does not bury a child without burying a apart of one s soul with it. It is good to cry for who can comprehend the ways of Were? It is for us men to wash away our painful confusion with tears and then to carry on, perhaps there might be some meaning in it all that only glimmers like firefly in a dark night. Who knows but that one day Were will give you a child that lives grows? Yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow for each day rises fresh from the hands of Were god of the eye of the sun, bringing with it gladness and sorrow, sun and darkness, the two faces of Were; for how can we appreciate light unless we understand darkness? Weep my child and do not hold pain within yourself for it will turn into a snake that devours you from the inside. I. what happens immediately before this excerpt?3 marks ii. Name two injustices Akoko suffer from her brother-in-law.2 marks iii. Akoko and her daughter can be said to be ill-fated. Give reasons using evidence from the extract and elsewhere in the novel.4 marks iv. After all not everybody was like Akoko . How was Akoko different from her grandson smother mentioned in the excerpt?4 marks v. a Akoko mentions of going to the sirikal for intervention . What did she want intervention? 2 marks b Apart from the sirikal, name other changes that come with the white man. 3 marks vi. Identify and illustrate two stylistic devices used in the excerpt.2 marks vii. A As Akoko comes to see her daughter Nyabera, she is very expectant. Whom does shegive birth to? 1 mark b Akoko comes out as the source of the river. How does this child contribute to the river?", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.8385582}
{"text": "Whom does shegive birth to? 1 mark b Akoko comes out as the source of the river. How does this child contribute to the river? 4marks Answersi. -Owour Kembo dies and his son Owang Sino becomes chief. -. Owang Sino also dies Owour young brother Otieno Kembo becomes chief. Ii. The injustice that Akoko suffers from her brother-in law Otieno. A. He tries to grab Akoko s personal wealth. 1b. There is a clear indication that Otieno Kembo had no intention of giving up the chiefdomwhen young Owour, Akoko grandson came of age. 1iii. A Akoko loses her husband and the same applies to Nyabera. 1 b Akoko s two children Obura and Owang die young and the same applies toNyabera s children except Awiti. 1iv.-Akoko does not remarry like her daughter-in law after the death of her husband. 1- Akoko could fight for her rights, in any case, she was not the type to fight for her rights. 12 marksv. A She wanted the serikal to force Otieno Kembo to relinquish the chiefdom to youngOwour when he came of age. B The Whiteman came with Taxes, new religion, money and education. 3 marksvi. I Metaphor 1 she felt the weight of injustice that women 1 ii Proverb 1 it was disquieting to have all one s eggs in this one tiny frail basket. 12 marksvii. A she gives birth to Awiti. 1 b Awiti gives birth to children- Becky, Vera, Aoro and other children. 1- Becky given forth two children with new white husband. 1- Aoro marries Wandia and have children. 1- This shows the river gains momentum rejuvenates from Awiti. 14 marksQ7. Read the extract below and then answer the questions that follow. Owuor looked at his grandmother in confusion.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.8500104}
{"text": "14 marksQ7. Read the extract below and then answer the questions that follow. Owuor looked at his grandmother in confusion. Naturally he had thought that his secret was well kept. The confusion became respectful admiration. He should have known that nothing could escape this astute woman. Grandmother, you know that I have worked closely with the priest and I feel that I would like to enter priesthood. I want to be a priest. His grandmother was nothing if not surprising, so he should have been flabbergasted by her reaction but he was. I wondered when you would get the courage to come out with it. You would not be my grandson if you were a coward. You have concluded quite wrongly that I will stand in your way. It is true that I have had hopes that you might one day sit in the chief s stool that your father and your grandfather once occupied, but things have changed and people are turning to different things. I had also hoped that you would marry and provide many sons to ensure the continuity of the house of Owuor Kembo , but no I will not stand in your way. However, from now henceforth you shall take your grandfathers name so that as long as you live his name shall be heard among the people. You will not be Owuor Sino, but Owuor Kembo. That is all my boy. Do whatever the spirit bids you . Owuor could only say weakly; Oh grandmother! The two women smiled at each other over his head. And so it was that Peter Owuor Kembo, aged fifteen, formally Petro Owuor Sino found himself as seminarian at St. Paul s Seminary Rakwano. His worldly possessions were few, his academic knowledge haphazard but he had faith in God and therefore in himself and he had love in his heart and the solid love of three women behind him. Finally he had unbounded hope in the future. So what if this hope was rosily cohered by his youthful enthusiasm? One wise man once said that it was better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. In the same vein, it is better to have been buoyed up by hope , the horizon limitless before one, than to have lived in the grey world of timid fearfulness. The course of the world is changed by those who dare to dream.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.9163418}
{"text": "One wise man once said that it was better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. In the same vein, it is better to have been buoyed up by hope , the horizon limitless before one, than to have lived in the grey world of timid fearfulness. The course of the world is changed by those who dare to dream. Some dream of wealth and others dream of fame, Owuor dreamt of a life expended in service. He had never really known his father or the joy of a father-son relationship, now dreamt of being the spiritual father of many. And so he entered the rigors and splendor of life in the seminary. Sometimes when things were particularly tough, he would wonder whether mere blood and flesh would survive it, but it never entered in his mind to leave. If he had learned anything at all at his grandmother s knees, it was that a job once begun had to be completed. He was no quitter. He would survive. He would see it through. One day he would be Father Peter. Maybe one day a bishop. He was happy to serve Christ anywhere and in anyway. A Explain briefly what happened before the excerpt.4 marks b Give two character traits of Akoko brought out in this excerpt.4 marks c Explain how Owuor is considered courageous.2 marks d What really made Owuor want to become a priest.2 marks e At the end of the excerpt, Owuor has one wish To become a spiritual father of many . Explain what he missed in his father but hopes to get as a father 6 marks f Grandmother, you know that I have worked closely with the priest and I feel that Iwould like to enter the priesthood. I want to be a priest. Write in indirect speech . 2 marks g Give one theme evident in the extract.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.9127579}
{"text": "I want to be a priest. Write in indirect speech . 2 marks g Give one theme evident in the extract. Illustrate 5 marks Answers a Owuor had fully decided to join the priesthood and confided to his cousin Awiti. Her mother had gone to her home and had stayed for two years and was now back. Owuor told her his wish and together went to inform the all-knowing Akoko. They found her working in the mission compound where they were staying. 4 marks b Astute even before Owuor could mention report that he wanted to be a priest she Akoko knew there was something in the boy since he was hiding all along. Determined Akoko did not tire to fight for her rights. She had well informed Owuor his position in the tribe, that he was destined be the rightful heir to the chief s stool nowheld by the council of elders the Jodongo 4 marks c Owuor is considered courageous in the sense that he knew he was the rightful heir to theChief s stool. He defied without offending Akoko. His passion for the vocation of priesthood was strong. He first told his cousin Awiti who advised him to wait for her mother Maria. When Maria came he informed her. They both went to report to Akoko. Owuor then, without fear announced his intensions to Akoko. Marks d Owuor wanted to become a priest because of the newly acquired knowledge of the mysteryof mass, catechism teachings and the closeness to the missionary priests as an altar boy. 2 marks e -Owuor will miss the powers of a tribal chief and that of head of the Jodongo,marriage and sire children just like his father- Owuor as a priest will be a father to many. Many will call him father since he willbe their spiritual mentor and priest of their lives both children, men and women will be his 3 marks f Owuor told his grandmother that she knew that he had worked closely with the priests and he felt that he would like to enter the priesthood and become one a priest . 2 marks g Religion.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.934494}
{"text": "2 marks e -Owuor will miss the powers of a tribal chief and that of head of the Jodongo,marriage and sire children just like his father- Owuor as a priest will be a father to many. Many will call him father since he willbe their spiritual mentor and priest of their lives both children, men and women will be his 3 marks f Owuor told his grandmother that she knew that he had worked closely with the priests and he felt that he would like to enter the priesthood and become one a priest . 2 marks g Religion. -. The whiteman brought the christian religion specifically the Catholic faith which taught the blacks using catechists and the institution of a seminary. -. Various cadres were evident- Christians. Catechists, priest and also bishops. -. Owuor chose not to be the traditional spiritual leader as a chief to become a father in Christianity. -. Religion brought people to God with love in their heart, faith and hope for heavenlypossessions rather than worldly possessions of a chief, which can be lost. 3 marksQ8. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. For this jewel there can be no price. Therefore we have decided to give her to you free except for a token bull, two cows and six goats with which to funish the requirements of chik. The bull shall come to me in lieu of her father. The two cows and goats will be taken to Yimbo to the house of Oloo her grandmother s brother who in all ways was a father to the girl and her cousin and always provided for them. The aspiring suitors stared in disbelief. Held in readiness back in seme were twenty four head of cattle, double the normal bride price which was the least they expected to be asked. Oloo had instructed his uncle to ask for a grace period of six months in which he would have looked for whatever else they would have demanded. And now this. They couldn t possibly give away such a girl for free. They must have something hidden up their sleeves. But they hadn t. He was just an incredibly lucky man and it was beginning to dawn on him. 1.Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4 marks 2. For this jewel there can be no price . Whose words are these?", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.9246933}
{"text": "2mks3.Awiti was an educated girl 1mk a teacher 1mk and yet he was asked to pay a token price. 1mk4. Awiti is an educated beautiful and professional teacher. 1mk expectedly anybody who marriesher would pay dearly 1mk yet the suitors only pay a token bride price. 1mk5. -. Change 1mk i unlike in Akoko s days bride price is no longer elaborate and expensive. It is a token nowadays. 1mk ii Marriages are friendly and peaceful unlike Akoko s day when they were characterizedby rivary and tension. 1mk6. I Hypocritical pretends he is contented to accept token bride price for Awiti yet he wasangry when Akoko and Maria decided they would not demand a hefty bride price. Ii Appreciative - describes Awiti as a jewel iii Understanding friendly appears friendly and understanding as he announces thesuitors terms of paying bride price. Iv Irresponsible neglects his duty in raising his brother s child Any 2 well illustrated traits 2 4 marks 7. That night 1mk Akoko passes on 1mk8. I didn t they? Observe punctuation ii Be given get the bull instead of Awiti s father. Iii Elizabeth AwitiQ9. The River and the SourceRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Mother, I have decided to seek the new religion which you have heard about. You know my life is a painful wound to me and much as I try my heart fills with bitterness- for me and for you . My child, do not feel bitterness for me for I am an old woman who has lived her life. As for you it is better that you seek this new way. It might give you hope and rescue you from bitterness. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pain and sorrow all human being feel; but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes- causing it to wither. I give you my blessing my child. If you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is only wise to try some other path. Thank you mother.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.0120618}
{"text": "Pain and sorrow all human being feel; but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes- causing it to wither. I give you my blessing my child. If you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is only wise to try some other path. Thank you mother. I will bring you news as soon as I can. May Were protect you. Questions. Place the above extract to its immediate context. 6mks . . . . You know my life is painful wound. What made Nyabera regard her life as a painful wound? 4mks . . . . In what way was Nyabera s life similar to that of Akoko according to the rest of the novel. 3mks . . . Identify and illustrate one characters trait of Akoko and Nyabera as brought out in this extract. Akoko 2mks . . Nyabera 2mks . . Identify two features of style used in this extract 4mks Pain and sorrow all human being feel. Rewrite this sentences making human the subject of the sentence. 1mk . Briefly explain one theme that is brought out in this extract. 2mks . . Answers 2 a . Before thisNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gathered her things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo. Shei informs her mother of her decision to seek the new religion .Her mother encourage her to go ahead and join the new religion and forget her bitters .Immediately after this Nyabera t ravel s to Aluor mission and join the new religion b .", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.9757433}
{"text": "Before thisNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gathered her things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo. Shei informs her mother of her decision to seek the new religion .Her mother encourage her to go ahead and join the new religion and forget her bitters .Immediately after this Nyabera t ravel s to Aluor mission and join the new religion b . Nyabera had suffered a lot in her life because her children had died mysteriously leaving her with only grl child . Ant Her husband had died .Ogoma Kwach who had inherited her had gone to his family c . I . Both had lost their husbands through death ii . Their children had died iii . They were both sonless d . I Akoko- philosophical Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but viper ii . NyaberaBitter You know my wife a painful wound and much as my heart fills with bitterness Religions Decides to seek solace n the new religion May Never protect you Identificant e . Dialogue Mother I have decided .. Simile but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes .. Use of Non English Were f . Theme of religion Nyabera decides to seek new religion . Theme of human suffering - You know my life is a painful woundQ10. Read the excerpt below and then answer the questions that follow. Brothers, we greet you and bring you many greetings from the people of seme. My nephew, Oloo, son of my late brother Sigu, came to me and said: Father, I have found a girl and I want to get married. Now I am a reasonable man and I know the ways of chik, so I asked him: Son I asked him one does not just find a girl in the air. One sends ajwanyo to go and spy a girl and find out her antecedents and character. Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father? I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossed his mind.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.998426}
{"text": "Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father? I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossed his mind. He knew that her mother s name was Maria and her grandmother s name was Akoko and that was all. You will therefore forgive us because we do not know you and you do not know us. We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man. We therefore wish to introduce ourselves before we go on. I am SemoRakula of Seme, our village is near that strange rock- upon-a-rock, Kit-Mikai. We are the descendants of that wear warrior, Nyagudi Kogambi. Oloo and these young men are my sons and nephew . Oloo is a man of learning and what is more a soldier who has fought for the white man in distant landa Now he is a clerk with a big kambi company in Nakuru, where he gets a good salary. So should this suit be acceptable to all you need have no fear that your daughter will starve. I tell you these things because there are things jawang yo would have found out for you. Thank you brothers. A pot of kong o was moved near him and he drew a long refreshing draught. Some things never change-a spokesman needs to irrigate his throat. Brothers, people of Seme. My name is Oyange Silwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brother Okumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe, The girl has group in Gem because her mother being a widow and having converted to Christianity decided to settle here which a good thing is because now she is like light for the rest of us. She is highly educated and a teacher of children. A Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4marks b Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406288.9910488}
{"text": "She is highly educated and a teacher of children. A Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4marks b Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt. 6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in the brideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence, paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brotherOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. F We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man. Provide a question tag for the above statement. Lmarks g You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not know us. In lightof what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness. 2marks h Identify and illustrate any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.028816}
{"text": "Provide a question tag for the above statement. Lmarks g You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not know us. In lightof what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness. 2marks h Identify and illustrate any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt. 4marks i Give the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the excerpt. 2marks Consanguinity; irrigate his throat; AnswersPlace this excerpt in its immediate context 4mks Awiti Elizabeth begins a relationship with Mark Sigu; she introduces the matter to Akoko and Nyabera; Akoko invites her relations and negotiation is fixed .Mark Sigu comes also with his relations. They meet, talk and are entertained. They agree on just a token as a bride price. The talks are concluded and akoko calls Mark for a close talk, they joyously talk. Later on in the night Akoko dies. Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt 6mks Love and friendship: Awiti and mark fall in love and marry; Family ties and relations: Akoko s close relatives must be invited for the negotiation so is the family of Mark Sigu. Changes; mark and Awiti want to marry yet they do not know one another s family background; religion: Awiti s mother is said to be converted to Christianity and went to live in the mission; Eduaction: Awiti is said to be an educated girl and is a teacher. Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt 2mks Hardworking; she studies very hard and becomes a teacherApart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is compromise in the bride price later on in the novel 2mks Wandia s mother does not demand any bride price but only asks Aoro to stay in peace with her daughter.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.0580661}
{"text": "Later on in the night Akoko dies. Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt 6mks Love and friendship: Awiti and mark fall in love and marry; Family ties and relations: Akoko s close relatives must be invited for the negotiation so is the family of Mark Sigu. Changes; mark and Awiti want to marry yet they do not know one another s family background; religion: Awiti s mother is said to be converted to Christianity and went to live in the mission; Eduaction: Awiti is said to be an educated girl and is a teacher. Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt 2mks Hardworking; she studies very hard and becomes a teacherApart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is compromise in the bride price later on in the novel 2mks Wandia s mother does not demand any bride price but only asks Aoro to stay in peace with her daughter. In one sentence, paraphrase the statements below 3mks Brothers, people of seme. My name are OyangeSilwal. The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brother Okumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. Oyangesilwal tells the people of Seme that Awiti is the only child of his late brother Okumu and that they are from Sakwa from the clan of GombeWe only came because we have faith in our son has always been a reasonable man. Provide a question tag for the above statement 2mks We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man, didn t we? You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not know us In light of what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness 2mks Because it is not customary to get into marriage negotiations without full knowledge of one another s background. Identify any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt 2mks Rhetoric questions: Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father?.........Direct address Brothers we greet you and bring you man greetings.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.0828707}
{"text": "Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father?.........Direct address Brothers we greet you and bring you man greetings. Give the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the excerpt 2mks Consanguinity;- close relationshipTo irrigate his throat to take a drink to so as to talk with ease. Q11. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that followMy fathers, It is a shameful thing for my wife to leave her husbands house and return to her father s house. This outrageous thing had occurred only because I was not here to prevent it. Our chief, we are saddened by this unfortunate state of affairs, but you must admit that your mother has a point or two. Long have we pleaded with you to take another wife for two. Long have we pleaded with you to take another wife for yourself and you have adamantly refused. Now she has left you, you are like a misumba, a bachelor which would not have been the case if you had another wife. We beg you take another wife for yourself. This was from Oyier, a grizzled old man who had been his mother s greatest champion in her quest for a wife for Owuor. He realized that the old geezrs were going to give him a hard time of it, so he changed his tactics. Fathers, you are the wise men of this community. That is why you sit in the council. Is it that you have forgotten the ways of chik or that your determination to get me to marry other wives has clouded your judgement? Do you not know that a man s mikai is the greatest jewel that adorns his compound? That her position in maintained and protected by taboos imposed by the ways of chik? That if I die, Were forbid, my body can only lie of her hut? And this would do so even if she herself were dead? To lose one s mikai is to lose one s right hand. The Jodongo nodded sagaciously at the wisdom uttered by the chief. It is true that the mikai is the centre post that holds up a man s hut. Without her, or if she were stupid, only Were could rescue such a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff. She it is who saves a young man from the follies and stupidities of youth.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.094464}
{"text": "It is true that the mikai is the centre post that holds up a man s hut. Without her, or if she were stupid, only Were could rescue such a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff. She it is who saves a young man from the follies and stupidities of youth. Indeed the people of Ramogi has a saying which declared that The medicine for stupidity in marriage . Yes, the chief had spoken wisely. But Oyier would not give up so easilyQuestions a Explain what happens just before this excerpt 3mks .. .. .. b What is the bone of contention between Akoko and her mother-in-law, Nyar Asembo 3mks .. .. .. c The girl child brieflt explain the relevance of this sub-heading to the whole novel 2mks .. .. d Oyier sounds sarcastic in his speech. Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks .. .. e Basing your answer on what we see in the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks .. .. .. .. f Explain the meaning of the following line as used in the extract It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man s hut 2mks .. .. g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk .. .. h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks .. .. i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novelWrite your answer in note farm 3mks .. .. ..", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.1025388}
{"text": "I From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novelWrite your answer in note farm 3mks .. .. .. i Local language is used in this exerpt. Give two examples and explain its significances 2mks .. .. k Discuss the mood that is prevalent in this extract 1mk .. Answers a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation is slowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women by casting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera, Elizabeth and her great grandchildrenAkoko is the source of life. She represents women as natia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAas a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity of vision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daring actions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense he capitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor marry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba .", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.1315205}
{"text": "Answers a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation is slowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women by casting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera, Elizabeth and her great grandchildrenAkoko is the source of life. She represents women as natia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAas a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity of vision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daring actions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense he capitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor marry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba . This is meant to hurt and humiliate Owuor so that he can marry another wife e Look for the following pointsOwuorOtieno i wiseFoolish ii ReasoningIrrational iii FaithfulImmoral iv ResponsibleIrresponsible v Generousgreedy vi Tacticaltactless 4mks NB- Contrasting words and phrases must be used. If not award o markOne character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno from elsewhere in the novelAward any relevant trait well illustrated f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a central post holdsup a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports her husband and givesdignity.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.1468067}
{"text": "If not award o markOne character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno from elsewhere in the novelAward any relevant trait well illustrated f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a central post holdsup a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports her husband and givesdignity. 2mks g Without her, or if she were stupid only Were could rescue suh a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff 1mk h Tradition-If a man dies, his body lies in his house before burial in the right hand side of Mikai s houseThe council of Jodongo arbitrates in marriage desputesPosition of Mikai is protected by taboosLosing a mikai is like loosing one s right hand mikai refered as a jewel The society is polygamousIt was a taboo for a man and such a chief to be a misumba bachelor 2mks i Involved in marriage negotiations solved marriage disputesArbitrate in social matters judges casesAssists the chief in running the affairs of the communityAssists in the removal of a bad chief 3mks NB- Notes are shown through letters, arrows, a star, a dash, a dot and use of incomplete sentences. If not in note form,deduct half a mark from the total score j : Mikai , Chik , Misumba,EffectivenessHas aesthetic valueGives the story its local flavor thus providing varietyAdd colour and flavor to the novelIt authenticates and pin points the setting of the novel as KenyanIt injects life in the narration thus making the story enjoyableIt provides a social and geographical setting 2mks k Solemn serious grave somber melancholic mood. My fathers ..it is a shameful thing fro my wife to leave ..prevent it 1mk Q12. Read the excerpt below and then answer the questions that followIN THE BOX THE WOMENS HALL OF residence, no one was consulted before being assigned a room mate and one could end up with a real creep.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.160863}
{"text": "So when Vera came in that night weeping, Mary-Anne was very solicitous of her. She put her in bed and just held her arms until she calmed down, then she made a cup of cocoa just the way Vera liked it-dark brown and sweet, with no milk. Want to talk? Tommy and I broke up today. Then I went to look for my sister- I felt so lonely. A sister? Yes, my twin sister. You have a sister in this town? Yes! How come she never comes to see you? Are you going to listen! Sorry, I was surprised, that s all. You broke up with Tommy! The expression on her face was so comical that Vera just laughed. I might as well let you tell the story Mary-Anne. Sorry, but you can t throw such shockers my way and expect me to think sensibly. Please tell me. What was his crime? Nothing. It s got nothing to do with him at all. I just did not feel right about it, that s all . I just did not feel right about it, that s all. There are many questions I could and should ask, but I will ask only one-how did he take it You know Tommy, he tried to take it with good humour and then suddenly he couldn t take any more and he left. Do you realize that you might live to regret this? Boys like Tommy simply don t grow off trees you know. Some girl is going to snap him up faster than fast. All the same it is not for me to censure you- an adult woman. Think it; you may see things differently tomorrow. Tell me about your sister. Your twin sister, if you please! Questions a Who is the twin sister referred to here? 2mks .. .. b State what happens immediately before and after this extract i Before 2mks .. ii After 2mks .. c Describe the events that led to Vera and Tommy s break up 3mks .. .. d Identify any two styles in the excerpt 4mks .. .. ..", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.1984828}
{"text": "D Identify any two styles in the excerpt 4mks .. .. .. .. e You have a sister in this town Rewrite this question adding a question tag 1mk .. .. f Describe the character of Vera and Mary-Anne Ngugi as portrayed in this excerpt 4mks i Vera .. .. ii Mary-Anne .. .. g Vera s twin sister had left home unceremoniously. From elsewhere in the novel state what necessitates the sisters departure from home 4mks .. .. .. .. h Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt 3mks i Creep .. ii Solicitous .. iii Censure .. AnswersQ13. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Mother, I have decided to seek the new religion which you have heard about. You know my life is a painful wound to me and much as I try my heart fills with bitterness- for me and for you . My child, do not feel bitterness for me for I am an old woman who has lived her life. As for you it is better that you seek this new way. It might give you hope and rescue you from bitterness. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pain and sorrow all human being feel; but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes- causing it to wither. I give you my blessing my child. If you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is only wise to try some other path. Thank you mother. I will bring you news as soon as I can. May Were protect you. Questions. Place the above extract to its immediate context. 6mks . . . .", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.218184}
{"text": ". . . You know my life is painful wound. What made Nyabera regard her life as a painful wound? 4mks . . . . In what way was Nyabera s life similar to that of Akoko according to the rest of the novel. 3mks . . . Identify and illustrate one characters trait of Akoko and Nyabera as brought out in this extract. Akoko 2mks . . Nyabera 2mks . . Identify two features of style used in this extract 4mks Pain and sorrow all human being feel. Rewrite this sentences making human the subject of the sentence. 1mk . Briefly explain one theme that is brought out in this extract. 2mks . . AnswersNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gathered her things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo. Shei informs her mother of her decision to seek the new religion .Her mother encourage her to go ahead and join the new religion and forget her bitters .Immediately after this Nyabera t ravel s to Aluor mission and join the new religion b . Nyabera had suffered a lot in her life because her children had died mysteriously leaving her with only grl child . Ant Her husband had died .Ogoma Kwach who had inherited her had gone to his family c . I . Both had lost their husbands through death ii . Their children had died iii . They were both sonless d . I Akoko- philosophical Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but viper ii .", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.1888237}
{"text": "Both had lost their husbands through death ii . Their children had died iii . They were both sonless d . I Akoko- philosophical Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but viper ii . NyaberaBitter You know my wife a painful wound and much as my heart fills with bitterness Religions Decides to seek solace n the new religion May Never protect you Identificant e . Dialogue Mother I have decided .. Simile but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes .. Use of Non English Were f . Theme of religion Nyabera decides to seek new religion . Theme of human suffering - You know my life is a painful woundQ14. Read the excerpt below and then answer the questions that follow. Brothers, we greet you and bring you many greetings from the people of seme. My nephew, Oloo, son of my late brother Sigu, came to me and said: Father, I have found a girl and I want to get married. Now I am a reasonable man and I know the ways of chik, so I asked him: Son I asked him one does not just find a girl in the air. One sends ajwanyo to go and spy a girl and find out her antecedents and character. Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father? I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossed his mind. He knew that her mother s name was Maria and her grandmother s name was Akoko and that was all. You will therefore forgive us because we do not know you and you do not know us. We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man. We therefore wish to introduce ourselves before we go on. I am SemoRakula of Seme, our village is near that strange rock- upon-a-rock, Kit-Mikai. We are the descendants of that wear warrior, Nyagudi Kogambi. Oloo and these young men are my sons and nephew .", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.2289438}
{"text": "I am SemoRakula of Seme, our village is near that strange rock- upon-a-rock, Kit-Mikai. We are the descendants of that wear warrior, Nyagudi Kogambi. Oloo and these young men are my sons and nephew . Oloo is a man of learning and what is more a soldier who has fought for the white man in distant landa Now he is a clerk with a big kambi company in Nakuru, where he gets a good salary. So should this suit be acceptable to all you need have no fear that your daughter will starve. I tell you these things because there are things jawang yo would have found out for you. Thank you brothers. A pot of kong o was moved near him and he drew a long refreshing draught. Some things never change-a spokesman needs to irrigate his throat. Brothers, people of Seme. My name is Oyange Silwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brother Okumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe, The girl has group in Gem because her mother being a widow and having converted to Christianity decided to settle here which a good thing is because now she is like light for the rest of us. She is highly educated and a teacher of children. A Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4marks b Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt. 6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in the brideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence, paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brotherOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.2410448}
{"text": "6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in the brideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence, paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brotherOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. F We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man. Provide a question tag for the above statement. Lmarks g You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not know us. In lightof what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness. 2marks h Identify and illustrate any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt. 4marks i Give the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the excerpt. 2marks Consanguinity; irrigate his throat; AnswersPlace this excerpt in its immediate context 4mks Awiti Elizabeth begins a relationship with Mark Sigu; she introduces the matter to Akoko and Nyabera; Akoko invites her relations and negotiation is fixed .Mark Sigu comes also with his relations. They meet, talk and are entertained. They agree on just a token as a bride price. The talks are concluded and akoko calls Mark for a close talk, they joyously talk. Later on in the night Akoko dies.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.2600167}
{"text": "They agree on just a token as a bride price. The talks are concluded and akoko calls Mark for a close talk, they joyously talk. Later on in the night Akoko dies. Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt 6mks Love and friendship: Awiti and mark fall in love and marry; Family ties and relations: Akoko s close relatives must be invited for the negotiation so is the family of Mark Sigu. Changes; mark and Awiti want to marry yet they do not know one another s family background; religion: Awiti s mother is said to be converted to Christianity and went to live in the mission; Eduaction: Awiti is said to be an educated girl and is a teacher. Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt 2mks Hardworking; she studies very hard and becomes a teacherApart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is compromise in the bride price later on in the novel 2mks Wandia s mother does not demand any bride price but only asks Aoro to stay in peace with her daughter. In one sentence, paraphrase the statements below 3mks Brothers, people of seme. My name are OyangeSilwal. The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brother Okumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. Oyangesilwal tells the people of Seme that Awiti is the only child of his late brother Okumu and that they are from Sakwa from the clan of GombeWe only came because we have faith in our son has always been a reasonable man. Provide a question tag for the above statement 2mks We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man, didn t we? You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not know us In light of what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness 2mks Because it is not customary to get into marriage negotiations without full knowledge of one another s background. Identify any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt 2mks Rhetoric questions: Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her?", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.30294}
{"text": "Identify any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt 2mks Rhetoric questions: Is she a thief or a witch?Is she lazy or shiftless?Might there be consanguinity between you and her?Who is her mother and father?.........Direct address Brothers we greet you and bring you man greetings. Give the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the excerpt 2mks Consanguinity;- close relationshipTo irrigate his throat to take a drink to so as to talk with ease.", "metadata": {"source": "The-River-and-the-Sourse-Extracts.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.2722573}
{"text": "CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE EXTRACTS ANSWERSQ1. 1. A case is presented to court whereby an innkeeper is accusing his stableman of raping his daughter in law the innkeepers Ludovica. 3 marks 2. These are words used by Azdak as a way of soliciting for a bribe. It implies that he is ready and willing to be bribed. 2 marks 3. The theme of moral decadence. The stable man was caught having sex with Ludovica despite the fact that Ludovica is another man s wife. 4. She entered the stable to see the new foal the stable man observed that it was hot that day. The stable man laid his hand on her left breast she resisted by telling him not to do that The stableman continued handling her indecently That provoked her anger Before she realized his sinful intensions he got closer it was all over when her father in law came and accidentally trod on her Any 4 points 1 mark each . 5. Azdak i Corrupt- He openly accept brides in court I accept ii Persistent he repeats the particularly liked the little roan. Persistently asks to be bribed with the little roan iii Immoral Tells Ludovica to remove her veil possibly to assess how beautiful she is. LUDOVICA i Immoral unfaithful she sleeps with the stable man despite having a husband. Ii Opportunistic she takes advantages of the absence of her husband to have an affair with the stable man. Iii Obedient she complies when she is told to remove her veil by the judge. Identification 1 mark illustration 1 mark each 6. Azdak wants to asses how beautiful Ludovica is possibly to justify her having tempted the stableman. 2 marks 7. The statement is ironical because as it turns out Azdak rules in favour of the stableman and fines Ludovica to hand over the little roan to the court. This is despite the fact that he has already received a bribe from the inkeeper. One would have accepted him to rule in favour of Ludovica 3 marks 8.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.3168702}
{"text": "The statement is ironical because as it turns out Azdak rules in favour of the stableman and fines Ludovica to hand over the little roan to the court. This is despite the fact that he has already received a bribe from the inkeeper. One would have accepted him to rule in favour of Ludovica 3 marks 8. The statement alludes to the story of the woman who was caught by the Pharisees, committing adultery which was against the laws of Moses and she was presented to Jesus to pass judgement on her. 2 marks 9. I Roan a horse with a mixture of two colours101 1,101 2,101 3 English Top grade predictor publishers Page 9 ii Stables building in which horses are kept. 2 marks Q2. 1 Describe the events leading to this extract. 4 marks Grusha arrives at her brother, Lavrenti s house, seeking shelter but is received coldly by her sister-in-law, who mistreats her. The brother suggests an arranged marriage to Jussup, a dying man. Grusha accepts the deal in order to get her son an identity and a roof over his head. Shelter They arrive at the mother-in-law home where a ceremony is conducted by a cheap monk, invited by the mother-in-law. Grusha takes the vow as the mother-in-law responds on behalf of the dying man. 1mrk each 4mrks 2 Explain what the guests mean by the statement The grand Duke is back 2 marks The Grand Duke, the ruler of Grusinia , had earlier been overthrown by the princes who had led a revolt against him. The Grand Duke went into hiding for two years, and was able to fight back to power with the help of the king of Persia. 3 Why does the mother-in-law welcome the guests to eat cakes? 1 mark To celebrate the wedding of Grusha and her son Jussup. 4 Identify and explain three ironic situations in this extract. 6 marks The shah of Persia is supposed to be the enemy of Grusinia yet he lends an army to the Grand Duke that restored him to power.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.3406005}
{"text": "1 mark To celebrate the wedding of Grusha and her son Jussup. 4 Identify and explain three ironic situations in this extract. 6 marks The shah of Persia is supposed to be the enemy of Grusinia yet he lends an army to the Grand Duke that restored him to power. The old woman thinks Grusha s reaction is about Jussup yet she is excited by the possibility of meeting her dear Simon. It is ironic that the guests are concerned that taxes will go up instead of appreciating the prospects of peace after the war. 22 Many of the soldiers are coming back from Persia with saddles yet they need crutches since they have lost their legs. 5 Identify and explain two themes in this extract 4 marks i The effects of war Taxation would go up Disability through loss of limbs Loss through negligence of farming activities. Break up of families relationships. Ii Love and affection Grusha is excited at the prospects of Simon s return. She is overwhelmed at the sight of a Persian product-evidence that war is over. She even kneels down in prayer. Takes the silver cross and chain out her blouse, and kisses it. Iii Religion Grusha kneels down in prayer. Any other relevant theme. 1 mrk id; 1 mrk ill 6. What happens immediately after this extract? 3 marks Jussup reprimands his mother for wasting his money on cakes. Jussup demands to see the wife he has been saddled with. The mother-in-law is shocked as Jussup climbs out of bed and staggers into the other room. The guests are also amazed to see him walk. He sends them out of the house and for the first time, he sarcastically speaks to Grusha any three pts, 1 mk each 3 7. What makes the dying man sit bolt upright? 2 mark He learns about the end of war hence, the dying man Jussup becomes excited because he had evaded serving in the military8. Did someone say the soldiers are back? GRUSHA asked. Rewrite the sentence in reported speech. 1 mark Grusha asked whether someone had said that the soldiers were back. 9.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.3315678}
{"text": "Rewrite the sentence in reported speech. 1 mark Grusha asked whether someone had said that the soldiers were back. 9. The mother-in-law s action was an effort in futility. Do you agree with this assertion? Justify your response. 2 marks Yes 1 mark Grusha is already engaged to simon and they get re-united after the war. 1 mark Q3. A Before: Grusha washes linen by the stream accompanied by Michael. She advises him to go and play with the other children. As the children play, they re-enact the beheading of the Governor, Michael s father. However, instead of playing the Governor, Michael insists that he be allowed to behead the fat boy. Unexpectedly, Simon appears and he seems prepared to marry Grusha. After: Grusha looks up at Simon in despair in tears. Simon stares before him, picks up a piece of wood and enquires if there is a little one already, to which Grusha admits but says the child is not hers 4mks b By a stream, Grusha is washing linen 1mk c Strained Relationship - Simon learns that all is not well and the relationship may be headed to the rocks. Grusha is reluctant to reveal fully what has happened, but Simon can tell there is a problem. He says: Nothing stands between us and yet there is something? 4mks d At the gateway of the church square. Simon a palace guard is flirting with Grusha a kitchen maid . Simon reveals that he often hides behind a bush and watches over Grusha as she washes linen in the river so that he can see her dip her legs. After learning this, Grusha feels embarrassed and runs off enraged 3mks e Because she is already married to Jussup the dying man . She had to get married to protect Michael. In addition, she needed to leave her brother s house because of the inquisitive sister in-law. The laws do not allow one to have a child out of wedlock and similarly it does not allow one to leave the husband, thus Grusha is stuck up in the Northern Mountains 3mks f Faithful: - He comes back for Grusha just like he had promised. He is now prepared to marry her. This shows his commitment.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.3873062}
{"text": "The laws do not allow one to have a child out of wedlock and similarly it does not allow one to leave the husband, thus Grusha is stuck up in the Northern Mountains 3mks f Faithful: - He comes back for Grusha just like he had promised. He is now prepared to marry her. This shows his commitment. Humorous - he is lively and jocular. He tells Grusha, he wasn t eaten because they found better fish. He also asks if a certain lady still dips her feet in water. This eases the tension between him and Grusha in this excerpt 4mks g i Other soldiers died in the war but Simon survived. He returned to theMountains safely. 2mks ii Happily 1mk h Love - Simon comes back to look for Grusha - Grusha assures Simon that everything is just as it was Betrayal - Simon feels betrayed when Grusha indicates that she is no longer called what she used to be called. Q4. A He has just seen Grusha who has promised to wait for him and marry him. 2 marks b A coup has just been staged against the Governor who has been assassinated. The Adjutant wants to take Natella out of the city to a safe place. 2 marks c Natella rummages through the trunks for some time looking for her wine-coloured dress , and when they finally leave they forget Michael behind. The baby is handed to Grusha by Maro. 3marks d i Natella:Materialistic she is preoccupied with her dresses that she would take with her instead of worrying about her child. 2marks accept any relevant trait from the ones given below Indecisive she does not exactly know what she wants or what is good for her. She says she is not sure if her head is still on. Foolish unwise she tells the servant to put Michael down so she can help her select the dresses she will take along. Abusive she abuses her servants both physically and verbally. For example, she calls one of them a bitch, and then hits her. Ii Shalva Tzereteli:Loyal. He remains loyal to the late Governor.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.4182167}
{"text": "A Grusha is motivated by the following: The flight has been exhaustive and the baby heavy. Fears that Simon might return in her absence. She has smelt the milk from the peasant woman s farm. 4 x1 4 mks b Features of style: Symbolism fine linen symbolic of affluence Royalty Metaphor you cannot vomit in my room Humour Any 2 x illus 4 mks c She has realized she has divulged important information concerning the child which can easily sell him out to the enemy. 2 mks d The Ironshirts are pursuing the baby having been mandated by the Fat Prince with an intention of killing the child. He would want to kill him as he is the heir to the Governor. 3 mks e Grusha Protective is bent on protecting the baby from the ironshirts and this is why she runs back to the house. Cunning cheats the corporal that she had left the milk on the stove Dishonest Caring Identification illus 2 mks Corporal Perverted Immoral Humorous Identification illus 2 mks f Grusha meets the same corporal; later in when Matella sues Grusha for stealing the baby. As she is led to court she bumps into him and confirms the same by a huge scar on the face. G Must you? 1 mk h After this excerpt the peasant woman betrays Grusha by telling the Corporal that it is Grusha who had left the baby. The corporal sees the baby in the crib. 2 mks Bawl short loudly in an unpleasant manner 1mk Run him through , kill him by sticking a lance. 1mk Carnal glance a look with some sexual desire 1 mk NB: The meaning of the phrases should be consistent with the tense of the words. Q7.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.40808}
{"text": "2 mks Bawl short loudly in an unpleasant manner 1mk Run him through , kill him by sticking a lance. 1mk Carnal glance a look with some sexual desire 1 mk NB: The meaning of the phrases should be consistent with the tense of the words. Q7. Before the excerpt, a coup has taken place in which the Grand Duke is overthrown and Azdak has found a fugitive Old Man and he is helping him to his hut. After the excerpt, Azdak accommodates the Grand Duke and he later denounces himself to the police . 2. He is the Grand Duke and he is being pursued to be killed . 3. Corruption Azdak steals rabbit from the Prince. -The landowner squeezed twice the usual amount of taxes out of them. Impunity Azdak is not punished for stealing rabbits. Injustice They hanged him like a common criminal because he was a Turk he couldn t do much about it. 4. He has visited Azdak s home so as to arrest him . 5. Azdak says that rabbits are dangerous and destructive beast yet they are harmless . It s ironical that Azdak welcomes a stranger to his home yet he doesn t trust him . 6. Azdak -Corrupt he steals rabbit from the Prince. When one of the Prince s rabbit is stolen Inquisitive he asks the Old Man a lot of questions Make what? A proposition? Welcoming he gives the old man food though he s a stranger, encircle the cheese on the plate.. Intelligent How often must I tell you I m a man of intellect? Shauwa-Na ve he negotiates with Azdak on whether to arrest him Azdak I m a policeman, what should I do with an offending party? . Old Man- Illiterate doesn t speak coherently, Pursued. Need Undivided attention. Untrustworthy In short, I don t trust you. Fearful he stand trembling in the corner 1 mark for identification, 1 mark for illustration N B Accept any other well illustrated trait. 7. I must explain how a poor man behaves. 8.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.3804066}
{"text": "7. I must explain how a poor man behaves. 8. Laying his elbows on the table. Encircling the cheese on the plate holding the knife like an undersized sickle. Giving the cheese a troubled look. 9. A. Insolence extremely rude and showing lack of respect. B. Exterminated killed all members of a group. C. Ignoramus a person who does not have much knowledge. Q8. A There is a coup and the governor is arrested and executed People in homestead free for their safety In her hurry to leave Natella ,the governors wife leaves her child behind After watching over the child overnight and realizing nobody is coming back for him Grusha decides to take baby. Peace returns and Natella want her baby back . The case is presided over by judge Azdak between Grusha and Natellab He says that Mother bore the child Blood is thicker than water. She carried the baby in her womb. She fed the baby with her blood. She borne it with pain. She is affected negatively emotionally by the loss of her child. Any 4 4x1 mrks c The lawyer point out that ,even herself does not claim any blood relationship between her and the child 1mrk d Greedy, materialism, Egocentric, Hypocritical any 1, well illustrated 2mks The lawyer reveals that she want the child in order to acquire her husband estate which is tied to Michael the heir Hypocritical She claims that she has suffered bereavement anxiety and sleepless night while the cook tell us she left her child behind because all she was thinking about was shoes and dresses she had to take along . Ii Grusha:- Caring ,Motherly ,Possessive, Kind ,Generous ,Loving ,Disciplined ,strict , Principled ,Honest 1mk for 1 indent illustrated any other well illustrated and relevant award. 2x2 2mks e Greed, Materialism Conflict Negligence Irresponsibility indent 1mrk illus 1mk any other relevant and well illustrated 2x2 4mks f She was concerned about her own welfare 1mk g Rhetorical question Is there a more ultimate relationship?", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.452385}
{"text": "Any 4 4x1 mrks c The lawyer point out that ,even herself does not claim any blood relationship between her and the child 1mrk d Greedy, materialism, Egocentric, Hypocritical any 1, well illustrated 2mks The lawyer reveals that she want the child in order to acquire her husband estate which is tied to Michael the heir Hypocritical She claims that she has suffered bereavement anxiety and sleepless night while the cook tell us she left her child behind because all she was thinking about was shoes and dresses she had to take along . Ii Grusha:- Caring ,Motherly ,Possessive, Kind ,Generous ,Loving ,Disciplined ,strict , Principled ,Honest 1mk for 1 indent illustrated any other well illustrated and relevant award. 2x2 2mks e Greed, Materialism Conflict Negligence Irresponsibility indent 1mrk illus 1mk any other relevant and well illustrated 2x2 4mks f She was concerned about her own welfare 1mk g Rhetorical question Is there a more ultimate relationship? -Can one tear a child from its mother? Ellipsis-to show somebody was cut off Mid sentenced-We agree .. was seen with the baby .. Irony Natella leaving her child and later claiming it -Natella using her child as a tool to acquire wealth. Any 2 well illustrated 2 mks any other relevant-award 4mks h Title given to a respected person -Respect or action of giving respect -Privilege 2mks i In her womb she carried it 1mks Q9. A Circumstances that lead the speaker to say these words: am accused of instigating war? This is said by Azdak who is role playing the Grand Duke. The Grand Duke has been accused by the princess of instigating the war. In the play within a play the Iron Shirts have decided to put Bizergan Kazbeki who has been proposed by Arsen Kabeki as he next judge through a rehearsal to test his ability as a judge. What follows then is the mock trial. B Why the nephew is reluctant to try the case.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.4837127}
{"text": "In the play within a play the Iron Shirts have decided to put Bizergan Kazbeki who has been proposed by Arsen Kabeki as he next judge through a rehearsal to test his ability as a judge. What follows then is the mock trial. B Why the nephew is reluctant to try the case. Since he obviously does not have what it takes to be a judge or probably because he knows the role the princes, and particularly his uncle played in causing Grusinia to lose the war. 2 x 1 2mks c Who is responsible for instigating the war. The princes are responsible for instigating the war. Azdak says that the war was started on the advice of patriot s like uncle Kazbeki who is a prince . The nephew supports this when he says one can t be arraigned for declaring a war. D At least two dominant themes in this extract. I Abuse of power officers flog soldiers only on command. Land owners sleep with peasant s wives only on the strictest command. Ii Irresponsibility Azdak accuses the princess of having failed in the responsibility because they sent sick horses to war and during attack they were drinking in whore houses. Iii Greed and materialism The princess are also said to have embezzled funds. The princes are also said to have benefited in he war because they got 3,863,000 piasters for horses not delivered and 8,240,000 piasters for food supplies not produced. NB: Any 2 well developed themes. 4mks e Two character traits of Arsen Kazbek as brought out in this extract. Contemptuous seems to have no respect for Azdak. He refers to him as madcap which would mean a lunatic, also refers to him as a carpet weaver. Manipulative He seems to manipulate the nephew so that he can achieve his goals. He tells him answer him my little fox, I am with you. Irrational emotional Even before the nephew can pass the verdict, he has already started shouting that Azdak should be hanged. Cunning sly He keeps referring to the nephew as Little fox. He also cunningly wants the nephew installed as the Judge to serve his own purpose. 4mks f Two stylistic devices and comment on their effectiveness.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.4792829}
{"text": "He tells him answer him my little fox, I am with you. Irrational emotional Even before the nephew can pass the verdict, he has already started shouting that Azdak should be hanged. Cunning sly He keeps referring to the nephew as Little fox. He also cunningly wants the nephew installed as the Judge to serve his own purpose. 4mks f Two stylistic devices and comment on their effectiveness. I Imagery simile cannot be watchdog if you howl like wolf meaning the nephew can t be judge, if he is irrational. To be judge you need to be level headed. This draws the attention of the audience to the fact that the prices are as guilty as the Duke. This man talks like a carpet weaver shows the contempt Kazbeki has for Azdak. Ii Metaphors my little fox Kazbeki refers to his nephew thus bringing in the cunning nature of the nephew and in equal measure that of the Fat Prince. Just as the fox is cunning, so is the nephew. Iii Play within a play Azdak role plays the Grand Duke who has been accused of instigating the war and causing Grusinia to lose the war. 6mks g Ironic twist that takes place in this extract. Immediately after this, the Fat Prince says that the rehearsal is enough and asks the Iron Shirts to ratify the new judge s appointment. Obviously he thinks that the Iron shirts will settle on his nephew as the new judge, but ironically the Ironshirts declare Azdak as the new judge. NB: For a candidate to score, the Irony must be brought out. 2mks Q10. A The singer highlights Grusha s escape to the Northern Mountain. How she sang a song, bought some milk and carried the baby in a sack. B Grusha had Michael who is the governor s heir. He is supposed to automatically take over as governor, a situation that jeopardizes Kazbeki s current position. For Kazbeki to be assured of his seat, Michael had to be killed. C Hateful spiteful contemptuous says kill the soldiers if you want milk. Critical old man says the soldiers from city have our goats. D Loving motherly she flees to the Northern mountains to protect the baby from the Iron shirts.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.4933865}
{"text": "C Hateful spiteful contemptuous says kill the soldiers if you want milk. Critical old man says the soldiers from city have our goats. D Loving motherly she flees to the Northern mountains to protect the baby from the Iron shirts. Sacrifices a week s wages. Determined to protect the boy no matter what. Insolent says to old man may lightning strike you. Selfless sacrifices a week s pay to buy milk. E Reveals the Ironshirts as determined and Grusha as enduring and vulnerable. F Sarcasm old man tells Grusha to kill the soldiers if she wants milk. Rhetoric questions Three piasters for this little drop? Metaphor Bloodhounds, butchers. Any two g It is a murderous business you have here and sinful too, isn t it? H Materialism old man sells milk expensively. Selflessness Grusha buys milk expensively. I This is an expensive joke Refers to the milk that is too little yet exorbitantly bought. And for a God-bless-you eh?- For free of charge. Blood hounds A large dog used for finding where someone is or has been.", "metadata": {"source": "CAUCASIAN-ANSWERS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.5126464}
{"text": "A DOLL S HOUSE- ESSAY QUESTIONS AND SAMPLE ESSAYSHow could the submissive, selfish and silly Nora of the first two acts transform herself into an independent woman by the end of the last act? Is the transformation realistic? While Nora puts on a convincing performance of being a submissive, selfish and foolish woman during the first act, there are early signs that this is not the real her. When she asks Torvald for more money despite having just been on a spending spree, she appears selfish and grasping. But we soon discover, in her conversation with Mrs Linde, that she is not squandering the money to satisfy her own desires, but using it to pay off the loan she took out in order to save her husband's life. In doing so, she has denied herself new things so that her husband and children can have all they need. Her arranging the loan and the trip to Italy - and her subsequent careful management of money and of her secret - show an astonishing strength of character. In addition, she secretly takes jobs to pay off the loan, a step towards the independence she finally embraces. But in the first two acts, Nora does not dare to acknowledge her own strength, let alone use it. There are many reasons for this. Chief among them are that her beloved Torvald, and society in general, would not comfortably countenance such strength in a woman. So it is easier for Nora to keep her head below the parapet rather than risk the consequences of showing herself as she is. Nora's submissiveness to Torvald is not all it seems. By playing the doll-child according to his wishes, she manipulates him into the role of indulgent father-figure. But in spite of her skill at 'managing' him, there is one instance in which she desperately wants him to adopt the manly and dominant role: she wants him to rescue her from the ruin caused by Krogstad's revelations. When he fails to provide the strength she needs, she realizes that she no longer loves him, as he is not the man she thought him. It is almost inevitable that she is forced to find that strength within herself. Her realization that she wants to pursue her independence is not so much a transformation as an awakening to a strength she has possessed all along. In what way does A Doll's House explore social issues? A Doll's House shines a searchlight on Victorian society, drawing attention to its hypocrisy and use of public opinion to suppress individuality.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.5638914}
{"text": "Her realization that she wants to pursue her independence is not so much a transformation as an awakening to a strength she has possessed all along. In what way does A Doll's House explore social issues? A Doll's House shines a searchlight on Victorian society, drawing attention to its hypocrisy and use of public opinion to suppress individuality. The critic Bjorn Hemmer, in an essay in The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, wrote: \"The people who live in such a society know the weight of 'public opinion' and of all those agencies which keep watch over society's 'law and order': the norms, the conventions and the traditions which in essence belong to the past but which continue into the present and there thwart individual liberty in a variety of ways. \"Torvald lives by society's norms, and when faced with a choice of whether to support his wife or society, he sides with society. When he realizes that she has broken the law in forging her father's signature on the loan document, he never questions the morality of such a law: it is left to Nora to do that. His aim is to preserve the appearance of respectability and ensure his continued acceptance in society. He has become so shaped by society's conventions that he cannot see his wife's suffering. In The Cambridge Companion to Ibsen, Gail Finney writes that in Ibsen's own notes for this play, he notes that a mother in modern society is \"like certain insects who go away and die when she has done her duty in the propagation of the race.\". This view is confirmed by Torvald's rejection of Nora when he discovers her secret; he says she is not fit to bring up their children if her reputation is tarnished. For Torvald, public life has obscured and overtaken private self. In order to find out who she is and what she wants, Nora has to reject the life that society prescribes for her as a wife and mother, and strike out on her own. \". I am going to see,\" she tells Torvald in Act 3, \"who is right, the world or I.\"But this is not simple. The nineteenth century saw a huge shift from the old social order of self-improvement within a stable rural society to a new social order founded on money. But women at the time could not control money without the authority of the man who 'owned' them, be it husband, brother or father.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.5812378}
{"text": "\"I am going to see,\" she tells Torvald in Act 3, \"who is right, the world or I.\"But this is not simple. The nineteenth century saw a huge shift from the old social order of self-improvement within a stable rural society to a new social order founded on money. But women at the time could not control money without the authority of the man who 'owned' them, be it husband, brother or father. Single and lone women like Mrs Linde had more control over their lives and money than married women, who were discouraged from taking jobs and had to surrender money matters to their husbands. But as Mrs Linde's story shows, having no male 'provider' brought its own problems. In sum, women had little power. Power lay with people like Torvald, who is a banker and lawyer. Torvald is able to dictate the fate not only of his family but of Mrs Linde by giving her a job and Krogstad by giving away his job . He is gratified by the prospect of sacking Krogstad because he disapproves of his morality. In effect, the Torvalds of this world defined morality. As we have seen with regard to Nora's crime, they also defined the law, and therefore, who was a criminal. It is worth noting that Ibsen based the episode of Nora's forgery on a similar 'crime' committed by a female friend of his, which ended tragically for her, so he was drawing attention to what he saw as a genuine social problem. He supported economic reform that would protect women's property and befriended European feminists. Other social issues addressed in the play include how women should be educated, both for the responsibilities of family and for self-fulfillment; the right of women to define their role in the family and society; the degrading effects of poverty on self-fulfillment as with Mrs Linde and the Nurse ; and the scourge of venereal disease as suffered by Dr Rank . How do different characters use the words \"free\" and \"freedom\"? How does the use of these words change throughout the play? It is Torvald who introduces the concept of freedom in the play, claiming that \"There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt.\". He defines freedom in economic terms, as befits an age where power depended upon money.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.5528245}
{"text": "How do different characters use the words \"free\" and \"freedom\"? How does the use of these words change throughout the play? It is Torvald who introduces the concept of freedom in the play, claiming that \"There can be no freedom or beauty about a home life that depends on borrowing and debt.\". He defines freedom in economic terms, as befits an age where power depended upon money. He is also adopting society's values, as debt was disapproved of and considered a sign of moral degeneracy. The dramatic irony behind his words lies in the fact that Torvald would not have any life at all if his wife had not gone into debt, though he does not realize this. Like Torvald, Krogstad sees freedom as moral respectability in the eyes of society. His job at the bank is the means by which he will \"cut himself free\" from the stigma of his \"indiscretion\" of forgery. The problem with this approach is that his \"freedom\" depends upon the whim of his employer, who also sits in moral judgment on him and can withdraw his job if he finds that he falls short in that respect. Mrs Linde feels proud that by working hard, she was able to support her brothers and mother, and \"I was privileged to make the end of my mother's life almost free from care.\". Like Torvald, she is defining freedom in economic terms. But she is operating at a lower economic level than he is. She is talking of being able to provide the necessities of life, whereas he is talking of the relative luxury of being free from debt. In Act 1, Nora is delighted that soon she will have paid off her debt to Krogstad and will be \"free from care, quite free from care; to be able to play and romp with the children; to be able to keep the house beautifully and have everything just as Torvald likes it!\". At this point, she defines her freedom in terms of the very things that as she later realizes restrict her: her role as a submissive wife and mother. By the end of Act 2, Krogstad's letter revealing Nora's debt and forgery of her father's signature is sitting in Torvald's letterbox. Nora, who fears yet hopes that Torvald will shield her by taking the entire blame upon himself, means to disappear or commit suicide, thereby saving him from disgrace.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.606255}
{"text": "In Act 1, Nora is delighted that soon she will have paid off her debt to Krogstad and will be \"free from care, quite free from care; to be able to play and romp with the children; to be able to keep the house beautifully and have everything just as Torvald likes it!\". At this point, she defines her freedom in terms of the very things that as she later realizes restrict her: her role as a submissive wife and mother. By the end of Act 2, Krogstad's letter revealing Nora's debt and forgery of her father's signature is sitting in Torvald's letterbox. Nora, who fears yet hopes that Torvald will shield her by taking the entire blame upon himself, means to disappear or commit suicide, thereby saving him from disgrace. She tells him: \"Then you will be free.\". Thus Torvald will maintain his respectability by means of Nora's obliterating herself from his world. At the end of the play, Nora has been awakened to Torvald's narrow-mindedness and no longer sees freedom in terms of bondage to him or obliteration of herself. On the contrary, she defines freedom for herself and Torvald as complete independence from each other, as she leaves the marriage to forge a new life for herself: \"I set you free from all your obligations. You are not to feel yourself bound in the slightest way, any more than I shall. There must be perfect freedom on both sides. \"Compare Torvald s and Nora s attitudes toward money. Torvald and Nora s first conversation establishes Torvald as the member of the household who makes and controls the money and Nora as the one who spends it. Torvald repeatedly teases Nora about her spending, and at one point Mrs. Linde points out that Nora was a big spender in her younger days. These initial comments paint Nora as a shallow woman who is overly concerned with -material delights. Yet Nora s generous tip to the porter in the play s opening scene shows that she is not a selfish woman. More important, once the secret of Nora s loan is made known to the audience, we see that Nora s interest in money stems more from her concern for her family s welfare than from petty desires. We realize that the excitement she has expressed over Torvald s new, well-paying job results from the fact that more spending money means she can finally pay off her debt to Krogstad.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.6204596}
{"text": "Yet Nora s generous tip to the porter in the play s opening scene shows that she is not a selfish woman. More important, once the secret of Nora s loan is made known to the audience, we see that Nora s interest in money stems more from her concern for her family s welfare than from petty desires. We realize that the excitement she has expressed over Torvald s new, well-paying job results from the fact that more spending money means she can finally pay off her debt to Krogstad. While Torvald seems less enthralled by money because he doesn t talk about it except to chastise Nora for her spending, he is obsessed with having a beautiful home, including a beautiful wife. He considers these things important to his reputation, and keeping up this reputation requires money. Although Torvald accuses Nora of wasting money, Nora spends her money mostly on worthy causes, whereas Torvald uses his for selfish, shallow purposes. Why does Torvald constantly reprimand Nora for her wastefulness and foolishness while simultaneously supporting her behavior? What insight does this contradiction give us into Torvald and Nora s relationship? Torvald perceives Nora as a foolish woman who is ignorant of the way society works, but he likes Nora s foolishness and ignorance because they render her helpless and therefore dependent on him. It soon becomes clear to us that Nora s dependence, not Torvald s love for Nora as a person, forms the foundation of Torvald s affection for her. In Act One, Torvald teases Nora about wasting money but then tries to please her by graciously giving her more. Similarly, he points out her faults but then says he doesn t want her to change a bit. He clearly enjoys keeping Nora in a position where she cannot function in the world without him, even if it means that she remains foolish. In general, Torvald disapproves of any kind of change in Nora s constant, obedient demeanor because he needs to control her behavior. When Nora begins to dance the tarantella wildly in Act Two, he is unsettled. In Act One, Nora says that it would humiliate Torvald if he knew he was secretly in debt to her for his life, indicating that Torvald wants the power in his marriage to be one-sided rather than mutual. Compare and contrast Mrs. Linde and Nora at the end of the play. By the end of Act Three, both Nora and Mrs. Linde have entered new phases in their lives.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.663342}
{"text": "Linde and Nora at the end of the play. By the end of Act Three, both Nora and Mrs. Linde have entered new phases in their lives. Nora has chosen to abandon her children and her husband because she wants independence from her roles as mother and wife. In contrast, Mrs. Linde has chosen to abandon her independence to marry Krogstad and take care of his family. She likes having people depend on her, and independence does not seem to fulfill her. Despite their apparent opposition, both Nora s and Mrs. Linde s decisions allow them to fulfill their respective personal desires. They have both chosen their own fates, freely and without male influence. Ibsen seems to feel that the nature of their choices is not as important as the fact that both women make the choices themselves. Using specific examples, discuss how Ibsen's \"progress from one work to the other\" is due to a \"perpetual scrutiny of the same general questions regarded from different points of view. \"Do you feel that Ibsen's drama is \"dated\"? To defend your view, cite dramatic themes in these plays which you consider to be universal, or limited in scope. Show how the first act forewarns the audience of almost all the forthcoming events in the rest of the drama. Point out some instances where Ibsen is able to \"externalize\" inner problems by using effective symbols. At least one character in each play prefers an imaginary view of life to a realistic viewpoint. With this in mind, discuss the life-view of Torvald Helmer. In what ways does the vocation of Torvald Helmer provide additional insight into his character? Devise an alternative ending for A Doll's House, trying not to violate Ibsen's dramatic thesis. Defend either your new conclusion or the inviolability of Ibsen's original ending. Explain the symbolic significance of hereditary disease in A Doll's House. Do today's women face the same sort of barriers that women did in Nora's time? In what ways is Torvald caged by societal expectations? What about the other men in the play? Krogstad? Dr. Rank? What is important about the title? Who is the \"doll\" Ibsen refers to? Who is the more significant female character in terms of plot development, Nora or Kristine? Explain your answer. Do you think Kristine's decision not to prevent Krogstad from revealing the truth to Torvald is a betrayal of Nora?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.6542912}
{"text": "Who is the more significant female character in terms of plot development, Nora or Kristine?Explain your answer. Do you think Kristine's decision not to prevent Krogstad from revealing the truth to Torvald is a betrayal of Nora?Does this act ultimately hurt or benefit Nora?How does Henrik Ibsen reveal character in A Doll's House?Is Nora a sympathetic character?Did your opinion of Nora change from the beginning of the play to its conclusionDoes the play end the way you expected?Do you think this was a happy ending?A Doll's House is generally considered a feminist work. Do you agree with this characterization?Why or why not?How essential is the setting, both in terms of time period and location?Could the play have taken place anywhere else?Would the final outcome have had the same impact if A Doll's House had been set in the present day?Why or why not?Knowing that the plot is based on a series of events that happened to a female friend of Ibsen's, did it bother you that he used Laura Kieler's story without it benefiting her?Which actress would you cast as Nora if you were to stage a production of A Doll's House?Who would play Torvald?Why is the choice of actor important to the role?Explain your choices.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-ESSAY-QUESTIONS-AND-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.675846}
{"text": "The Pearl GuideThe Pearl by John SteinbeckBelow are the Essential Questions, Theme Topics Motifs , Thematic Questions, and Key Literary Terms that we will use for our analysis of The Pearl. These questions, theme topics, and terms will guide our discussion and analysis during this unit, so it is important for you to be familiar with them as you read. Use this overview to help guide your annotations and read through the background information before you read the novel. Essential Questions How does parable transcend time and place to employ a universal theme? What makes a theme universal? Why are symbols useful to writers and their audience? How can writing be used to effect change in society? Theme Topics Motifs from The PearlDuring your reading and annotating of The Pearl look for and mark passages that make a point or statement about these possible theme topics: Money, Possessions, Greed: Look for passages quotes dealing with the quest formoney and the desire for things of the material world, as well as references to the stepswhich people will take to attain those things. Also, look for passages quotes that implythat money can buy happiness. Social Oppression: Look for passages quotes dealing with the oppression of theMexican Indians in the portrayal of the doctor, the priest, the pearl buyers, and thetrackers. Watch for details which show how Kino and his people are treateddisrespectfully, taken advantage of, and discriminated against. Man as a part of nature: Look for passages quotes which illustrate similaritiesbetween humans and other species through comparisons. NOTICE the frequent imagesSteinbeck uses and think of how these passages reflect or foreshadow give hints aboutfuture events HUMAN events. Kino s songs: Look for passages quotes with references to the music Kino hears the three types of songs he hears and their significance. Pay particular attention toWHEN and UNDER WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES he hears a particular song. Good vs. Evil: Look for passages quotes that reflect images and ideas of darknesslight,good- evil, brightness- dimness, day- night, black- white, etc. Appearance vs. Reality: Look for passages quotes that refer to things not beingwhat they seem.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.69814}
{"text": "Evil: Look for passages quotes that reflect images and ideas of darknesslight,good- evil, brightness- dimness, day- night, black- white, etc. Appearance vs. Reality: Look for passages quotes that refer to things not beingwhat they seem. Consider looking for passages quotes about visions, haze, mirages,dreams, vagueness, ghostly gleams, illusions, etc. Thematic Questions How does oppression manifest in both the community and individual? How can society s wrongs be righted? How much control does an individual have over his her success in life? How can we determine if something or someone is what or who they appear to be? Can money or desire change an individual? Is money necessary to be successful in life? What is the difference between good and evil? Are there any shades of gray? Honors English IThe Pearl Remember that a Literary Theme is the controlling idea of a story an arguable comment or statement an author makes about the nature of humankind orsociety a truth that can be taken from the specifics of the story and applied to society in general some human truth that the author wants the reader to understand about life, the human experience, or human natureKey Literary Terms: theme, motif, characterization, conflict, symbolism, parable, allegory, setting, metaphor, simile, personification, figurative language, imagery, Freytag s Plot PyramidThe Pearl Background InformationAuthor: John Steinbeck 1902-1968 was born in Salinas,California the son of poor parents. Although he was educated at Stanford University and became a celebrated writer, he never forgot his origins. Growing up in working class towns, he became an excellent observer of human nature and later wrote about the people he lived around workers including Mexican-American and migrant workers. He discovered the harsh reality that these people were often treated poorly and without respect and had little means of defending themselves. As a result, many of the characters he wrote about were down and out, isolated and oppressed.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.7348747}
{"text": "Growing up in working class towns, he became an excellent observer of human nature and later wrote about the people he lived around workers including Mexican-American and migrant workers. He discovered the harsh reality that these people were often treated poorly and without respect and had little means of defending themselves. As a result, many of the characters he wrote about were down and out, isolated and oppressed. They represent the struggle theme of his novels principally the struggle between the poor andthe wealthy, the weak and the strong, good and evil, and between cultures or civilizations. These themes are all evident in The Pearl. Origins: In 1940, Steinbeck set out on a sailing expedition to study marine life in the Gulf of California, hoping to find universal patterns in marine species that would help him understand life in general. During this trip, Steinbeck heard about the legend of a Mexican fisher boy who had found an enormous pearl that had brought him much misery. Steinbeck developed this legend into the novel The Pearl. As you read The Pearl, watch for details about the plant and animal life in the Gulf and the many metaphors comparisons , images and themes Steinbeck uses which are connected to these details. Setting: The events of The Pearl take place sometime around the 1900 on an estuary mouth of the river somewhere on the coast of Mexico in the town of La Paz. On a map the long peninsula which descends from California is called BAJA CALIFORNIA. It is part of Mexico and is separated from the rest of Mexico by the Gulf of California, also known as the Sea of Cortez. Honors English I The PearlHistorical Background and Social Culture: At the time the story takes place, the Indians of Mexico had already been under the domination of people of Spanish descent for 300 years. The governing class was primarily made up of those of Spanish descent and the Roman Catholic Church who, together, kept the Mexican Indians at the bottom of the social hierarchy or social ladder. In most cases, the Indians were not allowed to attend school or own land. Keeping people uneducated and dependent keeps them oppressed . Although Spanish culture and Catholic rituals were forced upon the Indians, they fiercely held onto many of their spiritual beliefs, cultures, and customs of their various tribes. WATCH FOR EVIDENCE OF THIS IN THE NOVEL!", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.7763846}
{"text": "Keeping people uneducated and dependent keeps them oppressed . Although Spanish culture and Catholic rituals were forced upon the Indians, they fiercely held onto many of their spiritual beliefs, cultures, and customs of their various tribes. WATCH FOR EVIDENCE OF THIS IN THE NOVEL! Style: The Pearl is a short novel or novella which is told in the form of an allegory or PARABLE a short, simple work with little dialogue illustrating a lesson or a larger truth often on the subject of good and evil. In a PARABLE, good and evil are clearly defined everything is black and white, there are no shades of gray. For instance, the good characters have names, and the bad characters have no names. The characters andaction symbolize certain universal ideas or concepts and the readers attach their ownmeaning to these symbols. Point of View: The Pearl is told by an all knowing OMNISCIENT third-person narratorwho is observing the characters and their actions from outside the story. Comment: The reader is told in the preface, In the town they tell the story of the great pearl how it was found and how it was lost again If this story is a parable, perhaps everyone takes his own meaning from it and reads his own life into it. Thus begins Steinbeck s novel of good and evil, The Pearl. It is the timeless tale of the Mexican-Indian fisherman Kino, his wife Juana, and their infant son, Coyotito. It tells of how Kino finds the Pearl of the World and dreams of breaking out of the trap of poverty and ignorance that oppresses him and his family. The violence that follows his dreams, but brings him a greater understanding of himself and the realities of the world in which he lives. As you read, consider what meaning you take from Kino s story. Other Well-Known Novels By Steinbeck:Tortilla Flat 1935 The Red Pony 1937 Of Mice and Men 1937 The Grapes of Wrath 1939 Cannery Row 1945 East of Eden 1952 The Winter of Our Discontent 1961 Travels With Charley 1962 Honors English IThe PearlThe Pearl Literature GuideAs you read The Pearl, complete the following questions. These questions will help you remember and reflect onimportant plot and literary elements techniques from the reading, so that your analysis is more in-depth.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.7733977}
{"text": "As you read, consider what meaning you take from Kino s story. Other Well-Known Novels By Steinbeck:Tortilla Flat 1935 The Red Pony 1937 Of Mice and Men 1937 The Grapes of Wrath 1939 Cannery Row 1945 East of Eden 1952 The Winter of Our Discontent 1961 Travels With Charley 1962 Honors English IThe PearlThe Pearl Literature GuideAs you read The Pearl, complete the following questions. These questions will help you remember and reflect onimportant plot and literary elements techniques from the reading, so that your analysis is more in-depth. Thestory is simple, but because it is an allegory, there is deeper meaning at every turn. Read between the lines andanalyze characters, setting, imagery, symbols, etc. The Pearl is a short novella and reading it several times beforethe start of the school year will offer you a more in-depth understanding. Chapter 1 pg. 3-13 1. Where does the story open? The story opens in Kino s hut, located on the beach. The beach is on the Gulf of Mexico, but this information is not revealed until Chapter 2. 2. Who are the main characters introduced at the beginning of this chapter? Kino, his wife, Juana, and his infant son, Coyotito3. Where does Coyotito sleep? In a hanging box4. What did Kino s people do? They were makers of great songs. Everything they saw, thought, did, heard or experienced became a song. 5. What is the Song of the Family? The sounds of the family waking Juana talking to Coyotito, Juana fanning the fire into flames, and the rhythm of the grinding stone that Juana used to work the corn for morning cakes. 6. What kind of morning did Kino think it was? It was a morning like other mornings and yet perfect among mornings. 7. What is the Whole? It is the safety and warmth provided by the familiar routines of Kino s family. 8. How is Kino described? Kino was young and strong and his black hair hung over his brown forehead. His eyes were warm and fierce and bright and his mustache was thin and coarse. 9. What draws Kino s attention to Coyotito s hanging box?", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.795719}
{"text": "Kino was young and strong and his black hair hung over his brown forehead. His eyes were warm and fierce and bright and his mustache was thin and coarse. 9. What draws Kino s attention to Coyotito s hanging box? A tiny movement a scorpion was climbing down the rope that suspended the box. 10. What is the Song of Evil? What brings the Song of Evil? The Song of Evil is the music of the enemy, of any foe of the family, a savage, secret dangerous melody . The scorpion brings the Song of Evil. 11. What contradiction does Juana display when the scorpion appears? She repeats an ancient magic to guard against evil, while muttering a Hail Mary between clenched teeth. It is the contradiction between pagan and Christian religious rituals. 12. What harm comes to Coyotito? Why is Kino unable to stop it? Kino reaches for the scorpion and when it poses to sting, Coyotito shakes the rope to the box, and the scorpion falls on the baby and stings him. 13. What does Kino do to the scorpion? He beats and stamps it until it is only a moist place in the dirt. 14. How does Juana react to Coyotito s injury? She immediately begins to suck the poison from the puncture wound. 15. What is the danger of the scorpion s sting? The poison from the sting may make an adult gravely ill, but it could cause death in a baby. 16. What surprising thing did Juana request after Coyotito was stung? Why was it surprising? She asked Kino to go get the doctor. It was surprising because To get him would be a remarkable thing. The doctor never came to the cluster of brush houses. 17. What does Kino do about Juana s request? How does Juana respond? Kino tells Juana, The doctor would not come. Juana tells Kino they will go to the doctor. 18. What skill did the beggars have? They were experts in financial analysis. That is, they were able to determine people s status of wealth or poverty by observing them. 19. What did the beggars decide about Kino and Juana? They decided that they were too poor, and the doctor would not see them. 20. What did the beggars know about the doctor?", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.8218555}
{"text": "They decided that they were too poor, and the doctor would not see them. 20. What did the beggars know about the doctor? They knew his ignorance, his cruelty, his avarice, his appetites, his sins. 21. Why does Kino hesitate when they reach the doctor s residence? Because the doctor was of a race which for nearly four hundred years had beaten and starved and robbed and despised Kino s race; all of the doctor s race spoke to all of Kino s race as though they were simple animals. 22. What are some indications that the doctor leads a wealthy lifestyle? He wears a dressing gown of silk from Paris. The gown is tight, which means he s eating well and gaining weight. He has a silver tray with delicate china on it. The d cor of the room indicates a wealthy lifestyle as well. 23. When the doctor learns of Coyotito s injury, what is his reaction? What does this indicate about his attitude toward Kino s race? He reacts with anger, then he reacts with greed. He says, Have I nothing better to do than cure insect bites for little Indians ? I am a doctor, not a veterinary. Then he demands, Has he any money? See if he has any money! The doctor believes Kino s people are animals, and they are worthless unless they can pay for his services. 24. When Kino offers pearls as payments for the doctor s service, what happens? The doctor s servant is gone for a short moment, and then he returns to tell Kino, The doctor has gone out. He was called to a serious case. 25. What is ironic about the servant s comments to Kino? The doctor has not really gone out, and the servant s choice of words is ironic. What could be a more serious case than a poisoned child? 26. How does Kino react to the doctor s behavior toward his family? He strikes the gate with his fist. Chapter 21. What do people of the Gulf trust? Things of the spirit and things of the imagination, but they do not trust their eyes to show them distance or clear outline or any optical exactness. 2. What is the one thing of value Kino owns? Why is it so valuable? His canoe; it is the bulwark against starvation. It is his means of income and keeping his family fed and sheltered. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.8657863}
{"text": "Why is it so valuable? His canoe; it is the bulwark against starvation. It is his means of income and keeping his family fed and sheltered. 3. How does Juana treat Coyotito s scorpion sting? She makes a poultice out of brown seaweed and presses it to the baby s swollen shoulder. 4. Does her remedy work? The remedy is as good a remedy as any and probably better than the doctor could have done. But the remedy lacked his authority because it was simple and didn t cost anything. The remedy might work, but Juana is skeptical because a doctor didn t apply it. As yet, Coyotito hadn t experienced the stomach cramps typical for scorpion poisoning, so her remedy might be working. 5. For what does Juana pray? She didn t pray directly for Coyotito s recovery. She prays for Kino to find a pearl large enough to pay the doctor for his services to cure the baby. 6. What is the accident that happens to oysters? A small grain of sand gets in the folds of muscle and irritates the flesh until in self-protection the flesh coats the grain of sand. The coated grain of sand becomes a pearl. 7. About what had Kino s people made songs? Everything that happened or existed; they made songs to the fishes, to the sea in anger or in calm, to the light and dark, to the sun and moon. 8. What song was in Kino as he held his breath underwater? The Song of the Pearl That Might Be, part of the Song of the Undersea9. How long can Kino hold his breath underwater? Over two minutes10. What attracts Kino s attention to the ancient oyster that lying by itself? A ghostly gleam11. Why is Kino reluctant to open the oyster until he s opened all the other oysters? He doesn t dare to hope that the oyster contains a pearl. The ghostly gleam he saw could have been an illusion, or a reflection of the shell. His people, the people of the Gulf are used to disappointment, and this pearl offers hope. 12. What does Juana tell Kino to do with the oyster? She tells him to open it. 13. What has Kino found in the oyster? He has found the greatest pearl in the world. 14.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.8550334}
{"text": "13. What has Kino found in the oyster? He has found the greatest pearl in the world. 14. What do Kino and Juana discover right after they discover the pearl? They find that the seaweed poultice has taken the swelling out of Coyotito s shoulder, and the poison was receding from his body. Chapter 31. Throughout the novel, there are various types of animal imagery. What is characterized as an animal at the beginning of this chapter? When is this imagery first used in the novel? The town is a thing like a colonial animal. The image the author gives demonstrates how the townspeople digest the news of Kino s discovery. The animal imagery is first used when Kino s people are characterized as animals by the doctor in Chapter 1. 2. As the news of Kino s prize travels through the village, who learns of the Pearl of the World ? The priest, the shopkeepers, the doctor, and the beggars in front of the church3. What is the doctor s reaction to the news of Kino s pearl? He says that Kino is a client of his, and he is treating Coyotito for a scorpion sting. 4. What does the doctor s reaction to Kino s good fortune reveal about his character? It emphasizes his greediness. He wouldn t have anything to do with Kino or his family when they came to him for help when Coyotito was injured, because he knew they couldn t pay for his services. Now that he knows about Kino s pearl, he s willing to treat Coyotito. 5. How do people react to the news of Kino s pearl? What does the news of the pearl stir up in the town? Every man suddenly became related to Kino s pearl, and Kino s pearl went into the dreams, the speculations, the schemes, the plans, the futures, the wishes, the needs, the lusts, the hungers, of everyone, and only one person stood in the way and that was Kino, so that he became curiously every man s enemy. The pearl stirs up something black and evil in the town the poison sacs of the town began to fill with venom. People became immediately envious of Kino s good fortune, and tried to figure out a way to get the pearl for themselves. 6. What comment on human nature does the author make with the villagers response?", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.888873}
{"text": "People became immediately envious of Kino s good fortune, and tried to figure out a way to get the pearl for themselves. 6. What comment on human nature does the author make with the villagers response? People are basically greedy. Even people who are used to having nothing and are happy can be changed by the possibility of wealth. 7. What do Kino and Juana assume about the villager s response to Kino s prize? They assume that everyone would be happy for their good fortune. 8. What music does Kino experience after finding the pearl? The music of the pearl had merged with the music of the family so that one beautified the other. The pearl is something good for the family. 9. What does Juan Tomas ask Kino about his discovery? What is Kino s response? Juan Tomas asks, What will you do now that you have become a rich man? Kino tells Juan Tomas that he and Juana will be married in the church, they will have new clothes, he might buy a rifle, and Coyotito will go to school. 10. Why does the idea of Kino s son attending school cause such a stir among the villagers? Kino says, these things will make us free because he will know and through him we will know. Kino s people had been oppressed for hundreds of years, and one reason that this oppression continued is because they are illiterate and uneducated. The possibility of Coyotito becoming educated creates hope. 11. What happens to time as a result of the pearl? Time will be measured based on the pearl. Everything will be in terms of happening before or since the discovery of the pearl. 12. Who comes to visit Kino? Why? The priest comes to visit Kino. He reminds him to be generous to the church with his newfound fortune. 13. How is the priest like the rest of the village in his request? He wants to benefit from Kino s discovery of the pearl. 14. What faint song does Kino hear when the priest visits? What does this mean? Kino begins to hear the song of evil, of the enemy. Kino knows, perhaps only on a subconscious level, that people want to get the pearl away from him. 15. What animal imagery is used for the Song of the Family in this chapter? Why do you think the author uses this image? The Song of the Family is characterized as like the purring of a kitten.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.9372637}
{"text": "What animal imagery is used for the Song of the Family in this chapter? Why do you think the author uses this image? The Song of the Family is characterized as like the purring of a kitten. This image conveys the warmth and security Kino feels within his family. A kitten only purrs when it feels safe and is content or happy. 16. Shortly after the priest and the neighbors leave, Kino senses danger. Who appears at this time? The doctor appears with two assistants. 17. What lie does the doctor tell Kino and Juana? I was not in when you came this morning. But now, at the first chance, I have come to see the baby. Of course, he was home when they visited that morning, and he has only come after hearing about Kino s pearl. 18. Even though Coyotito appears to be recovering from the scorpion s sting, how does the doctor make Kino and Juana believe his services are still necessary? He tells them that a scorpion s poison can lay dormant, and then cause serious damage such as a blind eye or withered leg. He tells Kino, I know the sting of a scorpion, my friend, and I can cure it. He tells Kino that the poison has gone inward and it will strike Coyotito soon. One sign of this is Coyotito blue eyelid. 19. What remedy does the doctor give the baby? What suspicion does Kino have about this remedy? The doctor gives Coyotito a gelatin capsule of white powder, and says that if the poison is going to strike, it will do so within the hour. During that hour, Coyotito begins to convulse and vomit. The doctor returns and treats him with a few drops of ammonia diluted in water. The baby s spasms subside and it appears the doctor has cured him from the poison. Kino believes that the capsules contained something that caused Coyotito s convulsions, and the doctor was only trying to get some of Kino s money from the pearl. 20. What question does the doctor ask when he is done treating Coyotito? What offer does he make to Kino? He asks when payment will be made for his services. Kino tells him about the pearl about which the doctor already knew, of course , and promises to pay the doctor after he has sold it. The doctor offers to keep Kino s pearl in his safe.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.9413202}
{"text": "He asks when payment will be made for his services. Kino tells him about the pearl about which the doctor already knew, of course , and promises to pay the doctor after he has sold it. The doctor offers to keep Kino s pearl in his safe. Kino refuses the offer and says the pearl is safe. 21. What did the doctor hope to reveal with his offer? Is this information revealed? He knew the pearl would be buried in the house, and he thought Kino might look toward the place where it was buried. Yes, the information is revealed when Kino s eyes flick involuntarily to the floor near the side post of the brush hut. 22. After everyone has left the hut, Juana asks Kino, Who do you fear? What is his response? Kino says he fears everyone. 23. While they are sleeping that night, what happens in Kino and Juana s hut? Kino awakens and hears the whisper of a foot on dry earth and the scratch of fingers in the soil. An intruder comes, and quietly tries to dig up the pearl. 24. Is the intruder successful? No, Kino attacks him in the dark and tries to stab him. Kino s head is smashed in the scuffle and the intruder escapes. 25. Who is the most likely person to have sent the intruder? How do you know? The doctor sent the intruder. It must have been the doctor, because the intruder tries to dig in the place where Kino glanced when the doctor asked him if the pearl was safe. 26. How is Kino characterized during the fight? He is like an angry cat, leaped striking and spitting for the dark thing . Again, the author uses animal imagery for description. 27. What is Juana s response to the stranger s intrusion and attack on her husband? She cries, This thing is evil. This pearl is like a sin! It will destroy us. She asks her husband to throw the pearl back into the sea and says, It has brought evil. Kino, my husband, it will destroy us. 28. What statement does Juana make that serves as foreshadowing? It will destroy us all. Even our son. 29. What promise does Kino make to Juana about the pearl? How is the pearl described at the end of the chapter?", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.9766984}
{"text": "Even our son. 29. What promise does Kino make to Juana about the pearl? How is the pearl described at the end of the chapter? Kino promises that they will sell the pearl and the evil will go with it, and only the good will stay. The pearl is a guarantee of the future, of comfort, of security. Its warm lucence promised a poultice against illness and a wall against insult. It closed a door on hunger. Chapter 41. What is the name of the town that keeps track of itself and of all its units ? What does this mean? La Paz. It means that everyone in this small town knows everyone else s business. 2. What did the pearl buyers know? They already knew that Kino was coming to sell his pearl that day. 3. What supposition is made about the pearl buyers? What is actually the case? When are the pearl buyers happy? It is supposed that the pearl buyers act alone and compete against one another for business. In actuality, one major buyer employs them all. The best and happiest pearl buyer was he who bought for the lowest price. 4. What do the neighbors hope for Kino? They hope that the pearl does not destroy him and his family. They don t want wealth to change Kino, they hoped that wealth would not graft onto him the evil limbs of greed and hatred and coldness. 5. What was expected of the neighbors when Kino goes to town to sell his pearl? It was expected that they would join him it was an historic moment, they would be crazy if they didn t go. It would be almost a sign of unfriendship. 6. What does Juan Tomas warn Kino against as he leaves to sell the pearl? Why is his warning ironic? Juan Tomas tells Kino, You must be careful to see they do not cheat you. This is ironic because, in the next line Juan Tomas admits, We do not know what prices are paid in other places. Since they do not know what the pearl s market value is, they cannot know if they are being cheated. 7. Why did Kino s ancestors give up trying to get better prices for their pearls in the capital? Because when they sent their pearls men to sell them on their behalf, the men would disappear with their pearls and they would end up with nothing. 8. Why does Kino believe that selling the pearl at the capital is against religion?", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406289.9666743}
{"text": "Because when they sent their pearls men to sell them on their behalf, the men would disappear with their pearls and they would end up with nothing. 8. Why does Kino believe that selling the pearl at the capital is against religion? What is really true about this belief? Because the priest has said so the priest gives a yearly sermon about how each man or woman is a soldier sent by God to guard his own part of the universe. Each person is supposed to remain faithful and not go running about. The men who tried to sell their pearls at the capital were running about and not guarding their post, and that is why they lost their pearls. The belief is based in blind faith. Kino believes the priest because he was raised to do so, but in reality, the priest is contributing to the oppression of Kino s people by perpetuating this belief. 9. What sign does the pearl buyer give of his astonishment at Kino s pearl? He gives no visual sign or facial expression that Kino can distinguish, but under the desk, the pearl buyer drops a coin he has been turning between his knuckles. 10. What is the pearl buyer s initial appraisal of the pearl? What offer does he make? The pearl buyer tells Kino that the pearl is too large to sell, because there is no market for such things. He tells Kino it is like fool s gold, and it is only a curiosity. The pearl buyer offers Kino 1,000 pesos for the pearl. 11. Does Kino accept the offer? What does Kino believe the pearl is worth? No. Kino accuses the buyer of trying to cheat him. Kino thinks the pearl is worth 50,000 pesos. 12. How does the author characterize the feelings Kino has while dealing with the pearl buyer? The animal imagery is used again. Kino felt the creeping of fate, the circling of wolves, the hover of vultures. He felt the evil coagulating about him, and he was helpless to protect himself. 13. How does the pearl buyer prove his original offer was fair? How do you know he was really trying to cheat Kino? The other pearl buyers support the idea that the pearl is valueless, but they probably arranged this ahead of Kino s arrival, so that they could get the great pearl for the least amount of money.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.0262635}
{"text": "How does the pearl buyer prove his original offer was fair? How do you know he was really trying to cheat Kino? The other pearl buyers support the idea that the pearl is valueless, but they probably arranged this ahead of Kino s arrival, so that they could get the great pearl for the least amount of money. The pearl buyer reveals himself when he is reluctant to let Kino leave with his worthless pearl, and he makes another offer of 1,500 pesos. 14. What do the neighbors say about the pearl buyers business dealings with Kino? Why is this ironic? The neighbors believe the pearl buyers must have been truthful with Kino because they each determined the pearl to be valueless. When Kino offers the theory that they could have arranged the collusion before his arrival, they say, If that is so, then all of us have been cheated all of our lives. That comment is ironic because, in fact, these people have been cheated all of their lives. 15. With what problem regarding the pearl is Kino now confronted? Since he has defied the pearl buyers, he has no way to sell the pearl locally. 16. What do the less fearful neighbors say about Kino s actions with the pearl buyers? They said, Kino is a brave man, and a fierce man; he is right. From his courage we may all profit. They realize that Kino s confrontation with the pearl buyers may lead to fairer dealings in the future. 17. Who said, We do know that we are cheated from birth to the overcharge on our coffins ? What does he mean? Juan Tomas said it because the pearl buyers cheated Kino, and their people have been cheated for generations. 18. Why does Juan Tomas fear for Kino? He says that Kino has not only defied the pearl buyers, but the whole structure of how Kino s people make their living. He says, You have defied not the pearl buyers, but the whole structure, the whole way of life, and I am afraid for you. 19. Kino is under the impression that his friends will protect him if necessary, but what does Juan Tomas tell him? His friends will protect Kino only so long as they are not in danger or discomfort from it. 20. What happens during the night at Kino and Juana s hut? More intruders attack Kino. 21. What does Juana ask Kino after the attackers are gone?", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.036864}
{"text": "More intruders attack Kino. 21. What does Juana ask Kino after the attackers are gone? She asks him, again, to destroy the pearl or throw it back in the sea before it destroys them. Chapter 51. What is Juana doing at the beginning of the chapter? What is she planning to do? At the beginning the chapter, Juana is moving around the hut and she moves the fireplace stone where the pearl is hidden . She is planning to throw the pearl back into the sea. 2. Who stops Juana from throwing the pearl? How? Kino stops her by wrenching her arm, and striking her in the face. After she falls, he kicks her in the side. 3. What do Kino s actions demonstrate about what the pearl has done to him? The pearl has become everything to Kino he would murder his wife rather than lose the pearl. 4. What animal imagery is used when Kino attacks Juana? Kino bares his teeth and, hissed at her like a snake. Juana stares back at him, like a sheep before the butcher. 5. What happens to Kino after he attacks Juana? Why? When he is walking up the beach, he is tackled and searched by attackers. They are trying to find the pearl. 6. When Kino told Juana, I am a man, what did that mean to her? It meant that he was half insane and half god. 7. When Juana walks back in the darkness after Kino attacks her, what things does she find? First, she finds the pearl that was knocked from Kino s hand when he was attacked. Then she sees two dark figures lying in the path. One figure is Kino; the other is an attacker whom Kino has killed. 8. What does Juana know after she sees that Kino has killed a man? She knows that their old life is gone forever. 9. When Kino starts to regain his senses after the attack, what is his first concern? What idea does this emphasize see 3 ? His first concern is that he has lost the pearl. Again, the pearl has become everything Kino is not so concerned that he has committed murder, as he is that he s lost the pearl. 10. Why does Kino still think he can return to the village and retain his old life? Can he? He thinks people will believe that he struck to save his life.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.0521083}
{"text": "Why does Kino still think he can return to the village and retain his old life? Can he? He thinks people will believe that he struck to save his life. He cannot return to his old life it s gone. Juana reminds him about how the pearl buyers treated him and how some of the neighbors treated him after his defiance of the buyers. Too many people are against them now because of the pearl. 11. After Kino decides that he will take his family and leave, what does he discover? He discovers that his canoe has been vandalized, and a large hole is knocked into the bottom. 12. When Kino discovers his broken canoe, he thinks, This was an evil beyond thinking. The killing of a man was not so evil as the killing of a boat. Why does he believe this? Because a boat cannot protect itself, and a wounded boat does not heal. Also, the boat is a man s way of making a living, and when his boat is damaged, a man has not protection against starvation. The broken canoe also demonstrates the evil in man. The men in the village were so envious of Kino, they could no longer allow him to have a normal life among them. 13. What thought never occurs to Kino after he discovers his broken canoe? What does this say about him? It never occurs to Kino to take another man s canoe. He cannot conceive of treating another man they way he has been treated. This may mean that he still has as his basic humanity. He hasn t lost everything to the pearl yet . 14. What happens to Kino and Juana s hut as they re preparing to leave? Their hut is ransacked and then set on fire. 15. According to Juana, who is responsible for destroying their hut? The dark ones. Kino and Juana don t know who is against them the intruders and attackers could be anyone, but the one thing Kino and Juana know about them is that they are evil or dark. 16. To what does Juan Tomas attribute Kino and Juana s misfortune? He blames the pearl. He says, there is a devil in this pearl. You should have sold it and passed on the devil. Perhaps you can still sell it and buy peace for yourself. 17. What request does Kino make of his brother? Does Juan Tomas agree? Kino asks Juan Tomas to hide his family, and Juan Tomas agrees to do so. 18.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.0742137}
{"text": "Does Juan Tomas agree? Kino asks Juan Tomas to hide his family, and Juan Tomas agrees to do so. 18. What promise does Kino make to his brother? Kino says, I will go tonight and then you will be safe. Kino doesn t want to be a danger to his brother or his brother s family. 19. How does Juan Tomas account for the disappearance of Kino and his family? He tells people different things. To some he says Kino and Juana have gone south along the shore to escape evil. To others he says Kino must have gone by sea. To the neighbors he says that if Kino went to the sea, he must have drowned. He tells people his wife is ill with grief over the loss of Kino and his family. 20. What does Kino tell Juan Tomas about the pearl? Kino tells him he still has it, and he will keep it. He says, I might have given it as a gift, but now it is my misfortune and my life and I will keep it. 21. Why can t Kino give up the pearl? Kino s original plan when he found the pearl was to provide more for his wife and son. He was unselfish in this plan, and possibly he s still not willing to give that up. At this point, however, he s lost so much because of the pearl, he isn t willing to give it up. He feels that it must be worth all that he s lost. He says, This pearl has become my soul. If I give it up I shall lose my soul. Chapter 61. What change occurs in Kino as he and Juana are escaping? Something ancient stirs in him, and some animal quality about him makes him cautious and wary and dangerous. 2. What music or song does Kino hear as they walk? The music of the pearl intertwined with the quiet melody of the family. 3. Why does Kino believe they are being followed? He still believes they will be tracked for the pearl, as well as for the murder he committed. 4. How does Kino convince Juana that the pearl buyers were wrong in their statement that the pearl was worthless? He tells her that they would not have tried to steal it if it was worthless. 5. What contradictions does Kino see on the surface of the pearl? He thought the pearl would allow him to buy a rifle, but he only sees the man he killed.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.1222966}
{"text": "5. What contradictions does Kino see on the surface of the pearl? He thought the pearl would allow him to buy a rifle, but he only sees the man he killed. He thought the pearl would allow he and Juana to have a church wedding, but he sees himself beating his wife for the pearl. He thought the pearl would allow him to educate his son, but he sees his son sick with fever from the doctor s medicine. 6. What happens to the music of the pearl for Kino? The music of the pearl becomes sinister, and intertwines with the music of evil. 7. Who do Kino and Juana encounter as they are trying to escape? They are being followed by three trackers, two on foot and one on horseback carrying a rifle. 8. What animal imagery is used to describe the trackers? They were as sensitive as hounds. Later, when it appears the trackers have found a sign of Kino s trail, they whined a little, like excited dogs on a warming trail. 9. Where do Kino and Juana decide to go in an effort to escape the trackers? They try to lose the trackers in the mountains. The author uses the animal imagery yet again when he writes, And Kino ran for the high place, as nearly all animals do when they are pursued. 10. What do Kino and Juana argue about during their escape? Kino tries to get Juana to take the baby and go in a different direction than Kino. Juana is determined and refuses to leave her husband. 11. Where do Kino and Juana go in the mountain range? They travel toward a dark and shadowy cleft. The cleft would provide a source of water, and if there were any passage through the mountains, it would be through the cleft. 12. Do the trackers lose Kino and Juana s trail in the mountains? No, they are far behind, but they are still on their trail. 13. Since the trackers will follow them into the mountain range, Kino decides his family will climb to the lowlands again. What concern does he have about doing this? He is afraid that the baby may cry. 14. As the trackers camp for the night, what does Kino decide? When must he carry out his plan? Kino decides to attack the trackers during the night. If he can get to the one with the rifle first, he will kill him and use his rifle to kill the other two trackers.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.1088266}
{"text": "When must he carry out his plan? Kino decides to attack the trackers during the night. If he can get to the one with the rifle first, he will kill him and use his rifle to kill the other two trackers. He must carry out his plan before the moon rises, or the trackers will spot him. 15. What form of protection does Kino use to ambush the trackers during the night? He removes his white clothing because it will show up in the moonlight. His own brown skin is better protection for him in the darkness. 16. What drives Kino down toward his enemy? The Song of the Family becomes as fierce and sharp and feline as the snarl of a female puma. Again, the author uses the animal imagery to describe Kino s feelings. 17. Why can t Kino carry out his plan? The moon rises. 18. What do the trackers hear? What do they think they hear? The trackers hear Coyotito crying. They think it is a coyote and her litter. 19. What does the tracker do about the sound? How does Kino react? The tracker decides to shoot in the direction of the sound. Kino leaps at the tracker and stabs him in the neck, killing him. He uses the butt of the rifle to smash the head of a seated tracker, and shoots the third tracker while he s trying to escape. 20. What does Kino hear after he kills the trackers? The keening, moaning, rising hysterical cry from the little cave the cry of death. 21. What event happened to everyone in La Paz? The return of Kino s family to the village22. What is Juana carrying when she and Kino walk into the village? She carries her shawl like a sack over her shoulder. In it was a small, limp heavy bundle, and the shawl is crusted with dried blood. The specific contents of the shawl are not revealed for another page and a half, but the bundle is the dead body of Coyotito. 23. To where do Kino and Juana walk? They walk to the shore, to the edge of the Gulf. 24. What does Kino see in the surface of the pearl when he removes it from his clothing? He sees evil faces, the frantic eyes of the man he killed, and he sees his infant son lying in a cave wit the top of his head shot away. 25. What happens to the pearl?", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.1366398}
{"text": "He sees evil faces, the frantic eyes of the man he killed, and he sees his infant son lying in a cave wit the top of his head shot away. 25. What happens to the pearl? Kino throws it into the ocean with all his might and it disappears. 26. Why do you suppose the author uses so much animal imagery throughout this novel? Perhaps it is to show how men act like animals when they become greedy. 27. What events foreshadowed the novel s conclusion? Juana repeatedly told Kino that the pearl was evil and the pearl would destroy us. Even our son. Juan Tomas told Kino that the pearl had the devil in it and he should get rid of it. Kino never really had a chance to hang on to the pearl. There were other comments made throughout the novel about the poverty that Kino s people lived in and would always live in losing the pearl was inevitable because those in power would never give up their power to one of Kino s race. 28. What does the pearl represent in this novel? The pearl could represent many things. First, it represents hope, because it allows Kino the opportunity to provide things for his family he could never have provided before finding the pearl. Second, it represents greed. The pearl changes the personalities of everyone who comes in contact with it, and they can only think about how to benefit from the pearl. Characters like the doctor and the priest behave differently toward Kino s family because of their avarice for the pearl. Of course, Kino is the greediest of all, when he ultimately forsakes his family in order to protect his precious pearl. Third, the pearl represents evil. When it causes Kino to murder four men, it causes the loss of morality in Kino. Character ListKino - The protagonist of the novella. Kino is a dignified, hardworking, impoverished native who works as a pearl diver. He is a simple man who lives in a brush house with his wife, Juana, and their infant son, Coyotito, both of whom he loves very much. After Kino finds a great pearl, he becomes increasingly ambitious and desperate in his mission to break free of the oppression of his colonial society. Ultimately, Kino s material ambition drives him to a state of animalistic violence, and his life is reduced to a basic fight for survival. . Juana - Kino s young wife.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.1649897}
{"text": "The priest - The local village priest ostensibly represents moral virtue and goodness, but he is just as interested in exploiting Kino s wealth as everyone else, hoping that he can find a way to persuade Kino to give him some of the money he will make from the pearl. The dealers - The extremely well-organized and corrupt pearl dealers in La Paz systematically cheat and exploit the Indian pearl divers who sell them their goods. They desperately long to cheat Kino out of his pearl. The trackers - The group of violent and corrupt men that follows Kino and Juana when they leave the village, hoping to waylay Kino and steal his pearl.", "metadata": {"source": "Pearl-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.1565585}
{"text": "THE WHALE RIDER Kungu Gachui. The Novel: The whale Rider Witi Ihimaera Although the Maori are patriarchal society it is the women who dominate the menfolk with close reference to Witi Ihimaera s The whale Rider write an essay to show the validity of the above statementIntroductionIt is ironical that a society that is patriarchal in nature has its women taking charge of situations. In the Novel, The WhaleRider the women characters come out stronger that the menMuriwai, Nani flower s ancestor, takes charge of a cause that is in danger of capsizing and saves herself and the men crew in it. Nani flowers comes out stronger in her arguments with her husband, Koro and always comes out victorious in the many arguments they haveNani takes charge of Kahu s birth cord and ensures it is buried at the right place a task normally performed by men. Nani at one time pushes Koro out of bed and Koro sleeps on the floor something demeaning for a man who is chief of the MaoriRehua, Porourangi s wife is potrayed as wise and decisive, names her daught Kahu and requests that her birth cord and after birth be buried at Whagara,. This foresight ensures Kahu s survival and inheritance of the Maori chieftainAna and not her husband Porourangi is the one who decides that Kahu should come and live with the family instead of being raised by her maternal grand mother. Kahu excels academically beating boys at schoolShe is best in Maori language and cultureShe retires the cared stone from the deepest ocean while boys that Koro had been training fails to. Kahu is able to communicate with the whales and dolphins something that Koro tries and fail and therefore she manage to rescue the whale as the whale rider and saves the tribe she therefore becomes the next leader of the Maori people. Witi Ihimaera, The Whale Rider Ihimaera uses the novel to show that certain stereotypes about women are quite unnecessary Write an essay to show how certain negative beliefs about women are discredited in The Whale Ride. IntroductionSince time immemorial the woman has been regarded as a weaker sex gender . Society has been having certain stereotypes about women. For instance there are certain jobs or even foods that women are not allowed to have.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.1936965}
{"text": "IntroductionSince time immemorial the woman has been regarded as a weaker sex gender . Society has been having certain stereotypes about women. For instance there are certain jobs or even foods that women are not allowed to have. This is an unfortunate state of affairs which has been overtaken by events and is unnecessary as outlined below. Accept any other relevant introduction Content points to considerWomen in Witi s society were being kept away from the training of cultural ways which were considered sacred and for men. Kahu however proves then wrong when she becomes interested in the Maori culture and is destined to lead her people. She becomes the first woman to go against this stereotype which for years had placed woman in a place of disadvantage. Women were not allowed to assume leadership positions in Witi Ihamaera s society. The chieftaincy was passed on from the eldest son to the eldest son of the next generation. This went on until kahu breaks the monotony. Kahu shatters this belief for she is determined to become the leader of her community after Koro Apirana. Nani Flower s ancestor, Muriwai was one of the greatest women chiefs in her time whose blood, Nani believes, throbs in Kahu s veins. Unlike other traditionalists, Nani Flowers believe Kahu can be a leader. It was expected that it was only men who could undertake certain tasks like making the ancient bull whale return to sea. But to the surprise of everyone, when all men fail, it is Kahu who comes to the aid of the community and saves it from perishing. This was against the stereotypes. Koro Apirana had a low opinion of Kahu. He is not happy when his grandson s first born turns out to be a girl Kahu . He so desperately wishes for a male child as a first born so as to be the heir to inherit take the seat of Porourangi. Unfortunately, it does not work despite all the efforts and Kahu, a girl, emerges the chosen heiress and takes up the leadership of Porourangi. Accept any relevant point The NovelWiti Ihimaera s The Whale Rider The world would be a better place if women were given equal opportunities. Basing your illustrations on Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider, argue in favour of this assertion. IntroductionDiscrimation against women is baseless and unwarranted.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.2151883}
{"text": "Unfortunately, it does not work despite all the efforts and Kahu, a girl, emerges the chosen heiress and takes up the leadership of Porourangi. Accept any relevant point The NovelWiti Ihimaera s The Whale Rider The world would be a better place if women were given equal opportunities. Basing your illustrations on Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider, argue in favour of this assertion. IntroductionDiscrimation against women is baseless and unwarranted. A society that discriminates against them wastes a lot of potential and subjects the women to unnecessary suffering. In Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider this is clearly seen through Kahu and Nani Flowers. ContentNani Flowers comes to the aid of Kahu when she is born. Koro Apirana is so desperate for a baby boy that when a girl is born he simply brushes her aside saying I have nothing to do with her. For the burial of the afterbirth, it takes Nani Flowers firmness to have it buried in her paternal home. This is despite opposition from Koro Apirana. Thereafter, she protects her from Koro who keeps growling at her. She therefore presents herself as a voice of reason. Secondly, Kahu emerges the best in the school break-up ceremony despite all odds. She writes a winning speech in the Maori language. This is similar to the cultural preservation that Koro has been working for. Kahu also comes to the rescue of the community when its livelihood is threatened. This is the case when the whales come to the shore to protest the invasion of their kingdom. After the effort of all the men bore no fruit, a mere girl, who happens to be the subject of Korosis the one who makes the whole difference. To the utter surprise of Rawiri and the boys, there is a white lady wading off whale hunters who are cashing in on the stranded whales. Her wails and call for help draw the boys to her and together they manage to save the stranded whales. Lastly, symbolically, the Whale Mother comes out as a voice of reason when she convinces the Bull Whale,that the rider is not Kahutia Te Rangi. This is despite the Bull Whale's conviction. So, when it turned out that the rider was really a girl, the Whale Mother takes the day as a female.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.2735033}
{"text": "Lastly, symbolically, the Whale Mother comes out as a voice of reason when she convinces the Bull Whale,that the rider is not Kahutia Te Rangi. This is despite the Bull Whale's conviction. So, when it turned out that the rider was really a girl, the Whale Mother takes the day as a female. NB: ACCEPT ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINTS THAT PORTRAY THE WOMAN POSITIVELY. ConclusionFrom the discussion above, it is sufficient to conclude that the woman occupies a special position which has been undermined for a long time. Mark 3:3:3:3 12Introduction 2Grammar 4Conclusion 2Total 20 The society looks down upon women. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing your illustrations from The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. The society looks down upon women. Support the statement. Women cannot be trusted with leadership. Pai 12 year old girl born as a twin but her brother died. Her brother was expected to be chief to continue to lead the next generation on from their grandfather Koro. Koro does not believe that Pai should bear the name of the great legend Paikea the Whale Rider. Koro also thinks of Paikea as being worthless and he does not want Pai because she is female. Pai considers herself as being destined to be the next chief because she is a direct descendant of Paikea. Traditional expectations and inclinations make Koro to choose to pick a male from the tribe to be chief, Koro in the beginning is unable to accept Pai because of his own traditions and his tribe s 1000 year old tradition that every first male born is the new chief in their generation. The society s bias towards the male child Koro would rather have Pai die and her twin brother live. Koro states that he is only there for the boy because his first anote is where is the boy? Koro wouldn t even acknowledge his granddaughter Pai is lying next to the deceased boy Koro commands that she be taken away but the girl squeals and cries demanding for her grandfather s acknowledgement. Accept any other relevant point. Expect 4 well illustrated points. Mark 3:3:3:3 12 marksCONCLUSIONA summary of the given points. An opinion that sums up the points. Accept any other relevant conclusion.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.2432067}
{"text": "Mark 3:3:3:3 12 marksCONCLUSIONA summary of the given points. An opinion that sums up the points. Accept any other relevant conclusion. Language 4mks The Whale Rider 20 marks Both boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your answer on Witi Ihimaera s novel,Intro: Any but appropriateThe traditional expectations of the society that leadership is handed down from the father to the eldest son excludes girls from assuming leadership. Yet Muriwai proved this belief wrong for she was one of the greatest chiefs of her people. The disappointment Koro Apirana has at the birth and his opposition to be given a male s name of Kahu is unnecessary because it turns out that Kahu is the chosen one that he has been searching for all along, to take the mantle of leadership. When the community requires strong leadership, it is the women who upstage the men in leading the way. Nani Flowers ensures that Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord are buried in front of the tribe s meeting house, which bears the statue of Kahutia Te Rangi. This enhances the community s connection to the ancestors. The boys fail to retrieve Koro Apirana s carved stone but Kahu, effortlessly goes into the ocean and brings it back. She even communes with nature. The entire population of the male in habitants of Whangara fails in their attempt to coax the ancient bull whale back to the ocean, but Kahu manages to do so. As a result, she is accepted by Koro who calls her the best grandchild in the entire world. Any other relevant and justified pointThe NovelWiti ihimaera, The whale Rider Societies use traditions to justify their suppression of women. Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s the Whale Rider, write and essay supporting this statement. THE NOVEL: THE WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2mks -it is indeed true that society uses cultural practices to deny women opportunities. This is clearly brought out in the novel the whale rider. Or-contextual or general introduction highlighting implications of gender disparity to women.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.253442}
{"text": "Any other relevant and justified pointThe NovelWiti ihimaera, The whale Rider Societies use traditions to justify their suppression of women. Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s the Whale Rider, write and essay supporting this statement. THE NOVEL: THE WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2mks -it is indeed true that society uses cultural practices to deny women opportunities. This is clearly brought out in the novel the whale rider. Or-contextual or general introduction highlighting implications of gender disparity to women. Accept any other relevant introduction Content 12mks Cithe naming of the girl after her male ancestor Kahutia i.eRangi is vehemently opposed by her great grand father Koro Apirana, aha thanks that it would be a contemptuous act since kahu is a girl , who was believed to be of no use in this male dominated society. He felt naming the girl-child afther the founder of the tribe was belittling kahutiai.erangi s prestige. Pg 14-16 Ciiin this text the tradition do not allow a girl to take over a leadership mantle. The news of kahu annoyed koro so much that he started to desperately search for someone in fact a boy a man that will succeed him. Ciiikahu s straggle to assert her leadership potential was brutally rejected by the traditions through koro. The girl naively bites koro toe , searches and obtained his cover stone and addition crayfish that the boy had failed to retrieve did not appeal to him because she is a girl. Civin this society the traditions restricts woman from the attending men s lessons. Koro is upset when kahu intrudes into the room where lessons on language were going on. Cvtraditionally it is a taboo for a man to get in contact with kahu. The fact that porourangi fails to protect the girl because of the traditional order. Cvithe culture practice had a bad effect to woman in school. Despite kahu doing well by topping in every item in school, koro fails to attend the ceremony. Accept any other relevant point Expect any 4 well developed points, mark 3:3:3:3 12mksConclusion 2mks In conclusion , woman are never allowed to express themselves in this society.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.2973895}
{"text": "Cvithe culture practice had a bad effect to woman in school. Despite kahu doing well by topping in every item in school, koro fails to attend the ceremony. Accept any other relevant point Expect any 4 well developed points, mark 3:3:3:3 12mksConclusion 2mks In conclusion , woman are never allowed to express themselves in this society. They have to fight like the girl kahu.orA recap of the discussed points orAn opinion that sums up the essayLanguage 4mks The Novel 20mks The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Point out four aspects of Maori culture portrayed in The Whale Rider and relate them to cultures of East Africa communities. The NovelIntroductionAspects of the Maori culture portrayed are belief in ancestors, relationship between humans and wildlife, gender, discrimination and attachment of places of birth origin. The people of Whangara have a strong belief in their ancestor, Paikea who came riding on a whale. E.A. believe in legends who founded their communities e.g. Gikuyu and Mumbi. The Maori people believe that their lives and those of creatures are closely connected. If the whale lives, they live and vice versa. E.A. have animals they relate to as their relatives, totems or clan symbols. Gender discriminations is blatant in the Whale Rider. Koro Apirana rejects her granddaughter, Kahu. In E.A., sons are regarded as the rightful heirs and inheritors of family line and property. Attachment of places of birth or origin is seen in the Whale Rider where Kahu s umbilical cord in front of the meeting house. In E.A. there is also a desire by people to be buried on one s ancestral grounds. ConclusionAspects of Maori culture are closely similar to those of E.A. communities 2mks Expect any three well illustrated pointsMark 4:4:4 12 marksLanguage 4 marksThe Novel: Witi Ihamaera: The Whale Rider Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider , write an essay to show how Leadership is passed from generation to generation 20Marks . How leadership is passed from generation to generation in Maori community. It is customary for leadership of Maori people to pass from male descendant to the next.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.343306}
{"text": "Communities 2mks Expect any three well illustrated pointsMark 4:4:4 12 marksLanguage 4 marksThe Novel: Witi Ihamaera: The Whale Rider Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider , write an essay to show how Leadership is passed from generation to generation 20Marks . How leadership is passed from generation to generation in Maori community. It is customary for leadership of Maori people to pass from male descendant to the next. The first born child of the heir apparent ought to be a boy for this lineage to progress. Porourangi s siring of daughters in succession is viewed as ill-luck and that is the reason for koro Apirana s anger, he says he does not want anything to do with the girl Kahu. This is dearly a patriarchal society that believes in the supremacy of boys over girls or men over women. When Kahu is born, it is evident that her great grandfather expected a boy to inherit leadership of the community. He becomes disappointed when a girl is born and rejects herHe is looking for a male heir to the chief truancy and will not settle for a girl. The birth of another girl-child to Porourangi with his new wife Ana, does not make things any better. Instead, koro Apirana becomes obsessed with looking for a boy to inherit the chieftaincy. He even begins to look into other royal families to get the chosen one. Leadership in Maori community is purely hereditary and the mantle is passed from the eldest son to the eldest son is disintegrating slowly when Kahu becomes the chosen one. Though there is resistance by koro Apirana that a girl female should not take over leadership and insists on getting a boy to inherit the chieftaincy, Kahu finally inherits the leadership of Maori community. Introduction- 2mksBody content- 12 mks 3: 3: 3: 3 Conclusion - 2 mksLanguage- 4 mksThe Whale RiderThe natural and the supernatural are in mutual co-existence in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Write an essay in support of this statement. .c INTRODUCTIONMost communities believe in the harmonious co-existence between the living and the departed between the humans and other creatures whom they are closely linked.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.3271222}
{"text": "Introduction- 2mksBody content- 12 mks 3: 3: 3: 3 Conclusion - 2 mksLanguage- 4 mksThe Whale RiderThe natural and the supernatural are in mutual co-existence in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Write an essay in support of this statement. .c INTRODUCTIONMost communities believe in the harmonious co-existence between the living and the departed between the humans and other creatures whom they are closely linked. In Witi Ihimaera s novel, The Whale Rider this is quite evident. Any other relevant introduction 2mksBODYThe spirit of the ancestor Kahutia Te Rangi the Whale Rider lives in eh little girl Kahu. The ancestors are able to communicate with whales and other animals. When the whales are stranded, they have to be sung to and talked to in order to move back to the sea. Every activity including fishing is preceded by a sacrifice to the gods. As some whales are dying, the other whales make mourning sounds like humans and he death of the ancient bull whale will mean the death of the whole community. While other people are butchering whales, some members of the community come up strongly to defend the whales because of their sacred origin. Accept any four well illustrated points mark 3: 3: 3: 3Conclusion 2mks From the above illustrations, we see that both the natural and supernatural co-exist are in harmony. Accept any other relevant conclusion. The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera What a man can do, a woman can do even better . Write a composition to support this statement basing your discussion on the novel, OPTIONAL TEXT: WITI IHIMAERA: The Whale RiderIntroductionThe society in the Whale rider is clearly a patriarchal one. It believes in the supremacy of boys over girls men over women. When Kahu is born, her great grandfather is not excited that the child born is a girl. He keeps telling her that she is of no use to him. But she grows to prove herself true to her calling. -From her childhood Kahu is marked and shows the potentials of a leader. This is not so with boys of her age. But there are few who cannot recognize this. Like her great grandfather Koro who believed that the next chief must be male as has been the tradition.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.3387866}
{"text": "This is not so with boys of her age. But there are few who cannot recognize this. Like her great grandfather Koro who believed that the next chief must be male as has been the tradition. -Kahu is a bright and capable child. She proves herself up to any task. She is willing to learn about her culture and steals herself to hear Maori lessons traditionally meant for men boys. Here she learns better than the boys do. -Kahu excels at school in both academics and cultural events. -She has talent and skill. She is capable of doing what no one else in this community can do; she speaks to the Whales this makes her special even above male counterparts through Koro, her great grandfather can t see this. -The author believes that children, regardless of gender, should be mentored into leadership as leadership comes from both men and women and this fact ought to be accepted by all. ConclusionGovernance systems which are under the control of men exist across the world. Cases of women rising to leadership are still few as women are still denied the opportunities to realize their full potential as human beings. Witi Ihimaera explores the idea that women can hold positions of responsibility and do it well. -Society should accept women as equal in ordinary life and support them. Witi Ihimaera: The Whale RiderCompare and contrast the character of Koro Apirana with that of Nani flowersIntroduction:To compare is to pinpoint the similarities and to contrast is to identify the differences which exist between Koro Apirana and Nani flowers. 2marks BodySimilaritiesi They are both loyal to their family and tribe. Koro Apirana goes to great lengths to protect and identify members of the tribe by starting school sessions to teach boys and men the Maori customs and language. He fiercely protects the age old tradition of only boysinheritng the mantle of leadership. He rejects Kahu, his great grandchild, because she is a girl. Nani flowers love for Kahu is evident in the things she does to ensure that she remains among her people. She buries her birth cord in Whangara near the meeting house in the sight of the stature of Kahutia Te Rangi the founder of the tribe. Ii They are both stubbornKoro Apirana adamantly refuses to love Kahu because he prefers a boy child to inherit the chieftaincy from Porourangi.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.3752117}
{"text": "Nani flowers love for Kahu is evident in the things she does to ensure that she remains among her people. She buries her birth cord in Whangara near the meeting house in the sight of the stature of Kahutia Te Rangi the founder of the tribe. Ii They are both stubbornKoro Apirana adamantly refuses to love Kahu because he prefers a boy child to inherit the chieftaincy from Porourangi. He does not allow her to participate in the lessons he gives the boys on the wisdom of the tribe. He even fails to recognize that Kahu is the chosen one because he is blinded by chauvinism. Nani flowers also stubbornly refuses to let Koro Apirana have his way where Kahu is concerned. She does all she can to ensure that Kahu remains among her people. She cites her Muriwai lineage when Koro Apirana thinks she is stubborn and uncooperative. Iii They are both lovingNani Flowers loves Kahu right from the beginning without caring whether she is a girl. Koro Apirana however, loved her at the end of the story when it is no longer in doubt that she is the chosen one. Differences i Nani flowers is humorous and full of life while Koro Apirana is said to be grumpy. Nani s threat to divorce Koro Apirana is comical because she does not carry out her threat. She chases after her husband when he goes out to sea to sulk and calls him endearing names as she does so. Koro Apirana, on the other hand goes not to sea to sulk whenever he feels angry. He also growls at Kahu whenever she shows up at the door of the meeting house. Ii Nani Flowers supports the girl child as a leader. She does everything in her power to support Kahu. For example, she buries her birth cord in Whangara to ensure she is close to her people. Koro Apirana is steeped in traditions and does not support the idea of girls taking up of leadership positions. He refuses to see Kahu as a possible leader of the tribe even when the signs are there.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.420996}
{"text": "4 well illustrated pts. 3mks - 12mks Conclusion 2mks Summary of the points illustrated in the body. Should be relevant and tied to the content grammar. 4mks MarksIntroduction 2mks Body 3:3:3:3 2mks Expect 4 well illustrated points Conclusion 2mks Grammar Marks should be tied to the points 4mks Total 20mks The Novel: The Whale Rider 20 marks It requires a strong character to survive in a male dominated world. Assess the truth of this statement with reference to Nani Flowers in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Introduction- Nani Flowers is portrayed as a character who can not be put down under any circumstances. In a community that is patriarchal in nature, she opts to defend herself and other females in her household and society. -. She goes out of her way to defend her great grandchild against Koro Apirana sprejudice. She defends Porourangi s decision to name her Kahu despite it being a man s name. She hits the narrator for overworking the girl and taking her to the moves. She also refuses to allow Koro Apirana to alienate the girl and encourages Kahu to pester him for attention. Despite her obvious disapproval of Koro Apirana s mannerisms, she truly loves him and fondly calls him Old Paka . -. She is assertive, and independent minded as a wife and grandmother. She tells Koro Apirana occasionally that she will divorce him to marry Waari if he continues to annoy her. She pulls his boat back to the beach after he sulks after quarreling with her she insists on bringing back to the community. Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord despite Koro Apirana s opposition. She demands that women should be allowed to participate in meetings and saving the ancient bull whale. -. She is strong-willed and courageous. She says she belongs to the Muriwai people whose fierceness is legendary. Indeed Koro Apirana agrees with her and says her Muriwai s blood is too strong thus it has led to the birth of a girl as an heir in the family.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.4108856}
{"text": "- She is strong-willed and courageous. She says she belongs to the Muriwai people whose fierceness is legendary. Indeed Koro Apirana agrees with her and says her Muriwai s blood is too strong thus it has led to the birth of a girl as an heir in the family. She defends the decision to name Porourangi s child, Kahu and quarrels and challenges Koro Apirana on almost everything. It is said she is always stepping out of line. -. She is foresighted. She is able to notice the extraordinary abilities and qualities in Kahu. That s why she buries her afterbirth and birth cord in front of the tribe s meeting house. She encourages the girl to attend the men s meetings by threatening Koro Apirana whenever he sends Kahu away. She notices that Kahu is no ordinary girl while she is retrieving the curved stone from the floor of the ocean. She also notices that the girl is communicating with the Dolphins and she bids her time waiting for the right signs of what is to come. Should have a conclusion, the candidate should tie up his her argument using a short paragraph. Use the format of making question 2 to mark this one . The Novel 20 marks Witi Ihimaera, The Whale RiderKahu faces a lot of rejection but eventually saves her people. Write an essay expounding on this rejection experienced by Kahu. A IntroductionMost people who volunteer to save the society encounter obstacles and hardships on the way. One of these challenges is one of rejection not only by the society but also by those close to them. This makes their work quite difficult. In The Whale Rider, Kahu is rejected right from birth even though she is the one who finally saves her people. Accept any other relevant introduction, 2mks. Should only be in the first paragraph. Do not accept a mere definition or restatement of the question. Content i She is rejected from birth for being a girl. The grandfather rejects her when the phone call reveals that she is a girl. A girl , Koro Apirana, our grandfather said disgusted. I will have noting to do with her. She has broken the male line of descent in our tribe. He even blames his wife for Kahu s birth. It s your fault. Your female side was too strong. P10. Ii Her name is rejected. She is given a boy s name.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.4355721}
{"text": "Your female side was too strong. P10. Ii Her name is rejected. She is given a boy s name. Kahutia Te Rangi is not only a man s name but it is the name of the ancestor of their village. Koro Apirana feels that naming a girl child after the founder of their tribe is belittling Kahutia Te Rangi s prestige. P14 iii Her birth causes cultural conflict. Koro Apirana cannot reconcile his traditional beliefs about Maori leadership and rights with Kahu s birth. By Maori custom, leadership was hereditary and normally the mantle of prestige fell from the eldest son to the eldest son. Iv She is rejected as an orphan particularly by Koro Apirana. Porourangi brings Kahu s mother back to the village where the funeral was held. When Rehua s mother asked if she and her people can raise Kahu, Nani Flowers objects strongly. V She is rejected when she comes for holiday. She is put in Koro Apirana s hands but he says no though it is surprising how Kahu and Koro Apirana resemble each other with the only difference being that she loves him but he does not love her. When he gives her back to Nani Flowers, she starts to cry, reaching for him but he turns away and leaves the house. P25. Expect any 4 well developed areas. Mark 3:3:3:3. Total 12 marks. Kahu s rejection must clearly be seen; if not mark out of 2 for each point. Grammar and presentation score pegged to content score as shown. B ConclusionIt is indeed true that prophets are rarely recognized in their homes. This is true even from religious writings but the same people become saviours of the very same communities who rejected them. Accept any other relevant conclusion 2 mksShould only be in the last paragraph. Score should be tied to the content score as shown in question 2.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.4530673}
{"text": "B ConclusionIt is indeed true that prophets are rarely recognized in their homes. This is true even from religious writings but the same people become saviours of the very same communities who rejected them. Accept any other relevant conclusion 2 mksShould only be in the last paragraph. Score should be tied to the content score as shown in question 2. THE NOVELWiti Ihimaera - The Whale Rider:Drawing your illustrations from the Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera, write a composition entitled\"Gender discrimination is sometimes proved wrong\". 20 marks The Novel The Whale Rider Witi IhimaeraDrawing examples from the novel, show how women are discriminated against in the Maori societyQ4 WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2 marksIt must introduce the question appropriately it can be either be generalized or contextualized. When Koro Apirano learns that he has a first born great grand daughter, he comments that he has nothing to do with her. He is disgusted because the girl had broken the male line descent in their tribe. He expected a boy who would be next chief because women were not traditionally expected to hold positions of chieftain. He says that Kahu won t be any good to him No good. I won t have anything to do with her that Porourangi had better have a son next time. When Nani Flowers brings out the subject of Kahu, Koro Apirana compresses his lips crosses his arms, turns his back on Nani and looks elsewhere. We are also told that the love which Kahu received from koro Apirana was the sort that dropped off the edge of the table like bread-crumbs after everybody else had a big meal. This shows that women are considered inferior men in the society. Koro Apirana excludes women from instruction in his school. This is clearly noted when Kahu has to sneak or just stare in at the boys as they receive instruction. When he finds her eavesdropping, he grows at her and sends her packing. When Kahu openly embraces Koro Apirana, he cannot reciprocate the love. He feels embarrassed and ashamed. We are told that he stood there thunderstruck looking for somewhere to hide. He is also not comfortable with Kahu calling him Paka and he tries to persuade her to call him Koro but she won t stop.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.4842842}
{"text": "He feels embarrassed and ashamed. We are told that he stood there thunderstruck looking for somewhere to hide. He is also not comfortable with Kahu calling him Paka and he tries to persuade her to call him Koro but she won t stop. When Koro Apirana is told by Nani flowers that he should not discriminate against women any more, he answers that he doesn t give a hang about women and they haven t got the power. We also learn from Kahu that it is considered a waste of time for a girl to go to university. We learn also that women are discriminated against in the Maori community this in the case of MihiKutukutuku a big chief who descended from Aparui, she was once ordered by a chief to sit down because women were not allowed to stand up and speak on sacred ground. Another instance of discrimination against women from the traditional activities of the Maori tribe is where we are told that fishing is only done by men because it is considered a sacred activity and men are considered to be sacred. Koro Apirana has started a school for boys and discovered three sons from royal bloodlines to whom he intends to pass the mantle of knowledge. He keeps on chasing Kahu away from the boys school meetings and at one incident he hurls her away and cautions Nani to keep her away from the meeting house. In the chieftain test that involves people diving into deep water to retrieve a curved stone dropped there by a priest, only men are involved. Conclusion 2 marksThis must be a summary of the main argument s Marks distribution allocationIntroduction 2 marksContent any four well ill. 3 marks 12 marks 3:3:3:3Linguistic competent 4 marks TOTAL 20 MARKSTHE NOVEL: Witi Ihimaela s - The Whale RiderUsing the novel,The Whale Riderby Witi Ihimaela, show how traditions prevent women from contributing towards society s development. The novel: The Whale Rider. Write a story that portrays Kahu as a child of destiny from birth in the novelThe Whale Rider by Witi IhimaeraThe Novel The whale Rider Witi IhimaeraBoth boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your arguments on the novel. The Whale Rider .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.5062547}
{"text": "Write a story that portrays Kahu as a child of destiny from birth in the novelThe Whale Rider by Witi IhimaeraThe Novel The whale Rider Witi IhimaeraBoth boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your arguments on the novel. The Whale Rider . Witi Thimaera The Whale RiderBasing your illustrations from the text. The Whale Rider by Witi Thimaera, show how gender discrimination has been brought outRACIAL DISCRIMINATIONThis refers to discrimination that is based on skin complexion. This mainly happened at Papua New Guinea where Rawiri had relocated to with Jeff having come from Australia. When they arrived at Jeff s home, his parents are informed that Rawiri was a Maori. But they find too dark. Rawiri says that he could almost hear Clara, Jeff s mother, wondering how she would explain him to other women at the Bridge Club. After staying for some time at Papua New Guinea, Jeff s parents start pushing him out gently. They felt that Rawiri was supposed to consult with his own kind in the clubs and all parties of the expatriates. This throws Rawiri more to the company of the natives. According to the whites In Papua New Guinea, he had broken a cardinal rule and the punishment was ostracism. At one time, the family gets invited to a reception hosted at Port Moresby for a young expatriate couple who had wed. Claranaturally assumed that Rawiri would be left to watch the plantation. Jeff insisted that he should go as he was one of the family. Clara made it obvious that she was embarrassed by Rawiri s presence. Rawiri is saddened to her say to another guest, he s a friend of Jeff s. You know our Jeff, always bringing home dogs and strays. But at least he s not a native. Pg 58 . When Jeff runs over Bernard, their own worker, the family has no qualms leaving him on the road, injured. When Rawiri tries to move out to help him, he is told by Clara to leave him alone because he was only a native! Tom himself told Rawiri to try to understand . Jeff whimpers and starts the car. When Rawiri forcefully yanks the door open, Clara yells to Jeff to leave him there and that is what they do.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.519621}
{"text": "Tom himself told Rawiri to try to understand . Jeff whimpers and starts the car. When Rawiri forcefully yanks the door open, Clara yells to Jeff to leave him there and that is what they do. When the inquest is done, the verdict was that: it was an accident, of course. A native walking carelessly on the side of the road. And it could have happened to anybody. Rawiri wondered whether he would be the next. Within a month he leaves the country and went back to New Zealand. FAMILY RELATIONSThe author gives prominence to family and family relationships in the story. The Maori tribe is said to have originated from a mystical man from the sea. This man was Kahutia Te Rangi and his spears that ensured family stability. Koro Apirana and Nani Flowers run their homestead with a firmness that holds the family together. Porourangi, the oldest grandson of Koro, stays outside the city but maintains a close touch with the family back home. He keeps on informing them about his new family development. He calls to tell them of the birth of his first born, a girl Kahu. Everybody celebrates except Koro Apirana who wanted a boy for a great grand child to be the custodian of Maori culture. Family relations are heightened when Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord are brought to be buried in her ancestral home. This is to reconcile her with Whangara people, her father s family. The cord is picked by Nani Flowers and the boys from the airport and buried in front of the meeting house. The naming of children also strengthens family relations. Rehua named the child after their ancestor, Kahutia Te Rangi, so that if she Rehua died the child would be linked to her father s people and land. Her birth cord is buried on the earth Marae, their village since Kahu has Porourangi and Old Paikea s blood. Family relationship is further developed through the characters in the story. Rawiri purposely narrates to us the mutual relationship between the extended family members. He reveals the deep bond of love and culture holding the family together.no wonder Porourangi who is staying in South Island updates his family of his developments. Rawiri also communicates with his family while in diaspora.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.5377758}
{"text": "Rawiri purposely narrates to us the mutual relationship between the extended family members. He reveals the deep bond of love and culture holding the family together.no wonder Porourangi who is staying in South Island updates his family of his developments. Rawiri also communicates with his family while in diaspora. At the end of the story even Koro Apirana who had not appreciated Kahu because of being a girl, embraces her as the best grandchild in the whole wide world, boy or girl, it doesn t matter pg 121 .BETRAYALThis is the act of betraying someone who trusts you. The ancient whale together with the golden master had established a very close relationship ever since the golden master rescued the whale when it was small. One day Kahutia Te Rangi requested the ancient whale to accompany him to take gifts of Hawaiki to the people of Whangara. While there the golden master gets married and starts a family. He tells the whale to return to the kingdom of Tangaroa and live with his own kind. The whale felt betrayed by the golden master for bringing to an end the close relationship they had the heartache of the separation has never left the whale pg 77 .Koro Apirana betrayed Kahu by failing to acknowledge her just because she was a girl. The moment she was born, he got disgusted and said that he will have nothing to do with her. Although Kahu craves for his love, Koro pushes her away at every opportunity he gets. As a girl, Kahu is of use to Koro Apirana. Pg 10, 91 .When Jeff hit a man Bernard on the road and leaves him for dead, Rawiri who had treated him a best friend feels betrayed. It pained Rawiri that a friend he had could react to the assumptions of his culture. He wondered whether he would be the next victim. This is one of the events that made him start thinking of going back home.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-WHALE-RIDER-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.5565546}
{"text": "FORM I1.0.0 Introduction to Agriculture 8 Lessons 2.0.0 Factors Influencing Agriculture 24 Lessons 3.0.0. Farm Tools And Equipment 7 Lessons 4.0.0 Crop Production I Land Preparation 7 Lessons 5.0.0 Water Supply, Irrigation And Drainage 10 Lessons 6.0.0 Soil Fertility I Organic Manures 6 Lessons 7.0.0 Livestock Production I Common Breeds 7 Lessons 8.0.0 Agricultural Economics I Basic Concepts and Farm Records 7 Lessons Introduction to AgricultureDefinition of AgricultureAgriculture is the science and art of cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock. As a science, it involves experimentation and application of scientific knowledge in such areas as;Soil analysis,Control of pests and diseases,Farm machinery and structures,Crop and livestock breeding. As an art, it involves the use of learned skills in;Tilling the land,Construction,Measurement,Harvesting of crops,Feeding and handling of livestockMarketing. Branches of AgricultureCrop Farming Arable Farming The practice of growing crops on cultivated land. It is subdivided into:Field crops Cultivation:maize, beans, potatoes, coffee, tea, cotton to name but a few. Horticulture:It involves the growing of perishable crops which have high value. It is further subdivided into:Floriculture - the growing of flowers. Olericulture - the growing of vegetables. Pomoculture - the growing of fruits. Livestock FarmingThis branch deals with the rearing of livestock for various products. It is further subdivided into:Pastoralism: This is the rearing of mammalian livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, pigs and camels. Fish Farming Aquaculture : This is the practice of rearing fish and other aquatic organisms , in ponds. Bee Keeping Apiculture : This involves the rearing of bees in structures known as beehives. Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural EconomicsIt deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural EngineeringThis branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.6071844}
{"text": "Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural EconomicsIt deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural EngineeringThis branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures. Farming SystemsA farming system is the organization of the various enterprises in a farm. It is determined by the following factors:Resources available land, labour, capital and management . Skills of the farmer. Environmental factors such as climate, soil type and topography. Government policy. Farmer's choice and preference. Enterprise requirement. Social-cultural factors. The following are systems of farming:Extensive System:It is a system where a large piece of land with low investment of resources per unit area is carried out. AdvantagesIt is cheap. Does not require high level of management. Requires less labour. DisadvantagesLow profit per unit area. Cannot be practiced where land is limited. Low output per unit area. The land is under-utilized,Intensive Farming:This system utilizes the factors of production to the maximum and involves high level of management. AdvantagesMaximum utilization of the resources. Can be practiced even where land is a limiting factor. Results in high yields. DisadvantagesLabour intensive. High capital investment is required. Requires high level of management. Can lead to high loses in case of poor management. Large Scale FarmingRefers to the farming practice under large areas of land over 20 hectares. It is used mainly for commercial purposes. The system is highly mechanized. AdvantagesResults in high yields. Due to economics of scale high profit is realized. DisadvantagesLack of diversification may lead to total failure in case of unfavorable conditions. High level of management is required. Heavy capital investment. Requires skilled and qualified manpower. Small Scale FarmingRefers to farming carried out on a small area of land less than 5 hectares. Family or casual labour can be engaged during the peak periods. Most of the Kenyan farmers are small scale due to unavailability of farmland. AdvantagesRequires low capital investment. Possible where land is a limiting factor. Does not require high management level unless under intensive system. DisadvantagesUneconomical 10 mechanize due to small size. Low production. Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.5935106}
{"text": "Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize. Methods of FarmingA method of farming is an established way of carrying out farming activities. The following are the common methods of farming:Mixed FarmingIt is the practice of growing crops and keeping of livestock on the same land. Its common in high potential areas. AdvantagesMutual benefit between crops and livestock. Crops supply feed for animals while animals supply manure for crops. Acts as an insurance against total loss by the farmer. The farmer is assured of an income throughout the year. There is maximum utilization of the resources. Animals can be used in the farm activities particularly draught animals. Ensures proper utilization of labour and land throughout the year. DisadvantagesHigh initial capital. Lack of specialization. Land can be a limiting factor if both enterprises are to be raised. Requires high level of management for both enterprises. Nomadic-PastoralismThis is the practice of livestock rearing whereby animals are moved from one place to another in search of water and pastures. It is practiced in the arid and semi-arid areas where in most cases beef animals are kept. Nomadic pastoralism is gradually changing to ranching with the introduction of:Improved pasture species, improved livestock breeds and supplementary feeding. Efficient disease and parasite control measures. Improved infra-structure such as roads, water supply, cattle dipping facilities. Extension services. AdvantagesServes as the backbone of beef industry in Kenya. Proper way of utilizing the arid and semi arid areas. Source of income to the pastoral communities. DisadvantagesIt encourages the spread of livestock pests and diseases due to communal watering points, grazing and dipping facilities. There is a tendency to increased soil erosion and land degradation. Source of conflicts and ethnic tension among the nomadic communities for the control of good pastures and water. Difficult to control breeding and breeding diseases. High rate of inbreeding leading to poor quality livestock. Low production of milk, meat, hides and skins due to wastage of energy in traveling from one place to another in search of pastures and water. High death rates as a result of walking for long distances. Shifting CultivationIt is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. AdvantagesLand is allowed to rest and regain its fertility.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.6396136}
{"text": "Shifting CultivationIt is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. AdvantagesLand is allowed to rest and regain its fertility. No build up of pests and diseases. Soil structure is restored. The cost of production is low since inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are not used. Crop produce are chemical free. DisadvantagesNot practical where land is a limiting factor. Farm planning and acquisition of credits for land development is 'not possible. It is a cumbersome method due to constant movement. Lack of soil conservation measuresNot possible to grow perennial crops. Low output per unit area due to poor farming methods. Where fire is used to clear the land organic matter is destroyed. Organic FarmingIt is a fanning method where crops are grown and livestock reared without the use of agrochemicals. It is a method of farming which has been adopted to reduce the long term effect of the agro-chemicals on crops which may eventually end up in man and livestock. Agro-chemicals are also expensive thus organic farming reduces the cost of production. Organically produced goods fetch high market prices. AdvantagesCheap and cost effective. Make use of the locally available materialsUseful in improving the soil structures. No side effects from the crops and livestock products. No environmental pollution. Agro-ForestryThis is the practice of integrating trees and crops on the same piece of land. With land resources becoming more scarce, agroforestry is becoming more important. Examples of common agroforestry trees and shrubs include:Cajanus cajanGrevillea robustaSesbania sesbanCalliandra calothyrsusCasuarina equisetifoliaLeucaena leucocephalaTrees selected for agroforestry should have the following characteristics:Able to grow fast. Deep roots to minimize competition for nutrients. Should be preferably leguminous. AdvantagesTrees reduce soil erosion in a given area. Leguminous trees add nitrates into the soil thus improving the soil fertility. Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.6262598}
{"text": "Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land. Importance of Agriculture to the Economy of KenyaProvides food to the population to meet nutritional requirements and to enable man to engage in other activities of farming. Provides employment. This for example can be direct as a labourer in the farm, tea plucker or indirect for example, working in agricultural based industries. Source of raw materials for industries for example cotton lint for textile industry. Provides foreign exchange - through exporting agricultural produce. Provides market for industrial goods agriculture is a consumer of the finished goods from agro-based industries. Source of income - farmers as well as the government get revenue from the sale of agricultural produce and tax payment. Factors Influencing AgricultureIntroductionAgricultural production is influenced by external factors:Human factorsBiotic factorsClimatic factorsEdaphic factors. Human FactorsThese are human characteristics which affect the way decisions are made and operations carried out. Level of education and technology:SkillsTechnological ad van cements . Human health HIV-AIDS:These affect the strength, the vigour, vision and the determinationto work. HIV AIDS is the biggest threat to human health today and has longlasting effects on agriculture, such as;Shortage of farm labour. Loss of family support. Low living standards leading to despondency and hopelessness. Increased criminal activities. More time spent by the Government and NGO's in Carring for the sick. Economy;Stability in the countries' economy affect agricultural production. Government Policy:These are governmental laws which have been enacted to protect farmers, land and livestock. They include:Food policyPolicies on control of livestock parasites and diseases. Policies on marketing of both local and export products and others. Transport and communication:For agricultural goods to move from the farm to the consumers. Cultural practices and religious beliefs:These activities hinder important changes in a society that may bring agricultural development. Market forces:Demand and supply forces which affect prices of commodities in a free market. Biotic FactorsThese are living organisms which affect agricultural production. Pests - Destructive organisms which destroy crops. Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.6752477}
{"text": "Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases. Predators - Animals that kill and feed on other animals. Pollinators - They transfer pollen grains from the stamens to the pistil of a flower. Nitrogen fixing bacteria -They are micro-organisms which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates ready for use by the plants. Climatic Factors weather elements . Rainfall,Temperature,Wind,Relative humidityLight. Weather - Atmospheric conditions of a place at a given time period. Climate - weather conditions of a place observed and recorded for a period of 30-40 years. RainfallSupplies Water:Which is necessary for the life process in plants and animals. Which makes the plant turgid hence provides support. Acts as a solvent for plant nutrients. Cools the plant during transpiration. Which is used as a raw material in photosynthesis. When plants lack enough water they respond in different ways as follows:By closing the stomata to restrict water loss. Hastens maturity. Some will roll their leaves. Other plants have developed permanent adaptation to water stress such as:Growing needle like leaves. Develop fleshy leaves for water storage. Develop long roots. Wilting and death in extreme conditions. Important Aspects of Rainfall:Rainfall reliability;This is the dependency on the timing of the onset of the rains. Amount of rainfall;Quantity of rain that falls in a given area within a given year. Rainfall distribution ;The number of wet months in a year. Rainfall intensity;Amount of rainfall that falls in an area within a period of 1 hour. TemperatureThis is the degree of hotness or coldness of a place measured in degrees Celsius. Cardinal range of temperature is the temperature required by plant to grow and thrive well. Optimum range of temperatures - the best temperature for the best performance of plants. Effects of Temperatures on Crop Production:Low temperatures:Slow the growth rate of crops due to slowed photosynthesis and respiration. High incidences of disease infection. Improves quality of crops such as tea and pyrethrum. High TemperaturesIncrease evaporation rate leading toWilting. Hastens the maturity of crops. Increase disease and pest infection. Improves quality of crops such as pineapples, oranges and pawpaws.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.7373583}
{"text": "Hastens the maturity of crops. Increase disease and pest infection. Improves quality of crops such as pineapples, oranges and pawpaws. WindWind is moving air. Good effects of wind include:Seed dispersalCooling of landPollination in cropsBrings rain bearing cloudsNegative effects of wind:Increases the rate of evaporation of water. Causes lodging of cereals and distorts perennial crops. Increases evapo-transpiration. Spreads diseases and pests. Destroys farm structures. Relative humidityThe amount of water vapour in the airAffects the rate of evapo-transpiration. Forms dew which supplies soil with moisture under dry conditions. High humidity induce rooting in cuttings. Increases disease multiplication and spread. LightProvide radiant energy harnessed by green plant for photosynthesis. Important aspects of light:Light intensity ;The strength with which light is harnessed by chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Light duration;The period during which light is available to plants per day. Plant response to light duration is known as photoperiodism. Short-day plants - require less than 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Long-day plants - require more than 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Day-neutral plants require 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Light wavelength;This is the distance between two - successive crests of a wavelength. It dictates the difference between natural and artificial light. Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of light. Edaphic Factors Influencing AgricultureThese are soil factors. Soil is the natural material that covers the surface of the earth,Made of weathered rock particles and decomposed animal and plant tissues, and on which plants grow. Importance of SoilProvides anchorage to the plants by holding their roots firmly. Provides plants with mineral salts nutrients which are necessary for their growth. Provide the plants with water. Contains oxygen necessary for respiration of the plants and soil micro-organisms. Soil Formation:Soil is formed through weathering process. Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of the parent rock near the surface of the earth to a stable substance. Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of WeatheringPhysical weatheringChemical weatheringBiological weatheringAgents of WeatheringPhysical Agents of WeatheringInclude wind, water, moving ice and temperature.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.7172801}
{"text": "Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of WeatheringPhysical weatheringChemical weatheringBiological weatheringAgents of WeatheringPhysical Agents of WeatheringInclude wind, water, moving ice and temperature. Wind - carry materials which hit against each other to break into fragments. Water - intensity of rainfall causes breakdown of rock. Moving ice - has grinding effects which tear off rock particles. Extreme temperature cause rocks to expand and contract suddenly peeling off their surface. Chemical WeatheringAffects the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Involves processes such as ;Hydrolysis,Hydration,CarbonationOxidation. Hydration;The process by which soluble minerals in the rocks absorb water and expand weakening the rock thus leading to disintegration. Hydrolysis;The process whereby water dissolves soluble minerals in the rock weakening it. Oxidation;The reaction of rock minerals with oxygen to form oxides which break easily. Carbonation;The process whereby carbonic acids formed when rain water dissolves carbon dioxide,It reacts with calcium carbonates in limestone causing it to disintegrate. Biological WeatheringThis involves the action of living organisms, plants and animals on the rocks. Burrowing animals, for example, termites and moles bring soil particles to the surface exposing them to other agents of weathering. Big animals like, elephants, buffaloes, camels and cattle exert a lot of pressure on the rocks as they step on them due to their heavy weights causing the rocks to disintegrate. Earthworms take part in the decomposition of plant matter with the soil particles. Man's activities like, mining and quarrying expose rocks to the surface during excavation. These activities breakdown large rocks into smaller rock particles. Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them. Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further. Plant remains-decompose adding humus into the soil. Factors influencing soil formationClimate- rainfall, temperature and wind Biotic factors - living organisms. Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.7006123}
{"text": "Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials. It is the vertical arrangement of different layers of soil from the ground surface to the bedrock. These layers are also referred to as horizons. The layers show differences in their contents and physical properties such as colour, texture and structure. The layers include: organic matter region, top soil, sub-soil, weathered rocks and parent material. Organic Matter RegionFirst layer of the soil found on the surface. Made up of leaves and other plant remains at various stages of decomposition. Some soil organisms may also be found here. Top SoilHas a dark colour due to the presence of humus. Is rich in plant nutrients and well aerated. It is a zone of maximum leaching zone of eluviations Sub-SoilIt is compact and less aerated. It is a zone of accumulation of leached material zone of aluviation from the top layers. Deep rooted crops have their roots growing up to this region. Hard pans normally form in this layerWeathered RocksIt is also called substratum. Rocks at various stages of disintegration are found in this zone. Most of the materials found in this zone originate from the parent rock. Parent RockIt exists as a solid mass which is un-weathered. It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil. The water table is on the surface of this rock. Soils Formed in Situ and Soils DepositedSoil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ. However, soil can be formed due to deposition of soil particles carried from its original site of formation to another area which is usually in the lower areas of slopes. Such soils are said to have been formed through deposition. Soil DepthThis is the distance between top soil layer and the bottom soil layer in a profile. It dictates root penetration and growthDeep soils are more suitable for crop growth since they contain more nutrients. Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil ConstituentsOrganic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remainsLiving Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.7530234}
{"text": "Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil ConstituentsOrganic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remainsLiving Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots. Micro-organisms bacteria, protozoa and fungi Invertebrates -termites,Earthworms and molluscs. Higher animals - rodents and others. Inorganic or Mineral MatterFormed from the parent materials. Supply plant nutrientsForm the skeleton and framework of the soil. AirFound in the pore spaces of the soil. Used for root and organism respirationUsed for germination of seeds. Helps in decomposition of organic matter. Regulates soil temperature. Regulates the movement of water through capillary action. WaterDissolves mineral saltsMaintain turgidity in plants. Used for germination of seedsUsed by soil organisms. Regulate soil temperatureDictates the amount of air in the soil. Water in the soil exists in three forms namely:Superfluous Gravitational WaterFound in the large spaces macro-pores in the soil particles. Held by gravitation forces. When the pores are saturated, the soil is said to be waterlogged. It moves and may cause leaching. Hygroscopic WaterWater found in thin films on the soil particles. Held by strong adhesive forces between water and soil particles. Does not move and hence not available for plant use. Capillary WaterOccupy micro-pores in the soil particles. Held by cohesive forces between water molecules. Moves through capillary actionAvailable to plants for use. Soil StructureThis is the arrangement of soil particles in a soil horizon. Types of Soil Structure Single-grainedCrumbyGranularPrismaticColumnarPlatyBlockyImportance of Soil Structure on Crop ProductionSoil Structure InfluencesSoil aerationSoil drainage and water holding capacity. Plants root penetrability and anchorage. Microbial activities in the soil. Circulation of gases in the soil. Farming practices which improve the soil structure are:Application of inorganic manure into the soil. Tilling the land at the right moisture content. Crop rotation. Minimum tillage. Cover cropping. Mulching. Soil TextureIt refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.7864048}
{"text": "Cover cropping. Mulching. Soil TextureIt refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil. Importance of Soil Texture on Crop Production;Influences soil fertilityAffects the organic matter contentInfluences the drainage of the soil. Influences soil aeration. Influences water holding capacity. Influences the capillarity or movement of water in the soil. Soil Textural ClassesSandy SoilsMade up largely of sand particles. Have large pore spaces hence poor in water retention. Easy to till light soils . Freely draining. Low fertility due to leaching of minerals. Easily erodible. Clayey SoilsMade up largely of clayey particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils . Poorly 'drained. Expand when wet, crack when dry. High capillary. Rich in plant nutrients. Loam SoilsAbout equal amounts of sand and clay. Moderately good in both moisture and air retention. Fertile soils. Soil ColourThis depends on the, mineral composition of the parent rock and the organic matter content. Soils containing a lot of iron are brownish, yellowing and reddish in colour. Soils with a lot of silica are white. Soils with a lot of humus are dark or grey. Soil pHThis refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. Soil pH is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions H or the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil solution. A pH of less than 7 means that the soil is acidic. A pH of more than 7 means that the soil is alkaline. As the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil increase the soil becomes more alkaline. Influence of Soil pH Crop GrowthIt determines the type of crop to be grown in a particular area. Most crops are affected by either very acidic or very basic soil pH. Soil pH affects the choice of fertilizers and the availability of nutrients to crops. At low pH the concentration of available iron and aluminium in the soil solution may increase to toxic levels, which is harmful to plants. Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and EquipmentIntroductionFarm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.774319}
{"text": "Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and EquipmentIntroductionFarm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient. They can be classified according to their uses as follows:Garden Tools and EquipmentLivestock Production Tools and EquipmentWorkshop Tools and EquipmentPlumbing and Masonry ToolsCare and Maintenance of Tools and EquipmentReasons for MaintenanceTo increase durability. To increase efficiency. Reduce costs of replacement. For safety of the user avoid accidents. Avoid damage to the tool. MethodsUse tools for the right work. Proper handling when using tools or equipment. Clean and oil tools after work. Keep tools in there right place. Replace and repair worn-out partsSharpen cutting or digging edgesGrease moving parts to reduce frictionUse safety devices in the workshop to reduce accidents and breakagesCROP PRODUCTION 1 Land Preparation IntroductionA piece of land which is prepared is known as seedbed. A seedbed is a piece of land that is prepared ready to receive planting materials. Seedbed PreparationReasons for Seedbed Preparation;To enable water to infiltrate. To kill weedsTo improve soil aeration. To destroy pests and diseases. To incorporate organic matter in the soil. For easy planting. To facilitate root penetration. Operations in Land PreparationLand ClearingClearing of land is necessary when:Opening up a virgin land. A stalk growing crop was previously planted. There is long interval between primary and secondary cultivation. Land was left fallow for a long time. ProcedureTree felling and removal of stumps and roots. BurningSlashingUse of chemicals. Note: Burning should be avoided where possible since it;Leads to loss of organic matter,Kills soil organismsDestroys soil structure and plant nutrients. Primary CultivationThis is the initial breaking of land. It is done early before the onset of the rains to:Give time for soil organisms to act on organic matter. Allow gaseous exchange to take place, thus carbon dioxide diffuses out of the soil while oxygen enters into the soil. Allow other operations to take place in time. Reasons for primary cultivation:Remove weeds. Burry organic matter. Open up soil for infiltration of water and air. Expose pests and disease causing organisms. Soften the soil for easy planting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.8137076}
{"text": "Open up soil for infiltration of water and air. Expose pests and disease causing organisms. Soften the soil for easy planting. Operations in primary cultivationHand digging ;Use of hand tools ;Jembes,Mattocks,Fork-jembes. Mechanical cultivation ;Use of mouldboard ploughs;Disc ploughs,Chisel ploughs,SubsoilersRippers. Use of Ox-Ploughs ;Which can be drawn by;Oxen,Donkeys,CamelsDepth of CultivationDepends on:The type of crop to be planted size of seed. The implements available. The type of soil. Choice of ImplementDetermined by:The condition of land. The type of tilth required type of crop. Depth of cultivation. Secondary TillageThese are refinement practices on the seedbed that follow primary cultivation. It is also known as harrowing. Reasons for secondary Tillage:To remove the germinating weeds. To break soil clods to produce required tilth. To level the seedbed for uniform planting. To incorporate organic matter manure into the soil. Factors determining number of secondary cultivation:Soil moisture content. Size of the planting materials. Condition of the soil after primary cultivation. Slope of the land. Tertiary Operations:Ridging ;The process of digging soil on a continuous line and heaping on one side to produce a furrow and a bund ridge . It is important for root crops, to allow root expansion and for soil and water conservation. Rolling:It is the compaction of the soil to produce a firm surface which increases seed-soil contact and prevents wind erosion. Levelling;Production of an even, uniform surface which promotes uniform planting. Subsoiling:This is deep cultivation into the subsoil layer to break up any hardpan which might have developed. It is done for the following reasons:-To facilitate drainage. Bring up leached nutrients to the surface. Increase aeration of the soil. To improve root penetration. The implements used include chisel plough and subsoilers. Minimum Tillage:This is the application of a combination of farming practices with the aim of reducing the disturbance of the soil. Examples of which include:Use of herbicides. Mulching and cover-cropping. Timely operations to prevent weed infestation. Strip cultivation. Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum TillageTo reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.8461301}
{"text": "Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum TillageTo reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion. To preserve soil moisture. To prevent root exposure and damage. To reconstruct destroyed soil structure. Water Supply, Irrigation and DrainageIntroductionWater is a very important natural resource. It is necessary for both crops and livestock. Uses of water in the farm;Cleaning equipment. Irrigation in dry areas. Processing farm produce, for example, coffee. Drinking by livestock and man. Mixing agro-chemicals such as acaricide, fungicides and herbicides. Providing power in water mills to grind grain crops. Cooling engines. Construction work. Sources of Water in the FarmThree major sources of water in the farm:Surface water:Includes water from;Rivers,StreamsDams. Ground water:Includes water from;Springs,WellsBoreholes. Rain water:This is water tapped in various ways such as;RooftopsRock surface, when it is raining and stored in various ways. Collection and Storage of WaterDams:These are structures constructed across rivers and channels. They collect and store water for use during the dry season. Weirs:These are structures constructed across rivers to raise the water level for easy pumping. Unlike in the dams water flows over the barrier created across the river. Water Tanks:These are structures made of concrete, stone, metal sheets and plastics. They store water from rain or that which has been pumped from other sources. Tanks should be covered to prevent contamination from dust. Pumps and Pumping of WaterPumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force. Water is pumped from the various sources and then conveyed to where it is required for use or storage. Types of Water PumpsUsed to lift water from its source. Centrifugal pumpsPiston or reciprocating pumpsSemi-rotary pumps andHydramConveyance of WaterThis is the process of moving water from one point, usually the source or point of storage to where it will be used or stored. Piping;This is where water is moved through pipes. The common types of pipes include:Metal pipesPlastic pipesHose pipesUse of Containers:In this case water is drawn and put in containers . Drums, jerry cans, pots, gourds, tanks and buckets .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.8891816}
{"text": "Piping;This is where water is moved through pipes. The common types of pipes include:Metal pipesPlastic pipesHose pipesUse of Containers:In this case water is drawn and put in containers . Drums, jerry cans, pots, gourds, tanks and buckets . Which are carried by animals, bicycles, human beings and vehicles. Use of Canals:In this case water is conveyed from a high point to a lower one along a gradual slope to avoid soil erosion. Water conveyed through this way is mostly used for irrigation and livestock. Water TreatmentRaw water contains impurities which may be dissolved, floating or suspended in water. These impurities are grouped into three categories, namely:Physical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by colour, taste and smell. Chemical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by use of chemical analysis. Biological impurities: these are microorganisms in water such as bacteria, viruses and algae. Importance of Treating WaterTo kill disease causing microorganisms such as cholera and typhoid bacteria that thrive in dirty water. To remove chemical impurities such as excess fluoride which may be harmful to human beings. To remove smells and bad taste. To remove sediments of solid particles such as soil, sand and sticks. Methods of Treating WaterAeration: this is the removal of smell and odour from water by fine spraying or bubbling of air. Sedimentation: this is where water is put in large containers so that solid particles such as sand, metal and others can settle at the bottom. Filtration: this is passing water through fine granular materials to remove solid particles and biological substances. Coagulation: addition of chemicals which precipitate impurities and help in softening of hard water. Chlorination: Sterilization to destroy disease causing organisms. IrrigationIt is the artificial application of water to crops in dry areas or where water is not enough. It is one of the methods of land reclamation in case of arid and semi arid areas. Factors to Consider in Identifying and Assessing the Potential of Land for Irrigation DevelopmentTopography of the landSoil typeType of crop to be grownWater availabilityHuman factors such as skill, capital availability and economic activities. Types of IrrigationSurface irrigation:This includes flood irrigation and basin irrigation. It is used in flat areas. The problem with this method is loss of water through seepage.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.877298}
{"text": "Types of IrrigationSurface irrigation:This includes flood irrigation and basin irrigation. It is used in flat areas. The problem with this method is loss of water through seepage. It also increases soil salinity. Sub-surface Irrigation:This involves the use of porous pipes or perforated pipes. It is used in slopy areas and where water is inadequate. Overhead or Sprinkler Irrigation:It is used in any area which is not steep. Drip or Trickle Irrigation:It is used where water is little and in relatively sloppy and flat areas. DrainageThis is a method of removing excess water or lowering the water table from a marshy water-logged land. It is also a method of land reclamation. Importance of Drainage as a Method of Land ReclamationTo increase soil aeration. To raise soil temperature. To increase microbial activities in the soil. To reduce toxic substances from the soil. To increase soil volume for exploitation by plant roots. Methods of DrainageUse of open ditches. Use of underground drain pipes. French drains. Cambered beds. Pumping out water from the soil. Planting tree species which absorb a lot of water for example eucalyptus. Water PollutionThis is the process by which harmful substances get into the water. The harmful substance is referred to as a pollutant. Agricultural practices which pollute water include:Use of inorganic fertilizers. Use of pesticides. Poor cultivation practices such as over cultivation, cultivating along the river banks. Overgrazing which leads to erosion of soil thus causing siltation in water sources. Methods of Preventing Water PollutionSoil conservation measures which minimize soil losses through erosion. Fencing off the water sources. Adopting organic farming practices for example controlling pests and weed using non-chemical techniques. Planting grass along river banks to minimize siltation in rivers. Proper disposal of empty chemical containers. Soil Fertility I Organic Manures IntroductionSoil fertility is the ability of the soil to provide crops with the required nutrients in their proper proportions. Characteristics of a Fertile SoilGood depth - Good soils give roots greater volume to obtain plant nutrients and provide strong anchorage. Good aeration - for the respiration of plant roots and use by soil organisms. Good water holding capacity - ensures provision of adequate water for plant growth. Proper drainage - ensures provision of adequate air for plant growth.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.859689}
{"text": "Good aeration - for the respiration of plant roots and use by soil organisms. Good water holding capacity - ensures provision of adequate water for plant growth. Proper drainage - ensures provision of adequate air for plant growth. Correct soil pH - different crops have different soil pH requirements. Adequate nutrients supply - it should supply the required nutrients in the correct amounts and in a form available to plants. Free from excessive infestation of soil borne pests and diseases. How soil loses fertilityLeaching: vertical movement of dissolved minerals from the top to the lower horizons of the soil profile. Soil erosion - The removal and carrying away of the top fertile soil from one place to another. Monocropping - This is the practice of growing one type of crop on a piece' of a land over a long time. Continuous cropping - crops take away a lot of nutrients from the soil which are never returned. Growing crops continuously without giving the soil time to rest makes the soil infertile. Change in soil pH - changes in soil pH affect the activity of soil microorganisms as well as the availability of soil nutrients. Burning of vegetation - burning of vegetation cover destroys organic matter. It also exposes the soil to the agents of soil erosion. Accumulation of salts - soils with a lot of salts are said to be saline. State of having too much salt in the soil is referred to as soil salinity. Salts accumulation cause water deficiency in plants. It may also lead to change in soil pH. Maintenance of Soil FertilitySoil fertility is maintained through the following methods:Control of Soil Erosion ;Terracing,Contour cultivation,Strip cropping,Cut off drainsPlanting cover crops. Crop Rotation ;Practice of growing different crops on the same field in different seasons in an orderly sequence. Control of Soil pH :Application of liming materials such as limestone, quicklime, magnesium carbonate and slaked lime if the soil is acidic. Application of acidic fertilizers if the soil is alkaline. Application of manures. Proper drainage;Done through:Breaking hard pan. Construction of water channels. Growing crops on cambered bedPumping out water from the soil. Weed control:Use of herbicides. SlashingUprooting. MulchingUse of proper farming practices such as early planting, correct spacing and cover crops. Intercropping Farming practice where different crops species are grown together in the field. Minimum Tillage;Use of herbicides. Uprooting of weeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.9393768}
{"text": "Intercropping Farming practice where different crops species are grown together in the field. Minimum Tillage;Use of herbicides. Uprooting of weeds. Slashing weedsMulchingStrip cultivation. Use of Inorganic Fertilizer ;Chemical compounds manufactured to apply specific plant nutrients for example calcium ammonium nitrate CAN . Use of Manure;Well decomposed manures release nutrients into the soil and increase its water holding capacity. Organic ManuresManures are derived from plants and animal remains. They supply organic matter to the soil which after decomposition releases plant nutrients. The end product of this decomposition is known as humus. It influences soil chemical properties and soil temperature. Manures supply a wide range of essential plant nutrients. Importance of Organic Matter in the SoilIncreases the soil water holding capacity of the soil. Improves soil fertility by releasing a wide range of nutrients into the soil. Provides food and shelter for soil micro-organisms. Improves the soil structure. Buffers soil pH moderates soil pH. Reduces the toxicity of plant poisons in the soil. Moderates soil temperature by its dark colour. Limitations in the Use of ManureThey are bulky - low nutritive value per unit volume. Laborious in application and transport. They spread diseases, pests and weeds. Loss of nutrients if poorly stored. If not fully decomposed crops may not benefit from them. Types of Organic ManuresGreen manure. Farm yard manure. Compost manureGreen ManureMade from green plants which are grown for the purpose of incorporating into the soil. Characteristics of plants used for preparation for green manure:Have fast growth rates. Have high nitrogen content. Capable of rotting quickly. Capable of growing in poor conditions. Preparation of Green ManurePlant the green manure crop in the field. Allow the crop to grow up to flowering stage. Incorporate it into the soil through ploughing. Allow the crop to decompose for two weeks. Prepare the field for planting the major crop. Reasons why green manure is not commonly used limitations:Most of the plants used as green manure are food crops. Green manure crops may use most of the soil moisture. Most of the nutrients are used up by soil micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure. Planting of the major crop is delayed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.9791594}
{"text": "Green manure crops may use most of the soil moisture. Most of the nutrients are used up by soil micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure. Planting of the major crop is delayed. Farm Yard Manure FYM Is a mixture of animal waste and crop residues used as beddings in animal houses. Factors that Determine the Quality of FYMThe types of the animals used. Types of food eatenTypes of litter used. Method of storage. Age of farmyard manure. Age of the animals used. Preparation of FYMProvide beddings in the houses of farm animals. Animals deposit their droppings and urine on the beddings. Animals mix them through trampling. The beddings together with dung are removed and heaped under shed to decompose. After sometime, the materials decompose and FYM is formed. It can then be used in the farmCompost ManureIs manure prepared from heaped composted organic materials. Factors to consider in selecting site for making compost manure:A well drained place. Direction of the prevailing wind. Size of the farm. Accessibility. Preparation of Compost ManureTwo methods:Four heaps methodIndore Method Pit Method Indore Method Pit Method Procedure ;Select a sheltered place with a shade and near the field. Dig a pit with the dimension 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m. Place the materials in the following order:Hedge cuttings or maize stalks to a depth of 30cm as a foundationA layer of grass, green weeds or leaves and kitchen wastes to 30cm. A well rotten manure poultry droppings. Wood ash and phosphatic fertilizers. A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method:ProcedureClear the site. Level the siteFour posts 2m high are fixed 1.2m apart from four corners of the heap. Fix wood planks on the sides. Materials are placed in two heaps as in the pit method,The two heaps make up heap 1. After 3-4 weeks, the decomposed material from heap 1 is transferred to heap II. After another 3 - 4 weeks the material is transferred to heap III.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.9841275}
{"text": "Materials are placed in two heaps as in the pit method,The two heaps make up heap 1. After 3-4 weeks, the decomposed material from heap 1 is transferred to heap II. After another 3 - 4 weeks the material is transferred to heap III. After 3-4 weeks it is ready for use in the farm. Indicators of well decomposed manureAbsence of bad odour. Materials are lighter. Manure is brown in colour. Advantages of Compost ManureOne does not have to own livestock in order to prepare it. A lot of manure can be produced within a short time. A variety of materials can be used in its preparation. Uses locally available materials thus cheaper than the artificial fertilizers. Improves the soil structure. Limitations of Compost ManureIt releases nutrients slowly into the soil. Large quantities of compost manure are required to supply enough plant nutrients. Its preparation is labour intensive. It may induce soil-borne pests and diseases. Livestock Production: Common Breeds IntroductionThe term livestock is used to refer to all domesticated animals. These animals include cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, rabbits, camels, bees, fish and donkeys. The importance of keeping livestock:Source of food. Source of income. Cultural values. Source of animal power. Provision of raw materials for industries. Farmyard manure from the animals is used in maintaining soil fertility. Cattle dung is used in the production of biogas. Cattle BreedsCattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are;Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle. Indigenous CattleZebus They are small in size and with a distinct hump and include:Nandi,BukediMaasai cattle. The BoranaThese are the cattle kept in the Northern parts of Kenya. They are larger than the Zebus. Indigenous cattle are hardy hence able to tolerate the harsh environmental conditions in the tropics. They are the major suppliers of beef in Kenya. Exotic CattleForeign cattle from the temperate regions. They have distinct breed characteristics and are classified into various breeds. General characteristics:They have no humps. They have low tolerance to high temperatures hence popular in cool climates of the Kenya highlands .. They are highly susceptible to tropical diseases. They have fast growth rates leading to early maturity.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406290.93826}
{"text": "They have low tolerance to high temperatures hence popular in cool climates of the Kenya highlands .. They are highly susceptible to tropical diseases. They have fast growth rates leading to early maturity. They are good producers of both meat and milk. They cannot walk for long distances. They have short calving intervals of one calf per year if well managed. Exotic cattle breeds fall under the following groups:Dairy cattle breeds. Beef cattle breeds. Dual purpose breeds. Dairy Cattle BreedsThey include;Friesian,Ayrshire,GuernseyJersey. Characteristics of Dairy CattleWedge or triangular in shape. Large stomach. Docile with mild temperament. Large, well suspended udders and teats. Lean bodies. Lean and smooth neck. Large and long mammary milk wells and veins. Cylindrical; uniform and well spaced teats. Wide and well set hindquarters to accommodate the udder. Friesian-Holstein largest of all dairy breeds Origin: HollandColour: Black and whiteSize: Cow weighs 550-680kgs Bull weighs 950 kg. Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 AyrshireOrigin: ScotlandColour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation:Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards. Milk production is second to Friesian about 61OOkg per lactation with butter content of about 4 . GuernseyOrigin: Guernsey Island off the coast of France. Colour: Yellowish brown to red with white legs, switch and girth .. Size: Bulls 540-770kg. Cow weighs 450- 500kgsConformation:Udders are less symmetrical. Average milk production is about 5185kg per lactation with a butterfat content of 4.5 hence the yellow colour of milk. Jersey smallest of all the dairy breeds Origin: EnglandColour: Yellow brown with black muzzle and switch. Size: Bulls weigh 540-700kg. Cow weighs 350-450kgsConformation:Dished forehead, have straight top-line and level rumps with sharp withers. Have protruding black eyes. Average milk production 1270kg per lactation of butterfat content 5 .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.0248404}
{"text": "Cow weighs 350-450kgsConformation:Dished forehead, have straight top-line and level rumps with sharp withers. Have protruding black eyes. Average milk production 1270kg per lactation of butterfat content 5 . They tolerate high temperatures. Beef CattleExamples:Aberdeen Angus,Hereford,Shorthorns,Galloway,American Brahman,charolaisSanta Getrudis. Characteristics of Beef CattleBlocky or square conformation. Have thick muscles or are well fleshed. Early maturing. Deep chest and girth and short legs. Straight top and lower lines. AberdeenAngusOrigin: North East Scotland. Colour: BlackShape: Cylindrical, compact and deep; It is polled. Size:Mature bulls weigh 900kg. Mature cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in Timau area of KenyaHerefordOrigin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg. Cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in areas such as Naivasha. ShorthornOrigin: England. Has easy fleshing abilityColour: Red, Roan or whiteShape: Cylindrical, compact and deep. It is polled. Size:Bulls weigh 700-900kg,cows weigh 545-630kgs. GallowayOrigin: Scotland. Colour: BlackKept in the highland areas like Molo in Kenya. CharolaisOrigin: France. Colour: Creamy white. Size: Bulls weigh 1200kg, cows weigh 1000kgs. It is found in ranches in Laikipia District. Dual Purpose BreedsExamples: Sahiwal, Red Poll and Simmental. SahiwalOrigin: India and Pakistan .. Colour: reddish brown. Size: Bulls weigh 650kg, and cows 400kg. Milk production averages 2700-3000 per lactation with a butter fat content of 3.7 . It has a pendulous udders which does not let down milk easily. It is therefore said to be a difficult milker. It is kept in semi-arid areas such as Naivasha. Red PollOrigin: England. Colour: Deep red with a white nose. Conformation: Polled-deep girth and short legs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.0643961}
{"text": "Red PollOrigin: England. Colour: Deep red with a white nose. Conformation: Polled-deep girth and short legs. Kept in semi-arid areas such as Nakuru, Mogotio. SimmentalOrigin: Switzerland. Colour: Light red and white patches on the head. Conformation:It has broad and straight back, with well-sprung ribs and deep girth. It is well fleshed at rear quarters, well suspended udders and large teats. Sheep Breeds:Purpose of Keeping Sheep;Meat mutton . Wool production. Exotic SheepWool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers. MerinoOrigin: SpainCharacteristics:It has white face and its lips and nostrils are pink in colour. Rams have horns which are spiral in shape. It is susceptible to foot rot, worm and respiratory diseases. CorriedaleOrigin: New Zealand. Size: Rams 85 - 90kg. Ewes 60-- 85 kgThis is a dual-purpose breed with white open face and white spots on the legs. It is hornless and hardy. Romney MarshOrigin: England. Size: Rams 100 - 115kg. Ewes 84- 100 kgIt is a dual-purpose breed which s hornless with wide poll and black nostrils and lips. It is average in prolificacy. It is resistant to foot rot diseases and worm infestation. Hampshire DownOrigin: England. Size: Rams 125kg. Ewes 80-100 kgIt is a mutton breed which is early maturing, hardy and prolific. Fleece is of poor quality because of the black fibres. Lambing percentage is 125-140. DorperIs a crossbreed of Dorset horn and black head Persian sheep. It is mutton breed. Dorset HornDual purpose breed of sheep. Indigenous Breeds of SheepTheir bodies are covered with hair. Their classification is based on their tails and their names vary according to different tribes. Characteristics;Thin tailed sheep found in West Africa. Fat tailed such as Maasai sheep. Fat rumped sheep. Maasai SheepFound in South Western Kenya and Northern Tanzania.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.0429854}
{"text": "Fat tailed such as Maasai sheep. Fat rumped sheep. Maasai SheepFound in South Western Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Size: Ram 38kg,Ewe 20-30kg. Colour: Red and brown. These are early maturing with long legs and small pointed horns. Black Head Persian SheepOrigin: South AfricaColour: White with black head and neck. It is polled with a big dewlap, fat rump and a curved tail.. GoatsGoats well adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions because of the following characteristics:They feed on a wide range of vegetation. They require very little amount of water. They are tolerant to high temperatures. They are fairly resistant to diseases. They can walk long distances without losing weight. Indigenous Goat BreedsGalla white in colour . Adult female can weigh 25kg. Somali Boran : Found in Northern Kenya white in colour . Turkana Samburu: Long hair and bearded. Mubende: Black 40-45kg . These are small and hardy and are kept for meat and milked by the pastoralists. Exotic BreedsBoer goatOrigin: South AfricaColour: WhiteHas long ears and long hair on their bodies. Anglo-NubianOrigin: North East AfricaColour: Roan and WhiteThese have long legs, lopped ears and are polled. They produce 1-2 litres of milk per , day. JumnapariOrigin: IndiaColour: White, black and fawn. They are horned, have large lopped earsProduce 1-1.5 litres of milk per day. ToggenburgOrigin: SwitzerlandColour: White patches on the body, white stripes on the face and neck. Erect forward pointing ears and polled. Can produce 2-3 of milk per day. SaanenOrigin: Switzerland. Colour: WhiteThey have erect, forward pointing ears and polled. Can produce 2-3 Iitres of milk per day. AngoraOrigin: Angora in Asia. Colour: WhiteIt is kept for wool production. French alpine. PigsCharacteristics:They are sparsely haired and therefore cannot withstand cold. Pigs wallow when it is hot due to absence of sweat glands. They breathe fast when it is hot. They have bristles instead of hair.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.0573866}
{"text": "Pigs wallow when it is hot due to absence of sweat glands. They breathe fast when it is hot. They have bristles instead of hair. BreedsLarge WhiteOrigin: Britain Kept for bacon and pork production. Long, large and white in colour. Ears straight and erect. Has dished face and snout. Most prolific and with good mothering ability. Fairly hardy. LandraceOrigin: DenmarkWhite and longer than large white. Ears drooping. Good for bacon production. Very prolific with good mothering ability. Requires high level of management. Wessex SaddleBack Origin: EnglandColour: Black with white forelegs and shoulders. Straight snout and drooping ears. Good for bacon and pork. Good for keeping outdoors. Excellent mothering instincts. Other pig breeds include:Berkshire,Middle-whiteDuroc Jersey pig. Pigs can be crossed to obtain hybrids or crosses. Advantages of CrossesIncreased litter size. Early maturing. Increase in body length. High proportion of lean meat to fat. Poultry BreedsThere are three types of chicken breeds:The light breeds kept for egg production. The heavy breeds kept for meat production. Dual purpose breeds - kept for both eggs and meat production. Characteristics of Light BreedsNever go broody hence poor sitters. Excellent layers over 220 eggs per year . Poor meat producers hens can attain 2kg; cocks 3kgs Very nervous and exhibit high degree of cannibalism. Hen's comb is large and bent over one eye and cock's comb is large with 5 - 6 serrations. Examples:Leghorns,Anconas,Silkies,Minorcas. Characteristics of Heavy BreedsCan lay few eggs and provide good meat as broilers. Can go broody. Heavier and bigger in size. Grow fast. Examples:Light Sussex,Cornish DarkWhite. Characteristics of Dual-Purpose BreedsGo broody. Have good meat. Disease resistant do not require high standard of management . Rarely exhibit cannibalism. Examples: Rhode Island Red. HybridsThese are developed by crossing two different breeds. They are superior in performance. Can attain 2kg in 56 days for broilers and layover 200 eggs per year for layers. Examples:Shavers,ThombersIsabrown.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.1238358}
{"text": "It attempts to explain how man can best use the limited resources to produce goods and services which satisfies his needs with minimum wastage or loss of these resourcesExample;food,clothingshelterAgricultural economics is therefore defined as a science that aims at maximizing output while minimizing costs by combining the limited supplies of goods and services for use by the society over a certain period of time. These are;land,capital,labourmanagementBasic economic PrinciplesScarcityEconomic scarcity means resources are limited in supply relative to demand. This principle implies that there is no time that man can have enough resources to satisfy all his need or desiresChoice PreferenceHuman wants are many and varied and means of satisfying them are limited. Therefore, man has to make a choice among the alternatives in order to use the resources available. Man does this by satisfying the most pressing needs first. This is called scale of preference. Opportunity CostOpportunity cost is the revenue forgone from the best alternative. It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making. Farm RecordsFarm records are documents kept in the farmThey show farm activities carried out over a long period of timeOr information kept in the farm in written form, about the farm and all activities in it. Uses of Farm RecordsShow the history of the farmShow whether the farm is making a profit or loss. Show all the assets and liabilities of the farm which can be used to value the farm. Help in supporting insurance claims on death, theft, fire or loss of farm assets. Help in tax assessment to avoid over taxation. Used as a guide in planning and budgeting. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. Make it easy to share profits or losses in partnerships. Help in settling disputes among heirs to estate if the farmer dies without a will. Provide labour information on terminal benefits for a worker. Type of Farm RecordsProduction Records - Show the total yield and yield per unit of each enterprise. Inventory Records - A record of all permanent and consumable goods in the farm. Consumable Goods InventoryField Operation Records - Show in details all field practices carried out together with the input used for all the crop enterprises. Breeding Records Show all the breeding activities in the farm. From these records it is possible to select the prolific animals and cull the infertile ones.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.1250248}
{"text": "Consumable Goods InventoryField Operation Records - Show in details all field practices carried out together with the input used for all the crop enterprises. Breeding Records Show all the breeding activities in the farm. From these records it is possible to select the prolific animals and cull the infertile ones. Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to:Select and cull animals on health grounds. EncyclopediaThe Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-1-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.089178}
{"text": "GUIDE TO THE MEMORIES WE LOSTANDOTHER STORIES. TABLE OF CONTENTIntroduction pageAuthorsCopyrightTable of contentMemories we lost. ............................................ 1How much land does mannee.........................8Light.................................................................13My Fathers Head. The Umbrella Man............................................24The President...................................................31Window SeatAlmost Home...................................................... 45The Folded Leaf...................................................55Hitting BudapestMissing Out.........................................................68No need to LieThe Handsomest Drowned Man In the world. Stones Bounce On WaterSAMPLE ANSWERED QUESTIONS.................................961. MEMORIES WE LOSTBy Lidudumalingani MqombofhiAbout the AuthorThe author Lidudumalingani was born in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in a village called Zikhovane. Lidudumalingani is a writer, filmmaker and a photographer. He grew up herding cattle and moulding goats from clay and later grew fond of words and images. He writes about music, art, culture and films for the Mail, Guardian and Africa is my country. He has published in literature journals Chimurenga chronic and pufrock and the second short, sharp story collection Adults only. He currently lives in Cape TownThe TitleMemories we lost is a biography. The life of a sister seen by a younger sister. The story is about mental illnessghigpphrenig and its effect. It is first described as this thing that takes the narrator's younger sister. Over time it robs the sister of the ability to speak and remember hence the title Memories we lost. The title is a reflection of loss and regret. The settingThe story is set in South Africa, indeed the author Lidudumalingani is a South African. A number of South African indigenous words are used in the story. The plotThe story Memories we lost is about challenges brought by mental illness to the victim and those around them. The mental illness is schizophrenia. It is a mental disorderCharacterized by many symptoms. It causes a breakdown in the relationship between thoughts, feelings and actions. There are many causes Of the disease and hereditary is one of them. It's No wonder the disease runs in the narrator's family. The narrator's father was a scherophrene. Events and actions in the story rotate around a sick sister.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.146234}
{"text": "It's No wonder the disease runs in the narrator's family. The narrator's father was a scherophrene. Events and actions in the story rotate around a sick sister. The sickness is terrifying and attacks without warning. The narrator tells us that after the attack is over she would mumble c prayer and would embrace the sister for a long time. This suggests . The reader that the illness is horrific and painful. In one of these attacks the sick sister screams and disappears intr, the night. All men and boys go out in search of her The men Or boys disoriented and peered shuffled in the dark and split into smc groups as instructed by a man \" Pg 1 0. Hours later they return bu without the sister. It is the mother who returns the following dot carrying the daughter. In a different episode as the narrator is telling her sister a story, she is seized by an attack and knocks her head on the wall so much one so hard that she bleed profusely. An effort to shield her from doing this fails because of the abnormal strength that the sister has during an attack. The episode is so memorable to the mind of the narrator and says, \"The smell of blood lingered after many sunsets had come; even after the rain had come \" Pg 1 2. The disease makes the sister violent and destructive. This is evident ir a case where she flung a desk across a room smashing the glass window. In yet another moment of attack the ill sister pours hot porridge on the sister's chest causing her a lot of pain and harm. It is due to the disease that the narrator's sister drops out of school and cannot continue with her schooling 'This thing, this thing that took over her followed her to school and had to drop out ' This makes the narrator who loves the sister so much to absent himself from school. Eventually suffering the same fate The narrator spends much time with the sister playing e g drawing sketches. It is while narrator is in school that she learns about schizophrenia. She comes to understand that it is what the sister was suffering from. She further learns that there is not medication for the disease and has no cure. The medicine she was taking was of no help. The sisters secretly decide not to take the medicine anymore \"The first thing my sister and I got rid of was her arsenal of medicaitrion \" Pg 1 3,Henceforth they buried all the herbs and the narrator demonstrated to the sister how to fake taking medication drinks.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.179029}
{"text": "She further learns that there is not medication for the disease and has no cure. The medicine she was taking was of no help. The sisters secretly decide not to take the medicine anymore \"The first thing my sister and I got rid of was her arsenal of medicaitrion \" Pg 1 3,Henceforth they buried all the herbs and the narrator demonstrated to the sister how to fake taking medication drinks. Like any good mother, the mother has made many attempts to have the girl cured. She has used herbs, modern medication, prayers and even consulted. The younger sister tries as much as possible to bring the sister to be her old self. In one such episode the sisters are playing in the rain. They are happy and the disease appears to have 'left' the sister \" We jumped in the rain in that moment, my sister returned; she smiled and laughed. That day we began to form new childhood memories, filling the void left by one that had been wiped out \" Pg 1 4The mother sees them in this state and she imagines that the disease was going to come again. She organizes for another ritual to cure the daughter. This time round she organizes for a Nkunzi witchdoctor from another village famous for baking people on a fire from cow dung and wood. The narrator is aware that effects of ritual is unknown as dangerous ritual and says \"l had not heard anyone who had survived either \"She could not allow this to happen to the sister. The both ran away to the unknown place. Just like the father before them the two sisters are escaping from their village and the people. The want to put enough distance between themselves and the home memories and secrets that stamp them as belonging to a family known for mental illness. But at the end hope is on sight, for after walking the whole night they reached a town and a hospital in sight. They knowingly fifteen each other grip. CHARACTERIZATIONTHE NARRATORShe is a sister to the mentally ill sister. The narrator and the sister have no names because they symbolize or represent others like them who love and live with mentally ill relatives. The narrator is loving or affectionate. She loves the mentally ill sister despite her state. This is unlike many families where the mentally ill have no one to take care of them.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.2011101}
{"text": "The narrator is loving or affectionate. She loves the mentally ill sister despite her state. This is unlike many families where the mentally ill have no one to take care of them. When the sister 'comes out' of an attack she is always there for her \"The embraces I remember, were always tight and long as if she hoped the moment would last forever \" There seem to be a very strong bond of love between the two sisters. The sibling's relation is loving and cordial. They even discuss their physical growth including the emergence of the sister's growth. The narrator is curious inquisitive when she hears the mother and the uncle discussing the sister's illness in the morning she crouches near them to hear what they are saying. She is quite protective and protects the sister from the wrath ofNkunzi a sangoma who 'bakes' patients with mental illness. They run away to another village. The narrator emphasizes with the sister. When called by an old aunt from the house, the narrator says, \"we hugged tightly, my sister and I wiped each other's tears \" She is inseparable from her sister, \"the only way to have me turn away from her would be to cut us apart \"The narrator is courageous because she walks throughout the night with the sister alone in the villages as they are fleeing even with the dogs barking. She is religious and prayful. When the sister came out of an attack from mental attack she says \"I stretched my arms out in all directions, mumbled two short prayers \"THE SICK SISTERMost of the things we know about her are told by the sister. She is mentally ill and because of this she is violent. She hauls a desk breaking the window in a class. She also violently harms herself by hitting her head against tree trump until she bleed. She pours hot porridge on her sister. But she also loves and her relation to the sister is cordial and loving. She is also secretive and emotional because she cries the whole night of the ritual but does not want the brother to know \"...and she sunk her teeth in the pillow so that she would not cry. THE MOTHER She is determined. Her determination to have the daughter healedj of the mental illness is admirable. She tries all forms of reme including prayers, herbs, witchdoctors etc. We also see this determination when the daughter has a seize illness and runs away at night. All the men and boys return wi the girl hopeless.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.2135046}
{"text": "He is all knowing and reveals to the readers the thoughts, motives and intentions of different characters. He gets into the mind of characters and reveals to us their intentions. ImageryThe author has used a number of metaphors and similes to develop aesthetic and fantastical descriptions that can be quite memorable. Among them, include:\"would shrivel like a parched plant\"\"he massages the cream into her scalp like lotion\"\"feathery clumps that swirl into the drain like fuzzy fish\"\"an elephant of mistrust and awkwardness\"\"she strings his virtues out like Christmas lights\"1. HumourThe quality of being amusing or comic, especially as expressed in, literature or speech. The author uses humour to ease the rather sad mood prevailing in theStory. She uses humorous expression as though saying, this is so funny but take it with a lot of seriousness. For instance:\"Buki, I love you. I will give you many sons\" p 29 \"It happens two or more times before the girl learns to paw notes better\"We expect the girl to Stop writing love letters after -be reprimands her but she only learns how to pgss them segre4'CHARACTERISATIONEnebeliHe appears to be comical. However, he is concerned, remorseful and Loving. He loves his daughter to an extent that he still cooks for her even when she is fourteen. He takes her to the salon for her hair to be relaxed P.29 He is also depicted as being a true Domineering man. When his wife wants to go with the daughter, he refuses the idea and stands firm on the decision. Enebeli's wifeShe is depicted as being a caring and a loving mother, She is indeed helpful, supportive and a concerned lady, who cares for her daughter and although she is away tries to bring her up in the right way p 32 ACTIVITY1. Discuss the character traits of the following charactersEnebeli 1 Enebeli's wife 1 Enebeli's daughter. 2. Discuss the theme of Emancipation as brought out in this short story. 3. What are the effects of distance relationship to good parenting4. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. 5. Our parents get a lot of challenges when it comes to balancing career and parental responsibility. It is like serving two masters at a go.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.231615}
{"text": "5. Our parents get a lot of challenges when it comes to balancing career and parental responsibility. It is like serving two masters at a go. Discuss some of these challenges. 4. My Father's Head ,By: Okwiri OduorBACKGROUNDOkwiri Oduor, the author of My Father's Head, was born in NairobiKenya. She has won a number of prizes among them the 2014prize. She has also written a novella, The Dream Chasers, which highly commended in the 201 2 Commonwealth Book Prize. Speaking about herself Okwiri Oduor says, \"l am an African writer and so what next? I am interested in fullness of the human experience like creating characters that are dynamic, that are real people, which have strengths. My Father's Head was published during post-colonial Kenya. During this period, Kenya, like any other African continent, is struggling with post-colonial evils ranging from poor governance to corruption to poverty. Themes of violence, religion, death, memory and heritage have prevailed in this prizewinning short story. The mention of the1998 bomb blast on the Kenyan embassy is a proof of violence against human race in post-colonial Africa. This short story presents a recollection of painful and repressed memory. The members of the said society are relinquishing in abject poverty and the old have no willing family members to take care of. They live in a home for the old people. SYNOPSISThis story starts interestingly as a simple story but later proceeds in complexity as the narrator tries to recall her father. Seemingly, the narrator cannot remember the head of her father. The narrat0 'Simbi, works in old peoples' home. She starts to think about her father when the one Father Ignatius visits the home. His coming reminds her so much of her father, but never the head. The figure of the priest acts as a trigger that prompts the narrator's journey to search for herDue to loneliness, Simbi, the narrator, has distorted images of the people she has encountered. She has been away from home for a long time and silently mourns the death of her father. It is for this reason therefore that the people she relates with are presented a faceless and to an extent nameless. As readers, it is only by description that we get to know them. Thus vivid description, as a literary technique comes in handy.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.2809336}
{"text": "Her -naivety and easy going disposition increases the entertainment and aesthetic value of this masterpiece. TRAITSGenerouslwelcoming: she welcomes her father to her house and you have offered me makes her some tea. Her father says, tea \"Nostalgic: she misses all the moments she shared with her father during her childhood and tries to bring them back. However, she hos lost all the memories and even when she tries to draw her father on paper she can only remember his clothes and not his head. She says, \"His head refuses to appear on the paper \"Nciive: She thinks her father has shapes- circles, triangles anc squares on his eyes. She does not realise that those are reflections. She actually says, \"l had wondered how those shape had got inside my father's eye 'Mournful: Throughout the short story, Simbi mourns the death of father ond spends time trying to ecall what hisb BwiboFriendly: Of all the workers around the old peoples' home, the narrator formed an easy camaraderie with her. Convincing: She convinces Simbi that she cannot remember her father's head because he was a good man and according to her, \"good men never show you their heads; they show you their faces \"Sympathetic: She feels for the narrator because she cannot remember her father. She tries to console her for the lost memories of her father by telling her that it was all because her father was a good man. Pessimistic: she does not believe that the narrator will receive a warm welcome when he goes back to her home. She tells her to anticipate a negative welcome from her people when she visits. A The narrator's fatherHe is a loving and a caring man. He loved her daughter and both shared beautiful moments. He could make visits to her house once she requested so. Chauvinistic: He shows dominance of the male gender over the female gender when he tells his daughter to untie his shoelaces. Selfless: He would live his duties unattended to help a fixed neighbour. Sometimes could hear a neighbour saying, \"Johnson, there is no time to put on clothes; iust come the way you are \"RoleThe narrative gains its momentum through him. He is the vehicle of communication and the mirror that reflects the world of reality as depicted by Okwiri Oduor.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.2643137}
{"text": "Selfless: He would live his duties unattended to help a fixed neighbour. Sometimes could hear a neighbour saying, \"Johnson, there is no time to put on clothes; iust come the way you are \"RoleThe narrative gains its momentum through him. He is the vehicle of communication and the mirror that reflects the world of reality as depicted by Okwiri Oduor. The narrations aesthetic beauty is seen through his bildungsroman and his daughters too. IFURTHER ACTIVITY1. What kind of a person do you think the narrator's father. Discuss. 2. The narrator says love is not for the old. Do you agree with he, point of view about love? Explain3. Discuss the following themes as brought out in this short story;Moral decadencePovertyMemory and Heritage4. In note form, highlight the challenges people face when the, return home. 5. Write notes on the character traits of:Simbi, The NarratorFather Ignatius! Bwibo. 6. Identify the cases of hyperbole and explain them and thei effect to the masterpiece. 5. THE UMBRELLA MANBY SIPPHAR THAGIGOOSiddhartha Gigoo is an Indian author and film-maker. He studieEnglish Literature at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, in New DelhiIndia. His short story 'The Umbrella Man' is the Asia'winner of thCommonwealth Short Story prize of 201 5. He has books of fictions under his name: These are, The Garden oi solitude 201 1 andA fistful of Earth and Other Stories 2015 .Furthermore he has book of poems entitled \"falland other poems\" and \"Reflections \"SETTINGThe story happens in an asylum for mentally challenged persons. Thi is a hospital for the confinement of people who have a menta breakdown and thus they have to be kept in isolation, in solitary sod that they are treated and to improve on their health condition 0k;is a member of this asylum facility. \". The Umbrella Man\" is about an inmate, Number 7, living in a mental asylum. All he possesses is an umbrella with yellow-and-Red stripes. Number 7 suffers from unknown psychosis. He yearns for rain. During evenings, he strolls in the asylum compound, carrying along theYellow-and Red striped umbrella hoping to experiencing rainfall.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.289667}
{"text": "Furthermore, many families are taken in atToronto Canada by Kadi and Abou Nabe to escape the violence inSierra Leone. The violence caused by the rebels leads to a lot of suffering to the people. Some are left handicapped and cannot fend for themselves; others are forced to relocate from their homes, while it also leads to poor living conditions like in the amputees' camp and also begging on the streets. EDUCATIONMariatu Kamara, together with young Asian women, grandmothers from the Middle East and men from Southern Africa are enrolled in an English as a second Language course where they learn the language. She graduates with a diploma. Later she is enrolled to a high school. She finds it difficult but with her endurance she manages to attain Cs. She gets a laptop to use to aid in her studies. Kamara hopes to better her life through education such that she able to support her family back at home. Kamara is raped by Salieu who leaves her pregnant and threatensRebels have no regard for human life as they kill people and maim others mercilessly. There is a camp for amputees in Freetown. Children are made soldiers and be involved in such barbaric activities as killing and torture which is not appropriate to their development. SUFFERINGMost people in Manarma are attacked by rebels and are while others are amputated. Kamara is amputated, Adam z taken away. In addition Ibrahim and Mohamed are capture d, tied. The displaced and amputated people are forced to pathetic conditions such as what is witnessed in amputees'which is full of filthy litter and full of dirty bodies. They are force t s:beg on the streets to get what to eat. War has taken toll on innocent, children and women. IMPACT OF WAR ON CIVILIANSThe hatred and animosity among citizens leads to unrests violence. This leads to suffering of people. Violence facilita, ? Deaths of people, Injuries and torture such as cutting of people:hands Kamara displacement of people from their homes suchMarie and Alie, Kamara and more families that end up in CanadtMore there is it facilitates poor living conditions like the filth, amputees camp in Freetown. CHILDREN IN WARMost children suffer during war.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.324085}
{"text": "Violence facilita, ? Deaths of people, Injuries and torture such as cutting of people:hands Kamara displacement of people from their homes suchMarie and Alie, Kamara and more families that end up in CanadtMore there is it facilitates poor living conditions like the filth, amputees camp in Freetown. CHILDREN IN WARMost children suffer during war. Some are made children soldier:like those who capture Kamara are her age mates while other:endure atrocities; Kamara as a child has her hands cut off. AdamsabIbrahim and Mohamed are captured by rebels which in itself i:torturous. THE POWER OF HUMAN SPIRIT RESILIENCEThe human spirit is undying, enduring and resilient. Despite atrocitie that Kamara undergoes, she doesn't lose the zeal to live on. She ho:an indomitable spirit to overcome adversity. When Kamara regain:consciousness after her hands are chopped off, she picks herself upThe amputees in the camp do not have hands but still they are able to feed and wash themselves. Kamara learns to cook, tie shoe laces, up zips and even goes to school to learn to better her life despite theWell wishers cannot sit and watch human rather help to take in victims of such violereag acquire educations. Humans have the inner strength to push onCHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONMariatu Kamara Narrator Ndjve: She does not understand what Salieu has done to her after he forcefully has intercourse with her. She blatantly that she only knows that only women get babies but not girls. More she doesn't know that pregnancy is as a result of sexualResilient enduring: Rebels cut off her hands, but this does not deter her from going on with life. She doesn't lose the zeal to live on. She has an indomitable spirit to overcome adversity; she picks herself up and ensures she moves to safety. Kamara learns to cook, tie shoe laces, do up zips and even goes to school to learn to better her life despite the lack of limps. She learnsEnglish Language as a second language and graduates with a diploma. Thoughtful: She minds about the welfare of her family back at home and wants to study and be in a position to assist them.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.3536358}
{"text": "I remember asking myself, \"What is c I president\"...'Inhumane: They kill people during their attack on Manarma village I they torture their victims by cutting off their hands anc 1taunting them. One child soldier tell Kamara... We are net I going to kill you go to the, president as the president to give you new hands. LANGUAGE USE STYLENarrative TechniqueThis story is told from a first person point of view by Mariatu Kamarc who narrates to us her ordeal in the hands of her captors in the war torn village of Manarma and her escape to Freetown ana eventually her life in Toronto Canada. FlashbackKamara recounts her ordeal in the hands of Salieu who fchimself on her leaving her pregnant. She also recalls her stayMarie, her father's sister and Marie's husband Alie in Magb village. Vivid DescriptionThe amputees camp is described as '... was a size of a foot field, was filthy wit litter, the smell of rubbish, dirty bodies, bring out the pathetic conditions that the people in the camps wr living In. The laptop she Is bought for is described by the narrator as '... computer was special with a mouse shaped like a big ball so that I car easily manoeuvre it the key board was Loam Dialogue ra converses with the rebels who want her to ch Karr 10 h ent before leaving punis m 'You must choose a punishment before you leave, \" he said ke what?\". I mumbled: Li Which hand do you want to lose first?\". He asked. This dialogue brings out the cruel nature of the rebels. There is dialogue with the female doctor, \"...you are pregnant \"You 0 e going to have a baby \" k \" , :But there must be a mista e, I said \"Only women hove babies, not girls \" This points out how nave Kamara is. Sarcasm Mariatu is informed by the child soldiers that her hands are to be chopped off so that she would not vote for the president, then they sarcastically refer her to go to the president who should provide her with new hands. We are not going to kill you. We want you to go to the president and show him what we did to you. Ask the president to give you new hands \" REVISION QUESTIONS 1. Political instability and violence breeds misery. Discuss 2.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.3799317}
{"text": "Ask the president to give you new hands \" REVISION QUESTIONS 1. Political instability and violence breeds misery. Discuss 2. A friend in need is a friend in deed. Discuss this statement in light of the story \"The president\" by Mariatu Kamara 3. Tribal conflicts and hatred have far reaching consequences the society way effects that conflicts have on the s share in the 4. The less privileged in Discuss al 5. Describe the devastating misfortunes of the mighty in society innocent, children and women irit 6. No power is stronger than human sp 7 Window Seat By Benjamin Branoff Bseniamin Bronoff is a Tanzanian writer. His short story, Wind?vi Sent, is featured in the third volume of Tell me, My Friends, which univects stories and plays written by students and staff a h ers'tY of Dar es Salaam. SETTINGThe narrator, a foreigner, is in a public transport daladala in Dar es Salaam, moving from Miimani via goes to Posta down town. This story tells a humorous story of a young man, a boards a daladala from Mlimani via Mwenge to the town. The foreigner meets many people who squeeze the small van, including a beautiful Tanzanian girl who behinds of the foreigner. The mzungu is seated next to a window, in a daladala travei'ng to down town. The minivan is meant to carry about ten people but 24 people are squeezed in it. The road they are on is in a deplorable condition, full of poth m dust which fills the van. The narrator expresses how he desires to be with Monique, French girl he has met in college and she also stays across courtyard in downtown. He changes vehicles from the minivan to a bus to head to PostoTown. The bus is also overloaded and overcrowded like was. Among the passengers there is a young lady, probably some age as the narrator. She is quiet beautiful and because of narrator's lustful nature, he forgets about desires the Kanga lady. The bus is stopped by a police officer who allows go after taking a bribe he wastes a lot of time foe attendants to whom time is moriey. The vehicle picks up another passenger, a who ho. To sit. Mzungu offers his seat to the woman ho on the insistence of M,zungu she takes the seat.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.3646924}
{"text": "The vehicle picks up another passenger, a who ho. To sit. Mzungu offers his seat to the woman ho on the insistence of M,zungu she takes the seat. Stands throughout the req of the iourrzy,There is a lot of squeezing and holding on one another the passengers. The vehicle stops at points to drop and pick more passengers. In an instance, when the vehicle stops, Kanga, a passenger holds on the waist of Mzungu, Mzungu is. Carried away by the feeling he gets from Kanga holding him on the waist. He feels Kanga's other hand slowly slipping off hisAfterwards when the vehicle stops, Kanga alights in dismay ofMzungu who thinks of having her give him the world's biggest secret. She waves to him and leaves mzungu in a blissful existence. Mzungu drifts to his world of love, a world of fantasy. He dozes off only to be awakened when all passengers have alighted. Mzungu is to pay his fare only to realize his wallet is missing, it has been stolen. THEMES:J. UWLESSNESSON THE ROADS. Vehicles should always follow traffic laws on the roads for safety. In his story however, law and order is not followed as it should be. To start with, the public transport vehicles are so much overloaded. Passengers are literally packed. Conductors carry excess passengers as the narrator says a mini-van meant to carry ten passengers now carries twenty five of them. It even becomes worse when it comes to rush hour where they carry twenty eight with others drivers also bribe the traffic policemen in order to get away with crime. Even when things seem to be okay with the vehicle thePOIicemen solicit for bribes to an extent of removing the car keys fie ignition. The bribe here is a very powerful voice that the ponce use to silence the adamant drivers. Passengers suffer on roods, The no to commit to o Iono rood becouso of they don't veem to core or they ore used to it. Tip loudly when the policemen toke bribes but, \"ep tt even because of overloading thol mokos it to rob rhe narrator. 2. POVERTY. Poverty is Olso portrayed in this Story. The people ot the bus said to be in sandals and others barefoot. This means afford better shoes.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.3940928}
{"text": "Poverty is Olso portrayed in this Story. The people ot the bus said to be in sandals and others barefoot. This means afford better shoes. The passengers could be suffering he overloaded dalodalos because of poverty. This is bee-cuz pay less money for fare. The narrator describes Kanga that she hos a trim figure cowed by a lifetime of hard work and deprivation of luxurie. That she cannot afford luxuries. We also think that \"hot her to steal from the narrator is poverty. The aggressiveness of touts in town is also a sign of poverty. This P. society where one must struggle to make ends meet. That'l why t'\"scream and shout and also convince people to take their daladalc: -2. Coem\"nomCorruptii is also evident in this Story especially on the roads pocmerc were wpposed to guarantee zafety on the ond collude driver, in order to escape facing 10... seem to have token bribes as their bea\"se even if the vehicle has everything right force by toking keys from ignitim. 4. RELATIONSHIPS. The narrator enters into a relationship with Monique the French girl in campus. He says that he gave her an unordinary smile and she returned it. At the bus station he sees her but never gets to talk to her. He regrets never getting to fix a date with her that day. The narrator treats this relationship so casually and he is not serious about it. He says that he conjured up the smile for her and when she is through ith it he can conjure it up for someone else \"A man only has so many smiles \" When he meets Kanga in the van he seems to also fall in love with her. He flirts with her and even imagines one part ofKongo's body. He loses his mind when Kanga grabs his trousers. He goes wild with imagination about himself and Kanga and does not realize that he was being robbed. When he meets Kanga, the narrator says that he had forgotten about Monique. He says, '...I drift in the world of my new love. Le felle is over and done with. Kanga is in. This shows how casuals he treated his relationships with women considering that he only metKanga in thedaladala. 5.AACALSA1The word Mzungu means a white man.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.443433}
{"text": "Kanga is in. This shows how casuals he treated his relationships with women considering that he only metKanga in thedaladala. 5.AACALSA1The word Mzungu means a white man. The Africans call them this to mean he is from the white race. The Africans see this man, the narrator as more superior than them and use even a spectacle that he is using public transport. When the guard greets him at the cityChuo everybody turns to see him. Africans perceive the white men as rich and wealthy that's why Kanga robs him in the vehicle. The narrator chooses to date Monique a French girl because she is from their race. He says, I should be with the French girl Le fille becauseFrench women absolutely like American men. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATIONMiunguLustfulWhen he meets Kongo, the narrator says that he had forgo about Monique. He says, drift in the w or Id of my new love. L is over and done with. Kongo is in\". This shows how casuals he treat his relationships with women considering that he only met Kang'the dalodala. This leads to his wallet being stolen yet he things of Kongo's touch as a sign of desire for him. RespectfulHe respectfully greets the old woman who moves to the back ro from the front one. Observant: Has a clear picture of how the vehicles are overcrowded and squeezed passengers, he gives a clear description of the dust on the road and also describes how bumpy the ride is. Policeman:Stubborn: couldn't let the vehicle go on unless a bribe is paid despite finding no fault with it. He picks the bribe and smiles and waves for the vehicle to proceed with the journey. KongoTactful: she skilfully holds on to Mzungu as if supporting herself fro'plunging forward only to rob him. Opportunist: waits at the squeezed moment and movement by the vehicle to rob Mzungu's walletANGUAGE USE STYLISTIC DEVICES1. VIVID DESCRIPTION. The author makes use of vivid description which makes his own interesting and leaves an impact the readers' minds. He describes sitting position in the daladala very clearly lamina wet of sitting, fatal position. My knees are wedged between my abdur n and the sit in front of me.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.4646842}
{"text": "He is caught by Tarrant, as he tries to hobble around a furniture van. Hi is tied with the plastic cuffs. They take a ferry that is to take them to Tangier, Morocco. Just when they are almost arriving to their destination, Ali jumps off the ferry into the water and drowns. THEMATIC CONCERNSILLEGAL TIONAli Mahfouz is an illegal immigrant in Ireland. Ali migrates illegally from Morocco when he is seventeen years old. He lives in Georges street where he says its people were very kind to him. Ali lies to the people that he is a medical student; his face book picture even shows him standing outside the college of surgeons holding two voluminous books which we learn that they were telephone directories. Ali makes many friends everywhere and instantly. These people give him gifts and allowed him to sleep on their sofas. Ali struggled so much to make it in Ireland. He did odd jobs there among them sellingChristmas trees door to door. He does not want to go back home. When a professor of Trinity College gives him two hundred Euros to buy a ticket to Tangier he buys an iPod instead. Many attempts also by the soldiers to deport him have been futile. Tarrant and Slattery are trying to deport him this one more time. RESISTANCE TO DEPORTATIONDeportation is the eviction of foreign persons back to their countries. Tarrant and Slattery are soldiers who are here to deAli but Ali shows resistance because he doesn't want to go back. Determined to make it Ireland. We learn that a university professor earlier gives him twoEuros but he buys himself an iPod instead. Tarrant explains to woman at the service station that they have tried to deport Ali twit by air but he has been disruptive and he alarmed the 0th passengers by shouting that he was a terrorist and that he blow the plane by a bomb that he had. Ali tries to escape Tarrant and Slattery at the service station. Rushes to the French woman and pleads with her to save him from t abductors but when Slattery explains things to her she understan and Ali is taken back to the car. In on other attempt to resist deportation Ali dangerously ducks do' a moving trailer barely dodging the moving wheels but finds himse on Tarrant's fists on the other side.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.4566598}
{"text": "Ali tries to escape Tarrant and Slattery at the service station. Rushes to the French woman and pleads with her to save him from t abductors but when Slattery explains things to her she understan and Ali is taken back to the car. In on other attempt to resist deportation Ali dangerously ducks do' a moving trailer barely dodging the moving wheels but finds himse on Tarrant's fists on the other side. When they see Tangier harb finally Slattery pats Ali on the shoulder and tells him \" Almost hornAli knows that he would reach home without doubt despite all effort to escape. He thinks about three years in prison and suffering that his mother and sisters WOUld go through in order save him from being eaten alive in iail. Ali therefore makes dangerous decision; to jump into the sea just to resist deportation. POVERTY AND LACK OF JOB OPPORTUNITIESAli's mother and sisters live in cramped apartments in Beni MakacThis indicates that they are poor. Ali also says that they had rais the two thousand Euros to spirit him out of the country with difficul but he had not paid them even a cent. This was in an attempt toAli get opportunities in the Ireland but he was deported with anything and to top it all he WOUId have to go to jail. This shame a fear causes him to jump into the sea. CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONAli MahfouzDeceitful: he tells people that he is a medical student and even puts a picture on face book that shows him at the surgeons' college with college books yet the books are only telephone directories. He only does menial jobs in Ireland. In addition he walks with little white buds in his ears as if he is listening to music from the iPod yet he doesn't even know how to load the gadget with music. Hardworking: Ali does all kinds of jobs in Ireland to cater for his upkeep. For instance he slices kebab meat; while working for two Egyptian brothers, also he power-washes cars, scrubs pots and wipes tables. Sociable: He makes many friends when he just arrives in Ireland. He is quite charming and makes Slattery to laugh all the time despite being in a serious situation. Stubborn: He has been warned by Tarrant not to cause any problem while they travel yet he attempts to escape twice.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.481199}
{"text": "Sociable: He makes many friends when he just arrives in Ireland. He is quite charming and makes Slattery to laugh all the time despite being in a serious situation. Stubborn: He has been warned by Tarrant not to cause any problem while they travel yet he attempts to escape twice. Furthermore, the government has tried to deport him twice, where every time he is disruptive on the plane threatening of blowing up the plane with a bomb in his possession. Despite all these he still lives in Ireland. Sarcastic: Tells Slattery and Tarrant that they are travelling in style and that they are on a mighty journey yet he is being deported. Determined: He attempts all means to prevent his deportation. He threatens to blow up the plane twice; he attempts to escape from Slattery and Tarrant in France and Spain. As last resort he decides to drown himself in water provided it is away to escape from being deported. Observant: He is keen enough to note that Slattery has good FreAli also notes that Slattery has no wedding band despite him being in mid-thirties and handsome. DNvsioned: Ali loses hope with life in his country because of pove scxh that his family is cramped together in the apartment, then imagines of life in prison, lack of food, clothing and having to pay bribes. This shame and fear causes him to jump into the sea. SlatteryJovial: He is charming and laughing all the time when Ali cracks jokes. Tactful: He manipulatively talks the French woman out of her thinking of helping Ali. He manages to convince her that any interference will mean they Slattery and Tarrant will leave Ali to be the responsibility of the French government. TarrantAggressive: He blocks Ali into a corner before barking orders to him, and threatens to smack him if he tries any nonsense. When Ali attempts to escape in Spain, he hits him to theSerious: He does not get involved in laughter when Ali cracks jokes that leave Slattery in stitches. He remains stony faced as strict: orders Ali to go back where they were when Ali runsLANGUAGE USESTYLESPERSONIFICATIONThe author uses personification a great deal in this story. This is very effective because we get a clear description of events. In the first paragraph, it is said that the Oscar Wilde ferry rested in theWelford harbor. Resting being a human attribute has been given to the ferry.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.5349934}
{"text": "This is very effective because we get a clear description of events. In the first paragraph, it is said that the Oscar Wilde ferry rested in theWelford harbor. Resting being a human attribute has been given to the ferry. Other examples include; The room hummed as the turbine span. The sound of the ship as it moves becomes very clear here, humming. The tiny fish seemed inquisitive. Inquisitive is also a human attribute given to fish to make the description clear. DIALOGUEDialogue has also been exploited by the author to make the story more real and to break the monotony. There is a dialogue also between Tarrant, Ali and Slattery also with the woman at the service station. In some of the dialogue made we learn about the character traits of the soldiers being tough and Ali being defiant and sarcastic. METAPHORSMoroccan rain is metaphorically to have the light touch of a tiny baby's fingers but Irish rain was a smack from an open hand, watery assault. Tarrant's fists are said to be wall made of bone and skin. All compares Ireland to a man. Ireland is like a man who in\" people to his house for a fist and then discovers he doesn't hj enough food. The ferry is said to cut the Mediterranean Sea like scissors. Tk shadow cast by the boat looked a dark cloud on a grey sky. All the have been used effectively. They show us the actions more vividly. USE OF SUB STANDARD ENGLISH AND OTHER LANGUAGESAli knows how to speak standard English but he uses broken Englishfi annoy the soldiers and also in his attempt to resist deportation h says; \"I want say thank you Ireland\"I have so happy in Ireland. Mm times happy, people good, weather good, guiness good. There is also the use of French. Ali also uses so Irish expressions whid are not Standard English; \"Soft day, did your Mummy make any rnort like you SYMBOLISMThe title 'Almost Home' is symbolic. It symbolizes death. It is believed that Ali did not go back home as he should have, but he dies in the sea when he drowns himself. Ali talks of a man who invites people to his house for a feast and when he discovers that he doesn't havi enough food he tries to hide his anger and humiliation by shouting, cursing and forcing them out into the night.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.5363772}
{"text": "It symbolizes death. It is believed that Ali did not go back home as he should have, but he dies in the sea when he drowns himself. Ali talks of a man who invites people to his house for a feast and when he discovers that he doesn't havi enough food he tries to hide his anger and humiliation by shouting, cursing and forcing them out into the night. This man symbolizesIreland because they allow illegal immigrants to come and stay in the country then hunts them down in order to deport them. The different two types of rains in the two countries symbolize their different challenges to survival as Ali says it is easy in Morocco than in Ireland. REVISION QUESTIONSPoverty and lack of employment largely contribute to illegal migration. Discuss Immigration is nobody's best choice. Whys Compare and contrast the character traits of Slattery and Tarrant. Discuss the traits of All as brought out in this story. What factors contribute to people migrating illegally to other countries? Dialogue has played a key role in character and plot development in the story. Discuss. Disillusionment is detrimental to human living. Discuss 9.The Folded Leaf by Segun Afolabi Summary of the incidents Segun Afolabi's 'The Folded Leaf, is a short story that was shortlisted for Caine Prize 2015.it boasts of its urgency to address burning contemporary issues in Nigeria. Bunmi's voice introduces most of the characters through whom the narrative will move forward. While characters like Bunmi, Samuel, Tunde and Mrs Kekere are introduced with peculiar health challenges, others like Bola, Papa and the Ejiofohs accompany them; and together, they form the narrative backbone with Bunmi as the main narrator. The story is about a Christian community comprising of various family members who in spite of health challenges have had to contend with the reality of their being, and to live a normal communal Christian life. But when after a strong resolve of collective contributions, they set out on a journey to Lagos in search of healing, from a man of God who doesn't seem to have answers to their questions, a new reality which will alter or question the basis of their Christian faith and practice is unfolded. THEMESa ReligionThe author explores the role of religion in our daily lives portrayed in the contemporary Nigeria and the larger AfriReligion is used to brainwash the followers of some deities that f more superior to the others.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.5525692}
{"text": "The story is about a Christian community comprising of various family members who in spite of health challenges have had to contend with the reality of their being, and to live a normal communal Christian life. But when after a strong resolve of collective contributions, they set out on a journey to Lagos in search of healing, from a man of God who doesn't seem to have answers to their questions, a new reality which will alter or question the basis of their Christian faith and practice is unfolded. THEMESa ReligionThe author explores the role of religion in our daily lives portrayed in the contemporary Nigeria and the larger AfriReligion is used to brainwash the followers of some deities that f more superior to the others. Churches in the urban area a portrayed to be superior to churches in the rural areas. It is throu this portrayal that we see villagers, worse still the village preache like Reverend Abbe and Reverend Okulaia leading th congregation to a point of donating towards Mrs. Eiiofoh, MrKekere, Bola and Bunmi among other travellers, for their journeyLagos, going to seek for healing from pastor Fayemi \"P.92\"The issue of religion is becoming a melting pot in Nigeria, and Afric at large. Religion seems to rob the individual of choice. Religi extremist leads to hypocrisy, obsession, aiienation and fear. It through this religion that people lack self acceptance. Not until the get robbed of their money, do they come in terms with their physica challenges. Bumni the narrator, who cannot see, begins t understand her own life and accept it after having made a Ion journey to lagos city to be attended by pastor Fayemi's church, vainThe narrator, Bunmi begins to come to good terms with her life, an self-actualization is seen whereby she accepts that her physic impairment is God given, therefore appreciates reverend Abb who prays for people, even when they have paid no mone p 94 Prayers are not left aside in all the doings. The faithful'travelling to Lagos; gather for a prayer led by Reverent Ab before setting off for their journey to Lagos. '. Bless Samuel, tamer Jehovah, \"today, today, please- send him new prayers are perceived as a tool of spiritual healing, nourishment a Poverty and class barriersAnother theme that comes out clearly is the class stratification in the contemporary Nigeria.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.579366}
{"text": "Bumni the narrator, who cannot see, begins t understand her own life and accept it after having made a Ion journey to lagos city to be attended by pastor Fayemi's church, vainThe narrator, Bunmi begins to come to good terms with her life, an self-actualization is seen whereby she accepts that her physic impairment is God given, therefore appreciates reverend Abb who prays for people, even when they have paid no mone p 94 Prayers are not left aside in all the doings. The faithful'travelling to Lagos; gather for a prayer led by Reverent Ab before setting off for their journey to Lagos. '. Bless Samuel, tamer Jehovah, \"today, today, please- send him new prayers are perceived as a tool of spiritual healing, nourishment a Poverty and class barriersAnother theme that comes out clearly is the class stratification in the contemporary Nigeria. The story adroitly brings to light, the ever existing gap between the rich haves and the poor have no's right from the village to the suburbs of the capital, Lagos, people are seen to be poor, compared to those who lives in the urban centers. Mrs. Kerekere pleads with the policemen on their way to Lagos, that they are not rich P.84 . In fact, the money they are spending on their way to Lagos is a donation from their local church that alone, they couldn't manage to afford it. Comparison is made with the urban people who are very rich. Daddy cool is better known in the account of his helicopter andGulfstream jet, and his homes in Florida and Switzerland and somewhere in the Caribbean p 81 a perceptionAfolabi is trying to imply that there are multiple ways of viewing life, in different apheres, by using the narrative voice of the blind narrator Bunmi to elaborate on the theme of perception:Appearance to me may not be your own appearance. And my own understanding of own self, may not compare with other people's perceptions. But do any of us identify the same thing in exactly the same way? Is the colour blue the same? And does the leaf smell? Bola thinks sometimes. So don't worry, he says.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.6238031}
{"text": "And does the leaf smell? Bola thinks sometimes. So don't worry, he says. And Bola's right about most thingsIn trying to avoid authorial interference, Afolabi tells his through this blind twelve-year-old whose narrative power inheres her strong stimulus, curiosity, perception and scepticism; a narr who relies on interviewing skills like probing, prompting, scoop and interrogation to account for the plot's progression. TECHNIQUE AND LANGUAGE USE a first person narrative voiceThis narration has been told from the perceptive of a first person narrator. The 'l' narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narration makes the events to be quite immediate to the reader and hence, it becomes engaging to read. Segun Afolabi also uses present tense instead of the usual past tense we would expect in a story about events that happened in the past it is as if he is giving commentary on the event. A rapport therefore between the narrator and the reader is created. B SuspenseThe feeling of worry or excitement that a person develops when the develop a feeling that something is going to happen is what is callec suspense. The folded leaf creates some desire to know whad happens to Bumni, Sam and Mrs. Kekere who are on their way tc meet pastor Fayemi for healing. Throughout the narration, the reader is kept gluedto the text, to see how things will end. Even the village preacher, reverent Abbe is wishful that God may bless, heal and lead them to the capital, Lagos. \". Bless Samuel, father today, today, please- send him new c ContrastThis is a literary technique in which the author sets two people, events or objects in opposition to each other in order to showAfolabi uses contrast as a technique to drive in his thematic concerns with ease. Reverent Abbe is a servant of God in a village church, who prays to people to gain hope and restoration without pay. She leads a very humble life and she is depicted as a true believer, who loves her congregation. Her church donates whole heartedly to finance the long anticipated journey to Lagos The author contrasts her with pastor Adejola Fayemi, or Daddy Cool as he is better known on account of his helicopter, jets and lavish lifestyle. His followers deny Bumnis' access to seeing him, even after paying all the money they had carried to the church.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.644887}
{"text": "She leads a very humble life and she is depicted as a true believer, who loves her congregation. Her church donates whole heartedly to finance the long anticipated journey to Lagos The author contrasts her with pastor Adejola Fayemi, or Daddy Cool as he is better known on account of his helicopter, jets and lavish lifestyle. His followers deny Bumnis' access to seeing him, even after paying all the money they had carried to the church. A Use of dialogueAfolabi uses dialogue richly to develop his characters and themes. He reproduces the exact words that characters are supposed to have spoken. Cases in point are as follows;'What do you have inside?\". A voice demands from outside the bus. Police, \" Bola whispers\"Just people, \" the driver says \"we go Lagos. '. How many of you?\". P 83 This conversation reveals the experience the narrator and the other travellers face as they travel to Lagos. This and many other dialogues are used to foreground the thematic concerns and enliven the plot development. B Local idiomThe author uses local language. Since this story is set in the bothNigerian suburbs and Nigerian city, Lagos, the use of local dialect makes it easy not only to identify the setting, but also to give it a local flavor. The following are examples of local dialects used; agbada, which means a four-piece attire worn by men; eshayu, which means thank you, na so meaning yes, it's true; among others. Characterization a NarratorThe narrator is a blind twelve-year-old whose narrative power is inheres in her strong will and introspecting personality. She is an examining girl who is young, honest and hopeful that she will receive healing after attending the church service in town. She is indeed determined to meeting pastor Daddy Cool and therefore becomes too obnoxious, on learning that it will not be possible. The story end when she is more strong and ambitious in spite of all the happenings that she has started to understand that at least she has life, a good one for that effect. B Reverend AbbeReverend Abbe is a pastor who is depicted as a servant of God, leading a true deity church. So loving and caring she is that she organizes her church members in the village for donations to the narrator's journey to seek healing.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.611421}
{"text": "The story end when she is more strong and ambitious in spite of all the happenings that she has started to understand that at least she has life, a good one for that effect. B Reverend AbbeReverend Abbe is a pastor who is depicted as a servant of God, leading a true deity church. So loving and caring she is that she organizes her church members in the village for donations to the narrator's journey to seek healing. HShe is a committed and dedicated Christian that though a deacon she is, members of the church prefer her to reverend Okulaia, who the reverend-in-charge is. She is trustable that the narrator says that she is complacent having her as a clergy, who prays for people without asking for money from them 294 c Pastor Adeiola Fayemi. He is portrayed as a fat cat tycoon, leading a wealth life. He runs a church in the Lagos capital. Religion seems to rob the individual of choice. Religious extremist people really suffer a lot through him, making him an exploitative person. Not until they get robbed of their money, do they come in terms with their physical challenges. Papa has given out all the money that had been contributed, and denied access to the pastoral place pulpit p 90 ln this case therefore, Afolabi's story represents the new face of pseudo-Christian practice in Nigeria, through him, which is hinged on the gospel of healing miracles and prosperity. Activity1. Discuss the following oral techniques in the story:a Use of songs b Humour and comic relief c Exaggeration d Dialogue2. Put the following excerpt in its immediate context. I have always been blind. How they appear to me and my understanding of myself, might not compare with other3. Describe the character traits of Pastor Feyemi as exhibited in perception. The story10. HITTING BUDAPESTBy NoViolet Bulawayo. BACKGROUNDThe short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo follows sixAfrican children on their trip to steal guavas from a rich neighborhood. The author has structured the short story in three scenes marked by suspension points. The first scene presents the trip to Budapest; the second focuses on the way back, while the third marks a strange incident when the children discover a hanged woman in the bushes of Paradise.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.654758}
{"text": "BACKGROUNDThe short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo follows sixAfrican children on their trip to steal guavas from a rich neighborhood. The author has structured the short story in three scenes marked by suspension points. The first scene presents the trip to Budapest; the second focuses on the way back, while the third marks a strange incident when the children discover a hanged woman in the bushes of Paradise. The story also follows the plot elements, having an exposition, a rising action, a climax and a falling actionNoViolet examines convoluted issues of social inequality and inadequate access to resources in such an amazing way through her creative determination and imagination to improve the material conditions of her characters. Africa is the richest in the world in terms of natural resource endowments, despite this poverty wracks havoc in most, if not all, parts of the continent where apparently children and women are the most affected. Summary of incidentsThe story is about five young girls, mostly pre-teen, moving from their shanty town of Paradise to the estates of Budapest in search Of guavas and anything that matter. As they make their tourney towardsBudapest they converse as all children do. It is through this that we get to know that Chipo, a girl of ten years, has been impregnated her grandfather. At Budapest they met a white woman of 33 years who had just come from London, eating ice-cream. They looked longingly at this icecream only for her to throw what is left of it into the dustbin and take a picture of them. On their way back they shared their dreams with each other: to travel to America, get big houses and cars. WhereasIMF is a street at Budapest, AU is a street at Paradise, the shanty town. The kids steal, eat and go back to the shanty to meet a dead woman dangling from a tree. Their hunger allows them to conquer their fear of death and they steal her shoes so they can sell them in order to buy bread. But the real story is in the class divide, in the loss of innocence, immigration, violence, defilement, poverty, extreme hunger, and dejection. Initially, this story reads as a metaphor where some Africans in search of better lives travel abroad. Again, Paradise and Budapest represent the economic duality that we have in most countries where extreme poverty exists side by side with all the skyscrapers and glass-houses.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.7076273}
{"text": "But the real story is in the class divide, in the loss of innocence, immigration, violence, defilement, poverty, extreme hunger, and dejection. Initially, this story reads as a metaphor where some Africans in search of better lives travel abroad. Again, Paradise and Budapest represent the economic duality that we have in most countries where extreme poverty exists side by side with all the skyscrapers and glass-houses. However, as the story unfolds, the metaphorical view changed. Back at Paradise, the children went to ease themselves in the bush where they saw a woman dangling from a rope-a possible suicide. The children decided to remove the shoes the dead woman was wearing and sell them for bread. SETTINGPublished in 201 0, the short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoVioletBulawayo is set in an African country, most likely Zimbabwe, the author's native country. Time and physical settingThe time setting is during guava season and the action spans over a day in the lives of six children. The main physical setting is the rich neighborhood Budapest, but also the way to Budapest from the shanty town called Paradise. Budapest is depicted in detail by the narrator to show the between the poor area they come from and the richness of nearby neighborhood. Buf not an ordinary country it looks like everybody woke up one day and closed their gates, doors, and windows, picked up thei passports, and left for better countries. Even the air is empty; no burning things, no smell of cooking food or something rotting. Iust plain air with nothing in its hands. Budapest is big, big house;with the graveled yards and tall fences and walls and flowers and green trees, heavy with fruit p 98 Social settingThe social setting in \"Hitting Budapest\" presents several aspects related to African society and the world society in general. The interactions and conversations between the children show their lack of education as they have no knowledge about human reproduction, but also the commonness of incest and rape among poor Africans Chipo is pregnant with her grandfather P. 98 THEMESThe main theme of the short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoVioletBulawayo is poverty and its dehumanizing effects, which is enhanced through the motif of the gap between the rich and the poor.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.6868691}
{"text": "Budapest is big, big house;with the graveled yards and tall fences and walls and flowers and green trees, heavy with fruit p 98 Social settingThe social setting in \"Hitting Budapest\" presents several aspects related to African society and the world society in general. The interactions and conversations between the children show their lack of education as they have no knowledge about human reproduction, but also the commonness of incest and rape among poor Africans Chipo is pregnant with her grandfather P. 98 THEMESThe main theme of the short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoVioletBulawayo is poverty and its dehumanizing effects, which is enhanced through the motif of the gap between the rich and the poor. The author's intention was to show the consequences of poverty experienced by African children and to bring a critique to those who turn a blind eye on the gap between the rich and the poor, hinting at the idea that it is Western states and organizations who bare most of the responsibility for it. J Effects of poverty. The short story explores the dehumanizing effects of poverty through the setting and characters. The action takes places in a poor African area probably Zimbabwe and shows through symbolical setting elements the crude reality of the gap between the rich and the poor. The characters areAfrican children Basta, Chipo, Godknows, Sbho, Stina, and Darling who have no other option to calm their hunger but to go to neighboring rich area Budapest and steal guava fruits p 98 The fact that the children go there frequently suggests that stealing for survival has become something very common, part of their everyday lives. Poverty makes these children to steal even to a dead woman, on their way back to paradise. L DefilementTo defile is to violate chastity of a person. Defilement is a major burning factor in most African states today. Defilement becomes a bee sting in that case where the molesters go for children under the age of eighteen years. It becomes a child sexual abuse when an adult or older adolescents use a child for sexual stimulation. This indeed ruins the Childs life and is against the children rights in many countries of the post colonial Africa. NoViolet Bulawayo did not demean the fact of existence of such people in the society, People who are child molesters.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.7523296}
{"text": "It becomes a child sexual abuse when an adult or older adolescents use a child for sexual stimulation. This indeed ruins the Childs life and is against the children rights in many countries of the post colonial Africa. NoViolet Bulawayo did not demean the fact of existence of such people in the society, People who are child molesters. Chipo, a girl of ten years, has been impregnated by her grandfather. Chipo, a young efficacious girl who used to outrun everybody in Paradise, has something in hers stomach, put there by her grandfather P.97 However, indiscipline and immoral behaviors in the society should not go unpunished. Hitting Budapests victim does not go unpunished. He becomes a guest of the state. 2 ImmigrationTo avoid harsh circumstances at home, Africans cross borders and dangerous water masses to go to the west. They do low paying jobs or even sometimes illegal ones. Godknows' uncle left for London long time ago. Now, he does not even write p 1 01 Basta dreams of going abroad after school, actually to Paris. Darling too, dreams of going to America once she grows up. These children have been fed with the societal believe thatWest is good, not knowing that Africa is rich enough to sustain its people, in terms of resources, once utilized well. Today, Africans are not captured by the slave traders but by theCOIonial and post independence governments. These governments have created conditions that forces Africans to go abroad. Techniques and language use a First person narrative voice child narrator. The author uses first person point of view by a girl called Dari. Who is also part of the actions unfolding. As a result, the narrator has limited knowledge on the events and the other characters, and only depicts what happens, based on what she observes:And there, squatting and screaming, is Godknows. He is also pointing ahead in the thick trees, and we see it, a tall thing\"What's that?\". Somebody, I don't know who, whispers. Nobody answer P. 104 She tells the story as an eye witness, this making the rider to make the episodes in the narration more immediate to the reader. This allows the author to keep aesthetic distance and give the story an illusion of obiectivity.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.7361274}
{"text": "Nobody answer P. 104 She tells the story as an eye witness, this making the rider to make the episodes in the narration more immediate to the reader. This allows the author to keep aesthetic distance and give the story an illusion of obiectivity. B ContrastThe language of \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo is simple and easy to follow, though it initially is ambiguous due to the contrast in the names and places which do not seem to match. The names Of the characters suggest an African setting, while the names of place suggest Western places. However, as the story unfolds, the meaning become clearer. People living in the Budapest are very rich. Mello looks pretty, jewellery, smooth brown skin and she does not have a scar to that she is a living person. They have enough to eat. The houses clean and big P. 1 01 The children are leading a shnty poor live in their village, paradiseTheirs is to steal Guavas from the villagers. They even steal shoes a dead woman. C DialogueNOViolet Bulawayo uses dialogue richly, intertwined with narrativeMaking the story more appealing and dynamic. Many passage, times, the dialogue is simple and humorous:it\"What's one day? Tomorrow? Thursday? Next week?\"'Can't you see her stomach is still small? The baby has to grow \"\"A baby grows outside. That's the reason they are born. So they grow \" p 97 The narrative passages, on the other hand, are quite detailed and descriptive, helping reader's better grasp of what is happening nd there, squatting and screaming, is Godknows. He is also pointing ahead in the thick trees, and we see it, a tall thing dangling in a free. \". What's that?\". Somebody, I don't know who, whispers. Nobody answers because now we can all see what it is P. 104 a HumourDespite the seriousness of the incidents presented, the story is executed with a lot of humour it is effective as a means of satirizing social foibles such as poverty. The worst thing about guavas, all those seeds gets you constipated when you eat foo much. When it comes to having a natural call, we get in so much pain, like trying to give birth to a county P. 7 04 the woman's twisted mouth finishes chewing. I swallow with her. P.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.7928388}
{"text": "7 04 the woman's twisted mouth finishes chewing. I swallow with her. P. 107 do not remember my feet ever looking like that, maybe when I was born P. 00 CHARACTERIZATIONThe most important characters in the short story \"Hitting Budapest\" by NoViolet Bulawayo are the six African children, Darling the narrator, and the British woman. In what follows, we will look at the narrator and the British woman separately and then at the all six children as a collective character. DarlingDarling is the child-narrator of the short story and one ofAfrican children. From her outer characterization, we only find that she is nine years old and has an aunt who lives in America. Though we do not know how she looks like, we can assume that as poorly dressed as the other children and equally needy. The girl's inner characterization is built through her narrative and her perspective and attitude towards the events she is experiencing. Darling comes across as a simple girl who has gotten used to the reality of her poverty which pushes her and the other children to steal. She is depicted as being remorseful in the way she decides to write a apology letter to Mello while in the correction centre. She is a determined girl who learns very fast how to read and write. Being comical can be senseless without her. She is the kind of a girl who gets soo much pain after eating guavas as if she is giving birth to a country. RoleShe presents the poor and down trodden in the society. She knows nothing, but oppression and poverty. 2 The British womanThe British woman is an episodic character in the short story. Her name is Mello. From her outer characterization, we find out that she is 33looking and wealthy and that her father is a native, good-Her inner characterization is constructed through her interactions with the children. Initially, she comes across as curious when she approaches them. Then she proofs to be friendly, and social. She decides to even take the children a photo. She seems egocentric in the way she eats alone, as the children stand there gazing at her admiringly. 3 The African childrenThe African children form a collective character in the short story, as most of their actions are done in group, although their different identities are also indicated.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.7706096}
{"text": "The civil servants are underpaid and therefore strikes and go slows by the workers are common. It is such factors that drive Leila into writing about a classic situation: that of an immigrant couple Sudanese inLondon . Having been born to a Sudanese father, brought up and schooled in Sudan, Leila understands the plight of Africa as o continent and at the same time celebrates and champions for the values that have held the African continent together. By the use Of scarce characters, Leila uses a couple, Maidy and Samra to represent both sides of African continent: the pros and cons of living in Africa. Maidy embraces the new culture while Samra retreats more and more and becomes withdrawn and isolated from the reality of life around her. In this story of love, culture and alienation, Leila still for trading our culture with the western one but yet retain the pros of ourShe is not totally opposed to adapting what is good from the own. Culture 'Missing out' depicts its originality by the fact that author uses religion that is widespread in the country of its origin:Sudan. The author's own experiences, especially while at the, niversity, influenced her writing. She pursued Economics at the university, which she found difficult due to high baccalaureate scores and math being a particularly strong subject under the dedicated tutelage of her mother. Other than her personal life and the biographical, which have been major influences and sources of inspiration for her work, Aboulela's literary influences include writers such as Naguib Mahfouz and Tayeb Salih. She also admires works byDoris Lessing, J.M. Coetzee, Ahdaf Soueif, Anita Desai, ChimamandaNgozi Adichie and Abdulrazak Gurnah. SUMMARYSYNOPSIS'Missing Out' is an emotional and moving story of love, culture, alienation and a longing for home by one of its characters while theOther character blindly sinks into the new culture and hence he is alienated. It's a story of Maidy, a young and ambitious Muslim man living in London. It's a wondrous story that moves rather swiftly, giving the readers the character's conflicts without unnecessarily dwelling too long on their problems. This quick pace helps the author to state, though not explicitly, that the story is not about Maidy, but about a sort Of young, ambitious Muslim caught between modernity and tradition.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.8218322}
{"text": "It's a story of Maidy, a young and ambitious Muslim man living in London. It's a wondrous story that moves rather swiftly, giving the readers the character's conflicts without unnecessarily dwelling too long on their problems. This quick pace helps the author to state, though not explicitly, that the story is not about Maidy, but about a sort Of young, ambitious Muslim caught between modernity and tradition. Majdy is sympathetic and his conflict is a universal one, charmingly rendered. E Story revolves around a young man from Sudan who joins college in London. During his first term, Maidy writes home citing he would not make it and that he would give up and return. EntOuragernent from his mother, who strongly believes he can make it. Maidy weds Samra as the mother advocates. This is made to make him concentrate more on his studies and deter him from marrying a white and losing taste of his culture the beauty of his country. Samra learns that Maidy has religion as he doesn't observe the mandatory prayers and in tries to win him back. Samra is nostalgic and has refused to adapt to new life in London and observes he duties as a Muslim woman. On the other hand, Maidy sinks into the new culture and all he sees looking at his origin country, Sudan, is negativity and backwardness. He tries to discourage Samra but she stays aloof and gets excited when it is suggested to her that she was going to spend holiday in Sudan. Maidy later calls home and announces that he desired to remain inLondon even after his studies. This is ironical as from the beginning he had always expressed attachment to his mother country. SETTINGThe setting of this story shifts from London to Sudan. This could be a deliberate move by the author to compare and contrast life in Sudan and in London. London is depicted as developed politically, socially and economically. Life in London was swift and 'interfered' with normal life. Maidy argues, 'here in London praying was distraction, an interruption 'p 1 12 London was civilized. Life was easy. Samra wondered how one can buy meat already cut up for her. The author observes, 'every Obiect she touched was perfect, qualify radiated from every little thing 13 London is so developed that even Samrc longed to be ill in order to take medicine which was so seducing.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.8376474}
{"text": "Life was easy. Samra wondered how one can buy meat already cut up for her. The author observes, 'every Obiect she touched was perfect, qualify radiated from every little thing 13 London is so developed that even Samrc longed to be ill in order to take medicine which was so seducing. The author says, 'even the pharmacies were stocked so full of medicine inso many different colors and flavors that she almost longed to ill ' pl 13 Sudan on the other hand is depicted as underdeveloped. Although life in Sudan is still and rhythmic, many elites like Maidy find it ra retrogressive. Unlike in London where begging is illegal, in Sudor beggars are all over. Child labor is a common practice in third world countries as inferred in this story 'Shooing away the baref00children who passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her che gum, hairpins and matches ' P. 1 08 for the elites like Maidy Sud and by extension African Continent is underdeveloped. MOidy thought Samra would be grateful to him for rescuing her from the backwardness of Khartoum. Chaos is in the city and strikes by the civil servants prevail. This is the plight of Africa. THEMESChange. It is said that change is inevitable. Many traditions of people, particularly Africans change when they go to abroad. This is clearly shown by Maidy who abandons his culture e g the mandatory Islamic prayers. He says, \"here in London praying was distraction, an interruption ' It is no wonder his mother gets really shocked when she learns about the sudden change of her son. Additionally, he even sees the very fabric of traditions that have held his life together as'backwardness' and retrogressive. It is in that view that Maidy thinks that Samra should be grateful for saving her from 'the backwardness of Khartoum 'Maidy was hardworking back in the days. He was brilliant and always came to the top of his class. He even had appeared on a newspaper at sixteen. In London, Maidy loses his hardworking spirit and 'in his first term at college in London he complained that studies had become hard 'The plight of AfricaLeila Aboulela is concerned about the staggering poverty and underdevelopment in Sudan and the inability of African governments to function at the level they ought to. African has resources but is taken away from the Africans.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.8537884}
{"text": "He even had appeared on a newspaper at sixteen. In London, Maidy loses his hardworking spirit and 'in his first term at college in London he complained that studies had become hard 'The plight of AfricaLeila Aboulela is concerned about the staggering poverty and underdevelopment in Sudan and the inability of African governments to function at the level they ought to. African has resources but is taken away from the Africans. Sudan is underdeveloped. Children at tender age who ought to be in school are in the streets busy hawking to feed their families 'Shooing away the barefooted children who passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her chewing gum ' p 1 08 Africa is suffering from civil wars. Sudan is politically unstable. Samra's teacher says, 'you must be relieved that you are here, all thatWar and famine back home. The place of women in the society. This is clearly a patriarchal society that believes in the male over female. It is clear that Maidy's mother is left with the responsibility of taking care of her son. Parenting has been left to women. The relationship between Maidy and Samra is domineering one. That could be the reason why Maidy uses abusive language on his wife. She is not supposed to question her husband's behavioral changes. She is not supposed to question him for not doing his prayers and when she does Maidy calls her stupid. TECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGE USE. Narrative voiceThe author has employed third person narrative mode, where every character is referred to by the narrator as 'he', 'she' or 'they'. This makes it clear that the narrator is an unspecified entity or uninvolved person in the story. This kind of narration brings out the thoughts and intentions of different characters hence their character traits are fully developed. A third person narrator is omniscient and omnipresent. Such narrator has knowledge of all times, people, places and events and this makes it possible to shift the plot fromLondon to Khartoum, Sudan. Even then the narrator's knowledge is\"limited\" to the characters, that is, the narrator cannot describe things unknown to the focal character. Local dialectTo keep it original, the author has used local dialect to avoid the story been confused with European literature. Use of local dialect also helps the reader to determine the physical setting of the story.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.9063716}
{"text": "Even then the narrator's knowledge is\"limited\" to the characters, that is, the narrator cannot describe things unknown to the focal character. Local dialectTo keep it original, the author has used local dialect to avoid the story been confused with European literature. Use of local dialect also helps the reader to determine the physical setting of the story. The author has used certain local words among them tobe, zedInshallah, ka 'ba and QiblaHumourMaidy is a humorous character. He gets lazy with prayers and says that it's because life in London is swift. He tells Samra not to cover her head with a tobe because he didn't want to be associated fanatics and backwardness: His culture. It's also humorous that when Maidy complains of studies being difficult for him his mother saddles him with a wife. Ironically this to'IronyIrony is a strange, funny or sad situation in which things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect. It is ironic that Maidy, who does so well in his secondary education certificate, goes to study abroad but complains of studies being hard on him on his first term. There is irony when Maid ' calls home to complain about studies and his mother instead marries him to Samra. One wonders whether marriage makes studies easy or complicates the state of the learner. It is therefore not a surprise that Maidy abandons obligatory prayers completely. It is ironic that Maidy expects Samra to show gratitude and appreciation for saving her \"the backwardness\" of Khartoum but instead she continues to be nostalgic about the same backwardness and eventually travels back home during the holiday. Maidy asks Samra to take a leave to Sudan so he can also take a break from her but soon after leaving, he feels hollow and empty. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERISATIONThis story like any other short story uses scarcity of characters and this has given the author the opportunity to explore the characters into details giving us their character traits. Each character plays a significant role that clearly can't be overlookedMaidyHe is loving: He shows love and care to Samra. He shows her around and does everything possible to make her happy and comfortable in her new environment; London. He gives her his attention despite his busy schedule. He is supportive: He supports Samra to settle in her new environment. He buys her a mat to use during her obligatory prayers.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.8849108}
{"text": "He gives her his attention despite his busy schedule. He is supportive: He supports Samra to settle in her new environment. He buys her a mat to use during her obligatory prayers. He is alienatedDetached: He is detached from his culture. He blindly copies the western culture. He abandons the very fabric of hisCulture that holds him together: the obligatory prayers. It is noWonder that he views the practice of his people back in Khartoum, Sudan as 'backwardness 'e is abusive: He calls Samra stupid and sees her as retrogressive for observing her obligatory prayers. He is immoral: He sees it as an opportunity to bring other women in his matrimonial bed when Samra travels to Sudan for holiday. Majdy represents the elites who go overseas either to study or work there and fail to ever return to their countries: The plight of AfricaAfrica suffers from brain drain. Such are the people who appreciate more the western culture and abandon their own. According to Majdy, African culture is inferior to western culture. SAMRAShe is religious: She observes her religious duties in a foreign country and even urges her husband to create time for prayers in her busy schedule. She is resilient: Unlike her husband who is changed by his surrounding, Samra remains as religious as she left Khartoum. She still observes her religious duties despite the fact that life in London is swift. She is naive: Amazed by the kind of development there is in London especially in the field of medicine, Samra is so much seduced by the color and flavor of medicine that she wishes to fall sick that she may use them. She is loving: As a typical African woman, Samra takes care of her husband and it is no wonder he feels hollow and incomplete when she goes back to Sudan for a holiday. She represents Africans who stick to their cultures and admonishes it so much that they actually value it even when in oversees. As a typicalAfrican woman, she adores and cherishes her husband. She represents African women who stand up for their marriages and families. MAJDY'S MOTHERShe is caring: She calls her son to check on her. She gets worried when she learns that her son thinks of dropping because studies have become hard and encourages him to work harder. She is generous: when her son does well in examinations back Khartoum, she throws up a party for him. She invites the villagers te come and celebrate with her.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.9481375}
{"text": "She gets worried when she learns that her son thinks of dropping because studies have become hard and encourages him to work harder. She is generous: when her son does well in examinations back Khartoum, she throws up a party for him. She invites the villagers te come and celebrate with her. She is selfish: She only thinks of herself and not her son. When he announces that he will stay in London she only complains about her being left alone other than looking at the advantages her son will get. She is hopeful: She hopes that things will not remain dark in Sudan and speaks of a better future. She says, 'But what if things improve here, son? If they strike oil or make lasting peace. She represents citizens who endure hostility and poor standards of living in their African countries with the hope that 'things will improve ' As a mother, she shows love, care and good will to her son. She wishes the very best to him. ACTITIVITYI. Compare and contrast the character of Maidy and Samra2. The university students were demonstrating. Do you think demonstrations can solve problems? Discuss. 3. Discuss irony as used in this story. 4. Discuss the theme of religion5. Maidy's determination to remain in London symbolizes running away from the culture of his people. Discuss. 12. NO NEED TO LIEBY Rolf SchmidBackgroundRolf Schmid's \"No Need to Lie\" is an extraordinary account of a remarkable life. The author describes his rough painful struggleWith cancer in the both Kenya and Germany. He became a celebrated restaurateur and sportsman and after acquiringKenyan citizenship, he represented his new home in judo, polo, Weightlifting and pistol shooting, excelling in all four of them. He also still got time to emulate his childhood idol, Ernest Heming w as a passionate big game hunter in the African bush. Tragedy through cancer which almost killed him, but sheer determination, and the hand of God saved him. After this ordeal, he ventured become a world champion power lifter in the masters over categories. For this and all his previous achievements in sports, he was bestowed with the Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya by HisExcellency President Daniel arap Moi. Rolf Schmid has surmounted many barriers in life but a diagnosis of throat cancer came as a terrible blow to the prominent chef.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.9225593}
{"text": "After this ordeal, he ventured become a world champion power lifter in the masters over categories. For this and all his previous achievements in sports, he was bestowed with the Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya by HisExcellency President Daniel arap Moi. Rolf Schmid has surmounted many barriers in life but a diagnosis of throat cancer came as a terrible blow to the prominent chef. Summary of IncidentsRolf schmid narrates in biographic way his long painful struggle and fight with cancer. As he battled all those negative emotions, Rolf made a vow to himself that he would not let the disease take him down. After all, he was only 50 years old p 22 It was not an easy fight. The surgery, chemotherapy and medicine took a heavy toll on him. He had lost all appetite for food. HoweverRolf knew that if he did not put something into his tummy, his recover would be severely compromised. The terrible sores inside his mo made any contact with food a painful ordeal. To counter this, he resorted to inserting a long pipe into his gulle through which he poured in food in liquid form. But the battle with cancer was not the cue to take things easy watch life pass by. More than anything else, Rolf's battle with c sums up his character: A never-say-die attitude in the face seemingly insurmountable challenThe well schemed masterpiece ends with Schmid landing back toNairobi where he was accorded a hero's welcome, after having been treated at the Katharinen hospital in Germany. He rejoices together with his wife Asmahan and their children. He felt himself a victor and thathe was beginning a new life. Setting\"No need to lie\" is set in Kenya. Rolf Schmid had obtained a Kenyan citizenship after staying in Kenya and working as a leading chef inNairobi. Places like Langata road in Kibera are mentioned in the short story where he could drive on his way to and from the job. P 1 31 After the treatments in the Nairobi hospital proved to be ineffective, Rolf was referred to Katharinen Krsnkenhaus hospital in Germany, where he went with Roland for further medication. This makes the setting shift from Kenya to Germany, then back to Kenya, seeking medical attention for his cancerous condition. The events are taking place between late December and earlyJanuary.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406291.9645023}
{"text": "P 1 31 After the treatments in the Nairobi hospital proved to be ineffective, Rolf was referred to Katharinen Krsnkenhaus hospital in Germany, where he went with Roland for further medication. This makes the setting shift from Kenya to Germany, then back to Kenya, seeking medical attention for his cancerous condition. The events are taking place between late December and earlyJanuary. His medication journey begun January 8, after his personalDoctor, Mrs. Van Enk's coming back from Mombasa, where he had gone for the Christmas celebration. It begins at the Caren Surgery. Pl 23 Themes a Struggle to surviveOne Of his greatest battles in life was cancer. At 50, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. A fighter with a black belt in judo and a Weightlifter, Schmidt vowed the disease would not put him down. He SUrvived having gone through surgery, chemotherapy and no appetite and COntinued to forge on with life, with gusto. 0. A Burdens of sicknessThere is nothing that burdens Rolf, than his encounter with the throat cancer. It came after he had decided to cut weight, so that at least he, could lead a better sportsmanship life. Little had he known that he would be sick and the weight would cut down itself automatically, until the day he met Mrs. Van Enk, his private Doctor. He was informed that his medical condition needed a lot of urgency, Dr Rupani agreed that he had to admit him and take a biopsy. After 'the test, it was affirmed that he was having cancer and not Aids. P. 1 25 the greatest problem that exposed him to more harm was that his condition was in an alarming third stage, which was second to the last stage. He realized at a very late stage that he was cancerous. The grotesque look of the people in the radiation ward made him scared more than before. After it he become malnourished, with his skin, sagging. As if this is not enough, he was still to undergo four more chemotherapies. He says that he endured four chemo sessions for the four Saturdays preceding. He lost half of his hair and most of his beard. In his last cancer chemo, he got sick, something that made him dismiss all the clinics, the diagnosis and prognosis. He therefore decided to go to Germany.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.0153887}
{"text": "He lost half of his hair and most of his beard. In his last cancer chemo, he got sick, something that made him dismiss all the clinics, the diagnosis and prognosis. He therefore decided to go to Germany. He fought his tears back as he saw his wife Asmahan cry at the airport, as she was bidding him good bye. He had to undergo a series of treatments befor getting back to his normality. B Love and friendshipRolf Schmid is a man that makes the definition of the word friendship easier. He receives a lot of attention from his native wife and native doctors too, who are assisting in his critical condition Whatsoever. His greatest treasure was his children. His wishful prayer was that he was going to live and see his children grow up, play more polo, do more sculptures and be With Asmahan, His sickness really affected her wife a lot. She is seen weeping, full of tears; she tells him that God is going to be with him. That he has to remember to chant a prayer daily p 132 His children andAsmahan were there ready to receive him after his treatments. They rejoiced together. He was indeed thankful in the way he appreciated the staff at the Germany hospital. He feels troubled, that he did not get time to appreciate Roland, who had taken a lot of core during his sickness time, for he died a year later, of a tragic occident, before their meeting again p 1 35 Techniques and Language Use a Point of viewThis short story is written in the first person narrative voice. The \"l\" narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narrative voice makes the events look very immediate to the readers. It enhances aesthetic distance, that degree of separateness between an author and the events they present in the story. The first person narrator also helps create rapport with the readers through the informal use of humour, despite the depressing situation presented at hand. B DialogueThis is a verbal exchange between characters. Dialogue is used to develop characters and themes in the \"No Need to lie\". Quite a number of dialogues throughout the text. They make usCOmprehend the thematic concern and the plot at large. C Rhetorical questionsA rhetorical question is a figure of speech in which a stat formulated as a question.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.0453837}
{"text": "Quite a number of dialogues throughout the text. They make usCOmprehend the thematic concern and the plot at large. C Rhetorical questionsA rhetorical question is a figure of speech in which a stat formulated as a question. The question is not supposed answered, or if answered, one is expected to agree With the speaker without any contradiction. On my way to Dr Rupani's, my head did not stop spinning. Fee had finally gripped me. What if it is HI V? Can I live with thought of being on death row? What about the stigma? P. 123 This shows the kind of tension and fear as Rolf had as he travelling to Karen hospital for diagnosis. Was I going to live? How bad was it? Did I have a chance? Too many questions went an answered P. 3 These and other rhetorical questions give us the actual suspense created. They make the audience glued to the eyes. That the reader cannot keep the text aside, not until they have read up to the last dot. A Local dialectsinformal languageThe hallmark of Schmid, successful use of language is his deployment of simple English throughout. This gives the story c relaxed informal tone. It is as if the narrator is telling it to his peers. Ndume-a male animalBwana sirAlhamdulillahi-praise be to Allah the most highBismillahi it's an Islamic exclamation meaning in the name Of their God. This gives the story a local flavor, making the writer to create his mental picture to the audience. Characterization1. Rolf schmidHe is our narrator in the text. He is the one who had fallen victim of cancer. Cathartic effect is really developed on him by the reader, after seeing the struggle he undergoes with the treatment of cancer. He is depicted as being assertive. He refuses to be killed by cancer. He has a strong will and power to withstand all the woes that abides by the medication process for cancer. He is determined, ambitious and indeed devoted. I. Dr. RupaniDr Rupani is quite resourceful. He admits Rolf and takes care of him in the Nairobi Hospital, together with the nurses as he is undergoing the chemo and the radiotherapies. 2. AsmahanAsmahan is Mr. Schmids wife. She is depicted as being a caring and a loving wife to him.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.0494766}
{"text": "AsmahanAsmahan is Mr. Schmids wife. She is depicted as being a caring and a loving wife to him. She is indeed helpful supportive and a concerned coastal lady, who gets to be attentive to the husband all the time. She is quite emotional in how she really sheds tears as she bids the husband a good bye as he was flying to Germany for the further treatment. Further she is depicted as being a religious woman who proposes that her husband be praying all the time while undergoing treatments at the hospital in Germany. 3. RolandThis is a Helpful, supportive and caring character. He is dutiful; he has taken it upon him to ensure that his friend is healed. He takes him to hospital abroad. I. Is the title No Need to Lie appropriate? Discuss. Activity ii. Compare the medication process in the first world the third world countries, with reference to this short story. Iii. Identify the use of suspense from the story and explain effectively it has been used. Iv. Identify and discuss two major themes from the text. V. Hierarchically, show the stages for battling with cancer. 13THE HANDSOMEST DROWNED MAN IN THE WORLDBY Gabriel Garcia MarquezBackground\"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World\" is a short story written by Colombian author Gabriel Garcia Marquez in 1968. Originally written in Spanish, the story was translated into English in1 972, and was published with a collection of Mrquez's short stories entitled Leaf Storm and Other StoriesThe Latin American writer, Gabriel Garcia Marquez presents a true masterpiece \"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World\", with events occurring in a small fishing village. It's a coastal, cliff-side town, a desert like cape with no flowers, and so little land that the inhabitants have to throw their dead over the cliffs and into the sec rather than bury them in the ground. The inhabitants are a simple group of people, who believe in myths as strongly as what they see with their eyes. It's such a small village, that the all the men combined fit into seven boats, and there are only about twenty housesSummary of incidentsHandsomest Drowned Man in the world\" opens with a group of children playing on the beach of a small fishing village. In the waves a dark and slinky bulge is approaching. It turns out to be a drowned man, covered in seaweed, stones, and Dead Sea creatures.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.0664096}
{"text": "It's such a small village, that the all the men combined fit into seven boats, and there are only about twenty housesSummary of incidentsHandsomest Drowned Man in the world\" opens with a group of children playing on the beach of a small fishing village. In the waves a dark and slinky bulge is approaching. It turns out to be a drowned man, covered in seaweed, stones, and Dead Sea creatures. P 1 38 .This drowned man has a huge impact on the village, which is changed forever by his arrival. The men head to neighboring villages to see if the dead man belongs to one of them, while the women clean off the body and prepare it for a funeral. They will make their houses bigger and stronger and better, and dig for springs in their courtyards, and paint their houses bright colors to make Esteban's memory eternal, and plant flowers on their cliffs so that years from now, sailors going by will see the colors and smell the scents and know that there, on those cliffs, is Esteban's village. SettingMrquez never specifies the time or place of his story, but the action takes place somewhere in Latin America. We know that we're dealing with an isolated village, with no real modern technology, livelihood. That its relies on fishing forThe scenery changes from start to end. At the story's beginning, the village is simply a desert like cape with no flowers. Later we're told that it's arid and windless. This is a dry, ordinary, boring place to live. It's so ordinary, in fact, that the drowned man, a truly extraordinary guy' has no place in it. Esteban is incompatible with the village as it first exists. And so with his arrival, Esteban transforms the village into place as extraordinary as he is. Themes\"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World\" explores the which human beings overcome personal isolation through collective community. In this story, common beliefs in the fantastic bring together the members of a small fishing village. The men, women, and children of this community are united by their common desire for self-improvement. Together, they imagine a better future for themselves, a future in which they are as extraordinary as the myths in which they all believe.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.1164484}
{"text": "In this story, common beliefs in the fantastic bring together the members of a small fishing village. The men, women, and children of this community are united by their common desire for self-improvement. Together, they imagine a better future for themselves, a future in which they are as extraordinary as the myths in which they all believe. The drowning man therefore becomes a true tablet for isolation to the villagers2 Men and MasculinityMasculinity is narrowly defined in \"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World \" Size, strength, and attractiveness are all synonymous with masculinity in this story. However, non-physical traits like compassion, humility, leadership, and modesty are also associated with the notion of what it means to be a man. A true man is defined on his physical appearance, and their physical muscle. That, the man would not have drowned in their village, because theirs is a shanty village and therefore unable to accommodate such a handsome gigantic looking man P. 41 The highest ideal of masculinity is shared and admired equally by both men and women in this story. 3 Transformation\"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World\" explores the transformative effect of one dead man on an entire village. It argues that a truly great person has the power to change othersO inspire them to be better, to make them want to be extraordinary. It's interesting that, in this story, the villager's transformati00originates entirely from within. The dead man is dead, after all'which means the villagers are responsible themselves and for the4 Admiration\"The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World\" means for a person to be great, and what effect such a person canThose women, who went for flowers, to a far village, now that theirs an arid zone, came back with their friend, women from the neighboring villages. On seeing how handsome the drowning man was, they admired him a lot. They went back for more flowers. Admiration can be directed toward, but at some point, the story teaches us, it turns inward, toward the self, and manifests as a desire for self-betterment. Techniques and language use1. Symbolism, Imagery, AllegoryGabriel Garcia Mrquez presents this work, full of sea imagery, from the title on forward. When the dead body first approaches the shore, the kids playing think he is a whale; then, a ship.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.1341307}
{"text": "If the village is dry and colorless, the drowned man brings with him the possibility of lively springs and bright flowers. And sure enough, this possibility is soon realized. As the women prepare for the drowned man's funeral, they go to get flowers from neighboring villages. They return with other women who could not believe what they had been told, and those women wer back for more flowers when they saw the dead man, and they brought more and more until there were so many flowers and so many people that it was hard to walk aboutThey were going to paint their house fronts gay colors to makeEsteban's memory eternal and they were going to break their backs digging for springs among the stones and planting flowers on the cliffs so that in future years at dawn the passengers on great liners would awaken, suffocated by the smell of gardens the high seas. This is a far cry from the desert like cape we first met at the beginning of the story. ThirdPerson Limited Omniscient might be tempting to label this story is told from an omniscient point of view. After all, the narrative gets into the heads of many different villagers at many different times. But realize that all the information get is from the perspective of the villagers we are limited to their we know what they know, and only what they know. At first, the children playing think the drowned man is a ship, and then a whale. We don't know he's a man until they realize he's a man. The villagers never know where the drowned man came from, so neither does we. They think he is called Esteban, so for the purposes of the story, he isEsteban. L. AllusionThis is a style in writing which the writer refers to a statement or quotations of incidents to clarify a pointBiblical allusion:When the men came with the news that the drowned man was not from the neighboring village, the women, with iubilation, chanted in the midst of their tears, \"praise the lord, \" they sighed \"he's ours\" this makes us to comprehend their social set up under the religious perspective.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.1158743}
{"text": "They think he is called Esteban, so for the purposes of the story, he isEsteban. L. AllusionThis is a style in writing which the writer refers to a statement or quotations of incidents to clarify a pointBiblical allusion:When the men came with the news that the drowned man was not from the neighboring village, the women, with iubilation, chanted in the midst of their tears, \"praise the lord, \" they sighed \"he's ours\" this makes us to comprehend their social set up under the religious perspective. Historical allusion:The Story alludes to Homer's Odyssey mentions the Sirens \"Some sailors who heard the weeping from a distance went off course, andPeople heard of one who had himself tied to the mainmast, remembering ancient fables about sirens\"Refers to the crying during Esteban's funeral and the crying is like the ring songs of the sirens. Esteban is a \"myth\"Characterization a The Drowned Man Esteban Although he is a stranger-and a dead stranger at that steb plays a central role in the villagers' lives. He does not speak, yethis j face and his body speaks for him, telling the villagers how sorry he is to be such a bother, large and cumbersome as he is. They intuit that he is ostentatious, stoic, dignified, kind and considerate, yet authoritative enough to command the fish to jump into his boat when he is fishing. The women of the village find him\"speaking\" to them in other ways, making them compare their husbands to his splendid size and handsome features. They are certain that he would be have been embarrassed of his huge size and the inconvenience it caused those around him, and even now, the hassle it's causing the villagers in trying to bury his huge body. The drowned man is given an honorary family and a beautiful funereal ceremony. A The WomenThe women respond to Esteban with care, then admiration, then longing, and finally, ownership. We know more about the women of the village than we do about the men, simply because we spend more time in their perspective. Much of the characterization of the drowned man comes from the women. That is, it isn't the drowned man being characterized as much the women's idea of the drowned man that is described.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.1528769}
{"text": "This is an act of deliberate killing of another human being. The themeOf murder is quite open in the story. Winnie is dead. She has been killed by her friends for their own selfish gain. '. Winnie starts to suspect of her being killed as the story unfoldsShe felt it at very first time when Chelsea proposed of another honey moon in Africa. \". Winnie nearly dropped her cup at Chelsea's remarks. The scowl returned. To hide it, she put the cup on the table and reached for a hanky to wipe her face \" P. 1 46 She even said it publicly that someone was trying to kill her. \". Someone's trying to kill me!\". P 1 48 At the end of the day, she disappears, only to be recovered at the dead dumping site, according to Simon, that is the pond. 2 BetrayalBetrayal is fully identifiable in this story, in the way Winnie's death being plotted. Winnie turns out to face betrayal from her friends, worse still to her husband. Everyone turned to Winnie, for she'd dropped her spoon and her face had lost color. She was struggling to keep the food in her mouth. She lost the battle and dumped the stuff into the napkin on her lap. \". Is that where you'll deposit my body?\". She said. This implies that Winnie is indeed sensing the betrayal from far. Many people, including me, believe these three conspired to murder without the cooperation of the Paulsons. I became firmly convinced Of this last night, after BBC radio reported that Peter had marriedChelsea. Tim was the best man. The Paulsons skipped the wedding ' P 162-163 This is Simon, the narrator, who puts things clear that betrayal was at its peak in Winnie's death. I GreedThis is actually the excessive yearning or desire for more than it's needed. This is especially desire for money, wealth, food, or other material possessions. Tim and his friends yearn for Winnies chair ship, and wealth to a point of eradicating her. '. The Yard discovered that Tim called a poacher in Kenya shortly before Tim came to Uganda, but they couldn't prove that the poacher provided Tim with the dart gun ' p 1 62 However, their greed doesn't succeed. \". The publicity hurt the Paulsons charity so much that it ceased all activities two years after Winnie's death.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.1922915}
{"text": "Tim and his friends yearn for Winnies chair ship, and wealth to a point of eradicating her. '. The Yard discovered that Tim called a poacher in Kenya shortly before Tim came to Uganda, but they couldn't prove that the poacher provided Tim with the dart gun ' p 1 62 However, their greed doesn't succeed. \". The publicity hurt the Paulsons charity so much that it ceased all activities two years after Winnie's death. They now live a quite life in their mansion. They are volunteer teachers at a local school. I don't work for them anymore \" p 1 62 Winnie's lawyers fought to prevent Tim, Peter and Chelsea from inheriting her money and Gala, but after the trail, there was no reason why they couldn't. 2 HypocrisyThis is a pretense of holding beliefs, feelings, or opinions that one does not actually possess. When one applies criticism to others, or actually the moral self contradiction in that case whereby you plan good things with your 'in-quotes' friends leads to hypocrisy. Innie is living with friends who in deed are foes and at the end of the day decides to kill her. As illustrated below:\"Peter, \" Winnie hissed, \"when I die the police will question you first. You won't mention that we quarrel every day, will you? You won't mention that we quarrel every time we go to bed, so I better publicize it P. I 52 This illustration now clearly indicates that peter is cheating onWinnie, with Chelsea \"Shut up!\". Peter shot out of his chair, banging tis fist on the table at the same time. He upset a glassYou won t shut me up! You are cheating on me with Chelsea!\"\"Oh Winnie!\". Chelsea said \"Don't you Oh Winnie me!\". P.l 52 Techniques and language use a Narrative voiceFirst person narrative voice is a narration that has been told from the perceptive of a first person narrator. The T narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narration makes the events to be quite immediate to the reader and hence, it becomes engaging to read. Dilman Dila also uses present tense intertwined with the usual past tense in this story about events that happened in the past. It is as if he is giving commentary on the event.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.2016602}
{"text": "This kind of narration makes the events to be quite immediate to the reader and hence, it becomes engaging to read. Dilman Dila also uses present tense intertwined with the usual past tense in this story about events that happened in the past. It is as if he is giving commentary on the event. A rapport therefore between the narrator, Simon, and the reader is created. B Vivid descriptionOne of the ways through which an author can make hisher works to be tangible, enjoyable, and memorable and eye catching is by using vivid description. It's through vivid description that the thematic concern of a story floats in the reader's sea. Below are some of the descriptions in the story. At this time of the year, the hundred feet wide pond had green slime on its surface. Flowery vegetation draped the mountain of rocks that formed a ring around the water. White stones pocked the muddy shore. Several bird species flew about, chirping and singing to add beauty to the scene. We followed the cop to the pond. It looked like a paradise that morning. The encircling cliff of white rocks draped in vegetation stood clear against a blue sky, casting a shadow that offered solace from the sun's heat rays. Where there was no slime, the water sparkled in calmness. The birds chirped louder than ever, and darted about in larger numbers than I'd ever seen PI 59 a DialogueA series of dialogue has been employed in this story. This is discourse between two or more characters in a work of art. \". L am Sergeant Pascal Kivumbi, \" he said \"Sub County Police- a title that doesn't exist-\"Where is the missingCommander woman?\"That question scared the people on the porch more than his appearance did p 1 54 Dialogue creates a sense of immediacy in the text, and an illusion of reality. It appears as if we are listening to the narration a video watching it, making the story appeal to almost all the senses. Characterization i WinnieWinnie is a character who appears to be quite suspicious, \"Just paranoid! Why did you go with that cook to the pond? He's the cook, Tim! He can poison my food!\"She seems probing and observant in this excerpt \"He took you to that pond to show you where you can deposit my body after he's poisoned me! Didn't he?\"The flow of events in the story gains momentum through her.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.2306235}
{"text": "He's the cook, Tim! He can poison my food!\"She seems probing and observant in this excerpt \"He took you to that pond to show you where you can deposit my body after he's poisoned me! Didn't he?\"The flow of events in the story gains momentum through her. Ii SimonSimon is the narrator of Stones Bounce on Water. He is a cook who is working at Meg's home, together with some two other young men. He spears to be comical. However, he is concerned and remorseful; in the way he is deeply concerned by the death of Winnie, and finds all the details, even after Winnie's death. Iii Sergeant Pascal KivumbiSergeant Pascal is an ambitious, self driven man, who is committed to Performing his duty as a police officer. He works with a lot ofC Ompetence and prowess. He is a hard working, confident man, who doesn't give up, not until he gets to find out the route course of innies death. In line with the war, children are also recruited into war as soldiers. Mostly this is done against their will and they end up missing on their childhood. Kamara is tortured and eventually amputated by child soldiers who are her age mates. She pleads with one child soldier to have mercy on her as she is his age but the child soldier hears none of that. Victims of violence and conflicts are forced to live under pathetic conditions. Kamara, her cousins and aunt have to live in a camp for amputees in Freetown. This camp is full of filthy litter and full of dirty bodies. More so they are forced to beg on the streets to get what to eat. Children who undergo such violence like what Kamara goes through have psychological torture. Kamara mentions that she is enrolled in high school before she is swallowed by thoughts of her past and family. It's very clear that conflicts, which are mostly fueled by hatred has detrimental effects on innocent, children and women. They are the ones who suffer the greatest brunt of such. They suffer a lot, they are handicapped, displaced from their homes, are forced to live in pathetic conditions and some even lose their lives. LDiscuss the traits of Ali Mahfouz as brought out in this story ALMOSTHOME by Barry McKinley. Ali Mahfouz is the main character in the short story \"Almost Home\".", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.2440639}
{"text": "They suffer a lot, they are handicapped, displaced from their homes, are forced to live in pathetic conditions and some even lose their lives. LDiscuss the traits of Ali Mahfouz as brought out in this story ALMOSTHOME by Barry McKinley. Ali Mahfouz is the main character in the short story \"Almost Home\". He faces an imminent deportation from Ireland. He exhibits a lot of traits as he attempts to fight back against the deportation. The writer paints Ali as deceitful. He tells people that he is a medical student and even puts a picture on face book that shows him at the surgeons' college with college books yet the books are only telephone directories. He only does menial jobs in Ireland for survival but he has not gone to study medicine. In addition he walks with little white buds in his ears as if he is listening to music from the iPod yet he doesn't even know how to load the gadget with music. Ali is Hardworking as he does all kinds of jobs in Ireland to cater his upkeep. For instance he slices kebab meat; while working for twEgyptian brothers, also he power-washes cars, scrubs pots and wipes tables. When he just arrives in Ireland, Ali makes many friends. He is quite charming and sociable. He Makes Slattery to laugh all the time despite being in a serious situation this bringsAli is Stubborn, He has been warned by Tarrant not to cause any problem while they travel yet he attempts to escape twice. Furthermore, the government has tried to deport him twice, where every time he is disruptive on the plane threatening of blowing up the plane with a bomb in his possession. Despite all these he still lives in Ireland. With all the attempts to be deported from Ireland, Ali tries all means to prevent it from happening- He threatens to blow up the plane twice; he attempts to escape from Slattery and Tarrant inFrance and Spain. As a last resort he decides to drown himself in sea provided it is a way to escape from being deported. This brings out his determined nature. Ali Observes keenly enough to note thatSlattery has good French. Ali also notes that Slattery has no wedding band despite him being in mid-thirties and handsome. Ali loses hope with life in his country, he is disillusioned, and this is what makes him to opt and go to Ireland and seek a better life.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.2806695}
{"text": "Ali Observes keenly enough to note thatSlattery has good French. Ali also notes that Slattery has no wedding band despite him being in mid-thirties and handsome. Ali loses hope with life in his country, he is disillusioned, and this is what makes him to opt and go to Ireland and seek a better life. Because of poverty, his family is cramped together in the apartment'Ali imagines of life in prison, lack of food, clothing and having to pay bribes. This shame and fear causes him to jump into the sea. Ali manages to stay in Ireland as an illegal migrant due to his deceitful nature, and he determinedly avoids being deported3. THE UMBRELLA MAN by Siddhartha GiaooDiscuss the stylistic devices employed in the above story and give their effectiveness. Siddhartha Gigoo has used language distinctively in order to pass across his message. More so he has employed various styles to necessitate character development and flow of the plot. This story is told from a third person point of view, where the narrator gives us the story from what he observes. The narrator gives us what number seven does and what other inmates do in the story. This facilitates the development of the story. The writer has used vivid description extensively to bring out the picture of the confinement of the inmates in the asylum, the place with limited freedom. The area in the asylum that is allowed for movement is described as \"... The wall around the one hundred and twenty-square-meter compound ninety something yards in the narrow avenue outside the gates that ended at another wall. Beyond that brick-and stone wall was a vast darkness \"The umbrella possessed by Number 7 is described as a yellow-andred striped, beautiful Umbrella. It was the most beautiful thing in the entire asylum, more beautiful than the bed of wild flowers along the wall. Dialogue has also been used. Number 7 converses with the barber about rain which shows Number 7's fascination with rain. There is dialogue between doctors and Number 7. This conversation reveals change in the state of Number 7's health such that he is free to go. He has been obedient and shown a calm disposition to facilitate his release from the asylum. The dialogue between Number 7 and his friend the puny little fellow reveals Number 7's anticipation for freedom and the little puny fellow's fear of destruction that can be brought about by rain. I4.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.2694743}
{"text": "He has been obedient and shown a calm disposition to facilitate his release from the asylum. The dialogue between Number 7 and his friend the puny little fellow reveals Number 7's anticipation for freedom and the little puny fellow's fear of destruction that can be brought about by rain. I4. Discuss the major issues highlighted by the writer in the storyWINDOW SEAT by Benjamin Branoff. Every writer sets out to pass a certain massage or communicate a particular issue to the audience through their work of art. This is the main reason why stories are written. Benjamin Branoff highlights a few concepts in the story \"Window Seaf 'To start with, the author addresses the issue of lawlessness on our roads. Vehicles should always follow traffic laws on the roads for safety. In this story however, law and order is not followed as it should be. For instance, the public transport vehicles are so much overloaded. Passengers are literally packed. Conductors carry excess passengers as the narrator says a mini-van meant to carry ten passengers now carries twenty four of them. It even becomes worse when it comes to rush hour where they carry twenty eight with others standing. The drivers also bribe the traffic policemen in order to get away with this crime. Even when things seem to be okay with the vehicle the policemen solicit for bribes to an extent of removing the car keys from the ignition. The bribe here is a very powerful voice that the police use to silence the adamant drivers. The passengers suffer on these roads. The narrator says that one learns no to commit to a long road because of discomfort. However, they don't seem to care or they are used to it. They even smack their lips loudly when the policemen take bribes but they don't take any step. It is even because of overloading that makes it easy for Kanga to rob the narrator. PhotosetterBot:Poverty is also portrayed in this story. The people at the bus stop ar said to be in sandals and others are barefoot. This means that cannot afford better shoes. The passengers could be suffering in silence in the overloaded daladala because of poverty. This is because they pay less money for fare. The narrator describes Kanga that shehaso trim figure probably caused by a lifetime of hard work and deprivation of luxuries. This shows that she cannot afford luxuries. We also think that what made her to steal from the narrator is poverty. The aggressiveness of touts in town is also a sign of poverty.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.3112724}
{"text": "This shows that she cannot afford luxuries. We also think that what made her to steal from the narrator is poverty. The aggressiveness of touts in town is also a sign of poverty. This iso society where one must struggle to make ends meet. That's why they scream and shout and also convince people to take their daladala. Corruption is also evident in this story especially on the roads where the policemen who were supposed to guarantee safety on the roads take bribes and also collude with drivers in order to escape facing the law. The corrupt police officers seem to have taken bribes as their rights because even if the vehicle has everything right they force the drivers' submission by taking the keys from ignition. The word Mzungu means a white man. The Africans call them this to mean he is from the white race. The Africans see this man, the narrator as more superior than them and use even a spectacle that he is using public transport. When the guard greets him at the cityChuo everybody turns to see him. Africans perceive the white men as rich and wealthy that's why Kanga robs him in the vehicle. The narrator chooses to date Monique a French girl because sheisfre their race. He says, 'I should be with the French girl La fille becau French women absolutely like American men 'Major issues that can be related to our day to day lives are highlighted in the story. Such issues such as corruption, poverty and lawlessness on our roads need to be dealt with for better life.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories-we-Lost-other-Stories-Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.3245828}
{"text": "THE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE BY BERTOLT BRECHTTHE AUTHORBertolt Brecht was a German poet , playwright and theatrical reformer. He was born in 1898 and became one of the most prominent figures in the 20th-century theater. Bertolt Brecht was concerned with encouraging audiences to think rather than becoming too involved in the story line and to identify with the characters. Bertolt Brecht was born in Augsburg, the son of Beltold Brecht, the director of a paper company, and Sophie Brezing, the daughter of a civil servant. His father was a Catholic, and his mother a Protestant. Both parents hailed from Achern in the Black Forest. Brecht began to write poetry as a boy, and had his first poems published in 1914. Between 1919 and 1921 he wrote theatre criticisms for the left-wing Socialist paper Die Augsburger. After military service as a medical orderly, he returned to his studies, but abandoned them in 1921. During the Bavarian revolutionary turmoil of 1918, Brech wrote his first play, Baal. From this period also dates his poem, 'Legend of the Dead Soldier'. It was cited by the Nazis as one of their strong reasons to deprive him of German citizeship in 1935. Like several other poems, it was set to music by the author, and sung to the accompaniment of his guitar in a Berlin cabaret. Brecht's works have been translated into 42 languages and sold over 70 volumes. The Caucasian Chalk Circle was written in 1944 in Hollywood. Drawing on the Greek tradition, he wanted his theater to represent a forum for debate hall rather than a place of illusions. He aimed to take emotion out of the production, persuade the audience to distance from the make believe characters and urge actors to dissociate from their roles. Then the political truth would be more easy to comprehend. Once he said: \"Nothing is more important than learning to think crudely. Crude thinking is the thinking of great men.\". Brecht formulated his literary theories much in reaction to Georg Luk cs 1885-1971 , a Hungarian philosopher and Marxist literary theoretician. He disapproved Luk cs attempt to distinguish between good realism and bad naturalism. He died in 1956. SETTINGThe Caucasus is a region that bridges Europe and Asia.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.3576381}
{"text": "He disapproved Luk cs attempt to distinguish between good realism and bad naturalism. He died in 1956. SETTINGThe Caucasus is a region that bridges Europe and Asia. The Caucasus is divided by the Caucasian mountain ranges into two regions:The northern slopes of the mountains reach into Chechnya and other border states of the former Soviet UnionOn the southern side of the mountains are the modern-day countries Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Grusinia, where The Caucasian Chalk Circle takes place, is a ctionalized version of the modern day countries; Georgia and Azerbaijan towards the end of the WWII in 1944. The play was translated to English by Eric Bentley. The play is a comedy, with a happy ending. The play is based on communism i.e. whoever can make the best use of resources in order to provide for others deserves to get the best of the resources. Brecht shows communism through three stories;The ownership of a piece of land between goat herders and fruit farmers. In the end through arbitrators, the fruit farmers get the valley because they will use the land better. The story about Grusha the kitchen maid, through the use of Solomonic law: Solomon and the baby from the bible . Grusha gets the baby because she deserves him. The story about Judge Azdak. His fair judging in favour of the peasants made him very popular especially among the poor. THE TITLEThe Caucasian Chalk Circle is derived from a circle Judge Azdak orders Shauwa to draw, .............get a piece of chalk and draw a circle on the floor. Pg 97 . Its purpose is to determine Michael s real mother. Both Natella Abashwili and Grusha Vashnadze desire custodian of the child. Shauwa is directed to place the child in the circle and the mother to hold him by the hands and pull him out. Whoever pulls him out of the circle would retain him. It is ironical that Natella, Michael s biological mother, is denied custody of the child when she pulls him out. Grusha declines to tear the child and consequently ends with the child. The title symbolically signifies the possibility of surrendering what might be rightfully yours for better utilization.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.3438797}
{"text": "It is ironical that Natella, Michael s biological mother, is denied custody of the child when she pulls him out. Grusha declines to tear the child and consequently ends with the child. The title symbolically signifies the possibility of surrendering what might be rightfully yours for better utilization. The play infers from both a Chinese play Circle of chalk written in 1300 AD and a biblical story The judgement of Solomon- 1 Kings 3: 16-28 In the Chinese story, a young girl, HAi-tang, bears a child as the second wife of a wealthy man. His first wife claims the child is her own. However, the second wife is judged the true mother when she refuses to pull the child apart in the test of the Chalk Circle. In the biblical story, two women live in the same house and both bear a child. One baby dies in the night and its mother swaps him for the living baby. Both claim the living child is their own. Solomon orders that the child be cut in two and each half be given to each mother. The real mother of the child gives up the child rather than see him harmed and is judged to be the true mother. The agriculturist and herders are seated in circles as they negotiate and in the end the herders agree to surrender their claim on the valley of Rosa Luxemburg since they would put it to better use. SYNOPSISThe Caucasian Chalk Circle begins with a prologue which captures a dispute between two communities; the fruit growing and the goat farming one. The clash is over who should own and manage the valley. The Goat Farm Commune Group is the original owner who had relocated due to the advancing Hitler s army. The fruit growing Commune has demonstrated interest in the piece of land. A delegate from Tiflis-the capital of the Soviet State of Georgia-has been sent to settle the dispute. The Fruit Growing Collective Farm has made elaborate arrangements of irrigating the valley so as to make it more productive. The delegate awards the land to the fruit growers because they have plans to use the resources better despite the land originally belonging to the goat farming group. Act one begins when the city of Grusinia has been taken over by the iron shirts and the governor, Georgi Abashwili, is beheaded in a coup that has been planned by his brother, the Fat Prince and his head fastened on a wall.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.4238749}
{"text": "The Fruit Growing Collective Farm has made elaborate arrangements of irrigating the valley so as to make it more productive. The delegate awards the land to the fruit growers because they have plans to use the resources better despite the land originally belonging to the goat farming group. Act one begins when the city of Grusinia has been taken over by the iron shirts and the governor, Georgi Abashwili, is beheaded in a coup that has been planned by his brother, the Fat Prince and his head fastened on a wall. The governor s wife Natella flees and in the process abandons her child, Michael. Fortunately, the kitchen maid Grusha salvages the child from the soldiers and the Fat Prince and escapes with him to her brother's place in the Northern Mountains, pursued by soldiers. She endures great suffering in the way, including hostile and uncooperative people. She finally gets to her brother s place but he the brother insists that she must be married to an almost dying man by the name Jussup. Jussup has faked illness to avoid taking part in the war. When it is announced that the war is over, Jussup miraculously recovers. Grusha is stuck with a husband she did not want. When Simon Grusha s lover returns from the war, he discovers that Grusha is married and suspects that Michael is her child. Later, the child is taken away from her by some soldiers who claim that he belongs to Natella and he is taken back to the Caucasian village. Through a flashback, the writer explains how the Grand Duke is sheltered by Azdak, later to be judge, soon after he escapes the bloody coup. However, Azdak is not aware that he is hiding a dangerous fugitive and fearing he might be branded a traitor he presents himself to the soldiers to be tried and soon wins their favour and is installed as judge. Azdak judges four very weird cases, ruling in each case in favour of the poor. He soon gains reputation for supporting the poor. He serves for two years as a judge, before the return of the Grand Duke. He is arrested for being a traitor and as the soldiers are about to kill him, he is saved by the Grand Duke who recalls that he saved his life. He reappoints him to be the judge. The major case that Azdak handles is that of Grusha and the child.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.4018555}
{"text": "He is arrested for being a traitor and as the soldiers are about to kill him, he is saved by the Grand Duke who recalls that he saved his life. He reappoints him to be the judge. The major case that Azdak handles is that of Grusha and the child. The governor s wife wants Michael back because without him, she cannot take over the former Governor s wealth. However, Grusha wants to keep the child because she has raised him for the past two years. Interestingly, even Simon offers to support her in the trial. When Azdak listens to the case, he orders a Chalk Circle to be drawn, after he learns what Grusha has done to the child. The child is placed in the middle and orders the two women to pull saying that whoever can pull him out of the circle will get him. The governor s wife pulls whereas Grusha lets go. This is repeated and finally, AZDAK gives Michael to Grusha. The governor s wife is ordered to leave. Michael s wealth is taken and made into public gardens. The message the author is passing across is that resources should belong to those who make better use of them- the child to Grusha, just the same way the valley goes to those who will take care of it. In the end, Azdak divorces Grusha from Jussup, paving way for her to get married to Simon. Azdak disappears never to be seen again. PROLOGUESummer of 1945The play begins with a prologue an introduction to a play that captures a conflict between members of two collective farms both who claim a stake in a disputed valley. The two rivals are: Goat Farm Rosa Luxemburg and Fruit Farm Galinsk. The two are neighbours. The goat herding commune claims to be the original owners of the disputed land until Hitler s armies forced them to relocate. The fruit growing commune has laid down an elaborate plan to irrigate the valley for agricultural purposes. They intend to use a dam across the mountain lake and water seven hundred acres of infertile land and plan to plant vineyards and orchards thereA delegate from the State Reconstruction Commission from Tiflis-the capital city-has been sent to arbitrate on the dispute. He intimates that Goat Farm Rosa Luxemburg occupied the valley before moving East on orders from the government.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.4342406}
{"text": "The fruit growing commune has laid down an elaborate plan to irrigate the valley for agricultural purposes. They intend to use a dam across the mountain lake and water seven hundred acres of infertile land and plan to plant vineyards and orchards thereA delegate from the State Reconstruction Commission from Tiflis-the capital city-has been sent to arbitrate on the dispute. He intimates that Goat Farm Rosa Luxemburg occupied the valley before moving East on orders from the government. The Goat herding commune is now dissatisfied with their new grazing land which they claim is not palatable to their animals. They claim that the valley belongs to them from eternity and the law attests to that. However, members from the Fruit Farm Galinsk explain the reason why they deserve to own the valley. An amicable solution is finally reached when the land is awarded to the Fruit growing commune and the two groups settle down to eat and drink. Entertainment soon follows when a legendary singer- Arkadi- is invited to perform an old Chinese song entitled, The Chalk Circle. This song is about two stories which have a bearing on their resolved dispute. The prologue serves several functions; first, it gives the play a unique structure, secondly, enables the playwright to pass on his her key message and the moral of the play to the reader or audience before he or she watches or reads it. Bertolt roots for communism, that whoever can make good use of something should keep it. THE NOBLE CHILDThis part opens with Arkadi- the singer narrating a story about Georgi Abashwili, the governor in Grusinia and a rich man who owns numerous horses and soldiers. He is married to Natella and they have a son, Michael. On the morning of the Easter Sunday, the governor s family goes to church. At the gateway, he is confronted by many beggars and petitioners. Mothers hold emaciated children as people with clutches and petitions beg for money. They complain of high taxes, starvation and bribery. The governor ignores them and soldiers whip them with thick leather whips to keep them away. Michael-the governor s son and heir- is brought along and the crowd sees him for the first time. He is carried in a decorated carriage and is attended to by two doctors. Even the mighty Prince Kazbeki bows before him at the church door. Natella informs the prince about the Governor s plan of bringing down the slums to pave way for his garden.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.4485989}
{"text": "He is carried in a decorated carriage and is attended to by two doctors. Even the mighty Prince Kazbeki bows before him at the church door. Natella informs the prince about the Governor s plan of bringing down the slums to pave way for his garden. The governor has lost interest in the affairs of Grusinian people in spite of the raging war that is taking place. The governor even dismisses a messenger from the city bringing some confidential papers for him saying he can only attend to him after the service. Later the adjutant an officer who acts as military assistant informs the messenger that the governor does not wish to receive military news before dinner. Grusha Vashnadze- governor s kitchen maid- does not attend the service as she has to get a goose for the family s banquet. She is seen talking to Simon Shashava, a soldier, who reveals that he often hides behind a bush to watch her dip her legs in the river as she washes her line. Before the awaited dinner and a talk with the architects can take place, the palace is surrounded and the Governor arrested. George Abashwili is executed and the city is in bloodshed. Natella s life is in danger. Servants rush out of the house trying to frantically salvage what they can. A scuffle erupts between the two family doctors over who should attend to the governor s wife who has fainted. Simon comes looking for Grusha. He aims at wooing her. The two have to part ways when Simon is ordered by the adjutant to guard Natella on her way to safety. He gives Grusha a silver chain that his mother had given him. She promises him that she would wait for him and remain faithful till their re-union. The adjutant is seen trying to save Natella from danger but she is reluctant to go without her most valued essentials. The adjutant forces her on a horse back amidst complaints that she has left her wine-coloured dress. She leaves her child Michael behind who falls into the custody of Grusha the kitchen maid. As everyone flees, Grusha decides to hide the child under a blanket and keeps the baby company throughout the night.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.487784}
{"text": "The adjutant forces her on a horse back amidst complaints that she has left her wine-coloured dress. She leaves her child Michael behind who falls into the custody of Grusha the kitchen maid. As everyone flees, Grusha decides to hide the child under a blanket and keeps the baby company throughout the night. The following day she flees with the child from the Ironshirts who together with the Fat Prince are looking for the baby, It s a pity they took the brat along, though, I need him urgently. Pg 28 THE FLIGHT TO THE MOUNTAINSThe Singer accounts Grusha escape from the city to the Northern Mountains to save Michael from the Fat Prince and his soldiers. She is carrying Michael in a sack. She journeys along the Grusinian highway on the Northern Mountains after singing The song of the Four Generals. As lunchtime approaches, she has to look for a meal to feed the child. She buys milk from a peasant at two piasters, an equivalent to a week s pay. Having spent most of her money Grusha keeps on moving towards the north as the Iron shirts who want to kill Michael pursue her. The singer tells us that she then arrives at the River Sirra and with the burden of the child weighing on her; she decides to keep him at the doorstep of a farmyard after realising that the peasant woman has some milk. She anticipates the peasant will feed him and goes to hide behind a tree in order to watch what would happen. When the peasant woman finds Michael at her door, she takes him into the house. She suggests to her husband that they keep the child but her husband tells her to give him to the local priest. As Grusha hurries off in the opposite direction she bumps on Ironshirts who demand to know where she is coming from. She lies that she is going to meet Simon Shashava. The ironshirts demand the whereabouts of Michael. Grusha gets scared and rushes back to the cottage where she had left the child and pleads with the peasant woman to hide it. Initially the woman agrees to hide Michael but is immediately frightened by the presence of the soldiers. She reveals to the corporal that Grusha left the child on her doorstep. In desperation, Grusha seizes a log and hits the corporal on the head until he loses consciousness. She then grabs Michael and runs away.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.5026455}
{"text": "She reveals to the corporal that Grusha left the child on her doorstep. In desperation, Grusha seizes a log and hits the corporal on the head until he loses consciousness. She then grabs Michael and runs away. In her flight from the Ironshirts, she finally reaches the foot of Janga-Tau Glacier after journeying for twenty-two days. She adopts Michael. She removes his silken shirt, throws it away and wraps him in rags. Finally, she arrives at the bridge on the glacier still pursed by the Ironshirts. One of the bridge s rope is broken and half of the bridge is hanging down the abyss. Despite the danger, Grusha is determined to cross the bridge. Luckily they get to the other side of the bridge despite fears and warning by the merchants on the impending danger. She laughs triumphantly to her freedom as the Ironshirts pursuing her cannot cross the bridge. Finally she sings The Song of the Child pg 41 IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINSAfter journeying across the glacier for another seven days, Grusha finally arrives at Lavrenti s her brother house. She expects to be welcomed warmly but this is not the case. Her bother has to cook up a story to convince his religious wife that his sister is on her way to her husband s place at the mountains. To have Grusha leave the house, Lavrenti comes up with an idea of getting her a husband. He Lavrenti organizes to get her married to a dying man- Jussup at a fee of 400 piasters. The mother-in-law realizing there is a child demands for an additional 200 piasters for the wedding to proceed. The mother-in-law has hired a cheap monk to unite the two. After the wedding, neighbours who came to witness the marriage ceremony are served with cakes as they gossip. From the gossiping visitors, news indicate that the Grand Duke has assembled an army to fight the princes that rebelled against him the previous year. When Grusha hears that the soldiers are coming back now that the war is over, she is in shock and drops a cake pan. Her worry being that Simon will come back and find she is married to another man. Once Jussup hears the war is over, he miraculously recovers. Jussup gets out of bed and the visitors are shocked to see him.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.5442204}
{"text": "Who will be the judge?... Pg 62 . The matter will now be handed over by Azdak, the city judge, to determine the rightful owner of the child. THE STORY OF THE JUDGERewind to the day of the coup, the day Grusha took the child. The village clerk scrivener , Azdak, has been poaching in the woods and comes across someone he believes to be a refugee. He shelters him for the night only discovering after the man has gone that it was the Grand Duke himself, who escaped the clutches of the rebellious princes. Rather than risk being found out Azdak hands himself in, expecting to be punished. When he gets to the courtroom he sees the hanging bodies of authority figures and mistakenly interprets the revolution as a people s revolt. His shouts of joy are interrupted by a soldier who tells him he s got it all wrong: it s not a people s revolution but a military coup. An uprising by the rebellious carpet weavers resulted in all the hangings and the soldiers were brought in to suppress them. Azdak is nearly hanged by soldiers. The Fat Prince brings his nephew Bizergan Kazbeki to be installed as the new judge the old judge had been killed by the carpet weavers . Azdak suggest that the candidate s knowledge in law be tested. In a play within a play, Azdak plays the role of the defendant. The soldiers, after testing the nephew in a mock trial in which Azdak accuses the Fat Prince of profiting from the Persian war, makes Azdak judge instead. Over two years Azdak, with his trusty assistant Shauva, travels the country turning justice on its head, accusing a rape victim of being a rapist herself, sympathising with an old woman clearly guilty of theft, doling out law as he sees fit. Finally the Grand Duke comes back, the Fat Prince is beheaded and Natella Abashvilli returns from exile. Frightened that his behaviour over the last couple of years will land him in trouble now that order is restored, Azdak promises to help Natella get her son back.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.516058}
{"text": "Over two years Azdak, with his trusty assistant Shauva, travels the country turning justice on its head, accusing a rape victim of being a rapist herself, sympathising with an old woman clearly guilty of theft, doling out law as he sees fit. Finally the Grand Duke comes back, the Fat Prince is beheaded and Natella Abashvilli returns from exile. Frightened that his behaviour over the last couple of years will land him in trouble now that order is restored, Azdak promises to help Natella get her son back. THE CHALK CIRCLEThe Singer introduces us to the Act by saying it is the story of the trial. The trial is about determining who is the true mother to Michael and in this regard, Grusha has come back to the city to face the law for having taken the Governor s son. As they wait for the judge to come, Simon appears and swears he will say he is the father to the child. Then Grusha spots the Ironshirt whom she clobbered and this makes her regret why she came to Nuka. The corporal leaves cursing as he fears exposing Grusha because he would be admitting that he ran after the child to kill it. The governors wife, Natella, arrives, in her characteristic style, she cannot hide her contempt for the low class and the underprivileged: At least there are no common people here, thank God. I can t stand their smell. It always gives me migraine. Pg 88 Azdak having been declared an enemy of the new regime for having worked with the Fat Prince is stripped of his judge s robes. The Ironshirts and the farmers tear his gown and beat him. He is about to be hanged when a messenger arrives announcing the Grand Duke would like Azdak to remain as judge, as a thank you for saving his life that Easter Sunday. Azdak presides over a trial in which he must judge who gets Michael Grusha, who has cared for him and put herself through hell for him; or his natural mother, Natella, who abandoned him. A heated debate ensues on who is the rightful owner of the child. The prosecutors explain that Grusha has stolen Natella s child and refuses to hand it over. They advance their case by saying that Grusha does not have any blood relations with the child.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.5859077}
{"text": "A heated debate ensues on who is the rightful owner of the child. The prosecutors explain that Grusha has stolen Natella s child and refuses to hand it over. They advance their case by saying that Grusha does not have any blood relations with the child. On the other hand, Grusha lays claim on the child by saying that she brought him up and always found him something to eat. Hearing both arguments, Azdak is unable to decide. He adjourns the court to hear the case of an old couple who want a divorce. He tells them he ll think about it. Returning to Michael s case, Azdak invokes the ancient wisdom of the Chalk Circle: Michael is placed in the centre of a circle and whoever is strong enough to pull him out must be the right mother. Grusha won t pull, she cannot hurt him. Azdak orders the women to repeat the trial. Grusha again cannot pull. Azdak judges that she must be the right mother. Natella faints. Simon and Grusha thank Azdak, who signs the divorce papers not the divorce of the old couple but Grusha s divorce from the man she married in the mountains. Everyone dances. Azdak disappears. The Singer explains that the child has been given to the mother who will be best for it and, reminding us of the prologue, that the land should go to whoever is right for it. THEMESCORRUPTION GREED AND MATERIALISMCorruption mainly refers to lack of integrity or honesty and is mainly manifested by accepting bribes. Corrupt individuals use their privileged positions they have been entrusted with to make illegitimate gains, thus undermining their moral integrity. They are usually driven by greed. Forms of corruption vary and can include bribery, extortion, nepotism, and general embezzlement of mainly of public funds. George Abashwili is materialistic. As he makes procession to enter the church fort Easter service, many beggars and petitioners try in vain to reach out to him. We learn through his wife Natella that the governor plans to tear down the slums to create room for the garden of the East Wing of palace. All those wretched slums are to be torn down to make room for the garden. Pg 15 After the coup and the beheading of the governor, we see Natella in a hurry to collect her dresses and shoes.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.6041584}
{"text": "As he makes procession to enter the church fort Easter service, many beggars and petitioners try in vain to reach out to him. We learn through his wife Natella that the governor plans to tear down the slums to create room for the garden of the East Wing of palace. All those wretched slums are to be torn down to make room for the garden. Pg 15 After the coup and the beheading of the governor, we see Natella in a hurry to collect her dresses and shoes. She abandons her son Michael as she runs for her safety. Later we learn that the main reason she is claiming her son Michael from Grusha is to get inheritance of the vast governor s estates. The Ironshirts are corrupt. They use their privileged positions to execute others and in the process make illegitimate gains. One Ironshirt says, .......This morning they strung up the city judge. As for us we beat them to pulp. We are paid one hundred piasters per man, you understand? The iron shirts follow Grusha and Michael since a good price is offered. Azdak, the judge, is overly corrupt and his greed unstoppable. He openly takes bribes in the court before listening to a case. He begins by saying, I accept, meaning that he is willing to be bribed. As Azdak executes his duties, his deeds do not measure up to the expected standards. He makes controversial judgements that put his integrity into questions. He sits on the statue book when delivering justice. A pointer to his contempt for what is just. He also takes wine in public as he executes his duties. ABUSE OF POWERThe governor, George Abashwili, is said to be as rich as Croesus. He has so many horses in his stable and yet there are so many beggars on his door step. This shows that he amasses so much wealth for himself at the expense of his subjects. They pile along the gate carrying thin children and holding petitions. They cry for mercy and reduction of the high taxes. Pg 14 . The governor has hired two doctors to look after his son Michael-the apple of his eyes. Pg 15 . This is in contrast to the starving and suffering common men who push and shove to see the governor s heir. The governor plans to tear down the slums to start building the East Wing garden for his son Michael. It does not matter to him that those slums are people s homes.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.57382}
{"text": "This is in contrast to the starving and suffering common men who push and shove to see the governor s heir. The governor plans to tear down the slums to start building the East Wing garden for his son Michael. It does not matter to him that those slums are people s homes. The soldiers also abuse power. ........... Soldiers push the crowd back lashing at them with thick whips. Pg 14 When the crowd pushes to have a peep at their heir-baby Michael- the crowd is pushed back by the iron shirts using thick whips. The Fat prince abuses power when he conspires and overthrows the governor from power. He The Fat prince then orders the governor to be beheaded and his head hanged at the entrance of the palace for all to see. He then orders the iron shirts to follow Grusha and get Michael back; he intends to kill him too. The fat prince also abuses power by practising nepotism, where he intends to have his nephew, Bizergan Kazbeki, to be bestowed as the new judge. ............. So I ve bought along my dear nephew Bizergan Kazbeki, He ll be the new judge, hm? Pg 71 The judge, Azdak abuses power openly by accepting bribes. Before considering any case he utters a short statement- I accept- to mean he is ready to take a bribe. All the cases he judges are in favour of the suffering poor. He fines the wealthy like the farmers heavily, in this way he abuses power to help the poor. LOVE COMPASSIONThe playwright explores the theme of love and friendship through various characters in the play. This is mainly portrayed through the parental love between the governor and his son Michael, Grusha, the kitchen maid and Michael, Grusha s romantic love with Simon Shashava and finally between Grusha and her brother Lavrenti Vashnadze. Michael does not experience the motherly love from his biological mother Natella Abashwili. Fortunately, his father, the governor of the Caucasian City bestows on Michael fatherly love. Michael is attended to by two doctors who never mover from his side to keep him in good health. The Fat prince also notices the child on their way to church and comments that, And little Michael is a governor from head to foot! Pg 15 .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.6420412}
{"text": "Fortunately, his father, the governor of the Caucasian City bestows on Michael fatherly love. Michael is attended to by two doctors who never mover from his side to keep him in good health. The Fat prince also notices the child on their way to church and comments that, And little Michael is a governor from head to foot! Pg 15 . Natella, Michael s biological mother, is jealous of the attention Michael is given by his father. She says it is impossible for them to live in the slum but her husband would build the East Wing for Michael since he is the apple of the governor s eye. .............. Will only build for little Michael...........Michael is all.......... pg 18-19 . Finally she abandons him. Grusha loves Michael. She has to overcome a strong tide of opposition from the other servants before she rescues Michael. The groom tells her, Better put him down, I tell you. I d rather not think what d happen to anybody who was found with the baby. Pg 27 The older woman tells her, Grusha, you re a good soul, but you are not very bright, and you know it. I tell you, if he has plague he couldn t be more dangerous. Pg 27 . Grusha watches over Michael the whole night and by morning as the writer puts it, the seduction between Grusha and Michael i complete, .............till morning the seduction was complete.......she crept away, pg 29 . She also saves the child from being killed by several iron shirts. Just like a mother who loves her child, she makes several sacrifices. She is forced to buy him milk at an exorbitant price using her meagre weekly pay. She risks her life to save Michael by hitting a corporal with a wooden log and crosses over to the Northern Mountains using a broken bridge. She has to marry a dying man - Jussup- for Michael s sake and thus risks her engagement with Simon Shashava. The climax of Grusha s love for Michael is shown at the trial scene. Grusha defends for her love towards Michael by saying that she brought him up and that she married because of Michael. When Azdak, the judge, asks for Michael so that he can choose his true mother, Michael s love for Grusha is seen when he smiles at her.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.6931756}
{"text": "The climax of Grusha s love for Michael is shown at the trial scene. Grusha defends for her love towards Michael by saying that she brought him up and that she married because of Michael. When Azdak, the judge, asks for Michael so that he can choose his true mother, Michael s love for Grusha is seen when he smiles at her. After drawing the Chalk Circle, Azdak orders the two women to pull the child out of the circle. Meanwhile, Grusha refuses to pull portraying her motherly love and finally she says, I brought him up! Shall I also tear him to bits? I can t. pg 98 As Grusha flees to the north, she comes across a bridge on the glacier. She is determined to cross but the merchants caution her against risking her life and that of Michael, The merchant woman tells her, But you can t take the child on that bridge. It s sure to break. And look! Pg 41 The next man warns her to think of the baby, I think of the baby. Risk your life not a child s pg 41 . This shows their love and compassion for Michael. The love relationship between Grusha and Simon is romantic. It is already sealed through an engagement. They exchange intimate words and inquire about each other s background. Simon removes a chain from his neck and tells Grusha, ...........my mother gave me this cross.....please wear it. Pg 22 . Grusha promises Simon that she would wait for him. She says, Simon Shashava.....it is just as it was. Pg 23 . Grusha is introduced to the idea of getting married to Jussup due to the illegitimacy of the child. However, deep within her, she loves Simon and wishes that the union would not last long so that she may re-unite with her fianc whom she thinks would willingly take care of Michael. This turns out to be true. True love unfolds when Simon testifies at the court that he is Michael s father. I am the father, your honour. Pg 93 . The climax of the sincere love for each other is portrayed when Grusha informs Simon that, Now I can tell you: I took him because on that Easter Sunday I got engaged to you. So he s a child of love. Michael, let s dance. Pg 99 .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.6727393}
{"text": "The climax of the sincere love for each other is portrayed when Grusha informs Simon that, Now I can tell you: I took him because on that Easter Sunday I got engaged to you. So he s a child of love. Michael, let s dance. Pg 99 . This she does after the judgement where she wins the child. When Grusha runs to the North and arrives at her brother s house, her brother sympathises with her and gives her a roof and even makes arrangements for her to get married to the dying man, Jussup. After the marriage, Jussup takes in both her and the child without asking questions, It is her compassion for Michael that makes her to agree to be married yet she is engaged to Simon. NEGLIGENCE OF DUTY IRRESPONSIBILITYNegligence refers to failure to give somebody or something enough care or attention. It also refers to failure to perform one s duty which impacts negatively on others. Georgi Abashwili is the Governor and therefore responsible for the welfare of those under him. Although he is rich, he has so many beggars from the gateway, holding up thin children, crutches and petitions. Although they have come for help, he does not attend to any. It is Easter and therefore one would expect he would be compassionate enough to listen to their grievances. They complain of taxes being high. One petitioner laments: The child is starving in my arms pg 14 . Although there is a servant collecting their grievances and another distributing coins from a purse, none of their petitions is attended to and eventually they are driven back with whips. Despite being in a high position and being responsible for the welfare of the people, we are surprised to learn that, he knows nothing about the approaching war and therefore no safety measures have been put in place. When asked about the war, he indicates lack of interest. The Governor has ignored the plight of his subjects. There are so many of them in the slums. To make matters worse he has decided to tear down the slums to make room for a garden for the East Wing he is about to construct. People are complaining of hunger, yet his child has two doctors, The two doctors are also irresponsible in that none wants to take responsibility over the discomfort of the child. They blame each other over luke warm bath water used to bath the child.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.707578}
{"text": "To make matters worse he has decided to tear down the slums to make room for a garden for the East Wing he is about to construct. People are complaining of hunger, yet his child has two doctors, The two doctors are also irresponsible in that none wants to take responsibility over the discomfort of the child. They blame each other over luke warm bath water used to bath the child. The governor is informed by his Adjutant that an injured young rider has come as a messenger from the capital, bringing him confidential papers. He neglects his responsibility to see him and after waiting in vain the messenger mutters a curse and leaves. We are not surprised when we learn that the plotting against the Governor by The Fat Prince happened in the capital therefore we can guess that the messenger comes to warn him. Eventually, the governor loses his life. It is strange that the Governor refuses to talk to the wounded Rider when he appears again but prefers to confer with the architects. The Adjutant says of him, The governor does not wish to receive military news before dinner- especially if it s depressing pg 19 . Because of his irresponsibility in choosing his priorities, he is caught unawares and is beheaded. That is why the singer laments over the blindness of the great who, ...........go their ways like gods....sure of hired fists. Trusting in their power. But long is not forever. Pg 20 It is the height of irresponsibility when Natella Abashwili takes her time choosing the dresses and shoes to carry. She finally leaves and forgets her child whom she had directed to be laid on the floor. She is busy rummaging through clothing when the Adjutant is busy pleading that they should run for their lives. She does not care about the many people she is exposing to danger by her delay, Maro, a servant, realizes that, only beasts can leave children behind. She says, They left it behind, the beasts pg 26 Lavrenti, Grusha s brother, is irresponsible and neglects her when he fails to look after her. He marries her off to a total stranger and a dying man it becomes a double tragedy when Jussup does not die and Grusha does not know what to do with a total stranger who is unaware of her plight and yet she cannot marry her lover Simon.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.7427402}
{"text": "She does not care about the many people she is exposing to danger by her delay, Maro, a servant, realizes that, only beasts can leave children behind. She says, They left it behind, the beasts pg 26 Lavrenti, Grusha s brother, is irresponsible and neglects her when he fails to look after her. He marries her off to a total stranger and a dying man it becomes a double tragedy when Jussup does not die and Grusha does not know what to do with a total stranger who is unaware of her plight and yet she cannot marry her lover Simon. As an older brother of Grusha, Lavrenti fails in his responsibility to support her. The monk hired to officiate the wedding is irresponsible. He agrees to join a girl to a dying man. We are surprised that, the monk, a man who should be a role model is upholding morals in a society is called from a tavern. He is drunk. DECEIT, RELIGIOUSITY AND HYPOCRISYReligion refers to having or showing belief in and reverence for a deity on the other hand hypocrisy is deception by pretending to entertain on set of intentions while acting under the influence of another. In The Caucasian Chalk Circle cases of religious hypocrisy are common. Act one of the play begins with Governor Georgi Abashwili going for Easter mass. He is accompanied by his wife Natella, and Michael, their child. Although he would like to pass as a devoted Christian, his regime has oppressed the people it serves. As they enter the church, beggars and petitioners cry over all sorts of problems that bespeaks of a people who have been living in an oppressive regime. They lament, Mercy! Mercy, your Grace! The taxes are too high. I lost my leg in the Persian war....The child is starving in my arms....the water inspector takes bribes...... pg 14 As for the Fat Prince, hypocrisy reigns supreme. He attends church, wishes the Governor a happy Easter Sunday and bows before Michael. He tickles the child after commenting, I love a gay sky.....little Michael is a Governor from head to foot! Pg 15 . He also tells the governor there is good news after so much bad. This is total deception that he is loyal to the Governor s family. Plans to behead the Governor and end Michael s life are already in place.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.761442}
{"text": "He also tells the governor there is good news after so much bad. This is total deception that he is loyal to the Governor s family. Plans to behead the Governor and end Michael s life are already in place. While he directs the soldier to fasten the Governor s head in the middle, he displays his hypocrisy when he says, This morning at the church....Abashwili...I love a gay sky....prefer the lightning that comes out of a gay sky. Pg 28 The Monk who is supposed to be religiously inclined is portrayed as hypocritical. He presides over the wedding between Jussup and Grusha while drunk. He is found in the tavern perhaps taking alcohol by Grusha;s mother-in-law who threatens to expose him. He is also paid to do the same. Even when Jussup fails to take the vows and instead his mother does it on his behalf, he goes hiding and he has to be looked for by the mother-in-law. Being a religious person, his character should be beyond reproach. It smacks of religious hypocrisy for Jussup to go through the rigorous of a wedding, a much valued religious ceremony, yet he knows he is pretending to be a dying man. Grusha is hypocritical because she is not committed to the marriage as she does it for own expediency. The mourners are also hypocritical. They gobble down the cake without being seriously mournful. They seem to expectantly look forward to the death of Jussup. They are sincerely not sad, only greedily wolfing down the funeral cakes. Aniko pretends to have religious principles that she does not possess. In fact, her hypocritical nature is displayed in her meanness. Lavrenti says she is very sensitive, People need only mention our farm and she is worried. Pg 48 . Her servants seem to suffer under her as she shouts orders all over. The maid may not be well paid. She once goes to church with a hole in her stocking. Ever since, Aniko has worn two pairs of stockings in church. She is truly hypocritical, feigning to be concerned about Grusha yet she is not. She has false appearance as a devout woman. Lavrenti is afraid of her. He tells Grusha, You can t stay here long with the child. She id religious, you see. Pg 46 . Aniko id painted as really heartless.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.778979}
{"text": "He tells Grusha, You can t stay here long with the child. She id religious, you see. Pg 46 . Aniko id painted as really heartless. She is the exaggerated embodiment of certain aspects of religious opinions. Lavrenti is also hypocritical. He also makes Grusha who is honest to be dehumanized by leading her to engage in a fake wedding. He cannot stand up for his sister but sings to the whims of Aniko, You need a place to go......because of the child.....have a husband, so people won t talk.....can find you a husband. Pg 48 The mother-in-law is hypocritical. She deceives the mourners that Grusha is a bride to Jussup. She pretends that Grusha came from the city to find Jussup alive. The first woman confidentially seems to know Jussup is faking illess and near death to avoid conscription to the war. Another feels it would be a blessing if he does not suffer too long; so she wishes he dies especially now he is of no use as a farmer as the corn is ripe and there is no one to harvest. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TURBULENCEBertolt Bretcht has profoundly raised the issue of political intolerance that has consequently resulted to social instability. The ruling class has no regard for the woes of the have- nots. Poor leadership has led to violence and suffering of both the nobles and the masses. First, we are presented with a desperate and deplorable Caucasian village due to war. It is described as war ravaged and is in ruins, That s where we stopped three Nazi tanks but the apple orchard was already destroyed......Our beautiful daily farm: a ruin. Pg 97 The number of villages have declined and people have relocated to other areas. We are told by a wounded soldier, Comrade, we haven t as many villages as we used to have. We haven t as many hands. Pg 8 The village has been ruined with almost everything being rationed. All pleasures have to be rationed. Tobacco is rationed and wine. Pg 8 People s normal lifestyle is affected as evident when the Goat Herding commune is forced to relocate on orders from the government. They fight to reclaim the land for they are not satisfied with their new grazing land. An old man comments, You can t live there.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.80514}
{"text": "Tobacco is rationed and wine. Pg 8 People s normal lifestyle is affected as evident when the Goat Herding commune is forced to relocate on orders from the government. They fight to reclaim the land for they are not satisfied with their new grazing land. An old man comments, You can t live there. It doesn t even smell of morning in the morning. Pg 8 Political intolerance has brought fear and insecurity. The girl Tractorist notes that plans to rehabilitate the disputed valley had been conceived during days and nights when they have to take cover in the mountains. She says, Often we hadn t even enough ammunition for our half-dozen rifles. We could hardly lay our hands on a pencil. Pg 10 The effects of political and social turbulences are not restricted to the Caucasian village only. From Arkadi s performance, we learnt that the war in Persia has spilled to the Grusinian people. Under the leadership of the Grand Duke and Governor Georgi Abashwili majority of the poor people have been rendered beggars. The Governor is confronted by many petitioners who are not comfortable in the state of affairs, The children are emaciated. Some people are in clutches while others have been crippled due to the war. They complain about the high taxes and bribery from senior people like the water inspector. The same people cannot win the governor s eye and soldiers cause further suffering when they lash at them with thick whips. The state of the poor is deplorable as evident when the Governor contemplates bringing down their slums in order to create room for his gardens. The political class especially the nobles have no regard to the masses. Michael-The Governor s heir and son- is served by two doctors, He is the apple of the Governor s eye. The governor is not perturbed by the suffering of the people. He is contemptuous even to the people who have to provide him with security briefs from the capital. A rider with confidential papers has to wait until the Governor attends the Easter Sunday service and the latter attends his visitors-architects- at dinner. It is this indifference that leads the princes to stage a coup and subsequently orders for his execution. The coup comes with numerous harrowing effects. The singer comments: when the house of a great one collapses many little ones are slain. Pg 20 . The servants panic and fear for their lives as illustrated when they ask, what about us?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.8301084}
{"text": "The coup comes with numerous harrowing effects. The singer comments: when the house of a great one collapses many little ones are slain. Pg 20 . The servants panic and fear for their lives as illustrated when they ask, what about us? We ll be slaughtered like chickens. As always. ...... There is bloodshed in the city, they say? Pg 21 Coup results to people being internally displaced as seen when the Grand Duke flees and seeks refuge at Azdak s place. The Governor s wife is also relocated to safer grounds while Grusha disappears to the Northern Mountains to protect Michael whom the soldiers desperately want to kill. Political instability has bred inhuman and sadistic characters. The soldiers who behead the governor also fasten his head on the wall with nails. Moral conscience is lost among people like the old man who cannot sympathize with Michael. Grusha has to plead to get milk for the baby. He tells her, milk? We have no milk. The soldiers from the city have our goats. Go to the soldiers if you want milk. Pg 31 Grusha is forced to pay two piasters for a drop. The peasant woman whom Grusha thinks will hide the baby from the Iron shirts betrays her by denouncing Michael. She tells the soldiers, Soldier, I didn t know a thing about it. Please don t burn the roof over our heads.....I had nothing to do with it. She left it on my doorstep. Pg 38 The fabric that holds the society together has therefore been dismantled by political instability. ANTAGONISM CONFLICTS DISPUTESA conflict is a disagreement that arises when two or more parties dispute or fail to agree. The Caucasian Chalk Circle addresses a number of these disputes. In the prologue there is a conflict between two land owners over the valley-The Goat Herders Collective Farm and the Fruit Growing Commune. They are arguing over the ownership and usage of the valley. The Goat Herders claim they are the original owners of the valley but have been forced to flee by the government because of war. They have come back because the land they have relocated to is not favourable for their goats. Unfortunately the Fruit Growers have laid elaborate plans for the valley which they will irrigate. They purpose to establish fruit and vine orchards. The delegate from Tiflis helps settle the difference between the two communes.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.8524299}
{"text": "Unfortunately the Fruit Growers have laid elaborate plans for the valley which they will irrigate. They purpose to establish fruit and vine orchards. The delegate from Tiflis helps settle the difference between the two communes. There is a conflict between the princes and the Grand Duke. The princess want to take over power and leadership from the Duke and his Governors. The conflict leads to staging of a coup where the Grand Duke is exiled and the Governor of Nuka-George Abashwili- is beheaded. The judge of the Supreme Court is hanged and Azdak made the judge. There is conflict between Grusha-Governor s kitchen maid- and Natella Abashwili. They both claim motherhood rights to Michael. Natella claims that she is the biological mother while Grusha claims right over the child since she picked him and nurtured him for two years. The mother claims him out of greed for property. The conflict id resolved by judge Azdak who draws a circle round the child and asks the two to pull the child from the circle. Grusha hesitates twice and the judge rules in her favour. Another conflict develops between Grusha and Jussup. When Grusha gets to her brother s home in the Northern Mountains, Lavrenti- her brother schemes to have her married to a dying man ironically it turns out that Jussup has all along feigned illness to evade war and when news breaks out that the war is over he recovers and Grusha is horrified. She had engaged herself to Simon Shashava and cannot imagine cheating on him. Jussup complains that she is not fulfilling her matrimonial duties. He argues, Can t the peasant do it herself? Get the brush.....you are my wife and you re not my wife......God has given you sex.. pg 56-57 . The dispute is settled when Azdak gives Grusha a divorce and then she is free to marry Simon. There is conflict between Grusha and Simon when the latter returns from war and finds her at the river washing lines. When he sees Michael, he thinks that she has been unfaithful to him. He gets emotional and walks away. He later on realizes that the baby belonged to Natella. He comes to help her acquire the child during the famous chalk circle. He even lies that he is the father to Michael.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.8651605}
{"text": "He later on realizes that the baby belonged to Natella. He comes to help her acquire the child during the famous chalk circle. He even lies that he is the father to Michael. Other examples of conflict are between:Azdak and ShauwaAzdak and landownersThe monk and Jussup s motherGrusha and the corporalSELF-SACRIFICE AND SELFLESSNESSThis is the act of giving up what one has or wants so that other people can have what they need. It is acting with less concern for yourself than for the welfare or success of others. One cares more about the needs and happiness of other people than their own. Grusha is the best example. When the governor s wife and her personal servant forget Michael, Grusha takes care of him. Other servants advise her to abandon the child for her own good. One old woman tells her, Grusha you re a good soul, but you are not very bright and you know it. Pg 27 Grusha tries to leave Michael but realizes she cannot. The singer tells us that after looking at the baby, Grusha hears as if it is telling her, woman it said, Help me pg 28 Despite the danger in town, Grusha watches over the baby the whole night and the next day takes him with her. On the way she has to buy the baby milk. When the old man sells to her the milk so expensively, she decides not to buy, but on realizing the baby needs it so badly and the journey is long she goes back and buys the milk. The baby s weight weighs on her back but she moves on. She decides to save the baby from starving by leaving it outside the door of a Fat peasant woman. She tells Michael, The peasant woman is kind, and can t you just smell milk pg 34 She hides behind the tree and observes the woman carry the baby into the house. She risks her life when she hits the corporal to save the baby. Again looking round in despair, she sees a log of wood, seizes it, and hits the corporal over the head from behind pg 39 . It is during her escape that she decides to adopt the baby. Grusha risks both their lives on order to get away from the Iron shirt. This is when she reaches Janga-Tau Glacier.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.8857589}
{"text": "It is during her escape that she decides to adopt the baby. Grusha risks both their lives on order to get away from the Iron shirt. This is when she reaches Janga-Tau Glacier. No amount of warning can stop her and she crosses the dangerous bridge after turning the offer by the merchant woman to hide the baby for her. I won t, we belong together.....live together, die together. Pg 41 Grusha has to bear the discomfort of her brother s home. She makes another sacrifice as she has to live with a hard to please sister-in law. To survive she has to be crafty. She tells Michael they have to be As small as cockroaches.. the sister-in-law will forget we are in the house. Pg 47 Grusha, who is alredy engaged to Simon and has promised to await his return ends up getting married to a dying man Jussup-to make Michael have a legitimate father. This is another sacrifice that she makes. She endangers her life by following the Ironshirts who have taken Michael. She is a wanted person for having attacked and injured a corporal. What matters to her is Michael. She goes through the court procedure for Michael. It is out of her self-sacrifice that eventually Grusha wins the case. Other characters that make sacrifices for the welfare of other people are;Lavrenti who tries as much as he could to ensure that Grusha is comfortable in his house.. Simon commitment to Grusha calls for sacrifice. He has been away for two years and remained loyal to her. Simon s big sacrifice to accompany the Governor s wife as her guard to Tiflis. Shalva the adjutant makes sacrifices when her helps Natella escape during the coup. He remains loyal to the governor s family despite the risks as the public has turned against the authority. SOCIAL CLASS INEQUALITYThere is existence of social classes in the society described in the Caucasian Chalk Circle. There is unfair difference between groups of people in this society. Some are wealthier than others and enjoy a high status or opportunities as opposed to others. The diverse lifestyle enjoyed by the governor and his family is in contrast to the object poverty the lowly citizen has to endure.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.9471169}
{"text": "There is unfair difference between groups of people in this society. Some are wealthier than others and enjoy a high status or opportunities as opposed to others. The diverse lifestyle enjoyed by the governor and his family is in contrast to the object poverty the lowly citizen has to endure. Georgi Abashwili is rich as Croesus pg 13 had a healthy baby ...so many horses in his stable pg 13-14 In sharp contrast so many beggars in his door step so many petitioners his courtyard.....He enjoyed his life pg 14 The governor and his beautiful wife go to church guarded by extremely many soldiers who are at his service. Beggars and petitioners pour from the church gateway with complains. They display thin children to the governor, others hold up crutches and petitions. They are a pitiful sight. The social difference is due to the poor governance. The governor s family is expensively dressed. Natella derides the poor, For instance on page 18 she says It s impossible to live in such a slum.... When she enters the court, she is relieved that there are no common people: I can t stand their smell. It always gives me a migraine. Pg 88 From the onset, she dislikes Azdak and on pg 89 she says, I disliked that man from the moment I saw him Natella s behaviour is characterized by false pride and an exaggerated sense of self-importance. She does not have time for the poor beggars and her servants and only identifies herself. Her contempt for the poor is seen in the court when he sees Michael and laments that he is in rags. The class of people conscripted to fight the Persian war have been maimed, yet they have not been compensated. The down trodden have suffered injustice while they are innocent, My brother is innocent, your Grace misunderstanding -worse still they suffer from hunger. BETRAYALTo betray is to hurt people who trust you especially by not being loyal or faithful to them. When the governor is being arrested, the iron shirts of the place guard who are supposed to guard the governor refuse to obey. They stare coldly and indifferently at the Adjutant and refuse to obey him when he commands them. The doctors betray the Abashwili family immediately they realize the governor has been arrested.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.931711}
{"text": "When the governor is being arrested, the iron shirts of the place guard who are supposed to guard the governor refuse to obey. They stare coldly and indifferently at the Adjutant and refuse to obey him when he commands them. The doctors betray the Abashwili family immediately they realize the governor has been arrested. Pg 21 on that little brat s account The Fat Prince is with the Governor at the church and even wishes him a happy Easter, yet he is the one who leads the iron shirts in arresting the Governor. Grusha is betrayed by the peasant woman whom she had trusted not to reveal presence of the child. She is also betrayed by her brother. She has been asked by Simon where she would hide and she confidently says she would run to her brother in the Northern Mountains. When she arrives there, her brother cannot host her with the child because he says his wife is religious and cannot host her. Instead of being given a warm welcome, Grusha stays like a fugitive in her brother s house. In order to get her out of his house he gets her a dying husband and when he resurrects she finds herself with a husband she does not love. Jussup betrays his fellow young men, the government and his mother when he pretends to be seriously sick so that he doesn t get drafted to war. Simon feels betrayed by Grusha as she has promised to wait until he returns after giving company to Natella and guarding her on the way to the loyal guards. When he comes, she is apparently married and has a child. He does not know the circumstances that lead her to get married or the nature of the marriage. He feels so betrayed that he cannot even get his cross back but directs Grusha to throw it into the stream. Natella betrays her own child and her husband when she escapes leaving Michael in the courtyard. She orders a servant to put down the child in order for the servant to run for her little saffron coloured boots to match with a green dress. The baby is left behind. JUSTICE. In Caucasian Chalk Circle the writer explores on the beauty of fair and reasonable treatment of people. Through the legal system used to punish people is not perfect the people who have committed crimes are somehow brought to justice. Justice is a fundamental thematic concern in the prologue. The meeting between the Goat Herders and the Fruit Growers is meant to determine which people deserve to own the valley.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.9903452}
{"text": "Through the legal system used to punish people is not perfect the people who have committed crimes are somehow brought to justice. Justice is a fundamental thematic concern in the prologue. The meeting between the Goat Herders and the Fruit Growers is meant to determine which people deserve to own the valley. The Goat Herders who formerly owned the land had vacated at the approach of Hitler s armies. Their intended resettlement encounters opposition from Collective Fruit Farmers. With their delegates they sit in a circle signalling their determination to negotiate between themselves in order to reach a fair and reasonable decision without perverting the cause of justice. A delegate from Tiflis presides over the case. Both sides present their arguments as to the reason why they are deserving owners of the valley. They arrive at a consensus through the voice of reason rather that by the rule of law. The petitioners and beggars bitterly cry for justice. The governor demurs to heed to their pitiable calls for fair treatment. However, reason does not prevail; the soldiers are guilty of abstracting justice by lashing at the pitiful petitioners. They are heavily taxed and expect the water inspector who takes bribes to be brought to justice. Due to the injustice the people suffer, they are somehow rewarded when the Fat Princes and soldiers plan a coup d tat. The grand Duke and hid governors are overthrown. Although the legal system use to punish people like the Governor and the Fat prince is crude, the people engage in administering justice are convicted that they are justified to put the criminals to the gallows for their heinous crimes. The singer voices the importance of acceptable and appropriate handling of fellow human beings. Although Azdak is a criminal, he argues that he should not be arrested for stealing only a rabbit. He expresses the opinion that Shauwa is a worse criminal for catching people and will be judged by God. Later Azdak denounced himself for committing an unpardonable crime of ignorantly letting the Grand Duke escape. He persuades Shauwa to chain him and take him to be judged in Nuka. He begs to be shred to pieces because he is conscience-stricken. This way justice will prevail. Azdak dispenses justice although not in a fastidious or meticulous manner. It is justice in his own fashion. He harbours a soft heart for the vulnerable and down trodden. He encounters no restrictions of the statute book which he seats on instead of making reference to it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406292.975528}
{"text": "It is justice in his own fashion. He harbours a soft heart for the vulnerable and down trodden. He encounters no restrictions of the statute book which he seats on instead of making reference to it. The period of his judging is described as a brief golden age, almost an age of justice. Pg 99 . However, he does not acquaint himself with the legal system of the statute book. He carries not, the professional demeanour of a judge. He presides over a number of cases some are handled simultaneously; Most of the accused are acquitted though proved guilty. The plaintiffs are condemned and fined. Azdak rules in favour of the doctor who is guilty of professional negligence. Azdak turns justice upside down to the relief of the vulnerable. His ruling is controversial. He declares to the Doctor; you have perpetrated an unpardonable error in the practice of your profession; you are acquitted. Pg 77 Ludovica is accused of committing an intentional assault yet she is the victim of rape by the stable man who is not sentenced. He acquits the old woman guilty of theft and drinks with the thief, bandit Irakli whom he addresses as pious man. He offers to sit on the floor and offers the judge s chair to the old woman. Shauwa s official designation is prosecutor, however he doubles up as a sweeper. This displays lack of seriousness in court. Sometimes the judge s chair is carried to the tavern where Azdak carries judgement while drinking wine. The singer comments Azdak broke rules to save them pg 82 . He renders verdict to save the poor The poor and the lowly. He dispenses justice in his fashion. When the landowners take law into their hands to get revenge for not getting justice from Azdak, it is his previous human treatment of the Duke that saves him from the gallows. Justices prevails to favour Azdak who is reappointed judge by the order and authority of the Grand Duke who has returned. This dramatic turn of events offers more room for Azdak to preside over other cases such as the famous Chalk Circle. The writer uses Grusha as a vehicle of justice. She fearlessly condemns Azdak for being corrupt. Azdak asks her, You want justice, but do not want to pay for it. Pg 94 .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.0576487}
{"text": "The writer uses Grusha as a vehicle of justice. She fearlessly condemns Azdak for being corrupt. Azdak asks her, You want justice, but do not want to pay for it. Pg 94 . Grusha comments sarcastically, A fine kind of justice pg 94 I d tell you what I think of your justice, you drunken onion! Pg 95 . Grusha is rewarded for her human nature. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATIONA character is a person who takes part in the actions of a work of art. GRUSHA VASHNADZEShe is a kitchen maid in the governor s palace. She is a fianc to Simon Shashava and a sister to Lavrenti Vashnadze. She is the heroine in the play. She rescues Michael who is abandoned by her fleeing mother, Natella after the coup. To survive she makes several sacrifices and choices she stays with him for two years. She is described as;Loving Caring ConcernedShe is concerned about Simon s fate when he is delegated to be Natella s Abashwili s guard after the coup. She says, Isn t it dangerous to go with her. You are a man Simon Shashava what has that woman got to do with you pg 22 She is concerned about the plight of the Governor she asks What have they done with the governor pg 26 When Michael is left behind by his mother Natella. She picks him up to spare him from being killed by the soldiers who are looking for him. She does this despite the fact that other servants at the palace dissuade her to do so pg 27 . She has lain down all her life for the welfare of Michael. Courageous Bold Daring BraveHer courage has been motivated by her will to defend Michael. She is not afraid even at the law courts. When told by judge Azdak that she would be fined ten piasters for contempt of court she responds, Even if it was thirty, I d tell you what I think of your justice, you drunken onion pg 95 She hits the corporal until he collapses and gets a chance to flee with the child. In a daring move, she crossses the broken bridge despite the impending danger and risks.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.0117896}
{"text": "She is not afraid even at the law courts. When told by judge Azdak that she would be fined ten piasters for contempt of court she responds, Even if it was thirty, I d tell you what I think of your justice, you drunken onion pg 95 She hits the corporal until he collapses and gets a chance to flee with the child. In a daring move, she crossses the broken bridge despite the impending danger and risks. In the court room, she confronts the Governor s wife and says, You want to hand the child over to her, she wouldn t even know how to keep it dry. She is so refined. Pg 94 Grusha knows how to fight for her rights. MotherlyShe is more motherly to Michael than his biological mother. When people run to save their lives and forget the baby she sits with the child all through the night until dawn. Then she takes him away. She suckled Michael just like a mother, and realizing that he is not suckling anymore, she goes to the peasant and tells him, The baby must be fed pg 32 At the trial scene, Grusha cannot bring herself to pull Michael from the chalk circle. When asked why she is not participating she says, I brought him up! Shall I also tear him up to bits? I can t pg 98 This test makes judge Azdak choose the mother who is motherly. Grusha adopts Michael bringing out her deeper feelings as a mother would do. She says Since no one else will take you son....we ll see it through together. Pg 39 She does several selfless actions for the sake of Michael. First, she gives up her money for the child, paying two piasters for milk then goes back to save Michael after leaving him with the peasant woman. She even gets married breaking her promise to Simon.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.0709474}
{"text": "She says Since no one else will take you son....we ll see it through together. Pg 39 She does several selfless actions for the sake of Michael. First, she gives up her money for the child, paying two piasters for milk then goes back to save Michael after leaving him with the peasant woman. She even gets married breaking her promise to Simon. D Defensive AbusiveWhen the governor s wife remarks that Michael is in rags and He must have been in a pigsty pg 97 Grusha retorts, I m not a pig but there are some who are! In the court room when Azdak initially fines her ten piasters for contempt of court, she refers to him as a drunken onion pg 55 E Determined ResoluteShe is determined to keep Michael that when the corporal goes to take a look at Michael, she seizes a log and hits him in the head with it, knocking him down. Her determination is also exemplified when she succeeds in getting across the broken bridge thus risking her life and Michaels. At the court when she is asked by judge Azdak if she would want Michael to go back to her mother so that he can be rich and powerful she says, I won t give him up. I have raised him and he knows me. Pg 17 F PossessiveWhen asked by a cook why she must hold on to the baby at any price when the baby isn t hers she says, He s mine. I brought him up pg 87 G AppreciativeWhen Simon offers to help her by swearing that the child is his, she says to Simon, Thank You pg 87 H ObedientShe has to miss the Easter Sunday Service to attend to the master. I was dressed to go but they needed another gooses for the banquet. AZDAKInitially he is a village recorder clerk but after he is accidentally chosen to be the judge by the iron shirts. He represents the voice of reason and social justice as he takes from the rich and gives to the poor. He is in charge of determining who the mother will be in the chalk circle. During his initial appearance in stage he is in rags an indication that, he lives in abject poverty.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.0848346}
{"text": "He represents the voice of reason and social justice as he takes from the rich and gives to the poor. He is in charge of determining who the mother will be in the chalk circle. During his initial appearance in stage he is in rags an indication that, he lives in abject poverty. Since he is the village recorder economic hardships triggered by an oppressive and unstable government must have contributed to his degradation. He is a dynamic character who despite his many faults one cannot fail to admire him. Azdak can be described as:-Intelligent wise skilful knowledgeableHe has firsthand knowledge about political affairs in Persia. He narrates to the iron shirts about the political turbulence in the country, when consulted by the iron shirts about installation of a new judge; he portrays himself as intelligently reasonable and sensible. He proposes that the judge to be appointed should be vetted. Tested to the marrow pg 71 He skilfully sings the song of injustice in Persia in which he is used as a vehicle to highlight evils such as inhumanity, injustice, corruption, economic devastation and poverty. In the play within a play, he intelligently imitates the Grand Duke s accent. His defence is quite impressive. He displays knowledge about how the princes were corrupt and did not lose war because that corruptly made money out of it. War lost but not for the princes. Princes won their war. Got 3,863,000 piasters for horses not delivered, 8,240, 000 piasters for food supplies not produced pg 74 The skilful and intelligent way in which he puts up his defence makes him he installed as the judge. As a judge he disguises his intentions well. He asks for payment from the prosecutors and Grusha. As the prosecutors are able to pay him well, they smile with relief thinking that he would be on their side, He seems to be hard on Grusha especially when he says he wants to be told the truth and especially when he tells her, we ll make it short and not listen to any more lies to Grusha especially not yours pg 93 We are surprised when he later rules the case in her favour. He is able to exchange a dialogue using proverbs with Simon to further his argument.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.1086154}
{"text": "He asks for payment from the prosecutors and Grusha. As the prosecutors are able to pay him well, they smile with relief thinking that he would be on their side, He seems to be hard on Grusha especially when he says he wants to be told the truth and especially when he tells her, we ll make it short and not listen to any more lies to Grusha especially not yours pg 93 We are surprised when he later rules the case in her favour. He is able to exchange a dialogue using proverbs with Simon to further his argument. When Simon implies that, since he has been given work by the ruling class he thinks he is of the same class, he answers Better a treasure in manure than a stone in a mountain stream pg 94 . He means although the nobility are corrupt, they are providing him with a means of livelihood, rather than when he would be starving with the morally upright people. The idea of the chalk circle is a sign of intelligence on Azdak part as it finally proves that motherhood is not just the biological process but also the emotional attachment one has towards the child. Hospitable Accommodative welcomingHe accommodates an old man in his hut, who turns out to be the Grand Duke. Although he is in rags his generosity is seen when he offers a stranger cheese and a place to sleep. Considerate Judicious SensibleHe listens to both sides giving them chances to explain their side of the story. After the first lawyer has presented his case, Azdak asks Grusha: What is your answer to all this and anything else the lawyer might have to say pg 91 When she just answers that the child is hers, he asks, Is that all? I hope you can prove it. Why should I assign the child to you in any case. Pg 91 He is sensible when he refuses to divorce a couple who have been married for the last forty years but wants to get divorce simply because they don t like each other. Justice is done when the circle is drawn and the mothers are asked to pull the child out of it.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.1435924}
{"text": "I hope you can prove it. Why should I assign the child to you in any case. Pg 91 He is sensible when he refuses to divorce a couple who have been married for the last forty years but wants to get divorce simply because they don t like each other. Justice is done when the circle is drawn and the mothers are asked to pull the child out of it. Cautious suspicious discerningHe is wary of the way the old beggar behaves and he discerns that the beggar may actually be disguised do not lick your chops like a Grand Duke.......watching you gives me the most awful ideas.....flogger. Pg 64 When the old man offers to give some hundred thousand piasters, he cannot trust him when he says he does not have the money with him. He handles his guest and the people he interacts with a lot of caution. He does trust the old man, ....In short I don t trust you. Pg 66 Remorseful contriteHe suffers from guilt conscience and reproachfully denounces himself when he realizes that he had harboured and let the Grand Duke escape. In the name of justice, I ask to be severely judged in public trial. I m contemptible, I am a traitor! A branded criminal. Pg 66 His conscience also pricks him for having treated people injudiciously. I ll have to pay for it. I let the.....and ....outs get away with murder. I ll have to pay for it.... pg 84 HumorousHe makes a joke in court when it is explained that Grusha is engaged to Simon yet is married to a peasant in the mountain village. He asks whether she did so because Simon was not good in bed. Abusive disrespectful insolentHe insults the old beggar when he discovers that he is not a beggar ......walking swindler! Peasant flogger and a leech. He tells the old beggar I couldn t hand over a bedbug to that animal pg 65 referring to Shauwa. He insults the iron shirts who have been beating him. He addresses then as dogs living in the dog world. Pg 89 Viii Corrupt unscrupulous undisciplinedHe is overly corrupt.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.1572006}
{"text": "He insults the iron shirts who have been beating him. He addresses then as dogs living in the dog world. Pg 89 Viii Corrupt unscrupulous undisciplinedHe is overly corrupt. Before he presides over any case he solicits for a bribe when he says, I accept on pg 77 the singer tells us that he is crooked. The way he handles the court cases leaves a lot to be desired. He sits in the judge s chair peeling an apple. He seems overwhelmed by the number of cases he has to handle and so he decides to handle two cases simultaneously. He sometimes presides over serious cases out of the court where the judge s chair has to be carried. He enters from the caravansary.......carried pg 77 He presides over another case in the tavern while drinking wine. Instead of referring to the statute book, he sits on itHe sits on the floor and does some personal grooming in the courtroom. Azdak sits on the floor shaving...... pg 83 There isn t a standard way of charging clients and it seems all are charged differently. Grusha is first fined ten, then twenty, then thirty and finally forty. ImmoralOn page 93 while addressing Grusha he says, Is he no good in bed? Tell the truth this is in reference to Simon. In the court, he admonishes Grusha for not, making eye.....and wiggling her backside a little to keep him.....in good temper. Pg 95 GEORGI ABASHWILIHe is the governor of the Grusinian people, Natella s husband and Michael s father. He is beheaded on Easter Sunday after his brother the Fat Prince successfully stages a coup. He is described as;Irresponsible inhuman insensitiveHe lacks commitment to the people he is serving. He uses his position to mistreat the poor and the less fortunate in the city of Nuka. The deplorable nature of the beggars and petitioners shows that they have been neglected and are living in abject poverty. He is not interested in the state of war. He ignores a messenger rider from the capital who comes with confidential papers. He will not attend to this matter until after the service.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.174951}
{"text": "He is not interested in the state of war. He ignores a messenger rider from the capital who comes with confidential papers. He will not attend to this matter until after the service. This annoys the rider who, .....turns sharply round and, muttering a curse goes off pg 66 Hypocritical selfish self-centredHe appears to be more interested in the Easter Sunday service than the people he serves. Christian values dictates that the weak and poor should be considered yet he ignores the many beggars and petitioners who flock the gateway. He is more concerned about his personal interests. He intends to bring down the slums to pave way for his garden. He engages two doctors to take care of his son yet the beggar s children are thin, with scarcely anything to eat. He has accumulated so much wealth around him that the singer compares his richness to Croesus a king of Lydia who was known for his riches His contempt for the poor masses is telling, when he ignores them as he enters the church. LovingHe refers to his son as the apple of his eye. Two doctors are responsible for him. He is ready to build a whole wing which makes his wife Natella jealous of their son. NATELLA ABASHWILIShe is the wife to Governor Abashwili and biological mother to Michael. When the coup takes place, she leaves behind her child and later, she tries to reclaim him back from Grusha, the lady who salvaged him. She is portrayed as;Materialistic greedyShe is so much concerned with earthly things and wealth that she even forgets her child when she is fleeing. She cannot imagine leaving behind her personal possessions such as dresses. This is done oblivious of the danger she is exposing herself and the servants to. I ve got to take this silver dress-it cost a thousand piasters...the wine coloured one? Pg 25 She desperately rummages into the trunks looking for her most valuable essentials. She cannot even dream of escaping on a horse back despite prevailing danger. Such nonsense! I wouldn t dream of going on horseback! Pg 25 Contemptuous Vain proud self-centredHer behaviour is characterised by false pride and an exaggerated sense of self-importance. She does not have time for beggars and her servants. She only identifies herself with people of class.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.1882792}
{"text": "I wouldn t dream of going on horseback! Pg 25 Contemptuous Vain proud self-centredHer behaviour is characterised by false pride and an exaggerated sense of self-importance. She does not have time for beggars and her servants. She only identifies herself with people of class. She insults a young woman who already assured her that no harm has come to her dress. Nothing in your head, but making eyes at Shalva....I ll kill you, you bitch. She beats up the young woman. Pg 24 She is offensive by nature. She lacks respect for human beings. She refers to Azdak as a creature. What sort of a creature is that Shalva pg 85 she comments that Michael must have been in pigsty because he is dressed in rags. When she enters the courtroom, she sighs with relief that there is no common man around. She says she cannot stand their smell as it always gives her migraine. She looks at Grusha and asks contemptuously, Is that the creature pg 88 Careless irresponsibleShe orders the woman holding Michael, Natella s own son to put him down so that she can get her little saffron coloured boots from the bedroom. She is not interested in the child. No wonder the child is left behind as she flees. Pretentious HypocriticalThe first lawyer cautions her against speaking disrespectfully about people until they have another judge, she retorts, But I didn t say anything.....I love the people with their simple straight forward minds. It s only that their smell brings on my migraine pg 92 At the courtroom, she pretends that she is very affected by the loss of her child. She describes her loss as, A most cruel fate, sir, forces me to describe to you the fortunes of a bereaved mother s soul, the anxiety, the sleepless nights the....... pg 92 WickedWhen Azdak is lifted up and dragged under the noose. The governor s wife claps her hands hysterically and comments, I disliked that man from the moment I first saw him. Pg 89 SHAUWAHe is a policeman and a guard that accompanies Azdak to Nuka on request to a court trial. He doubles up as a prosecutor and a sweeper in court during Azdak s term as judge.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.2253754}
{"text": "She describes her loss as, A most cruel fate, sir, forces me to describe to you the fortunes of a bereaved mother s soul, the anxiety, the sleepless nights the....... pg 92 WickedWhen Azdak is lifted up and dragged under the noose. The governor s wife claps her hands hysterically and comments, I disliked that man from the moment I first saw him. Pg 89 SHAUWAHe is a policeman and a guard that accompanies Azdak to Nuka on request to a court trial. He doubles up as a prosecutor and a sweeper in court during Azdak s term as judge. He can be described as;Compromising tolerant patientHe does not arrest Azdak for his criminal activity of stealing rabbits. Instead he tries to reason with him, ....When prince s rabbits are stolen......I m a policeman ....should I do with the offending party pg 65 . Although Azdak remains stubborn and unwilling to change his behaviour Shauwa is tolerant and patient with this. He tells him, You caught another rabbit....you d promised me it wouldn t happen again. Azdak claims the rabbit should be exterminated. He is oblivious of the tricky circumstance he places Shauwa in. The latter is tolerant and persuasive instead, Azdak don t be hard on me. I ll lose my job if I don t arrest you. I know you re a good heart pg 65 . Shauwa is a policeman with power to arrest Azdak but instead Azdak incriminates him and orders him to go home and repent which Shauwa does. Obedient Submissive AccommodatingHe cooperates with Azdak who request him to take him to Nuka. He is forced to walk half the night with Azdak to clear the whole thing all by threat. All Shauwa says is, That wasn t nice of you Azdak pg 66 He takes orders from Azdak even in the circumstances when he has the right to rebel. Azdak shouts at him, shut your mouth Shauwa, shauwa does not respond to this angry outburst. Pg 67 He obediently agrees to tell the iron shirts how Azdak had shouted at shoemaker street when ordered to by Azdak.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.2426531}
{"text": "All Shauwa says is, That wasn t nice of you Azdak pg 66 He takes orders from Azdak even in the circumstances when he has the right to rebel. Azdak shouts at him, shut your mouth Shauwa, shauwa does not respond to this angry outburst. Pg 67 He obediently agrees to tell the iron shirts how Azdak had shouted at shoemaker street when ordered to by Azdak. They confronted him in butcher street...Shoemaker Street. That s all pg 67 He is ordered by Azdak to sing with him as he holds the rope around Azdak. He sings. Agreeable ResponsibleHe appears to be a pleasant person, quite easy to get along with. During the reign of Azdak as judge, he takes responsibility of the difficult duties as being prosecutor and at the same time sweeping and serving Azdak like a servant. He reports to Azdak and does what he is ordered to do. Public prosecutor drop your knife pg 78 Shauwa obeys. Shauwa reports all the cases to Azdak without influencing him and showing any bias. He serves Azdak wine in the tavern. Shauwa brings him wine pg 79 sometimes he reports the cases while sweeping busy sweeping Blackmail pg 76 Caring ConcernedWhen the Grand Duke returns and Azdak is scared that he will face the consequences of his actions, Shauwa warns him when he presumes there is danger someone s coming pg 84 SIMON SHASHAVAHe is a soldier of the palace guard who remains at the door when the Governor and his family enter the Church. He is ordered to accompany the governor s wife, Natella Abashwili as her guard. He is Grusha s betrothedHe is portrayed as:Loyal obedientHe accepts to accompany the Governor s wife as her guard to Tiflis. He takes up the responsibility despite the risks involved in being identified with the Governor s family. Grusha warns him, isn t it dangerous to go with her pg 21 When ordered by the Adjutant to move, he stands attention and goes off. Inquisitive CuriousIn his encounter with Grusha, he asks ceaseless questions.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.2584722}
{"text": "He takes up the responsibility despite the risks involved in being identified with the Governor s family. Grusha warns him, isn t it dangerous to go with her pg 21 When ordered by the Adjutant to move, he stands attention and goes off. Inquisitive CuriousIn his encounter with Grusha, he asks ceaseless questions. May I ask if the young lady still has parents -My second question is this, - is the young lady as healthy as a fish in water. When he comes back from the war and finds Grusha by the river, he wants to know whether she is sill faithful to him and whether the child is hers. FaithfulFor the two years he is away for war, he remains faithful to Grusha. This explains why he is eager to know the relationship between Michael and Grusha. To show his commitment to Grusha he offers to assist her in the case and even says that Michael is his. HumorousHis conversation with Grusha on Pg 17-18 is full of humour. A goose He feigns suspicion I d like to see that goose. I only went for a fish. Loving concerned responsibleWhen he returns from war, he goes to look for Grusha at the Northern Mountains. He asks her How are things here? Was the winter bearable? When the Governor is toppled and killed he comes to look for Grusha: Grusha! There you are at last! What are you going to do? Pg 21 When he is delegated to accompany Natella by the Adjutant and Grusha complains. He answers That woman has nothing to do with me. I have my orders and I go pg 22 He cares about the welfare of Grusha when he acquires about the parents, whether she is healthy and if she is impatient. He gives Grusha a silver chain to cement their relationship. He is always there for her. Impatient Hot temperedHe does not take time to listen to Grusha s explanation that she has been faithful to him. To him she is married and has a son. He tells her, Give me back the cross I gave you.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.273119}
{"text": "Impatient Hot temperedHe does not take time to listen to Grusha s explanation that she has been faithful to him. To him she is married and has a son. He tells her, Give me back the cross I gave you. Better still throw it in the stream. Pg 61 Wise PrudentHe makes use of several proverbs in answer to Azdak A fine day, lets go fishing said the angler to the warm pg 94 A well can t be filled with dew, they say pg 90 AppreciativeWhen he realizes that Azdak has granted Grusha divorce, he is so grateful that he tells the judge that forty piasters are cheap when one considers what he has gained. Cheap at your price, your honour. And many thanks. LAVRENTI VASHNADZEHe is Grusha s brother and husband to Aniko. When Grusha flees to the mountains, he accommodates her and makes arrangement for her to get married to the dying man -Jussup. He is potrayed as;Fearful cowardly timidThe manner in which he quietly and quickly inquires from Grusha whether there is a father to the child indicates that he is fearful. He is intimidated by his wife. Due to this Lavrenti anxiously says that they must think something up. He fears that the priest had questioned Grusha about the child and only gets relieved to hear that Grusha did not tell him anything. He is fearful of the people who are already gossiping about the illegitimate child. Due to the fear of his wife and people he organizes for a fake marriage for Grusha so that people won t talk. So people won t talk pg 49 The singer comments, The cowardly brother.......giver of shelter pg 47 Hospital welcomingWhen Grusha flees to the mountains and finally lands at his home, he welcomes her cordially despite the initial fears he has on how his wife will react. Deceitful dishonest untrustworthy untruthfulHe lies to Aniko that Grusha is on her way to her husband and Grusha says she got married to a man on the other side of the mountain. He plans to steal Aniko s milk money to use it for Grusha s wedding.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.2875488}
{"text": "So people won t talk pg 49 The singer comments, The cowardly brother.......giver of shelter pg 47 Hospital welcomingWhen Grusha flees to the mountains and finally lands at his home, he welcomes her cordially despite the initial fears he has on how his wife will react. Deceitful dishonest untrustworthy untruthfulHe lies to Aniko that Grusha is on her way to her husband and Grusha says she got married to a man on the other side of the mountain. He plans to steal Aniko s milk money to use it for Grusha s wedding. To cover up his wife s weaknesses, he purports she is sensitive and religious. Crafty cunning schemingIn order to get rid of Grusha, he plans for her marriage with a dying man. He does this secretly without informing his wife. He wants to ensure that they do not suffer shame so he makes people believe that Grusha actually had a husband on the other side of the mountain. People mustn t know anything pg 47 . He organizes the marriage without consulting Grusha initially, only to inform her later about the arrangement. He hides the baby from the monk and only brings out the baby when the ceremony is over for he knows very well that the vows cannot be reversed. ANIKOShe is Lavrenti s wife and a sister-in-law to Grusha. She is portrayed as;Hypocritical pretentiousShe is portrayed as being religious but lacks religious qualities. Grusha arrives at their home worn out and tires, all she is concerned is about Grusha s single status. If your husband s not in the city, where is he....has your husband got a farm...but when will he come back if the war s broken out again as people say? Pg 46 Lavrenti explains to Grusha that she cannot stay for long with them because Aniko is religious. ..... But you can t stay here long with child. She s religious; you see pg 46 Arrogant proudWhen Grusha faints she says, Heavens she s ill what are we going to do....as long....as its not scarlet fever.......if it s consumption we ll get it pg 45-46 She keeps on shouting to the servants Sosso!", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.3172188}
{"text": "If your husband s not in the city, where is he....has your husband got a farm...but when will he come back if the war s broken out again as people say? Pg 46 Lavrenti explains to Grusha that she cannot stay for long with them because Aniko is religious. ..... But you can t stay here long with child. She s religious; you see pg 46 Arrogant proudWhen Grusha faints she says, Heavens she s ill what are we going to do....as long....as its not scarlet fever.......if it s consumption we ll get it pg 45-46 She keeps on shouting to the servants Sosso! Where on earth are you? Sosso! Pg 46 Cold UnwelcomingWhen she is introduced to Grusha instead of welcoming her, she asks I thought you were in service in Nuka....wasn t it a good job? We are told it was. Lavrenti has to defend her to Grusha She has a good heart. But wait till after supper pg 46 Grusha even has to tell Michael, Michael we must be clever, if we make ourselves as small as cockroaches. The sister-in-law will forget we re in the house and then we can stay till the snow melts pg 47 MOTHER-IN-LAWShe is the mother to Jussup. She makes arrangement with Lavrenti to have his sister married to her son Jussup on his deathbed She is portrayed as;Materialistic greedyShe is to be paid by Lavrenti 400 piasters for having Grusha marry Jussup. When she discovers that there is a child, Lavrenti has to offer 200 piasters more and she readily agrees to have the marriage take place My Jussup doesn t have to marry a girl with a child...all right make it another 200 piasters. Pg 50 . She hires a cheap monk to perform the wedding in order to save. She saved on the priest the wretch. Hired a cheap monk pg 50 OpportunisticTakes advantage of her son s illness to make money by marrying him off on his deathbed. The son of this peasant woman is going to die.... How much does the peasant want?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.3267002}
{"text": "Hired a cheap monk pg 50 OpportunisticTakes advantage of her son s illness to make money by marrying him off on his deathbed. The son of this peasant woman is going to die.... How much does the peasant want? Four hundred piasters pg 49 she also gets a chance to add more money when she discovers that the bride has a child-Lavrenti has to add two hundred piasters more. Hypocritical dishonestWhen she sees Grusha with the child, she weeps, saying that her people are honest and she does not want to live with the shame. She makes the monk accept that Jussup has accepted the marriage: Of course he is! Didn t you hear him say yes? Pg 51 PretentiousWhen she arrives with the monk, she tells the guests I hope you won t mind waiting a few moments? My son s bride has just arrived from the city. An emergency wedding is about to be celebrated pg 51 . Grusha has not arrived from the city nor is she her sons beloved. When the monk and she enter the bedroom, she tells him, I might have known you couldn t keep your trap shut pg 51 . This means she is not amused by the arrival of the guests. When the monk inquires about the child, she tells him, Is there a child? I don t see a child...you understand? Pg 52 ARSEN KAZBEKIHe is referred to as the Fat Prince. He is a brother to the Governor. He plots and stages a coup, with the help of ironshirts that leads to the killing of his brother-The Governor. When the Grand Duke returns after two years he is deposed and beheaded. He is portrayed as;Hypocritical insincereHe pretends to be so much pleased with the governor s family that he bows and remarks sarcastically that Michael is a governor from head to foot. He hypocritically terms George s intention of bringing down slums to pave room for the garden, good news. Good news after so much bad pg 5 He has instigated war against the Grand Duke and the Governor; He intends to overthrow the government. He then claims that the universally loved judge has been hanged. My friends, we need peace, peace in Grusinia! And justice!", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.378215}
{"text": "He then claims that the universally loved judge has been hanged. My friends, we need peace, peace in Grusinia! And justice! So I ve brought along my dear nephew Bizergan Kazbeki pg 71 He pretends that he wants the ironshirts to confer and democratically decide who should be judge yet at the same time informs his nephew, Don t worry my little fox. The job s yours pg 71 . More so he intends to ignore the Ironshirts once the Grand Duke is arrested. He tells his nephew and when we catch the Grand Duke, we won t have to please this rabble any longer. Pg 71 Sadistic callous inhumanHe schemes for the murder of the Governor and once he is executed, he orders the drunken soldiers to fasten his head on the wall using nails. He desperately looks for Michael so that he can kill him. He comments, It s a pity they took the brat along though, I need him, urgently pg 28 Crafty scheming cunningHe schemes to install his nephew as judge by influencing the Iron shirts but they stage a rehearsal with the nephew acting as judge. He tells the nephew. It isn t customary....who got there first. Pg 72 CorruptHe fights for his nephew to be installed as judge. The iron shirts outwit him in his own game and the position goes to Azdak. GreedyHis plan to overthrow the system run by the Grand Duke is motivated by greed for power. He even kills the Governor, his brother, and act that shows the extent hunger for control and power can push one to. Since evil begets evil, he is executed the same way he killed his brother. LANGUAGE AND STYLEStyle in literature can be described as how the author uses literary elements such as words, sentence structure and figurative language to describe events, ideas and objects in their work. Stylistic devices refer to a variety of techniques used by writers. PLAY WITHIN A PLAYPlay within a play involves having another play within the main play. It is important as it helps in plot development, bringing out various themes and character traits.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.348365}
{"text": "Stylistic devices refer to a variety of techniques used by writers. PLAY WITHIN A PLAYPlay within a play involves having another play within the main play. It is important as it helps in plot development, bringing out various themes and character traits. The play The Caucasian Chalk Circle is three stories presented in one; The story of the Goat Herders and Fruit farmers,The story of Grusha and Michael and The story of Azdak as the judge.these are thus presented as plays within the main play. The story of The Caucasian Chalk Circle , borrowed from a Chinese tale is presented as a play within a play. There is a meeting of the delegates who are trying to resolve the puzzle of who owns the piece of land between the fruit farmers and the goat keepers. When an agreement is reached, the peasant woman on the left invites Arkadi Tscheidse, the singer, to entertain them. There is also a play within a play when Michael and other children enact the beheading of the Governor. It is used to show the extent of evil in society as the children who are so innocent clearly portray it. Michael refusing to be the one to be beheaded shows he is the chip off the old block-the Governor s son. It is also a satire of criticism of the senseless and cruel behaviour in the society. The play within a play is used to bring out the self sacrificing nature of Grusha. As seen when she takes care of Michael as he own son, through it various stylistic techniques such as use of song, Irony and flash back are evident. Various themes such as hypocrisy, negligence of duty among others are also brought out. The story of Azdak the judge is also a play within a play. It begins when Azdak helps the old beggar who late turns out to be the Grand Duke. It ends with Azdak judging Grusha s and Natella s case using The Caucassian Chalk Circle. This play within a play exemplifies the themes of justice, abuse of power and greed. Another play within a play is when the Fat Prince wishes to appoint his nephew Bizergan Kazbeki, as the judge. He requests the drunken Iron shirts to vet him. They perform a mock trial which involves Azdak who poses as the Grand Duke and the nephew poses as the judge. The Iron shirts takes up the roles of the people who have come to listen to the proceedings of the case.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.4294503}
{"text": "He requests the drunken Iron shirts to vet him. They perform a mock trial which involves Azdak who poses as the Grand Duke and the nephew poses as the judge. The Iron shirts takes up the roles of the people who have come to listen to the proceedings of the case. Azdak is blames of running the war badly but he instead blames the princes rather than himself. He is able to make several successful attacks on the prince s corruption. Here, we learn how the princes mismanaged the war and blamed it on the Grand Duke. The nephew fails to make a judgement since he is out-witted by Azdak and the ironshirts unanimously settle on Azdak as the judge. The first ironshirt tells him, Go to the judge s seat! Now sit in It! Pg 74 JUXTAPOSITION CONTRASTThis is a stylistic feature used by writers to put people or things side by side in order to show the contrast or their differences. This style has been used to enhance dramatic effect. The act of Governor George Abashwili entering the church is juxtaposed with the image of the soldiers pushing the common people out of the way. This contrast undermines the religious significance of going to church. This is exemplified when the soldier says, Get back! Clear the church door. Pg 14 Grusha buys milk for Michael and pays two piasters. This is her week s salary. This amount of money used is a sacrifice for Michael. This contrasts the 100,000 piasters offered to Azdak by the Duke for one night lodging ....persuasion! Pay hundred thousand piasters one night, I tell you...where are they? Pg 64 . This contrast is meant to bring to fore the glaring gap between the rich and the poor. This satirises the society that puts more value on money to show the difference in the levels of wealth in social classes. Consequently, Azdak uses his position to take from the rich and give the poor. Thus, he fines the rich invalid, The Blackmailer, the innkeeper, and the farmers all of whom are wealthy. During the wedding of Jussup and Grusha, the monk says, Dear wedding and funeral guests! Pg 53 . This depicts two contrasting life eventualities, one representing continuity and the other- end.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.4150271}
{"text": "Thus, he fines the rich invalid, The Blackmailer, the innkeeper, and the farmers all of whom are wealthy. During the wedding of Jussup and Grusha, the monk says, Dear wedding and funeral guests! Pg 53 . This depicts two contrasting life eventualities, one representing continuity and the other- end. There is also an instance of juxtaposition where the goat and fruit farmers are placed side by side to establish the deserving owners of the valley. Natella and Grusha are juxtaposed to establish the difference in level of love: true motherly love for a child and love for material wealth out of the peril of the child. Other characters that have been contrasted are Lavrenti with his wife Aniko, Simon and Grusha, Grusha and other peasants working for the Governor, among others. HUMOURDespite the occurrence of serious issues explored within the play, there are humorous incidents. We are presented with doctors; Mika Loladze and Mishiko Oboladze. They are in charge of Michael and quarrel over trivial issues. May I remind you.....that I was against the lukewarm bath ....more likely a sight draft during the night. Your Grace....no cause for concern, your Grace. Pg 15-16 It is humorous that these two doctors described as dignified would quarrel over Michael s coughing. In another comic episode, the two argue over whom will take charge of Natellla now that she has fainted after chaos and death erupt in the palace. Niko Mikadze, it is your duty as a doctor to attend Natella Abashwili....you neglect your duty........ pg 21 It is humorous to find the two going to an extent of fighting in the middle of a catastrophe. This humour serves to lessen the tension that is created when George is assassinated. It also brings out the character of the two doctors as incompetent and irresponsible characters. When Simon encounters Grusha, there is humour when he says he watches over her as she washes linen by the willows, There s more.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.418287}
{"text": "This humour serves to lessen the tension that is created when George is assassinated. It also brings out the character of the two doctors as incompetent and irresponsible characters. When Simon encounters Grusha, there is humour when he says he watches over her as she washes linen by the willows, There s more. Your toes and more....your foot and a little more.... pg 18 There is humour when a drunken peasant sings, There was a young woman who said: I thought I d be happier, wed but my husband is old and remarkably cold so I sleep with a candle instead pg 54 When Shauwa knocks at the door, Azdak says that he is not in. Azdak explains himself to Shauwa possibly to escape the arrest. .... Shauwa don t talk about things you don t understand. The rabbit is dangerous and destructive beast. It feeds on plants especially on the species of plants known as weeds. It must therefore be exterminated, he adds, I........man is made in God s image. Not So a rabbit....I m a rabbit-eater, but you re a man eater...go home and repent. Pg 65 SATIRESatire refers to the way a writer ridicules an individual or the society in a humorous way, with an aim of bringing desirable change. The playwright exposes weakness of leaders who have been entrusted with power and fail to do what is expected of them. People are oppressed and live in misery. The beggars and petitioners are crying that they do not have enough to eat and they feel neglected. The policing administration is criticized for the inhuman treatment of the suffering lot. They lash them with whips to keep them away from the Governor and his family instead of sympathizing with their plight. The governor and his wife pretend to be religious yet they display their contempt for the lowly class. The governor is a political leader but surprisingly, lacks interest in political matters. He ignores the rider who has confidential papers from the capital in preference to personal matters. Instead, he meets the architects to discuss building plans. The governor is ignorant of serious issues such as a meeting held by princes in the capital in which a coup was planned, ironically, one of the architects is fully aware of the plan to overthrow the Grand Duke and his Governors. Pg 15 . His political nature is being ridiculed because being in political position means he ought to accord political matters serious consideration.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.461798}
{"text": "The governor is ignorant of serious issues such as a meeting held by princes in the capital in which a coup was planned, ironically, one of the architects is fully aware of the plan to overthrow the Grand Duke and his Governors. Pg 15 . His political nature is being ridiculed because being in political position means he ought to accord political matters serious consideration. The police administration s brutality is criticized for the inhuman treatment of the suffering lot. They lash them with whips to keep them away from the Governor and his family instead of sympathizing with their plight. The Fat prince pretends to be so much pleased with the governor s family that he even bows and remarks sarcastically that Michael is a governor from head to foot and yet he had planned to kill the Governor that very day. When he tells the Governor he loves a gay sky, he is not sincere. Aniko, wife to Lavrenti and sister-in-law to Grusha claims to be religious, However, she is presented as mean, egocentric, selfish and inhospitable. She bullies around her husband and tries to throw Grusha out of the house as she fears what the neighbours will say for hosting an unmarried woman with a child. The monk s religious hypocrisy is also satirized. He is expected to be religiously inclined but he has many weaknesses. He oversees Grusha s marriage to Jussup while drank. He is actually paid to perform the ceremony but as a monk, he is expected to devote his life and time to religious matters, which he does not. The Governor s wife is satirized through her vain behaviour. She does not have time for the poor beggars and her servants and only identifies herself with people of class. After the coup her main concern is the clothes she is going to carry, only essential!.......the green one! And of course, the one with far trimming..... pg 24 On the same page she adds, ........get my little saffron-coloured boots..... I need them for green dress. In haste to save her dresses, she leaves her son Michael as she flees. When Michael coughs Natella s attention is drawn to him and she wants to know what is up. She even asks her husband whether he had heard the baby cough. She then givens a stern warning and advises the two doctors in charge of the child to be more careful.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.4920511}
{"text": "I need them for green dress. In haste to save her dresses, she leaves her son Michael as she flees. When Michael coughs Natella s attention is drawn to him and she wants to know what is up. She even asks her husband whether he had heard the baby cough. She then givens a stern warning and advises the two doctors in charge of the child to be more careful. When he sees Michael after he is brought in by the ironshirts, she remarks that He s in rags pg 97 Natella has very low regard for the underprivileged. Pg 18 , she says, It s impossible to live in such a slum,,,, When she enters the court, she is relieved that there are no common people: I can t stand their smell. It always gives me migraine. Pg 88 From the onset, she dislikes Azdak and pg 89 she says, I disliked that man from the moment I first saw him. This foreshadows the fact that she may not get a fair judgement from him. IRONYIrony refers to an incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs or is. It is also the use of words that convey a meaning that is opposite of its literal meaning. There are different types of irony for example verbal irony where the speaker says direct opposite of what is meant. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows facts in a text which a character in the text is ignorant of. Other types of irony are situational, comic and tragic irony. The playwright has used this style in several areas in The Caucasian Chalk Circle. The irony of situation is that George Abashwili, the Governor plans to remodel and enlarge his palace. ..... In the afternoon his Excellency will confer with prominent architects. Pg 19 He even proposes to pull down the peasant shacks on the estate. Natella says, All those wretched slums are to be torn down to make room for a garden. Pg 15 . This is ironical in that this will be a garden for the privileged at the expense of the poor majority. Irony is further seen when this same estate is confiscated for the state at the court when Azdak declares it would be given to the people and made into a play ground for children.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.530564}
{"text": "Natella says, All those wretched slums are to be torn down to make room for a garden. Pg 15 . This is ironical in that this will be a garden for the privileged at the expense of the poor majority. Irony is further seen when this same estate is confiscated for the state at the court when Azdak declares it would be given to the people and made into a play ground for children. He says, ....your estates fall to the city...Azdak s gardens. Pg 98 Also the Governor s plans do not pull through because he is executed that afternoon. The Play Wright uses the noble child Michael, to bring out irony. Being the only son to the Governor, he has two doctors for his medical care. It is ironical when the coup takes place, the doctors Niko Mikadze and Nika Loladze abandon the child. Mika says, ......Do you really think ......little brat s account? Pg 21 . The situational irony is that the child has two doctors while the common people are suffering. The Governor s wife, who thinks that the Governor pays more attention to Michael than to her, is more concerned with her elegant dresses and forgets her baby. Ironically, Grusha a servant girl saves the child from being killed by the Fat Prince. She is more willing to be a guardian to the infant than her wealthy mistress. The biological mother of the child. The incident when Grusha plans to abandon Michael at the doorstep of a peasant woman s house has been developed through use of irony. Grusha s plans are well intentioned since she thinks the peasant will be kind enough to give Michael milk and she assumes that are far enough from the city. This is exemplified when she says, now you have wet yourself again...you can t ask that can you? Pg 34 . Irony is brought to the fore when her thoughts are displayed in the chorus, because I am single....someone who s newly poor. Pg 35 . When she meets the ironshirts she runs back to save Michael. Ironically, her plan with the peasant woman betrays Grusha, who hits the corporal over the head with a log of wood just to save Michael. When Grusha manages to cross the rotten bridge, she laughs her way to freedom and shows the Ironshirts the child.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.5062184}
{"text": "When she meets the ironshirts she runs back to save Michael. Ironically, her plan with the peasant woman betrays Grusha, who hits the corporal over the head with a log of wood just to save Michael. When Grusha manages to cross the rotten bridge, she laughs her way to freedom and shows the Ironshirts the child. Ironically, this freedom does not last for long as she suffers in her brother s house because of Michael. She is too weak to walk and her sister-in-law who is portrayed to be religious ironically does not apply the religious principles but uses religion as an excuse to kick Grusha out of her home. Lavrenti only allows Grusha to live in his house over winter. Due to the same reasons he has given to his religious wife over Grusha s marital status, Lavrenti forces Grusha to marry a dying man from the other side of the mountains. This is especially because of the presence of the illegitimate child. The irony of the situation is that the brotherly love that Grusha had expected from Lavrenti is not forthcoming; he ends up complicating Grusha s live when he organizes for the fake wedding. Jussup, Grusha s dying husband, illness is developed in an ironic manner. The peasants comment on Jussup s health status. They initially thought Jussup was faking illness in order to avoid being drafted in to war. They regret having felt that way because Jussup really appears about to die. When the guests continue to talk and eat, one of them remarks that the army can no longer draft anyone as the war is over. Jussup suddenly sits up in bed; the most ironic possible scenario of his death is no more. He is alive and kicking. Azdak s judgement at the court is presented in an ironic manner. Brecht has used this style to point out that Azdak is a disappointed man and would not cause disappointment to others. The judgment pronounced on the cases in ironical. The doctor who operates a patient on the wrong leg is acquitted for perpetrating an unpardonable error on his practice.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.540101}
{"text": "Brecht has used this style to point out that Azdak is a disappointed man and would not cause disappointment to others. The judgment pronounced on the cases in ironical. The doctor who operates a patient on the wrong leg is acquitted for perpetrating an unpardonable error on his practice. The farmer who accuses the old man for receiving his stolen animal is fined five hundred piasters and ironically the suspect is made to sit the same table with the judge ....you granny and you....and Azdak! Pg 82 Natella, the Governor s wife, is using the child Michael as a means of acquiring inheritance. Her claim that she is the mother of Michael is not due to her motherly love. The Chalk Circle brings out an ironic twist when Grusha does not pull Michael. Ironically, Natella the real mother rushes to pull the child but Grusha says, I brought him up! Shall I also tear him into bits? I can t! Pg 98 This determined the deserving mother as the one who is motherly. USE OF IMAGERYImagery refers to the use of figurative language to represent ideas, objects or actions. It can also be defined as the use of descriptive language that appeals to our senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. This is mainly done through metaphors and similes. MetaphorsA metaphor is a figure of speech in which an expression word or phrase which ordinarily refers to one thing is used to denote another in order to suggest a similarity. It suggests the likeness between the two. The girls Tractorist says, I started the fire myself, This means she started the onslaught herself against the Nazis. Pg 97 There is also reference to a bloody time pg 13 . This denotes time of war characterized by violence and death. In the chorus pg 32 , the ironshirts pursuing Grusha are likened to bloodhounds , dogs that are known for their powerful sense of smell. On page 65, Azdak likens the old man grand prince to a bedbug to suggest he is a pest Azdak thinks it is Ludovika who assaults the stable man with a dangerous weapon which means she is provocative.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.5732157}
{"text": "This denotes time of war characterized by violence and death. In the chorus pg 32 , the ironshirts pursuing Grusha are likened to bloodhounds , dogs that are known for their powerful sense of smell. On page 65, Azdak likens the old man grand prince to a bedbug to suggest he is a pest Azdak thinks it is Ludovika who assaults the stable man with a dangerous weapon which means she is provocative. The Fat prince refers to his nephew my little fox pg 71 to hint at his traits and to show how confident he is that he will be made the judge. SimilesThis is a figure of speech that directly compares two things that are related using connective words such as like , as or resembles The Governor Georgi Abashwili is described thus: He was rich as Croesus, pg 7 this compares him to the king of Lydia who was defeated by Persians and was known for his immense wealth, his name is synonymous with wealth. The singer castigates the insensitive leaders thus: O blindness of the great! They go their way like gods..... pg 20 After the coup, the servants say among themselves, we ll be slaughtered like chickens, as always pg 21 . This suggests they are not safe. Simon asks Grusha, Is the lady as healthy as a fish in water? Pg 22 . Grusha is compared to a thief, probably for the reader to pass judgement on whether she is justifies to take Michael, we are told: As if she was a thief she crept away! Pg 29 When Grusha is sheltered at her brother s house, she tells Michael that they should make themselves as small as cockroaches pg 47 to escape the wrath of her sister-in-law.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.5594206}
{"text": "Simon asks Grusha, Is the lady as healthy as a fish in water? Pg 22 . Grusha is compared to a thief, probably for the reader to pass judgement on whether she is justifies to take Michael, we are told: As if she was a thief she crept away! Pg 29 When Grusha is sheltered at her brother s house, she tells Michael that they should make themselves as small as cockroaches pg 47 to escape the wrath of her sister-in-law. Indeed, Lavrenti remarks, why are you sitting there muffled up like coachmen.... pg 48 To suggest that she cannot run away from Michael, Grusha tells him, I came by you as the peat trees comes by sparrows pg 49 Azdak says law is a sensitive organ, .....like the spleen, in delivering justice, we are told by the singer he, Broke law like bread he gave them. Pg 82 SONGSMany songs have been sung by Arkadi and other characters in the play. Some are at the beginning of the scene, others within the scene and at the end of the scene. The governor is introduced through a song. Before we meet him, we are told about what king of a person he is as follows:- He was rich as CroesusHe had a beautiful wifeHe had a healthy baby pg 13 We learn that he has many beggars and petitioners whom he ignores. This song juxtaposes the rich governor with the majority poor folks who wait for hand outs in form of coins which are distributed by a servant. Simon Shashava, the soldier, and Grusha, a kitchen maid are also introduced to us before we meet them. We learn of their relationship. The song on pg 18 is summative. It summarizes the action. The Governor s palace foreshadows restlessness. The palace is said to be a fortress but is surrounded by soldiers. We anticipate the death of the Governor. ..... Noon was the hour to die. These words are followed by the appearance of the Fat Prince. The stage is set for the execution of the Governor by the Fat Prince. The tension surrounding the Governor s execution is found in the song on pg 20 , in the song, stage directions are given e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.6230843}
{"text": ".....Noon was the hour to die. These words are followed by the appearance of the Fat Prince. The stage is set for the execution of the Governor by the Fat Prince. The tension surrounding the Governor s execution is found in the song on pg 20 , in the song, stage directions are given e.g. ....look about you once more blind man! Grusha s action of taking the abandoned Michael is brought out through a song. She is drawn to Michael and decides to save him though this is risky. In the song, she does what the singer says. Grusha s flight into the mountains with Michael is captures in a song. She sang a song and bought milk on the way, The song pre-empts the action of bargaining for milk with the old man. The risky flight with iron shirts following Grusha is underscored pg 32 . They hunt for the fleeing due, never tire and sleep a little. Iron shirts feelings are captured in their song. They go into war leaving behind their lovers pg 33 . The song on pg 35 reveals Grusha mixed feelings of happiness and sadness after she abandons Michael at the peasant s doorstep. Azdak sings the song of injustice in Persia which was sang to him by his grandfather. It shows instances of injustice and the effects of the war: why don t our sons breed anymore?....Our men are carried to the ends of the earth, so that the great ones can eat at home.....The battle was lost, the helmets were paid for. Pg 68 The song of the chaos in Egypt pg 83 finally brings out the emancipation of the masses from the oppression and misrule of the ruling class. For instance it says, ...who had no bread at all have full granaries... pg 84PROVERBS AND WISE SAYINGSMany proverbs have been used by the playwright. The capability to use proverbs in one s conversation is interpreted as a sign of wisdom. It also shows masterly of one s own language since proverbs and wise sayings require comprehension of metaphors, similes and symbols in one s community.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.6329737}
{"text": "For instance it says, ...who had no bread at all have full granaries... pg 84PROVERBS AND WISE SAYINGSMany proverbs have been used by the playwright. The capability to use proverbs in one s conversation is interpreted as a sign of wisdom. It also shows masterly of one s own language since proverbs and wise sayings require comprehension of metaphors, similes and symbols in one s community. When Grusha points out to Simon that it must be dangerous for him to accompany Natella Abashwili as her guard on her flight, he replies with a wise saying- in Tiflis, they say: Isn t the stabbing dangerous for the knife? Pg 21 means as the knife stabs what it is supposed to, it is also in danger of breaking or bending but it still stabs anyway. Likewise, a soldier protects others despite the danger despite the danger he exposes himself. When they meet in the courtyard and Grusha is rushing to collect her personal effects, She accepts Simon s proposal long before he even proposes. Simon feels embarrassed and responds, haste, they say is the wind that blows down the scaffold a temporary building built for workers round a building that is being constructed, If they are blown away then the builders will not be able to build the permanent structure as they will have no where to stay just like Grusha and Simon will not have a marriage if she is not patient enough to listen to the information that will cement that relationship. When Michael and other boys are playing the game of cutting off the Governor s head, the other children want Michael to play the Governor s role of just bending and his head is cut off but Michael adamantly refuses and says he wants to be the person to cut off. The other children disagree but Michael is adamant so when they shout to Grusha that Michael won t play his part, Grusha laughs and says, Even the little duck is a swimmer, they say. Pg 58 Meaning even though Michael is young, you cannot command him since he is the son of a Governor and so others do what he demands and not vice versa. When Azdak discovers that the fleeing duke is not a peasant but a land owner he orders him out but the Duke make him a proposition.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.6387076}
{"text": "When Michael and other boys are playing the game of cutting off the Governor s head, the other children want Michael to play the Governor s role of just bending and his head is cut off but Michael adamantly refuses and says he wants to be the person to cut off. The other children disagree but Michael is adamant so when they shout to Grusha that Michael won t play his part, Grusha laughs and says, Even the little duck is a swimmer, they say. Pg 58 Meaning even though Michael is young, you cannot command him since he is the son of a Governor and so others do what he demands and not vice versa. When Azdak discovers that the fleeing duke is not a peasant but a land owner he orders him out but the Duke make him a proposition. Azdak finds this to be the height of insolence and responds, The bitten man scratches his fingers bloody, and the leech that s biting him makes him a proposition! Pg 64 . This implies that the landowners have been exploiting the peasants and the low class and when a chance comes up for the exploited to free themselves; the exploiters make a proposition so that they can go on exploiting the masses and maintain their status quo. When waiting for trial, the cook asks Grusha why she is holding on to the child at any price yet the child is not hers. She explains how she first just expected to give the child away but later thought that Natella, the mother, wouldn t come back and the cook responds, An even borrowed coat keeps a man warm hm? Pg 87 . This implies that, even if Grusha knows the child was not hers, the feeling that the child belonged to her is fulfilling. After Azdak is reinstated as a judge and openly demands for a bribe, the prosecutors who have been worried smile with relief. The cook is worried but Simon comments A well can t be filled with dew, they say pg 90 . In his argument to prove that Natella abashwili deservers to be given the child instead of Grusha who claims to have brought him up, he quotes , Blood, as a popular saying goes is thicker than water. Pg 60 There is a heated exchange of proverbs between Azdak and Simon when Grusha thinks Azdak enacts to give Natella the child simply because she is too poor to pay legal fees.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.6497567}
{"text": "After Azdak is reinstated as a judge and openly demands for a bribe, the prosecutors who have been worried smile with relief. The cook is worried but Simon comments A well can t be filled with dew, they say pg 90 . In his argument to prove that Natella abashwili deservers to be given the child instead of Grusha who claims to have brought him up, he quotes , Blood, as a popular saying goes is thicker than water. Pg 60 There is a heated exchange of proverbs between Azdak and Simon when Grusha thinks Azdak enacts to give Natella the child simply because she is too poor to pay legal fees. Azdak argues that the poor are able to give the butcher his dues but not the judge, Simon quotes- When the horse was shod, the horsefly held out its leg. Pg 94 . This means Azdak who is poor as they are or in the same class, is now counting himself among the ruling class. Azdak replies, Better a treasure in manure that a stone in a mountain stream pg 94 . Although a mountain stream has very clean water an ordinary stone in it is worthless but a treasure in a manure can be retrieved and utilized. When one is poor, no matter how morally upright one is, one is worse off than a rich, corrupt person. Simon replies by saying, Let s go fishing said the angler to the worm, pg 94 meaning that just like the angler would benefit, Azdak would just be used by the rulers to oppress the poor and Azdak might as well end up being devoured just like the worm. By Azdak replying that, I m my own master, said the servant; and cut off his foot, means one does not have to do outrageous activities to prove that one is independent minded. Simon replies by showing that, people are able to see through their tormentors hypocrisy when the latter professes to love the farmer and therefore still give them their due. This is proved when he says, I love you as a father said the Czar to the peasants, and had the Czarevitch s head chopped off.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.696907}
{"text": "By Azdak replying that, I m my own master, said the servant; and cut off his foot, means one does not have to do outrageous activities to prove that one is independent minded. Simon replies by showing that, people are able to see through their tormentors hypocrisy when the latter professes to love the farmer and therefore still give them their due. This is proved when he says, I love you as a father said the Czar to the peasants, and had the Czarevitch s head chopped off. Azdak knows that despite the appearance, he is still on the poor people s side yet Simon does not realize this, so that is why he concludes the discussion by saying, A fool s worst enemy is himself. Pg 94 From all the above, it is important to note that, the cook, Grusha, Azdak and Simon are the only people who portray positive traits in the society. They portray a sense of wisom as seen when they are highlighted as the only characters that employ proverbs and wise sayings. ALLUSIONAllusion refers to a passing reference or indirect mention of something or someone the reader is expected to know. The playwright alludes to the king of Lydia 560 BC-547BC who was defeated by Persians and was known for his immense wealth on pg 7. We are told that the Governor Georgi Abashwili was,.... rich as Croesus. The girls tractorist also quotes the poet Vladimir Mayakovsy, pg 10, a Georgian born in 1883. He wrote the poems, The Cloud and I which are among the most popular during his time. Singer alludes to Jesus when he remarks, And now you don t need an architect, a carpenter will do, pg 20 . The Governor needs Jesus to save him from his predicament. The play infers from both a Chinese play Circle of chalk written in 1300 AD and a biblical story The judgement of Solomon- 1 Kings 3: 16-28 In the Chinese story, a young girl, Hai-tang, bears a child as the second wife of a wealthy man. His first wife claims the child is her own. However, the second wife is judged the true mother when she refuses to pull the child apart in the test of the Chalk Circle.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.7370105}
{"text": "The play infers from both a Chinese play Circle of chalk written in 1300 AD and a biblical story The judgement of Solomon- 1 Kings 3: 16-28 In the Chinese story, a young girl, Hai-tang, bears a child as the second wife of a wealthy man. His first wife claims the child is her own. However, the second wife is judged the true mother when she refuses to pull the child apart in the test of the Chalk Circle. In the biblical story, two women live in the same house and both bear a child. One baby dies in the night and its mother swaps him for the living baby. Both claim the living child is their own. Solomon orders that the child be cut in two and each half be given to each mother. The real mother of the child gives up the child rather than see him harmed and is judged to be the true mother. SARCASMThis is the use of humorous language to ridicule or to convey scorn, especially saying one thing but implying the opposite. The Fat Prince is sarcastic when he says, And little Michael is a governor from head to foot! Tititi! Pg 15 . Simon is sarcastic when he tells Grusha: Why shouldn t I wash the linen by the willows! That s good, really good! Pg 17 . On pg 18, the singer says, And the goose was plucked and roasted But the goose was not eaten this time. This refers to the killing of the Governor and draws an analogy to the goose Grusha kills for the Governor s family. When the singer says, And now you don t need an architect, a carpenter will do, pg 20 , the playwright is sarcastic towards religion as this alludes to the fact that the Governor needs Jesus, who was a carpenter to intervene on this Easter Sunday. This will of course not happen. The dying man refers to Grusha as, A nice thing you ve saddled me with! A simpleton for a wife! Pg 57 When Grusha is fined ten pisters for using indecent language in court, she sarcastically lambasts Azdak and his corrupt ways by saying, A fine kind of Justice!", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.728287}
{"text": "The dying man refers to Grusha as, A nice thing you ve saddled me with! A simpleton for a wife! Pg 57 When Grusha is fined ten pisters for using indecent language in court, she sarcastically lambasts Azdak and his corrupt ways by saying, A fine kind of Justice! You play fat and loose with us because we don t talk as refined as that crowd with their lawyers pg 94 SYMBOLISMSymbolism refers to the use of symbols to represent ideas. The silver chain Simon gives Grusha is symbolic pg 28 . It is a symbol of the bondage between the two. When Grusha hears that the war is over and the soldiers are back, she kneels down in prayer and kisses the chain. Later, Simon suspects that Grusha is married to another man and he asks for the chain. On pg 81, Azdak, enacts the old woman as granny Grusinia. She is a symbol of a nation that has fallen prey of the greedy citizens the three farmers who deprives it all that it owns her sons . She symbolises a nation that seeks justice. The Chalk Circle drawn to help Azdak, the judge, comes up with as a rational decision on who should have the child is a symbol of truth. Ironically, his methods of justice are not by the Book of Statutes he sits on. Therefore, he lets justice reveal itself. Similarly, the play opens with another circle of justice, when members of the two communes sit together to decide who should have the valley. The Delegate, like Azdak, announces the outcome without pushing. Within this friendly circle where the communes have equal social status, they can impartially decide the best use of the valley, and it is peacefully and mutually decided for the fruit growers. The playwright has also used the Christian symbolism. The Christian church has been used as a tool to support the upper class and keep the lower classes in their places. The historical church subverts the original teaching of Christ who treated all humans with respect. The garden that Governor Abashwili want to establish for his son by knocking down slums for the poor symbolises oppression and insensitivity of the rich towards the poor.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.7088408}
{"text": "The Christian church has been used as a tool to support the upper class and keep the lower classes in their places. The historical church subverts the original teaching of Christ who treated all humans with respect. The garden that Governor Abashwili want to establish for his son by knocking down slums for the poor symbolises oppression and insensitivity of the rich towards the poor. Ironically, Azdak later rules that the Governor s estate should revert to the poorFORESHADOWINGForeshadowing is a situation where a writer gives a sign of something that will come later on a work of art, that which is important or appalling. When the Fat Prince greets his brother Governor Georgi Abashwili, this is quite unusual until the Governor remarks, .....But did you hear Brother Kazbeki wish me a happy Easter? Which is all very well, but I don t believe it did rain last night. Pg 16 . The relationship between the brothers is thus foreshadowed by the Governor s comment, in which he expresses surprise at being greeted by his brother. The brother later executes him. Natella, the governor s wife, seems to have an unstable mind and poses, I hardly know if my head s still on. Where s Michael? .......... Pg 24 . Later she forgets to carry his as she flees. Another important moment is when Natella, the governor s wife, tells, her adjutant how jealous of Michael she really is, She is desperate for attention from her husband. But Georgi, of course, will only build for his little Michael, Never for me! Michael is all! All for Michael! This jealousy of her child is important since she abandons him later in the act. Shortly before Azdak makes the ruling on who should take Michael between Natella and Grusha, the boy smiles at the latter. This foreshadows the ruling made by the judge as Grusha is finally given child. Azdak tells the old man Grand Duke to encircle the cheese on the plate like it might be snatched from him pg 65 This foreshadows the chalk circle that is drawn to choose a mother for the child, Michael. Pg 97 REVISION QUESTIONS AND EXPECTED POINTSQuestion 1Justice is an important institution in any well governed community.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.780941}
{"text": "This foreshadows the ruling made by the judge as Grusha is finally given child. Azdak tells the old man Grand Duke to encircle the cheese on the plate like it might be snatched from him pg 65 This foreshadows the chalk circle that is drawn to choose a mother for the child, Michael. Pg 97 REVISION QUESTIONS AND EXPECTED POINTSQuestion 1Justice is an important institution in any well governed community. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Bertolt Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle 20mks In the prologue there is the dispute over the ownership of the valley, presided over by the delegate from the capital, Tiflis. Emphasis is laid on fairness in order to avoid the reoccurrence of future disputes. The fruit farmers and the goat herders amicably discuss a resolution to the dispute. It is decided that the land goes to the fruit and vine growers amicably as they would make better use of the land. The agreement is followed by a party to seal the deal Justice is also portrayed by the test of the chalk circle- In the old story, the real mother is revealed by the test. -. Her feelings for the child are too deep to allow her to gain it by force that injures the child- The child is taken from the natural mother, Natella Abashwili who is only after the inheritance and given to the false mother Grusha Vashnadze who has the greatest feelings of love for the boy Michael Abashwili Justice is also shown in the way Azdak s good turn in protecting and giving shelter to the Grand Duke. Eventually he is rewarded when the Grand Duke appoints Judge just in time to save him from the hangman s nooseAzdak then proceeds to dispense justice to the poor and down trodden in a manner never witnessed before in the land. Adzak s two year reign as Judge is treated as an era of rough justice especially forthe poor and vulnerable in society. -. The singer says he broke the rules to save them- At long last the poor and the lowly had someone who was not too holy to be bribed by empty hands. QUESTION 2Human weaknesses affect characters negatively.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.8028097}
{"text": "Adzak s two year reign as Judge is treated as an era of rough justice especially forthe poor and vulnerable in society. -. The singer says he broke the rules to save them- At long last the poor and the lowly had someone who was not too holy to be bribed by empty hands. QUESTION 2Human weaknesses affect characters negatively. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Bertolt Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle 20mks Points of interpretationThe following must come out clearly;Weakness of a characterDetails of that weaknessHow it affects that character negativelyW1. Natela Abashwili s weakness on adoring things. She forgets her child at the time of war and takes clothes and boots instead, pg 25 The maid escapes with the child to save his life but Natela later goes for the child because she wants to inherit the governor s estate. She loses both the child and the estate. WII The fat prince greed and hunger for powerEliminates his brother to get his power,WIII The governor s lack of concern for his subjects. He oppresses his subjects forcing people to go to war, charging high taxation. He loses his life and power. WIV- Lavrenti and his wife undermines family values. Fails to give Grusha a warm welcome though she comes from town where war has broken out tired and sickWV The self righteous nature of Aniko shown through her hypocritical actionsWVI. Natela s hatred for the poor. She undermines Grusha during the court case feeling that Grusha is too poor to keep the child. She finally loses the child to the poor Grusha due to her arrogance. Question 3Discuss the consequences of Fighting and war in any society with evidence from Bertolt Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle. IntroductionFighting and war in any society has far reaching consequences. During war people s normal lifestyle way of living is disrupted and there is a lot of destruction of property and lives. Bertolt Bretch has shown how war affects people in his play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle. BodyDuring war, the innocent and the vulnerable suffer the most from the effects of war and fighting. The servants say this about their employer, the Governor s family: They even have to have their weeping done for them p 26 .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.8243394}
{"text": "Bertolt Bretch has shown how war affects people in his play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle. BodyDuring war, the innocent and the vulnerable suffer the most from the effects of war and fighting. The servants say this about their employer, the Governor s family: They even have to have their weeping done for them p 26 . Michael is being hunted down to be killed yet he is not aware of the war, being only an infant. There is disruption of people s normal lifestyles as farms and homes are abandoned. Resettlement has to be negotiated afresh after the war. See p7 prologue . As a result of war, there are ruins of a war ravaged Caucasian village, the people orchard is already destroyed and the once beautiful dairy farm is a ruin. People s livelihoods are destroyed as the goat herders complain of the low quality of cheese they now produce from their new settlement. The old man whom Grusha requests to sell her some milk retorts: Go to the soldiers if you want milk. The soldiers of the Grand Duke burn the houses of innocent people and kill them making it difficult for them to live peacefully. War creates internal refugees. The farmers and the goat herders have been displaced from their homes having been uprooted by the Germans. Grusha and her fellow workers flee into the Northern Mountains as a result of fighting in the city. Fighting and war breeds civil wars and counter coups as warring groups fight for supremacy. The grand Duke is overthrown by the princes who murder his governor but they are in turn rounded up and killed when the Grand Duke takes back powers. There is rampant landlessness during the war and fighting as seen in the cases presented before Azkak. He has been a thief as Shauwa says. The soldiers and policemen also break the law they are meant to uphold. The two farming groups goat herders and the fruit growers are landless. War results in exploitation and oppression. For instance, in The song of injustice in Persia. It is stated that the kings are driven by greed in their quest to acquire new territories by impoverishing peasants. Their sense of imperialism drives them into unrealistic adventures that Azdak refers to as the roof of the world ironically, as the soldiers kill each other, the marshals assault each other. There is fear and apprehensions which are direct effects of this war.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.8202841}
{"text": "It is stated that the kings are driven by greed in their quest to acquire new territories by impoverishing peasants. Their sense of imperialism drives them into unrealistic adventures that Azdak refers to as the roof of the world ironically, as the soldiers kill each other, the marshals assault each other. There is fear and apprehensions which are direct effects of this war. Jussup feigns illness and lies in bed for a long time for fear of being drafted into the war. He only recovers when he hears that the war has ended. The song of the centre clearly portrays the fear among the soldiers at the front line. It says that if one wants to survive the war and come back home one has to remain at the center p47. The peasant woman at whose door Grusha leaves Michael shows extreme fear and apprehension at the sight of the soldiers. She disowns Grusha s agreement with her to claims that the child is hers and instead falls down on her knees begging for mercy. Grusha has to flee again with Michael. Accept any other relevant point. Expect 4 well developed illustrated points. Question 4. The society depicted in The Caucasian Chalk Circle is one that ignores important issues and gives priority to less serious ones leading often with disastrous consequences. Discuss the validity of the statement with illustrations from the play. Introduction: May be General or SpecificMany people ignore the important things that matter in their lives and instead pay attention to useless things that don t add value to their lives often leading to dire consequences. This is true of characters in the play like Natella Abashwili, the governor and others as discussed below. The governorImmensely rich yet has many beggars, petitioners etc at his door. Refuses to hear the message from the wounded rider before the mass and ever after leading to his tragic death. Page 16 -19Natella AbashwiliConcerned about the dresses to pack leading to her abandoning her baby. In the court she is interested in getting Michael back only because of the estates left by her husband. She ends up losing the baby to GrushaAniko and LavrentiCan t stand Grusha with her baby . Aniko is so religious to accept GrushaLavrenti forces Grusha to marry a dying man whom she does not love.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.8722043}
{"text": "In the court she is interested in getting Michael back only because of the estates left by her husband. She ends up losing the baby to GrushaAniko and LavrentiCan t stand Grusha with her baby . Aniko is so religious to accept GrushaLavrenti forces Grusha to marry a dying man whom she does not love. He pays the mother of the man a huge sum and later the marriage is dissolved by Azdak. Jussup s motherInterested in marrying her son before he dies and no attempts to treat himShe has to feed the guests at the wedding, hiring a monk and later her son is divorced. Black Mailer. Interested in knowing whether a certain land owner raped his niece or not and not the plight of the niece. Heavily fined. InvalidGets a stroke when he hears the doctor he paid fees to train is treating freeHeavily fined. Prince KazbekiOne of the princes who ran down the warWants his unqualified nephew appointed the judgeEmbarrassed by Azdak in the mock trial and later killed on the return of the dukeQuestion 5Bertolt Bretch; The Caucasian Chalk Circle What there is shall go to those who are good for it . With illustrations from the play the caucasian chalk circle, write an essay in support of this statement.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.8518806}
{"text": "InvalidGets a stroke when he hears the doctor he paid fees to train is treating freeHeavily fined. Prince KazbekiOne of the princes who ran down the warWants his unqualified nephew appointed the judgeEmbarrassed by Azdak in the mock trial and later killed on the return of the dukeQuestion 5Bertolt Bretch; The Caucasian Chalk Circle What there is shall go to those who are good for it . With illustrations from the play the caucasian chalk circle, write an essay in support of this statement. I In the prologue, the valley is given to the fruit governorsThey have plans to build their fruits culture to ten times its original sizeThey have prepared a plan for an irrigation projectThe farm will not only grow more fruits but could also support vineyardsThey even present calculations for the projectii Michael is given to Gruisha because of her motherly natureShe rescuers him on the Easter Sunday when his mother leaves him behindGruisha takes to a risky journey to the Northern Mountains amid pursuit by the ironshirtsShe marries a man on his death bed in order to give legitimacy to MichaelIn the chalk circle test ,she does not pull Michael from the circleiii. Azdak is made judge by the iron shirts and later on the Grand DukeIn the mock could scene be displays better knowledge of the law in comparison to prince Kazbeki s nephewHis reign as judge is described as a brief golden age, almost an age of justice .In making his rulings the look from the rich and gave to the poorHe is late reappointed as judge by the Grand Duke as a show of gratitude for saving his lifeiv. Azdak divorces Gruisha and Jessup instead of the old coupleThe divorce paves way for Gruisha s marriage to SimonSimon had stood by Gruisha in court claiming to be Michael s fatherThe union between Gruisha and Jessup wars for convenienceSimon trulyDeserved Gruisha for he came back to lack for her after the warQuestion 6Drawing illustrations from what Grusha goes through in order to save and adopt Michael, write an essay on the challenges of being a good person in a rotten societyINTRODUCTIONEven in a rotten society, if possible to come across a good person.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.8775082}
{"text": "Prince KazbekiOne of the princes who ran down the warWants his unqualified nephew appointed the judgeEmbarrassed by Azdak in the mock trial and later killed on the return of the dukeQuestion 5Bertolt Bretch; The Caucasian Chalk Circle What there is shall go to those who are good for it . With illustrations from the play the caucasian chalk circle, write an essay in support of this statement. I In the prologue, the valley is given to the fruit governorsThey have plans to build their fruits culture to ten times its original sizeThey have prepared a plan for an irrigation projectThe farm will not only grow more fruits but could also support vineyardsThey even present calculations for the projectii Michael is given to Gruisha because of her motherly natureShe rescuers him on the Easter Sunday when his mother leaves him behindGruisha takes to a risky journey to the Northern Mountains amid pursuit by the ironshirtsShe marries a man on his death bed in order to give legitimacy to MichaelIn the chalk circle test ,she does not pull Michael from the circleiii. Azdak is made judge by the iron shirts and later on the Grand DukeIn the mock could scene be displays better knowledge of the law in comparison to prince Kazbeki s nephewHis reign as judge is described as a brief golden age, almost an age of justice .In making his rulings the look from the rich and gave to the poorHe is late reappointed as judge by the Grand Duke as a show of gratitude for saving his lifeiv. Azdak divorces Gruisha and Jessup instead of the old coupleThe divorce paves way for Gruisha s marriage to SimonSimon had stood by Gruisha in court claiming to be Michael s fatherThe union between Gruisha and Jessup wars for convenienceSimon trulyDeserved Gruisha for he came back to lack for her after the warQuestion 6Drawing illustrations from what Grusha goes through in order to save and adopt Michael, write an essay on the challenges of being a good person in a rotten societyINTRODUCTIONEven in a rotten society, if possible to come across a good person. In the Caucasian Chalk circle, such a person is Grusha. Grusha goes through many challenges in order to save and adopt Michael.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.894814}
{"text": "I In the prologue, the valley is given to the fruit governorsThey have plans to build their fruits culture to ten times its original sizeThey have prepared a plan for an irrigation projectThe farm will not only grow more fruits but could also support vineyardsThey even present calculations for the projectii Michael is given to Gruisha because of her motherly natureShe rescuers him on the Easter Sunday when his mother leaves him behindGruisha takes to a risky journey to the Northern Mountains amid pursuit by the ironshirtsShe marries a man on his death bed in order to give legitimacy to MichaelIn the chalk circle test ,she does not pull Michael from the circleiii. Azdak is made judge by the iron shirts and later on the Grand DukeIn the mock could scene be displays better knowledge of the law in comparison to prince Kazbeki s nephewHis reign as judge is described as a brief golden age, almost an age of justice .In making his rulings the look from the rich and gave to the poorHe is late reappointed as judge by the Grand Duke as a show of gratitude for saving his lifeiv. Azdak divorces Gruisha and Jessup instead of the old coupleThe divorce paves way for Gruisha s marriage to SimonSimon had stood by Gruisha in court claiming to be Michael s fatherThe union between Gruisha and Jessup wars for convenienceSimon trulyDeserved Gruisha for he came back to lack for her after the warQuestion 6Drawing illustrations from what Grusha goes through in order to save and adopt Michael, write an essay on the challenges of being a good person in a rotten societyINTRODUCTIONEven in a rotten society, if possible to come across a good person. In the Caucasian Chalk circle, such a person is Grusha. Grusha goes through many challenges in order to save and adopt Michael. Some of these challenges are discusses belowAccept any other relevant introductionCONTENT i She sacrifices the little she has in order to sustain Michael. She buys milk exorbitantly ii She is forced to come up with ingenuinenes way of eluding the red shirts who are after him. She knocks one of them down with a piece of wood, enduring her life in the process.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.930297}
{"text": "Some of these challenges are discusses belowAccept any other relevant introductionCONTENT i She sacrifices the little she has in order to sustain Michael. She buys milk exorbitantly ii She is forced to come up with ingenuinenes way of eluding the red shirts who are after him. She knocks one of them down with a piece of wood, enduring her life in the process. Iii She crosses of dangerous bridge, endangering her life and Michael s iv She has to contend with a society that frowns upon single motherhood. She is forced to accept marriage to an invalid called Jussup in order to normalize her status vi Her relationship with her fianc e, Simon , is endangered. Vi She is force to go through a court processes in order to gain custody of MichaelQuestion 7 True mother hood is not necessarily biological Write an essay illustrating this statement using Bertolt Brecht s , The Caucasian chalk Circle . NatellaAbashiwili, the biological mother of Michael abandons the child as she feels the city .She is more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriagesIt takes the motherly instinct of the kitchen maid Grusha to retrieve the baby and fend for it offering protection and nourishmentGrusha adopts the body and risks being captured by the soldiers and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge to save the life of Michael from the iron shirtsThe mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael does not affect her affection for the young boyVashnadze endures an arranged and difficult marriage on paper to a dying man, Jussup: for the sake of the childA mere kitchen help Grusha fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to tear him up. She fears to destroy the boy she has nurtured and brought up expensively as a real mother. Conclusion:Generally mothers are suppose to be motherly for one to be accredited a real mother of a child .This world mean not all the biological mothers are a sincere parents as to claim the ownership, however the soul that would nurture brings up responsibly deserves the ownership as portrays in Grusha vashnadze.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-CAUCASIAN-CHALK-CIRCLE-BY-BERTOLT-BRECHT.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.953308}
{"text": "TABLE OF CONTENTPREFACE23CHAPTER ONE 44SYNOPSIS OFBLOSSOMSOFTHESAVANNAH 4CHAPTER SUMMARIES5CHAPTER TWO1818CHAPTER THREE 40THEMES4064CHAPTER FOUR 65LANGUAGE ANDSTYLE 65CHAPTER SIX 9191PREFACEThis study guide provides a detailed analysis of the novel BlossomsoftheSavannah. The analysis is aimed at preparing KCSE candidates for both the excerpt and the compulsory essay question in paper two and three respectively. This guide is written in a manner that both the candidates and teachers will immensely benefit from it. This has been achieved through the presentation of a succinct synopsis, detailed chapter summaries, as well as deeply analyzed characters, themes and stylistic devices. At the end of each of these sections, there are sample essay questions to guide students in revising and preparing for both the internal and national exams. There are also general essay questions, sample and practice excerpts, all meant to prepare students for KCSE English paper two and three. This guide might not have exhaustively analyzed the novel, BlossomsoftheSavannah. Therefore, students are advised to consult other authorities such as their teachers in order to enrich what is contained in this guide. THE BIOGRAPHY OF HENRY OLE KULETHenry ole Kulet was born in 1946. He is a veteran and award winning Kenyan writer known for his novels which capture aspects of environment, culture and experiences of Maasai people. He is an established author for he has written eight novels. Daughterof Maais a story of quiet village that is stirred by a frenzy of activities by the arrival of a young and pretty community teacher, Anna Walangh. He authored Itispossiblein 1971, HowTobecameaManin 1972 and BanditsofKibiin 1999. In BanditsofKibi, he created scenes which came out during the Post-Election Violence in 2007 after the disputed elections. CHAPTER ONESYNOPSIS AND SUMMARIES OF CHAPTERSSYNOPSIS OF BLOSSOMSOFTHESAVANNAHThe novel begins as Kaelo, his wife, Taiyo and Resian leave Nakuru for Nasila, a rural area in Maasai land.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.9442325}
{"text": "He authored Itispossiblein 1971, HowTobecameaManin 1972 and BanditsofKibiin 1999. In BanditsofKibi, he created scenes which came out during the Post-Election Violence in 2007 after the disputed elections. CHAPTER ONESYNOPSIS AND SUMMARIES OF CHAPTERSSYNOPSIS OF BLOSSOMSOFTHESAVANNAHThe novel begins as Kaelo, his wife, Taiyo and Resian leave Nakuru for Nasila, a rural area in Maasai land. This is as a result of retrenchment of Kaelo who has been working as the manager of Agribix Limited. On reaching Nasila, Ole Kaelo s are welcomed by uncle Simiren s family which consists of four wives and sixteen children. In a move towards settling in Nasila the new home, Ole Kaelo visits his old friend Ole Sumpeyo. It is thirty years since Ole Kaelo left Nasila for Nakuru. The Kaelo s hold a homecoming party in which they invite members from the five clans aimed at re-linking the Kaelo family to the other villagers. Taiyo and Resian observe that some young men are suspicious of them for they are not circumcised. In an attempt of acquainting the two girls with Nasila culture, Kaelo informs Joseph Parmuat to teach Taiyo and Resian traditional songs and dances. As the young ones spend more time together, a love relationship begins to develop between Taiyo and Joseph but unfortunately due to cultural demands the relationship is restrained. Unfortunately, there is an attempted rape on Resian and Taiyo. Consequently, an ad hoc group of men is formed to hunt down the culprits. After it is known that Lante and Ntara are responsible for the heinous act, punishment is meted on them. The novel reveals of how females have contributed significantly to the beginning and continuation of FGM through the Olarinkoi legendary story. Kaelo opens an agricultural shop and enters into business contracts through Oloisudori who is conversant with shady businesses. Oloisudori s aim is to exploite Kaelo. After realizing that Kaelo has beautiful daughters, he chooses to marry one and organize for the other one to be married by his friend instead of extorting him.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.9799452}
{"text": "Kaelo opens an agricultural shop and enters into business contracts through Oloisudori who is conversant with shady businesses. Oloisudori s aim is to exploite Kaelo. After realizing that Kaelo has beautiful daughters, he chooses to marry one and organize for the other one to be married by his friend instead of extorting him. Oloisudori comes in a procession and gives gifts and money as dowry for the young Resian. Since Resian disagrees with Oloisudori and her father s plan, Oloisudori plans to use anesthesia to render Resian unconscious so that he may snatch her for marriage by force. However, the girls craft a scheme of shaming Oloisudori in which they return the gifts Oloisudori had given them earlier. The couple goes to consult Simiren and Sumpeyo on how to deal with Oloisudori s demands as the girls go to the shop. On their way back, the girls are almost raped by two callous young men. Later on, after Resian refuses to cooperate, Oloisudori gets enraged and slaps her mercilessly. It is Olarinkoi who supposedly saves her by whisking her away before she commits suicide. Olarinkoi organizes with a pick-up driver so that he whisks Resian away claiming to ensure her safety from Oloisudori and her father. The three have a trek of terror which leaves Resian raped by Olarinkoi in a dark hut in the forest. On regaining consciousness, she finds herself under the care of Nabaru, a nurse who reveals everything that transpired. Finally, with the help of Nabaru Resian comes face to face with Minik eneNkoitoi, the activist against FGM in the sheep s ranch. She welcomes Nabaru and Resian warmly. Resian learns that Oloisudori has advertised in the newspaper for her search. Minik s pivotal role is evident in that in the ranch there are other five hundred girls who have gone through a similar experience just like Resian. On the other hand, Taiyo faces the painful blade of the Olmurunya. While managing the ranch, Minik meets a new challenge in which the powerful in the government are threatening to close the ranch. However, Minik, the foresighted planner ensures the survival of the ranch. Resian learns of the unfortunate death of Joseph Parmuat.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406293.9899616}
{"text": "While managing the ranch, Minik meets a new challenge in which the powerful in the government are threatening to close the ranch. However, Minik, the foresighted planner ensures the survival of the ranch. Resian learns of the unfortunate death of Joseph Parmuat. He is killed in his mission of saving Taiyo from a group that circumcises her by force. At long last, Resian meets Taiyo at the ranchOloisudori makes his last heinous kicks by visiting the ranch to demand Resian as his wife. He is told off by Minik. With his company, he flees for his life after his cars are burnt down. The ultimate goal is attained when Minik takes Taiyo and Resian to Egerton University where Resian has a chance of studying her dream course. CHAPTER SUMMARIESCHAPTER 1: THE JOUNERYAs the novel begins, Ole Kaelo is reprimanding loaders for being slow. The couple is relocating from Nakuru to Nasila after Ole Kaelo is retrenched from Agribix Limited where he has been working as the commercial manager. Not long ago Kaelo had denied Taiyo a chance to go to Mombasa to develop her talent. That is why Taiyo sympathizes with the loaders who are receiving strict instructions from her father. The two girls visualize what life in the new environment will be like. The girls are experiencing apprehension. Nakuru town has always bustled with life and they fear the shop that their father aims at starting may not pick. Taiyo encourages Resian that they should hope for the best. Resian requests Taiyo to plead with their father so that they can join Egerton University. Resian knows her father listens to Taiyo. Through a flash back, the reader learns that Ole Kaelo and his wife Mama Milanoi have lived for twenty two years since they married. Women from Nasila had earlier visited Mama Milanoi at Nakuru and hinted at the hostility expected especially because the daughters are not married. Kaelo has been a hardworking man, a trait that led to his promotion at Agribix Limited. The retrenchment has triggered ambition to work so as to be rich. A few kilometers to Nasila one lorry breaks down but soon it is fixed and the family reach uncle Simiren s homestead where they are welcomed warmly. It is now thirty years since Ole Kaelo left Nasila for Nakuru.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.0104632}
{"text": "The retrenchment has triggered ambition to work so as to be rich. A few kilometers to Nasila one lorry breaks down but soon it is fixed and the family reach uncle Simiren s homestead where they are welcomed warmly. It is now thirty years since Ole Kaelo left Nasila for Nakuru. In all this time he has been away, uncle Simiren has been representing his elder brother. Elders are not happy with Kaelo s monogamous marriage. Simiren on his part has four wives and sixteen childrenCHAPTER 2: NASILALife at the rural Nasila is contrasted with that of Nakuru town. Uncle Simiren is a polygamous man. He has four wives and sixteen children. Each of these wives has a house .The girls are introduced to the sixteen cousins by the senior most aunt, and the eldest wife. The children are aged between three and sixteen years and out of the four wives, two aunts are pregnant. Resian and Taiyo are allowed to go walking. The girls make the observation that the four aunts are not happy as well and the kids are not contented. Resian outrightly says she is not ready to be a parent and that she will first learn. They are accosted by a tall heavyset young man with thick dark beard and a moustache. Resian orders the man to leave Taiyo alone. According to the man, the girls are not decent for they are uncircumcised. The girls keep the ordeal as a secret. Ole Kaelo visits ole Sumpeyo, a famous cattle trader and a longtime friend who supports FGM. Ironically, even though a close friend, Sumpeyo is malicious and envious of Kaelo especially when he learns of his great business plan. He however warns him to be wary of Oloisudori, a business partner, and advises him to keep his daughters away from him. CHAPTER 3: STRANGE VISITORSOle Kaelo ushers his family into the newly constructed house. The Kaelo s are elated by the new house. In a flashback Mama Milanoi remembers how she was married by Kaelo while she was eighteen and Kaelo twenty four years old. The couple has enjoyed peace generally since then but since she does not have a son, Mama Milanoi feels she has failed Kaelo.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.0408115}
{"text": "The Kaelo s are elated by the new house. In a flashback Mama Milanoi remembers how she was married by Kaelo while she was eighteen and Kaelo twenty four years old. The couple has enjoyed peace generally since then but since she does not have a son, Mama Milanoi feels she has failed Kaelo. In a dialogue, we learn that Taiyo and Resian are afraid of undergoing the act and wish to go back to Nakuru and join university. In a dramatic irony we realize that Kaelo has been hard and cruel to Resian for he expected a son to be born in her place. Although Taiyo does not understand the cause of the hatred, she always defends her sister devotedly even when her mother does not offer any protection. Probably Mama Milano is afraid of ole Kaelo. CHAPTER 4: HOME COMING CEREMONYIn order to re-link himself to the community ole Kaelo holds a big celebration party which is also made for blessing his home. Members from the five Maa clans: Ilmolelian, Ilmakesen, Ilukumae, Ilaiser and illtarosero are invited. The Kaelo s belong to the Ilmolelian clan. Ole Kaelo s are very actively involved in the preparation of the homecoming ceremony. During the dances, Taiyo is attracted to the manager of music, a young local primary school music teacher Joseph Parmuat but unfortunately they belong to the same clan and forging any intimate relationship is an abomination. A carnival mood is witnessed during the party for the generous Kaelo, has offered plenty of foodstuffs. In the dance Taiyo s talent is brought forth for she is really attracted to the song and dance. We learn that she has always done well in music festivals too. Unfortunately, her father denied her a chance to go for a music extravaganza in Mombasa which would have developed her talent. Lastly, Musanka leads in the blessing section. He calls upon the community to welcome the Kaelo s back home. Kaelo is advised to involve himself in the community affairs and Nasila. He is also advised to take care of his family and children. CHAPTER 5: DEPRESSED ONETaiyo and Resian are distressed. Resian feels Taiyo is taking too long before broaching the issue of their university studies with their father. The issue of FGM makes the two girls have a sleepless night.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.1029053}
{"text": "CHAPTER 5: DEPRESSED ONETaiyo and Resian are distressed. Resian feels Taiyo is taking too long before broaching the issue of their university studies with their father. The issue of FGM makes the two girls have a sleepless night. Taiyo is also disturbed by the cultural law that does not allow her relationship with Joseph Parmuat, the primary school teacher and a music enthusiast. The two girls cry a lot that night. The day before, Joseph had promised to visit her and also coach her in traditional music. The thought of enkamuratani circumciser and Olmurunya circumcising blade makes Taiyo shudder with dread. In Resian s mind it is clear that enkamurataniand her Olmurunyacannot have their way with her, maybe over her dead body. Contrastingly Kaelo and his wife enjoy a great night after the day of the great party and blessings. They feel fulfilled for the great achievement, getting welcomed as well as being blessed. In her morning thoughts, Mama Milanoi is at a dilemma, whether to force the girls to undergo the ritual and lose their faith, love and confidence or refuse to yield to the traditions and become a pariah in the Ilmolelian clan. Kaelo authoritatively states his demands; mama Milanoi is to counsel her daughters in preparations for circumcision while he is to ask Parmuat to teach the girls home truths and later enkamuratanito be called to do her part. Mama Milanoi interrogatively reflects on her stand and that of her family. She feels her husband is turning into a deep Nasilian very fast. Afterwards, the Kaelo s visit their agricultural shop. On arriving home, the three females welcome Joseph Parmuat delightfully. As the chapter ends, a second male visitor visits the Kaelo s. CHAPTER 6: OLARINKOIKaelo makes a pompous speech introducing Joseph Parmuat. Despite the warning, Taiyo is still infatuated with Joseph and decides to make him a confidante. Resian is critical and dismissive of her father s pompous speech and generally how females are viewed by men. In a defiant mood, Resian expresses her mind on the subject of unfair men towards women. Surprisingly and daringly, she portrays the defiance to her aunt, mother and Resian. The listeners are deeply embarrassed.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.0927188}
{"text": "In a defiant mood, Resian expresses her mind on the subject of unfair men towards women. Surprisingly and daringly, she portrays the defiance to her aunt, mother and Resian. The listeners are deeply embarrassed. Aunt Botorr says Resian has a bad spirit that can only be treated through circumcision. Taiyo s questions who Olarinkoi is and is answered by Joseph by telling a legendary story. Ilarinkon is a legend who was a great fighter who saved the Maa community from being wiped out by an adversary while their morans had gone for a raid. Ilarinkon warriors abused women until one day women discovered how to deal with the problem. Their collective resolution ironically gave birth to enkamurataniwho was handed over an Olmurunya. Hence the birth of FGM and therefore according to Joseph, only women can stop the barbaric FGM. CHAPTER 7: SHADOWY OLOISUDORIResian is in an optimistic mood that all will be well especially about their university education. After Taiyo leaves for the shop, Mama Milanoi broaches the subject of FGM. Even though Mama Milanoi supports FGM, Resian is categorical that it has been used by men as a tool of oppression to women. One Edward Oloisudori visits Kaelo s home. Resian is uncomfortable with him for he is immoral. Mother scorns her for talking ill about him. Father returns and due to Resian s nervousness, he calls her names. Kaelo clearly states that all members of Kaelo family must respect Oloisudori and that he should not be denied anything. Resian learns that her father did not give in to the request about joining university. Joseph reveals that Oloisudori is a shadowy figure; a Jack -of-all-trades. He is also, a poacher, smuggler, robber, extortionist and a hired assassin. He had survived numerous jail terms and was now incorrigible. Due to the revelation, the girls fear for their father. When Oloisudori leaves, the countenance of Kaelo and Mama Milanoi changes; they are absent-minded and aloof even though Kaelo insists that everything is in control. Mama Milanoi even burns rice without realizing it.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.0849316}
{"text": "Due to the revelation, the girls fear for their father. When Oloisudori leaves, the countenance of Kaelo and Mama Milanoi changes; they are absent-minded and aloof even though Kaelo insists that everything is in control. Mama Milanoi even burns rice without realizing it. CHAPTER 8: TROUBLED COUPLEOloisudori s cruel demand, to marry Resian and organize the marriage of Taiyo renders Kaelo and Mama Milanoi a sleepless night. Although Kaelo knew Oloisudori s past criminal record, he still falls for his trap due to greed for wealth. Oloisudori s initial plan was to extort money from Kaelo but on noticing his two beautiful daughters he changed his mind. Mama Milanoi suffers great pain and cries for the olden days when demands such as those of Oloisudori would be dealt with accordingly. Mama Milanoi recalls through flashback how women had invoked mass action on men in the past by depriving men food, milk and beating them up while naked. She contrasts those times with the current times when Nasila River is polluted with chemicals. She fears that Oloisudori may kill her daughter. Despite the hard times the Kaelo s are experiencing, the following morning, the members manage to afford smiles as they take tea. Even the entrance of Olarinkoi does not dampen the high spirits embraced by the Kaelo s. CHAPTER 9: LOVEJoseph Parmuat begins a routine practice of coaching Taiyo and Resian on traditional songs and dances and the trio enjoy it immensely. Joseph Parmuat guards against any untoward behavior so as to conserve his integrity. The chapter then says a lot about the Maa Culture on different subjects. He explains different types of loves to the two girls; elangatare and patureishi. Resian boldly asks Joseph to be her patureishi but he explains how it is impossible for that to happen due to Nasila cultural norms. Taiyo and Resian question the rigidity of Nasila culture and traditions. They question some negative practices like F.G.M Joseph clarifies that culture had dropped some negative practices like throwing the dead and the dying to the hyenas, abandoning very old and ill in deserted homesteads. In a flashback, Taiyo accounts for her love to Joseph.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.1408699}
{"text": "Taiyo and Resian question the rigidity of Nasila culture and traditions. They question some negative practices like F.G.M Joseph clarifies that culture had dropped some negative practices like throwing the dead and the dying to the hyenas, abandoning very old and ill in deserted homesteads. In a flashback, Taiyo accounts for her love to Joseph. It began on the day their father organized a homecoming celebration and since then she has even visited Joseph in his house. Joseph also feels strong love to her but traditions shields him from her. They think of falling in love and leaving for a far destination. Taiyo is ready but Joseph is prefers to abide by Nasila culture. CHAPTER 10: OLARINKOI VERSUS THE RAPISTSA cloud of apprehension hangs around the couple. Oloisudori does not turn up as he had promised earlier. After procrastinating for some time they find it unbearable. Mother and father leave their home so as to consult their friends; the wife to Simiren and Ole Kaelo to Supeyo, on the issue touching on Oloisudori s callous demand to marry one of their daughters. The two girls go to the shop to have their lunch prepared by the manager, Maiso. On their return journey, they are attacked by two rude young men. On observing the two men, they realise one of the accosters was responsible for the earlier ambush. The two young men are frightening for they are in possession of knobkerries. They attempt to rape them but luckily the girls are rescued by Olarinkoi. The girls cannot thank Olarinkoi enough. The two girls detest the two young men s behaviour. The girls feel terribly shaken. Resian feels she should leave Nasila for university. The incident strengthens Taiyo s resolve as a combatant in a war zone. CHAPTER 11: CHANGE OF ENVIRONMENTTaiyo and Resian wait for their parent s return to tell them of the near rape ordeal as they were coming from their shop at Nasila. Ole Kaelo is very agitated on hearing that his daughters were assaulted with the aim of being raped. Their father storms out of the house while their mother asks them to go to Simiren s house to have a change of environment. The girls are heartily welcomed at their uncle s home and that enables them to settle very fast. They get used to the communal and polygamous running of affairs at their uncle s home.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.13964}
{"text": "Their father storms out of the house while their mother asks them to go to Simiren s house to have a change of environment. The girls are heartily welcomed at their uncle s home and that enables them to settle very fast. They get used to the communal and polygamous running of affairs at their uncle s home. They learn very many aspects of Nasila culture, both negative and positive. They are told more about Minik eneNkoitoi, the Emakerereiand their role model by one of Simiren s wives. They are told that she went to Makerere University where she studied veterinary medicine. They admire her opposition of negative Nasila culture and say they would like to be like her. Through flashback, it is revealed that Resian s interest in vet medicine began when she and Taiyo accompanied their father to agricultural show in Nakuru and since then, she has admired the profession. Taiyo plans to compose a song with the help of Joseph Parmuat praising Minik and ridiculing three women who still clung on retrogressive Nasilian culture. Later, they are asked to return home by their parents. A party, which their parents also attend, is held for them after which they return home. CHAPTER 12: RETALIATIONOle Kaelo hits the road angry and bitter and complaining to all he meets about the beastly attack on his daughter. He goes to the school where Joseph teaches and explains the events heading to his anger. Joseph parades all pupils, and sends boys from the Ilmolelian clan to go and call their elder brothers and fathers to an urgent meeting at Oerataplain. The search party narrows down on Lante son of Kanyira of Ilukumae clan and Ntara son of Muyo, also of Ilukumae clan as the culprits. They decide to embark on a revenge mission to prevent further provocation from the Illukumae clan. The retaliation is done by the young and old men from Iimolelian clan and the sympathizers from Limakesen clan. The search party comes across the two culprits who ran and fall under the feet of two old men begging for mercy. According to Nasila culture, a man is spared of any crime if he hides his head between the legs of an old man. Nevertheless, they are clobbered, slapped and kicked by Kaelo and his men.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.1982505}
{"text": "The search party comes across the two culprits who ran and fall under the feet of two old men begging for mercy. According to Nasila culture, a man is spared of any crime if he hides his head between the legs of an old man. Nevertheless, they are clobbered, slapped and kicked by Kaelo and his men. It is realized after interrogation that one of the offenders was related to Taiyo and Resian for he was son of Mama Milanoi s sisters. A cleansing ceremony is planned and Ole Kaelo is compensated for the trauma he underwent. Ntara Muyo gives Taiyo and Resian each a heifer to remove the shame he caused them. Lante pays two heifers. Ole Kaelo continue to have mixed feelings about Oloisudori s plan to marry his daughter. He consoles himself that Oloisudori is not an ordinary man. And that his business success depended on him. Thus reasoning, he decides to go along with Oloisudori s plan. He also dismisses negative rumours about Oloisudori assuring himself that his daughter was lucky to get such a man. Meanwhile, the girls visit to the uncle s home has greatly changed their outlook on life. It reduces their overreliance on their parents. They are finally happy that they are getting acceptance in the highly traditional community. CHAPTER 13: OLOISUDORI S GRAND VISITOloisudori changes his plans of coming for Resian in two weeks time and declares he would do so the following day. He would be accompanied by his three friends and wants Resian to cook for them. Ole Kaelo asks Resian to remain at home and cook for them instead of going to help plaster the kitchen of Teiyo Kiti with Taiyo as they had planned. She is not comfortable with the idea saying she fears Oloisudori and that he is like a monster. Her father hears none of her protestation. Resian seeks refuge in the garden. She wonders why she has been chosen and not Taiyo. She finds injustice in the way her father treated her unlike her sister Taiyo. Taiyo sympathizes with her situation. She knows her father biasness in treating his daughters. She thinks that the current demand from his father would make him hate her more. She blames the new culture that her father has immersed himself into as the cause of all her problems.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.173671}
{"text": "She knows her father biasness in treating his daughters. She thinks that the current demand from his father would make him hate her more. She blames the new culture that her father has immersed himself into as the cause of all her problems. Traditionally, a girl was shielded from men and it was rare for a girl to interact with men. Finally, Resian agrees to cook for the visitors after Taiyo is allowed to do it with her. Oloisudori arrives in a procession of four wheel drive vehicles. He is immaculately dressed and so is his three friends. Taiyo starts sensing that he could be targeting her sister Resian. He gives each of the family members generous gifts including a briefcase to their father. Later after leaving, Taiyo talks to her father to get more information about Oloisudori and his mission in their home but he reveals little. After failing, she plans to ask him to enroll them at Egerton but she does not succeed. Ole Kaelo calls for his daughter Resian. He talks to her pleasantly and tells her he has good news for her. Resian misinterprets this thinking it s about being enrolled at the university. Finding that they are on different pages, he dismisses her and calls for her mother. CHAPTER 14: THE WEALTHY OLOISUDORIOle Kaelo and his wife visit one of Oloisudori s homes in Naivasha. He wanted them to see the home he is building for their daughter so that they can easily convince her to marry him. Oloisudori compares Resian with one of the legendary beauty in the land and this greatly flatters Ole Kaelo. He also compares her with lord Ngata an English lady who drove a legendary gentleman crazy but the lady finally refused to marry him hence making the gentleman hate women forever. He intends to rectify that by building a palatial home that she would not turn down. Oloisudori is even ready to enroll her as a parallel student at Egerton if she marries him. However, she must undergo circumcision before he can marry her. Ole Kaelo regards Resian lucky and hopes his other daughter would find such a rich man who could give him generous dowry. Ole Kaelo reminisces his journey with his wife to Oloisudori s palatial home in Naivasha with pleasure.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.2095854}
{"text": "However, she must undergo circumcision before he can marry her. Ole Kaelo regards Resian lucky and hopes his other daughter would find such a rich man who could give him generous dowry. Ole Kaelo reminisces his journey with his wife to Oloisudori s palatial home in Naivasha with pleasure. He still remembers with awe the grandeur and magnificence of the house Oloisudori was building for Resian in Milimani area of Nakuru which made him decide that Resian had to be married by Oloisudori come what may. Before parting, they hatch a plan of abducting Resian if she offers resistance and are very happy about it. His wife is not very happy about the idea but has no option. She is unhappy that her daughter would miss a chance of going to Egerton University. Ole Kaelo also seems at conflict but keeps assuring himself that Oloisudori is a genuine man enjoying his own fruits of labour. Later, after a disturbed night, he has a dream in which Resian accepts to marry Oloisudori without any resistance and that raises husband and wife s spirits. Resian and Taiyo hatch a plan of returning all gifts Oloisudori had given them in his next visit to show him they were not on sale. Resian receives Oloisudori warmly into their home and hands over the carton she and Taiyo had packed all his gifts. This catches Oloisudori by surprise and he is made to believe that the battle has been won. He reveals his plans to marry her and she is shocked by the revelation. They have a nasty exchange of words with Resian telling him that she can only be his wife over her dead body. Resian storms out of the house and confronts her father in his shop at Nasila. Ole Kaelo confirms his intention to marry her off to his friend and says he has no intention of enrolling her to university. She has a nasty verbal exchange after which he slaps her twice. She tells him he better kill her than hand her over to his friend, the monster. Their bitter exchange attracts a crowd outside the shop. Resian leaves in hurry and heads to the river where she contemplates committing suicide. Just then, Olarinkoi comes to what seems to be her rescue.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.2239115}
{"text": "Their bitter exchange attracts a crowd outside the shop. Resian leaves in hurry and heads to the river where she contemplates committing suicide. Just then, Olarinkoi comes to what seems to be her rescue. She tells her that Oloisudori men are looking for her all over and that he can help her reach Minik s ranch. Resian agrees to the idea and they plan to start off very early the following day. CHAPTER 15: THE REAL OLARINKOIAfter a sugarless breakfast served by a kind-hearted old woman, Resian and Olarinkoi gets into a pick up to start their journey to Minik s ranch. The old woman gives Resian a leso and a blanket to cover herself with. At the beginning, she is very optimistic and happy that finally her salvation has come. Later the hot weather and the bumpy ride makes the journey very uncomfortable while dust, flies, mosquitoes and the fear of wild animals haunt along the way. On the way, Olarinkoi is aloof, he does not communicate with Resian, but this does not bother her for her focus is to reach the ranch and meet Minik her mentor. The pick- up stops outside a mud plastered house with a rusty tin roof and Olarinkoi orders her to alight. He orders her to follow her into the desolate house which has two rooms Olarinkoi brings several foodstuffs he had brought with him in the pick-up, rudely gives Resian several instructions on how to cook a meal and leaves in a huff. Soon, she falls asleep and dreams where she meets Minik who promises to enroll her as a student at Egerton University and protect her from F.G.M. Her dream is interrupted by a loud bang on the door by Olarinkoi. He reprimands her for not cooking food and tells her she is his wife. He proceeds to take her by force and a struggle ensues. Resian bites his thumb and in defense, he hits her on the ribcage making her pass out before proceeding to rape her. When consciousness returns, Resian realizes she was in a bed covered with bloody rags and naked. She begins to have recollection of what happened but cannot go beyond biting Olarinkoi s thumb. She faints again and sees alternating images of both Olarinkoi and Oloisudori.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.2650092}
{"text": "When consciousness returns, Resian realizes she was in a bed covered with bloody rags and naked. She begins to have recollection of what happened but cannot go beyond biting Olarinkoi s thumb. She faints again and sees alternating images of both Olarinkoi and Oloisudori. When she regains consciousness, she notices another woman who she had been seeing in her hallucinations in the room. The woman is called Nabaru and is the nurse that has been treating her. One evening after she is able to walk on her feet, Olarinkoi s mother comes and admonishes her for biting her son s thumb and abuses her for being uncircumcised. She reveals that she intends to have her circumcised after recovering and that she and Olarinkoi would go to Tanzania to start their marriage. The nurse comes when she is deep in thoughts and tells her that Olarinkoi s mother is an enkoiboni, a prophet and had prophesied that her son would bring one of Ole Kaelo s daughter home, circumcise her and make her his wife. The nurse tells her she has admired her courage and is ready to help her out in whatever plans she has. The news gives Resian a new surge of hope. CHAPTER 16: HELPResian has a life full of torment at Olarinkoi s home from insects, reptiles as well as from the old enkoiboni. The Enkoibonihas a lot of bitterness directed to the well to do in the society such as Oloisudori. Nabaru informs Resian she is under a lot of pressure from Enkoiboni to have her recover so that she can undergo the initiation ritual. Resian pleads with her to take her to Emakererei sranch which Nabaru agrees to. When her health improves a little bit, Resian starts venturing out of the homestead. She keeps the company of some two young women who were married early. Olarinkoi reappears after disappearing for several days and tries to ask for forgiveness from Resian and even assures her that he would never molest her sexually again. He discloses that they plan to have her circumcised in two days time so that he can marry her. After the revelation, Resian realizes that her only hope is in Nabaru. She waits for her eagerly but does not come that evening.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.2802892}
{"text": "He discloses that they plan to have her circumcised in two days time so that he can marry her. After the revelation, Resian realizes that her only hope is in Nabaru. She waits for her eagerly but does not come that evening. She has a dream in which she fights the enkamurataniwho wants to circumcise her, enkoiboniand when she is about to attack Nabaru, her dream is cut short by somebody calling out her name. Resian at first is unable to stand to open the door for Nabaru but after great effort, she reaches the door and opens it before collapsing. Nabaru administers some medicine through her mouth and she regains consciousness. The two women escape from the advancing enkoiboni,Olarinkoi and the enkamuratani. As they walk to the main road to board a lorry, they experience a big challenge, the heavy rain. Olarinkoi catches up with them as the lorry is about to leave, exchanges assaulting words with the two women before leaving him standing in the rain. Finally, they reach the sheep ranch were Minik eneNkoitoi is the manager, and the place where she so longed to go. Resian is very grateful for Nabaru s sacrifices to save her from Olarinkoi saying that only God could repay her for her love and kindness. Three motorbikes catch up with them as they wait for their lorry to cool down. One of the riders is Minik who also recognizes Resian having seen her picture in the papers which advertised her disappearance and promised a big reward to whoever would find her. Minik orders the driver to take her to the farm so that they can talk more. Resian is now towards the end of a torturous journey; homestretch as the lorry heads to the station. CHAPTER 17: THE PROMISEResian finds Minik sitting on the veranda of her spacious house. She is awed by her presence for she reminds her of her high school Principal. She welcomes Nabaru and Resian into her glamorous and elegant house. After bathing, she tells Minik the events leading to her present state. She discloses she has always admired Minik, wanted to meet her and wanted to study veterinary medicine which Minik herself did at Makerere University. She also tells her that she would like to join her in the fight against FGM.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.2958314}
{"text": "After bathing, she tells Minik the events leading to her present state. She discloses she has always admired Minik, wanted to meet her and wanted to study veterinary medicine which Minik herself did at Makerere University. She also tells her that she would like to join her in the fight against FGM. Minik observes that some cultural practices like F.G.M and emuatahad outlived their usefulness and should cease being part of Maa s culture. Nabaru promises to join Minik in fighting the practice Minik also promises to have Taiyo and Resian enrolled at Egerton University, their lifelong dream. She also promises Resian a scholarship and gives her a fully furnished house and a job in the ranch for the duration she would be studying at the universityCHAPTER 18: SISTERS REUNIONOn her fifth day in the ranch one mid-morning, a vehicle that Minik had sent on a rescue mission comes in the ranch. Minik goes to see the girl s condition and later sends for Resian. Resian is gripped by anxiety and apprehension on finding Minik angry. Minik is angry at the new culture brought by wealth where men would like young girls and forcefully circumcise them hence lowering their esteem. She narrates the case about the girl. She tells Resian the girl s rescue was not easy for the home where she was circumcised was heavily guarded and after luring the guards, they were able to rescue her but unfortunately, the man who assisted in rescuing the girl was speared to death by the thugs. She tells Resian that the rescued girl was her sister and the killed man was Joseph Parmuat a teacher. Through recollections, Taiyo remembers how her mother lured her to accompany three women promising they would take her to Resian. When they got to Esoit village she was abandoned in a smoky hut and in the morning was forcefully circumcised. After that she went through several hallucinations. Resian goes to her room and the sisters hug and kiss passionately. The reunion of the two girls is very emotional. Taiyo slowly recovers with the help of Minik, nursing care of Nabaru and counseling by a teacher. Taiyo fully recovers, she and her sister discuss their dark past events. They blame their mother for accepting to agree to everything their father said. They vow not to be subservient to their male counterparts.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.3109877}
{"text": "Taiyo fully recovers, she and her sister discuss their dark past events. They blame their mother for accepting to agree to everything their father said. They vow not to be subservient to their male counterparts. They also blame women for the perpetuation of F.G.M arguing that if all women said no to the practice, men would do nothing about it. As the chapter comes to a close, Taiyo is advised to accept what has happened to her and move on. She is also advised to ensure in future her children do not go through a similar experience. The three ladies agree that if they stand by their position the primitive culture would end. CHAPTER 19: DREAM FULFILLEDMinik calls for Taiyo and Resian later in August that year. She discloses that the contents of the two envelopes she has are about their admission in Egerton University. The girls are elated by the news. Minik organizes a farewell party for the girls. She invites many workers and girls to come and celebrate with the girls. The girls from Intapuka-e-Maa sing a song that seeks to empower and energize them in their resistance of outdated cultural practices. In the song, they condemn F.G.M and envision themselves as great professionals just like men in the nation. As they sing, Oloisudori comes in a convoy of vehicles to demand to be given either Resian or Taiyo arguing that he has already paid enough to have them both. Minik tells him to leave the place for he would have none of the girls. Oloisudori starts insulting Minik calling her a spinster who lost a chance to get married and now masquerades as an FGM crusader. Oloisudori orders his men to take Resian by force and a vicious fight ensues between the ranch s workers and Oloisudori s men. Oloisudori s convoy is burnt to the ground and he and his men ran for their lives after a thorough clobbering. On 5th September the following day, Resian and Taiyo are full of happy sensation as they climb the four wheel drive vehicle belonging to Minik to go to Egerton University, their Nirvana. They think of ways to repay Minik for her kindness but all in all agree that it is well that ends well. CHAPTER TWOCHARACTERS AND CHARACTERISATIONA character is a fictitious personage created by a novelist in order to convey an idea.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.365528}
{"text": "On 5th September the following day, Resian and Taiyo are full of happy sensation as they climb the four wheel drive vehicle belonging to Minik to go to Egerton University, their Nirvana. They think of ways to repay Minik for her kindness but all in all agree that it is well that ends well. CHAPTER TWOCHARACTERS AND CHARACTERISATIONA character is a fictitious personage created by a novelist in order to convey an idea. Characterization is the process of selecting suitable characters that suit specific roles by the novelist. Characters are of many types: main, minor, shadow, protagonist, antagonist depending on their role and significance. With themes and style, they form the basic triangle in literary work. The three questions answered by the three basic aspects are what, how and who. The question answered by character and characterization is who . In this novel, the protagonist, the character every reader would wish to be like, is Resian. The family of Kaelo is a key family; Kaelo, Mama Milanoi and Taiyo. Close people to this family like Oloisudori, Olarinkoi, and Joseph Parmuat are equally key characters in this novel. There are still other characters that help in anchoring thematic concerns, the plot and style and they include: Simiren, his wives especially Yeiyoo Botorr and yeiyoo-kiti,Ole Supeyo, Nabaru, Minik, the enkamurataniand enkoiboni. Parsimei Ole KaeloHe is the husband to Mama Milanoi and father to Taiyo and Resian. He is a retrenched commercial manager of Agribix Limited Company situated in Nakuru. StrictAs the bread winner of the family and a senior officer at the work place Kaelo develops a strict character. As the novel begins, he is reprimanding the loaders of a lorry p.1 . He denies Taiyo permission to travel to Mombasa with other young men and women to attend an extravaganza. He thinks Taiyo s exposure to music extravaganza would make her a harlot p.45 . Taiyo tells Resian they hurry to the lorry before father spoils their day with his sharp tongue p. 5 . He also denies Resian a chance to go to the university saying her education is enough yet his aim is to enjoy the money p.207 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.3769383}
{"text": "Taiyo tells Resian they hurry to the lorry before father spoils their day with his sharp tongue p. 5 . He also denies Resian a chance to go to the university saying her education is enough yet his aim is to enjoy the money p.207 . He terms Resian as stupid and myopic for insisting on going to school. P.207 . His daughters fear to report the heinous incident when they are accosted by a callous young man p.20 . When he is away, the house is joyous and comfortable. P.35 . The moment Resian sees him, she becomes clumsy and breaks a glass p.40 . During the homecoming ceremony, he sends a corrosive glance at Taiyo when Joseph approaches her. P.48 . When their father comes at the sitting room, Taiyo and Resian disappear to the kitchen p.69 Commanding short temperedHe commands the loaders violently p.1 .Taiyo knew the sting of her father s tongue. P.1 When a lorry breaks down during relocation, he fuses, curses and mutters expletives p.10 .When Resian becomes clumsy and almost breaks the glass he winces, grimaces and struggles to control himself p 40 .When mama Milanoi shows her dilemma about whether the girls should be circumcised or not, Kaelo commands, You must immediately start counseling the girls p.61 . After Supeyo fails to take him to Oloisudori, he gets very annoyed. He shouted in a thunderous booming voice p.46 . On learning that her girls were accosted he takes a sword and froths trembling p.147 .He furiously pursues the men who had accosted his daughters p.159 . HatefulHe detests Resian from the moment she is born. When she shows early signs of maturity he declares to himself the earlier we disposed of her, the better p.10 . This clearly shows his disregard to his own blood. Mama Milanoi attests that Kaelo had scolded and bullied her like half-witted child p.29 . He wonders where in the world they fetched that awkward, overblown, stupid Resian. P.40 . When they make an accident with Resian at the door he curses, Have you run amok? P.96 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.419182}
{"text": "He wonders where in the world they fetched that awkward, overblown, stupid Resian. P.40 . When they make an accident with Resian at the door he curses, Have you run amok? P.96 . This is a disregard of the delicate emotional little girl. He brutally slaps Resian for not co-operating with Oloisudori p.209 He gets dowry from Oloisudori without even informing his daughters p.209 .This is great disregard to Resian for she is the one expected to be in the marriage yet he does not inform her that he has picked dowry. HardworkingKaelo remembers how while young he worked himself to the bone preparing for his future p.8 . He believes the way to the stars is hard work p.8 . Hard work had seen him through the ranks from a clerk to the coveted position of a manager p.9 . He succeeds in whatever he puts his hands in p.29 . He goes to Nakuru to work and returns to Nasila with wealth p.38 . While organizing for the homecoming event, he wakes up at cock crow. Mama Milanoi informs Yeiyo-Botorr that Kaelo is hard-working and that Taiyo resembles him p.76 . SexistA sexist person is that who discriminates on grounds of sex. Right from the time Resian is born, he detests her for she is not male. It is unfair for a child is always innocent. In this case she did not participate in her birth. He uses abusive language on Resian most of the time. He instructs Joseph to coach her girls on traditional dances. Resian argues that if they were males their father would not have got them a trainer. It had been his prayer to get at least three boys p.9 . Chauvinistic egocentricTaiyo is his pride. When she is born, Kaelo proofs his fatherhood p.10 . But when he gets the second girl, he is disappointed. He detests Resian since then p.10 . When he sees Joseph talking to her daughter, he refers her to Mama Milanoi s daughter p .48 yet we know she belongs to both her father and mother but since he considers the gesture embarrassing he does not wish to be associated with her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.427836}
{"text": "But when he gets the second girl, he is disappointed. He detests Resian since then p.10 . When he sees Joseph talking to her daughter, he refers her to Mama Milanoi s daughter p .48 yet we know she belongs to both her father and mother but since he considers the gesture embarrassing he does not wish to be associated with her. He talks to her daughter through their mother p.69 .this is because his gloated manly feeling cannot allow him to address a young girl. He stays for long time without relaying critical information like the intention by Oloisudori to marry one of his daughters p.114 . Since she is a woman and her decisions are not necessary, he first weighs the issue independently. EnterprisingHis mentor is Ole Supeyo p.20 who is a serious businessman in cattle trading. He owns a pick up for business p.22 . Plans to open the shop at the onset of rains p.24 . He is about to sign a four-year s contract with the government through Oloisudori. P.24 . His mother-in-law is happy to get a son in law who is a businessman p.28 . GreedyEven after being warned by Supeyo against the corrupt Oloisudori, Kaelo insists on dealing with him due to financial gains. He views the warning as envy on the part of Supeyo p.26 . Because of greed, he becomes a sycophantic follower of Oloisudori. This makes him mention reckless statements like There is nothing that he ought to be denied in this home p.98 . He chooses to deal with Oloisudori the criminal due to greed p.109 . He wishes to deal with the wealthy. P.109 . He does not care the means of getting wealthy p.111 . He takes dowry for his two daughters even when they want to join university p.111 . ModernHe tells off his brother when elders send him to tell him to marry other wives and get more children and sons. He says polygamy is archaic. He has only one wife and two daughters even when men have many wives and many children. He builds a modern stone house for his family with red tiles p.27 . His shop in Nasila is also furnished tastefully to attract high-class customers.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.5178564}
{"text": "He has only one wife and two daughters even when men have many wives and many children. He builds a modern stone house for his family with red tiles p.27 . His shop in Nasila is also furnished tastefully to attract high-class customers. TraitorousThough a parent to Resian and Taiyo he betrays them. He does not provide parental love as he ought to. He does not support university education for his daughters and he supports their early marriage. He also supports their FGM so that he can receive dowry and safeguard his businesses. PatrioticDuring the homecoming ceremony, he swears never again will he Live away from Nasila nor abandon its culture p.40 . The twin sub clans of IlmolelianItoorashaKihejiand Lelemawill always be like two chambers of his heart. P.40 . He calls Joseph to train Taiyo and Resian Maa dance and culture p.121 . AlienatedHe had got detached from Nasila life for many years. He has to hold a homecoming ceremony. P.37 . It is now thirty years since he left Nasila for Nakuru. He seems to embrace more of the modern culture than the traditional one. This makes him embrace the likes of OloisudoriPerfectionist MeticulousHe made sure that their furniture was loaded as fittingly as possible so that it does not break on the way p.14 .He organizes a homecoming party without fault p. 37 . He includes guests from all the five clans p 37 . IronicalWhen elders send Simiren to tell him to be polygamous, he dismisses polygamy as archaic yet later he encourages FGM on her daughters p.13 , which is equally a negative traditional cultural practice. StoicEven when he is retrenched, he goes about the sudden news without physically showing he is beaten. He views the new change as an inevitability p.7 . When Resian runs and leaves Oloisudori at home on reaching the shop, Kaelo attempts not to show his great fury to the girl. When asked about university studies he answers stoically, I decided I am not sending you there p.207 . StubbornHe stubbornly denies his daughters a chance to study at the university. Taiyo comments You know the stubbornness of father p. 4 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.5411317}
{"text": "StubbornHe stubbornly denies his daughters a chance to study at the university. Taiyo comments You know the stubbornness of father p. 4 . SycophanticWhen Oloisudori visits, Kaelo stands in order to please him. P.177 . He seems to be worshipping riches and wealth. JealousHe is hurt because Simiren is more appreciated and considered as the cultural leader of the Kaelo s p.9 . Dependable TrustworthyOle Supeyo trusts him. He would entrust him to count his money p.4 . Milanoi s parents find him a dependable protector p.29 . CorruptHe is well versed with the murky business of the underworld. P.23 . He is about to sign a four-year s contract with the government through the help of the corrupt Oloisudori p.25 . Foresighted plannerMama Milanoi expresses this fact on p.29 in a flashback. He planned homecoming ceremony meticulously p.37 . He tells Joseph that he had planned his future life when he was young p.70 . ResponsibleMama Milanoi attests to the fact that Kaelo is responsible p.28 . She says since he married her he has always provided for the family. LovingMama Milanoi confirms this trait p.29 . He calls her Lanoo-ai-nayorr an intimate expression p.30 . Taiyo is his favorite daughter p.111 . The role of Kaelo is to anchor the themes of patriarchy, culture, FGM, greed among others. He is useful in development of other characters especially Taiyo, Resian, Mama Milanoi and Oloisudori. The writer uses him to create flashbacks and his retrenchment helps in developing the novel s plot. TaiyoShe is sister to Resian and daughter to Kaelo and Mama Milanoi. IntelligentShe understands her father well p.1 . For example she knows when he is not in the right mood to be spoken to. She knows he does not like having his plans delayed. She observes intelligently that culture and traditions are never static but by being dynamic, culture sheds off aspects that are irrelevant p.127 . SympatheticShe sympathizes with the loaders who are receiving stern instructions from Kaelo her father.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.5287793}
{"text": "She knows he does not like having his plans delayed. She observes intelligently that culture and traditions are never static but by being dynamic, culture sheds off aspects that are irrelevant p.127 . SympatheticShe sympathizes with the loaders who are receiving stern instructions from Kaelo her father. P.1 She had made it her duty to mop her young sister s tears, sooth her anger and gently reassure her when shaken p.34 . At the homecoming ceremony she sympathizes with the old man who struggles with meat with little success p.50 . She later comes to know he is Ole Musanka, a religious leader. She brings alternative soft food to him. Bold DaringTo the knobkerrie carrying young man she demands. Let go of my hand. She vows to fight F.G.M even when Nasila culture and her father promote it p.88 . She declares openly to Joseph that she has fallen in love with him. She does not give a hoot about it. P.129 . She boldly visits Joseph s house even when it is a risky affair p.130 . She thinks boldly that their relationship with Joseph must remain even if it means relocating to Tanzania and becoming people of undefined culture p.136 . The attack by callous young men strengthens her resolve p.143 . LovingShe loves Joseph. This is even after being warned against having a relationship with him by the father p.71 . She is infatuated and makes him a confidante. She says If by loving you I offend the sensibilities of Nasila then let me offend them and face the consequences of doing so. P.133 . She sacrifices to go and see Resian so that Resian may eat when her mother lies to her that Resian has gone on a hunger strike p.272 . EmotionalAt the time they are leaving Nakuru for Nasila, Taiyo sheds tears p.6, p.2 . This shows the intimate relationship she has had with this town. She is not ready to let go of the town. She could also be afraid of relocating to a rural town. She is not willing to part with her boyfriend from Nakuru, Lenjir p.3 . When she realizes her relationship with Joseph Parmuat is highly hindered by traditions, she weeps herself dry p.56 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.5219288}
{"text": "She could also be afraid of relocating to a rural town. She is not willing to part with her boyfriend from Nakuru, Lenjir p.3 . When she realizes her relationship with Joseph Parmuat is highly hindered by traditions, she weeps herself dry p.56 . ResponsibleShe holds Resian s cheek and registers that she has been devoted to her sister since they were in nursery school p.34 . She takes a lot of time before broaching the issue of going to university for she seeks an apt opportunity p.54 . Kaelo tells Joseph that the girls are intelligent but require cultural studies p.70 . She responsibly and carefully prepares delicious meals p.75 . She advises Joseph that they keep a clandestine relationship and then reveal it later so as not to hurt Papaai p.134 . She advises Resian not to be left alone in the house with Oloisudori p.197 . AlienatedShe feels estranged for she has never visited Nasila before in her lifetime therefore she lacks basics of Nasila culture p.70 . She chooses to fall in love with Joseph even when the culture does not allow. This is because she is ignorant and alienated of the culture. She finds it hard to cope with Nasila culture at first. During the dance she takes a lot of time watching for she has no dancing skills of Nasila dances. She has to be trained traditional dances and culture by Joseph. StubbornShe stubbornly puts up a spirited struggle but later the battle is lost. This is when she insists on attending an extravaganza at Mombasa but her father denies her permission p.2 . She stubbornly falls in love with Joseph p.133 . SociableWhile in Nakuru, with Resian they always stand at the window every Sunday before they go to church p.2 . With Resian, they discuss petty issues like they observe that two out of four aunts are pregnant p.18 .Together with Resian they mingle with women folk and girls of Nasila and learn a lot p.36 . OptimisticShe hopes that the new shop will succeed. She says Nasila is an Agricultural area and fertilizer and other inputs will be in high demand p.4 . She hopes one day they will go to Egerton University p.4 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.6483028}
{"text": "OptimisticShe hopes that the new shop will succeed. She says Nasila is an Agricultural area and fertilizer and other inputs will be in high demand p.4 . She hopes one day they will go to Egerton University p.4 . AssertiveShe tells the young man who accosts them We are not the kind of women you have in mind. P.19 . With Resian, while in the ranch they declare never to be subservient to their male counterparts P.277 . HardworkingOn arriving in their new house at Nasila, Taiyo works to exhaustion even when Resian is just reading books p.32 . FlexibleWith Resian, they adapt to Nasila s lifestyle and easily get used to welcoming impromptu visitors like Olarinkoi p.35 . Her role in the novel in the novel is essential in developing the character of Resian. It is through her that we understand the character of Resian as assertive and committed to female empowerment. ResianShe is sister to Taiyo and daughter to Kaelo and Mama Milanoi. Inquisitive KeenShe inquisitively questions the chances of her father s new shop picking up p.3 .She questions on the rivalry and apprehension between the four houses of her uncle. P.16 . She interrogates and observes that Kaelo s cheerfulness has decreased after meeting Oloisudori p.120 . She questions Olarinkoi s sincerity about taking her to the ranch p.217 . CriticalShe questions why her father sought Joseph to be their teacher of culture Why not a girl p.73 . She observes that the arrangement is favoring men. That Joseph is to prepare them to be suitable wives to their husbands p.73 . When mother tries to explain FGM to her, she dismisses it as a myth created by men to oppress women p.90 . She critically observes FGM to be useless in the current times p.91 . She fails to see any difference between the ancient Ilarinkon from the current Ilarinkon p.91 . She questions the intruding tendency by Nasilan s into their house p.91 . She initially questions the significance of Kaelo Oloisudori relationship p.98 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.6237984}
{"text": "She fails to see any difference between the ancient Ilarinkon from the current Ilarinkon p.91 . She questions the intruding tendency by Nasilan s into their house p.91 . She initially questions the significance of Kaelo Oloisudori relationship p.98 . Firm Determined ResoluteEven when told of their new shop she clearly says she does not want to work in the shop but to go to Egerton University. She does not just want to go to a university but Egerton University where she will take veterinary science and become a veterinary doctor p.4 . When she is told by Taiyo that she will have a right to have as many children as she wishes she answers immediately saying, I don t want to be a parent. At least not in the foreseeable future p.18 . She adds, I want to study. She resolves to face the callous Oloisudori firmly p.200 . Even when she is beaten and denied a chance to join University by her father, she does not lose hope but still focuses on going to the university p.211 .She reminds herself when the lorry breaks down before reaching the ranch that she will not allow other people to sway her from her charted course p.256 . It should be noted that Resian s decision to go to Egerton University began when with Taiyo and her father visited agricultural show. From that time she stuck to the goal till came to fruition. BoldOn reaching Nasila, with Taiyo they manage to walk around even when they are not familiar with the environment p.17 . She asks her mother directly into her eyes, what is the purpose of FGM today? P.90 . She openly and boldly says she will not allow early marriage to occur in her life p.129 . She does not easily agree when told by her father that she is to wait for Oloisudori and three guests to cook for them p.171 . She comes up with a risky plan of humiliating Oloisudori p.195 . She is most attracted to bold personalities like Minik and Prof. Wangari Maathai p.250 . Nabaru confirms to us that Resian is a brave girl p.253 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.6317527}
{"text": "She is most attracted to bold personalities like Minik and Prof. Wangari Maathai p.250 . Nabaru confirms to us that Resian is a brave girl p.253 . Resian inspires the old lady Nabaru with her boldness so that she walks a long distance to organize for a lorry to take them to the ranch. Dr. Minik congratulates Resian for being firm and boldly resisting FGM p.264 . AssertiveWhen they are accosted with Taiyo by knobkerrie welding young man she hisses, Leave my sister alone. P.19 . She strongly declares that she would rather live in the noisiest place than near a vagabond with intention of mutilating her p.33 . She feels Joseph s lessons are taking her to the Stone Age era p.72 . She detests Joseph s teachings on culture and insists she will be taught universal content at the university p.73 . Mama Milanoi thinks of her as a hard nut to crack for she knew her rights p.118 . She knows Oloisudori will not have a walkover on the issue of marriage p.118 . She observes that Nasila culture must soon shed off F.G.M and assertively notes that there are no two ways about it p.128 . AggressiveShe bites the thumb of Olarinkoi when he attempts to rape her p.22 . In a dream, she tells the old enkamuratanithat she will never circumcise again. She twists her hand that is holding the Olmurunyamercilessly p.245 . She descends on the mono eyed witch like a ferocious leopard and disfigures her face. She batters her mono eye p.245 . Resian hits the witch on the head like a snake. The witch sprawls flat on the ground p.245 . All these happen in a dream. ResentfulShe instinctively detects the absence of love from her father. She grows sullen, bewildered and resentful p.10 . She resents Oloisudori s ill-motive and therefore tells him off when he visits and insists that she should serve him p.205 . She resentfully asks what is wrong with being born a woman. P.205 . She contemplates suicide after her plan to go to the university is cancelled by her father p.210 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.667872}
{"text": "She resentfully asks what is wrong with being born a woman. P.205 . She contemplates suicide after her plan to go to the university is cancelled by her father p.210 . RemorsefulWhen she becomes clumsy and almost breaks the glass she apologizes to her father p.40 . When chided by her mother against using rude words towards Oloisudori and yeiyo-botorr, she apologizes p.94 . When she learns Oloisudori is heart she says sorry P.95 . Visionary AmbitiousShe has a dream of being called Dr. Resian Kaelo P.94 . She is always reading books so as to keep her ambition alive p.135 . When Kaelo tells her with finality that she is not joining university, she screams like one possessed with demented spirits p.209 . ObservantShe observes that her uncle s four houses have rivalry and apprehension amongst themselves. She observes that two of the four aunts are pregnant p.18 . She interestingly observes that there is always a scramble for girls to marry in Nasila p.128 . She observes that the doors are well locked p.138 . Lastly, she observes that the term children always referred to girls in the Maa culture p.175 . PessimisticAt time she lacks hope. This is partly contributed by her father who disliked her right from her birth. Mama Milanoi observes that Resian is in a pessimistic mood most of the times p.29 . She hopes for the worst in their new house and requests Taiyo to plead with father so that they can go to university for studies and security p.33 . Persuasive PersistentShe persuades Taiyo to plead with Kaelo her father to take them for university studies p.5 . She does not change her stand. She always asks Taiyo whether she has talked to father about their university education p.89 . She persuades the young man accosting them not to harm them, Taiyo Resian p.18 . Sarcastic Wiser indeed! Jeered Resian. P.72 .She mocks her father s words that Joseph will teach them.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.7256958}
{"text": "She persuades the young man accosting them not to harm them, Taiyo Resian p.18 . Sarcastic Wiser indeed! Jeered Resian. P.72 .She mocks her father s words that Joseph will teach them. When asked by her father why she has left her guest Oloisudori alone in the house, she sarcastically answers, I left him at home enjoying his tea and pancakes p.206 . JealousShe fears Taiyo s attraction to Joseph may lower her attention to her Resian p.49 . She declares to hate anyone who comes in between her and her sister p.49 . She is not ready to be abandoned by Taiyo as she falls in love with Joseph p.72 . LazyIn their new house, even when there are many duties to be done, she chooses to read a book p.32 . She tosses into the bed and declares that, my body belongs to me. P.33 . Kaelo comments that she is lazy like an overfed lizard after comparing her with the industrious Taiyo p.64 . DefiantShe said in a defiant voice that she has no problem with adding knowledge but not traditional knowledge p.76 . Resian does not wish to please male counterparts p.77 . She is mad at Olarinkoi who is always doing nothing in the house p.77 . OptimisticShe constantly hopes that one day she will join university p.89 . She imagines herself already admitted at the university and walking majestically p.89 . SecretiveShe agrees that they should not inform the father about the incident when they are accosted by a callous young man p.20 . Resian s role in the novel as a protagonist is critical. The author uses her to drive central themes like FGM, female assertiveness and determination. She compliments Taiyo her elder sister and a confidante. She also immensely develops dialogue as a style as well as the plot of the novel. Mama Jane MilanoiShe is the wife to Kaelo and mother to Taiyo and Resian. Meek SubmissiveShe says she did not resist Kaelo s marriage for traditions did not allow any resistance p.2 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.7346861}
{"text": "She also immensely develops dialogue as a style as well as the plot of the novel. Mama Jane MilanoiShe is the wife to Kaelo and mother to Taiyo and Resian. Meek SubmissiveShe says she did not resist Kaelo s marriage for traditions did not allow any resistance p.2 . She prays God to open her womb so that she can bear a son for Kaelo p.29 . When she is taken to her new house she exclaims, Father of all creation! P.30 . When Taiyo requests her to allow Joseph Parmuat to come and coach her on traditional dances, she fears saying that s your father s territory. P.56 . She fears to broach the subject of circumcision of her daughters. P.61 . She is disturbed by Resian when she Resian uses harsh words on Oloisudori p.94 .She knows very little about her husband for he is a man p.95 . She honors her husband s visitor and his friends p.179 . She burns rice as she is afraid of Kaelo after Oloisudori has just left p.104 . ReligiousBefore embarking on their journey to Nasila, she leads in prayers. Kaelo first spotted her at a church service at Nasila p.9 . She is to join women in ancestral prayers and songs of praise, a prayer for exhorting God to open women s wombs so that she can bear a son for Kaelo p.29 . CautiousShe cautions Taiyo and Resian against strangers who might take advantage of their unfamiliarity with Nasila. P.17 . She wishes to care for her children although she fears Nasila people for their intolerance p.30 . She is torn between her love for Nasila culture and that for her daughters as well as her dutiful role of a faithful and obedient wife. P.61 . That is why she takes the subject of FGM cautiously. LovingShe loves and cares for her daughters. She is worried by the FGM that is to be conducted on them p.61 . On learning that Oloisudori intends to marry one of her daughters she cries with pain. P.113 . Like a woman in labour, the story about selling Resian to Oloisudori highly hurts her p.193 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.7503407}
{"text": "On learning that Oloisudori intends to marry one of her daughters she cries with pain. P.113 . Like a woman in labour, the story about selling Resian to Oloisudori highly hurts her p.193 . Evasive ElusiveShe avoids the girls demand to be taken to university p.8 . Even when the girls make this request she lingers. Mama Milanoi as a character is important in addressing the issue of women subjugation by men in the patriarchal Maa community. The novelist uses her to demonstrate how women occupy a lowly position in the family. Dialogue and flashback as stylistic devices are used by the novelist through her. She is also used to address the issue of religion in the novel. TraitorousHer daughters expect her to voice their requests to their strict father but she disappoints them on the issue. The girls also expect the mother to side with them on the idea of FGM so that they do not undergo the cut but instead she supports their circumcision and keeps quiet about the arranged marriage of her daughters and Oloisudori even when she notes the gender disparity and the girls relentless desire to acquire university education. Uncle Simiren KaeloHe is the younger brother to Kaelo, uncle to Taiyo and Resian and brother in-law to Mama Milanoi. ResponsibleFor thirty years, Parsimei Ole Kaelo has been away and during this time Simiren has acted as the head of the Kaelo family p.11 . He ran all kinds of errands for his brother p.12 . He purchases livestock for him p.12 . He also sells cattle for him p.12 . He participates in the construction of Kaelo s two buildings p.12 . He always passes any critical information to him and keeps him updated on what is happening in Nasila. An apt example is when elders show displeasure in his monogamous state p.13 . Humble peaceful There had never been any rivalry between him and his brother ever since they were young p.12 . He has always accepted his position to be subordinate p. 12 . Even when he has four wives and sixteen children while his brother has only one wife and two children he remains humble p.12 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.7663252}
{"text": "He has always accepted his position to be subordinate p. 12 . Even when he has four wives and sixteen children while his brother has only one wife and two children he remains humble p.12 . When Ole Kaelo returns to Nasila, he humbly expects that Kaelo will take up his role as the eldest brother p.12 When Kaelo gets enraged after he Simiren relays elders concerns to him Kaelo on their stand on polygamy, he does not argue with his brother p.13 . HospitableHe jovially welcomes the Kaelo s; his brother s family, back home from Nakuru where they have stayed for around thirty years. Traditional ConservativeHe represents his brother during ritual and practices such as girls initiation, boys circumcision etc. P.11, 12 . The novelist uses Simiren to show the positive aspects of the Maa culture. Humility, generosity, responsibility and hospitality are emphasized. He makes it possible for Kaelo to have a smooth transition to Nasila before and during the migration. Yeiyo-BotorrShe is the first wife of Simiren, and aunt to Taiyo and Resian. She is accorded more roles in the family and has an obligation of leading the co-wives. In Simiren s house, she is the eldest wife of the four wives. Conservative SuperstitiousShe thinks of Resian as a mad girl when she speaks ill about the lazy Olarinkoi. She cannot bear an argument about female freedom and assertiveness P.77 . She believes Resian has a bad spirit because she is not circumcised p.78 .Yeiyo-botorris used by the novelist to lay ground for polygamy in a Maa family. She is used to show cohesion in a traditional polygamous family. ResponsibleShe introduces the other women to visitors p.16 . SincereWhen she finds Taiyo and Resian doing house chores she genuinely praises them p.76 . Soin Ole SupeyoHe is a respected elder of Ilmolelian clan, a longtime friend to Ole Kaelo as well as his mentor. HonestHe honestly tells Ole Kaelo how much corrupt Oloisudori is and warns him sarcastically against him p.26 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.8524463}
{"text": "SincereWhen she finds Taiyo and Resian doing house chores she genuinely praises them p.76 . Soin Ole SupeyoHe is a respected elder of Ilmolelian clan, a longtime friend to Ole Kaelo as well as his mentor. HonestHe honestly tells Ole Kaelo how much corrupt Oloisudori is and warns him sarcastically against him p.26 . He advises Kaelo to be careful with Oloisudori p.26 . He also warns Kaelo against Oloisudori s immoral behavior by telling him to ensure he keeps his daughters away from him p.26 . SarcasticHe uses sarcastic remarks on Kaelo aiming at hurting him. Supeyo said, scornful smile twisting his lips. P.26 Emakererei Minik eneNkoitoiShe is a doctor of veterinary science, manager of a big ranch and a crusader against FGM. She is the mentor to Taiyo and Resian. She is the manager of a ranch and a veterinary expert. BoldThough she is hated very much in Nasila, she champions freedom of females and crusades against F.G.M and early marriages p.62. She boldly tells Oloisudori that none of the girls would leave the ranch p.283 . She looks boldly into Oloisudori s eyes p.283 .She visits Ole Supeyo s homestead to persuade him not to circumcise his daughter p.22 .She orders Oloisudori to leave the ranch for his own safety and the safety of his expensive machines p.283 . She refuse to comply with his demand to be given either Resian or Taiyo. AuthoritativeShe orders the driver to take delivery notes to the office p.254 . Resian observes that Dr. Minik Nkoitoi has an authoritative aura like of a principal in a high school p.259 . She authoritatively makes it clear that Oloisudori and his group did not have a right to receive any invitation letter to the party p.282 . She advises Oloisudori to leave the ranch in an angry tone p.283 . Generous HelpfulShe helps Resian and Taiyo get admission letters to Egerton University.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.859012}
{"text": "She authoritatively makes it clear that Oloisudori and his group did not have a right to receive any invitation letter to the party p.282 . She advises Oloisudori to leave the ranch in an angry tone p.283 . Generous HelpfulShe helps Resian and Taiyo get admission letters to Egerton University. She gives Resian a house and a job in the Ranch and saves Taiyo from her circumcisers. She holds a party for the two girls before they go to the university p.280 . Educated liberatedMama Milanoi says she had gone to Makerere University in Uganda p.61 . She manages a vast ranch which requires a lot of expertise. Loving WarmShe holds Resian on her shoulder and speaks to her calmly p.259 . She chooses to address Nabaru instead of Resian directly. P.262 . She develops a warm relationship with Resian p.267 . ConvincingShe convinces Nabaru that FGM is wasteful to females and Nabaru changes her position towards FGM p.263 . SympatheticShe feels sad when she sees a traumatized girl; she feels bitter bile sizzle inside herself and burn in her heart p.269 . CourteousThe narrator comments about her courteous character when she calls the girls for the admission letters p.279 . Minik is important to the novel for she is the agent of education, female empowerment as well as crusader of women freedom. Without her, the novelist cannot address the central issue of FGM in the novel. The last section of the novel takes place at the ranch and therefore she contributes significantly to plot development. Edward Oloisudori LoonkiyaaHe is a close friend to Ole Kaelo and a jack of all trades. ImmoralSupeyo warns Kaelo to keep his daughters away from him terming him as a randy he goat. His initial plan was to extort Kaelo but on noticing the two girls he changes his mind. P.112 . Resian certainly felt the fingers of his lifted hand graze the fullness of her breast p.93 . While in Kaelo s house, Oloisudori s eyes drop from face to Resian s bosom p.203 . Kaelo is advised to keep off his daughters from him.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.8538609}
{"text": "Resian certainly felt the fingers of his lifted hand graze the fullness of her breast p.93 . While in Kaelo s house, Oloisudori s eyes drop from face to Resian s bosom p.203 . Kaelo is advised to keep off his daughters from him. CunningHe brings gifts to the girls without telling them he is also paying their dowry p.179 . He entices Resian and Taiyo s parents by taking them for a visit in his own homestead p. 186 . Ole Kaelo had even earlier reported to Oloisudori that girls are reporting at the University but instead he plans to marry them p.187 . He ensnares Taiyo and Resian like antelopes p.192 . He schemes a plan of grabbing Resian to be his wife p.200 . CorruptSupeyo states clearly that Oloisudori s corrupt nature is known by everybody in Nasila. Joseph refers to him as a monster p.100 . He also describes him as a shadowy figure p.100 and extortionist p.101 . He takes part in hunting elephants and rhinos p.236 . AuthoritativeHe authoritatively asks where Kaelo is p.92 . He authoritatively states that Resian is his wife p.204 and that only death can part them p.204 . Cynical SarcasticHe tells Kaelo, that he is interested in his girl, Resian and his friend is interested in Taiyo bluntly p.110 . He instructs that only Resian should cook for him and three guests p.69 . He tells Kaelo, I would like to relieve you of your two daughters p.110 . SadisticWhen Resian tells him off he laughs sadistically. P.205 . Resian tells Oloisudori that he is stark mad for thinking she is her wife. In response to this, Oloisudori laughs softly. This shows he derives pleasure from her displeasure. Oloisudori is essential in the novel for he helps in creation of the theme of materialism greed. The author uses him to create irony as a stylistic device. Joseph ParmuatHe is a teacher in primary school and trainer of Taiyo and Resian on traditional dances.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.9037662}
{"text": "Oloisudori is essential in the novel for he helps in creation of the theme of materialism greed. The author uses him to create irony as a stylistic device. Joseph ParmuatHe is a teacher in primary school and trainer of Taiyo and Resian on traditional dances. He is in love with Taiyo but traditions restrain the relationship. BoldHe openly tells Taiyo and Resian that he will join them to fight FGM even when the environment is not friendly p.88 . He describes himself as a fish that had jumped out of water on verge of death This is when his relationship with Taiyo inclines to intimacy p.136 . DependableMama Milanoi corrects Kaelo s thinking by informing him that Joseph is the finest and dependable young man of Nasila p.48 . She does not disappoint Taiyo s parents p.132 . LovingOn meeting Taiyo, he falls in love with her. He promises to visit her the following day and also coach her on traditional dance if allowed by Taiyo s father. CautiousIn dealing with Kaelo s two girls, he is cautious of Nasila culture and respects his parents. P.122 . He is alert so that with Taiyo they do not begin a clandestine relationship p.123 . He fears the condition of Intoiyenemengalanain the girls. He cautiously weighs whether to fall in love with Taiyo and break his cultural law p.137 . He fears that the uncircumcised Taiyo may be wild and untamable. ResponsibleWhile dealing with Taiyo he always ensures that Resian is available p.124 . He follows Kaelo closely to ensure the old man was safe during the errands of pursuing his girls molesters p.159 . He helps in the rescue of Taiyo from her circumcisers although he dies by being speared to death in the process. Intelligent InformedHe observes that Maa culture has already shed off some traditional practices like throwing of the dead and the dying to hyenas, abandoning very old and terminally ill people to animals. P.128 . He observes how Nasila culture is violent once its sensibilities are violated p.132 . PatrioticAlthough there is a strong wave of marrying Taiyo who is uncircumcised, he sticks to his culture.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.9976027}
{"text": "Intelligent InformedHe observes that Maa culture has already shed off some traditional practices like throwing of the dead and the dying to hyenas, abandoning very old and terminally ill people to animals. P.128 . He observes how Nasila culture is violent once its sensibilities are violated p.132 . PatrioticAlthough there is a strong wave of marrying Taiyo who is uncircumcised, he sticks to his culture. He strongly feels that Nasila culture was the father and mother that nurtured. P.137 . In this case he views the culture as that which nourishes the members of the community. He resolves to decline her love p.136 . EducatedIn his house shelves are neatly packed with books. P.131 . He is a primary school teacher in Maasai land, an area with low education index. Joseph Parmuat s role is important in the novel. The novelist uses him to anchor the theme of culture. He also helps in the emancipation of women through his sacrifice towards Taiyo s education. Old Ole MusankaHe is the old man who leads in blessing ceremony of Kaelo s during the homecoming ceremony. ReligiousHe leads in blessings of the religious section of the Kaelo s homecoming function p.51 . He blesses Taiyo and prophetically says she will be a mother of the next leader ofNasila p.52 . WiseHe uses proverbs in his conversations. He describes Kaelo as a tiny strand of hair that had been blown to show the insignificance of Kaelo compared to Maa culture p.51 . He interprets Maa culture to the crowd p.52 . Home is Maa, Home is Nasila, home is family and home is children p.52 . ConservativeHe warns Taiyo and Resian not to follow the teachings of Emakererei. He curses Emakererei the wasp, may she go down with the setting sun! P.52 .Ole Musanka is an important character in reinforcing the theme of religion as well as culture. His age and position as an elder as well as a prophet make him stand a better position in religion and culture. He also signals future and hope in Taiyo through his prophecy. PatrioticHe advises Maa elders to cut loose the strings of alien culture from Ole Kaelo p.52 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.9914312}
{"text": "His age and position as an elder as well as a prophet make him stand a better position in religion and culture. He also signals future and hope in Taiyo through his prophecy. PatrioticHe advises Maa elders to cut loose the strings of alien culture from Ole Kaelo p.52 . OlarinkoiHe is the young Maasai man who stays at Kaelo s home. He is a suspicious character and through him the novelist employs suspense. IntrudingHe intrudes into the affairs of the girls while in the house of Ole Kaelo p.74 . He is not known by the Kaelo s yet he keeps coming to Kaelo s house. IndifferentHe directs his attention to the girl s parents and not the girls p.75 . While escaping with Resian, they travel for a very long distance in silence p.127 . LazyHe is always dozing off at the sitting room or idling somewhere else p.77 . He does not bathe and stinks terribly p.240 . SecretiveHe occasionally brings bundles of food to Kaelo s P.79 . He knows the prophesy which states that he should marry Resian and keeps quiet about it as he waits for the opportune time. ProtectiveHe protects Resian from committing suicide after her father beats her and denies her a chance to go for University studies p.210 . He rescues the girls from molestation by two young menMysteriousJoseph says Olarinkoi is a mystery p.80 and only four men know about him. But the four always contradict in their facts about him p.81 .For example one says that he comes from Polonga, 200 kilometers from Nasila p.80 . AbusiveHe uses caustic language p.211 . He uses very abusive language on Resian even after she is emotionally unstable p.217 . He calls Nabaru a filthy woman for escaping with Resian p.249 . Rough ViolentOn the day he abducts Resian, he goes drinking and comes late in the night kicking the door roughly p.221 . Beastly bitterHe rapes Resian while drunk p.221 . He promises to do something nasty to Nabaru in case she returns after taking Resian to the ranch. P.249 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406294.976663}
{"text": "Beastly bitterHe rapes Resian while drunk p.221 . He promises to do something nasty to Nabaru in case she returns after taking Resian to the ranch. P.249 . He strongly believes that Nabaru and Resian will be followed by a curse p.249 . Olarinkoi is important as far as suspense is concerned. The author uses him to create suspense. He is used in the development of F.G.M as a theme as well as exploring the theme of violence. NabaruShe is the old woman who takes care of Resian after she regains her consciousness after the rape ordeal done by Olarinkoi. Caring HelpfulShe encourages and cares for Resian until she regains her health p.225 . She promises to give Resian account of what transpired when she lost her memory p.231 . She is the enkabaaniwho informs Resian of great secrets and even the prophecy p.232 . She saves the life of Resian. P.236 . She also becomes her confidant p.237 so that the two share a great deal. BoldShe travels a long distance in a rough terrain at night to search for a lorry to ferry Resian to the ranch p.253 . Independent mindedShe thinks it is none of enkoiboni sbusiness to want to circumcise Resian while her parents were still alive p.238 . Her role is vital in showing the possibility of a female helping a fellow female in overcoming challenges of FGM. The author uses her to develop dialogue as a major stylistic device in the novel. Olarinkoi s MotherShe is the old woman prophetess enkoiboniScaryShe looks like a witch and has ill motives p.227 . She has a single, red rimmed eye that resembled a monster which is partly stone and partly human p.227 . Cynical WickedShe shows mockery and disregard to Resian. She abuses her for biting her son s thumb. She calls her names for being uncircumcised. She says Resian is not yet a woman because she is not circumcised p.228 . She shamelessly uncovers Resian s stomach to check whether she is pregnant p.235 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.0177054}
{"text": "She calls her names for being uncircumcised. She says Resian is not yet a woman because she is not circumcised p.228 . She shamelessly uncovers Resian s stomach to check whether she is pregnant p.235 . SarcasticShe remarks sarcastically, We have been trying to feed you from your bed with a silver spoon. This is not true for Resian was always treated roughly by the witch. P.228 . She laughs sarcastically. She mocks her for her father has money p.228 . ContemptuousShe has contempt for the rich corrupt people in the society p.236 . She feels political leaders and wealthy people in the country are responsible for the unequal distribution of resources. In the novel, she represents women who are responsible for being stumbling blocks to their fellow women in the society. She is used by the writer to bring out the theme of women as enemies of themselves. Lebutu Lorry DriverMeekHe politely asks for more work from Dr. Minik p.254 . On their way to the ranch he uses polite language to address the two ladies. He is contrasted with the other driver who drives a pick up earlier in the novel carrying Olarinkoi. CHAPTER THREETHEMESThemes are issues that are consistent in a creative work. They are sub categories or sub topics of the subject matter or the main idea in a work of art. They constitute the entire message the writer wishes to put across to his or her readers. Therefore, themes are the messages put across by a writer in a work of art. There are major and minor themes. Major themes cut across the text and are the main ideas the writer intends to pass to the readers. Minor themes are minor ideas which are still important in the text. POSITIVE NASILIAN CULTURE TRADITIONSCulture refers to the customs, habits and behaviors that characterize a society s, community s or nation s way of life. On the other hand, traditions form part of the culture of a people and are handed down from one generation to the next. Positive aspects of culture in Nasila are important in holding people together. There are many aspects of Nasilian culture which are positive. The songs the young people and children sing during Ole Kaelo s homecoming ceremony attest to the rich Maa culture.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.118612}
{"text": "Positive aspects of culture in Nasila are important in holding people together. There are many aspects of Nasilian culture which are positive. The songs the young people and children sing during Ole Kaelo s homecoming ceremony attest to the rich Maa culture. The narrator says, From the children s performance, it was evident that the cherished Nasilian traditional dance would stand the test of time. P.44 . The writer says that the party was full of pomp and gaiety. This is brought out by jewelry won by the guests such as ivory, beads, coloured lesos, kangas and shukas p.47 , all attesting to the rich cultural heritage of the Maa. Generosity as a virtue is seen in Simiren who invites all those present in the party to savor his brother s lavish hospitality p.46 . Food and drinks are served in generous measures to all those present p.47 . Ole Musanka, an elder who blesses Ole Kaelo s home, glorifies Maa s culture saying that it was the blood and marrow that gave sustenance to the body p.51 . According to him, home is Maa, Nasila, family and children p.52 . His only problem is that he supports FGM, a cultural practice that does not assist women in any way. When Resian and Taiyo go to stay at their uncle s place for some time, they witness some positive aspects of communal life and unity at their uncle s home. We are told that, Life and work in that home was communal. Although each mother had her own house and cooked her own food, all grown up daughters helped each one of them p.148 . There is well laid down chain of command with the first wife being the deputy to their uncle. There are hardly any disagreements and virtues of selflessness and sharing are emphasized p.149 . When Ole Kaelo s daughters are assaulted by two men, the communal way of life comes in handy. All Ilmolelian men join him in pursuing the men and meting punishment on them. He is not left alone to deal with the matter. During Ole Kaelo s homecoming ceremony, young men and women from the clan work together to make the day successful.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.1089523}
{"text": "All Ilmolelian men join him in pursuing the men and meting punishment on them. He is not left alone to deal with the matter. During Ole Kaelo s homecoming ceremony, young men and women from the clan work together to make the day successful. Ole Kaelo is touched after discovering that brotherhood, honour and selflessness still existed in Nasila and this makes him swear that he would never abandon the culture of his people or live outside his clan p.40 . Nasila culture clearly defined relationships. The founder had intended that the culture would regulate the lives of the people It charted out the way for everyone, from cradle to the grave. It defined relationships, it created laws that governed the ownership of property and settled disputes. It did not discriminate, it did not favour anyone over the other, it gave everyone a chance to live a full life; it protected everyone within its confines and provided cleansing procedures for those who defiled it. It was simply a cherished way of life for all the Maa people p.118 . Mama Milanoi appreciates Nasila culture which spares her nephew from death. She began to see the wisdom of the Maa founder who ensured that justice was always tempered with mercy p.163 . According to Nasila culture, if a man sought refuge between the legs of an old man, he was to be spared despite the crime committed p.162 . Anybody who violates cultural values of Nasila culture is faced with laid down punishment. Both Ntara Muyo and Lante who had attempted to rape Resian and Taiyo are forced to pay fines to the girls and their father and somehow, justice is done. The two boys had been fined two heifers each and Ntara Muyo an extra heifer to cover the shame that he had occasioned by accosting his own sister p.164 . Mama Milanoi also reminisces the old aspect of her culture which gave room for mass action in case somebody misbehaved and went against the expected conduct. A case in point is where an old man got infatuated by a girl of fourteen years. When women realized it, they attacked the man, stripped him naked and beat him up to death. That served as a detractor to any other man who would harbor such intentions.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.1400633}
{"text": "A case in point is where an old man got infatuated by a girl of fourteen years. When women realized it, they attacked the man, stripped him naked and beat him up to death. That served as a detractor to any other man who would harbor such intentions. Mama Milanoi wonders where such good aspects of Nasila culture had gone for they would shield her daughter from being forced to marry an old man like Oloisudori pp.115-117 . A girl was always protected from men with evil intentions. Girls were kept away from male visitors in their homes and there was hardly any interaction between fathers and daughters p.175 . The rich Maa culture has different types of love. There is elangatare where boys did anything possible to win girls admiration p.124 . The elangatarelove included feats by boys such as killing lions and defending people and their cattle from their enemies. There is also patureishitype of love where a girl and a boy were allowed to have a love affair alongside the conventional love. Such boys were the darlings of the girls and a song of praise would be composed by the girlfriend in praise of the valorous deeds of her boyfriend pp.124-125 . This relationship ended in marriage after a marriage ceremony. On the other hand, the patureishidid not end in marriage. It was meant to check the conduct and behavior of young people and keep them disciplined p.126 . NEGATIVE CULTURE TRADITIONSNegative aspects of culture in Nasila are strongly opposed by the young generation. To them, such practices should be shunned because they have outlived their usefulness in a society that is slowly but surely embracing modernity and civilization. Female Genital Mutilation F.G.M is an outdated cultural practice that has no standing in the changing Nasila. To those that support it, it is meant to tame a wild gender just as cattle that require to be dehorned p.22 . When it was discovered several years back, it was to find a lasting solution to the exploitation of the Maa women by the Ilarinkon warriors. That gave birth to enkamuratani the female circumciser . And her Olmurunyawas shaped, sharpened and handed to her p.87 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.1607456}
{"text": "When it was discovered several years back, it was to find a lasting solution to the exploitation of the Maa women by the Ilarinkon warriors. That gave birth to enkamuratani the female circumciser . And her Olmurunyawas shaped, sharpened and handed to her p.87 . Mama Milanoi also affirms the origin of this cultural practice saying, It was the shame and anger that was provoked by Ilarinkon taunts, lewd teasing and provocative posturing that made the women do what they did to curtail those desires the worthless predators exploited to prey upon them p.90 . Resian is very much opposed to this retrogressive practice. She says, I would rather live in the noisiest place on earth, than live anywhere near a vagabond who would accost me with the intention of mutilating my sexuality p.33 . At this early point, she makes her stand clear that she is opposed to the practice that disfigures and damages female sexuality. She is bitter and has pain in her heart due to threats of undergoing F.G.M. The olmurunya, the instrument used to conduct is scary. The writer reveals that it was a bladelike tool shaped like a smoothing plane blade and the enkamuratani showed the way she went about her profession of transforming young girls into young women through the cut of olmurunya p.58 . She wonders what the use of F.G.M in today s woman is p.90 . She observes that the practice is being fueled by men who use it to continue oppressing women. One of their ways of oppressing us is to demand that F.G.M be perpetuated against us forever p.91 . The enkoiboni,mother to Olarinkoi tells Resian, As soon as we clip that erogenous salacity from you that destroys homes, you will become a respected woman p.229 . This was not the original reason why F.G.M was invented but the practice has been maintained to purportedly keep women faithful. F.G.M is so highly regarded that no girl would get married before getting circumcised. Such a girl was derogatorily referred to as entaapaiand her family was not spared ridicule.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.2442443}
{"text": "This was not the original reason why F.G.M was invented but the practice has been maintained to purportedly keep women faithful. F.G.M is so highly regarded that no girl would get married before getting circumcised. Such a girl was derogatorily referred to as entaapaiand her family was not spared ridicule. To make matters worse, if she got pregnant, she would be circumcised at birth and married off to the oldest man in the village p.63 . According to enkoiboni,no mother would want an uncircumcised girl as a wife for her son p.235 . This would prevent any other girl from doing such a thing. Circumcising the girl at birth is painful, dehumanizing and traumatizing. Joseph Parmuat opines that negative aspects of culture such as throwing the dead and the dying to hyenas or abandoning the old and very sick in deserted homesteads to be eaten by wild animals have already been expunged from Nasila culture p.128 . Resian is optimistic that soon, Nasila culture would do away with F.G.M as a cultural practice. Minik cites horrible and outdated cultural practice such as emuatathat forced young brides to wear heavy copper around their limbs, legs, arms to make them beautiful and which had been discarded hence freeing women from pain. She opines that even girl child circumcision should be discarded for it has outlived its usefulness p.263 . Sexism refers to preference given to either the male or the female gender child. It is an outdated tradition that is still embraced by individuals such as Ole Kaelo. We are told that he wanted at least three boys but instead gets two girls. This shows his preference for boys. When his wife gets pregnant again, he hopes for a boy who would carry his name to the next generation but instead, he gets a girl that he lives to loathe p.10, 174 . The communal way of life in Nasila and clanship system also has negative effects. Its major negative effect is that it offered no privacy to those who needed it. Taiyo and Resian realize that in Nasila, home belonged to all members of the clan. We are told It was not an unusual thing to get up in the morning to find the living room full of men and women who came that early to share a sumptuous breakfast with their kith and kin p.35 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.2584836}
{"text": "Its major negative effect is that it offered no privacy to those who needed it. Taiyo and Resian realize that in Nasila, home belonged to all members of the clan. We are told It was not an unusual thing to get up in the morning to find the living room full of men and women who came that early to share a sumptuous breakfast with their kith and kin p.35 . Some intrude their homes even without being invited 65 . Although they adjust to such a negative aspect of culture, it still remains a bad aspect of culture for it interferes with their privacy. Taiyo is unhappy with the tradition that disallows marriage of young people from the same clan, however remotely related they are. According to Nasila culture, if such people married, there would be untold consequences p.49 . Taiyo finds this as a gross unfairness of the outdated culture and a searing torment to her and to all others who were of progressive minds p.56 . Joseph fears going against that tradition because he would be castigated and punished for doing such a thing. He would also be forced to pay cattle to Ole Kaelo as compensation and undergo a demeaning cleansing ceremony as well as a public rebuke p.123 . On the contrary, according to Taiyo, culture and traditions are never static but are dynamic in that culture shades off aspects that become irrelevant with time p.127 . She cites F.G.M and the clan system that prevents people from the same clan from marrying p.128 . She observes that such practices should have disappeared at the turn of the last century p.128 . Another aspect of culture that Resian and Taiyo condemn is the practice of booking unborn baby girls p.129 . This denies women a chance to choose their marriage partners based on love but not what is dictated upon them by their parents. Apart from booking unborn baby girls, young women are also subjected to early marriages. Resian and Taiyo are the best cases in point. Ole Kaelo forces Resian to marry Oloisudori, his business friend against her expectations. She undergoes several challenges in order to overcome this plan. When she escapes from Oloisudori s net, she is subjected to another forced marriage to Olarinkoi but she also escapes it. Taiyo is also not spared the practice.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.2768888}
{"text": "She undergoes several challenges in order to overcome this plan. When she escapes from Oloisudori s net, she is subjected to another forced marriage to Olarinkoi but she also escapes it. Taiyo is also not spared the practice. She is forcefully circumcised in order to be handed over to Oloisudori as a wife, although she is rescued by Minik. ALIENATIONAlienation is becoming a stranger to what one initially belonged to or being isolated from others. Alienation in the novel, Blossoms of the Savannah is as a result of embracing new culture. Ole Kaelo and his family have lived for thirty years in Nakuru where he has brought up his daughters until his retrenchment. This has alienated him from many cultural practices which he comes across with once he returns to Nasila. During his absence from Nasila, it was his brother Simiren who represented him in the Ilmolelian clan in sacred rituals such as girls initiation p.11 . While his brother has married four wives for the culture permits polygamy, Ole Kaelo has one wife and is contemptuously likened to a mono-eyed giant who stood on legs of straw p.13 showing that his position and stand in Nasila is precarious and unstable. He regards himself as civilized and calls the clan elders megalomaniacs who were still trapped in archaic traditions that were better buried and forgotten p.13 . During Ole Kaelo s homecoming party, his daughters jokingly observe that he does not know how to dance and that he should be coached p.45 . His inability to dance, perhaps, is a result of being away from Nasila for many years. After settling in Nasila, the writer says that a new Ole Kaelo was emerging and he was becoming a Nasilian very fast p.62 . Mama Milanoi reveals that her husband was not a strict follower of Nasila traditions only prescribing to those aspects that he considered decent p.60 . Perhaps, that is why he allows Oloisudori to marry his daughter Resian, a thing that goes against the cultural grain of Nasila. She asks, How could a man who was the age of her husband be her son-in-law? Where was Nasila culture? P.114 . Resian blames the tension which continues to be witnessed at their home to their father.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.2677891}
{"text": "Ole Kaelo has also alienated himself from his culture by marrying only one wife while the community allows polygamy. He is likened to a mono-eyed giant who stood on legs of straw p.13 . He is in constant clash with the Nasila culture which if he adhered to; he would not give his daughters to an old man like Oloisudori. For instance, culture prohibits girls meeting with male visitors but he insists that Resian should serve Oloisudori and his friend during his visit p.175 . Both Resian and Taiyo clash with FGM tradition, forced early marriages and coaching about Nasila culture. Resian is very rebellious of FGM and forced marriage to Oloisudori. She also rejects cultural coaching saying, I refuse to be taught to solely please male counterparts p.77-78 . Resian and Taiyo have lost touch with Nasila culture as a result of being brought up in the city of Nakuru and being educated. They don t know the types of love that exist in the rich cultural heritage of their community. Resian asks Joseph Parmuat whether patureishi really exists p.127 showing her ignorance about the matter. Taiyo s modern cultural values clashes with traditional Nasila culture. She falls in love with Joseph who is of her clan, a thing not allowed in the Nasilian culture. She does not care about her disregard of such a cultural restriction arguing she cannot care about a primitive culture which also violates her right to marry anybody she falls in love with p.133 . The positive aspects of Nasila culture are under threat from the imposing modern culture. The writer puts that this culture, was no more and just Nasila River has been polluted by chemicals, by the likes of Oloisudori. It had become mutable and now it contained defiant mutants that it could not regulate and which were above Nasila laws p.118 . Mama Milanoi admits that her daughters were operating under a different culture from hers. She says they, knew very little of Nasila culture. They were children of a new undefined culture. Theirs was a mutant of another kind p.118 . Education is one of the causes of alienation. The Kaelo s, for instance, want their daughters educated but at the same time are wary of the influence of education on them.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.357841}
{"text": "Theirs was a mutant of another kind p.118 . Education is one of the causes of alienation. The Kaelo s, for instance, want their daughters educated but at the same time are wary of the influence of education on them. We are told that the sons of Nasila who got educated got alienated and hardly came back home p.150 . There is a clash between formal education, which is an aspect of modern culture, with traditional Nasilian culture. This clash makes Nasila culture to be grappling with the changes education brought. These changes, according to the narrator, were threatening an explosion in the not too distant future pp.150-151 . CULTURAL CONFLICTSeveral characters undergo cultural conflict or dilemma in the novel as a result of encountering and embracing the modern culture. Nasila culture, which is part of the larger Maa culture, is also in crisis as a result of clashing with modernity. Mama Milanoi, wife to Ole Kaelo, is at cultural crossroads. She is in dilemma as far as the question of FGM is concerned. She understands the danger she would expose her daughters in Nasila where there are both positive and negative cultural practices and wishes she could shield them and protect them p.30 . She knows this would not be possible because Nasila people were very intolerant of those who ignored their cherished cultural sensibilities p.30 . She knows that she is in breach of Nasila traditions by not having circumcised her daughters by then p.60 . While back in Nakuru and before her husband s retrenchment, Mama Milanoi admits that FGM was a nonissue in the family for She had regarded the practice as an archaic rite that had been discarded and forgotten. But there it was now, rearing its ugly head and threatening to wreak havoc in the young innocent lives of her daughters p.63 . Mama Milanoi is torn between yielding her daughters to the barbaric culture and losing their faith, love and confidence and going against Nasila culture and becoming an alien in the clan. She fears doing anything that would wrong her husband and hence chooses to tread carefully around the matter. She comes out as a weak woman who shies from declaring her stand on Nasila culture when she meekly tells her husband, Our culture is everything and its rules, our lives p.61 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.3842726}
{"text": "Mama Milanoi is torn between yielding her daughters to the barbaric culture and losing their faith, love and confidence and going against Nasila culture and becoming an alien in the clan. She fears doing anything that would wrong her husband and hence chooses to tread carefully around the matter. She comes out as a weak woman who shies from declaring her stand on Nasila culture when she meekly tells her husband, Our culture is everything and its rules, our lives p.61 . Her dutiful role of a faithful and obedient wife to Ole Kaelo comes before her duty to her daughters hence chooses to obey his edicts. She wishes to join forces with the likes of Minik or Emakererei, and fight against practices like FGM but then fears for her marriage, If she aligned herself with a person who Nasila regarded as having such an obnoxious reputation, where would her marriage stand? P.62 . She even wonders whether as a family, they are traditionalists or modernists especially by embracing retrogressive cultural values p.62 . Joseph is faced with cultural conflict when he falls in love with Taiyo who is from his clan. His culture does not allow such a union and hence he is torn between loyalty to that culture or love for Taiyo. He asks himself several questions that reveal this crisis. Did he have to abandon Nasila culture in exchange of a woman who sneered at its tenets? He considered running away from Nasila and its culture but that left a sour taste in his mouth. P.137 . He finally opts to stick by Nasila culture arguing that it was too valuable to be abandoned in exchange of a woman s love. He finally resolves this conflict by declining Taiyo s love p.137 . Ole Kaelo s alienation from his culture and embracing a culture that was neither modern nor traditional creates internal conflict in him. He is torn between marrying his daughter Resian to Oloisudori or turning down his request, thereby losing his business. He keeps wondering what sort of a man Oloisudori is and at some point, he has to assure himself that he is a morally upright man so that he can marry his daughter to him p.194 . FEMALE ASSERTIVENESSAt the centre of fighting retrogressive cultural practices is Resian, Taiyo and Minik ene Nkoitoi who is commonly called Emakererei.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.3919806}
{"text": "He is torn between marrying his daughter Resian to Oloisudori or turning down his request, thereby losing his business. He keeps wondering what sort of a man Oloisudori is and at some point, he has to assure himself that he is a morally upright man so that he can marry his daughter to him p.194 . FEMALE ASSERTIVENESSAt the centre of fighting retrogressive cultural practices is Resian, Taiyo and Minik ene Nkoitoi who is commonly called Emakererei. Both Resian and Taiyo resist F.GM and do all they can to fight the outmoded practice. Resian says she would not live anywhere near a man who would want to mutilate her sexuality while Taiyo says she would only be mutilated if only she were dead p.33 . This declaration sets the mood and tone in the rest of the novel where the girls fight various individuals that try to force them in taking a path they do not wish. Resian resists being circumcised by force in a dream by fighting the enkamurataniand the enkoiboni pp.244 -254 . She tells Minik that she had heard of her relentless fight against F.G.M and underage marriage p.262 . Her stand is that girl child circumcision should disappear from Maa language and regarded extinct and that IntoiyeNemengalana uncircumcised girl should stop being derogatory p.263 . Minik is bitter and angry about the continued practice of F.G.M at a time she believes the rite has stopped being useful to women. She blames the practice on the neo-culture of wealth which was dampening the fight against such outdated practices. Her take is that there was need to plan new strategies to battle the new monster that was rearing its ugly head p.269 . Resian has a different way out of the problem. She believes that if all women said no to the detestable culture, men would do nothing about it pp.277-278 . Women who have undergone F.G.M such as Minik and Nabaru agree that they are not different human beings hence downplaying its importance. Resian is opposed to cultural coaching by Joseph Parmuat. Her father observes that though they may find some cultural demands detestable, it is such practices that nurtured and bound their people together p.71 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.4108012}
{"text": "Women who have undergone F.G.M such as Minik and Nabaru agree that they are not different human beings hence downplaying its importance. Resian is opposed to cultural coaching by Joseph Parmuat. Her father observes that though they may find some cultural demands detestable, it is such practices that nurtured and bound their people together p.71 . To Resian, the coaching is worthless and she says that if they were sons, they would not be subjected to cultural coaching. She says, I refuse to be taught. I will either be taught at the university what is universally beneficial to all mankind or be taught nothing p.73 . She is opposed to informal education to girls meant to please men saying, I refuse to be taught to solely please male counterparts. They can also cook, and they can, and should also learn to please us females p.77 . She is described as someone who knows her rights by her mother and that she would not allow anyone trample on them p.118 . Later, she accepts to be coached but only after Joseph introduces interesting topics such as those of love. When Taiyo falls in love with Joseph, she does not care about what others or the culture says about it. She boldly tells Joseph, No, I don t care about the oppressive Nasila culture. Why should I care about violating the backward culture when it does not care when it violates my own rights? P.133 . She says this despite knowing very well that her culture does not allow inter-clan marriage. She assertively tells Joseph she does not care about her culture s position on the matter when he tells her they cannot marry p.134 . She is ready to defend her love for Joseph including eloping with him to join others who share with her neo-cultural persuasion. The two girls are ready to fight and resist forced marriages and Oloisudori s advances on them. They plan and succeed in returning the gifts that he had brought them saying, Woe to him if he thought she was a chattel to be secured by the content of a briefcase! P.198 . She flatly rejects Oloisudori s plans to marry her saying, You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body p.204 . She boldly tells her father that she would rather die than get married to a monster p.209 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.492641}
{"text": "She flatly rejects Oloisudori s plans to marry her saying, You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body p.204 . She boldly tells her father that she would rather die than get married to a monster p.209 . When Resian is abducted by Olarinkoi, she continues in her fighting and resisting spirit. The writer says, Olarinkoi and his demonic mother may physically take her to Tanzania take her as his wife physically circumcise her, but mentally she was going to resist She was going to refuse to be subdued she was going to physically resist p.230 . The song by the girls from Intapuka-e-Maa during Taiyo s and Resian s farewell party is full of female assertion. They say they are proud to be uncircumcised and that they would be doctors, teachers and engineers and would build the nation together with men p.281 . This is a song of hope and optimism hence revealing a generation of young people that are not ready to be daunted by retrogressive cultural practices. MORAL DECADENCEDespite the rich cultural setting of the novel, there are many cases of immoral conduct or behavior that falls short of the morals of any society. This can be largely attributed to the clash or encounter between the traditional culture and modern culture. Many evils are perpetrated by Oloisudori and other characters with warped morality. Oloisudori is totally morally decayed. He engages in all sorts of vices in order to amass wealth. He is corrupt, immoral, an extortionist, a smuggler, a poacher, a blackmailer, a thug and even a killer p.101, 236 . He is also suspected by Ole Kaelo to belong to the cult of ilmasonik, a cult that thrived on extortion and blackmail p.107 . These vices, allegedly associated with him, point at his moral deficiency. When Ole Kaelo asks his friend Supeyo if Oloisudori is a man of integrity, he replies, Don t trust him any further than you would a hyena in your homestead keep the fellow away from your daughters p.26 . When Oloisudori meets Resian for the first time, his amorous character is evident.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.5071027}
{"text": "These vices, allegedly associated with him, point at his moral deficiency. When Ole Kaelo asks his friend Supeyo if Oloisudori is a man of integrity, he replies, Don t trust him any further than you would a hyena in your homestead keep the fellow away from your daughters p.26 . When Oloisudori meets Resian for the first time, his amorous character is evident. He openly scans her body p.92 and cranes his neck to watch her p.95 . In his presence, Resian is uncomfortable for she felt from his looks as if her blouse was unbuttoned p.96 . She also feels as if he was caressing her entire body with his hands against her will p.96 . He tells Ole Kaelo his intention to marry his daughter very callously and as if he was talking about a goat or a sheep p.110 . In his first visit to Ole Kaelo s home, he took a long time washing his hands as he gloatingly peered at her p.179 . He has no shame taking the hand of Resian and kissing it without her consent. He looks at her in a sexually suggestive manner his gaze deliberately dropped from her face to her bosom and lingered there p.203 . This is before he drops the bombshell; which is marrying her and making her the happiest woman in East Africa. He shamelessly tells Kaelo of his intention to circumcise Resian before marrying her. Ole Kaelo regards such talks as very abnormal between a father-inlaw and a would be son-in-law. From such immoral talk, Ole Kaelo believes that the world had come to an end p.112 . Apart from Oloisudori, there are many other morally rotten characters in the novel such as Olarinkoi warriors, Olarinkoi, and enkoiboni. The Olarinkoi warriors, who subdued the Maa for long, are morally rotten. They forced the Maa women to compose lewd songs which they had to perform in the most outrageous and indecent postures and styles p.86 . They took advantage of the compromising situation of the Maa women to exploit them sexually knowing that they were not able to resist their natural instinctive desires p.86 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.4867969}
{"text": "Apart from Oloisudori, there are many other morally rotten characters in the novel such as Olarinkoi warriors, Olarinkoi, and enkoiboni. The Olarinkoi warriors, who subdued the Maa for long, are morally rotten. They forced the Maa women to compose lewd songs which they had to perform in the most outrageous and indecent postures and styles p.86 . They took advantage of the compromising situation of the Maa women to exploit them sexually knowing that they were not able to resist their natural instinctive desires p.86 . Taiyo and Resian s near rape by two men as they come from their father s shop in Nasila points at moral decay in Nasila. P.140 . This incident causes the girls mental torture. Some of these deeds are done to them because they are uncircumcised. Olarinkoi is also immoral. He abuses Resian by telling her: Today we shall see how educated your body is p.221 . This is before physically assaulting and raping her after she passes out. The foul language that enkoiboni, the mother to Olarinkoi, addresses Resian with is full of moral rottenness. Her language is full of abuses and bitterness. Enkabaani,Resian s nurse does not support enkoiboni sfoul language and urges Resian to ignore her. She does not respect Resian s privacy when she feels her stomach with her hands to check whether she was pregnant. All this time, Resian seethed with anger at the blatant intrusion of her privacy and total disregard for her feelings p.235 . BETRAYALBetrayal is breaking of the trust that existed between individuals before. The greatest betrayal in the novel is that of Ole Kaelo to his daughters. On page one, we are told that Ole Kaelo refused to allow his daughter Taiyo to travel to Mombasa with other young men and women selected by an FM radio station for a music extravaganza pp.1-2 . He refused to allow her saying that no daughter of his would so demean herself and her family as to perform in public in exchange of monetary gain p.45 . To him that would be like engaging in harlotry.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.532014}
{"text": "On page one, we are told that Ole Kaelo refused to allow his daughter Taiyo to travel to Mombasa with other young men and women selected by an FM radio station for a music extravaganza pp.1-2 . He refused to allow her saying that no daughter of his would so demean herself and her family as to perform in public in exchange of monetary gain p.45 . To him that would be like engaging in harlotry. In addition, he betrays his daughters ambitions to join Egerton University preferring instead to marry them off to Oloisudori, a very rich man. This shows he is not ready to help them realize their dreams as a father should do. Ole Kaelo has betrayed Resian in many ways. He has not loved her as he should from her birth. We are told that From the moment she was born, mute and helpless, he detested her p.10 . This has contributed to Resian growing up sullen, bewildered and resentful p.10 . He is biased in his treating of the two daughters for he does not love her as he loves Taiyo. Taiyo admits this emotional betrayal: For reasons she did not understand, she had always found their father strangely and harshly impatient towards Resian p.34 . However, she knew that he despised her ever since she was young p.173 . Ole Kaelo is strongly hateful and unappreciative of her: he wondered where in the world they fetched that awkward, overblown, stupid child And the very look in her eyes, half-fearful, half-defiant and wholly troubled, was always enough to raise his temper to the highest pitch p.41 . He also abuses her at the slightest provocation. He tells her: While Taiyo works herself to the bone, she lazes about like an over-fed lizard in the hot afternoon sun! P.64 . He goes on Look at the way you slouch I ll not be surprised if you soon become a hunchback p.64 . Even her mother fails Resian for we are told: Even stranger was their mother s failure to come to Resian s defense. It was as if her motherly instincts could not extend her protective wings to cover Resian.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.5959396}
{"text": "He goes on Look at the way you slouch I ll not be surprised if you soon become a hunchback p.64 . Even her mother fails Resian for we are told: Even stranger was their mother s failure to come to Resian s defense. It was as if her motherly instincts could not extend her protective wings to cover Resian. Seeing her parents betrayal of her sister, Taiyo takes over to comfort Resian and reassure her when hurt especially by her father. Her role in Resian s life is very important because she relies on her to make requests to their father on her behalf for she cannot approach him directly. The case in point is her quest to join university which she keeps pestering Taiyo to ask their father to do on her behalf. A parent that cannot communicate with his child has definitely failed in his parental responsibility. Ole Kaelo and Oloisudori mercilessly hatch a plan to abduct Resian and marry her off without her consent if she does not cooperate. The plan is If she declined, he would leave it at that until the evening when his men would pounce on her and abduct her p.191 . After such a heinous plan, The three of them roared with rich laughter p.192 . He is even ready to have her circumcised so that she can get married to a man she does not even love. Mama Milanoi is not blameless because she is inwardly opposed to the abduction plan; but does not speak out to condemn such a wicked plan. When Oloisudori reveals his plan to marry Resian, it dawned on her that her father had already sold her p.204 . This greatly shocks her because she never thought that her father could go to the extent of selling her p.205 . He confirms the plan to marry her off to his friend Oloisudori and also shatters Resian s dream of enrolling as a student at Egerton University. He tells her: I thought about it alright, but decided that I am not sending you there! P.207 . This discovery makes her cry, accusing her father of hatred and betrayal by betrothing her to Oloisudori p.208 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.6227453}
{"text": "He confirms the plan to marry her off to his friend Oloisudori and also shatters Resian s dream of enrolling as a student at Egerton University. He tells her: I thought about it alright, but decided that I am not sending you there! P.207 . This discovery makes her cry, accusing her father of hatred and betrayal by betrothing her to Oloisudori p.208 . Resian does not absolve her mother from blame for she believes she also failed her p.230 especially due to her silence when all those plans against her were being devised. She reasons that her mother should not have been silent when her daughter was being sold to the highest bidder for Even the hyena s greed spared its own young ones p.231 . Mama Milanoi also betrays her daughter Taiyo by allowing her to accompany three women to take her to Resian only for her to end up being forcefully subjected to F.G.M. We are told that When she came to, two days later, she was sore, bitter and angry p.273 . Her mother does all this out of her docile submission and fear of her husband. In addition, she has to play along with Ole Kaelo in his devious acts so that they cannot lose the wealth Ole Kaelo has corruptly acquired by doing business with Oloisudori. Later, when Resian and Taiyo are reunited, they blame their mother for their ordeals saying She was an example of a wife they never wanted to become and that they knew she was always in awe of their father who held her captive and never for once allowed her to express her own opinion on any matter however small it was p.277 . MATERIALISM GREED AND OPULENCEMaterialism is putting material possession before anything else in one s life while greed is insatiable want for material possessions. Opulence in this novel refers to exaggerated display of wealth by characters. Ole Kaelo s house in Nasila is so magnificent that Mama Milanoi exclaims, Father of all creation! This is but a dream p.30 . Taiyo says that the house is magnificent while Resian exclaims she had never seen anything like it before p.31 .He has furnished his shop at Nasila extravagantly. We are told It was splendid, large and well stocked.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.6337106}
{"text": "This is but a dream p.30 . Taiyo says that the house is magnificent while Resian exclaims she had never seen anything like it before p.31 .He has furnished his shop at Nasila extravagantly. We are told It was splendid, large and well stocked. The d cor was discreetly and fashionably done while taking into consideration the kind of customers that were expected p.65 . This is a show of extravagance and opulence which the rich in this society strongly believe are indications of a wealthy man. Taiyo tells her ever critical sister: It s important that the shop displays a certain measure of opulence p.65 . This is so that their father can attract rich customers. The genesis of Ole Kaelo s troubles is his signing of a contract with Oloisudori to start a business in Nasila. We are told that He had long realized the choice was between remaining a nobody; self-righteously and accepting, sensibly, that the man with the meat was also the same man with the knife p.25 . He therefore gets into business with him. His friend, Supeyo, warns him in advance what kind of man Oloisudori is and Oloisudori is probably the most corrupt keep the fellow away from your daughters p.26 . Despite the early warning, he is unheeding a thing which makes him lose his two dear daughters finally. Oloisudori has his hands on all sorts of businesses both legal and illegal. These are; agriculture, finance, tourism, import and export, mining and motor trade, extortion, poaching, smuggling and robbing p.101 . When he comes visiting Ole Kaelo, his show of extravagance cannot fail to be noticed in his extravagant dressing. He has a pin-striped designer suit, a gold watch, gold bracelet and a gold chain. P.177 . He shows off his wealth by giving generous gifts to Ole Kaelo, Mama Milanoi, Resian and Taiyo. P.178 . He also hands over a briefcase to Ole Kaelo which is later revealed to have contained a half a million shillings p.188 . Despite these ugly businesses, Ole Kaelo still deals with him in order to save his business from collapsing.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.6772022}
{"text": "P.178 . He also hands over a briefcase to Ole Kaelo which is later revealed to have contained a half a million shillings p.188 . Despite these ugly businesses, Ole Kaelo still deals with him in order to save his business from collapsing. He is not sure whether Oloisudori does not belong to a cult that thrived on blackmail and extortion and which after helping a businessman grow his business, would come back making outrageous demands like sacrificing their beloved ones to the gods of the cult p.107 . Despite knowing all these about him, Ole Kaelo comforts himself in order to defend the material path he has taken. The narrator observes: He knew it was pursuit of success that made him interact with Oloisudori .Success was attainment, fortune and prosperity; it was triumph and it gave one happiness. It did not matter how it was obtained .the end justified the means pp.108-109 . He consoles himself for having decided to marry his daughter to Oloisudori saying, Where else would he ever get such a business offer as the one Oloisudori had offered him p.165 . He decides that he is not ready to lose his business premises and home for these were a matter of life and death to him. In order to survive, he realized with finality, he had to change his attitude towards Oloisudori; he had to embrace him p.165 . He sees the material side only if his daughter married Oloisudori, saying, she would soon have her own establishment and a wealthy husband who had much ambition p.166 . When Ole Kaelo visits one of the homes of Oloisudori and the house he is building for Resian, he falls instantly in love with the might of wealth that he witnesses. Ole Kaelo s house is lavishly furnished and the writer says it must have been done by a person whose mind must have been preoccupied by the need to be showy, and ostentatious. On the other hand, the house being built for Resian leaves Ole Kaelo speechless and Mama Milanoi stupefied by its grandeur and magnificence p.190 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.7268395}
{"text": "When Ole Kaelo visits one of the homes of Oloisudori and the house he is building for Resian, he falls instantly in love with the might of wealth that he witnesses. Ole Kaelo s house is lavishly furnished and the writer says it must have been done by a person whose mind must have been preoccupied by the need to be showy, and ostentatious. On the other hand, the house being built for Resian leaves Ole Kaelo speechless and Mama Milanoi stupefied by its grandeur and magnificence p.190 . Attracted by wealth, he concludes that it was only a stupid woman, like his daughter Resian, who would turn down the offer to own the riches they saw in Oloisudori s home p.188 . He also hopes that Taiyo, his other daughter would get a rich man to marry her and give him hefty sums of money just as Oloisudori had done. P.188 . After witnessing Oloisudori s wealth, he decides that Resian must be married by Oloisudori and that he was not going to allow his daughter s ignorance to destroy her future p.191 . He so much wants the marriage plan to work that he devises a plan with Oloisudori to abduct Resian by force if she did not cooperate p.191 .in fact they agree on usage of a anesthesia to make her unconscious. The only saving grace that can prevent losing his business and house is the success of the marriage. He admits that, the success or failure of the event would determine the fate of his business p.194 . He fears being reduced to poverty by Oloisudori and therefore, betrays his own daughter in exchange of material possessions. DETERMINATION OPTIMISMNot giving up in whatever one decides to do is very instrumental in achieving success. Resian s determination to go to university from the beginning of the novel to the time her dream is achieved is remarkable. This determination is seen from the time they are in Nakuru to when they relocate to Nasila. As her father and family is busy packing so that they can go to their rural home in Nasila, she tells her sister I don t want to work at the shop I want to come back to Nakuru and join Egerton University.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.712211}
{"text": "Resian s determination to go to university from the beginning of the novel to the time her dream is achieved is remarkable. This determination is seen from the time they are in Nakuru to when they relocate to Nasila. As her father and family is busy packing so that they can go to their rural home in Nasila, she tells her sister I don t want to work at the shop I want to come back to Nakuru and join Egerton University. I want to take a course in Veterinary Science and become a veterinary doctor p.4 . She keeps urging her sister to talk to their father so that they can be enrolled at the university. To escape FGM, she tells her sister: That s why it s imperative that you persuade Papaaito allow us go back to Nakuru and enroll at the university p.33 . She is worried that her father had spent all the money in decorating the shop and left with nothing for their university education p.65 . Sometimes, she would imagine herself admitted at the university and walking majestically with other students into one of those awesome lecture theatres, while donning her academic regalia p.89 . After their near-rape by two young men, Resian tells Taiyo to use that incident to compel their father to take them to university p.144 . She dreams of graduating and getting a chance to work with Minik eneNkoitoi, her lifelong role model. P.153 . She is determined to face Oloisudori and resist his advances on her. We are told that She had vowed to face the monster gallantly She was in the battle front and success or failure was in her hands p.200 . Her optimism to join university does not reduce even at her lowest moment when she realizes her father s intention to marry her by force to Oloisudori. She says, If I don t die and live to be eighty, I will still go to the university. I ll go to Egerton University, Papaai I hope you will be there to witness my graduation p.210 .Even in her dream while held captive by Olarinkoi at his hut, she has a dream that showcases her gallant and determined nature. She was determined that the old enkamurataniwould never circumcise another girl again p.244 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.7457454}
{"text": "She says, If I don t die and live to be eighty, I will still go to the university. I ll go to Egerton University, Papaai I hope you will be there to witness my graduation p.210 .Even in her dream while held captive by Olarinkoi at his hut, she has a dream that showcases her gallant and determined nature. She was determined that the old enkamurataniwould never circumcise another girl again p.244 . In the dream she fought both the enkamurataniand enkoiboniwith a mallet. Resian s determination to get university educated and resistance against FGM start bearing fruits when she and Nabaru reach Ntare-Naaju sheep ranch. She remembers the Maa adage that said: home was never far for one who was still alive pp.256-257 . Her dreams of joining Egerton University are fulfilled when Minik promises that she would ensure that she and Taiyo get enrolled at the university as they wanted. This is fulfilled when she brings them letters of admission to the university towards the end of the novel. The song that the girls from Intapuka-e-Maa sing is full of determination. The girls are proud of being uncircumcised and have hopes of being doctors, teachers and engineers and contribute in building the nation with men p.281 . Taiyo is determined to be married by Joseph. She says she won t be dissuaded by Nasila culture that prevents inter-clan marriage saying, I cannot accept its verdict I am too, ready to face any eventuality that may arise out of our love for one another p.134 . HELP BENEVOLENCEThe overcoming of difficult situations by some characters would not be possible without help and benevolence from other characters. Some of these incidents of help and benevolence, though coincidental, are very important in not only shaping characters lives but also in shaping the novel s plot. When Taiyo and Resian are about to be assaulted sexually by two men, we are told, Suddenly and unexpectedly, a third man sprang out of the bushes like a ghost p.141 . This man is Olarinkoi and he is the one that saves them by fighting the two men. The girls cannot imagine what would have happened to them if he had not come at that moment p.142-143 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.8177187}
{"text": "When Taiyo and Resian are about to be assaulted sexually by two men, we are told, Suddenly and unexpectedly, a third man sprang out of the bushes like a ghost p.141 . This man is Olarinkoi and he is the one that saves them by fighting the two men. The girls cannot imagine what would have happened to them if he had not come at that moment p.142-143 . Later, it is the same Olarinkoi who saves Resian from Oloisudori s men. His appearance is timely because Resian has even been contemplating to commit suicide by jumping into a river p.210 . Resian is nursed by Nabaru, a motherly woman after her sexual abuse by Olarinkoi p224 . At times she held her up, giving her drinks of water, or milk, or feeding her; putting bits of olpurdadipped in honey into her mouth p.224 . Nabaru also promises to help Resian in whatever her plans are: I am willing to help you to do what you intend to do or go where you want to go once you are back onto your feet p.233 . She keeps her word by coming to rescue Resian when Olarinkoi s mother is just about to attack and have her circumcised p.246 . Further, Taiyo and Resian get help from Minik when she promises to have her enrolled at Egerton University p.264 . She keeps her promise when she gives the two girls letters of admission to the university. Resian also qualifies for a scholarship from the ranch which is managed by Minik to fund her education. She in addition gives her a job in the ranch, an advance salary, as well as a fully furnished house. Resian is sincerely appreciative of Minik s benevolence, saying, Your voice dear Emakererei is truly the voice of God p.265 . Taiyo is rescued from the hands of her circumcisers by Minik. Both Nabaru and Minik are very instrumental in the physical and psychological healing of the two girls. We are told that with Nabaru s nursing care, Minik s encouragement and counseling sessions from a teacher from Intapuka-e-Maa school, Taiyo is able to fully recover p.276 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.8526866}
{"text": "Taiyo is rescued from the hands of her circumcisers by Minik. Both Nabaru and Minik are very instrumental in the physical and psychological healing of the two girls. We are told that with Nabaru s nursing care, Minik s encouragement and counseling sessions from a teacher from Intapuka-e-Maa school, Taiyo is able to fully recover p.276 . MALE CHAUVINISMMale chauvinism refers to the feeling of superiority by men and their domineering attitude over women in the society as a result of general male domination or patriarchy in a given society. Ole Kaelo is a male chauvinist. He beats his wife to submission to coerce her follow his decisions without any resistance. When his wife reasons that they should think of the family interests first with regard to adhering to Nasila culture, he irritably asks her, What do you mean? P.61 . When she realizes that he is getting angry, she beats a hasty retreat saying, Our culture is everything and it rules our lives p.61 . Although Mama Milanoi realizes when it is too late the role Oloisudori has played in shaping their material lives, she admits that she would not have helped to separate him from such a man because it Was the man who made decisions as to which direction their lives took p.114 . According to Resian, the ancient Ilarinkon were no different from the current ones. She is of the view that the current Ilarinkon are worse and that they are despotic oppressive tyrants who oppress women by ensuring that they are subjected to FGM for ever p.91 . The current Ilarinkon include Ole Kaelo, Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. Ole Kaelo forces Resian to attend to and serve his friend Oloisudori when her mother says nothing about it. He orders: You have to be there it is important to me that you are there p.171 . Olarinkoi s chauvinism is seen in his changed attitude towards Resian when he takes her to his house far from Nasila. He tells her, You woman You can either cook or keep standing stupidly or die of hunger and Resian stared at the man who seemed to have suddenly turned from a person she had known for quite some time, to a beast p.218 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.8396864}
{"text": "He orders: You have to be there it is important to me that you are there p.171 . Olarinkoi s chauvinism is seen in his changed attitude towards Resian when he takes her to his house far from Nasila. He tells her, You woman You can either cook or keep standing stupidly or die of hunger and Resian stared at the man who seemed to have suddenly turned from a person she had known for quite some time, to a beast p.218 . He later molests her sexually after returning drunk. Oloisudori is a male chauvinist. This is seen in his address to Resian when she refuses his marriage offer. He tells her You can never escape Resian Whether you scream your heart out, or jump into the deep sea you are mine. You are my wife from now henceforth p.204 . He arrogantly tells her: No one plays games with Oloisudori. Ask your father, he will tell you p.204 . Add more illustrations . GENDER INEQUALITYMen and women are not equal in this novel. Women s position is lower than that of men who dominate over everything and suppress women. This is especially seen at the family level where the husband is the sole decision maker and the wife just accepts those decisions without question. Ole Kaelo has a very easy time courting and marrying his wife. A woman is not supposed to resist a man who wants to marry her as per Nasilian tradition whether she loves him or not. We are told She accepted him without any resistance. Tradition did not allow her to offer any and as expected of her, she did not resist p.29 . Mama Milanoi is an unequal marriage partner to Ole Kaelo. She leaves decision making to her husband and does not oppose any of his decisions. She refuses to be drawn into the discussion about the coaching of her daughters by Joseph saying It was Taiyo s father s territory p.56 .Mama Milanoi cannot oppose him for in her culture there was no room for dissent, especially if the subject was in conformity with the culture p.61 . In this society, women had no say. It was a patriarchal society where the Emakererei and her ilk were fighting to find relevance with little success p.62 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.8755908}
{"text": "She refuses to be drawn into the discussion about the coaching of her daughters by Joseph saying It was Taiyo s father s territory p.56 .Mama Milanoi cannot oppose him for in her culture there was no room for dissent, especially if the subject was in conformity with the culture p.61 . In this society, women had no say. It was a patriarchal society where the Emakererei and her ilk were fighting to find relevance with little success p.62 . Such gender imbalance uplifts the man over the woman. In their case, it leaves Ole Kaelo with the sole responsibility of making final decisions on all matters affecting the family. We are also told that Mama Milanoi has been held captive by her husband who never for once allowed her to express her own opinion on any matter however small it was p.277 . This suppression has prevented her from speaking her mind and opposing the subjection of her daughters to outdated cultural practices. Resian is opposed to her father s hiring of Joseph to coach them about Nasilian culture. She says I am beginning to think it is disadvantageous being a woman in this society p.73 . She finds fault with the plan reasoning that if they were sons, they would not be subjected to such cultural coaching. Resian regrets living in a society where men thought they had right to every woman s body p.143 . This is after their near-rape by two men. Such unjustified rights emanate from the fact that men deem themselves as superior to women and can do whatever they want with women. CHANGEChange refers to transition or transformation of characters or situations. Most of the changes in the novel BlossomsoftheSavannahare caused by the erosion of the Maa culture as a result of its coming into contact with modern culture or civilization. This causes alienation in characters and as a result they change. The Ole Kaelos are forced by destiny to relocate to Nasila after his retrenchment. This came as a thunderbolt at midday p.7 . The environment in Kaelo s new home in Nasila is different from that in their urban home in Nakuru. Taiyo and Resian are woken up the first day in Nasila by a lively chatter of birds in the trees surrounding the house What a contrast to what they were used to in Nakuru! P.14 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.9547582}
{"text": "This came as a thunderbolt at midday p.7 . The environment in Kaelo s new home in Nasila is different from that in their urban home in Nakuru. Taiyo and Resian are woken up the first day in Nasila by a lively chatter of birds in the trees surrounding the house What a contrast to what they were used to in Nakuru! P.14 . In Nakuru, they were always woken up by hoots from Matatus, touts shouts, engine revving and banging on vehicles. Nasila culture is changing due to alienation. Mama Milanoi cannot believe she can have a man as old as Oloisudori as her mother-in-law. She observes that in the past, such a thing would not have happened for Culture would not have allowed it to happen p.114 . She feels that if Nasila culture was intact, such a thing would not have happened and she wonders where that culture had fled to Had the culture become moribund, useless and impotent? P.117 This could be true because forced marriages to old people were not there in the past and any old man who showed interest in a young girl was met with much retribution from women and the entire society. Pp.115117 . The traditional Nasilian culture had many advantages to the people. It regulated lives of people, defined relationships, did not favour or discriminate and above all, was cherished by all. Sadly, according to Mama Milanoi, this culture was no more. It was defiled and polluted by the likes of Oloisudori had become mutable and contained defiant mutants that it could not regulate and which were above Nasila laws p.118 . One of the causes of this great change in Nasila culture is education for Mama Milanoi goes on to observe that she had seen changes in her daughters. They had gone through a school system that intermingled them with children from other cultures. P.118 . As a result, her children know very little of Nasila culture. They were children of a new undefined culture. Theirs was a mutant of another kind p.118 . Indeed, Resian best exemplifies the epitome of this new undefined culture. Joseph Parmuat observes that Individualism, petty jealousy and lack of trust killed that once important aspect of Nasila culture p.127 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.97274}
{"text": "Theirs was a mutant of another kind p.118 . Indeed, Resian best exemplifies the epitome of this new undefined culture. Joseph Parmuat observes that Individualism, petty jealousy and lack of trust killed that once important aspect of Nasila culture p.127 . The individualism of the likes of Ole Kaelo and Oloisudori are very central in eroding the culture of Nasila hence bringing many changes in the society. According to Taiyo, culture and traditions are never static. She says, By being dynamic, culture shades off aspects that become irrelevant with time p.128 . She hopes that the outdated FGM and restriction on inter-clan marriage should be abolished from Nasila cultural practices. Joseph and Minik cites cultural practices like throwing the dead to the hyenas, leaving the elderly and sick in deserted homesteads to be devoured by wild animals and emuata pp.128, 263 . This ascertains the dynamism and transformational characteristic of Nasilian culture over the years an aspect that gives hope to fighters against outdated practices such as F.G.M. LOVE, MARRIAGE AND FAMILYOle Kaelo has effectively played his role as a father by providing and putting up a house for his family in Nasila. The house he has built for his family in Nasila is so magnificent that Mama Milanoi exclaims, Father of all creation! This is but a dream p.30 . Taiyo says that the house is magnificent while Resian exclaims she had never seen anything like it before p.31 . At another level, both parents fail in their emotional obligations to one of their daughters, Resian. Ole Kaelo for instance has instilled fear in her such that there is no free interaction between father and daughter, has hated her from birth, keeps reprimanding her, abuses her and finally greatly betrays her by conspiring to marry her off to his friend Oloisudori pp. 206-210 and when this aborts, he turns to his favorite daughter Taiyo but not before he has her forcefully circumcised p.273 . The hitherto good and peaceful family especially when he was in Nakuru has fallen apart at the end of the novel due to his greed for wealth. In the traditional Nasilian culture, love is not entirely a prerequisite to marriage.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.9536653}
{"text": "206-210 and when this aborts, he turns to his favorite daughter Taiyo but not before he has her forcefully circumcised p.273 . The hitherto good and peaceful family especially when he was in Nakuru has fallen apart at the end of the novel due to his greed for wealth. In the traditional Nasilian culture, love is not entirely a prerequisite to marriage. Although Ole Kaelo was smitten with love for Mama Milanoi the first time he saw her in the church, her feelings for him are not required for them to marry. We are told that From the moment he saw her, he had been obsessed and he was still obsessed twentytwo years later p.9 . On his wife s side, we are told, She accepted him without any resistance. Tradition did not allow her to offer any and as expected of her, she did not resist p.29 . What she considers is his character. We are told she knew he was a good man, a great provider, a planner and a man with the will to succeed. She also knew he loved her genuinely p.29 . He continues loving his wife many years after their marriage showing his satisfaction with her. When he wakes up he says, Oh, did he not have a wife there. He was elated p.59 . Simiren, brother to Ole Kaelo, is a polygamist but he treats all his wives equally. It was only yeiyo-botorr, who occupied a special position in the home and who received favour from her husband without anyone frowning. Communal life, selflessness, and respect characterize this family and there are few disagreements and disputes. The family in general is a haven of peace, a thing that makes Resian and Taiyo admire traditional way of life in their uncle s polygamous marriage p.154 . Taiyo puts love first before cultural dictates on who one should marry. Their culture does not allow inter-culture marriage but nonetheless, she falls in love with Joseph Parmuat, who belongs to her own clan and hence they are not allowed to marry. Taiyo is assertive enough for she is the one who approaches Joseph saying, I know you are in love with me the way I am in love with you p.133 . Joseph reciprocates her love for him saying, I loved you the moment I saw you during your father s homecoming ceremony p.134 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406295.9836621}
{"text": "Their culture does not allow inter-culture marriage but nonetheless, she falls in love with Joseph Parmuat, who belongs to her own clan and hence they are not allowed to marry. Taiyo is assertive enough for she is the one who approaches Joseph saying, I know you are in love with me the way I am in love with you p.133 . Joseph reciprocates her love for him saying, I loved you the moment I saw you during your father s homecoming ceremony p.134 . When Resian asks Joseph to be her Patureishi, he says that culture does not allow it for she is like his sister p.127 .Taiyo loves her sister so much that she has stepped in to fill the vacuum that has been left in Resian s heart due to her parent s cold attitude towards her. Resian has relied on her sister for protection since primary and Taiyo has made it her duty to mop her tears p.34 . SUFFERINGThere are several characters who suffer in the hands of the blunt Nasilian culture. Resian is slapped by her father for refusing to marry Oloisudori. After this, she undergoes a series of mental and physical suffering. She suffers as she is transported to the assumed Minik s Sheep ranch by Olarinkoi. At night during the journey, she fears attack of wild animals. She also had a layer of dust in her mouth, in her nostrils, in her ears and on her eyelashes p.215 . She suffers in the hands of Olarinkoi and his mother. She is physically assaulted by Olarinkoi until she passes out after which he proceeds to rape her. After the sexual assault, she falls sick and has hallucinations. We are told that when she later came to, confused fleeting impressions registered on her awareness p.223 . Taiyo also suffers the blunt of archaic retrogressive Nasilian culture. She is forced against her will to undergo FGM. During the painful rite, we are told She screamed and screamed, but nobody came to her rescue. Then she fainted. When she came to, two days later, she was sore, bitter and angry p.273 . RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONSDuring the homecoming party of Ole Kaelo, an elder is expected to bless his home before Ole Kaelo can be received back in Nasila.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.0699208}
{"text": "Then she fainted. When she came to, two days later, she was sore, bitter and angry p.273 . RELIGION AND SUPERSTITIONSDuring the homecoming party of Ole Kaelo, an elder is expected to bless his home before Ole Kaelo can be received back in Nasila. We are told The elders would also bless the wife, children and property that he brought back and which were all henceforth going to be the wealth of the Ilmolelian clan p.38 . The ceremony is conducted by Ole Musanka who is to conduct the sacred ceremony of officially receiving him into the Ilmolelian culture and offer blessings for his family s well-being p.50 . Apart from blessing Ole Kaelo, the elder had special blessing for Taiyo. He even prophecies that she would be the mother of the next leader p.52 . This man also curses Emakererei, the wasp, whose real name is Minik for fighting F.G.M. He says May she go down with the setting sun p.52 . Teiyo Bottor, Resian and Taiyo s aunt tell their mother that their daughter Resian hasOlkuenyi,a bad spirit and it is only circumcision that could get rid of it p.78 . Mama Milanoi remembers that when she was young, diseases were treated through a bloodletting ceremony known as angam. Several nicks were made on the ailing sections of the body and the blood sucked out p.79 . Curses are indications of the superstitious nature of this community. The Enkoiboni,is a diviner. It is said that she had prophesied that Ole Kaelo would move to Nasila with his two uncircumcised daughters and that his son would go to live in that home and finally bring with him one of Ole Kaelo s daughter to be circumcised before marrying her. Going by that, it is evident that her prophecies and predictions are true p.232 . As Nabaru and Resian escape from Olarinkoi, Olarinkoi curses her saying, My mother s curse will find you there p.249 . He also boasts that his mother s predictions always come to pass p.250 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.0886798}
{"text": "Going by that, it is evident that her prophecies and predictions are true p.232 . As Nabaru and Resian escape from Olarinkoi, Olarinkoi curses her saying, My mother s curse will find you there p.249 . He also boasts that his mother s predictions always come to pass p.250 . WOMEN AS THEIR OWN ENEMIESMuch as the modern woman opposes retrogressive cultural practice such as F.G.M, majority of women support these practices. Mama Milanoi is in support of F.G.M even as her daughters fight to resist the harmful practice. The writer puts: Did she not support female genital mutilation that was prevalent among her people in Nasila? P.63 . Despite being a woman, she betrays her daughter by giving her over to the enkamuratanito be circumcised pp.272-273 . She also keeps quiet and does not speak to oppose her husband s plans to marry off her daughters to an old man. This is despite the fact that she is inwardly opposed to the whole idea. According to Maa oral tradition, it was women who came up with the idea of F.GM. They made a lasting resolution to sexual exploitation of women by the Olarinkoi and that gave rise to enkamuratani. And her olmurunyawas shaped, sharpened and handed to her p.87 . The same practice that was useful then comes to haunt young girls such as Taiyo and Resian. Nabaru also finds fault with the Maa women. She believes that they were the perpetrators of FGM and that no woman had taken up the olmurunyato circumcise a girl. P.277 . Resian says that if all women said no to the detestable culture, men would do nothing and the practice would stop p.278 . However, women are not speaking in one voice hence it has becomes very difficult to fight cultural practices that harms them. Olarinkoi s mother also greatly serves in oppressing fellow women. She is planning to have Resian circumcised before she can be married by her son. The three women that Taiyo composes a song to ridicule also serve in oppressing women. We are told that they collaborated with men to oppress women p.153 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.1158295}
{"text": "She is planning to have Resian circumcised before she can be married by her son. The three women that Taiyo composes a song to ridicule also serve in oppressing women. We are told that they collaborated with men to oppress women p.153 . WAR VIOLENCEThe traditional Maa community in which the novel is set takes pride in engaging in external battles and wars to protect their territory or as an economic undertaking. There are many cases of violence reported in the clan. One remarkable war is that between Olarinkoi and Maa warriors that led to the Maa people being ruled for many years. After many years under the Ilarinkon rule, we are told that the Maa people eventually revolted and overthrew the Olarinkoi despotic rule p.87 . Ole Kaelo attacks his daughter Resian for refusing to cooperate in his plan to have her married to Oloisudori. After a moment of frozen immobility, her father suddenly pushed his chair, moved fast from behind the desk and slapped her face, sending her reeling back so that she almost fell p.209 . The fight between the girls at Minik s ranch and Oloisudori s men ends the protracted oppression of the man on Kaelo s daughters. We are told that his convoy was reduced to smoldering shells and acrid smell of burning tyres p283 . There is also a fight between Olarinkoi and the men that wanted to rape Resian and Taiyo. The bravery of Olarinkoi saves the girls from being raped. When the two young men are caught up by Olarinkoi and his men, they are beaten up before being spared. Women are also violent. The case in point is the old man they punish for being infatuated by a young girl. We are told Then all the women proceeded to the homestead of the accused, armed with all kinds of weapons that included firewood and their husbands knobkerries p.115 . They go on to beating him thoroughly and stripping him naked p.116 . Finally, this man dies and the women feel satisfied that they have avenged their anger. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ON THEMESExplain four good aspects of Nasilian culture. Discuss four cases of culture conflict in the novel BlossomsoftheSavannah.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.1343677}
{"text": "Finally, this man dies and the women feel satisfied that they have avenged their anger. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS ON THEMESExplain four good aspects of Nasilian culture. Discuss four cases of culture conflict in the novel BlossomsoftheSavannah. Identify and illustrate instances of alienation in the novel. Determination is the key to success. Write a detailed composition to illustrate the statement. Resian, Taiyo and Minik are justified in their fight against FGM because many cultural practices have been abandoned. Do you agree? Support your answer with illustrations from the novel. Illustrate cases of betrayal in the novel BlossomsoftheSavannahand their impact on characters. Discuss four evils present in a morally decadent society. CHAPTER FOURLANGUAGE AND STYLEThe language used in literature is different from that used in other disciplines. Language in literature goes a notch higher because it is not only used originally but also innovatively. This contributes to aesthetics or beauty in literary texts hence appealing to the readers. Style on the other hand can simply be defined as the unique manner of doing something. Just like everybody has a walking style and hair cutting style, playwrights have unique ways which they use to pass their messages to the audience. There are a number of stylistic devices in the novel BlossomsoftheSavannah. This guidebook will enumerate some of these devices. Vivid DescriptionThe writer uses words to paint clear mental images on the readers mind. This enables the audience to understand the text better. As the Kaelo s are preparing to depart from Nakuru for Nasila the scenery is vividly described. He was gesticulating violently, apparently reprimanding loaders for being slow and inept p.1 . This description points out clearly the character of Kaelo as stern. The welcoming ceremony of the Kaelo s family by uncle Simiren s family is vividly described Chunks of meat went round...selected a piece from the tray p.12 . The description helps in showing the generous nature of Kaelo as well as his meticulous planning abilities. Life at Nasila is vividly described the intermittent crowing of roosters a rare atmosphere of tranquility and serenity... p.14 . The description is used to contrast the peaceful mood of the rural Nasila and the urban town of Nakuru that is characterized by hustles and bustles.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.2034898}
{"text": "The description helps in showing the generous nature of Kaelo as well as his meticulous planning abilities. Life at Nasila is vividly described the intermittent crowing of roosters a rare atmosphere of tranquility and serenity... p.14 . The description is used to contrast the peaceful mood of the rural Nasila and the urban town of Nakuru that is characterized by hustles and bustles. Simiren s polygamous setting is described vividly Three main houses stood within a well-tended and a evenly trimmed kei apple perimeter hedge p.14 . The sixteen or so children aged between three and sixteen were perched on benches, stools and chairs p.16 . This description shows high birthrate in the family. It also paints a polygamous family in Nasila. The vivid description of Ole Supeyo p.23 , he lifted a corner of his shirt and scratched his belly while his other hand stroked the stubble on his chin shows his wealthy status in the society. Oloisudori is described in uncomplimentary terms wide gap black eyes .looking like a warthog p.92 . The description signals Oloisudori s mean character and the readers can even form a picture of a criminal before much is disclosed to them. There is a vivid description of how women in the past dealt with an old man who sexually mistreated a young girl p.117 . Taiyo s bold visit to Joseph s bachelor house is vividly described p. 130 . It shows the feelings of the two lovers who are restrained by culture. The attack of the two girls by two men in which Olarinkoi saves them is vividly described. He sprang like a ghost p.141 . This shows the risk the girls are going though in the hostile Nasila environment. The search conducted by thirty men with Kaelo and Joseph is vividly described to show the urgency of getting the girls molesters p161 . The resigned Resian is vividly described after she is required to serve Oloisudori and his group p.172 . She walked to an oloponi tree at the centre of the garden. Finding a log underneath it, she sank down her shoulders drooping It shows Oloisudori s insensitive character. The journey by Oloisudori and the couple is vividly described p. 190,191 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.2120793}
{"text": "Finding a log underneath it, she sank down her shoulders drooping It shows Oloisudori s insensitive character. The journey by Oloisudori and the couple is vividly described p. 190,191 . It shows Oloisudori s cunning and scheming character. The journey by Resian, Olarinkoi and the pick-up driver is vividly described to show the ill manners of the two young men p. 212, 213 . The escape by Resian and Nabaru is also vividly described to show the risk involved by the two females with strong character p. 247 . SimilesA simile is a stylistic device that compares two things indirectly with an aim of drawing a mental picture in the mind of the reader. Before the Kaelo s relocate to Nasila, some women from Nasila visit Mama Milanoi. They signal a future menace since the girls are not circumcised. The author says, The words came to haunt her like a demented spirit p.8 . This is later seen when mama Milanoi and Kaelo have to live alone in their old age after Taiyo and Resian go to the ranch and later to the university p.13 . They had likened him to a mono- eyed giant who stood on legs of straw. P.13 .Kaelo is compared to a giant because he holds a senior position in his home, as the head in his house yet he has chosen to be very weak by having only one wife and two daughters. The elders feel Kaelo is not stable. He should be supported by many sons like Simiren. Ole Supeyo compares effects of FGM with effects of dehorning cows. Like cattle that required being dehorned to reduce accidental injuries to each other, a certain docility was required to keep more than one wife in one homestead p.22 . This simile shows the chauvinistic nature of Supeyo. The sense of foreboding from the threat was still hanging in the air like the sword of Damocles. P.27 . This simile shows the apprehensive mood in which the girls are in after they are accosted by the callous young man. Mama Milanoi says her husband had bullied and scolded her like half-witted child p.29 . This shows how Kaelo considered her as a child.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.2302475}
{"text": "This simile shows the apprehensive mood in which the girls are in after they are accosted by the callous young man. Mama Milanoi says her husband had bullied and scolded her like half-witted child p.29 . This shows how Kaelo considered her as a child. It also reveals the low position of a wife in a Maa family. Uncle Simiren danced, his bald head shining like a piece of iron sheet in the afternoon sun. P.45 . The simile shows the industry, age and alienation of Simiren as well as the celebratory mood in the event. After the drinks, voices of laughter of the revelers are described as: they rose and fell like sound of waves beating upon flooded river banks to show the exuberant carefree mood p.50 . A simile describes Resian s condition of insecurity, Lonely stalked her like a lost young leopard. P.57 . This shows the danger that looms in the new environment. Kaelo comments, Your daughter Resian is like an overfed lizard in the afternoon sun p.64 .The simile is used to comment on the lazy character of Resian. Olarinkoi is described as sitting quietly and staring unblinkingly like a leopard would while stalking an antelope p.75 . This shows Olarinkoi s antisocial nature. It also indirectly reveals his real intention in Kaelo s home. Yeiyo Botorr expresses her contempt for Resian s assertive character in a simile. One with olkuenyi bad spirit was shunned like plague p.78 . It was easier to fall in love with a serpent than with Olarinkoi p.80 . Taiyo s statements shows that Olarinkoi is antisocial and nobody would wish him to be their friend. Mama Milanoi cannot bear the pricking language of Resian on Oloisudori. She says, You spoke like one with a demented spirit? This shows Mama Milanoi s fear towards Oloisudori and her meekness to Kaelo. Kaelo comments, Why do you run like one who has seen an apparition? P.96 . In this simile, Kaelo-Resian cold relationship is shown. After Oloisudori s visit, the couple has sleepless nights.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.2952397}
{"text": "After the heinous act by Olarinkoi on Resian, rape, the sun is described as a bowl of red p.226 . PersonificationIt is a stylistic device in which a novelist uses human attributes on non-living things with significance to the novel. For instance Nakuru is described as That beloved town that was the mother of all flamingoes p.2 . It is evident that the flamingoes make the area very attractive and probably that is one of the reasons Taiyo sheds tears and is hesitant to leave it for Nasila a rural set up. It could also be interpreted that Nakuru is enlivened by the flamingoes making it relaxing. On reaching Nasila, the tranquility is expressed, a cool fresh breeze swept in and caressed her face soothingly. P.14 .The breeze in this case is emphasized by being given a human quality of caressing. A pot of ugali is said to hiss cheerfully at the side p.280 .The exaggeration is aimed at emphasizing on the significance of the happy event. DialogueIt is a novelistic style in which the writer presents the actual conversation between characters. It brings a break from prose and therefore breaks monotony on the part of the reader. Taiyo and Resian converse about their new residence p.3 . The dialogue shows their mixed attitudes towards Nasila. Resian is afraid of the new home. She fears that the new shop may not pick something which may make the family needy in the future. However, Taiyo encourages her to have faith. While taking a walk around Simiren s compound, Taiyo and Resian converse on the apprehension and rivalry among the four houses. This exposes the enmity in a polygamous marriage. The dialogue between Joseph and Ole Kaelo serves to warn Taiyo and Joseph against having any love relationship p.70 . The heated conversation between yeiyo-Botorr, mama Milanoi, Taiyo and Resian on p.77 reveals Resian s assertiveness and daring character. It also shows yeiyo-botorr as conservative. The dialogue between Taiyo, Resian and yeiyo-Kitigives the girls more information about Minik Nkoitoi and adds curiosity on the part of the girls to see her in the future p.151 . On the other hand, the heated dialogue between Kaelo and Resian p.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.33125}
{"text": "It also shows yeiyo-botorr as conservative. The dialogue between Taiyo, Resian and yeiyo-Kitigives the girls more information about Minik Nkoitoi and adds curiosity on the part of the girls to see her in the future p.151 . On the other hand, the heated dialogue between Kaelo and Resian p. 210, 211 brings out Kaelo s character as mean and abusive while it portrays Resian as sentimental. Lastly, the conversation between Resian, Taiyo and Minik on p. 280 in Minik s office brings out the manager s character as courteous. FlashbackIt is a style in which a novelist takes us back to a time in the past with an intention of informing the reader on past occurrences. It reveals critical information to the audience as well as helping in plot development. We are informed of how the Kaelo s got married twenty two years ago and how Kaelo got employed by Agribix Limited. In order for mama Milanoi to view the future in the right perspective, she first recalls on the past p.7 . Kaelo flashes back how he had first spotted Jane, his wife in a church service p.9 . The flashback helps in identifying Mama Milanoi as religious. Through a flashback we are told of the humorous story of how Ole Supeyo would take Kaelo to the forest and instruct him to count a lot of money. From this flashback, we discover their deep rooted friendship p. 21 . The flashback in this case is also a source of humour. Mama Milanoi flashes back to a time when Kaelo married her twenty two years ago and how her parents were happy to get a wealthy son in law p. 28 . The flashback informs the audience of the concern Jane s parents had for their daughter. Taiyo has a flashback on how she excelled in music festivals and was awarded and garlanded. An FM radio station sponsored her to attend an extravaganza p.44 . This flashback is essential in revealing Taiyo as a talented girl. It explains why she is interested with the Maasai dance as well. Mama Milanoi flashes back when an old man like Oloisudori would not have been allowed by culture to marry young girls. P.114 .in such a case Mama Milanoi would have appealed to an elder s court which would rule him out of elders. It would also fine him.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.3565133}
{"text": "Mama Milanoi flashes back when an old man like Oloisudori would not have been allowed by culture to marry young girls. P.114 .in such a case Mama Milanoi would have appealed to an elder s court which would rule him out of elders. It would also fine him. IronyThis stylistic device entails a writer depicting what is contrary to what is expected by the reader. For instance, Mama Milanoi optimistically thinks that it would be easy for the couple to marry off their two girls at Nasila than Nakuru town p.8 . However, this proves to be difficult later in the novel. The two girls put up a spirited fight against their marriage to Oloisudori. Resian escapes from her prophesied marriage to Olarinkoi while Taiyo escape shortly after undergoing FGM. It is ironical that Kaelo detests his daughter Resian simply because she is born a girl instead of a son as he wishes. Since the baby is innocent and did not contribute in her sex, we expect the father to appreciate her. Furthermore, according to biological sciences it is the man who carries male genes p.10 . It is ironical when Kaelo dismisses elders as practitioners of archaic traditions when they mount pressure for him to be polygamous yet later he supports F.G.M on his daughters which is an equally archaic humiliating practice. This clearly portrays greed that overwhelms him as well as his weak character p.113 . It is ironical that Kaelo had been warned against the criminal record of Oloisudori from Supeyo but still falls for his snare p.108 . It is ironical that after Joseph wins the hearts of Resian, his heart is filled with frightening premonition p.136 . Although the first day at Simiren s place begins happily, it ends while the girls are disappointed after they are accosted by a callous young man. It is ironical that mama Milanoi feels she has failed in giving Kaelo a son and even praises and praise God for a baby boy p.29 .It is ironical that the idea of Enkamurataniand Olmurunyawas hatched by women themselves p.87 . Many years later this practice becomes a source of humiliation and pain to the female population. It is ironical that FGM that adversely affects women in the Maa community is practically done by women p.227 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.3637998}
{"text": "It is ironical that mama Milanoi feels she has failed in giving Kaelo a son and even praises and praise God for a baby boy p.29 .It is ironical that the idea of Enkamurataniand Olmurunyawas hatched by women themselves p.87 . Many years later this practice becomes a source of humiliation and pain to the female population. It is ironical that FGM that adversely affects women in the Maa community is practically done by women p.227 . It is also ironical that Olarinkoi, the mysterious young man Resian detested later saves their lives. P.142 . Still, it is ironical that when Kaelo calls Resian to inform her of marriage to Oloisudori, Resian thinks she is being called for admission in the university p.182 .Lastly, it is ironical that Emuata a heavy copper ring is primarily made to make brides beautiful yet it is heavy and uncomfortable to the females p.263 . SymbolismThe physical appearance of the two sisters and their mother is symbolically expressed, Taiyo and Resian both head and shoulder taller than their mother, stood on p.11 .The height of the two girls is physically compared to that of their mother. The height could be interpreted in terms of their contribution to female emancipation. The deeper meaning is that Resian and Taiyo s role in fighting gender inequality is greater than that of their mother. At the time of the planned circumcision of Resian, the sun is described, it s sad yellow light discordant howls of hyenas... p.243 . These symbols reinforces the mood. Also, as Nabaru and Resian leave the desolate village, there is a heavy downpour. The rain symbolizes hope in future. P.248 . At the ranch, Resian is led to a house with a soothingly cool carpet which cools her tired and thorn pricked feet p.260 . This symbol assures the comfortable life the future holds for Resian. The conspicuous departure for Egerton University by Resian, Taiyo and Minik is symbolic. P.246 . They leave behind Oloisudori s burnt vehicles. It symbolizes their victory over Oloisudori s army, patriarchy, FGM and stereotype. Local DialectIt involves the use of Maasai and Swahili words in the novel by the author.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.4352496}
{"text": "They leave behind Oloisudori s burnt vehicles. It symbolizes their victory over Oloisudori s army, patriarchy, FGM and stereotype. Local DialectIt involves the use of Maasai and Swahili words in the novel by the author. The usage enriches the setting of the fiction; the Maasai geographical area of settlement and the rural set up aspect of the novel. It makes the story credible, authentic and alive as well as anchoring the elaborate theme of culture. In depicting the serene atmosphere, the author says, Interspersed were the olive- green ilorienito brown wild olive trees whose fragrant cluster of bushes of olobaani Ilkilenyaclimbers grew p.15 . Yeiyoobotorr p.16 , means eldest wife. Her presence portrays the different level of power in a polygamous marriage. Still to emphasize the beauty and serenity the writer says about Kaelo s home, clusters of oleleshua,osinoniand olkirrpanyanybushes dotted the compound. P.31 . People visit Kaelo s new home so as to observe the girls with an aim of commending them as inkainito p.36 . Enkaitoyoniand enkamuratanicame to make acquaintance with potential clients. P.36 . After feeding and dancing, people take esuguroidrink to gladden their hearts p.46 . Esuguroiis a fermented honey beer spiced with aloe. It is believed that Resian has Kisirani,an evil ominous harbinger to a terrible thing p.78 . There are many other instances of use of local dialects such as intoiyenemengalana, olmurunya,papaai,enkoiboni,inkainito,shuka,olbitirr,mzee,mheshimiwa,patureishi, elangatare,oloiboniand many others. The meaning of these Maasai and Kiswahiliwords has been provided in the text or in the glossary of terms at the end of the novel. ForeshadowIt is a stylistic device in which something ominous is signaled to happen in the future. Mama Milanoi experiences a pang of strange premonition that twists her nerves unpleasantly p.17 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.4306986}
{"text": "The meaning of these Maasai and Kiswahiliwords has been provided in the text or in the glossary of terms at the end of the novel. ForeshadowIt is a stylistic device in which something ominous is signaled to happen in the future. Mama Milanoi experiences a pang of strange premonition that twists her nerves unpleasantly p.17 . This suggests the lurking danger especially because her daughters are in the status of intoiyenemengalana. Once they arrive in their new house, Resian says, I feel an oppressive silence. P.32 .This points at the rough episodes she encounters later p.32 . Taiyo and Resian experience a long night characterized by mournful calls of night birds p.55 . This signals the bad experience ahead. On page 138, Olmultut a bird of bad omen coos sorrowfully at Resian s gate. This bird is a harbinger of bad news. Its cry is ominous p.138 . Rhetorical QuestionsIt is a stylistic device which employs questions which do not necessarily require answers but are aimed at stimulating critical thinking. To show that Kaelo is going through a hard reflective moment, he asks, Was not everybody doing business with him? Was he really that bad? Was it the usual business rivalry and envy? Oloisudori p.27 . These questions show the dilemma in which Kaelo is in. Mama Milanoi wonders what they stand for as a family. Are they traditionalists or modernists? P.62 . This shows her dilemma towards F.G.M and her daughters. Resian asks, Was there a curse for being born a woman? P.205 . She rhetorically asks, Was it jealousy consuming her? P.49 . This is about the growing love between Taiyo and Joseph. Nabaru argues on page 277, if the Enkamuratanithrew away the olmurunyaand refused to wield it again, what would happen? It is a call for women s awakening to rise to the occasion and fight F.G.M.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.494082}
{"text": "P.49 . This is about the growing love between Taiyo and Joseph. Nabaru argues on page 277, if the Enkamuratanithrew away the olmurunyaand refused to wield it again, what would happen? It is a call for women s awakening to rise to the occasion and fight F.G.M. Oral Literature DevicesNarrativesKaelo had learnt that Odomongiand Orok-kiteng, the legendary twin homesteads of the founder that begot of the five clans of Nasila: Ilmolelian, Ilmakesen, Ilukumae, Ilaiser and Iltarrosero were the cradle of Nasila people p.37 . Mama Milanoi s dilemma is aptly described in a summarized narrative. Her situation was like that of ole Nkipida who was chased into a deserted hut by a lion just to be confronted by a hungry python at the door p.60 . This describes the conflict brought about by F.G.M. There is a common myth that by spilling blood through F.G.M bad spirit is purged away p.78 . Joseph narrates a moving story of the legendry Olarinkoi p.81 . In the story, women entertain Ilarinkon warriors who demeaned and sexually exploited women p.86 . The story also tells the origin of F.G.M P.87 . Song and DanceOn page41, during the homecoming ceremony, a bevy of beautiful young women dance exciting traditional dance. Men also do a springy dance p.41 . It is from this dance that Taiyo falls in love with Joseph Parmuat. He leads primary school children into a song about welcoming the returning hero, Kaelo p.42 . Taiyo composes a song which she sings in her heart. The song is dedicated to three women who collaborated with men to oppress women folks p.153 . Girls from Intapuka e Maa sing a song p.281 . This song makes the two girls shed tears for it praises intoiye nemengalana. P.281 . It also reveals women assertiveness and readiness to fight oppressive cultural practices as well as song of hope, victory and equality. ProverbsThey are short statements laden with a deep meaning. They are mostly used by the elderly people as a measure of wisdom and experience.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.5048263}
{"text": "It also reveals women assertiveness and readiness to fight oppressive cultural practices as well as song of hope, victory and equality. ProverbsThey are short statements laden with a deep meaning. They are mostly used by the elderly people as a measure of wisdom and experience. Ole Kaelo on p.25 says, The man with the meat was the same man with the knife. This signifies that for him to get contracts, he must work with the corrupt Oloisudori. On p.25 Ole Musanka quips, When an old rat begins to smell, it returns to its mother s home p.52 . Meaning that Kaelo is old and had to return to Maa culture as well as home for a sense of belonging. What the superstitious YeiyooBotorrsays to mama Milanoi about Resian is in form of a proverb, To hide a boil that is under the armpit is unwise p.78 . Meaning the girl s condition of intoiyenemengalanais vicious and will soon burst. While encouraging Resian to escapeto the ranch Olarinkoi says, Home is never far for one who is still alive p.211 . SuspenseIt is a device in which the writer creates a pleasurable emotion of anticipation and excitement regarding the outcome of events or phenomenon. In the novel, an air of suspense surrounds Olarinkoi. Kaelo does not introduce him to us at any point in the novel nor does he mention him. P.79 . The audience is let to think about him evoking curiosity which keep them reading. The breaking down of the lorry near the ranch attracts suspense p.252 . Readers wonder what is to happen next. They worry of the character s safety. When Minik calls Taiyo and Resian in her office and stays for long without breaking the silence, suspense is created. Especially because she is holding two letters with unknown contents p. 279 . The readers remain in suspense for long as to whether Resian will agree to be married by Oloisudori or not. They also keep reading and to see whether she will be circumcised by force by Olarinkoi s mother and be married by Olarinkoi as his mother had prophesied. DreamKaelo has a dream in which Resian consents to marriage by Oloisudori p.195 .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.574579}
{"text": "The readers remain in suspense for long as to whether Resian will agree to be married by Oloisudori or not. They also keep reading and to see whether she will be circumcised by force by Olarinkoi s mother and be married by Olarinkoi as his mother had prophesied. DreamKaelo has a dream in which Resian consents to marriage by Oloisudori p.195 . The dream shows the level of greed in Kaelo. While in a strange room belonging to Olarinkoi s people, Resian has a dream in which she meets Minik. The dream fires her ambition. P.220 . Resian dreams a triumphant dream where she battles enkamuratani s crew who want to circumcise her by force p.244, 245 . AllusionIt is a style in which there is a reference to something which is supposed to be known but not explicitly mentioned. A writer can refer to history, politics, the bible, literature and so on. In this novel, there are literary and biblical allusions. Resian quotes from a famous speaker, What pained one most was not the injustices carried out against one by the adversaries but the silence of those who called themselves his or her friends at the time the injustice was done p.231 . This literary allusion is in reference to her mother who kept quiet all the time they were being exposed to barbaric Nasilian cultural practices. There are several cases of biblical allusion. Resian remembers the tribulations of the Biblical Job. P.230 . She suddenly fell on her knees and hugged the legs of the old woman washing them with tears p.234 .The allusion in this context is that of Mary in the St Luke in the Bible where she chooses to anoint Jesus using her hair. In this context, the respect Resian has for the enkabaaniis emphasized. Still, Resian reminds herself of what the Bible says, p.257 . Some scriptures on optimism are quoted. The Joseph in the bible alludes to the Biblical Joseph who sacrificed for Christ by offering his tomb to be used by Christ p.277 . Joseph in the novel finally sacrifices by dying for the sake of Taiyo. CHAPTER FIVESAMPLE AND PRACTICE EXCERPTSSAMPLE EXCERPTS1. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.560317}
{"text": "Joseph in the novel finally sacrifices by dying for the sake of Taiyo. CHAPTER FIVESAMPLE AND PRACTICE EXCERPTSSAMPLE EXCERPTS1. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. No Joseph, she said in an infantile whimper. I can t bear that we can t express the love that we have for one another because of some primitive culture. If by loving you, I offend the sensibilities of Nasila then let me offend and face the consequences of doing so! I also love you very much, Joseph Parmuat responded finally. I loved you the moment I saw you during your father s homecoming ceremony. But then the clan matter came to separate us. It is true we have no blood relation. But Nasila culture dictates who are related and who are not. We are slotted among those who cannot marry. No, it can t be, I cannot accept its verdict, she said petulantly her words agonised. No way, never! She stopped, confused and angry with herself at her inarticulate outburst. She took several long steadying breaths and then said, I cannot accept that a culture that does not feed, clothe or house me comes to control my life. Our lives belong to us, Joseph. The destiny of our lives is in our own hands. We should guard it jealously. At last they drew a little a part .His eyes were open, honest and steady upon her face. What happens before this excerpt? 3mks For both Joseph and Taiyo, give and illustrate two character traits. 4mks How is dialogue significant in this excerpt? 4mks Explain any two thematic concerns addressed in the excerpt. 4mks From elsewhere in the novel, how does Joseph sacrifice for his love for Taiyo? 4mks Explain the meaning of the following vocabulary as used in the excerpt. 4mks destinyinfantilepetulantlyprimitiveWhat happens immediately after this extract? 2mks 2. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that followYou are mad! Resian screamed at him. You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body. Yes, you and my father can kill me and carry my dead body to your palatial home. He was stunned by those harsh words.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.627046}
{"text": "You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body. Yes, you and my father can kill me and carry my dead body to your palatial home. He was stunned by those harsh words. He winced as if he had been struck. Then already harsh line of his mouth tightened and he stood tense for a moment. Then he relaxed and watched her mockingly. You can never escape Resian, he repeated quietly, smiling. The very normality of his voice as he spoke those monstrous words was most shocking and disturbing to her. Whether you scream your heart out, or jump into the deep sea, Resian, you are mine. You are my wife from now henceforth I want to go now. Resian announced angrily shuddering with disgust and terror. You want to go? He asked, the contemptuous quiet of his voice a menace by itself. Go! You want to be persuaded, coaxed and pampered to marry Oloisudori Lonkiyaa? Sorry I will not do that! If you want to go, please yourself. You may opt to go, but when you are mine, you will do as I please. No one plays games with Oloisudori. Ask your father, he will tell you. Stop it! Stop it! Resian screamed excruciatingly pained by the disdainful remarks of Oloisudori. Putting her hands over her ears, she made a dash for the door. He made no effort to stop her but she flung it open and turned to glare at him with tearful eyesYou are mad! She screamed again sobbingly. You are stark mad! You hear me? You are nothing but ol-ushuushi. She walked away and as she did so, she heard his soft laughter behind her. Say what happens before this excerpt. 3mks How is Oloisudori portrayed in this excerpt? 4mks Describe the feeling of Resian in this excerpt 3mks From other areas of the novel, state other crimes that are practiced by Oloisudori. 3mks . How does the writer utilize irony in this excerpt? 3mks You are my wife from now henceforth Rewrite in the reported speech. 1mk Explain the meaning of the following words 4mks a PamperedDisgustMadPalatial7.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.6106393}
{"text": "3mks . How does the writer utilize irony in this excerpt? 3mks You are my wife from now henceforth Rewrite in the reported speech. 1mk Explain the meaning of the following words 4mks a PamperedDisgustMadPalatial7. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 3. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow. They were silent as they climbed the hill on their way back from Nasila river to draw water. The water containers that they carried on their backs were now heavy. The straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads with a painful exhaustion. As they walked, each one of them allowed her mind to fleetingly roam the fanciful land of wishful thinking. Resian thought how wonderful it would be, had she had a chance to enroll at the Egerton University and after graduation had a chance to work with her role model, Minik ene Nkoitoi, the Emakererei at the sheep ranch that she managed. She imagined herself already there driving a large flock of sheep. And when she thought of sheep, her mind flew back to fifteen years or so earlier and reminisced the first time she saw a sheep. It was a childhood memory, a memorable picture from the swirling scene around her which had been captured and preserved by her mind when she and Taiyo accompanied their father to the Nakuru Agricultural Show. She could still see in her mind a group of big, docile, tawny woolly animals that stood panting drowsily in a green pasture, with the sun beaming down brightly from a clear blue sky. She had then admired the white long overcoats that the handlers wore. Taiyo also thought of Emakererei. She would ask Joseph Parmuat, to assist her compose a song in her praise. She had already put words to a tune she had composed to ridicule the three women who she thought collaborated with men to oppress the women folk. They were Nasila s three blind mice who, she thought, did not seem to know that the world was changing.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.6584868}
{"text": "She would ask Joseph Parmuat, to assist her compose a song in her praise. She had already put words to a tune she had composed to ridicule the three women who she thought collaborated with men to oppress the women folk. They were Nasila s three blind mice who, she thought, did not seem to know that the world was changing. Those were the enkasakutoni,who threatened to curse intoiyenemengalanaand ensured they did not get husbands nor children: the midwife Enkaitoyoni who threatened to spy on the young women as they gave birth to ensure that any who was still among intoiye-nemengalanahad her status altered there and then; and the dreaded Enkamuratani, who would never tire of wielding her olmurunya menacingly. Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks Discuss two themes evident in the excerpt. 4Mks Discuss one character trait of Resian and Taiyo in the excerpt. 4Mks The straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads with a painful exhaustion. Rewrite beginning: with . 1Mk How do Resian s thoughts now come to be fulfilled in future? Briefly explain. 4Mks Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt. 4Mks ReminiscedCollaboratedDreadedMenacingly4. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow Yes, Papaai, Resian said apprehensively. I am here. Taiyo tells me you are calling me? Yes, yes, her father replied. Please take a seat. Yes, Papaai, Resian repeated as she sat on a chair far away from her father. Come nearer child, her father said pleasantly. Why do you sit a mile away? Come nearer. Resian moved her chair hardly an inch from where it was and then she looked up into her father s face with eager expectation. If I do remember well, her father began in a low even tone, you will be nineteen in September this year, am I right You are quite right, Papaai. Resian answered eyeing him curiously. His face was unusually kind. His eyes held hers as he smiled broadly. That s it! She thought triumphantly. That must be it!", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.714291}
{"text": "His eyes held hers as he smiled broadly. That s it! She thought triumphantly. That must be it! You and I have not discussed important issues for a long time, he said with a friendly chuckle that was intended to bring her closer to him. I thought today would be the best day to break the news. Your future is very important to me, my dear child. Resian thought the concern in her father s voice, rang false. She hesitated, but could not hold herself any more. The anxiety was too great. Papaai, is it Yeiyo or Taiyo who spoke to you? She asked sensationally, thinking she was stating the obvious. But seeing her father s face cloud, she added quickly. Who between them spoke to you about our enrolment at the Egerton University? What are you talking about, child? Her father, who seemed dumbfounded, asked after a long and uncomfortable silence. Both Yeiyo and Taiyo promised to talk to you about it, and I thought she had. What, in the name of God are you talking about, child? He repeated, this time agitated and shaking his head vigorously. No, I have never spoken to anybody about any of you enrolling at the university. Never! When I said I wanted us to discuss your future, that isn t what I meant at all. Of course not! Resian looked at her father s face enquiringly. What has happened before the excerpt? 3mks What is so ironical in this passage? Explain your answer referring to elsewhere in the novel. 3mks Your future is very important to me, my dear child From elsewhere in the novel, explain why Ole Kaelo tells his daughter so. 3Mks Discuss two aspects of character in Resian in this excerpt. 4Mks What major issue is addressed in this excerpt? 2Mks Explain what happens after this excerpt. 3Mks Who between them spoke to you about our enrolment at the Egerton university? Rewrite in the direct speech. 1Mk A part from irony, discuss any other aspect of style evident in the excerpt. 2Mks Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions used in the excerpt. 4 Mks i . Apprehensively ii . Sit a mile away iii . Hold herself iv .", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.7346828}
{"text": "Apprehensively ii . Sit a mile away iii . Hold herself iv . AgitatedANSWERS TO SAMPLE EXTRACTSSample excerpt 1Taiyo visits Joseph s bachelor house. She expresses her infatuation. Joseph feels infatuated too. She sobs uncontrollablyJoseph is responsible. He has self-control aimed at preventing the duo from messing up. He is patriotic. He chooses to take sides with the Nasila culture. He feels they should not break the normsTaiyo is loving. She has strong feelings for Joseph. Assertive. She is ready to offend sensibilities of Nasila culture for love. Sacrificing. She is ready to risk herself for love. It brings out Taiyo s interrogative nature. She skeptically questions the enslaving nature of Nasila culture. I cannot accept culture that does not feed me. She poses that culture should be beneficial. He accepts to be the contact man in the mission of rescuing Taiyo. He makes her captors drunk leading to her escape. The captors later kill him. 5.Love. Taiyo and Joseph express their views towards love. She feels it should be let to grow while he feels culture should restrain love feelings. Culture. Their love relationship is held at ransom by culture that objects love between people of the same clan. 6. A Fateb Childish immatureGrudginglyFate7. Joseph says he is ready to face any eventuality that may arise out of love. Taiyo appreciates the new stance of Joseph. She sheds tears. Sample excerpt 2Oloisudori informs Resian of the benefits she will get for marrying him. Resian gets very annoyed and speechless. Resian learns that her father has already received dowry for her marriage to Oloisudori. He reports to her that their fate is sealed. Contemptuous. He asked, the contemptuous quiet of his voice a menace by itself. Proud. He feels superior and egocentric. No one plays games with Oloisudori. Asked your father, he will tell you. She is feeling disappointed and desperate of her father s action of receiving dowry with an aim of sealing her marriage with Oloisudori. She feels really betrayed.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.7560027}
{"text": "No one plays games with Oloisudori. Asked your father, he will tell you. She is feeling disappointed and desperate of her father s action of receiving dowry with an aim of sealing her marriage with Oloisudori. She feels really betrayed. Extortion, assassinations shadowy businesses, sexual immorality, robber, smuggler, poacherIt is ironical that Oloisudori who is older than Resian s father plans to marry Resian a young girl even after he is told her wish is to study at the university. It is also ironical that Kaelo has already picked dowry from Oloisudori and has never bothered to inform Resian of it. He told her that she was her wife from then henceforth. A InsaneGrand like a palaceStrong loatheTreat with excessive care8. Resian rans blindly knocking a chair and a table and disappears past Oloisudori s driver. She goes to her father s shop. She is raving mad with indignation. She becomes very disappointed with her father. Sample excerpt 3Before the excerpt, Taiyo and Resian go to the River to fetch water. They remember their discussion with their aunt and admire Minik s fight against women oppression by men. They muse that men must be very angry with her for snatching five hundred girls from her. After the excerpt, Taiyo sings the song she has composed about three women whom she refers as mice silently in her heart. One of those women is the enkamuratani chasing a woman with a knife. Flashback- Resian recalls fifteen years back when she and Taiyo accompanied their father to the Nakuru agricultural show and she saw sheep the first time. Vivid description-The sheep are vividly described as big, docile tawny wooly animals. Metaphors-She calls the three women who collaborated with men to oppress women as Nasila s three blind mice. Theme of Determination or optimism. Resian is full of optimism that one day she would join Egerton university. Women as their own enemies. The three Nasila women collaborated with men to oppress women. Negative cultural practices. The three women propagate negative cultural practices against women such as F.G.M. Resian is visionary. She thought how wonderful it would be, had she a chance to enroll at the Egerton University. She dreams of going to university.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.7747295}
{"text": "Resian is visionary. She thought how wonderful it would be, had she a chance to enroll at the Egerton University. She dreams of going to university. Taiyo-critical-she wants to compose a song ridiculing three Nasilian women who collaborated with men to oppress women. With a painful exhaustion, the straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads. Later, she is rescued from a planned marriage by Nabaru and is taken to Minik s ranch. There, she is given a house and a job. Minik also helps in securing their admission at Egerton University. She also gives a scholarship. The novel ends when she and Taiyo are going to University. Recall Recalled Worked togetherFearedThreateninglySample Excerpt 4Ole Kaelo sends Taiyo to call Resian for him. Resian feels hopeful and excited that she is being called to be informed about admission to the university. She thinks that it is her mother or sister who has talked to her father about the matter. It is ironical for Resian to think that her father is going to tell her about her dream wish of joining Egerton University but he has plans to marry her off to his friend Oloisudori. This is even as he says your future is very important to me He says this because he has plans to marry her to his friend Oloisudori. If this succeeds, his business would be saved because Oloisudori had helped him establish the business and even building his house in Nasila. Ignorant- she thinks that her father has good news about joining university which is not the case. She says, That s it! She thought triumphantly. Is it Yeiyo or Taiyo who spoke to you? Apprehensive. She replies to her father apprehensively. Fearful- she is in fear of her father. She sits on a chair far from her father. Determination optimism. Resian is very much determined to join Egerton University. She thinks it is the reason why her father has called her. Who between them spoke to you about our enrollment at the Egerton University. After the excerpt, Ole Kaelo hesitates telling Resian what he wanted to tell her and tells her to go to the kitchen. He tells her to tell her mother to come. She asked him who between them had spoken to him about their enrollment at theEgerton University.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.8360093}
{"text": "Who between them spoke to you about our enrollment at the Egerton University. After the excerpt, Ole Kaelo hesitates telling Resian what he wanted to tell her and tells her to go to the kitchen. He tells her to tell her mother to come. She asked him who between them had spoken to him about their enrollment at theEgerton University. Suspense. The reader is left in suspense wanting to know why Ole Kaelo had called his daughter. Dialogue- there is dialogue between Resian and her father. It reveals the strained relationship between daughter and father. Nervously worriedly fearfullySit far awayControl herselfTroubled disturbedPRACTICE EXCERPTSRead the following excerpt and answer the questions that followHowever, the notion that he was about to hand over his own daughter to a gangster continued to gnaw at the conscience of Ole Kaelo relentlessly. He felt guilty, especially when he recalled the atrocities that were known to have been committed by Oloisudori over the years. But another voice told him quietly that he was being foolish and unreasonable to question his own conscience over the matter of Oloisudori, for he was just one among many who were enjoying the fruits of their labour. And it was hardly anybody s business to know how honest that labour was. After all, the small voice reassured him tauntingly, those who committed bigger crimes such as Goldenberg and Anglo-leasing, were still enjoying the fruits of their labour. Had they not invested the yields of their ill-gotten money in housing estates, in shares, in import and exports in tourism, in transport and in other trades, just as Oloisudori had done? When he went to bed later that evening, he remained awake for many hours pondering over those disturbing thoughts that went through his mind fleetingly, like water that churned violently in a turbulent sea. He thought of Oloisudori s impending visit and his intended marriage to Resian. He knew the success of failure of the event would determine the fate of his business. Even his continued ownership of that house where he and his family lived, depended on the outcomes of that event. Should Oloisudori fail to get Resian and recall the loan he had extended to him to buy that house, he was done.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.8769808}
{"text": "He knew the success of failure of the event would determine the fate of his business. Even his continued ownership of that house where he and his family lived, depended on the outcomes of that event. Should Oloisudori fail to get Resian and recall the loan he had extended to him to buy that house, he was done. And knowing Oloisudori, he could very easily draw the rug from beneath his feet, leaving him vulnerable to all kinds of vagaries. And the thoughts gave him anxious moments. At dawn when sleep overtook him, Ole Kaelo had a pleasant dream. Resian had consented to Oloisudori s proposal. After Oloisudori reported that to him, he was greatly pleased and relieved. His wife was rapturous. Although they were astonished at the turn of events, they were relieved to know that they would not have to live with the guilt of having forced their daughter to get married. What a wise child his once hardheaded daughter had turned to be after all! And how devious! After all those years of sullenness, awkwardness and tactlessness, she had finally brought relief to their life and ushered in a period of peace and tranquility. But then, it was just that. A dream! Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks Discuss three major issues in this excerpt. 6Mks Discuss two character traits of Ole Kaelo in this excerpt. 4Mks And the thoughts gave him anxious moments Add a question tag. 1Mk Discuss any three aspects of style in this excerpt. 6Mks Explain the meaning of the following expressions from the excerpt. 4Mks i . Gnaw ii . Pondering iii . Impending visit iv . He was done. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow. Her dream was rudely and violently interrupted by a thunderous bang and a loud roar of laughter. She woke up with a start, jumped up to her feet and stared at the door with wide panic-stricken eyes. For a moment she could not figure out her surroundings and called out the name of her sister Taiyo. She was terrified. The door flung open and Olarinkoi staggered in. He was stone drunk. Resian stared at him unblinkingly as he walked towards her and she backed off terrified, squeezing herself flatly against the wall.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.883344}
{"text": "The door flung open and Olarinkoi staggered in. He was stone drunk. Resian stared at him unblinkingly as he walked towards her and she backed off terrified, squeezing herself flatly against the wall. He followed her there and got hold of her shoulders and shook her violently glaring at her with his glittering eyes. You silly thing, he thundered angrily. I tell you to prepare food and you refuse to do so, eh? Today you will know who is the owner of this home. If you are still in doubt, let me tell you frankly that from today on you are my wife, hear that, eh? You are my wife. For a long time you have been sneering at me, showing how highly educated you are. Today we shall see how educated your body is! Yes, we shall see! He got hold of her hand and began dragging her into the other room. At first she did not understand his intention until he began unfastening her buttons with his rough trembling hands. Then the truth came, and with it, terror and panic. She tried to get away from him, but he held her effortlessly as he brutally continued fumbling with her dress, trying to loosen it. She screamed as loudly as she could while she pushed him away and thrashed frantically about. But that did not deter him and he totally ignored her screams holding her more firmly with his strong arms. Against her loud protest, he tore her garments and began to push her towards the bed. Then desperately she took the last chance of self defense and self-preservation. Mustering all her strength, she thrust his thumb into her mouth; sunk her teeth into the flesh like a ferocious animal and tenaciously held onto it, tugging at it fiercely like a lioness. She could feel the flesh tearing and she tasted the salt of his blood as it filled her mouth but she clung unto the thumb as Olarinkoi howled with pain. Make notes on the contents of Resian s dream. 4Mks Discuss one character traits of Resian in this excerpt. 2Mks What has greatly changed in Olarinkoi in this excerpt compared to his earlier conduct in the novel? 3Mks Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks Explain two major issues raised in the excerpt. 4Mks Explain what happens immediately after the excerpt.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.8881593}
{"text": "3Mks Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks Explain two major issues raised in the excerpt. 4Mks Explain what happens immediately after the excerpt. 3Mks Today we shall see how educated your body is Rewrite in reported speech. 1Mk Explain the meaning of the following expressions in the passage. 4 Mks i . Unblinkingly ii . Effortlessly iii . Mustering iv . Howled3. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow Nothing is wrong with me, Resian retorted furiously. And pointing at the living room, with her figure, she fiercely charged, I have no quarrel with my father for whom, I have tremendous respect. It is the likes of Olarinkoi I am mad at, and all those other males who come here ordering us to do that or the other for them, simply because they are males. When women visit us, they give us the leeway to respond to their requests. But as we burn our fingers here Mr.Olarinkoi is dozing off comfortably in our living room waiting for his lunch and possibly a little angry and impatient with us for delaying it. It is enough, cried Yeiyo Botorr viciously. She instantly abandoned the peeling of potatoes and threw the knife into the pail that held the peeled potatoes. Supporting herself by holding onto a nearby wall, she painfully lifted a large, heavy body. My enkaini, I agree with you that something is wrong with our child, and I think I know what ails her. Come along with me and I will tell you what I think ails her. I am not sick Resian was saying that when she was cut short by Taiyo. Even if you are not sick, you cannot argue with Yeiyo Botorr, Taiyo told her sternly as soon as they were out of earshot of their mother and Yeiyo Botorr, there are things one has to learn on their own. One of them is that you cannot antagonize the older people by arguing with them, however, untenable their argument may be. That goes without saying, my dear little sister. What happens before this extract? 3mks Comment on any two stylistic devices used in the extract. 4mks Explain any issue brought about in this extract.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.93887}
{"text": "I am not sick Resian was saying that when she was cut short by Taiyo. Even if you are not sick, you cannot argue with Yeiyo Botorr, Taiyo told her sternly as soon as they were out of earshot of their mother and Yeiyo Botorr, there are things one has to learn on their own. One of them is that you cannot antagonize the older people by arguing with them, however, untenable their argument may be. That goes without saying, my dear little sister. What happens before this extract? 3mks Comment on any two stylistic devices used in the extract. 4mks Explain any issue brought about in this extract. 3mks What is the character of Yeiyoo Botorr from this extract? 4mks From elsewhere in this text how does Olarinkoi contribute to the plot development of the novel? 3mks Re-write and add a question tag. 1mks Nothing is wrong with me. Write the meaning of the following vocabulary. 4mks a SternlyAntagonizeRetortedLeeway8. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 4. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that followAt seven o clock in the evening after the lights had been put on, and the traditional esuguroi drink had been served in generous measures, tongues loosened and hearts gladdened. Soon after, the party gathered momentum and voices rose. Within no time, one could hardly be heard over the hubbub of talk and laughter. And as the pleasurable and lively celebration progressed, voices became animated; hands and arms gesticulated vigorously while heads turned more often. Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers. And it was all pomp and gaiety as ivory adorned and bejeweled fingers fluttered; bare shoulders gleamed in the light multicoloured bead ornaments glittered upon elaborately bedecked necks: pendulous ilmiintoniof all colours dangled loosely down extended earlobes: and the bright colours of lesos, kangas, red shukas and multicoloured blankets, all turned the Ole Kaelo living room into a kaleidoscope of shifting light and colour. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4mks State and explain two thematic concerns in this context.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.9510062}
{"text": "And it was all pomp and gaiety as ivory adorned and bejeweled fingers fluttered; bare shoulders gleamed in the light multicoloured bead ornaments glittered upon elaborately bedecked necks: pendulous ilmiintoniof all colours dangled loosely down extended earlobes: and the bright colours of lesos, kangas, red shukas and multicoloured blankets, all turned the Ole Kaelo living room into a kaleidoscope of shifting light and colour. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4mks State and explain two thematic concerns in this context. 4mks What is the significance of the use of words like esuguroi, ilmiintoni, lesos, kangas, and shukas? 3mks Identify and explain two character traits of ole Kaelo. 4mks Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers. Rewrite to form a question 1mk Which other party has an equal weight from the rest of the novel. What is its significance? 3mks Comment on the prevalent mood in the context. 2mks Explain the meaning of the following words: 4mks a HubbubGesticulatedGaietyDangledCHAPTER SIXGENERAL ESSAY QUESTIONS AND SAMPLE ESSAYSBlossomsoftheSavannah is a novel about hope that leads to victory; write a composition to illustrate on this statement. In Oloisudori and Olarinkoi there is no lesser evil. Write an essay to illustrate on this statement. One has to know which side of bread is buttered. By referring closely to the lives of Kaelo and Oloisudori show the truthfulness of this statement. Kaelo digs his own grave. Write a composition to show the truthfulness of this statement Though Resian goes through the valley of death, her determination leads her to a victorious life. Write a composition to show the validity of this assertion. Maa culture has not completely shed off archaic practices and traditions. Support this statement with illustrations from the novel. Strong selfless friendship is the remedy to stormy times. Using the lives of Taiyo and Resian, write a composition to illustrate truthfulness of the statement.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.96395}
{"text": "Maa culture has not completely shed off archaic practices and traditions. Support this statement with illustrations from the novel. Strong selfless friendship is the remedy to stormy times. Using the lives of Taiyo and Resian, write a composition to illustrate truthfulness of the statement. Oloisudori, Kaelo, Mama Milanoi and Olarinkoi are to blame for the traumatizing life led by Resian. Write an essay in support of this argument. By referring to the lives of Oloisudori and Olarinkoi, show how bad deeds are paid with bad deeds. Blossomsofthesavannahis a novel about women fighting for their redemption. By referring to the lives of Minik and Nabaru support the assertion. Blossomsofthesavannahis a novel about patriarchy. Write an essay to validate this argument using the character Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. Optimism and ambition leads to victory support. Women are their own enemies Write an essay exemplifying this position. The strong bond between Resian and Taiyo contributes significantly to their triumph. Write an essay in support of the statement. The old and the young generations in BlossomsoftheSavannahare in conflict. Discuss. Bad decisions can adversely affect our future. Write an essay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel. Change is as good as rest. To what extent do you agree with the assertion as far as BlossomsoftheSavannahis concerned? Persistence, focus and determination is the secret behind success. Expound on this position drawing your illustrations from the novel. Some cultural practices have no place in the current Nasilian society. Discuss. Not all aspects of culture and traditions are bad. Drawing your illustrations from the novel BlossomsoftheSavannah,validate the assertion. There is need for women to unite in their fight against harmful cultural practices Discuss. Greed for money is the source of most evils in the society. Show how valid this statement is by getting supporting evidence from the novel BlossomsoftheSavannah. Our greatest enemies are those close to us. Support this statement with illustrations from the novel. Failure to take one stand on matters to do with culture can be very detrimental. Write an essay reacting to this assertion. Write an essay showing why Mama Milanoi is to blame most for the ordeals her daughters go through.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406296.973394}
{"text": "Our greatest enemies are those close to us. Support this statement with illustrations from the novel. Failure to take one stand on matters to do with culture can be very detrimental. Write an essay reacting to this assertion. Write an essay showing why Mama Milanoi is to blame most for the ordeals her daughters go through. Write a composition in agreement with the assertion that harmful cultural practices against women would be history in Nasila if there were more women like Minik. Women should speak and act in order to have their way in the society Write an essay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel. The rich cultural heritage of the Maa is under attack by modernity. DiscussNothing is impossible to somebody with the will to succeed. Discuss Resian has been wronged more by her father than the Nasilian society. Write an argumentative essay reacting to this statement. Material security does not guarantee happiness. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights. Write an essay in support of the assertion drawing your illustrations from BlossomsoftheSavannah. Cultural erosion is the root cause of most evil things in Nasila. Discuss. Help can come even when least expected. Discuss. SAMPLE ESSAYS1. Though Resian goes through the valley of death, her determination leads her to a victorious life. Write a composition to show the validity of this assertion. Resian in the BlossomsoftheSavannahseems to experience several challenging situations in her life. In the scenarios she seems resolute in her actions as shown in the following waysOloisudori declares his intention of marrying her at an early age. This follows after he changes his initial plan: extorting Kaelo. He demands that she should first be circumcised so as to get rid of her state as nemengalanaintoiye. He intends to use anesthesia to make her unconscious and grab her. Resian resolves not to be married. She tells Oloisudori point blank that she cannot be his wife. She returns the gifts that he had earlier brought and escapes to her father s shop. Her father beats her so as to submit to the marriage, but Resian remains steady is her decision. A number of callous youth in Nasila wish to assault Resian and Taiyo. In the first days, Resian and Taiyo take a walk around uncle Simiren compound. All of a sudden a young man emerges from the blues and grabs Taiyo.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.0076616}
{"text": "A number of callous youth in Nasila wish to assault Resian and Taiyo. In the first days, Resian and Taiyo take a walk around uncle Simiren compound. All of a sudden a young man emerges from the blues and grabs Taiyo. Resian order the callous young man to release Taiyo immediately. The Young man has no option but to give in though he promises to revisit his grave decision. Though in a dream, enkamurataniand other two women surround Resian to circumcise her holding an olmurunya. Although Resian is in a strange land and is defenseless she does her best to combat the situation. Determined, Resian twists enkamuratani s hand with an intention of ensuring that she does not initiate other girls in the future. She knocks the old witch using a mallet as well as fights the third woman until she disappears. Olarinkoi disappears with Resian to a far hut in the forest. He locks her up and returns very late in the night while drank. Once he returns, he is in his mission of raping her. He unzips and this gesture sets her trembling. She bites Olarinkoi s thumb so that the pain reduces his action of rape. Owing to the fact that Resian had earlier witnessed Olarinkoi s fiery attacks when he dealt with two callous men, it calls for a lot of determination on the part of Resian to tackle him. In summary, from the above illustrations it is evident that Resian suffers rough challenging times in her life but she deals with all these situations with determination. 2. The strong bond between Resian and Taiyo contributes significantly to their triumph. Write an essay in support of the statement. No man is an island. Human beings were created to relate mutually. The close friendship between Resian and Taiyo is the key to overcoming stormy times that present themselves in their lives as followsIn their new environment at Nasila, the girls meet unique challenges. They are not used to the communal life for all along they have stayed in an urban set up where life is individualistic. At Nasila, they have to get used to impromptu visitors and superior male counterparts. It is the love between the two girls that helps in these scenarios. The duo stay together most of the times. By so doing, they share a lot Taiyo counsels Resian on using kind language on Yeiyo Botorr her aunt.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.0261362}
{"text": "It is the love between the two girls that helps in these scenarios. The duo stay together most of the times. By so doing, they share a lot Taiyo counsels Resian on using kind language on Yeiyo Botorr her aunt. The two girls discuss about danger that lurks from the hostile youth especially because of their uncircumcised condition. In overcoming the challenge of female genital mutilation FGM , their friendship bond comes in handy. When Resian goes on a hunger strike she says it is only Taiyo who can change her stand. When Taiyo is informed of Resian s condition, she does not hesitate to offer herself for Resian s redemption even when there are risks all over. While at Nasila, they have a lot of time sharing their views towards FGM. The discussions must have strengthened their hard stands towards FGM. It is from these discussions that they vow never to give in to FGM. In the incident when Taiyo and Resian are accosted by two callous young men their coordination and friendship save them. The incident finds them while they are walking together where they had visited Maiso for lunch. If the struggle had between two men versus one girl probably she would have been surmounted. Although most of the salvation is largely brought by Olarinkoi the fact that the two girls where together makes it easier for them to go about the ordeal. Their joint screaming and their escape unhurt is partly contributed by their togetherness. The two birds of a feather hatch a scheme to outwit Oloisudori. They wrap the gifts he had brought them into a box and title it as a gift. They then plan how to execute the plan. They arrange on how Resian is to thank Oloisudori and give him the gift. They discuss the aim of the gesture; to clarify to Oloisudori the fact they cannot be cheated with gifts. From this co-operation, Resian manages to trick Oloisudori and tells off her father and later with Olarinkoi, they manage to leave Nasila. It is clear from the above illustration that strong friendship bonds can help friend go about hard experiences and overcome them in their lives. 3. Bad decisions can adversely affect our lives. Write an essay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel. The Choices we make can affect us positively or negatively. Bad choices definitely have adverse effects on our future.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.0687985}
{"text": "Write an essay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel. The Choices we make can affect us positively or negatively. Bad choices definitely have adverse effects on our future. A character like Ole Kaelo makes several bad choices which not only affect his life but also his daughters. Ole Kaelo is advised by his friend what kind of man Oloisudori is. He is told that he is not a man of integrity and warns him about doing business with him. He even warns him to keep his daughters from him. Oloisudori is unheeding to this warning. He goes on to sign business contracts and receiving a loan from him. Later, this man causes him great worry when he threatens to bring his business down if he does not give him his daughter in marriage. Ole Kaelo makes the bad choice of agreeing to give his daughter Resian in marriage to Oloisudori. He does this to save his business empire and to acquire more wealth as dowry from him. This unleashes a myriad of problems in his family. He keeps assuring himself that his choice of Oloisudori is good and that the man is not all bad but inwardly, he has reservations about such a marriage. His decision worsens the already poor relationship between him and his daughter, who ran away and gets into more trouble with Olarinkoi. Taiyo also has her life ruined by being forcefully circumcised before being forced to marry Oloisudori. Finally, he loses his daughters trust and his fate is unknown because Oloisudori might come for him in person. Olarinkoi is not known by the Kaelos yet nobody asks questions about him. He seems a mystery and with time becomes like a member of the family. This earns him trust among the Kaelos to the point that Resian trusts him to take her to Minik s ranch. This man who the family trusted so much turns into a beast by raping Resian and even planning to circumcise her by force before marrying her. If the Kaelo s had not trusted the stranger, Resian suffering in his hands would have been avoided. Mama Milanoi makes a bad choice of giving over her daughter Taiyo to three strange women cheating her that she was being taken to her sister. Her plans is to have Taiyo circumcised before being married by Oloisudori. This action makes her lose the trust her daughters had for her.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.0415366}
{"text": "Mama Milanoi makes a bad choice of giving over her daughter Taiyo to three strange women cheating her that she was being taken to her sister. Her plans is to have Taiyo circumcised before being married by Oloisudori. This action makes her lose the trust her daughters had for her. The wound she has caused them will definitely take time to heal. They too are angry with her that they vow that they would not want to be like her in marriage. Bad decisions made knowingly or unknowingly will definitely have negative impact in our lives or on those that are dear to us. 4. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights. Write an essay in support of the assertion drawing your illustrations from BlossomsoftheSavannah. Today s position on the male and female gender is that men and women are equal and none of the gender should dominate over the other. In BlossomsoftheSavannah, women are culturally forced to be subservient to men, a practice that denies them some fundamental rights as human beings. A wife has the right to state his position on any matter even if it is contrary to the husband s position. This is not the case with Mama Milanoi, wife to Ole Kaelo. She admits that she did not know which man her husband was doing business with and even if she did, she would not do anything about it for he was the one who carried the family s vision. She thus leaves every aspect of decision making to him whether those decisions are good or bad. A woman is a being to be loved and not to love back. Although Ole Kaelo genuinely loved Mama Milanoi when he saw her first, her feelings on him are immaterial. Women were not expected to resist a man s advances according to Nasilian culture. This is a great violation of her right to love or hate. In her case there is no room for that. It is also expected that Resian should give in to Oloisudori s plans to marry her. Refusal is regarded as stubbornness. In fact, Oloisudori claims that none of his wives put any resistance in his interest in them. This means that their feelings for him did not matter a great violation of their freedom to choose their marriage partner. Resian and Taiyo are forced to undergo cultural coaching by Joseph Parmuat. Resian rebels this citing inequality in the plan. She opines that if they were boys, such a thing would not be done on them.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.0991147}
{"text": "Resian and Taiyo are forced to undergo cultural coaching by Joseph Parmuat. Resian rebels this citing inequality in the plan. She opines that if they were boys, such a thing would not be done on them. Instead, they would be freely roaming Nasila with nobody bothering them. In their case, there is no such option simply because they are girls. Their right to choose what to and not to learn is violated. Girls are taught how to cook for their men but there are no lessons for boys on how to please women. Resian opposes such arrangements saying she would not be taught to solely please men. She claims that even boys should be taught how to please women. Gender inequality in this society elevates man over the woman to the extent that Resian says that it made men assume that they had right over the body of any woman. This has reduced women to be objects of sex to be exploited by men at will. This practice started with the Ilarinkon warriors who sexually exploited women after arousing their desires. Taiyo and Resian undergo several rape attempts with Resian ending up being raped by Olarinkoi who assumes he has every right over her body. These inequalities have greatly undermined women s right to privacy and to choose whom to have sexual relation with. Gender inequality does not just stop at that. Instead, it is a major cause of violation of basic human rights that all should be accorded a chance to enjoy. Women in the novel have most of their rights curtailed as a result of gender imbalance between men and women. 5. Help can come when least expected. Discuss. Most people reach the end of the tether in difficult situations and are just about to give up when help comes. Most instances of help appear coincidental but nonetheless; they change the course of life of the character as well as shaping the rest of the novel. Olarinkoi seems to be at the right place at the right time. He happens to be the savior of Resian and Taiyo when they need help most. He comes to the rescue of the two girls when they are coming from their father s shop and are about to be raped by two men. Olarinkoi single-handedly saves the girls by fighting the men. Resian and Taiyo are much grateful and would not want to imagine what would have happened if he had not come at that time, even fearing that they would have been infected with HIV.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.1075714}
{"text": "He comes to the rescue of the two girls when they are coming from their father s shop and are about to be raped by two men. Olarinkoi single-handedly saves the girls by fighting the men. Resian and Taiyo are much grateful and would not want to imagine what would have happened if he had not come at that time, even fearing that they would have been infected with HIV.Olarinkoi again comes to the rescue of Resian when she discovers her father s betrayal by planning to marry her off to Oloisudori. He comes to her rescue when she is even contemplating committing suicide by drowning herself into the river. At the same time, Oloisudori and his men are looking for her to abduct her. Olarinkoi promises to take her to Minik whom she had been yearning to meet someday. Although the help turns disastrous with Olarinkoi turning against her, she is able to escape the current wrath of Oloisudori. Taiyo is rescued from the hands of her circumcisers by Minik s men. Minik s rescue team use tricks to rescue her from the well-guarded home which she would not have escaped in her sickly state. Were it not for Minik s intervention, Taiyo would surely have been forcefully married off to Oloisudori after healing. The rescue gives Taiyo a new lease of life, reunion with her sister and of course quicker physical and emotional recovery. Minik s help to Resian and Taiyo perhaps is the most important event that completely changes their lives. She gives refugee to the girls in her ranch hence protecting them from marauding men like Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. She gives Resian a job in the ranch hence giving her something to live on and promises her a scholarship from the ranch. Most importantly, she is able to have the two girls enrolled at Egerton University, their dream university. These kind gestures create a happy ending in a novel that has been dominated by sad events. When people are about to despair, that is usually the point when help comes. No matter how belated characters like Resian and Taiyo get help, their lives are greatly impacted and changed by those interventions.", "metadata": {"source": "GUIDE-TO-BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-BY-HENRY-OLE-KULET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.117054}
{"text": "1. Blossoms of the Savannah is a novel about hope that leads to victory; write a composition to illustrate on this statement. 2. In Oloisudori and Olarinkoi there is no lesser evil. Write an essay to illustrate on this statement. 3. One has to know which side of bread is buttered. By referring closely to the lives of Kaelo and Oloisudori show the truthfulness of this statement. 4. Kaelo digs his own grave. Write a composition to show the truthfulness of this statement5. Though Resian goes through the valley of death, her determination leads her to a victorious life. Write a composition to show the validity of this assertion. 6. Maa culture has not completely shed off archaic practices and traditions. Support this statement with illustrations from the novel. 7. Strong selfless friendship is the remedy to stormy times. Using the lives of Taiyo and Resian, write a composition to illustrate truthfulness of the statement. 8. Oloisudori, Kaelo, Mama Milanoi and Olarinkoi are to blame for the traumatizing life led by Resian. Write an essay in support of this argument. 9. By referring to the lives of Oloisudori and Olarinkoi, show how bad deeds are paid with bad deeds. 10. Blossoms of the savannah is a novel about women fighting for their redemption. By referring to the lives of Minik and Nabaru support the assertion. 11. Blossoms of the savannah is a novel about patriarchy. Write an essay to validate this argument using the character Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. 12. Optimism and ambition leads to victory support. 13. Women are their own enemies Write an essay exemplifying this position. 14. The strong bond between Resian and Taiyo contributes significantly to their triumph. Write an essay in support of the statement. 15. The old and the young generations in Blossoms of the Savannah are in conflict. Discuss. 16. Bad decisions can adversely affect our future. Write an essay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel. 17. Change is as good as rest. To what extent do you agree with the assertion as far as Blossoms of the Savannah is concerned? 18. Persistence, focus and determination is the secret behind success. Expound on this position drawing your illustrations from the novel. 19.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.1588063}
{"text": "18. Persistence, focus and determination is the secret behind success. Expound on this position drawing your illustrations from the novel. 19. Some cultural practices have no place in the current Nasilian society. Discuss. 20. Not all aspects of culture and traditions are bad. Drawing your illustrations from the novel Blossoms of the Savannah, validate the assertion. 21. There is need for women to unite in their fight against harmful cultural practices Discuss. 22. Greed for money is the source of most evils in the society. Show how valid this statement is by getting supporting evidence from the novel Blossoms of the Savannah. 23. Our greatest enemies are those close to us. Support this statement with illustrations from the novel. 24. Failure to take one stand on matters to do with culture can be very detrimental. Write an essay reacting to this assertion. 25. Write an essay showing why Mama Milanoi is to blame most for the ordeals her daughters go through. 26. Write a composition in agreement with the assertion that harmful cultural practices against women would be history in Nasila if there were more women like Minik. 27. Women should speak and act in order to have their way in the society Write an essay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel. 28. The rich cultural heritage of the Maa is under attack by modernity. Discuss29. Nothing is impossible to somebody with the will to succeed. Discuss30. Resian has been wronged more by her father than the Nasilian society. Write an argumentative essay reacting to this statement. 31. Material security does not guarantee happiness. 32. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights. Write an essay in support of the assertion drawing your illustrations from Blossoms of the Savannah. 33. Cultural erosion is the root cause of most evil things in Nasila. Discuss. 34. Help can come even when least expected. Discuss. SAMPLE ESSAYS1. Though Resian goes through the valley of death, her determination leads her to a victorious life. Write a composition to show the validity of this assertion. Resian in the Blossoms of the Savannah seems to experience several challenging situations in her life. In the scenarios she seems resolute in her actions as shown in the following waysOloisudori declares his intention of marrying her at an early age. This follows after he changes his initial plan: extorting Kaelo.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.1905265}
{"text": "Resian in the Blossoms of the Savannah seems to experience several challenging situations in her life. In the scenarios she seems resolute in her actions as shown in the following waysOloisudori declares his intention of marrying her at an early age. This follows after he changes his initial plan: extorting Kaelo. He demands that she should first be circumcised so as to get rid of her state as nemengalana intoiye. He intends to use anesthesia to make her unconscious and grab her. Resian resolves not to be married. She tells Oloisudori point blank that she cannot be his wife. She returns the gifts that he had earlier brought and escapes to her father s shop. Her father beats her so as to submit to the marriage, but Resian remains steady is her decision. A number of callous youth in Nasila wish to assault Resian and Taiyo. In the first days, Resian and Taiyo take a walk around uncle Simiren compound. All of a sudden a young man emerges from the blues and grabs Taiyo. Resian order the callous young man to release Taiyo immediately. The Young man has no option but to give in though he promises to revisit his grave decision. Though in a dream, enkamuratani and other two women surround Resian to circumcise her holding an olmurunya. Although Resian is in a strange land and is defenseless she does her best to combat the situation. Determined, Resian twists enkamuratani s hand with an intention of ensuring that she does not initiate other girls in the future. She knocks the old witch using a mallet as well as fights the third woman until she disappears. Olarinkoi disappears with Resian to a far hut in the forest. He locks her up and returns very late in the night while drank. Once he returns, he is in his mission of raping her. He unzips and this gesture sets her trembling. She bites Olarinkoi s thumb so that the pain reduces his action of rape. Owing to the fact that Resian had earlier witnessed Olarinkoi s fiery attacks when he dealt with two callous men, it calls for a lot of determination on the part of Resian to tackle him. In summary, from the above illustrations it is evident that Resian suffers rough challenging times in her life but she deals with all these situations with determination. 2.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.1739538}
{"text": "Owing to the fact that Resian had earlier witnessed Olarinkoi s fiery attacks when he dealt with two callous men, it calls for a lot of determination on the part of Resian to tackle him. In summary, from the above illustrations it is evident that Resian suffers rough challenging times in her life but she deals with all these situations with determination. 2. The strong bond between Resian and Taiyo contributes significantly to their triumph. Write an essay in support of the statement. No man is an island. Human beings were created to relate mutually. The close friendship between Resian and Taiyo is the key to overcoming stormy times that present themselves in their lives as followsIn their new environment at Nasila, the girls meet unique challenges. They are not used to the communal life for all along they have stayed in an urban set up where life is individualistic. At Nasila, they have to get used to impromptu visitors and superior male counterparts. It is the love between the two girls that helps in these scenarios. The duo stay together most of the times. By so doing, they share a lot Taiyo counsels Resian on using kind language on Yeiyo Botorr her aunt. The two girls discuss about danger that lurks from the hostile youth especially because of their uncircumcised condition. In overcoming the challenge of female genital mutilation FGM , their friendship bond comes in handy. When Resian goes on a hunger strike she says it is only Taiyo who can change her stand. When Taiyo is informed of Resian s condition, she does not hesitate to offer herself for Resian s redemption even when there are risks all over. While at Nasila, they have a lot of time sharing their views towards FGM. The discussions must have strengthened their hard stands towards FGM. It is from these discussions that they vow never to give in to FGM. In the incident when Taiyo and Resian are accosted by two callous young men their coordination and friendship save them. The incident finds them while they are walking together where they had visited Maiso for lunch. If the struggle had between two men versus one girl probably she would have been surmounted. Although most of the salvation is largely brought by Olarinkoi the fact that the two girls where together makes it easier for them to go about the ordeal. Their joint screaming and their escape unhurt is partly contributed by their togetherness.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.1938515}
{"text": "If the struggle had between two men versus one girl probably she would have been surmounted. Although most of the salvation is largely brought by Olarinkoi the fact that the two girls where together makes it easier for them to go about the ordeal. Their joint screaming and their escape unhurt is partly contributed by their togetherness. The two birds of a feather hatch a scheme to outwit Oloisudori. They wrap the gifts he had brought them into a box and title it as a gift. They then plan how to execute the plan. They arrange on how Resian is to thank Oloisudori and give him the gift. They discuss the aim of the gesture; to clarify to Oloisudori the fact they cannot be cheated with gifts. From this co-operation, Resian manages to trick Oloisudori and tells off her father and later with Olarinkoi, they manage to leave Nasila. It is clear from the above illustration that strong friendship bonds can help friend go about hard experiences and overcome them in their lives. 3. Bad decisions can adversely affect our lives. Write an essay in support of the statement with illustrations from the novel. The Choices we make can affect us positively or negatively. Bad choices definitely have adverse effects on our future. A character like Ole Kaelo makes several bad choices which not only affect his life but also his daughters. Ole Kaelo is advised by his friend what kind of man Oloisudori is. He is told that he is not a man of integrity and warns him about doing business with him. He even warns him to keep his daughters from him. Oloisudori is unheeding to this warning. He goes on to sign business contracts and receiving a loan from him. Later, this man causes him great worry when he threatens to bring his business down if he does not give him his daughter in marriage. Ole Kaelo makes the bad choice of agreeing to give his daughter Resian in marriage to Oloisudori. He does this to save his business empire and to acquire more wealth as dowry from him. This unleashes a myriad of problems in his family. He keeps assuring himself that his choice of Oloisudori is good and that the man is not all bad but inwardly, he has reservations about such a marriage. His decision worsens the already poor relationship between him and his daughter, who ran away and gets into more trouble with Olarinkoi.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.281492}
{"text": "This unleashes a myriad of problems in his family. He keeps assuring himself that his choice of Oloisudori is good and that the man is not all bad but inwardly, he has reservations about such a marriage. His decision worsens the already poor relationship between him and his daughter, who ran away and gets into more trouble with Olarinkoi. Taiyo also has her life ruined by being forcefully circumcised before being forced to marry Oloisudori. Finally, he loses his daughters trust and his fate is unknown because Oloisudori might come for him in person. Olarinkoi is not known by the Kaelos yet nobody asks questions about him. He seems a mystery and with time becomes like a member of the family. This earns him trust among the Kaelos to the point that Resian trusts him to take her to Minik s ranch. This man who the family trusted so much turns into a beast by raping Resian and even planning to circumcise her by force before marrying her. If the Kaelo s had not trusted the stranger, Resian suffering in his hands would have been avoided. Mama Milanoi makes a bad choice of giving over her daughter Taiyo to three strange women cheating her that she was being taken to her sister. Her plans is to have Taiyo circumcised before being married by Oloisudori. This action makes her lose the trust her daughters had for her. The wound she has caused them will definitely take time to heal. They too are angry with her that they vow that they would not want to be like her in marriage. Bad decisions made knowingly or unknowingly will definitely have negative impact in our lives or on those that are dear to us. 4. Gender inequality is tantamount to violation of human rights. Write an essay in support of the assertion drawing your illustrations from Blossoms of the Savannah. Today s position on the male and female gender is that men and women are equal and none of the gender should dominate over the other. In Blossoms of the Savannah, women are culturally forced to be subservient to men, a practice that denies them some fundamental rights as human beings. A wife has the right to state his position on any matter even if it is contrary to the husband s position. This is not the case with Mama Milanoi, wife to Ole Kaelo.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.2384634}
{"text": "In Blossoms of the Savannah, women are culturally forced to be subservient to men, a practice that denies them some fundamental rights as human beings. A wife has the right to state his position on any matter even if it is contrary to the husband s position. This is not the case with Mama Milanoi, wife to Ole Kaelo. She admits that she did not know which man her husband was doing business with and even if she did, she would not do anything about it for he was the one who carried the family s vision. She thus leaves every aspect of decision making to him whether those decisions are good or bad. A woman is a being to be loved and not to love back. Although Ole Kaelo genuinely loved Mama Milanoi when he saw her first, her feelings on him are immaterial. Women were not expected to resist a man s advances according to Nasilian culture. This is a great violation of her right to love or hate. In her case there is no room for that. It is also expected that Resian should give in to Oloisudori s plans to marry her. Refusal is regarded as stubbornness. In fact, Oloisudori claims that none of his wives put any resistance in his interest in them. This means that their feelings for him did not matter a great violation of their freedom to choose their marriage partner. Resian and Taiyo are forced to undergo cultural coaching by Joseph Parmuat. Resian rebels this citing inequality in the plan. She opines that if they were boys, such a thing would not be done on them. Instead, they would be freely roaming Nasila with nobody bothering them. In their case, there is no such option simply because they are girls. Their right to choose what to and not to learn is violated. Girls are taught how to cook for their men but there are no lessons for boys on how to please women. Resian opposes such arrangements saying she would not be taught to solely please men. She claims that even boys should be taught how to please women. Gender inequality in this society elevates man over the woman to the extent that Resian says that it made men assume that they had right over the body of any woman. This has reduced women to be objects of sex to be exploited by men at will. This practice started with the Ilarinkon warriors who sexually exploited women after arousing their desires.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.2911794}
{"text": "Gender inequality in this society elevates man over the woman to the extent that Resian says that it made men assume that they had right over the body of any woman. This has reduced women to be objects of sex to be exploited by men at will. This practice started with the Ilarinkon warriors who sexually exploited women after arousing their desires. Taiyo and Resian undergo several rape attempts with Resian ending up being raped by Olarinkoi who assumes he has every right over her body. These inequalities have greatly undermined women s right to privacy and to choose whom to have sexual relation with. Gender inequality does not just stop at that. Instead, it is a major cause of violation of basic human rights that all should be accorded a chance to enjoy. Women in the novel have most of their rights curtailed as a result of gender imbalance between men and women. 5. Help can come when least expected. Discuss. Most people reach the end of the tether in difficult situations and are just about to give up when help comes. Most instances of help appear coincidental but nonetheless; they change the course of life of the character as well as shaping the rest of the novel. Olarinkoi seems to be at the right place at the right time. He happens to be the savior of Resian and Taiyo when they need help most. He comes to the rescue of the two girls when they are coming from their father s shop and are about to be raped by two men. Olarinkoi single-handedly saves the girls by fighting the men. Resian and Taiyo are much grateful and would not want to imagine what would have happened if he had not come at that time, even fearing that they would have been infected with HIV. Olarinkoi again comes to the rescue of Resian when she discovers her father sbetrayal by planning to marry her off to Oloisudori. He comes to her rescue when she is even contemplating committing suicide by drowning herself into the river. At the same time, Oloisudori and his men are looking for her to abduct her. Olarinkoi promises to take her to Minik whom she had been yearning to meet someday. Although the help turns disastrous with Olarinkoi turning against her, she is able to escape the current wrath of Oloisudori. Taiyo is rescued from the hands of her circumcisers by Minik s men.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.2768505}
{"text": "Olarinkoi promises to take her to Minik whom she had been yearning to meet someday. Although the help turns disastrous with Olarinkoi turning against her, she is able to escape the current wrath of Oloisudori. Taiyo is rescued from the hands of her circumcisers by Minik s men. Minik s rescue team use tricks to rescue her from the well-guarded home which she would not have escaped in her sickly state. Were it not for Minik s intervention, Taiyo would surely have been forcefully married off to Oloisudori after healing. The rescue gives Taiyo a new lease of life, reunion with her sister and of course quicker physical and emotional recovery. Minik s help to Resian and Taiyo perhaps is the most important event that completely changes their lives. She gives refugee to the girls in her ranch hence protecting them from marauding men like Oloisudori and Olarinkoi. She gives Resian a job in the ranch hence giving her something to live on and promises her a scholarship from the ranch. Most importantly, she is able to have the two girls enrolled at Egerton University, their dream university. These kind gestures create a happy ending in a novel that has been dominated by sad events. When people are about to despair, that is usually the point when help comes. No matter how belated characters like Resian and Taiyo get help, their lives are greatly impacted and changed by those interventions.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-SAMPLE-ESSAYS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.3072176}
{"text": "A DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO THE MEMORIES WE LOSTANDOTHER STORIES. ANTHOLOGY OF SHORT STORIES COMPILED BY CHRIS WANJALA. TABLE OF CONTENTIntroduction pageAuthorsCopyrightTable of contentMemories we lost. ............................................ 1How much land does mannee.........................8Light.................................................................13My Fathers Head. The Umbrella Man............................................24The President...................................................31Window SeatAlmost Home...................................................... 45The Folded Leaf...................................................55Hitting BudapestMissing Out.........................................................68No need to LieThe Handsomest Drowned Man In the world. Stones Bounce On WaterSAMPLE ANSWERED QUESTIONS.................................961. MEMORIES WE LOSTBy Lidudumalingani MqombofhiAbout the AuthorThe author Lidudumalingani was born in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in a village called Zikhovane. Lidudumalingani is a writer, filmmaker and a photographer. He grew up herding cattle and moulding goats from clay and later grew fond of words and images. He writes about music, art, culture and films for the Mail, Guardian and Africa is my country. He has published in literature journals Chimurenga chronic and pufrock and the second short, sharp story collection Adults only. He currently lives in Cape TownThe TitleMemories we lost is a biography. The life of a sister seen by a younger sister. The story is about mental illnessghigpphrenig and its effect. It is first described as this thing that takes the narrator's younger sister. Over time it robs the sister of the ability to speak and remember hence the title Memories we lost. The title is a reflection of loss and regret. The settingThe story is set in South Africa, indeed the author Lidudumalingani is a South African. A number of South African indigenous words are used in the story. The plotThe story Memories we lost is about challenges brought by mental illness to the victim and those around them. The mental illness is schizophrenia. It is a mental disorderCharacterized by many symptoms. It causes a breakdown in the relationship between thoughts, feelings and actions. There are many causes Of the disease and hereditary is one of them. It's No wonder the disease runs in the narrator's family.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.3519533}
{"text": "It causes a breakdown in the relationship between thoughts, feelings and actions. There are many causes Of the disease and hereditary is one of them. It's No wonder the disease runs in the narrator's family. The narrator's father was a scherophrene. Events and actions in the story rotate around a sick sister. The sickness is terrifying and attacks without warning. The narrator tells us that after the attack is over she would mumble c prayer and would embrace the sister for a long time. This suggests . The reader that the illness is horrific and painful. In one of these attacks the sick sister screams and disappears intr, the night. All men and boys go out in search of her The men Or boys disoriented and peered shuffled in the dark and split into smc groups as instructed by a man \" Pg 1 0. Hours later they return bu without the sister. It is the mother who returns the following dot carrying the daughter. In a different episode as the narrator is telling her sister a story, she is seized by an attack and knocks her head on the wall so much one so hard that she bleed profusely. An effort to shield her from doing this fails because of the abnormal strength that the sister has during an attack. The episode is so memorable to the mind of the narrator and says, \"The smell of blood lingered after many sunsets had come; even after the rain had come \" Pg 1 2. The disease makes the sister violent and destructive. This is evident ir a case where she flung a desk across a room smashing the glass window. In yet another moment of attack the ill sister pours hot porridge on the sister's chest causing her a lot of pain and harm. It is due to the disease that the narrator's sister drops out of school and cannot continue with her schooling 'This thing, this thing that took over her followed her to school and had to drop out ' This makes the narrator who loves the sister so much to absent himself from school. Eventually suffering the same fate The narrator spends much time with the sister playing e g drawing sketches. It is while narrator is in school that she learns about schizophrenia. She comes to understand that it is what the sister was suffering from. She further learns that there is not medication for the disease and has no cure. The medicine she was taking was of no help.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.3612201}
{"text": "She comes to understand that it is what the sister was suffering from. She further learns that there is not medication for the disease and has no cure. The medicine she was taking was of no help. The sisters secretly decide not to take the medicine anymore \"The first thing my sister and I got rid of was her arsenal of medicaitrion \" Pg 1 3,Henceforth they buried all the herbs and the narrator demonstrated to the sister how to fake taking medication drinks. Like any good mother, the mother has made many attempts to have the girl cured. She has used herbs, modern medication, prayers and even consulted. The younger sister tries as much as possible to bring the sister to be her old self. In one such episode the sisters are playing in the rain. They are happy and the disease appears to have 'left' the sister \" We jumped in the rain in that moment, my sister returned; she smiled and laughed. That day we began to form new childhood memories, filling the void left by one that had been wiped out \" Pg 1 4The mother sees them in this state and she imagines that the disease was going to come again. She organizes for another ritual to cure the daughter. This time round she organizes for a Nkunzi witchdoctor from another village famous for baking people on a fire from cow dung and wood. The narrator is aware that effects of ritual is unknown as dangerous ritual and says \"l had not heard anyone who had survived either \"She could not allow this to happen to the sister. The both ran away to the unknown place. Just like the father before them the two sisters are escaping from their village and the people. The want to put enough distance between themselves and the home memories and secrets that stamp them as belonging to a family known for mental illness. But at the end hope is on sight, for after walking the whole night they reached a town and a hospital in sight. They knowingly fifteen each other grip. CHARACTERIZATIONTHE NARRATORShe is a sister to the mentally ill sister. The narrator and the sister have no names because they symbolize or represent others like them who love and live with mentally ill relatives. The narrator is loving or affectionate. She loves the mentally ill sister despite her state. This is unlike many families where the mentally ill have no one to take care of them.", "metadata": {"source": "Memories_we_Lost_other_Stories_Guide.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.402936}
{"text": "EXCERPTS FROM BLOSSOMS OF THE SAVANNAH1. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. No Joseph, she said in an infantile whimper. Ican t bear that we can t express the love that we have for one another because of some primitive culture. If by loving you, I offend the sensibilities of Nasila then let me offend and face the consequences of doing so! I also love you very much, Joseph Parmuat responded finally. I loved you the moment I saw you during your father s homecoming ceremony. But then the clan matter came to separate us. It is true we have no blood relation. But Nasila culture dictates who are related and who are not. We are slotted among those who cannot marry. No, it can t be, I cannot accept its verdict, she said petulantly her words agonised. No way, never! She stopped, confused and angry with herself at her inarticulate outburst. She took several long steadying breaths and then said, I cannot accept that a culture that does not feed,clothe or house me comes to control my life. Our lives belong to us, Joseph. The destiny of our lives is in our own hands. We should guard it jealously. At last they drew a little a part .His eyes were open, honest and steady upon her face. 1. What happens before this excerpt? 3mks 2. For both Joseph and Taiyo, give and illustrate two character traits. 4mks 3. How is dialogue significant in this excerpt? 4mks 4. Explain any two thematic concerns addressed in the excerpt. 4mks 5. From elsewhere in the novel, how does Joseph sacrifice for his love for Taiyo? 4mks 6. Explain the meaning of the following vocabulary as used in the excerpt. 4mks a destinyb infantilec petulantlyd primitive7. What happens immediately after this extract? 2mks 2. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that followYou are mad! Resian screamed at him. You are stark mad if you think I am your wife. I can only be your wife over my dead body. Yes, you and my father can kill me and carry my dead body to your palatial home. He was stunned by those harsh words.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.369218}
{"text": "She would ask Joseph Parmuat, to assist her compose a song in her praise. She had already put words to a tune she had composed to ridicule the three women who she thought collaborated with men to oppress the women folk. They were Nasila s three blind mice who, she thought, did not seem to know that the world was changing. Those were the enkasakutoni, who threatened to curse intoiye nemengalana and ensured they did not get husbands nor children: the midwife Enkaitoyoni who threatened to spy on the young women as they gave birth to ensure that any who was still among intoiye-nemengalana had her status altered there and then; and the dreadedEnkamuratani, who would never tire of wielding her olmurunya menacingly. Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks Discuss two themes evident in the excerpt. 4Mks Discuss one character trait of Resian and Taiyo in the excerpt. 4Mks The straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads with a painful exhaustion. Rewrite beginning: with . 1Mk How do Resian s thoughts now come to be fulfilled in future? Briefly explain. 4Mks Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt. 4Mks i Reminisced ii Collaborated iii Dreaded iv Menacingly4. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow Yes, Papaai, Resian said apprehensively. I am here. Taiyo tells me you are calling me? Yes, yes, her father replied. Please take a seat. Yes, Papaai, Resian repeated as she sat on a chair far away from her father. Come nearer child, her father said pleasantly. Why do you sit a mile away? Come nearer. Resian moved her chair hardly an inch from where it was and then she looked up into herfather s face with eager expectation. If I do remember well, her father began in a low even tone, you will be nineteen in September this year, am I right You are quite right, Papaai. Resian answered eyeing him curiously. His face was unusually kind. His eyes held hers as he smiled broadly. That s it! She thought triumphantly. That must be it!", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.4252238}
{"text": "His eyes held hers as he smiled broadly. That s it! She thought triumphantly. That must be it! You and I have not discussed important issues for a long time, he said with a friendly chuckle that was intended to bring her closer to him. I thought today would be the best day to break the news. Your future is very important to me, my dear child. Resian thought the concern in her father s voice, rang false. She hesitated, but could not holdherself any more. The anxiety was too great. Papaai, is it Yeiyo or Taiyo who spoke to you? She asked sensationally, thinking she was stating the obvious. But seeing her father s face cloud, she added quickly. Who between them spoke to you about our enrolment at the Egerton University? What are you talking about, child? Her father, who seemed dumbfounded, asked after a long and uncomfortable silence. Both Yeiyo and Taiyo promised to talk to you about it, and I thought she had. What, in the name of God are you talking about, child? He repeated, this time agitated and shaking his head vigorously. No, I have never spoken to anybody about any of you enrolling at the university. Never! When I said I wanted us to discuss your future, that isn t what I meant at all. Of course not! Resian looked at her father s face enquiringly. What has happened before the excerpt? 3mks What is so ironical in this passage? Explain your answer referring to elsewhere in the novel. 3mks Your future is very important to me, my dear child From elsewhere in the novel, explain why Ole Kaelo tells his daughter so. 3Mks Discuss two aspects of character in Resian in this excerpt. 4Mks What major issue is addressed in this excerpt? 2Mks Explain what happens after this excerpt. 3Mks Who between them spoke to you about our enrolment at the Egerton university? Rewrite in the direct speech. 1Mk A part from irony, discuss any other aspect of style evident in the excerpt. 2Mks Explain the meaning of the following words and expressions used in the excerpt. 4 Mks i . Apprehensively ii . Sit a mile away iii . Hold herself iv .", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.4491122}
{"text": "Apprehensively ii . Sit a mile away iii . Hold herself iv . AgitatedANSWERS TO SAMPLE EXTRACTSSample excerpt 11. Taiyo visits Joseph s bachelor house. She expresses her infatuation. Joseph feels infatuated too. She sobs uncontrollably2. Joseph is responsible. He has self-control aimed at preventing the duo from messing up. He is patriotic. He chooses to take sides with the Nasila culture. He feels they should not break the normsTaiyo is loving. She has strong feelings for Joseph. Assertive. She is ready to offend sensibilities of Nasila culture for love. Sacrificing. She is ready to risk herself for love. 3. It brings out Taiyo s interrogative nature. She skeptically questions the enslaving nature of Nasila culture. I cannot accept culture that does not feed me. She poses that culture should be beneficial. 4. He accepts to be the contact man in the mission of rescuing Taiyo. He makes her captors drunk leading to her escape. The captors later kill him. 5.Love. Taiyo and Joseph express their views towards love. She feels it should be let to grow while he feels culture should restrain love feelings. Culture. Their love relationship is held at ransom by culture that objects love between people of the same clan. 6. A Fateb Childish immaturec Grudginglyd Fate7. Joseph says he is ready to face any eventuality that may arise out of love. Taiyo appreciates the new stance of Joseph. She sheds tears. Sample excerpt 21. Oloisudori informs Resian of the benefits she will get for marrying him. Resian gets very annoyed and speechless. Resian learns that her father has already received dowry for her marriage to Oloisudori. He reports to her that their fate is sealed. 2. Contemptuous. He asked, the contemptuous quiet of his voice a menace by itself. Proud. He feels superior and egocentric. No one plays games with Oloisudori. Asked your father, he will tell you. 3. She is feeling disappointed and desperate of her father s action of receiving dowry with an aim of sealing her marriage with Oloisudori. She feels really betrayed. 4.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.4466188}
{"text": "She is feeling disappointed and desperate of her father s action of receiving dowry with an aim of sealing her marriage with Oloisudori. She feels really betrayed. 4. Extortion, assassinations shadowy businesses, sexual immorality,robber, smuggler, poacher5. It is ironical that Oloisudori who is older than Resian s father plans to marry Resian a young girl even after he is told her wish is to study at the university. It is also ironical that Kaelo has already picked dowry from Oloisudori and has never bothered to inform Resian of it. 6. He told her that she was her wife from then henceforth. 7. A Insaneb Grand like a palacec Strong loathed Treat with excessive care8. Resian rans blindly knocking a chair and a table and disappears past Oloisudori s driver. She goes to her father s shop. She is raving mad with indignation. She becomes very disappointed with her father. Sample excerpt 31. Before the excerpt, Taiyo and Resian go to the River to fetch water. They remember their discussion with their aunt and admire Minik s fight against women oppression by men. They muse that men must be very angry with her for snatching five hundred girls from her. After the excerpt, Taiyo sings the song she has composed about three women whom she refers as mice silently in her heart. One of those women is the enkamuratani chasing a woman with a knife. 2. Flashback- Resian recalls fifteen years back when she and Taiyo accompanied their father to the Nakuru agricultural show and she saw sheep the first time. Vivid description-The sheep are vividly described as big, docile tawny wooly animals. Metaphors-She calls the three women who collaborated with men to oppress women as Nasila s three blind mice. 3. Theme of Determination or optimism. Resian is full of optimism that one day she would join Egerton university. Women as their own enemies. The three Nasila women collaborated with men to oppress women. Negative cultural practices. The three women propagate negative cultural practices against women such as F.G.M. 4. Resian is visionary. She thought how wonderful it would be, had she a chance to enroll at the Egerton University. She dreams of going to university.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.490656}
{"text": "Resian is visionary. She thought how wonderful it would be, had she a chance to enroll at the Egerton University. She dreams of going to university. Taiyo-critical-she wants to compose a song ridiculing three Nasilian women who collaborated with men to oppress women. 5. With a painful exhaustion, the straps that supported the containers pressed down their heads. 6. Later, she is rescued from a planned marriage by Nabaru and is taken to Minik s ranch. There, she is given a house and a job. Minik also helps in securing their admission at Egerton University. She also gives a scholarship. The novel ends when she and Taiyo are going to University. 7. Recall RecalledWorked togetherFearedThreateninglySample Excerpt 41.Ole Kaelo sends Taiyo to call Resian for him. Resian feels hopeful and excited that she is being called to be informed about admission to the university. She thinks that it is her mother or sister who has talked to her father about the matter. 2. It is ironical for Resian to think that her father is going to tell her about her dream wish of joining Egerton University but he has plans to marry her off to his friend Oloisudori. This is even as he says your future is very important to me 3. He says this because he has plans to marry her to his friend Oloisudori. If this succeeds, his business would be saved because Oloisudori had helped him establish the business and even building his house in Nasila. 4. Ignorant- she thinks that her father has good news about joining university which is not the case. She says, That s it! She thought triumphantly. Is it Yeiyo or Taiyo who spoke to you? Apprehensive. She replies to her father apprehensively. Fearful- she is in fear of her father. She sits on a chair far from her father. 5. Determination optimism. Resian is very much determined to join Egerton University. She thinks it is the reason why her father has called her. Who between them spoke to you about our enrollment at the Egerton University. 6. After the excerpt, Ole Kaelo hesitates telling Resian what he wanted to tell her and tells her to go to the kitchen. He tells her to tell her mother to come. 7.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.498213}
{"text": "After the excerpt, Ole Kaelo hesitates telling Resian what he wanted to tell her and tells her to go to the kitchen. He tells her to tell her mother to come. 7. She asked him who between them had spoken to him about their enrollment at the Egerton University. 8. Suspense. The reader is left in suspense wanting to know why Ole Kaelo had called his daughter. Dialogue- there is dialogue between Resian and her father. It reveals the strained relationship between daughter and father. Nervously worriedly fearfullySit far awayControl herselfTroubled disturbedPRACTICE EXCERPTS1. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that followHowever, the notion that he was about to hand over his own daughter to a gangster continued to gnaw at the conscience of Ole Kaelo relentlessly. He felt guilty, especially when he recalled the atrocities that were known to have been committed by Oloisudori over the years. But another voice told him quietly that he was being foolish and unreasonable to question his own conscience over the matter of Oloisudori, for he was just one among many who were enjoying the fruits of their labour. And it was hardly anybody s business to know how honest that labour was. After all, the small voice reassured him tauntingly, those who committed bigger crimes such as Goldenberg and Anglo-leasing, were still enjoying the fruits of their labour. Had they not invested the yields of their ill-gotten money in housing estates, in shares, in import and exports in tourism, in transport and in other trades, just as Oloisudori had done? When he went to bed later that evening, he remained awake for many hours pondering over those disturbing thoughts that went through his mind fleetingly, like water that churned violently in a turbulent sea. He thought of Oloisudori s impending visit and his intended marriage to Resian. He knew the success of failure of the event would determine the fate of his business. Even his continued ownership of that house where he and his family lived, depended on the outcomes of that event. Should Oloisudori fail to get Resian and recall the loan he had extended to him to buy that house, he was done. And knowing Oloisudori, he could very easily draw the rug from beneath his feet, leaving him vulnerable to all kinds of vagaries.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.525578}
{"text": "Even his continued ownership of that house where he and his family lived, depended on the outcomes of that event. Should Oloisudori fail to get Resian and recall the loan he had extended to him to buy that house, he was done. And knowing Oloisudori, he could very easily draw the rug from beneath his feet, leaving him vulnerable to all kinds of vagaries. And the thoughts gave him anxious moments. At dawn when sleep overtook him, Ole Kaelo had a pleasant dream. Resian had consented to Oloisudori s proposal. After Oloisudori reported that to him, he was greatly pleased and relieved. His wife was rapturous. Although they were astonished at the turn of events, they were relieved to know that they would not have to live with the guilt of having forced their daughter to get married. What a wise child his once hardheaded daughter had turned to be after all! And how devious! After all those years of sullenness, awkwardness and tactlessness, she had finally brought relief to their life and ushered in a period of peace and tranquility. But then, it was just that. A dream! Place the excerpt in its immediate context. 4Mks Discuss three major issues in this excerpt. 6Mks Discuss two character traits of Ole Kaelo in this excerpt. 4Mks And the thoughts gave him anxious moments Add a question tag. 1Mk Discuss any three aspects of style in this excerpt. 6Mks Explain the meaning of the following expressions from the excerpt. 4Mks i . Gnaw ii . Pondering iii . Impending visit iv . He was done. 2. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that follow. Her dream was rudely and violently interrupted by a thunderous bang and a loud roar of laughter. She woke up with a start, jumped up to her feet and stared at the door with wide panic-stricken eyes. For a moment she could not figure out her surroundings and called out the name of her sister Taiyo. She was terrified. The door flung open and Olarinkoi staggered in. He was stone drunk. Resian stared at him unblinkingly as he walked towards her and she backed off terrified, squeezing herself flatly against the wall. He followed her there and got hold of her shoulders and shook her violently glaring at her with his glittering eyes.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.5418801}
{"text": "He was stone drunk. Resian stared at him unblinkingly as he walked towards her and she backed off terrified, squeezing herself flatly against the wall. He followed her there and got hold of her shoulders and shook her violently glaring at her with his glittering eyes. You silly thing, he thundered angrily. I tell you to prepare food and you refuse to do so, eh? Today you will know who is the owner of this home. If you are still in doubt, let me tell you frankly that from today on you are my wife, hear that, eh? You are my wife. For a long time you have been sneering at me, showing how highly educated you are. Today we shall see how educated your body is! Yes, we shall see! He got hold of her hand and began dragging her into the other room. At first she did not understand his intention until he began unfastening her buttons with his rough trembling hands. Then the truth came, and with it, terror and panic. She tried to get away from him, but he held her effortlessly as he brutally continued fumbling with her dress, trying to loosen it. She screamed as loudly as she could while she pushed him away and thrashed frantically about. But that did not deter him and he totally ignored her screams holding her more firmly with his strong arms. Against her loud protest, he tore her garments and began to push her towards the bed. Then desperately she took the last chance of self defense and self-preservation. Mustering all her strength, she thrust his thumb into her mouth; sunk her teeth into the flesh like a ferocious animal and tenaciously held onto it, tugging at it fiercely like a lioness. She could feel the flesh tearing and she tasted the salt of his blood as it filled her mouth but she clung unto the thumb as Olarinkoi howled with pain.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.555856}
{"text": "Then desperately she took the last chance of self defense and self-preservation. Mustering all her strength, she thrust his thumb into her mouth; sunk her teeth into the flesh like a ferocious animal and tenaciously held onto it, tugging at it fiercely like a lioness. She could feel the flesh tearing and she tasted the salt of his blood as it filled her mouth but she clung unto the thumb as Olarinkoi howled with pain. Make notes on the contents of Resian s dream. 4Mks Discuss one character traits of Resian in this excerpt. 2Mks What has greatly changed in Olarinkoi in this excerpt compared to his earlier conduct in the novel? 3Mks Identify and illustrate two aspects of style in this excerpt. 4Mks Explain two major issues raised in the excerpt. 4Mks Explain what happens immediately after the excerpt. 3Mks Today we shall see how educated your body is Rewrite in reported speech. 1Mk Explain the meaning of the following expressions in the passage. 4 Mks i . Unblinkingly ii . Effortlessly iii . Mustering iv . Howled3. Read the excerpt below and answer the questions that follow Nothing is wrong with me, Resian retorted furiously. And pointing at the living room, with her figure, she fiercely charged, I have no quarrel with my father for whom, I have tremendous respect. It is the likes of Olarinkoi I am mad at, and all those other males who come here ordering us to do that or the other for them, simply because they are males. When women visit us, they give us the leeway to respond to their requests. But as we burn our fingers here Mr.Olarinkoi is dozing off comfortably in our living room waiting for his lunch and possibly a little angry and impatient with us for delaying it. It is enough, cried Yeiyo Botorr viciously. She instantly abandoned the peeling of potatoes and threw the knife into the pail that held the peeled potatoes. Supporting herself by holding onto a nearby wall, she painfully lifted a large, heavy body. My enkaini, I agree with you that something is wrong with our child, and I think I know what ails her. Come along with me and I will tell you what I think ails her.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.5840378}
{"text": "Supporting herself by holding onto a nearby wall, she painfully lifted a large, heavy body. My enkaini, I agree with you that something is wrong with our child, and I think I know what ails her. Come along with me and I will tell you what I think ails her. I am not sick Resian was saying that when she was cut short by Taiyo. Even if you are not sick, you cannot argue with Yeiyo Botorr, Taiyo told her sternly as soon as they were out of earshot of their mother and Yeiyo Botorr, there are things one has to learn on their own. One of them is that you cannot antagonize the older people by arguing with them, however, untenable their argument may be. That goes without saying, my dear little sister. 1. What happens before this extract? 3mks 2. Comment on any two stylistic devices used in the extract. 4mks 3. Explain any issue brought about in this extract. 3mks 4. What is the character of Yeiyoo Botorr from this extract? 4mks 5. From elsewhere in this text how does Olarinkoi contribute to the plot development of the novel? 3mks 6. Re-write and add a question tag. 1mks Nothing is wrong with me. 7. Write the meaning of the following vocabulary. 4mks a Sternlyb Antagonizec Retortedd Leeway8. What happens immediately after this extract? 3mks 4. Read the following excerpt and answer the questions that followAt seven o clock in the evening after the lights had been put on, and the traditional esuguroi drink had been served in generous measures, tongues loosened and hearts gladdened. Soon after, the party gathered momentum and voices rose. Within no time, one could hardly be heard over the hubbub of talk and laughter. And as the pleasurable and lively celebration progressed, voices became animated; hands and arms gesticulated vigorously while heads turned more often. Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.603463}
{"text": "Within no time, one could hardly be heard over the hubbub of talk and laughter. And as the pleasurable and lively celebration progressed, voices became animated; hands and arms gesticulated vigorously while heads turned more often. Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers. And it was all pomp and gaiety as ivory adorned and bejeweled fingers fluttered; bare shoulders gleamed in the light multicoloured bead ornaments glittered upon elaborately bedecked necks: pendulous ilmiintoni of all colours dangled loosely down extended ear-lobes: and the bright colours of lesos, kangas, red shukas and multicoloured blankets, all turned the Ole Kaelo living room into a kaleidoscope of shifting light and colour.1.Place this extract in its immediate context. 4mks 2.State and explain two thematic concerns in this context. 4mks 3.What is the significance of the use of words like esuguroi, ilmiintoni, lesos, kangas, and shukas? 3mks 4.Identify and explain two character traits of ole Kaelo. 4mks 5.Eyes searched out acquaintances within the throng of revelers. Rewrite to form a question 1mk 6.Which other party has an equal weight from the rest of the novel. What is its significance? 3mks 7.Comment on the prevalent mood in the context. 2mks 8.Explain the meaning of the following words: 4mks a Hubbubb Gesticulatedc Gaietyd Dangled.", "metadata": {"source": "BLOSSOMS-OF-THE-SAVANNAH-EXCERPTS-AND-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.5943744}
{"text": "THE PEARLBy John SteinbeckThe Pearl: An OverviewThe Pearl is a novella by American author John Steinbeck, first published in 1947. It is the story of a pearl diver, Kino, and explores man's nature as well as greed, defiance of societal norms, and evil. Steinbeck's inspiration was a Mexican folk tale from La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, which he had heard in a visit to the formerly pearl-rich region in 1940. In 1947, it was adapted into a Mexican film named La perla and in 1987 into a cult Kannada movie Ondu Muttina Kathe. The story is one of Steinbeck's most popular books and has been widely used in high school classes. SummaryThe Pearl, which takes place in La Paz, Mexico, begins with a description of the seemingly idyllic family life of Kino, his wife Juana and their infant son, Coyotito. Kino watches as Coyotito sleeps, but sees a scorpion crawl down the rope that holds the hanging box where Coyotito lies. Kino attempts to catch the scorpion, but Coyotito bumps the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Although Kino kills the scorpion, it still stings Coyotito. Juana and Kino, accompanied by their neighbors, go to see the local doctor, who refuses to treat Coyotito because Kino cannot pay. Kino and Juana leave the doctors and take Coyotito down near the sea, where Juana uses a seaweed poultice on Coyotito's shoulder, which is now swollen. Kino dives for oysters from his canoe, attempting to find pearls. He finds a very large oyster which, when Kino opens it, yields an immense pearl, which Kino therefore dubs \"The Pearl of the World\". Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the other pearl divers to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.6321547}
{"text": "The news that Kino has found an immense pearl travels fast through La Paz. The doctor who refused to treat Coyotito decides to visit Kino. Kino's neighbors begin to feel bitter toward him for his good fortune, but neither Kino nor Juana realizes this feeling they have engendered. Juan Tomas, the brother of Kino, asks him what he will do with his money, and he envisions getting married to Juana in a church and dressing Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit. He claims that he will send Coyotito to school and buy a rifle for himself. The local priest visits and tells Kino to remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Coyotito seems to be healing, the doctor insists that Coyotito still faces danger and treats him. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he sells his pearl, and the doctor attempts to discern where the pearl is located Kino has buried it in the corner of his hut . That night, a thief attempts to break into Kino's hut, but Kino drives him away. Juana tells Kino that the pearl will destroy them, but Kino insists that the pearl is their one chance and that tomorrow they will sell it. Kino's neighbors wonder what they would do if they had found the pearl, and suggest giving it as a present to the Pope, buying Masses for the souls of his family, and distributing it among the poor of La Paz. Kino goes to sell his pearl, accompanied by his neighbors, but the pearl dealer only offers a thousand pesos when Kino believes that he deserves fifty thousand. Although other dealers inspect the pearl and give similar prices, Kino refuses their offer and decides to go to the capital to sell it there. That night, Kino is attacked by more thieves, and Juana once again reminds Kino that the pearl is evil. However, Kino vows that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.672443}
{"text": "Later that night, Juana attempts to take the pearl and throw it into the ocean, but Kino finds her and beats her for doing so. While outside, a group of men accost Kino and knock the pearl from his hand. Juana watches from a distance, and sees Kino approach her, limping with another man whose throat Kino has slit. Juana finds the pearl, and they decide that they must go away even if the murder was in self-defense. Kino finds that his canoe has been damaged and their house was torn up and the outside set afire. Kino and Juana stay with Juan Tomas and his wife, Apolonia, where they hide for the next day before setting out for the capital that night. Kino and Juana travel that night, and rest during the day. When Kino believes that he is being followed, the two hide and Kino sees several bighorn sheep trackers who pass by him. Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, where Juana and Coyotito hide in the cave while Kino, taking his clothes off so that no one will see his white clothing. The trackers think that they hear something when they hear Coyotito crying, but decide that it is merely a coyote pup. After a tracker shoots in the direction of the cries, Kino attacks the three trackers, killing all three of them. Kino can hear nothing but the cry of death, for he soon realizes that Coyotito is dead from that first shot. Juana and Kino return to La Paz. Kino carries a rifle stolen from the one of the trackers he killed, while Juana carries the dead Coyotito. The two approach the gulf, and Kino, who now sees the image of Coyotito with his head blown off in the pearl, throws it into the ocean. SettingSteinbeck began writing the story as a movie script in 1944, and first published it as a short story called \"The Pearl of the World\" in Woman's Home Companion in December 1945. The original publication is also sometimes listed as \"The Pearl of La Paz\". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.6715603}
{"text": "The original publication is also sometimes listed as \"The Pearl of La Paz\". He expanded it to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl by Viking Press in 1947. As he was writing the novella version, he was frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed. The film was also released by RKO in 1947 as a co-promotion with the book. The Pearl was loosely adapted in 2001 for a film directed by Alfredo Zacharias and starring Lukas Haas and Richard Harris which was released directly to video in 2005. The Pearl Character ListKinoA prototypical Mexican-Indian who works as a pearl diver, he begins the story as a devoted father and husband to Coyotito and Juana, respectively. Kino is the central character of the story, an everyman' who finds himself becoming increasingly violent, paranoid and defiant as he faces opposition from others after he finds the pearl, and resorts to assaulting Juana and murdering those who threaten him. JuanaThe mother of Coyotito and the wife of Kino, Juana is, as her name suggests, the representation of woman for Steinbeck in the story. She dutifully supports her husband, despite his worsening treatment of her, but warns him against the dangers that the pearl can bring to the family. Juana remains steadfast throughout the story and devoted to maintaining her family. She even refuses to obey Kino when he suggests that they take separate paths to avoid the trackers. CoyotitoThe infant son of Kino and Juana, after he is stung by a scorpion, the doctor refuses to treat him because his parents have no money. Although Juana seemingly cures him with a seaweed poultice, he receives treatment from the doctor only after Kino finds the pearl. When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The DoctorA fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.6916144}
{"text": "When Kino and Juana are hunted by trackers after escaping La Paz, one of the trackers shoots Coyotito in the head as they hide in a cave. The DoctorA fat, complacent man who is not from the same race as Kino and Juana, he refuses to treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting when Kino and Juana cannot pay enough. However, once he learns that Kino has found the Pearl of the World, he treats the healed Coyotito after leading Kino and Juana to believe that Coyotito may suffer unseen consequences from the bite. Seemingly interested in stealing the pearl, the doctor is not of the same race as Kino and Juana, and longs for his days in Paris. Juan TomasThe brother of Kino and the husband of Apolonia, he warns Kino against the disastrous consequences that he faces from finding the pearl. Juan Tomas hides Kino and Juana in his house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. ApoloniaThe fat wife of Juan Tomas, Apolonia allows Kino and Juana to hide in her house after Kino murders a man in self-defense. Book Summary and Analysis by ChaptersChapter 1Kino awakes and watches the hanging box where his infant son, Coyotito, sleeps. He then watches his wife, Juana, who has also awakened and rests peacefully. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, a traditional song of his ancestors, as the dawn comes and Juana begins to prepare breakfast. Kino's ancestors had been great makers of songs, and everything they saw or thought had become a song. Juana sings softly to Coyotito part of the family song. Kino looks at them and thinks that \"this is safety, this is warmth, this is the Whole. \"Kino sees a movement near the hanging box where Coyotito sleeps. A scorpion moves slowly down the rope supporting the box. Kino thinks of the Song of Evil, the music of the enemy, as the Song of the Family cries plaintively. Kino stands still, ready to grasp the scorpion, but Coyotito shakes the rope and the scorpion falls on him. Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.7098873}
{"text": "Kino reaches to catch it, but it falls onto the baby's shoulder and strikes. Kino grabs the scorpion and kills it as Coyotito screams in pain. Juana begins to suck the puncture to remove the poison. Having heard the baby's screams, Kino's brother, Juan Tomas, and his fat wife Apolonia enter with their children. Juana orders them to find a doctor. The doctor never comes to their cluster of brush houses, so Juana decides to go to the doctor herself. The event becomes a neighborhood affair, for Juan Tomas and Apolonia accompany them and even the beggars in front of the church follow Juana as she marches toward the doctor. Kino feels weak as he approaches the doctor's home, for the doctor is not of his race and thus believes that Kino's people are simple animals. Kino tells the doctor's servant that his child was poisoned by a scorpion. The doctor is a fat man who longs for civilized living. Although the doctor is at home, he refuses to treat Coyotito unless he knows that he has money. The servant asks if Kino has money, and when he can only offer small seed pearls, the servant tells Kino that the doctor has gone out. Kino strikes the gate with his fist, splitting his knuckles. Chapter 1 AnalysisThe Pearl takes place among an impoverished Mexican-Indian community in La Paz. Although the story involves essentially only this couple, Steinbeck uses Kino and Juana as symbolic of the community in which they live. Steinbeck constructs Kino as an everyman with concerns typical of persons of all social stations. As shown by his encounter with the scorpion, Kino is a devoted father who dotes on his infant son and adores his wife. Quite importantly, as the story begins Kino is perfectly content with his situation, despite his lack of material possessions and difficult existence. As Kino watches his family, he believes that this is the \"whole,\" the entirety of everything he really needs. This is significant, for this early contentment contrasts with the later panic that Kino and Juana will feel once they receive hope for a better future. Juana, whose name even translates into woman,' symbolizes a feminine ideal that complements Kino's masculine prototype.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.7446473}
{"text": "The idea of community is also significant in terms of the various songs that Kino remembers. These songs are entirely symbolic, meant to place Kino in the larger, less personal context as a member of a community with a sense of heritage and to reinforce his status as an everyman. The two songs that Kino remembers during this chapter, the Song of the Family and the Song of Evil, also place the story in a context with diametric opposites; the story is largely a parable with defined parameters of good and evil. Steinbeck uses the doctor who refuses to treat Coyotito as a symbol of the forces of oppression that Kino and Juana face. The doctor represents the societal system that places a monetary value on human life, as well as the obstacles that Kino and Juana face. The racial divide between the doctor and Kino plays a considerable role in his refusal to treat Coyotito; although this aspect of the story is not omnipresent, this presents an additional element of adversity that Kino and Juana must endure. In this chapter, Steinbeck foreshadows eventual changes in Kino's character when he smashes his fist on the doctor's gate. This event shows that Kino reverts to violence and anger when confronted with adversity, yet when he does so he hurts only himself. Chapter 2Kino and Juana walk slowly down the beach to Kino's canoe, the one thing of value that he owns. The canoe is old, bought by Kino's grandfather, and is the source of food for Kino. It is their most important possession, for \"a man with a boat can guarantee a woman that she will eat something.\". Coyotito still suffers from the scorpion bite: the swelling on his shoulder continues up his neck and his face is puffed and feverish. Juana makes a poultice from brown seaweed. This poultice is \"as good a remedy as any and probably better than the doctor could have done. \"Kino and Juana get into the canoe so that Kino can find pearl oysters that may pay for the treatment for Coyotito. Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.7557168}
{"text": "Kino dives for pearl oysters, where he thinks of the Song of the Pearl That Might Be and the Song of the Undersea. Kino works steadily under the water until he sees a large oyster lying by itself with its shell partly open, revealing what seems to be a massive pearl. Kino forces the oyster loose and holds it tightly against him. When Kino comes up for air, Juana can sense his excitement. Kino opens the various oysters he had caught, leaving the largest one for last. He worries that the large pearl he saw was merely a reflection, for \"in this Gulf of uncertain light there were more illusions than realities.\". Finally, Kino opens the oyster to see a rich, perfectly curved pearl. Juana lifts the poultice of seaweed from Coyotito to see that the swelling has begun to recede. Kino puts back his head and howls, causing the men in other canoes to look up and race toward Kino's canoe. Chapter 2 AnalysisSteinbeck continues to detail the extreme poverty in which Kino and Juana live; not only can they not afford their own canoe so that Kino may perform his job as a pearl diver, they must use a canoe that is several generations old. This is important, for it gives greater weight to the discovery of the pearl, which could raise them from a meager existence into some sense of security. The canoe is a symbol of Kino's heritage, a relic passed down from his grandfather, but it also represents Kino's role as a provider for his family. Steinbeck generalizes the statement that a man with a canoe can ensure that his wife will never go hungry to illustrate Kino's status as an everyman and to emphasize the distinct roles and duties of a husband and father. The life that Kino and Juana lead is also an antiquated one; when the doctor refuses to treat Coyotito, Juana relies on primitive methods to cure her son. Steinbeck does not offer a sharp critique of these methods. Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.7769802}
{"text": "Instead, he finds them more than adequate to the task and perhaps better than the treatment that the doctor might offer. In this novel, Steinbeck gives greater emphasis and value to traditional behaviors and even primitivism over modern conveniences and, in particular, those who have those luxuries. Kino's occupation as a pearl diver demonstrates the small chance that he and his family have for success. Pearl diving is a largely fruitless task that relies on the small chance for finding suitable oysters undersea and generally offers only the bare sustenance that maintains Juana and Kino. In effect, pearl diving is an act of desperation that further bolsters descriptions of Kino's poverty. It is the only hope that Kino and Juana have. Nevertheless, Kino immediately realizes that he has found an impressive pearl when he finds the oyster during his dive, leaving this large oyster as the final one to be opened. This creates a sense of tension and anticipation, as Kino realizes the significance of the pearl he has found. Steinbeck even bolsters the idea of fortuitous chance by juxtaposing the discovery of the pearl with Juana's realization that Coyotito has been cured, thus linking these two events, both of which provide great hope for Kino and Juana. However, even upon the discovery of the pearl Steinbeck foreshadows the later difficulties that might occur. Kino reverts to animalistic behavior once he finds the pearl, literally howling in joy. The pearl causes Kino to revert to instinctual behavior, a change that will have dangerous and disastrous consequences. Chapter 3The news of the pearl travels fast through Kino's small village. Before Kino and Juana return home, the news had already spread that Kino had found \"The Pearl of the World,\" as it comes to be known. The local priest learns, as well as the doctor who refused to treat Coyotito. When the doctor learns, he tells the patient that he is treating that he must treat Coyotito for a scorpion sting. All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.8105562}
{"text": "All manner of people grow interested in Kino, and the news stirs up something infinitely black and evil. The pearl buyers consider how they might deal with Kino and offer him the lowest possible price. However, Kino and Juana do not know the anger and bitterness they have engendered. Juan Tomas asks Kino what he will do now that he has become rich, and Kino answers that he and Juana will be married in the church. Kino envisions how he will be dressed, and sees Coyotito in a yachting cap and sailor suit from the United States. Kino then imagines buying a rifle. Thinking of the rifle breaks down barriers for Kino, as he imagines the whole lot of things that he might have. He thinks that Coyotito will go to school and learn to read. He claims that \"my son will make numbers, and these things will make us free because he will know he will know and through him we will know. \"The priest visits Kino and Juana, and tells them that he hopes that they will remember to give thanks and to pray for guidance. The doctor also visits, and although Kino tells him that Coyotito is nearly well, the doctor claims that the scorpion sting has a curious effect that comes later and if he is not treated he may suffer blindness or a withered leg. Not sure whether or not the doctor is telling the truth, Kino nevertheless lets him see the baby. The doctor takes a bottle of white powder and a gelatin capsule, and gives Coyotito a pill. The doctor tells them that the medicine may save the baby from pain, but he will come back in an hour to check on him. After the doctor leaves, Kino wraps the pearl in a rag and digs a hole in the dirt floor where he conceals the pearl. When the doctor returns, he gives Coyotito water with ammonia and tells Kino that the baby will get well now. Kino tells the doctor that he will pay him once he has sold his pearl. The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.8354757}
{"text": "The neighbors tell the doctor that Kino has found the Pearl of the World and will be a rich man. The doctor suggests that Kino keep the pearl in his safe, but Kino says that he has it secure. The doctor realizes that Kino will likely look to the place where it is stored, and sees his eyes move to the corner where he had buried it. After the doctor leaves again, Juana asks Kino whom he fears, and he answers everyone. 'That night, Kino thinks that he hears noises in his hut. He grabs his knife and strikes out in the dark. The person scurries out. Juana tells Kino that the pearl is evil and will destroy them. She tells him to throw it away or break it, for it will destroy them. Kino says that the pearl is their one chance, and that the next morning they will sell the pearl. Chapter 3 AnalysisAs the titular object of the novel, the pearl that Kino discovers can symbolize several different ideas or themes. In this chapter, Steinbeck equates the pearl with hope for the future, for it is the means by which Kino and Juana will be able to provide for Coyotito and give him a better life. The pearl also represents a sense of freedom by enabling Kino to educate Coyotito and give him the ability to choose his own profession and way of life apart from the deterministic poverty of his parents. Although the story takes place in Mexico, Steinbeck equates this with the American dream of fortune and prosperity; Kino imagines Coyotito dressed in clothes from the United States. The discovery of the pearl causes a sharp change in the villagers' reactions to Kino and Juana, for the once unimportant couple become renowned and notorious in La Paz. The pearl gives Kino great importance within La Paz, as demonstrated by the visit from the local priest and the doctor who had just recently refused treatment to Coyotito. However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.8486493}
{"text": "However, with this newfound interest in Kino comes the impending feeling of hatred and hostility for him; the discovery causes an anonymous bitterness toward Kino for his great luck, a feeling that he and Juana cannot realize. The hostility directed toward Kino and Juana takes two forms; the first is a general jealousy from the community toward Kino for his luck, while the second is a more specific greed shown by those who wish the pearl for themselves. Steinbeck illustrates this avarice through both the priest and the doctor. In the former case, the priest gives attention to Kino merely as a means to gain some of the money to the church, shamelessly asking Kino to monetarily compensate God for the good fortune he has received. In the latter, the doctor's newfound interest in Kino stems from a manipulative and dangerous greed. His visit to Kino reveals that he not only wishes to secure part of Kino's new fortune through the salary the doctor might receive for treatment but, as shown by the doctor's attempt to locate the pearl in Kino's hut, that he intends to steal the pearl. Steinbeck makes clear that the doctor does not visit Kino to cure his son; in fact, he indicates that the doctor's treatment of Coyotito might even be superfluous. The suspicious designs of both the doctor and the priest indicate that the danger that Kino faces is not from jealous neighbors who might use the pearl to escape their own poverty, but rather from those whose economic situation is secure and who merely desire greater luxury. Steinbeck thus uses the community reaction to the pearl as social commentary that critiques the ruling class for avarice and exploitation. The manipulative behavior of the doctor foreshadows greater calamities that Kino and Juana will suffer, which Steinbeck also shows through the anonymous thief who attempts to steal the pearl that night. However, Kino's and Juana's problems are not merely external forces, but are equally internal. Throughout the chapter, Kino and Juana evolve significantly. At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.8519833}
{"text": "At first, neither can vocalize the changes that the pearl will make for them, but once they think of the tangible consequences for their newfound fortune they begin to articulate previously impossible and unimaginable dreams. However, Kino and Juana diverge in their later reactions to the pearl. Juana disavows the consequences of the fortune they will receive, finding the scorn and danger that others present to be an insurmountable evil. Kino uses the animosity and danger as reason for suspicion and paranoia, as shown when Kino strikes randomly with his knife when he fears an intruder. He lapses into the instinctual animalism demonstrated in the previous chapter, a quality that will play a significant role in the tragedy to come. Steinbeck also foreshadows the trouble that Kino will find with the pearl buyers. In his description of the pearl buyers, Steinbeck claims that, although there are many of them, they are essentially one. This aligns with the idea of segments of the community as a collective that permeates The Pearl; as Steinbeck describes the town, it is like \"a colonial animal\" with its own emotion, essentially a person in itself. The neighbors who comment on the action are not individuals, but rather symbols of their class. Even Juana and Kino exist less as fully-formed individuals and as archetypal representations of man and woman. The pearl buyers, anonymous except for their identity as part of a class, symbolize the ruling elite of La Paz who can exploit Kino. Chapter 4In La Paz, the entire town knew that Kino was going to sell the pearl that day. Kino's neighbors speak of what they might do with the pearl. One man says that he would give it as a present to the Pope, while another said he would buy Masses for the souls of his family for a thousand years, while another thought he would distribute it among the poor of La Paz. Everyone worries that the pearl will destroy Kino and Juana. Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.890762}
{"text": "Before leaving to sell the pearl, Juan Tomas warns Kino and Juana to get the best price for the pearl, and tells him how their ancestors got an agent to sell their pearls, but this agent ran off with the pearls. Kino had heard the story told as a warning of punishment against those who try to leave their station. Kino and Juana, followed by neighbors, reach the offices of the pearl buyers. The pearl dealer inspects the pearl and tells him that his pearl is like fool's gold, for it is too large and valuable only as a curiosity. Kino cries out that it is the Pearl of the World, and no one has ever seen such a pearl. The dealer offers a thousand pesos, to which Kino says that it is worth fifty thousand and the dealer wants to cheat him. The dealer tells Kino to ask the others around him. Kino can feel the evil around him as other dealers inspect the pearl. One dealer refuses the pearl altogether, while a second dealer offers five hundred pesos. Kino tells them that he will go to the capital. The dealer offers fifteen hundred pesos, but Kino leaves with the pearl. That night, the townspeople argue whether Kino should have accepted the money, which was still more than he would have ever seen. Kino buries the pearl again that night, and remains terrified at the world around him. Juan Tomas tell Kino that he has defied not only the pearl buyers, but the whole structure of life, and he fears for his brother. Juan Tomas warns him that he treads on new ground. Juan Tomas reminds Kino that his friends will protect him only if they are not in danger, and tells him \"Go with God\" before he departs. In the middle of the night, Kino feels a sense of evil from outside of his brush house, and he prepares to wield his knife. Kino steps outside to see if there are prowlers. Juana can hear noise from outside, so she picks up a stone and steps out of their hut. She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.9520092}
{"text": "She finds Kino with blood running down his scalp and a long cut in his cheek from ear to chin. Juana once again tells Kino that the pearl is evil and they must destroy it. Kino insists that he will not be cheated, for he is a man. Chapter 4 Analysis:Steinbeck begins the chapter with the reactions of the people of La Paz, who propose what they might do if they were to find a pearl of such great value. Their reactions reveal a sense of animosity toward Kino, for the great plans for charity that these people suggest contrast with the seemingly self-interested ideas that Kino proposed in the previous chapter. This is important to show the undercurrent of criticism for Kino. Steinbeck suggests the jealousy that people have for his good fortune. Additionally, the idealistic and charitable ideas that people propose reveal a simplistic attitude toward receiving such a great fortune; as Steinbeck has shown and will continue to show, Kino and Juana do not face easy decisions with regard to their newfound fortune, and in fact may be in serious danger. The pearl dealer, who symbolizes the ruling elite classes, proves to be another example of a manipulative professional man akin to the priest and the doctor. He shamelessly attempts to cheat Kino out of his money, offering a price that seems far too low for such a pearl; although there remains the possibility that the pearl may be an oddity with little practical value, the numerous attempts to steal the pearl, perhaps instigated by the pearl dealers, suggest otherwise. Kino's refusal is no small feat; as Juan Tomas declares, he has defied the structure of life around him. This places the parable in a larger political context, suggesting that a hierarchy around Kino works to exploit him and others of his station and resists any attempts to shift this social order. This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.9398508}
{"text": "This idea is bolstered by the story concerning the pearl agent in which punishment is inflicted upon those who attempt to secure a better station for themselves. However, although Kino repudiates the idea that punishment should be inflicted on those who reach for higher social status, Steinbeck has conflicting ideas concerning this idea. Although Steinbeck is quite sympathetic to Kino and Juana, casting them as the protagonists of the story in comparison to the greedy, manipulative and one-dimensional villains such as the doctor and the pearl buyers, the very structure of the story seems to suggest that Kino and Juana will pay a great price for their aspirations. For finding the pearl and attempting to sell it, Kino and Juana are physically threatened, suffer a silent condemnation from their neighbors, and are besieged by opportunists, while they were content in their poverty, a situation which Kino thought was \"the whole. \"Steinbeck continues to demonstrate that the pearl has more detrimental consequences for Kino and Juana than benefits. Only two days after having found the pearl, Kino has suffered two robbery attempts and has been assaulted once. These threats against Kino strengthen his resolve, however, causing him to obstinately fight for the pearl and revert to brutal behavior. The attacks against Kino are an affront to his masculinity, as shown by his constant avowal that he is a man and thus cannot be cheated. This helps to illustrate the definition of masculinity that Steinbeck deals with throughout The Pearl. While earlier the idea of masculinity meant providing for one's family, for Kino it now encompasses receiving just and respectful treatment. Juana serves as the lone voice of reason, continuing to warn Kino of the disastrous consequences of the pearl. As Kino becomes more and more consumed by his paranoia and impulses, it is Juana who remains maintains a realistic appraisal of the effects of the pearl. For Juana, the pearl represents a great evil and suffering, a sharp change from the sense of hope and freedom that it originally symbolized. The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.913772}
{"text": "The irony of this situation is notable: the pearl that would secure prosperity and stability for Kino and Juana instead offers them only pain and danger. Chapter 5Kino senses movement near him, but it is only Juana who arises silently from beside him. Kino sees her near the hanging box where Coyotito lay, and then watches her go out the doorway. Kino begins to feel a great sense of rage as he hears her footsteps going toward the shore; Juana is going to throw the pearl back into the ocean. Kino chases Juana, then strikes her in the face with his clenched fist and kicks her in the side. He then turns away from her and walks up the beach. Juana knows that when Kino said that he is a man, he meant that he was \"half-insane and half-god\" and knows as a woman that \"the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the man drowned in it. \"While walking on the beach, men accost Kino in search of the pearl, which is knocked from his hand and lands on the pathway. Juana soon sees Kino limping toward her with a stranger whose throat has been slit. She finds the pearl for Kino, and tells him that they must go away before daylight. Kino says that he struck to save his life, but Juana says that this does not matter. He orders her to get Coyotito and all of the corn they have. Kino finds his canoe with a splintered hole in the bottom. He rushes home to find Juana and Coyotito, but Juana tells Kino that their house was torn up and the floor dug, and someone set fire to the outside. Juana and Coyotito go to Juan Tomas and Apolonia. When Kino tells about the man he has killed, Juan Tomas says that it is the pearl and he should have sold it. Kino begs his brother to hide them until nightfall. Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because \"if I give it up I shall lose my soul. \"Chapter 5 AnalysisSteinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.977269}
{"text": "Kino begs his brother to hide them until nightfall. Kino tells Juan Tomas that he will head north. Kino says that he will not give up the pearl, because \"if I give it up I shall lose my soul. \"Chapter 5 AnalysisSteinbeck builds a sense of paranoia and imminent tragedy for Juana and Kino during this chapter, in which anonymous enemies threaten their safety. The men who attack Kino are never named and their origins are never revealed; although Kino suspects that they are the agents of the pearl dealers. This anonymity is significant, for the men who assault Kino symbolize a more generalized evil' than the specific villainy of the pearl dealer or the doctor. This continues the string of various calamities that occur to Juana and Kino; they lose their boat and their home while defending themselves. These two losses are significant, for the canoe symbolizes the ability that Kino has to provide for and protect his family and the home symbolizes the idea of the family that once gave Kino great comfort. By this point in the story, Juan Tomas joins Juana in warning Kino of the problems of the pearl, but Juana's predictions of disaster have already been partially fulfilled. When Juan Tomas tells Kino \"go with God\" when Kino prepares to venture to the capital, this statement has a sense of impending doom; Steinbeck makes it very clear that a tragic end for Kino and Juana is imminent. Steinbeck also makes the explicit point that the greatest damage caused by the pearl is the change that it effects within Kino. The caring father and partner of the first chapter at this point in the story attacks Juana when she attempts to take the pearl. Juana realizes the change in her husband from a normal man to one with a questionable grip on sanity. It is ironic that, when Kino declares that he is a man, he begins to act \"half insane and half god,\" thus negating the qualities that define him as a man. Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406297.9923425}
{"text": "It is ironic that, when Kino declares that he is a man, he begins to act \"half insane and half god,\" thus negating the qualities that define him as a man. Steinbeck creates a tone of futility about Kino's enterprise; as the rational and level-headed Juana realizes, Kino is a man raging against an obstacle as insurmountable as a mountain or a storm, and his struggles will only cause him to destroy himself. Kino even finds himself capable of murder to defend himself; whether Kino is capable of a more cold-blooded killing still remains questionable. Kino's comment that the pearl has become his soul is the defining statement of his condition. It shows that Kino has ceased to be in some level human; he cannot consider normal human needs and emotions, but defiantly focuses on the pearl. The reaction of the community to the tragedies that occur to Kino and Juana is significant. While the neighbors followed every detail of Kino's life once the pearl promised to bring him fortune and renown, during this time his neighbors remain silent. Only Juan Tomas and Apolonia hide Juana and Kino but do so reluctantly. While Kino's neighbors have commented on all of the events in previous chapters, they do not manifest any reaction to the attacks on Kino and Juana. Chapter 6As Kino and Juana travel northward, Kino feels a sense of exhilaration along with his fear. They walk all night and rest during the day so that they may not be found, and attempt to cover their tracks so that they cannot be followed easily. Kino warns Juana that \"whoever finds us will take the pearl,\" but Juana wonders whether the dealers were right and the pearl has no value. Kino says that they would not have tried to steal it if it were not valuable. Kino repeats what they will have once they sell the pearl: the church wedding, the rifle, education for Coyotito. When they stop to rest during the day, Juana does not sleep and Kino stirs as he dreams. When they hear noises from the distance, Kino orders Juana to keep Coyotito quiet. While Juana hides, Kino moves through the brush to see what he heard, and notices in the distance three bighorn sheep trackers, one of whom is on horseback. Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.039316}
{"text": "When they hear noises from the distance, Kino orders Juana to keep Coyotito quiet. While Juana hides, Kino moves through the brush to see what he heard, and notices in the distance three bighorn sheep trackers, one of whom is on horseback. Kino realizes that if the trackers find them, he must leap for the horseman, kill him and take his rifle. As the horseman passes by Kino, he does not notice him. Kino and Juana both realize that if the trackers find them, they will kill them to get the pearl. Kino and Juana escape into the mountains, not bothering to cover their tracks. Kino orders Juana and Coyotito to leave him, for he can go faster alone, but she staunchly refuses. Kino and Juana take a zigzag path in order to thwart the trackers, and eventually find a small stream and the entrance to a cave. Kino tells Juana to hide in the cave, and he fears that Coyotito will cry, alerting the trackers. While hiding in the cave, Kino finds that the trackers are by the stream. So that he will not be seen, Kino takes off his white clothing and stealthily creeps near them as they rest. The trackers can hear Coyotito, but think that it is merely a coyote pup. As the tracker prepares to shoot what he thinks is a coyote, Kino approaches the trackers and pounces on them. He grabs one of the trackers' rifle and shoots him between the eyes, and stabs another with his knife. The third tracker escapes up the cliff toward the cave, but Kino shoots him. Kino stands silently and hears nothing but the cry of death. Coyotito has been shot. Kino and Juana arrive back in La Paz; he carries a gun while she carries her shawl with a limp, heavy bundle. Their return to La Paz becomes a notable event: \"there may e some old ones who saw it, but those whose fathers and whose grandfathers told it to them remember it nevertheless. It is an event that happened to everyone.\". Juana appears hardened and tight with fatigue. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, which has become his battle cry. As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.0426245}
{"text": "It is an event that happened to everyone.\". Juana appears hardened and tight with fatigue. Kino thinks of the Song of the Family, which has become his battle cry. As they return to La Paz, nobody speaks to them and even Juan Tomas cannot bear to say a word. Kino and Juana approach the gulf, and in the surface of the pearl Kino remembers seeing Coyotito lying in the cave with his head shot away. Kino throws the pearl into the ocean. Chapter 6 AnalysisThe final chapter focuses primarily on the hunt for Kino and Juana as they try to escape La Paz and reach the capital so that they can sell the pearl. Steinbeck creates the sense that Kino and Juana are followed at all times. Pursued by bighorn sheep trackers, Juana and Kino are literally hunted like animals. The division between man and animal is an important motif throughout this chapter. It primarily relates to Kino's descent from those human qualities he once displayed. Steinbeck illustrates this through a number of events, such as when Kino attacks the trackers. In this instance, Kino moves from being capable of murder for self-defense to a more cold-blooded killing. Kino kills the three men out of fear and instinct and not because of any tangible threat they pose to him. Steinbeck also shows the loss of human qualities within Kino when he crawls naked to find the trackers so that his white clothes will not expose him. He loses the final vestiges of humanity and society to become even more animalistic. This descent is particularly ironic when considering the death of Coyotito. Kino behaves as an animal so that he can protect himself and his family, but Coyotito dies when the child is mistaken for a coyote pup. Coyotito plays a significant role in this chapter as a reminder of the serene domestic environment that Kino and Juana once had and as a danger for them. In the savage wilderness where Kino and Juana find themselves, Coyotito serves as their one reminder of society and civilization. Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.0549264}
{"text": "In the savage wilderness where Kino and Juana find themselves, Coyotito serves as their one reminder of society and civilization. Coyotito also represents the hope that Kino and Juana have for the future; it is the infant child who will benefit most from the pearl, according to his parents' plans, and he thus symbolizes the advantages that the pearl may bring.. Once again, Steinbeck keeps the adversaries who pursue Kino and Juana anonymous in order to preserve their symbolic connotations. The bighorn sheep trackers may not even be pursuing Kino and Juana; they are more important for how Kino and Juana perceive them than their actual personalities. Whether or not they are actually a threat, Kino is so assured that they are dangerous that he murders them before they have a chance to strike. In contrast to the savage and brutal Kino, Juana becomes stronger through the suffering she faces. She reveals herself to be dedicated to her husband even at the most dire moments, demanding that he not break up their family despite the practical advantages. Furthermore, it is Juana who remains awake at night, guarding Kino and Coyotito as Kino sleeps. Steinbeck juxtaposes Kino with Juana; while the man becomes more instinctual and animalistic, the woman retains her particularly human qualities. While Kino becomes suspicious and paranoid, when he looks \"for weakness in her face, for fear or irresolution . . . There is none. \"The return of Kino and Juana to La Paz is anticlimactic, yet contains some degree of ironic horror. Kino returns to La Paz with the one possession that he desperately wanted, a rifle, but has lost his child and rejects the pearl. His rejection of the pearl fully demonstrates the horror that the pearl has wrought upon him. Steinbeck constructs Kino's return to La Paz as an event that brings Kino back to the family-centered ideals with which he began the story, but his recollection of the Song of the Family has a significant undercurrent of defiance and anger. His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.0895596}
{"text": "His family has been destroyed, yet he clings to that ideal, for it is all that remains for him. The Pearl is therefore a parable with an uncertain meaning at best and a morbidly determinist one at worst. The story does seem to warn against attempting to improve one's social situation, recalling Juan Tomas' story of the pearl agent who stole the townspeople's pearls. Although it seems to indict Kino for his attempts to gain the fortune that the pearl offers, it offers equal if not greater censure to the elites of La Paz who attempt to exploit Kino and thwart his attempts to sell the pearl. Even if Steinbeck does not intend the story to be a critique of Kino for his behavior, the story has a decidedly deterministic viewpoint that implies that Kino and Juana could do nothing to improve their situation. Perhaps the most valid critique that Steinbeck offers in the pearl concerns the effects that the newfound chance for riches has on Kino, who replaces human, civilized values with an obsessive preoccupation with the pearl and suspicion of those around him. Steinbeck criticizes the idea that the pearl has become Kino's soul, demonstrating that there are far greater losses that Kino can face. Yet where the story remains problematic is that the hope that the pearl brings is never tangible; calamities occur nearly immediately for Juana and Kino, making the pearl into a simple curse for the family. Kino does not choose to sacrifice his fortune; he chooses to repudiate his pain. When Kino throws the pearl into the ocean, he discards a meaningless object. The pearl has no value in the sense that, without Coyotito, the pearl has no power to provide for a better future for Kino and Juana, who could gain only simple material items from their fortune. Kino's repudiation of the pearl is an empty event, for he does not make a meaningful sacrifice. He instead rids himself of an unwanted object that causes him pain. As a parable, The Pearl is an empty one, merely choosing to heap tragedy upon its protagonists and forcing them into pain and agony without offering them an alternate option or any possibility for hope.", "metadata": {"source": "pearl-summary-notes.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.1302857}
{"text": "AGRICULTURE FORM II NOTES9.0.0 Soil Fertility II Inorganic Fertilizers 12 Lessons 10.0.0 Crop Production II Planting 16 Lessons 11.0.0 Crop Production III Nursery Practices 16 Lessons 12.0.0 Crop Production IV Field Practices 14 Lessons 13.0.0 Crop Production V Vegetables 16 Lessons 14.0.0 Livestock Health I Introduction 16 Lessons 15.0.0 Livestock Health II Parasites 16 Lessons 16.0.0 Livestock Production II Nutrition 12 Lessons Soil Fertility II Inorganic Fertilizers IntroductionPlant nutrients occur in the soil in form of soluble substances. These substances are taken in by the plants in different quantities depending on their roles in the plant tissues. Essential ElementsThese are nutrients needed by plants for various uses. They are divided into two broad categories namely:Macronutrientsmicronutrients. Macro-nutrientsThese are also referred to as major nutrients. They are required by the plant in large quantities. They include;carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,phophorus,potassium,sulphur,calciummagnesium. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are referred to as fertilizer elements,Calcium, magnesium and sulphur, are referred to as liming elements. Role of Macronutrients in PlantsNitrogen NO3,NH4 Sources:Artificial fertilizersOrganic matterAtmospheric fixation by lightningNitrogen fixing bacteria. Role of Nitrogen in PlantsVegetative growthChlorophyll formationBuild up of protoplasm. Improves leaf quality in leafy crops such as tea and cabbages. Deficiency SymptomsYellowing of the leaves chlorosis. Stunted growth. Premature ripening. Premature shedding of the leaves. Light seeds. Effect of Excess NitrogenScorching of the leaves. Delayed maturity. Loss of Nitrogen From the Soil:Soil erosion. Leaching. Volatilization. Crop removal. Used by microorganisms.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.1161551}
{"text": "Volatilization. Crop removal. Used by microorganisms. Phosphorus H2 P04, HPO2-4 P2O5 Sources:Organic manuresCommercial fertilizersPhosphate rocksRole of PhosphorusEncourages fast growth of the roots. Improves the quality of the plant. Hastens maturity of the crops. Influences cell division. Stimulates nodule formation in legumes. Deficiency symptomsGrowth of the plant is slow. Maturity is delayed. Leaves become grey, purple in colour. Yield of grains, fruits and seed is lowered. Loss of Phosphorus From the SoilSoil erosion. LeachingCrop removalFixation by iron and aluminium oxide. Potasium K , K2O Sources;Crop residue and organic manures. Commercial fertilizersPotassium bearing minerals e.g. feldspar and mica. Role of Potassium in PlantsIncreases plant vigour and disease resistance. Increases the size of grains and seeds. Reduces the ill-effects due to excess nitrogen. Prevents too rapid maturation due to phosphorus. Deficiency SymptomsPlants have short joints and poor growth. Plants lodge before maturing. Leaves develop a burnt appearance on the margin. Leaves at the lower end of the plant become mottled, spotted or streaked. In maize, grains and grasses firing starts at the tip of the leaf and proceeds from the edge usually leaving the midrib green. Loss of Potassium From the SoilCrop removal. Leaching. Soil erosion. Fixation in the soil. Calcium Ca2 Source:Crop residues and organic manures. Commercial fertilizers. Weathering of soil minerals. Agricultural limes for example dolomite, limestone. Role of Calcium in PlantsImproves the vigour and stiffness of straw. Neutralizes the poisonous secretions of the plants. Helps in grain and seed formation. Improves the soil structure. Promotes bacterial activity in the soil. Corrects the soil acidity. Deficiency symptomsYoung leaves remain closed. There are light green bands along the margins of the leaves. Leaves in the terminal bud become hooked in appearance there is a die-back at the tip and along the margins.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.107063}
{"text": "Deficiency symptomsYoung leaves remain closed. There are light green bands along the margins of the leaves. Leaves in the terminal bud become hooked in appearance there is a die-back at the tip and along the margins. Loss of CalciumCrop removalLeachingSoil erosionMagnesium Mg2 Sources:Crop residues and organic manuresCommercial fertilizersWeathering of soil minerals. Agricultural limes. Role of Magnesium in PlantsForms part of chlorophyll. Promotes the growth of the soil bacteria and enhances the nitrogen fixing power of the legumes. Activates the production and transport of carbohydrates and proteins in the growing plant. Deficiency symptomsLoss in green colour which starts from the bottom leaves and gradually moves upwards. The veins remain green. Leaves curve upwards along the margins. Stalks become weak and the plant develops long branched roots. The leaves become streaked. S04 2- ,SO2 Sources:Commercial fertilizers. Soil mineral containing sulphidesAtmospheric sulphur from industries. Rain waterRole of Sulphur in PlantsFormation and activation of coenzyme-A. Sulphur is a constituent of amino acids. Influence plant physiological processes. Deficiency SymptomsSmall plants stunted growth. Poor nodulation in legumes. Light green to yellowish leaves chlorosis. Delayed maturity. Micro-nutrientsAlso referred to as trace or minor nutrients. They are required in small quantities traces. They are essential for proper growth and development of plants. They include;Iron,Manganese,Copper,Boron,MolybdenumChlorine. Role of Micronutrients and Their Deficiency SymptomsCopperRole in oxidation-reduction reactions. Respiration and utilization of ironDeficiency symptoms-yellowing of young leaves. IronSynthesis of proteins. Takes part in oxidation-reduction reactions. Deficiency symptoms - leaf chlorosisMolybdenumNitrogen transformation in plants. Metabolization of nitrates to amino acids and proteinsDeficiency symptoms -leaf curl and scathing. Manganese - Same as molybdenum. ZincFormation of growth hormone. Reproduction processDeficiency symptoms - white bud formation. Boron Absorption of water. Translocation of sugarInorganic FertilizersThese are chemically produced substances added to the soil to improve fertility.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.1777112}
{"text": "Reproduction processDeficiency symptoms - white bud formation. Boron Absorption of water. Translocation of sugarInorganic FertilizersThese are chemically produced substances added to the soil to improve fertility. Classification According to:Nutrients containedStraight - contain only one macronutrient. Compound fertilizers - contain more than one macronutrientTime of applicationSome applied when planting. Top dressing after crop emergenceEffects on the soil pH. Acidic fertilizers. Neutral fertilizers. Basic fertilizers. Properties and Identification of FertilizersNitrogenous FertilizersCharacteristicsHighly soluble in water. Highly mobile in the soil hence it is applied as a top dress. Easily leached because of the high solubility hence does not have residual effect on the soil. Has scorching effect on young crops during wet seasons. Easy to volatilize during hot season. They have a tendency to cake under moist conditions. They are hygroscopic hence should be stored in dry conditions. Examples:Sulphate of Ammonia NH4 2 SO4 Physical appearance:white crystals,Has acidic effect,Contains 20 N. Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate NH4 2 SO4 NH4 NO3 Colour: granules which appear yellow orange,less acidic,contains 26 N. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN Colour: greyish granules,neutral in nature,contains 21 N. UreaColour: small whitish granulesEasily leached or volatilized,contains 45- 46 N. Phosphate FertilizersHas low solubility and immobile. Non-scorching. Has a high residual effect hence benefit the next season's crop. Easy to store because they are not hygroscopic. Examples;Single super-phosphateAppearance: whitish, creamy white granules,contains 20-21 P2O5Double super-phosphateAppearance: dark greyish granules,Contains 40-42 P2O5Triple super-phosphateAppearance: small greyish granules,Contain 44-48 P2O5Potassic FertilizersCharacteristics:Has moderate scorching effect. Moderately soluble in water. Most Kenyan soils have sufficient potassium.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.1643329}
{"text": "Examples;Single super-phosphateAppearance: whitish, creamy white granules,contains 20-21 P2O5Double super-phosphateAppearance: dark greyish granules,Contains 40-42 P2O5Triple super-phosphateAppearance: small greyish granules,Contain 44-48 P2O5Potassic FertilizersCharacteristics:Has moderate scorching effect. Moderately soluble in water. Most Kenyan soils have sufficient potassium. Examples;Muriate of Potash KCl Contain 60 - 62 K2OSlightly hygroscopic. Appearance amorphous white. Sulphate of Potash 50 K2O Compound or Mixed FertilizersThese are fertilizers which supply 2 or more of the macronutrients. Examples;Mono ammonium phosphate. Di-ammonium phosphate20:20:20, 23:23:23Advantages of application of compound fertilizersSaves time and money. Mixture gives improved storage properties and better handling. Disadvantages of compound fertilizers applicationExpensive. Wasteful. Mixing may not be thorough. Incompatibility of the individual fertilizers. Methods of fertilizer applicationBroadcasting - random scattering of the fertilizers on the ground. Placement method - application of fertilizers in the planting holes. Side dressing - fertilizer is placed at the side of the plant within the root zone, in bands or spot-rings. Foliar spraying - specially formulated fertilizer solution applied on the foliage in spray form. Drip method - applied through irrigation water. Determination of Fertilizer RatesContents of fertilizers are expressed as fertilizer grade or fertilizer analysis. Fertilizer grade indicate the guaranteed minimum of the active ingredients N, P2O5, K 2O in the mixture. It is expressed as a percentage on a weight to weight basis or percentage by weighExample 10:20:0 means for every 10kg of the mixture there are 10kg of nitrogen, 20kg of P2O 5 and 0kg of K2O. ExampleA farmer was asked to apply fertilizers as follows:60 kg ha nitrogen top dressing 60 kg ha P2O5 in planting hole . 60 kg ha K2O. How much sulphate of ammonia 20 would be required per hectare?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.2045557}
{"text": "ExampleA farmer was asked to apply fertilizers as follows:60 kg ha nitrogen top dressing 60 kg ha P2O5 in planting hole . 60 kg ha K2O. How much sulphate of ammonia 20 would be required per hectare? How much double super-phosphate 40 P2O5would be required per hectare? How much muriate of potash 50 K2O would be required per hectare? Answer SolutionSulphate of ammonia SA which gives 60kg ha N 6020x 100 300kg SADouble super phosphate 40 P2O5 which gives 60kg ha P2O560 40x 100 150kg DSPMuriate of potash 60 K2O which gives 60kg hK2O 60 x 100 100kg muriate of potash60ExampleA farmer was asked to apply fertilizers as follows:200kg ha of DSP 40 P2O5150kg ha of muriate of potash 60 K2O 150kg ha of sulphate of ammonia 20 N How much P2O5 did the farmer apply per acre? How much K2O did the farmer apply per hectare? How much N did the farmer apply per hectare? Solution AnswerP2O5 applied per hectare from 200kg of DSP40 100x 200 80kg ha P2O 5K2O5 applied per hectare from 150kg of muriate of potash60 100x150 90kg ha K2ON applied per hectare from 150kg ha sulphate of ammonia20 100 x 150 30kg ha NSoil SamplingRefers to obtaining of small quantity of soil that is representative in all aspects of the entire farm. Soil Sampling ProceduresClear the vegetation over the site. Dig out soil at depths of 15-25cm. Place the dug out soil in a clean container. Mix thoroughly the soil in the container. Take a sample and send it to National Agricultural Laboratory for analysis.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.1898084}
{"text": "Fertilizers and manures application can be easily mechanized. It is possible to develop new crop varieties due to cross pollination. Disantivantages of using seeds as planting materials. Some seeds have long dormancy and they may need special treatment in order to germinate. Plants raised from seeds have variations from the mother plant due to cross pollination, This may introduce undesirable characteristics. Soil borne pests may damage seeds if left for sometime in the soil before rain falls. Some seeds may lose viability if stored for a long time. This leads to gaps in the farm. Vegetative materials. These are plant parts which have the ability to produce roots, they grow and develop in to new plants. Plant parts such as leaves, roots or stems can be used for planting as long as they are capable of rooting. Advantages of using vegetative materials for planting. Crops originating from vegetative materials matures faster than those from seeds. The crops shows uniformity in such qualities as disease resistance, seed size, colour, keeping or storing quality and chemical composition. It is possible to produce many varieties of compatible crops on the same root stock. Use of the vegetative materials is easier and faster, especially where seeds show prolonged dormancy. The resulting plant has desired shape and size for ease of harvesting and spraying. It facilitates the propagation of crops which are seedless or those that produce seeds which are not viable or have a long dormancy period. Such crops include sugar-cane, bananas, Napier grass and others. Disadvantages. Vegetative propagation does not result in new crop varieties. Keeping the materials free of diseases is difficult. Materials cannot be stored for long. The materials are bulky and there fore difficult to store and transport. Plant parts used for vegetative propagation. Bulbils. These are tiny sisal plants produced in the inflorescence almost at the end of the plant growth cycle. They resemble the mother plant except that they are smaller in size. They are produced by the branches of the sisal pole. When manure they mature they develop rudimentary roots and fall off to the ground just below the pole. They are the collected and raised in the nurseries before they are transplanted t o the main field. One sisal pole may produce as many as 3,000 bulbils. They are usually 10cm long.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.255306}
{"text": "They are the collected and raised in the nurseries before they are transplanted t o the main field. One sisal pole may produce as many as 3,000 bulbils. They are usually 10cm long. They make good planting materials and are better than suckeSplitsThese are plantlets divided from the existing mother plant with complete with complete leaves and rooting system. They are used to propagate most pasture grasses and pyrethrum. Pyrethrum splits are raised first in nursery and then transplanted to the field. Crowns and slipsThese are materials used to propagate pineapplesCrowns are born on top of the fruits and are broken off and prepared for planting. They are more preferred to suckers because they give uniform growth and take two years to reach maturity. Slips are borne to the base of the pineapple fruits. They are cut and prepared for plantings. Their growth rate is faster than for crowns giving average uniformity. They take 22 months from planting to maturity. Crowns and slips are planted in the nurseries first before transplanting to the main seed bed. SuckersThese are small plants that grow from the base of the main stem. They have adventitious roots which grow quickly when planted to form a new plant. They are used to propagate bananas, sisal, and pineapples. When planted, suckers give uneven growth leading to maturity at different times. They should be planted when they are young. TubersThese are underground food storage organs which are short and thick. They are used as vegetative propagation materials because they sprout and produce roots for growth. There are mainly two types of tubers, the stem and root tubers. Root tubers develop from the thickening of the adventitious roots. Root tubers are not commonly used for propagation since they produce weak stems. A good example of a root tuber is the sweet potato. On the other hand stem tubers have some auxiliary buds which are sometimes referred to as eyes . These eyes sprout to produce stems which grow into plants. Stem tubers are therefore swollen stems with scales leaves. A good example of a stem tuber is Irish potato. Vines. These are soft wood cuttings which produce roots easily upon planting to give rise to new plants. They are cut from the mother plants and planted directly into the field. Soft wood cuttings vines are taken from rapidly growing shoots.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.2821069}
{"text": "These are soft wood cuttings which produce roots easily upon planting to give rise to new plants. They are cut from the mother plants and planted directly into the field. Soft wood cuttings vines are taken from rapidly growing shoots. The soft upper parts of the shoots are preferred. When preparing the cuttings, some leaves and nodes are included. Roots are produced from the nodes. Cuttings and settsCuttings are portion of plants parts which are cut and then planted. They may be from stems, roots or leaves. A stem cutting must have a bud which develops into shoot. The root cutting must have an eye. Cutting must have an eye. Cuttings must produce leaves as soon as possible so that they can start making their own food. Sometimes cuttings are induced to produce roots by use of rooting hormones. Once the cuttings have developed roots, they give rise to new plants. In some crops, the cuttings are big enough to be planted directly to the main seedbed whereas there are some plants whose cuttings are first raised in special nurseries before they are transplanted to the seedbed. The cuttings of Napier grass and sugar-cane are planted directly on the seedbed but those of tea; have to be raised in special nursery before they are transferred to the seed bed. Examples of crops which are propagated by use of stem cuttings include: tea, cassava, and sugar-cane and Napier grass. The stem cuttings used to propagate sugar-cane are known as setts . Setts are stem cuttings which have 3-5 nodes are usually 30-45 cm long. Factors affecting rooting of cuttings. Temperature: for the cuttings to produce roots warm temperatures are required around the root zone while cool temperatures are important for the aerial part of the cuttings. For most species optimum day and light temperatures for rooting are 22 -27 c and 15-21 c respectively. Relative humidity: Proper rooting of cuttings requires high humidity which lower the transpiration rate. It also increases and maintains leaf turgidity all the time. As such, cuttings should be rooted in green houses or under shady conditions, where relative humidity can be regulated. Sometimes the propagation area can be sprayed with water to keep it moist. Light intensity: soft wood cuttings need high intensity light to produce roots. This is because light promotes the production of roots since it affects the rate of photosynthesis.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.241818}
{"text": "Sometimes the propagation area can be sprayed with water to keep it moist. Light intensity: soft wood cuttings need high intensity light to produce roots. This is because light promotes the production of roots since it affects the rate of photosynthesis. Hard wood cuttings do well in dark conditions since they have high amount of stored carbohydrates and therefore rooting is excellent in darkness. Oxygen supply: plentiful supply of oxygen is required for root formation. The rooting medium used must therefore be capable of allowing proper aeration. Chemical treatment: these rooting hormones which promote the production of roots in cuttings. The common ones include IAA Indoleacetic acid . Leaf area: Soft woods cuttings require a lot of leaves for photosynthesis while hardwood cuttings will produce roots better without leaves. Selection of planting materialsWhen selecting materials for planting the following factors must be considered:Suitability to the ecological conditions the selected planting materials should be well adapted to the soil conditions, temperatures and amount of rainfall in the area. There are many varieties of maize, for example, which are suitable to different ecological conditions. Hybrid 622f or example is mainly for the high altitudes areas of 513 for the medium altitudes and the Katumani composites for the low rainfall areas while the coast composites are suitable for the coastal conditions each variety will grow well and produce high yields if grown under the correct conditionsPurity of the materials - planting materials should be pure and not mixed with other off types the percentage purity of planting materials will affect the seed while higher seeds rates are used for impure seeds. Germination percentage - This is a measure of the germination potential of seeds it is expressed as a percentage for example a germination percentage of 80 means that for every 10 seeds planted 80 of them are expected to germinate. Germination percentage helps to determine the seed rates of crops lower seed rates are used for crops with higher germination percentage while higher seed rates are used for those with lower germination percentage. Certified seeds - These are seeds which have been tested and proven to have 100 germination potential and free from diseases and pests they give high yields after the first planting but the subsequent yields decline if replaced therefore in this case it is always advisable to buy new seeds which are certified every time planting is doneIn certified seeds are produced by the seed company KSC and distributed by Kenya Farmers Association KFA and other agents. PREPARATION OF PLANTING MATERIALS.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.287833}
{"text": "Germination percentage helps to determine the seed rates of crops lower seed rates are used for crops with higher germination percentage while higher seed rates are used for those with lower germination percentage. Certified seeds - These are seeds which have been tested and proven to have 100 germination potential and free from diseases and pests they give high yields after the first planting but the subsequent yields decline if replaced therefore in this case it is always advisable to buy new seeds which are certified every time planting is doneIn certified seeds are produced by the seed company KSC and distributed by Kenya Farmers Association KFA and other agents. PREPARATION OF PLANTING MATERIALS. After the planting materials are selected they are prepared in different ways before they are planted. Some of the methods used to prepare planting materials include the following: a Breaking the seed dormancy. Some seeds undergo a dormancy period between maturity and the time they sprout. The dormancy period is the stage whereby a seed cannot germinate, the stage of inhibited growth of seed. It should be broken before the seed is planted. Methods of breaking seed dormancy. The following methods are used to break seed dormancy: I Mechanical method: This is a method which aims at scratching the seed coat to make it permeable to water. Scarification is done by rubbing small sized seeds against hard surface such as sand paper, while filling or nicking the seed coat with a knife is done to large sized seeds such as croton seeds. Ii Heat treatment: this involves the use of hot water or burning the seeds lightly. It softens the seed coat making it permeable to water and thus is able to germinate. The seeds are soaked in hot water about 80 c for 3-4 minutes after which the water is allowed to drain off. Example of seeds treated in this way include: leucean calliadra and acacia. Light burning also serves the same purpose as hot water treatment. In this case trash is spread over the seeds which are already covered with a thin layer of soil. The trash is burned, after which the seeds are retrieved and planted. Examples include acacia and wattle tree seeds. Overheating should be avoided as this will cook the seeds. Iii Chemical treatment: seeds are dipped in specific chemicals such as concentrated sulphuric acid, for two minutes and then removed. The chemical wears off the seed coat making it permeable to water.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.3453534}
{"text": "Overheating should be avoided as this will cook the seeds. Iii Chemical treatment: seeds are dipped in specific chemicals such as concentrated sulphuric acid, for two minutes and then removed. The chemical wears off the seed coat making it permeable to water. Care should be taken not to leave the seeds in the chemicals for too long as this will kill the embryo. Cotton seeds are normally treated with chemicals to remove the lint or fibres. Iv Soaking in water: seeds are soaked in water for a period of between 24 48 hours until they swell. They are then removed and planted immediately. The seeds treated thus germinate very fast. Pre-germinated seeds are used when raising rice in the nurseries. B Seed dressingThis is the coating of seeds with fungicides or an insecticide or a combination of the two chemicals. This is particularly common with cereals, sugar-cane and legumes. The chemicals protect the seedlings from soil-borne diseases and pests. Certified seeds which are sold by seed merchants in have been dressed with these chemicals. Farmers can also buy the chemicals and dress their own seeds. C Seed inoculationIn areas where soils are deficient in nitrogen, legumes such as beans, clovers and peas should be coated with an inoculant. An innoculant is a preparation which contains the right strain of Rhizobium depending on the type of legume and encourages nodulation, hence nitrogen fixation. Below is a table showing different legume crops and their right strain of Rhizobium. When handling inoculated seeds, care should be taken to prevent them from coming in contact with chemicals. This means that inoculated seeds should not be dressed with chemicals as these will kill the bacterium. They should also be planted when the soil is moist to avoid dehydration which kills the bacterium. D ChittingThis practice is also referred to as sprouting. The selected seed potatoes setts which are used as planting materials are sprouted before planting to break their dormancy. The setts of about 3-6 cm in diameter are arranged in layers of 2 or 3 tubers deep in a partiallydarkened room. The setts should be arranged with the rose- end facing upwards and the heel-end downwards. Diffused light encourages the production of short, green and healthy sprouts. If Chitting is done in complete darkness, long, pale thin sprouts develop which break easily during planting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.3564}
{"text": "The setts should be arranged with the rose- end facing upwards and the heel-end downwards. Diffused light encourages the production of short, green and healthy sprouts. If Chitting is done in complete darkness, long, pale thin sprouts develop which break easily during planting. During Chitting potato aphids and tuber months should be controlled by dusting or spraying the sett with dimethoate. Sometimes a chemical known as Rendite is used to break dormancy, thus inducing sprouting. Chitting is done mainly to make sure that growth commences immediately the seed is planted so as to make maximum use of rains for high yields. Time of plantingThe timing of planting or sowing is influenced by the type of crop to be planted and the environmental conditions of the area. Factors to consider in timing planting. The rainfall pattern moisture condition of the soil. Type of crop to be planted. Soil type. Market demand. Prevalence of pests and diseases. Weed control. Timely planting is necessary and should be done at the onset of rains. In some areas where rainfall is scare dry planting is recommended. Advantages of timely planting. Crops make maximum use of rainfall and suitable soil temperature, leading to vigorous growth. Crops usually escape serious pests and diseases attack. Crops benefit from nitrogen flush which is available at the beginning of the rain. For horticultural crops, proper timing ensures that the produce is marketed when prices are high. Crops establish earlier than the weeds, hence smothering them. Methods of planting. There are two main methods of planting :-Broadcasting. Row planting. Broadcasting. This method involves scattering the seeds all over the field in a random manner. It is commonly adapted for light tiny seeds such as those of pasture grasses. It is easier, quicker and cheaper than row planting. However, it uses more seeds than row planting and the seeds are spread unevenly leading to crowding of plants in some places. This results in poor performance due to competition. Broadcasting gives a good ground cover, but weeding cannot be mechanized. For good results, the seedbed should be weed-free, firm and have a fine tilth. Row planting. The seeds or other planting materials are placed in holes, drills or furrows in rows. The distance between one row to the other and from one hole to the other is known. In , both large and small scale farmers practice row planting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.3851871}
{"text": "The seeds or other planting materials are placed in holes, drills or furrows in rows. The distance between one row to the other and from one hole to the other is known. In , both large and small scale farmers practice row planting. It is practiced when planting many types of crops, especially perennial, annual and root crops. Advantages of row planting. Machines can be used easily between the rows. It is easy to establish the correct plant population. Lower seed rate is used than if broadcasting is adopted. It is easy to carry out cultural practices such as weeding, spraying and harvesting. Disadvantages of row planting. It does not provide an ample foliage cover. Thus the soil is liable to being eroded by wind and water. It is more expensive than broadcasting because of consuming a lot of labour and time. It requires some skill in measuring the distances between and within the rows. Seeds can also be planted by dibbling where the planting holes are dug by use of pangas or jembe, or by a dibbling stick dibbler . Most of the dibbling is done randomly although rows can also be used when using a planting line. Random dibbling is not popular in commercial farming due to low levels of production. It is only common among conservative farmers in planting of legumes such as beans, pigeon peas and cow peas. Over-sowing. This is the introduction of a pasture legume such as desmodium in an existing grass pasture. Some form of growth suppression of existing grass such as burning, slashing or hard grazing plus slight soil disturbance is recommended before over sowing. A heavy dose of superphosphate, preferably single supers at a rate of 200-400 kg ha is applied. The grass must be kept short until the legume is fully established. Regardless of the method of establishment, the pastures and fodder stands should be ready for light grazing 4-5 months after planting if rainfall and soil fertility are not limiting. Under-sowing. This refers to the establishment of pasture under a cover crop, usually maize. Maize is planted as recommended and weeded 2-3 weeks after the onset of rains. Pasture seeds are then broadcasted with half the recommended basal fertilizer. No further weeding should be done and maize should be harvested early to expose the young pasture seedlings to sunlight. The benefits of under sowing include facilitating more intensive land utilization and encouraging an early establishment of pastures.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.3726864}
{"text": "Pasture seeds are then broadcasted with half the recommended basal fertilizer. No further weeding should be done and maize should be harvested early to expose the young pasture seedlings to sunlight. The benefits of under sowing include facilitating more intensive land utilization and encouraging an early establishment of pastures. Fodder crops and vegetetively propagated pasture species may also be under sown as long as rainfall is adequate for their establishment. Timing is not very crucial in this case and planting can be done as late as 6-8 weeks after the onset of rains. Plant populationThis refers to the ideal number of plants that can be comfortably accommodated in any given area, without overcrowding or too few to waste space. Agricultural research has arrived at the optimum number of various crop plants to be recommended to farmers. Plant population is determined by dividing the planting area by spacing of the crop. This may be simplified thus:Area of landPlant population Pacing of cropExampleGiven that maize is planted at a spacing of 75 x25 cm, calculate the plant population in a plot of land measuring 4x3 m. WorkingArea of landPlant population Pacing of cropArea of land 400cm x 300 cmSpacing of maize 75 cm x 25 cmTherefore, plant population 400 cm x 300 cm75 cm x 25 cm 64 plants. SpacingIt is the distance of plants between and within the rows. Correct spacing for each crop has been established as shown in table below. Spacing determines plant population and the main aim of correct spacing is to obtain maximum number of plants per unit area which will make maximum use of environmental factors. Wider spacing leads to a reduced plant population which means lower yields, whereas closer spacing could lead to overcrowding of plants and competition for nutrients and other resources would occur. Correctly spaced crops produce yield of high quality that are acceptable in the market. Spacing is determined by the following factors:The type of machinery to be used. The space between the rows should allow free passage of the machinery which can be used in the field. For example, the spacing between rows of coffee is supposed to allow movement of tractor drawn implements. Soil fertilityA fertile soil can support high plant population. Therefore closer spacing is possible. The size of plantTall crop varieties require wider spacing while short varieties require closer spacing, for example, Kitale hybrid maize is widely spaced than Katumani maize.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.4589872}
{"text": "Soil fertilityA fertile soil can support high plant population. Therefore closer spacing is possible. The size of plantTall crop varieties require wider spacing while short varieties require closer spacing, for example, Kitale hybrid maize is widely spaced than Katumani maize. Moisture availability. Areas with higher rainfall are capable of supporting a large number of plants hence closer spacing than areas of low rainfall. Use of crop. Crop grown for the supply of forage or silage material is planted at a closer spacing than for grain production. And diseases control. When crops are properly spaced, pests might find it difficult to move from one place to the other, for example, aphids in groundnuts. Growth habit. Spreading and tillering crop varieties require wider spacing than erect type. Seed rate. Seed rate is the amount of seeds to be planted in a given unit area governed by ultimate crop stand which is desired. The objective of correct spacing of crop is to obtain the maximum yields from a unit area without sacrificing quality. Most crops are seeded at lighter rates under drier conditions than under wet or irrigated conditions. Seeds with low germination percentage are planted at higher rates than those which have about 100 germination percentage. There is an optimal seed rate for various crops. For example, the seed rate for maize is 22 kg per hectare, wheat is 110 kg per hectare and cotton is between 17 to 45 kg per hectare. Factors to consider in choosing seed rates. Seed purity. When planting seed which is pure or with a high germination percentage, less seed is required. On the contrary, more seeds are required when using impure or mixed seeds. Germination percentage. Less seed is used when its germination percentage is higher. Seed of lower germination percentage is required in large amounts. Spacing. At closer spacing, more seeds are used than in a wider spacing. Number of seeds per hole. When two or more seeds are planted per hole, higher seed rate is required than when only one seed is planted per hole. The purpose of the crop. A crop to be used for silage making is spaced more closely than one meant for grain production. This would require use of more seeds. Maize to be used for silage making, for example, requires more seeds than that meant for production of grain. Depth of planting. This is the distance from the soil surface to where the seed is placed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.4220319}
{"text": "Maize to be used for silage making, for example, requires more seeds than that meant for production of grain. Depth of planting. This is the distance from the soil surface to where the seed is placed. The correct depth of planting is determined by:Soil type: seeds will emerge from grater depths in sandy soil that are lighter than in clay soils. Soil moisture content: It is recommended that one plants deep in dry soils in order to place the seeds in a zone with moist soil. Size of the seed: Larger seeds are planted deeper in the soil because they have enough food reserves to make them shoot and emerge through the soil to the surface. Type of germination: seeds with epigeal type of germination carry cotyledons above the soil surface such as beans, should be planted shallower than those with hypogeal type of germination leave cotyledons under the soil such as maize. Suggested Activities. Learners to carry out planting using broadcasting method and planting rows. Learners to identify different vegetative propagation materials displayed by the teacher. Learners to determine the correct plant population for a given area by mathematical calculations. Learners to collect samples of different tree seeds and prepare them for planting by various methods of breaking seed dormancy. Learners to determine the germination percentage of different samples of cereals and legume seeds. Crop Production III Nursery Practices IntroductionPlanting materials are either planted directly in a seedbed or indirectly through a nursery bed. A seedbed is a piece of land which could be small or large and prepared to receive planting materials. A nursery bed on the other hand is a small plot of land specially prepared for raising seedlings or planting materials before transplanting. It is usually 1m wide and any convenient length depending on the quantity of seedlings to be raised. A seedling bed is a special type of nursery bed used for raising seedlings pricked out from the nursery bed due to overcrowding before they are ready for transplanting. Pricking out refers to the removal of seedlings from a nursery bed to a seedling bed. Nursery practices refer to all the activities carried out throughout a nursery life to raise seedlings. . Importance of Nursery Bed in Crop ProductionTo facilitate the production of many seedlings in a small area. It is easy to carry out management practices in a nursery than in the seedbed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.4490643}
{"text": ". Importance of Nursery Bed in Crop ProductionTo facilitate the production of many seedlings in a small area. It is easy to carry out management practices in a nursery than in the seedbed. It facilitates the planting of small seeds which develop into strong seedlings that are easily transplanted. It ensures transplanting of only healthy and vigorous growing seedlings. It reduces the period taken by the crop in the field. Excess seedlings from the nursery may be sold to earn income. Selection of a Nursery SiteFactors to consider;Nearness to the water source. Type of soil.-should be well drained, deep and fertile, preferably loam soil. Topography.-it should be situated on a gentle slope to prevent flooding and erosion through surface run-off. Previous cropping.-to avoid build up of pests and diseases associated with particular plant families, consider the preceding crops. Security.-select a site that is protected from theft and destruction by animals. Protection against strong winds and heat of the sun.-select a sheltered place. I.e. to avoid excessive evapotranspiration and uprooting seedlings. Types of NurseriesCategories of nurseries:Vegetable Nursery:They are used for raising the seedlings of vegetable crops. Tomatoes, cabbages, kale, onions, brinjals and peppers. Vegetable Propagation Nurseries:They are used for inducing root production in cuttings before they are transplanted,The cuttings can be planted directly in the soil and hence called bare root nurseries. Or planted into containers such as pots, polythene bags and others, hence called containerized nurseries. Tree Nurseries:These are used for raising tree seedlings. The seedlings can be raised in bare root nurseries or in containerized nurseries. Nursery Management Practices:These are the practices carried out in the nursery while the planting materials are growing. They include:Mulching. Light mulch should be applied on thenursery bed. It be should be removed on the 4th dayWeed control. Shading. Pricking out. Pests and disease control. Hardening offWatering. Preparation of vegetative materials for planting:Cuttings -These are plant parts such as stems, leaves and roots induced to produce roots and used as planting materials. Grafting It is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.4792752}
{"text": "Hardening offWatering. Preparation of vegetative materials for planting:Cuttings -These are plant parts such as stems, leaves and roots induced to produce roots and used as planting materials. Grafting It is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems. The part bearing the roots is referred to as root stock while the part which is grafted onto the rootstock is known as scion. The scion has buds which develop into the future plant. The ability of the rootstock and the scion to form a successful union is termed as compatibility. Methods of GraftingWhip or tongue grafting:In this case the diameter of the rootstock and the scion are the same. It is carried out when the diameter of the scion and the rootstock is 'pencil' thick. Side grafting: In this case the diameter of the rootstock is bigger than thatof the scion. Other types of grafting include ;Approach grafting,Notch graftingBark grafting. Budding:It is the practice of uniting a vegetative bud to a seedling of another plant. The scion has only one bud and some bark with or without wood. The bud is inserted in a slit made on the bark of the stock. It is held tightly on the stock by tying with a budding tape until it produces a shoot. Methods of Budding:T-buddingTop buddingPatch budding. Importance of Budding and Grafting:Plants with desirable root characteristics but with undesirable products may be used to produce desirable products for example lemon-orange graft. They facilitate the changing of the top of the tree from being undesirable to desirableThey make it possible to grow more than one type of fruit or flower on the same plant. They help to propagate clones that cannot be propagated in any other way. They help to shorten the maturity period. LayeringIt is the process by which a part of a plant is induced to produce roots while still attached to the mother plant. Once the roots have been produced, the stem is then cut off and planted. Types of layering;Marcotting or aerial layering. Tip layering. Trench layering. Compound or serpentine. Tissue Culture for Crop PropagationTissue culture is a biotechnology used in cloning vegetatively propagated plants. It is based on the ability of plant tissue or cells to regenerate other parts of the plant.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.5162108}
{"text": "Compound or serpentine. Tissue Culture for Crop PropagationTissue culture is a biotechnology used in cloning vegetatively propagated plants. It is based on the ability of plant tissue or cells to regenerate other parts of the plant. The tissues are derived from shoot tips where cells are undergoing rapid cell division and are not differentiated. The cells are then provided with the right conditions which enable them to multiply and develop roots. The Right Conditions for tissue culture:Culture medium. Correct temperature. Correct light intensity andCorrect relative humidity. Importance of Tissue Culture in Crop PropagationIt is used to recover and establish pathogen-free plants especially in the control of viral diseases. It is used in mass production of plantlets or propagules. It is fast and requires less space than the cultural methods of using cutting which requires a bigger space. Transplanting SeedlingsTransplanting of vegetable and tree seedlings are generally the same. Generally, vegetable seedlings are ready for transplanting when they are one month old or have 4 -6 leaves or are about 10-15cm in height. Before transplanting, the nursery bed is adequately watered 3 - 4 hours before lifting the seedlings. This ensures the seedlings are lifted easily with a ball of earth around the roots to minimize root damage. Tree seedlings take a little longer to reach transplanting age compared to vegetable crop seedlings. The roots are trimmed before lifting the seedlings. Transplanting should be done at the onset of the long rains to give the young trees a good start. After transplanting the young trees should be protected from damage by animals for a period of about one year. Crop production IV Field Practices I IntroductionField practices are activities carried out on the field to facilitate proper growth and maximum yield of the various crops grown. They include the following:Crop RotationMulchingR0uting field practicesCrop protectionHarvestingCrop RotationThis is the growing of different types on the same piece of land in different seasons, in an orderly sequence. Importance of Crop RotationMaximizes use of nutrients and moisture. Breaks the life cycle of pests and disease agents. Maintains good soil structure. Reduces soil erosion due to adequate soil cover. Controls weeds that are specific to certain crops e.g. striga on cerealsImproves soil fertility when legumes are included in crop rotation. Factors Influencing Rotational ProgrammeGrowth habits and nutrient req uirements.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.543634}
{"text": "Controls weeds that are specific to certain crops e.g. striga on cerealsImproves soil fertility when legumes are included in crop rotation. Factors Influencing Rotational ProgrammeGrowth habits and nutrient req uirements. Liability to soil erosion. Crops attacked by the same pests and diseases should not follow one another in the programme. Availability of capital and market for example beans or peas in legumes. MulchingThis is the placement of materials such as banana leaves or polythene sheets on the ground next to the growing crop. These materials should not come into contact with the base of the crop as they may encourage pest attack. Importance of MulchingReduction of evaporation rate. Smothers weeds. Moderation of soil temperature. Reduction of speed of run offs. Types of Mulching MaterialsOrganic mulching materials such as;Sawdust, wood shavings, coffee pulps, rice husks,Dry grass, banana leaves, dry maize stalk, napier grass. Inorganic or synthetic materials commonly used are either black or transparent polythene sheets. Advantages of MulchingPrevents water evaporation thus maintaining moisture in the soil for crop use. Acts as an insulator thus modifying the soil temperature. It helps to control soil erosion. It controls weeds by suppressing them. After decomposition organic mulch add nutrients to the soil thus improving its fertility. Humus produced after the decomposition of organic mulch improves soil structure and the water holding capacity of the soil. Disadvantages of MulchingIt is a fire risk. Provides a breeding ground as well as a hiding place for pests that finally may attack the crops. Traps the light showers of rainfall thus lowering the chances of rain drops reaching the soil. It is expensive to acquire, transport and apply. Routine Field PracticesThinningRemoval of excess, weak, damaged or diseased seedlings. Allows the remaining seedlings to get enough nutrients and moisture. It is aimed at obtaining optimum plant population. GappingFilling the gaps so as to maintain proper plant population. Gaps occur as a result of failure of seeds to germinate or dying of seedlings. It should be done early enough for the seedlings to catch up with the other plantsRogueingThis is the removal and destruction of a diseased part of a plant or the whole plant. The destruction can be achieved through burning of the uprooted plant.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.5233278}
{"text": "Gaps occur as a result of failure of seeds to germinate or dying of seedlings. It should be done early enough for the seedlings to catch up with the other plantsRogueingThis is the removal and destruction of a diseased part of a plant or the whole plant. The destruction can be achieved through burning of the uprooted plant. PruningRemoval of extra unwanted parts of the plant. Reasons for pruning are:To remove old, unproductive or diseased, damaged parts of the plant. To train plants to take a desirable shape for example formative pruning in tea. To control crop leave ratio hence avoiding overbearing. To control diseases and pests for example antestia bugs in coffee. To facilitate other operations such as spraying, picking and seeding. To reduce wastage of chemicals applied on the crop. To remove branches that interfere with traffic, telephone lines and view. Open up the plant to allow free air circulation and exposure of leaves to sunlight. Note: Tools used are secateur, pruning saw and pruning knife. Earthing-upThis is the placement of soil in form of a heap around the base of the plant. It is mostly carried out in tuber crops such as Irish and sweet potatoes to improve tuber formation. It is also carried out in groundnuts and maize. In groundnuts it promotes production of pods while in maize it provides support to prevent lodging. Crop ProtectionWeed ControlWeeds are plants growing where they are not wanted, that is a plant out of place. Such plants include blackjack, couch grass, thorn apple and Mcdonald's eye. Such plants should be eradicated or controlled using recommended methods. Pest ControlCrop pests are living organisms that are harmful to the crops. They include; insects, nematodes, rodents, thrips and mites. They cause great damage to crops in the field and stored produce. Control of Crop DiseasesA disease is any alteration in the state of an organism and functions of a plant or its parts. Disease causing organisms are known as pathogens. They include fungi, viruses and bacteria. Diseases caused by fungi are referred to as fungal diseases while those caused by viruses and bacteria are referred to as viral and bacterial respectively. HarvestingIt is the gathering or of the farm produce after maturity. Time of harvesting depends on:Stage of maturity of the crops. Use of the crop. Tastes and preferences of consumers. Weather conditions, hence liability to spoilage.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.5699055}
{"text": "Use of the crop. Tastes and preferences of consumers. Weather conditions, hence liability to spoilage. Moisture. Methods of harvesting is determined by:Scale of farming for example large scale farming machines are used. Type of crop for example pyrethrum is harvested by hand. Uniformity in ripening of the crop for example wheat is harvested by use of combined harvester while coffee is harvested by hand. Uniformity in height of the crop and size of seed, fruits and flowers. Financial status of the farmer. Part of the plant to be harvested. Post-Harvest PracticesThese are the preparations carried out on crop produce before it gets to the consumer. They include;Threshing shelling. Drying. Cleaning. Sorting and grading. Dusting. Processing. Packaging. StoragePurpose of storage is to;Prevent spoilageMake the produce available for future useTo await good market prices. Requirements for proper store are:It should be clean. It should be well ventilated. It should be raised from the ground to prevent damp conditions. It should be dry. It should be strong to hold crop produce. It should be easy to clean. It should be vermin-proof. It should be secure from theft. It should be treated against pests such as weevils. Types of StorageTraditional storage structures. Modern storage structures. Preparation of the StoreCleaning the store. MaintenanceDusting the store with appropriate chemicals. Clearing the vegetation around the store to keep off vermin. Crop Production V: Vegetables IntroductionA vegetable is any crop that is grown and eaten fresh. Vegetables are important both for nutritional and commercial reasons. They are categorized on the basis of the part used as food. Such parts include;Leaves,Stems,Roots,Fruits,Flowers,PodsBulbs. Vegetables are grouped into the following categories:Leaf vegetables for example kales and cabbages. Root vegetables for example carrots, beets, radishes and turnips. Fruit vegetables for example French beans and okra. Stem vegetables for example asparagus, leeks and spring onions. Bulb vegetables for example bulbed onions and garlic. Tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum Tomatoes are fruit vegetables widely grown in Kenya. The ripe fruit may be eaten raw cooked or processed to make tomato sauces, juices and pastes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.6104105}
{"text": "Bulb vegetables for example bulbed onions and garlic. Tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum Tomatoes are fruit vegetables widely grown in Kenya. The ripe fruit may be eaten raw cooked or processed to make tomato sauces, juices and pastes. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 0-2100m above sea level. Rainfall: 7S0-1300mm per annum. Soils: deep, fertile and well drained. VarietiesFresh market varieties:Money maker,Marglobe, hundred fold,Beef eater,Hot set,Super marmandePonderosa. Processing varieties:Kenya beauty,San -marzano,Roma,Heinz 13S0,Primabel,Rutgers hybridCal- J. Nursery PracticesChoose a site which has not been grown Solanaceae crop in the last three years. Nursery beds are raised about 15cm above the ground level. Make drills of 20cm apart and 1cm deep drill and cover the seeds. Provide shade or mulch material. Water twice a day. Apply phosphatic fertilizers during planting. Seedbed PreparationThe land should be dug deeply to control weeds. TransplantingSeedlings are ready for transplanting when they are 10-15cmhigh after about one month. Holes are made at a spacing of 60cm x 90cm. Apply 20gm of DSP in the planting hole. Transplant with a ball of soil around the roots. Apply mulch around each seedling. Transplanting is normally in the evening or on a cloudy day. Field MaintenanceEarly control of weeds is necessary. Top dressing is done after crop establishes. Pruning and staking are done to train the plants to grow vertically. Pests ControlsAmerican BollwormNature of damage: boring holes on the fruits. Control: spraying insecticides. Tobacco White FlyNature of damage: suck plant sap from the underside of the leaf, hence may transmit viral diseases. Control: Destroy infected plant and spray insecticides. Disease ControlLate BlightCause: FungusSymptoms: dry patches on the leaves and fruits. Control: use of fungicides, crop rotation and destruction of affected materials. Blossom-end RotCaused by;Too much nitrogen in early stages. Irregular or infrequent watering. Calcium deficiency.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.5902102}
{"text": "Blossom-end RotCaused by;Too much nitrogen in early stages. Irregular or infrequent watering. Calcium deficiency. Control: Apply calcium ammonium nitrate and correction of the above problems. HarvestingFor canning, fruits should be fully ripe. For fresh market, fruits should be partially ripe and packed in crates to avoid damage. The fruits should be graded according to;Size,Colour,RipenessFreedom from blemishes. CabbageIt is a leaf vegetable related to other brassica crops such as kales, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage and Brussels sprouts. Cabbage leaves may be eaten raw in salads, steamed, boiled or cooked in a variety of ways. The leaves can also be fed to livestock. Ecological RequirementsAltitude:Those with small heads: 900-1500m above sea levelThose with Large heads: 1800-2700m above sea level. Temperature: require cool condition. Rainfall:750-2000mm per annum. Should be well distributed throughout the growing period. Soils:Deep,FertileWell drained. VarietiesEarly maturing:Brunswick,Sugar loaf,Early jersey,Copenhagen market,Chinese cabbage,Celery cabbage,Cafe splits koolGloria, mukuki,Golden acre . Late maturing:Drumhead,Savoy,Perfection,Winningstadt. Nursery PracticesThe beds should be raised, dimension 1 m wide and any convenient length usually 2-3m in length . Make drills of 15-20cm apart. Sow seeds by drilling and cover to a depth of 1 cm. Provide shade or mulch material. Apply phosphatic fertilizers and mix thoroughly with soil during planting. Water twice a day. Seedbed PreparationCultivation should be done during the dry season so that all the weeds are killed. Dig holes at the spacing of 60cm x 60cm. Incorporate farm yard manure in the soil. TransplantingWater the seedlings before uprooting. Seedlings are ready for transplanting after one month that is when they are 1O-15cm in height. Select healthy and vigorous seedlings. Transplant the seedlings with balls of soil to prevent root damage. Plant to the same depth as they were in the nursery. Field MaintenanceApply fertilizers during planting and top dress later. Control weeds to reduce competition.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.6240227}
{"text": "Plant to the same depth as they were in the nursery. Field MaintenanceApply fertilizers during planting and top dress later. Control weeds to reduce competition. Pest ControlDiamond Black MothDamage: Eats the underside of the leaf making windows or holes in the leaf. Control: Spray recommended insecticides. CutwormsDamage: Attacks the stem at the ground level causing he plant to fall. Control: Spray recommended insecticides. Disease ControlBlack RotCause: BacteriaSymptoms: Leaves turn yellow and rotting of the stem giving an offensive odour,Control: Closed season, crop rotation, use certified seeds and spray appropriate chemicals. Black LegCause: FungusSymptoms: Brown to black spots on seedlings and dark canker on the stem. Control: crop rotation, destroy infected materials. HarvestingCabbages are ready for harvesting 3-4 months after transplanting. The heads are cut when they are solid and compact. Harvested cabbages are sold immediately. Carrots Daucus carota It is a root vegetable grown in the cool areas of Kenya. It is commonly eaten raw in salads but can also be cooked. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 0-2,900m above sea level. Rainfall:750 - 1,000mm. Well distributed throughout the growing period. Soils:It requires deep,Fine tilthWell drained soils that are free from obstacles to allow for root expansion. Temperatures: it requires cool to warm temperatures as very high temperatures result in the production of pale and short roots. VarietiesFresh market varieties for example Chantenay and Nantes. Canning varieties for example NantesFodder varieties for example Oxhast. Land PreparationThe field should be well dug to a depth of about 20cm. The soil clods should be broken to give a fine tilth before planting. Manure should not be applied as it induces forking which reduces the crop quality. PlantingCarrots are planted directly into the main seedbed. Seeds are drilled into rows made 20-30cm apart. The seeds are then covered lightly and the soil pressed down. 90kg ha of DSP should be applied at planting time in the drills. It should be mixed well with the soils before placing the seeds. Field PracticeThinning -- it is done 2 weeks after germination.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.6583023}
{"text": "90kg ha of DSP should be applied at planting time in the drills. It should be mixed well with the soils before placing the seeds. Field PracticeThinning -- it is done 2 weeks after germination. Weed control- the field should be kept weed free. Earthing up should be done while weeding to encourage root expansion .. Topdressing: after weeding 60kg of nitrogen per hectare should be applied as top dress. Irrigation - this should be carried out where or when there is not enough rainfall. Pest ControlCarrots do not have many field pests except the green aphids. These can be controlled by use of the appropriate pesticides. Disease ControlOccasionally attached by the mildews especially in wet and humid environment. Thinning can be done to reduce humid conditions. Harvesting and MarketingCarrots are ready for harvesting 3-5 months after planting depending on the variety. They are lifted from the soil and sold fresh or canned. Onions Allium cepa Onions are bulb vegetables grown in the warm areas of Kenya. They are used as a vegetable in salads and for flavouring foods, soups and stews. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 0-2, 100m above sea level. Rainfall:1,000mm of rain per yearIrrigation in dry areas . Soils:Requires well drained fertile soilspH of 6.0 - 7.0 . Temperatures:Onions are a warm climate crops. However, some varieties prefer cool conditions. They require a fairly long dry period for ripening. VarietiesRed creole,Tropicana hybridWhite creole. Land PreparationThe land should be well prepared leaving a fine tilth. Farm yard manure at 40 - 50 tonnes per hectare should be applied and mixed well with the soil. PlantingDirect: Seeds are drilled in rows 30cm apart and 8cm within the rows. 20kg ha of DSP fertilizer is used. Indirect: Seeds are established in the nurseries before transplanting them in rows 30cm apart and 8 cm within the rows. Shallow planting is recommended for bulb expansion. Field Management PracticesThinningIt is carried out only in the crop that has been directly planted so as to achieve spacing of 8cm between two plants within the row. The thinned plants referred to as spring onions are used as vegetables in salads.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.6471832}
{"text": "Shallow planting is recommended for bulb expansion. Field Management PracticesThinningIt is carried out only in the crop that has been directly planted so as to achieve spacing of 8cm between two plants within the row. The thinned plants referred to as spring onions are used as vegetables in salads. TopdressingCalcium ammonium nitrate at the rate of 250kg per hectare is recommended for topdressing onions. This is done 3 months after planting. Pest ControlOnion Thrips:These cause silvering and withering of leaves from the tips downwards. They are controlled by spraying with appropriate insecticides such as Diazinon or fenthion. Disease ControlPurple Blotch and Downey MildewPurple blotch;Characterized by oval greyish lesions with purple centres on leaves. This causes leaf curling and die back. Downey mildew;Characterized by brown spores covering the leaves leading to death of the whole plant. The two diseases are effectively controlled by crop rotation and application of appropriate fungicides. Harvesting and MarketingOnions are ready for harvesting 5 months after planting. When leaves start drying the tops are broken or bent at the neck. This hastens the withering of the stems. The bulbs are then dug out and left to dry in a shade for a few days. Onions are graded according to size and marketed in nets of about 14 -16kgs. Livestock Health I Introduction to Livestock Health IntroductionHealth is the state of the body in which all the organs and systems are normal and functioning normally. Disease is any deviation from the normal health of the animal. Importance of Keeping Livestock Healthy:Healthy animals give high income due to low treatment costs. The productive life span of a healthy animal is longer. High production. Healthy animals can multiply regularly. Healthy animals give high quality products for example eggs. Safety of consumers of livestock products. Predisposing Factors to Livestock DiseasesThese are conditions within or around the animal that make it easy for an animal to contract a disease. They include:Animal factors such as;species,breed,age,sexcolour of the animal. Environmental factors such as;chilling,being rained on,exposure to hot sundampness. Management factors such as;poor feeding,housing,handlinghygiene,overcrowding .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.6818225}
{"text": "They include:Animal factors such as;species,breed,age,sexcolour of the animal. Environmental factors such as;chilling,being rained on,exposure to hot sundampness. Management factors such as;poor feeding,housing,handlinghygiene,overcrowding . Signs of ILL-Health in LivestockAbnormal behaviour for example separation from the rest of the herd and restlessness. Abnormal posture for example limping and lameness. Alimentary canal disfunction such as blood stained faeces and abnormal defecation, diarrhoea and dysentery. Urination: high frequency or too low and having strange colour. Skin: rough with scaly skin, blisters on the skin and hair loss. Causes of DiseasesPathogenic causes ;viruses,rickettsia,bacteria,protozoafungi. Physical causes;fractures,dislocation,sprains . Nutritional disorders for example milk fever. Chemical causes for example poisoning by agrochemicals. Categories of DiseasesNotifiable diseases ;These are diseases which cause high economic losses. Any case should be reported to the Chiefs, D.O.s, veterinary officers or the police. Tick-borne diseases - Transmitted by ticks. Breeding diseases - Transmitted through mating. Nutritional diseases for example milk fever and bloat. Parasitic diseases for example ascariosis. General Methods of Disease ControlQuarantine. Vaccination. Control of vectors by use of acaricides and rotational grazing. Disinfecting the equipment and buildings. Use of preventive drugs. Proper feeding of livestock. Culling of the animals which are carriers slaughtering the affected animals. Use of artificial insemination to control breeding diseases. Proper selection and breeding of animals. Proper housing and hygiene,Isolating sick animals. Appropriate Methods of Handling LivestockAnimals are handled for the following reasons:When inspecting the animal to ascertain any abnormality or signs of diseases. When administering any form of treatment such as drenching, injection and mastitis control. When spraying or hand dressing the animal with chemicals to control external parasites. When milking the animal. When performing some of the management practices such as dehorning, disbudding, castration, hoof trimming . When carrying out these activities animals should be restrained in a crush.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.7026117}
{"text": "When milking the animal. When performing some of the management practices such as dehorning, disbudding, castration, hoof trimming . When carrying out these activities animals should be restrained in a crush. Other methods of restraining animals include the use of;halters,ropes,bull ringlead stick. Livestock Health II Parasites IntroductionA parasite is an organism which obtains its livelihood from another organism host which suffers damage. Parasitism is the association between a parasite and a host. The effects of parasite on the host animal are:Depriving the host of its food. Sucking blood. Damaging the organs of the host. Cause irritation on the skin of the host. Destruction of hides and skins. Transmission of diseases. Cause obstruction in body passages. General Symptoms of Parasites Infestation:Emaciation. Pot bellied condition. Swellings in the jaw or other areas. Rough hair or rough coat. Anaemia. Diarrhoea. Presence of worm segments and blood stains in the defecation. Types of ParasitesThere are two types of parasites:External ecto-parasites Internal endo-parasites External parasites are;ticks,tsetse flies,mites,lice,fleaskedsLife Cycle of ticksEggs are laid in cracks on the ground. They hatch in 4-6 weeks into larvae which climb on the grass waiting for a passing animal. One-Host TickThis requires one host to complete its life cycle. Example: blue tick Boophilus decoloratus . Preferred sites: face, neck, dewlap and side of the body. Disease transmitted: Redwater and anaplasmosis. Two-Host TickThis requires two different hosts to complete its life cycle. Example: The red legged tick Rhipicephalus everts Preferred sites: Ears, anus, udder and the tail. Disease transmitted: Redwater and east coast fever. Example: Bont legged tick amblyomma spp. Preferred sites: Udder, scrotum and tail switch. Disease transmitted: Sweating sickness. Three-Host TickThis requires three hosts to complete its life cycle. Example: The brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Preferred sites: Ears, tail switch and around the eyes. Disease transmitted: East coast fever and redwater.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.756972}
{"text": "Three-Host TickThis requires three hosts to complete its life cycle. Example: The brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Preferred sites: Ears, tail switch and around the eyes. Disease transmitted: East coast fever and redwater. Bont tick transmit heartwater amblyomma spp. Control of TicksDipping spraying hand dressing with acaricides. Rotational grazing. Ploughing the land to break the life cycle. Hand picking and killing. Fencing of the grazing fields to keep off other animals including wild game. Burning of grass to kill them in various stages. Endo-parasites internal Parasites Endoparasites are helminths. They can be divided into:Platyhelminthes flatworms which include;Trematodes flukes Cestodes tapeworms . Nemato-helminthes nematodes. E.g Roundworms. General Symptoms of HelminthiasisDiarrhoea which foul the anal and tail region. Dullness. Anaemia. Big stomach pot bellied condition . Presence of worm segments in faeces. Coughing. Trematodes Liver Fluke There are two species of flukes:Fasciola giganticaFasciola hepatica. Fasciola hepatica is more common. It is commonly found in the liver and bile duct of cattle, sheep and goats. Liver fluke is a problem in marshy and low lying wet areas. Life Cycle of the Liver FlukeAdult fluke in the liver of the primary host lays eggs. Eggs pass through the bile duct into the small intestines and are passed out in faeces onto the pasture. Under moist conditions, they hatch into a miracidium larva which swims about in search of a secondary host fresh water snails . In the snail, it develops through sporocyst, redia and cercaria. When it leaves the snail, the cercaria gets encysted on vegetation and becomes metacercaria. This is swallowed by the primary host with grass. The young fluke migrates into the liver through blood vessels when it matures. Control of Liver FlukeKeep livestock off marshy areas near the rivers streams lakes and dams. Drench affected animals. Drainage of swampy areas.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.7261333}
{"text": "Control of Liver FlukeKeep livestock off marshy areas near the rivers streams lakes and dams. Drench affected animals. Drainage of swampy areas. Eradicate the intermediate host by use of molluscicides. Provide water to livestock in elevated troughs. TapewormsThere are many species of tapewormsEexample;Taenia soliumTaenia saginata. The adults live in the small intestines of man the primary host . The intermediate host of Taenia solium is pig . The intermediate host of Taenia saginata is cattle. Life Cycle of TapewormAdult tapeworms live in man's intestines where it lays eggs. Eggs are passed out with faeces,Then they develop an outer covering known as onchosphere. The eggs are swallowed by intermediate host. The outer covering is digested and the young worm emerges. This bores into the blood vessels and is carried to specific muscles such as the tongue, heart, thigh muscles. It develops into an encysted form called bladder-worm. When the animal is killed and meat is eaten raw or in an inadequately cooked form, man gets infected by the bladder-worm. In man, the bladder-worm evaginates and attaches itself onto the intestinal wall where it develops into an adult. Control of TapewormsMeat should be well cooked before eating. Use of drugs in primary host. Meat inspection by meat inspectors veterinary officers. Use of pit latrines by man. Nematodes Roundworms Common ones are;Ascaris suum pig roundworms ,Ascaris lumbricoides found in man and sheepHaemonchus contortus found in sheep, cattle and goats. Roundworms are common in warm areas especially in areas where the standards of hygiene and sanitation are low. Nature of DamageDamage is done to the liver and lung tissues as they migrate in the body. Suck out blood. Deprive the host of food. Control of RoundwormsUse of drugs. Rotational grazing. Use of proper stocking rates to avoid overgrazing. Practicing high standards of cleanliness and hygiene such as use of latrines. Livestock Production II Nutrition IntroductionAnimals are fed for the purpose of production and body maintenance. The edible material given to animals is called food.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.747286}
{"text": "Practicing high standards of cleanliness and hygiene such as use of latrines. Livestock Production II Nutrition IntroductionAnimals are fed for the purpose of production and body maintenance. The edible material given to animals is called food. It is digested, absorbed and utilized in the body. Nutrients are organic and inorganic substances contained in the food materials. Components of Food materialwater,protein,carbohydrates,fats and oils,vitaminsmineral salts. WaterSourcesFree water through drinking Bound water contained in feeds . Metabolic water obtained from oxidation of food . FunctionsRegulates body temperature. Transport agent in the body. Universal solvent in the body. Gives shape to the cells turgidity . Acts as a lubricant. Acts as constituent of body fluids. Factors Determining the Requirements of Water by LivestockProduction level. Amount of dry matter eaten. Temperature of the surrounding area. Type of animal. Type of food eaten. ProteinSources:Groundnut cakes,cotton seed cakes,fish meal,meat meal. Functions:Growth of new tissues. Repair of worn out tissues body building . Synthesis of antibodies. Synthesis of hormones and enzymes. Production of energy during starvation. Digestion of ProteinsIn non-ruminants, protein digestion takes placed in the stomach. Food is subjected to mechanical breakdown through chewing into small particles. Protein is acted on by enzymes to turn into amino acid which is assimilated into the bloodstream. In ruminants, protein digestion initially takes place in the rumen. Food is acted on by micro-organisms into microbial protein. Later, enzymatic action takes place in the \"true stomach\" or abomasum where proteins are broken down into amino acids which are then assimilated into the bloodstream. CarbohydratesSources:Cereals,tuberscommercially mixed feeds. Functions:Supply energy and heat to the body. Excess is stored in form of fat for insulation of the body. Digestion of CarbohydratesIn non-ruminants;carbohydrate feeds are broken down by chewing into small particles. Then enzymatic action further breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, fructose and galactose which are then assimilated into the bloodstream. In ruminants;mechanical breakdown of carbohydrate feeds is followed by microbial activities which break down cellulose into volatile fatty acids. These are absorbed through the rumen walls.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.7854033}
{"text": "Then enzymatic action further breaks down carbohydrates into glucose, fructose and galactose which are then assimilated into the bloodstream. In ruminants;mechanical breakdown of carbohydrate feeds is followed by microbial activities which break down cellulose into volatile fatty acids. These are absorbed through the rumen walls. Some carbohydrates are broken down by enzymatic action in the \"true stomach\" or abomasum. Fats and OilsSources:Cotton seeds,soya beansgroundnuts. Functions:Supply energy and heat to the body. Excess is stored as fat adipose tissues. Source of metabolic water in the body. Required for the development of neural system. Insulator in the body. Digestion of lipids in RuminantsFats are hydrolysed in the rumen into fatty acids and glycerol. Others are fermented into propionic acid,The shorter chains are passed to the true stomach where enzymatic action takes place. VitaminsSources:Green materials,dried grassfish liver oil. Functions:Protects the body against diseases. Regulate the functions of all parts of the body. It acts as a co-enzyme in the body. Examples:Vitamin A,vitamin B2vitamin C,vitamin Evitamin K. MineralsSources:Salt licks,bone meal,legumescereals. Functions:Form part of the tissues such as bones and teeth. Work together with the enzymes. Act as acid -base balances. Act as electrolyte in the body. Regulate osmotic balance in the body. Examples:Calcium,phosphorus,magnesium,iron,iodine,sodiumchlorine. Calcium and phosphorus -Needed for teeth and bone formation. Lack of these minerals leads to rickets, osteomalacia. Lack of iron leads to anaemia. Classification of Animal FeedsThis is based on nutrient composition:Roughages. Concentrates. Feed additives. RoughagesAre feeds of low available nutrients per unit weight and high fibre content. Examples:Dry roughages,succulent roughages,residues from agricultural by products and conserved materials. CharacteristicsLow level of available nutrients. Have high level of calcium especially legumes. Good source of vitamin A. Have high fibre content. ConcentratesAre feeds of high available nutrients per unit weight.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.8008478}
{"text": "Good source of vitamin A. Have high fibre content. ConcentratesAre feeds of high available nutrients per unit weight. Examples:Maize germ and bran,malt extract,milk products,soyabeans,oil seed cakes,meat meal,bonemealbloodmeal. CharacteristicsLow fibre content. Feed content is consistently high. High digestibility of the feed. High in nutrient content. Feed AdditivesThese are substances added to the feed to increase;palatability,medicationor hormones to make animals produce more. There are two types:Nutritive additives, such as mineral licks maclick . Non-nutritives additives, such as;medicants coccidiostats ,Stilboestrol used in beef animals oxytocin to increase milk let down . FunctionsStimulate growth and production. Improve feed efficiency. Prevent disease causing organisms. Compounded FeedsThese are the feeds prepared and mixed by use of machines. These feeds can be round, pelleted, pencils, cubes or mash. Poultry feeds can be categorized as:Chick mash having 20 D.C.P. given to chicks. Growers mash having 16 D.C.P. given to growers. Layers mash having 12-15 D.C.P. given to layers. Meaning of terms used to express feed valuesNutritive ratio NR :Is the proportion of protein to carbohydrates and fats. In young animals 1:3:6In old animals 1:8. Crude protein C.P : Is the total amount of protein contained in a feed. Digestible Crude Protein D.C.P : Is the portion of crude protein which an animal is capable of digesting. Crude Fibre C.F. :Is the total amount of fibre contained in a feed. It is mainly lignin and cellulose. Digestible Fibre D.F. : Is the portion of the total fibre contained in a feed which an animal is capable of digesting. Dry Matter D.M. : Is the material left in a feed after water has been removed. Starch equivalent S.E. : Is the amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed. Total Digestible Nutrients T.D.N. : Is the sum of all the digestible organic nutrients such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates and fibre.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.8178897}
{"text": "Dry Matter D.M. : Is the material left in a feed after water has been removed. Starch equivalent S.E. : Is the amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed. Total Digestible Nutrients T.D.N. : Is the sum of all the digestible organic nutrients such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates and fibre. Computation of Livestock RationsRation:Is the amount of food that will provide essential nutrients to an animal in a 24 hour periodto enable that animal to meet its maintenance and production requirements. Balanced ration:Is the ration that contains all the essential nutrients in required amounts and in the right proportion. Maintenance ration:is the portion of a feed required by an animal to continue with the vital body processes with no loss or gain in weight. Production ration:Is the feed required by animals over and above maintenance ration to enable the animal to produce;for example; milk, eggs, wool, grow in size, perform work, reproduce and fatten. Steps in ration formulationFinding out the animal's feed requirement based on body weight. List all the available feeds, with their nutrient composition and their prices. Calculate the amount of ingredients required in the ration to meet the animals needs. Methods used in ration formulationTrial and error methodPearson s square methodGraphical methodLinear programming use of computers Examples;Mix a Pigs ration 22 protein using soya bean meal 40 DCP and maize meal containing 8 DCP. Soya bean meal 14 100 43.75kg32Maize meal 18 100 56.25kg32Digestion and digestive systemsDigestion is the process through which food is broken down into small particles in the alimentary canal ready for absorption into the blood stream. Digestion of food in livestock takes place in three stages;Mechanical breakdown and chewingMicrobial breakdown by bacteria and protozoa in the rumen of ruminantsChemical breakdown by enzymes. Rumen-Breakdown of food by micro-organisms and also stores food. Synthesis of vitamin B-complex. Synthesis of amino acids from ammonia gas. Proteins are broken to peptides and amino acids. Carbohydrates are broken to volatile fatty acids. Reticulum:Separates large food particles from the small particles. Retains foreign materials such as stones, hard wood and sand.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.8452742}
{"text": "Carbohydrates are broken to volatile fatty acids. Reticulum:Separates large food particles from the small particles. Retains foreign materials such as stones, hard wood and sand. Omasum:Breaks up food by grinding. Reduction of water content from the feed stuff. Abomasum:Enzymatic digestion takes place here ..Contains some microbes which digest cellulose. Breaks up food by grinding. It is also found in non-ruminants. Comparison Between Digestion in Ruminant and Non-ruminantsDifferencesFunctions of the Parts of PoultryCrop:Storage of food. Softening of food by secretions from small glands in the walls. Proventriculus: Enzymes start the breakdown of food. Gizzard:-Crushes and grinds the coarse food has small grit and gravel .Comparison Between Digestion In Ruminants and Non-RuminantsSimilarities Between Digestion In Ruminants and Non-RuminantsDigestion in young ruminants is similar to that in non-ruminants as they do not have a developed rumen-reticulum complex. Final protein digestion takes place in the small intestines in both cases. Water absorption takes place in the colon in both ruminants and non ruminants.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-2-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.8515322}
{"text": "FORM ONE AGRICULTURE NOTESINTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTUREThe word Agriculture is derived from two Latin words Ager which means field and cultura that means cultivation. Therefore agriculture can be defined as field cultivation. Livestock are all the domesticated animals. Definition of agriculture:Agriculture is defined as the art and science of crop and livestock production. As an artInvolves use of learned skills and performing them manually by hand . E.g. Tilling of land. Construction of farm structures. Measuring distances. Machine operations. Harvesting of crops. Feeding and handling animals. Marketing of Agricultural produce. As a scienceIt involves experimentation and application of scientific knowledge e.g. in areas such as:Soil science pedology ---study of soil. Crop pathology Study of crop diseases. Entomology--- Study of insects and their control. Agricultural Engineering--- soil and water conservation and farm power. Genetics Plant and animal breeding. Production --- Are activities that increase the quality and quantity of something. Crop production activities include: land preparation, planting, fertilizer and manure application, weeding, pest control, disease control and harvesting. Livestock production activities include:Selection and breeding. Feeding. Rearing the young stock. Parasite and disease control. Housing. Obtaining products from animals. Branches of agricultureCrop production: e.g. Field crop farming, pomology, Floriculture, olericulture.etc. Livestock production: e.g. Apiculture, Poultry keeping, aquaculture.etc. Soil science. Agricultural Economics. Agricultural Engineering. Crop farming or Arable farming: Is the cultivation of crops on cultivated land. E.g. In pure stands monocropping or mixed stands intercropping . Include:Field crops: Are crops grown on large areas of land. Are either Annual crops like cereals and pulses or perennial crops e.g. coffee, tea, sisal, cane etc. Horticultural crops: Are perishable crops and are exported to earn foreign exchange. Include:Floriculture: Growing of flowers e.g. tuber rose, roses, and carnations. Olericulture: Growing of vegetables e.g. French beans, cabbages, tomatoes.etc.. Pomology: Growing of fruits e.g. avocado, mangoes and citrus.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.867411}
{"text": "French beans, cabbages, tomatoes.etc.. Pomology: Growing of fruits e.g. avocado, mangoes and citrus. Livestock farming: Include:Pastoralism mammalian livestock farming . Is the rearing of farm animals on pastures. E.g. cattle, goats, pigs, sheep, camels and rabbits. Fish farming Aquaculture ; Is the rearing of fish in fish ponds. Fish is a cheap source of proteins. Bee keeping: Apiculture ; Is the rearing of bees in bee hives. Bees provide ; Honey and Wax, income, Medicine, pollination of flowers.etc. Poultry keeping; Is the rearing of birds for meat and eggs, manure, income. Etc. Include classes of birds such as chicken most common , Ducks, geese, Ostrich, pigeon and Turkeys etc. Agricultural Economics: Deals with utilization of scarce resources i.e. of land, labour, capital and management. It aims at maximizing output while minimizing costs. Agricultural Engineering; Deals with use and maintenance of farm tools and equipment, farm machinery and farm structures. FARMING SYSTEMSA farming system is an organization of the farm and all the enterprises in relation to each other. It can be extensive or intensive. Extensive systemCharacteristicsLarge tracts of land. Low capital investment per unit area. Low labour per unit area. Low yields per unit area. Intensive systemCharacteristicsSmall tracts of land. High capital per unit area. High labour investment per unit area. High yields per unit area. Extensive or intensive farming can be carried out on small or large scale of land. The scale of production depends on:Level of technology. Land availability. Capital availability. Skilled labour available. Large Scale FarmingCharacteristicsLarge tracts of land. Heavy capital investment. Skilled labour and qualified man power. High level of management. It s for commercial purpose. Low operation costs per unit of production since it makes use of economies of scale. Depends on efficient transport. Requires good market system. Most of the work is mechanized. Provides more employment. It includes plantation farming and Ranching. Plantation farming. CharacteristicsLarge tracts of land. Production of only one crop.e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.880724}
{"text": "Plantation farming. CharacteristicsLarge tracts of land. Production of only one crop.e.g. Tea plantations in Kiambu and Kericho, Coffee in Kiambu, Sugarcane in Muhoroni, Sisal in Mombasa, Pineapple in Thika. Ranching : Is the keeping of livestock beef animals in marginal range areas. It is an improved pastoral-nomadism because:Animals are enclosed in an area. Diseases are controlled. Pastures are improved. Supplementary feeds and water are provided. Pests and parasites are controlled. There is provision of extension staff. N.B The livestock carrying capacity is low because of limited pasture. Ranching is becoming more and more common in Kenya because of:High meat demand. High population pressure on high potential areas. Arable farming is becoming smaller. Small Scale FarmingCharacteristicsSmall piece of land. Use of improved technology. Production of crops and livestock is spread throughout the year. Goods are produced for subsistence or commercial purpose I,e sale of surplus goods.. Does not require heavy capital investment. AdvantagesLittle capital is required. Source of livelihood to small scale farmers. Methods of FarmingMixed FarmingThis is the growing of crops and rearing of animals on the same farm. AdvantagesIt is a method of diversification whereby should one enterprise fail, the farmer can benefit from the other. There is mutual benefit between the crops and livestock where crops provide feed for livestock and animals provide them with farm yard manure. There is maximum utilization of resources. DisadvantagesLabour intensive. High initial capital required. Farmer s attention is divided. Nomadic PastoralismPastoralism: This is the practice of rearing livestock on natural pastures. Nomadism: This is the practice of moving from one place to another. Pastoral nomadism is therefore the moving of animals from one place to another in search of pasture and water. This is common in the arid and semi-arid areas. Shifting CultivationFarming on a piece of land continuously until it is exhausted after which the farmer moves to a new more fertile land. It is applicable where;Land is abundantPopulation is sparseNumber of livestock per unit area is low. Land is communally owned.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.924043}
{"text": "Shifting CultivationFarming on a piece of land continuously until it is exhausted after which the farmer moves to a new more fertile land. It is applicable where;Land is abundantPopulation is sparseNumber of livestock per unit area is low. Land is communally owned. Advantages of shifting cultivationIt has low capital requirementThere is no pests and diseases build-upSoil structure is maintainedNo land disputes as land ownership is not individualized. Disadvantages of shifting cultivationTotal yields per unit are is lowFarmers have no incentive to develop land and conserve water and soilA lot of time is wasted when the farmer is shifting and building structures. Not applicable in areas of high population density or where there is high population increase. Iv AgroforestryAgroforestry - Involves growing of trees and crops and keeping of animals on the same piece of land at the same time. Suitable tree species for agroforestryLeucaena leucocephalaGravillea robustaCalliandra catothrysusMangifera indicaSesbania sesbanLantana camaraCajanus cajanAdvantages of AgroforestrySaves labour since some operations can be done at once for both plants and treesGives higher combined yieldProvide wide variety of agricultural produceReduces the risks of total failureCrops benefit from nitrogen fixing trees. Trees help in holding the soil firmlySome trees act as livestock fodder. Provides a wider variety of agricultural produce. Disadvantages of AgroforestryMechanization is difficult. Use of pesticides and fertilizer may be difficult. Productivity may suffer because the skills for managing the different treesFACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTUREHUMAN FACTORS. They are factors in human beings or the way human beings do things. The following is a list of human factors that influence agricultural production. Levels of education and technologyThis is translated as the ability of a producer who is a farmer to apply appropriate methods and techniques in production using available resources for example, Farmer weighing livestock food to ensure efficiencyGood education level makes a farmer able to understand and translate technical language in farming.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.9085214}
{"text": "They are factors in human beings or the way human beings do things. The following is a list of human factors that influence agricultural production. Levels of education and technologyThis is translated as the ability of a producer who is a farmer to apply appropriate methods and techniques in production using available resources for example, Farmer weighing livestock food to ensure efficiencyGood education level makes a farmer able to understand and translate technical language in farming. Health of the farmersA healthy nation is a productive nationThe following are some of the diseases that contribute to lowering agricultural productivityMalaria,Tuberculosis,Typhoid,Pneumonia and HIV AIDSEffects of HIV AIDS on farmingLoss of skilled labourTime spent caring for the infectedMoney spent on treatmentState of economic developmentThe capital earned from economic activities such as farming is used to raise economic growth in the country. Transport and communication networkGood and efficient infrastructure is important for the smooth flow of farm produce from the farm to the consumer. The improvement of technology in communication has improved farmers access to important information from the research stations and other fellow farmersGovernment policy on agricultural input and produce taxationThe government of Kenya, through different ministries formulates guidelines to be followed by producers of different products. After the guidelines and proposals are legislated they become policiesAvailability of storage facilitiesCultural and religious beliefs. Local and International market forcesHuman Factors which improve productionGood health of the farmerAvailability of moneyHigh taxation on imported agricultural produceAvailability of ready market for agricultural produceAvailability of storage facilitiesLiberalized marketHuman Factors which lower productionRestrictive cultural and religious beliefsPoor road networkBIOTIC FACTORS. These are living organisms that affect agricultural production. Biotic factors influencing agriculture can be divided into the following classes. Crop pests: stalk borer damaging maize in the fieldDecomposers: Cause rotting of organic matter there by releasing nutrients for crop growth. They help in improving soil structure through incorporating organic matter into the soil. Nitrogen fixing Bacteria: Nitrogen fixing bacteria are found in root nodules of leguminous plants. Improve crop production through increasing soil nitrogen content which crops require for proper growth. Livestock parasites: suck blood and transmit diseases to animalsPollinators: Bee pollinating maize flower. Pollination in crop production increases yields and viability of seeds. Predators: Eagles can eat chicken, rabbits among other livestock.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.9641654}
{"text": "Livestock parasites: suck blood and transmit diseases to animalsPollinators: Bee pollinating maize flower. Pollination in crop production increases yields and viability of seeds. Predators: Eagles can eat chicken, rabbits among other livestock. Eagle can also eat insects and pests for example rats, moles and birds which destroy crops. Pathogens: Causes diseases in livestock and crops thereby lowering quality of produce. Increase cost of production when control measures are implemented. Introduce toxic substances into agricultural products thereby lowering the quality of the produce. Can cause death to crops and animals. Effects of Biotic Factors on Agricultural Production1. PestsFeed on crops thereby lowering quantity of agricultural produce. Feed on grains thereby affecting viability of the seedsAct as disease vectorsLower palatability of crop produceIncrease cost of production when control methods are appliedCreate entry points for disease causing organisms2. ParasitesIrritate livestockCauses anemia in livestockSome block alimentary canalLower rate of production in livestockIncrease cost of production when controlledSome lower quality of hides and skinsSome absorb food meant for the livestock thereby lowering the level of production. Some for example ticks transmit disease causing organisms. CLIMATIC FACTORS. Climatic factors include:RainfallPoor rainfall distribution results to wilting of cropsExcess rainfall can cause soil erosionExcess rainfall can result to crop failure due to flooding. The four aspects of rainfall which affect agricultural production include:-Rainfall AmountRainfall amount refers to quantity of rainfall received in a given area for a period of one year. Rainfall amount is measured using a rain gauge in millimeters per annum. The amount of rainfall determines the crops grown in an area. Rainfall distributionThis refers to the spread of rainfall over the year. Rainfall distribution is very poor in Kenya and therefore irrigation is necessary to supplement the short supply. Rainfall reliabilityThis refers to the certainty with which a given amount of rain is expected in a given place in the year. Rainfall IntensityThis refers to the strength with which rain falls; it is therefore measured in terms of amount per hour. Rainfall of low intensity is preferred as it improves water infiltration into the soil and causes less soil erosion. TemperatureTemperature is the coldness or hotness of a place. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius using a thermometer. Temperature is influenced by altitude and topography.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406298.963729}
{"text": "TemperatureTemperature is the coldness or hotness of a place. Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius using a thermometer. Temperature is influenced by altitude and topography. Temperature decreases with increase in altitude, such that for every 300 meters rise in altitude above sea level temperature decreases by1.7-2.2 degrees Celsius. Each crop has a temperature range within which it can grow referred to as the cardinal range of temperature. For crops to grow well and produce high yields, they require a narrow temperature range within the cardinal range referred to as optimum range of temperatureEffects of temperature on agricultureLow temperatureSlow growth rate. High incidences of disease such as CDB in coffee. Improvement of quality in crops such as tea and pyrethrum. High temperatureHigh evaporation rate hence wilting in crops. Hasten the rate of maturity due to increased growth rate. Improvement of quality in crops such as pineapples and oranges. Increase incidences of diseases such as leaf rust in coffee. Increased incidences of pest infestation such as aphids in vegetables. Effects of altitude on agricultureKenya is divided into three ecological zones which include;Low altitude zone o - 1500 meters above sea levelMedium altitude zone 1500 - 2500 meters above sea levelHigh altitude zone above 2500 meters above sea levelCrops perform differently when grown in each of these ecological zones and therefore each crop has its most suitable zone for maximum performance as illustrated below. WindWind refers to air in motion. Below is a list of effects of strong wind on agricultural production. Blowing and bringing rain bearing cloudsDestruction of farm structuresStrong wind may course lodging in weak plants. Wind erosion on bare landIncreases rate of moisture evaporationIncrease spread of pests and diseasesAgent of dispersal. Pollination in crops. LightLight is the source of energy which plants require for photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants manufacture food using water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Aspects of light that influence agriculturei .Light intensity. This is the strength with which light hits the surface of the earth. Ii Light durationThis is the period of time the plants are exposed to light recorded using a Campbell sunshine recorderPhotoperiodismThis is the response of plants toward light duration. Long day plantsThese are plants which require more than 12 hours of lighting to flower and produce fruits or seeds e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.0067768}
{"text": "This is the strength with which light hits the surface of the earth. Ii Light durationThis is the period of time the plants are exposed to light recorded using a Campbell sunshine recorderPhotoperiodismThis is the response of plants toward light duration. Long day plantsThese are plants which require more than 12 hours of lighting to flower and produce fruits or seeds e.g. some wheat varietiesShort day plantsThese are plants which require less than 12 hours of lighting to flower and produce e.g MaizeDay neutral plantsThese are plants which produce flowers regardless of the duration of lighting they have been exposed to e.g Tobacco. Iii Light wavelength:This refers to the type or quality of light. A wavelength is the distance between two corresponding points of a light wave. Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of light which are not present in artificial light unless it is ultra violet or infra red. NB Green houses can be used to control the temperature, relative humidity and light duration and intensity. Relative Humidity. This is the amount of water vapour held by air at a given temperature. At high humidity the rate of evaporation is low and vice versa. EDAPHIC SOIL FACTORSSoil is a mixture of weathered rock and decayed organic matter. It supports plant growth by providing anchorage nutrients and water. Topsoil covers most of the earth and it contains minerals, organic matter, air, water and living organisms. Soil FormationSoil is formed through the process of weathering. Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of the parent rock near the earth s surface. Parent rock is first broken into smaller fragments and eventually into individual constituent minerals. The individual minerals combine to form the soil. Weathering is a continuous process and it takes hundreds of years to form a centimeter of the soil. Weathering involves breakdown disintegration and building up synthesis . Weathering process is influenced by the following factors. Climate. Parent material. Topography. Living organisms. Time. Agents of The Weathering Process. Physical agents. In this case no chemical changes are involved. These include wind, water, moving ice and temperature. Strong winds carry materials which hit against each other and break into smaller fragments. Raindrops hit the ground with some force causing soil erosion. Moving ice causes rocks to disintegrate. High temperatures in the arid areas cause the rocks to at different rates. During the night, temperatures drop making the rock to contract.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.008327}
{"text": "Moving ice causes rocks to disintegrate. High temperatures in the arid areas cause the rocks to at different rates. During the night, temperatures drop making the rock to contract. The rock surface contracts faster than the inside. This unequal contraction causes the rocks to disintegrate. In places with very low temperature, water gets into the cracks, freezes and becomes ice. As water turns into ice, it increases in volume pushing the rock apart hence disintegration. Biological agents. This involves living organisms. Large animals like elephants and cattle exert pressure on rocks as they move causing them to break. Mans activities such as mining, quarrying, road construction and earth moving breaks rocks into smaller fragments. Bacteria and fungi help in the breakdown of plant and animal tissues decomposition . These materials are incorporated into the soil. Termites and moles bring to the surface large quantities of fine materials. This promotes weathering by aerating lower layers of the rocks. Roots of plants force their way through rocks making them to disintegrate. They also produce acids during respiration which dissolves rock minerals. Decayed roots may mix with water forming organic acids which dissolves rock minerals. Chemical agents. This is the decay or decomposition of the rocks. It involves the following processes. Carbonation. As the rain falls through the atmosphere, it dissolves some Co2 forming weak carbonic acid. Over time this acid reacts with the rock minerals particularly calcium carbonate causing decomposition. Rain water carbon iv oxide Carbonic acid. Carbonic acid Limestone Calcium bicarbonateThe calcium bicarbonate formed in this reaction is soluble in water causing water to eventually dissolve the entire rock. Oxidation. Oxygen reacts with many elements found in rocks causing them to disintegrate. Solution. Hydrolysis. Hydration. Factors Influencing Soil FormationParent rock materialThis influences the physical and chemical properties of the soil such asThe texture of the soil e.g. granite gives coarse grained soil. Mineral composition of the soil e.g. rocks containing calcite, feldspar and ferro-magnesium minerals produce deep heavy soils rich in nutrients. The rate of soil formation e.g. limestone is easily weathered in warm humid regions and the carbonates are easily soluble. Since the parent material influences the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it therefore controls the type of vegetation in an area. ClimateHigh temperature speed up the rate of chemical reactions.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.035888}
{"text": "Limestone is easily weathered in warm humid regions and the carbonates are easily soluble. Since the parent material influences the physical and chemical properties of the soil, it therefore controls the type of vegetation in an area. ClimateHigh temperature speed up the rate of chemical reactions. Wind acts as a transport agent and carries the weathered materials from one place to another. Where a lot of weathered materials are deposited, the soils are deep and rich in nutrients. Rainfall provides water which is an important reagent during the weathering process. A lot of rain may cause rocks to break hastening the weathering process. Topography Relief This is the shape of the land in relation to the underlying rock of the earth s surface. It may quicken or slow the weathering process. The slope affects the depth of the soil and kind of vegetation growing in an area. Soils found in flat land and low lying areas tend to be more fertile than those found on higher slopes. Such areas have deeper soils. On a steep slope, erosion is high and such areas have shallow soils. Living organisms Biotic factors The presence of the various agents of biological weathering speeds up the process of soil formation. Time. The process of soil formation is very slow and takes a lot of time. Deep mature soils are found where soil forming processes have taken place over a long period. If the parent material is resistant to weathering agents, more time is required for the soil to mature. Areas with severe soil erosion have a poorly differentiated soil profile. SOIL PROFILEThis is the vertical arrangement of the soil horizons layers . The horizons show soil layers at different stages of development. Soil forming processes are continuous and the soil develops in depth resulting in the formation of the distinct sequence of soil layers. The layers differ from each other in terms of colour, organic matter content, chemical composition, porosity, depth and the arrangement of soil particles. The horizons are;Superficial layer. It s a thin layer consisting of dead decaying and decayed organic matter covering the soil. Top soil Horizon A . It lies beneath the superficial layer. It contains a lot of humus hence it s darker than the other layers. It s well aerated and contains active living organisms. It s well drained and rich in plant nutrients. Most of the roots are found here. Sub soil Horizon B . Found beneath the top soil. More compacted and less aerated than top soil.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.0476449}
{"text": "Sub soil Horizon B . Found beneath the top soil. More compacted and less aerated than top soil. May contain an impermeable layer called the hard pan which may prevent drainage and root penetration. Minerals leached from top soil accumulate here hence this layer is referred to as the layer of accumulation. It has clay deposits. Substratum weathered rock Horizon C . Made up of partly weathered rocks. Has no humus. Hard and impermeable to water. Roots of big trees may reach this layer and draw water from it during the dry season. Parent rock Bed rock Horizon D . It s found beneath the weathered rock. Soil is formed from this rock. It may contain ponds of water. NB . Between any two bordering soil layers, there is a transitional zone whereby one layer gradually merges into the next one in the series. The soil profile influences agriculture in the following ways. Topsoil contains most of the soil nutrients, well aerated and has soil microorganisms. A well developed profile holds more moisture for plant use than a shallow one. Loosely packed subsoil allows easy root penetration, drainage and aeration. Nature and composition of the bedrock determines the mineral components of the whole soil. SOIL CONSTITUENTSMineral matter. The mineral composition of the parent rock determines the mineral constituents of the soil. The mineral matter makes the framework of the soil. It holds the roots firmly in the soil giving anchorage to plants. Between the particles are spaces which are filled with water and air. DiagramOrganic matter. When the dead materials rot, they are decomposed by bacteria and fungi to form the soil organic matter. Humus is dead organic matter which is in the state of continuous chemical decomposition, transformation and construction. Humus in the soil improves the soil structure. Humus contains plant nutrients such as sulphates, nitrates, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, potassium etc. Air. The soil contains all the gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, Co2 and the rare gases. Availability of air in the soil is influenced by the type of the soil and amount of water in the soil. Oxygen is needed by plants during respiration. It is also required by microorganisms in the soil during decomposition and nitrogen fixation. Excess Co2 in the soil is poisonous to plants and microorganisms. For best crop performance, a balance of soil water and soil air has to be maintained. Water.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.1084204}
{"text": "Excess Co2 in the soil is poisonous to plants and microorganisms. For best crop performance, a balance of soil water and soil air has to be maintained. Water. Soil contains water. Soil water exists in three forms;Superfluous water. This is water occupying large air spaces macro pores . This water is loosely held by the soil and therefore easily lost. The water is readily available to plants but not useful because excess water in the soil brings about poor aeration. A lot of water in the soil causes leaching of nutrients. Capillary water. This is water occupying small pores microspores . It is held with grater force by soil particles. It is available to plants and acts as a solvent for plant nutrients. It is also referred to as available water. It leaves most of the macro pores empty allowing aeration of the soil. Hygroscopic water. This is water that forms a thin film around the soil particles. It is firmly held by soil particles making it not available to plants. Clay particles have a lot of hygroscopic water but sandy soils contain very little hygroscopic water because sandy particles have weaker forces. Importance of water to plantsA solvent for plant nutrients. Raw materials for photosynthesis. During transpiration plants lose a lot of water hence a cooling effect on them. Water makes plant cells turgid hence support. Living organisms biotic factors They are important in the soil in the process of decomposition. They are divided into ;Soil microorganismsThey include bacteria, fungi and protozoa. They help in decomposition process. Some bacteria e.g. Rhizobium spp helps in nitrogen fixation in legumes. Some microorganisms are harmful because they cause diseases. Soil macro organismsThey are larger organisms found in the soil such as moles, earthworms, termites, ants and plant roots. They burrow in the soil aerating the soil and making it loose.. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOILSoil structureThis refers to the physical appearance of soil according to how the individual soil particles are arranged, packed or aggregated. The soil structure type is determined by the general shape of the aggregates. Soil structure class is determined by the size of the aggregates. The soil structure grade is determined by the stability or cohesiveness of the aggregates. Types of soil structuresSingle grained structure. There is no aggregation at all. Particles are not cemented together. The particles are non-porous and spherical.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.0896618}
{"text": "There is no aggregation at all. Particles are not cemented together. The particles are non-porous and spherical. Mostly found in the top soil of sandy soils, arid climates and alkaline soils. Crumby soil structure. The aggregates are small, soft and porous irregular in shape. Aggregates are not closely fitted together. Granular soil structure. The aggregates have irregular shape called granules. Soil is very porous when wet. Structure is found in the topsoil of cultivated soils and in the subsoil of soils under grass or bush. Prismatic soil structure. Aggregate are arranged vertically. The vertical axis of each aggregate is longer than the horizontal axis. When the tops are rounded, they are said to be columnar and when they have flat ends they are prismatic. Platy soil structure. The aggregates are arranged on top of one another in thin horizontal plates. The structure has poor permeability, drainage and root penetration. Structure is mostly found in top horizon of soils in the forest and in clay soils. Blocky soil structure. Aggregates are arranged in rectangular blocks. Aggregates easily fit together along vertical edges. Importance of Soil Structure on Crop ProductionSoil structure influences:Soil aeration. Soil drainage and water holding capacity. Plants root penetrability and anchorage. Microbial activities in the soil. Circulation of gases in the soil. The following farming practices improve the soil structureApplication of inorganic manure into the soil. Tilling the land at the right moisture content. Crop rotation. Minimum tillage. Cover cropping. Mulching. Soil textureIt refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil. Also defined as the coarseness or fineness of the soil when felt between the fingers. Different soil particles have different sizes as shown below. Determination of Soil TextureThis can be done through;Mechanical analysis. Chemical analysis. Mechanical analysisApparatusGarden soil, sieves of different measured mesh diameter, containers and weighing balance. ProcedurePut a known amount of soil sample into a container. Crush the soil lumps without breaking the particles. Pass the soil through the sieve with the largest mesh diameter 2.00 mm and shake vigorously. Weigh the soil that remains on the sieve and record.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.133236}
{"text": "Crush the soil lumps without breaking the particles. Pass the soil through the sieve with the largest mesh diameter 2.00 mm and shake vigorously. Weigh the soil that remains on the sieve and record. Repeat the process using other sieves with mesh diameters of 0.2mm, 0.02mm and 0.002mm always using the soil that passes through the previous sieve. ObservationSoil particles left on first sieve of mesh diameter 2.00mm are called gravel. From the second sieve of 0.20mm; coarse sand particles. From the third sieve 0.02 mm ; fine sand particles. From the fourth sieve 0.002 mm ; silt particles. All the particles that pass through the fourth sieve are clay particles. Importance of soil texture on crop productionInfluences soil fertility. Affects the organic matter content. Influences the drainage of the soil. Influences soil aeration. Influences water holding capacityInfluences the capillarity or movement of water in the soil. NB Based on texture, soil can be classified as;Sandy soil. 50-80 sand, 20-50 silt and clay and 0.1-3 organic matter . Are made up of largely sand particles coarse textured . Have large air spaces hence poor in water retention. Easy to till light soils Low fertility due to leaching of minerals. Easily eroded. Free draining. These soils can be improved by addition of organic matter and fertilizers. Silty loam 20-30 sand, 70-80 silt and clay and 0.1-4 organic matter . Fine texturedWell drainedGood water holding capacity. Moderately fertile and aerated. Area acidic to moderate pH. Clayey loam soils. 20-50 sand, 20-60 silt and clay and 0.1 - 6 organic matter . Poorly drained and aeratedFine texturedHigh capillarity and water holding capacity. Slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. Rich in plant nutrients. Difficult to work on when dry or wet. Are suitable for flood irrigation of crops like rice. Clayey soils. 40 clay content Made up of largely clay particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils Poorly drained.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.1253755}
{"text": "40 clay content Made up of largely clay particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils Poorly drained. Expand when wet, crack when dry. High capillarity. Rich in plant nutrients. Are suitable for flood irrigation. They can be improved by drainage. Loamy soils. 30-50 sand, 50-70 silt and clay and 0.1 - 4 organic matter . Moderately textured and drained. Slightly acidic. Do not erode easily. Easy to work on. Have a good water holding capacity. They are the most suitable for crop production since they contain good amounts of plant nutrients and organic matter. They can be improved further by planting cover crops to maintain fertility and by adding manures and fertilizers. Soil ColourThis depends on the mineral composition of the rock and the organic matter content. Soils containing a lot of iron are brownish, yellowish or reddish in colour. Soils with a lot of silica are white. Soils with a lot of humus are dark or grey. Soil colour influences the soil temperature. Dark soils absorb and retain more heat than light coloured soils. Relatively high temperatures in the soil enhance microbial activity. Soil pHThis refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution. It is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions H or the hydroxyl ions H- in the soils solution. PH is measured using the pH scale which ranges from 1-14. A pH of less than 7 means that the soil solution is acidic. A pH of more than 7 means that the soil is alkaline. PH of 7 is neutral. As the hydroxyl ions in the soil increase, the soil becomes more alkaline and vice versa. Influence of Soil pH on Crop GrowthDetermines the type of crop to grown in a particular area. Affects the type of fertilizer to be used. Affects the availability of some nutrients e.g. at low pH phosphorous and molybdenum are less available while high pH makes manganese, potassium, iron, boron and zinc less available. Very acidic or very alkaline conditions affect activities of soil microorganisms. Modifying Soil pHThe following are applied to the soil in order to lower its pH Increase soil acidity Application of sulphur. Application of acidic fertilizers such as sulphate of ammonia.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.163908}
{"text": "Very acidic or very alkaline conditions affect activities of soil microorganisms. Modifying Soil pHThe following are applied to the soil in order to lower its pH Increase soil acidity Application of sulphur. Application of acidic fertilizers such as sulphate of ammonia. In raising its pH increase alkalinity the following is done. Application of lime which is a basic compound which raises the soil pH after some time. Application of basic fertilizers. Agricultural EconomicsAgricultural economics is defined as an applied science that aims at maximizing output while minimizing costs, by combining the limited resources of land, capital, labour and management to produce goods and services for use by the society over a period of time. Basic Economic ConceptsScarcity. The factors of production such as land, capital, labour and management are scarce or limited. The farmer therefore must decide on how to allocate the few scarce resources to the many competing production needs. Preference and ChoiceSince the available resources are limited and production needs are many, a farmer has to make a choice of how to allocate these resources. A farmer therefore has to choose one or several enterprises from very many. The choice made is determined by factors such as needs of the society, farmer s preference and ecological conditions. Opportunity CostSince a choice has to be made from very many competing enterprises, some revenue has to be foregone. For example, a piece of land may be suitable for the production of maize and wheat. If a farmer chooses o grow maize, the returns that the farmer would have obtained from wheat is foregone. The foregone returns are called the opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the revenue foregone from the best alternative. Farm RecordsThese are documents kept in the farm showing farm activities over a period of time. They should be neat, concise and complete showing actual amounts, weights, measurements or dates. Uses of farm records to a farmerHelp to determine the value of the farm determine assets and liabilities. Provide history of the farm. Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. Assists when sharing losses or profits dividends for communal owned farms partnership. Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs. Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft. Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees. Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.2089827}
{"text": "Against fire and theft. Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees. Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms. Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. Records help to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. Types of Farm RecordsProduction RecordsThey show the total yield and the yield per unit of each enterprise such as the total number of litres of milk from the whole herd and from each cow. Inventory recordsThey show all the assets on the farm e.g. livestock, machinery, buildings, crops etc. They are divided into two;Consumable goods such as animal feeds, fertilizers, fuel, pesticides etc. Permanent goods such as machinery, farm tools and equipment, buildings etc. Consumable Goods InventoryPermanent goods InventoryField Operations RecordsThey show all the activities being carried in the field such as date of ploughing, planting, fertilizer used etc. They help to work out the cost of production for each field at the end of the season. Breeding RecordsThey are kept to show the breeding activities and programmes for various animals on the farm. There are different breeding records depending on the animals being reared. Feeding RecordsThey show the type and amounts of feeds used to feed the animals. Health RecordsThey show the health conditions of the animals. They show when actions such as vaccinations and deworming are to be done. They help in the selection of the breeding stock. They also help in calculating the cost of treatment. Marketing RecordsThey show the commodity, quantity, amount sold, date, rate per unit of the commodity, total value and where sold. Commodity Labour RecordsThey show the type of labour, date of employment, rate of payment, skilled and unskilled labour. They are divided into two;Muster Roll this checks the number of days worked for and therefore determine how much to be paid to a worker. This record shows the name of the worker, payroll number, days worked for, rate of payment, the amount of salary and signature. Muster Roll-Labour Utilisation Analysis. They show how labour is utilized on the farm and helps to determine labour allocation; labour requirement for the purpose of budgeting when labour is in peak demand or when to lay off unproductive labour.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.22664}
{"text": "This record shows the name of the worker, payroll number, days worked for, rate of payment, the amount of salary and signature. Muster Roll-Labour Utilisation Analysis. They show how labour is utilized on the farm and helps to determine labour allocation; labour requirement for the purpose of budgeting when labour is in peak demand or when to lay off unproductive labour. CROP PRODUCTION 1LAND PREPARATIONLand preparation involves all the activities that make land suitable for planting such as ploughing digging-harrowing-ridging-rolling etcA piece of land that has been prepared for planting is called seedbed. In a seedbed the planting materials germinate and grow to maturity and are harvested from same place. IMPORTANCE OF LAND PREPARATION-To kill the weeds. -Encourage water infiltration into the soil. -To aerate the soil. -Incorporate manure and other organic matter into the soil. -To destroy stages of crop pests such as eggs, larvae, pupa or adults burying them, exposing them to the suns heat or predators and starving them. -To encourage root penetration into the soil. -To make subsequent operations possible e.g. planting, fertilizer application, rolling and ridging. OPERATIONS IN LAND PREPARATIONSThey include;Land clearing. Primary cultivation. Secondary cultivation. Tertiary operations. LAND CLEARINGThis is the removal of vegetation cover from the surface before tillage. This is done to prepare land for cultivation and as method of land reclamation. Land clearing is necessary under the following conditions. When opening up a virgin land. Where a stalk growing crop was previously planted such as maize. Where land was left fallow for long time. Where the interval between primary and secondary cultivation is long such that the land has reverted to the original virgin state. Methods of Land ClearingTree felling. Axes, pangas and power saws are used to cut down trees. Bulldozers and root rakers are used in felling trees on a large scale. Removal of stumps and trash later follows. Burning. The vegetation cover is set ablaze. The method should be discouraged as it destroys the soil organic matter, soil micro organisms and plant nutrients. Slashing. This is done to cut small bushes and grasses using slashers, pangas or tractor drawn mowers. Use of chemicals. Chemicals used to kill weeds are called herbicides.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.1975482}
{"text": "This is done to cut small bushes and grasses using slashers, pangas or tractor drawn mowers. Use of chemicals. Chemicals used to kill weeds are called herbicides. Primary CultivationThis follows land clearing,Small scale farmers use jembes or fork jembes during hand digging. In Large scale framing ploughing is done using mouldboard or disc plough. Other farmers use ox ploughs. Primary cultivation should be done before the onset of the rains. This ensures that all other subsequent operations are done in good time. Importance of Primary CultivationTo remove weeds. To bury organic matter for easy decomposition. To facilitate water infiltration and aeration. To destroy soil borne pests by exposing them to predators and the sun. To make planting easy. Methods of Primary CultivationHand digging. This is done by use of jembes, mattocks and fork jembes to cut and turn the soil slices. Mechanical cultivation. This is the use of tractor drawn implements such as mouldboard and disc ploughs. Subsoilers, cultivators and chisel ploughs are used to break the hard pan. Subsoiling is the process of cultivating the soil with the purpose of breaking up the hard pan. Hard pans may be formed due to continuous use of heavy machinery on the land. Importance of subsoilingBreaking up the hard pan hence improving drainage. Improving soil aeration. Bringing to the surface leached minerals. Improve root penetration. Use of an oxplough. This is the use of ploughs drawn by oxen, donkeys or camels. The method is faster and more efficient than hand cultivation. It s common in areas where land is fairly flat. The following aspects should be considered when carrying out primary cultivation. Time of CultivationLand should be prepared before the onset of the rains so as to;Give enough time for the weeds to dry up and decompose into organic matter. To allow CO2 and other gases to diffuse out of the soil while being replaced by oxygen. Give enough time for subsequent operations to be done hence giving way to early planting. Depth of CultivationThis is determined by;Type of crop to be planted. Shallow rooted crops do not deep cultivation. Deep rooted crops require deep cultivation. Type of the soil. Heavy soils are hard when dry making jembes and fork-jembes to dig shallowly. The implements available. Tractor drawn implements give deeper depth than hand operated tools.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.2555516}
{"text": "Heavy soils are hard when dry making jembes and fork-jembes to dig shallowly. The implements available. Tractor drawn implements give deeper depth than hand operated tools. Choice of the Correct ImplementsThis is determined by:Condition of the land. If the land has a lot of stones and stumps, a disc plough is preferred because it rolls over the obstacles without braking. Type of the tilth required. Very fine tilth requires different types of implements. Depth of cultivation. When deep cultivation is required heavy implements are used. Light implements are used when shallow cultivation is needed. Topography of the land. Tractor drawn implements cannot be used where the slope is very steep. Implements available. A farmer can only use what is locally available. Shape of the land. Some land shapes may not allow tractor drawn implements to be used efficiently e.g. where there are acute corners. Size of the land. Secondary CultivationThis follows primary tillage. This involves the refinement of the seedbed before planting. It is also referred to as harrowing. Small scale farmers can use pangas, jembes, fork-jembes, and garden rakes to break the soil clods and pulverize the soil. Large scale farmers use factors drawn harrows such as disc harrows, spike toothed harrows, spring tine harrows. IMPORTANCE OF SECONDARY CULTIVATIONTo remove any weeds that might have germinated immediately after primary cultivation. To break the soil clods into small pieces for easy planting. To level the field so as to obtain the uniform depth of planting. Incorporate organic matter into the soil in order to encourage decomposition before planting. Factors determining the number of times secondary cultivation is done. Size of the planting materials. Small seeds require a fine tilth than large seeds. Slope of the land. If the land is hilly, less number of secondary cultivations are preferred to discourage soil erosion. Moisture content of the soil. In dry soils less operations are preferred so as to conserve the soil moisture. Condition of the land after primary cultivation. If after primary cultivation, a lot of trash is left, more harrowing operations should be carried out so as to incorporate the trash into the soil. Tertiary OperationsThey are carried out to meet the needs of certain crops. They are conducted after land clearing, primary and secondary cultivations.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.2713146}
{"text": "If after primary cultivation, a lot of trash is left, more harrowing operations should be carried out so as to incorporate the trash into the soil. Tertiary OperationsThey are carried out to meet the needs of certain crops. They are conducted after land clearing, primary and secondary cultivations. They include;RidgingThis is the process of digging soil in a continuous line and heaping it on one side to form a ridge bund and a furrow. These ridges are used in planting crops such as Irish potatoes, cassava, groundnuts etc. Ridges facilitate tuber expansion and easy harvesting of the root crops. Furrows are made when planting sugarcane. They help to conserve soil and water. RollingThis is done to compact the soil which is loose or of fine tilth. This is done to prevent small seeds from being blown away by the wind and to prevent soil erosion. This also increase seed soil contact. Heavy rollers are used in large scale. LevelingThis is making the soil surface flat and uniform to promote easy germination of small seeded crops. Rolling ensures uniform germination of seeds. MINIMUM TILLAGEThis is the use of a combination of farming practices that disturb soil the least. These farming practices include;Application of herbicides in controlling weeds. Timing cultivation timely weeding of the previous crop. Mulching. Mulch prevents weeds from growing. Restricting cultivation to the area where seeds are to be planted. Weeds in the rest of the field are controlled by slashing. Establishing a cover crop on the field. Uprooting or slashing weeds in perennial crops. Reasons for carrying out minimum tillageReduce the cost of cultivation. By reducing the number of operations. To control soil erosion. To maintain soil structure. To conserve soil moisture. Continuous cultivation exposes the soil to sun s heat hence evaporation of soil moisture. To prevent root and underground structures disturbance. To prevent exposure of humus to adverse conditions such as sun s heat that cause volatilization of nitrogenSoil Fertility I: Organic Manures Soil Fertility: This is the ability of the soil to provide the crops with the required nutrients in proper proportions for high production. Characteristics of Fertile SoilsGood Depth: Deep soil gives plants greater volume to obtain nutrients and also provide anchorage. Good water holding capacity: This ensures that water is retained well for plant use.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.2900229}
{"text": "To prevent exposure of humus to adverse conditions such as sun s heat that cause volatilization of nitrogenSoil Fertility I: Organic Manures Soil Fertility: This is the ability of the soil to provide the crops with the required nutrients in proper proportions for high production. Characteristics of Fertile SoilsGood Depth: Deep soil gives plants greater volume to obtain nutrients and also provide anchorage. Good water holding capacity: This ensures that water is retained well for plant use. Proper drainage: Well drained soils are well aerated facilitating healthy root development. Correct soil pH. Different crops have different nutrient requirements. Adequate nutrient supply. It should supply the crops with the nutrients they require in adequate amounts. Free from excessive infestation of soil borne pests and diseases. How Soil Loses FertilityLeaching. Soluble minerals are carried to lower horizons beyond the reach of plant roots. Mono cropping. Growing one type of crop continuously for a long time leads to the exhaustion of certain minerals that the plant uses. Change of soil pH. Changes in the soil pH affect the activity of the soil microorganisms and the availability of certain soil nutrients. Use of some fertilizers can change the soil pH. Continuous cropping. Crops take up a lot of nutrients during their growth which are never returned to the soil. This makes the soil deficient of these plant nutrients. Burning of vegetation cover. This destroys the organic matter hence destruction of the soil structure. Soil erosion. When the fertile top soil is carried away, the soil loses its fertility. Accumulation of salts. This is as result of irregular rainfall and insufficient removal of salts from the soil especially in the arid and semi arid areas. Accumulation of salts is called salinisationMaintenance of Soil FertilityControl of soil erosion to enhance soil infiltration onto the soil and reduce surface run off. Weed control to prevent competition for nutrients. Water space and light with crops. It also reduces pests and diseases. Carrying out crop rotation, this helps to control accumulation of crop pests and diseases on the farm. It also helps to ensure maximum utilization of nutrients. Use of inorganic fertilizers helps to add nutrients to the soil e.g. CAN, DAP, Urea etc.. Use of organic manure helps to supply organic matter to the soil. Minimum tillage which helps to maintain soil structure and prevent soil erosion.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.3477685}
{"text": "CAN, DAP, Urea etc.. Use of organic manure helps to supply organic matter to the soil. Minimum tillage which helps to maintain soil structure and prevent soil erosion. Intercropping Mixed cropping of leguminous and non- leguminous crops fix nutrients and improve fertility. Proper drainage by breaking hard pans or creation of water channels this ensures proper aeration. Control of pH to almost neutral to ensure proper functioning of micro-organisms which help in decomposition of organic matter. Organic ManuresThey are obtained from plant and an animal remains after decomposition. Role Importance of Organic MatterImproves soil structure aeration, drainage absorption and retention. Improve water holding capacity of the soil. Increases soil fertility e.g. carbon nitrogen etc. It provides food and shelter to soil microorganisms. Help to keep PH of soil stable Buffers soil pH . Reduces toxicity of plant poisons that have build up in the soil as a result of continuous use of pesticides and fungicides etc. Humus gives soil dark appearance making the soil to absorb heat. This moderates soil temperature. Problems Associated with the use of Organic ManuresBulkiness they have low nutritive value per unit volume hence required in large volumes. Laborious in application and transportation this is due to their bulkiness. They spread diseases, pests and weeds i.e. if they are made from materials that are contaminated. Losses of Nutrients if they are poorly stored, soluble nutrients are easily leached and some become volatilized when exposed to the hot sun. If used when not fully decomposed the plant does not benefit from them. Types of Organic ManuresThey are of three types:Green Manure. Farm Yard Manure FYM Compost Manure. Green ManureIt is made of green plants which are left to grow until flowering and then are incorporated into the soil through ploughing. The crops used include; cowpeas, groundnuts, Lucerne, beans, sunflower etc. Characteristics of Plants used as Green ManureShould be leafy or highly vegetative. Should have high nitrogen content hence leguminous ones are preferred. Should have a fast growth. Must be capable of rotting quickly. Should be hardy i.e. Capable of growing in poor conditions.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.3525043}
{"text": "Must be capable of rotting quickly. Should be hardy i.e. Capable of growing in poor conditions. Reasons Why Green Manure is not Commonly UsedMost crops used for green manure are food cropsTakes time for the manure to decompose delaying plantingMost of the nutrients are used up by micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manureGreen manure might use most of the soil moisture and leave very little for the next cropFarm Yard Manure FYM This is mixture of animal waste urine and dung and crop remains used as animal beddings. The quality of Farm Yard Manure is determined by the following factors. Type of the animal used Dung from fattening animals has a high level of nutrients than that from a dairy cow. Non ruminants such as hens and pigs give very rich dung in terms of nutrients. Type of food eaten - nutritious feedstuffs give manure with more nutrients. Type of litter used wood shavings and sawdust are slow to decompose and contain very little nutrients as compared to leguminous ones which give manure rich in nutrients. Method of storage for manure to retain its nutritive status, it must be stored in place with a leak proof roof and a concrete floor. Age of the farm yard manure well rotten manure is rich in nutrients and is easy to apply. Preparation of the farm Yard ManureProvide materials such as grass or wood shavings in the animal house to serve as bedding. Animals deposit their droppings and urine on the bedding and mix them by trampling. After some time Collect the used animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues;Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients;Turnover the materials regularly;Sprinkle water if dry;Leave the material to rot completely before useCompost ManureThis is a type of manure made from decomposed materials such as kitchen refuse, plant and animal remains. The following factors are considered when selecting the site for making compost manure. Well drained place this avoids waterlogging which may cause leaching of nutrients. Direction the prevailing wind this aims at preventing bad smells from being blown to the homestead. Size of the Farm the site should be centrally placed on the farm. Accessibility this makes transportation of the manure possible.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.3729763}
{"text": "Direction the prevailing wind this aims at preventing bad smells from being blown to the homestead. Size of the Farm the site should be centrally placed on the farm. Accessibility this makes transportation of the manure possible. Preparation of Compost ManureThere are two methods of preparing compost manure;Indore Method pit Method Four Heap System Stack Method . Indore Method pit Method A pit 1.2m long by 1.2m wide and 1.2m deep is made. Te materials to be composted are placed in layers in the following order;Fibrous materials such as maize stalks form the foundation. They are followed by a layer of grass, leaves or any kitchen refuse material. A layer of well rotten manure is then applied to provide nutrients for the microorganisms. A thin layer of wood ash is applied to improve the level of phosphorous and potassium in the manure. A layer of top soil is then added to introduce microorganisms that are required to decompose the organic materials.. The above sequence of layers is repeated until the pit is full. A layer of soil is added to cover the pit. During the dry season, the materials should be kept moist by adding water. Five pits are dug in series and materials filled as follows:Pits I, II, III and IV are filled with the materials as described above. After 3-4 weeks, the materials in pit IV are transferred to pit V, materials in pit III to IV, in pit II to pit III and in pit I to pit II. Process is repeated until the materials are well rotten then taken to the filed as compost manure. Four Heap System Stack Method In this method four heaps are used. The materials used are similar to those used in the pit method. ConstructionVegetation is cleared from the ground. Posts 2m high are fixed at a spacing of 1.2 by 1.2m forming the corners of the heap. Wood planks are fixed on the sides to form the walls and materials are arranged as in the Indore method. Materials are placed in the heaps labeled X and after 3-4 weeks they are transferred to pit Y. After another 3-4 weeks, the compost materials are transferred to pit Z where they stay for some 3-4 weeks before they become ready to be taken to the field. The manure should be turned occasionally to facilitate air circulation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.3936775}
{"text": "Materials are placed in the heaps labeled X and after 3-4 weeks they are transferred to pit Y. After another 3-4 weeks, the compost materials are transferred to pit Z where they stay for some 3-4 weeks before they become ready to be taken to the field. The manure should be turned occasionally to facilitate air circulation. A stick is driven into the stack an angle to check the temperature. If the temperature inside is high, it is corrected by adding water. DiagramsWATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGEWATER SUPPLYThe Hydrological CycleWater from the surface evaporates up the atmosphere, cools and condenses to form clouds. Saturated clouds fall down to the earth as precipitation in form of rain. This water returns back to the atmospheres through the process of evapo-transpiration. The circulation of water from the earth s surface to the atmosphere and back again is called theHydrological CycleSources of WaterThey include; surface water sources, underground water sources and rain. Surface water sourcesThey include;Rivers, streams and dams. LakesUnderground water sourcesThey include:Springs. Wells. Boreholes. Assignment. Make short notes on the various sources of surface and underground water. Rain water. This is collected from rooftops and stored in tanks. Ponds cal also be dug to collect the runoff. Rain water is very pure compared to the other sources. Water Collection and StorageDams. A dam is a barrier constructed to store water. Dams can be made of earth or concrete. Grass should be planted on the embankment to prevent soil erosion. Weirs. Weirs are used to raise the water level in a river to facilitate pumping. Water tanks. These are made of concrete, stone, metal sheets, plastic or rubber. They should be covered to prevent water contamination. Pumps and Pumping of WaterPumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force. Types of water pumpsCentrifugal rotardynamic pumps. Piston reciprocating pumps. Semi-rotary pumps. Hydram. Conveyance of WaterThis is the process of moving water from one point source or storage point to where it will be used or stored. This can be done through;PipingIn this case water moves through pipes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.4191182}
{"text": "Hydram. Conveyance of WaterThis is the process of moving water from one point source or storage point to where it will be used or stored. This can be done through;PipingIn this case water moves through pipes. Types and choices of pipesMetal pipesThese are expensive but durable. They also can withstand high pressure. Plastic pipesThey are cheap and easy to install. However they can burst under high water pressure, can break when exposed to the sun and can be gnawed by rodents such as moles. Hose pipesThey are either made of rubber or plastic. Rubber ones are more expensive and more durable than the plastic ones. Use of containersContainers such as jerry cans, drums and pots are used to draw water and are carried by various means such as bicycles and animals. Use of canalsWater is conveyed from a high point to a lower point along a slope especially for irrigation purposes. General Uses of Water on the FarmDomestic use cooking, drinking, washingCooling animalsRearing fishWatering irrigation plantsCleaning calf pens, milking shedsWatering livestock drinkingDiluting dissolving chemical used to control pests, parasites and weedsMixing concrete in constructionCooling and running machine enginesProcessing farm produce eg coffee hides, carrotsRecreation eg swimming poolsWATER TREATMENTImportance of Water TreatmentKill disease causing microorganisms. Remove chemical impurities such as excess fluoride. Remove bad smells and bad tastes. Remove sediments of solid particles such as soil and sand. Process of Water TreatmentStage I: Filtration of water intake. -. Water from Source River is made to pass through a series of sieves. -. Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves. -. Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber. Stage II:Softening of the waterWater circulates in the mixing chamber and doses of soda ash to soften the water. Stage III:Coagulation and sedimentationWater is passed through coagulation tank where fresh air enters to remove bad smell chloride of lime used. Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed. Alum is added to coagulate solid particles which settle at the bottom. Stage IV:FiltrationWater is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.4618053}
{"text": "Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed. Alum is added to coagulate solid particles which settle at the bottom. Stage IV:FiltrationWater is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it. Water leaving the filtration tank is clean. Stage V:ChlorinationWater is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added. Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine. Stage VI:Storage - The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use. DiagramWater Treatment by BoilingBoiling kills germs in water such as those causing bilharzias, cholera and typhoid. IRRIGATIONThis is the artificial application of water to the soil to supply crops with sufficient moisture for growth. It is usually practiced;In dry areas. During dry periods. In the growing of paddy rice. General importance s of Irrigation. Enable crop production during dry seasonReclaim arid and semi arid land for farmingSupplement rainfall in crop productionHelp provides enough water to crops that require a lot of water like riceCreates favourable temperature for proper plant growthEnable supply of fertilizer in irrigation waterMake possible to grow crops in special structures like green houseTypes of IrrigationFactors considered when choosing type of irrigation systemCapital availability- this determines the type of irrigation systems to be used. Drip and overhead irrigation systems require high capital for installation and maintenanceTopography- Surface irrigation requires flat areasWater availability- Surface irrigation requires a lot of water. Drip and overhead irrigation requires less waterThe type of soil- Surface irrigation is best suited for clay soils because they retain water for a long time. The type of crop value of the crop benefit analysis. Crop to be irrigated should be of high value to justify the irrigation costThe availability of clean water drip and overhead irrigation requires clean water to prevent blockage of the systemsSurface IrrigationWater is brought to the crop fields from the source by use of canals or furrows. The following method are used here; Flood Irrigation, Furrow Irrigation and Basin Irrigation. The following factors are considered when choosing the method to use in surface irrigation. Topography- Surface irrigation requires flat areasWater availability- Surface irrigation requires a lot of water. The type of soil- Surface irrigation is best suited for clay soils because they retain water for a long time.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.4706376}
{"text": "The following factors are considered when choosing the method to use in surface irrigation. Topography- Surface irrigation requires flat areasWater availability- Surface irrigation requires a lot of water. The type of soil- Surface irrigation is best suited for clay soils because they retain water for a long time. Flood IrrigationThe entire field is flooded with water. The method is cheap to establish and maintain but there is uneven distribution of water to crops and a lot of water is wasted. Furrow IrrigationIrrigation water flows from canals into furrows.. Furrows should be maintained by repairing when eroded or worn out, removing the weeds and silt. AdvantagesCheap to establish and maintain. Requires little skill to maintain. Reduces fungal diseases such as blight since there is no wetness on the leaves. DisadvantagesSoil erosion may occur. A lot of water is lost through evaporation and seepage. Basin IrrigationAn area enclosed by walls called embankments levees is flooded. The method is common in the rice growing areas. Such as Mwea Tebere, Ahero, Bunyala etc. Sub-Surface Irrigation and Drip Trickle IrrigationThis involves laying perforated pipes underground to allow water to pass out through tiny holes and wet the soil around the zones of the crop. AdvantagesMinimizes labour requirement especially in changing of water pipes. Minimizes possible theft of water pipes. Economizes on the use of water. Can be practiced on both sloppy and flat land. There is no soil erosion. No growth of weed between the rows. Water under low pressure can be used as long as it can flow along the pipes. Controls fungal diseases such as blight because water does not accumulate on the leaves. There is no need of constructing dykes, leveling or makingDisadvantagesExpensive to install. Pipes can be broken during weeding or land preparation. Nozzles can get blocked making irrigation inefficient hence the method requires clean water. Overhead Sprinkler IrrigationIn this case water is applied to the plants in form of spray using sprinklers or watering cans. The sprinklers and pipes used must be maintained as follows. Lubricating the rotating parts to reduce friction. Repairing any broken parts. Cleaning to unblock the nozzles.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.4515843}
{"text": "When there is water-logging, salts accumulate to toxic levels in the soil. Drainage removes such salts from the soil. Methods of drainageUse of open ditches channels furrows. Ditches are dug for water to flow by gravity lowering the water table. Use of underground pipesPerforated pipes are laid underground and water seeps into them, then flows to a water way. The pipes are made of plastic, metal steel or clay. French drainsDitches are dug and filed with stones and gravel and then covered with soil. Water from the surrounding area seeps into tem the flows to a water way. Cambered bedsRaised beds are constructed in combination with ditches in the poorly drained soil such as the black cotton soil. Mechanically pumpingIn the low lying areas where the other methods of drainage cannot be practiced, water is mechanically pumped out of the soil. Planting of TreesTrees such as eucalyptus can be planted in water logged areas as they lose a lot of water through transpiration. Water PollutionThis is the introduction of harmful substances into the water. Agricultural Practices that Pollute WaterUse of inorganic fertilizersFertilizers used get leached through the soil and are carried to water bodies. Use of pesticidesExcess pesticides seep into the soil and find their way to the water bodies causing pollution. Poor cultivation practices. These practices include:Over cultivation. This causes soil erosion hence siltation in water bodies. Overgrazing. This also causes soil erosion hence pollution in water bodies. Cultivation along the riverbanks. Also causes soil erosion hence siltation in water bodies. Methods of Preventing water PollutionSoil conservation measures to minimize soil erosion. Fencing of water sources to minimize pollution by animals. Enforcing integrated ways of controlling pest and weeds that do not use chemicals such organic farming. Planting vegetation along the river banks to avoid siltation. Using adequate storm control methods in the areas experiencing heavy rains. FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT REVISION QUESTIONS1 The diagrams below are of farm tools and equipment. Study them and answer the questions that followi Identify the tools 1 mkii Give one functional difference between the tools above.1 mk2.The diagram below show farm equipment. Use them to answer the questions that follow.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.507258}
{"text": "FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT REVISION QUESTIONS1 The diagrams below are of farm tools and equipment. Study them and answer the questions that followi Identify the tools 1 mkii Give one functional difference between the tools above.1 mk2.The diagram below show farm equipment. Use them to answer the questions that follow. A Identify the equipments M and L. 1mk b State the functional difference between M and L. 2mks c State TWO common maintenance practices carried out on both M and L. 2mks 3.The diagram below shows a farm equipment study it and answers the questions that follow. A Identify the equipment. 1mk b Name the parts labeled. 2mks W; X ; Y; Z c What is the function of the part labelled Z. 1mk 4.Study the diagrams below and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the tools. A-B-C-D 2mks b State the correct use of each of the tools above. 2mks c Give two maintenance practices carried out on tool D for efficient use. 1mk 5 a Name four types of tools used in smoothing wood. 2mks b Give three reasons why farm tools and equipment should be well maintained. 11 2mk 6.Below is a diagram of farm equipment. Use it to answer the questions that follow. A Identify the equipment. Mk b State two reasons for your choice in a above 1mk b State the use of the equipment 1mk c Name the parts labelled G,E and F. 1 mks d Identify two draw backs in using this equipment compared to others that may be used for the same purpose. 2mks 7.Identify the farm tool and equipment illustrated in the diagram labeled k and L and give one use of each equipment. Equipment identityUse a K........................................................................................................... L............................................................................................................ b Give the care and maintenance of L 1mk8.Observe the tools X and Y illustrated below and answer the questions that follow:-a Identify the tools. X ; Y 2 mks b State one use of each of the following tools. X;Y 2 mks c State three maintenance practices carried out on tool X. 3 mks 9.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.5280766}
{"text": "Equipment identityUse a K........................................................................................................... L............................................................................................................ b Give the care and maintenance of L 1mk8.Observe the tools X and Y illustrated below and answer the questions that follow:-a Identify the tools. X ; Y 2 mks b State one use of each of the following tools. X;Y 2 mks c State three maintenance practices carried out on tool X. 3 mks 9. The diagram below illustrate a workshop toolIdentify the tool ...... 1mk Name the parts labeled S, T and U 3mks State the use of the tool 1mk 10.Study the diagrams of livestock production tools below and answer questions that follow. A Identify the tools E, F, G and H. 4mks b State two maintenance practice of the equipment E. 2mks 11.Below are diagrams of workshop tools. State the functions of tools. 4mks i ii iii iv b What is the name given to the metallic brush which is used to clean out wood chippings from tool i above. Study the diagrams of garden tools shown below and answer the question that follo i State two field conditions under which tool A would be more suitable for use in cropProduction 2mks ii Give the function of the tool labelled C. 1mk iii State two maintenance practices of the tool labelled B. 2mks 13.Study the diagrams below labeled P,Q,R and S representing some workshop tools and then answer the questions that follow. A identify the tools2mksToolNameP . Q R S b Give one use of tools P and R in the construction of a wooden feed trough.1mkP R . C How would the tool labelled Q be used in the construction of a calf pen? Mkd Give two maintenance practices carried out on tool S.1mk14.Study the diagram below of farm tools and equipment and answer questions that follow. I Identify tool M and N 1mk M ..", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.5153542}
{"text": "1 mkd -Need two people to operate. 1-Not easy to carry about during operation. 11 x 2 2mk9. I Auger bit 1 x 1 1mk ii S shankT-Twist threadsU-Spur 3 x 1 3mks iii Making holes boring holes on the wood 1mk 12 i Conditions under which tool labeled A is usedHard ground soilsA stony fieldField with rhizomes stolons rootsA field with sticky soils 2x1 2mks ii Functions of the tool labeled CCutting pruning undesirable branches stems of trees fruits coffee Cutting pruning excessive vegetative parts 1x1 1mk iii Maintenance practices of tool labeled BClean remove soil trash after useStraighten the prongs if bendReplace the handle if brokenFix the handle firmly on the rake 2x1 2mks 13.a x 4 2 MKSUse of tools P and R in the construction of a wooden feed troughP-Measuring angles layout of angles measuring lengthsR- Cutting timber to make joints used for joinery work-Fine cutting sawing x1 1 2mkUse of Q in the construction of a calf penTo determine if the floor level the walls are vertical. X1 mkMaintenance practices on tool S-Sharpening the cutting edge-Removing the mushroom head x2 2mksi M- hack sawN- hand sawii Functional differences between M and N- hack saw M is used for cutting metal rods and plates while N hand saw is used for cutting wood timber 1x1 1mk iii maintenance practicestighten loose screws and nuts ref.bolt replace worn out bladeregular cleaninghang properly to avoid possible damagemaintain correct tension of the bladeOTHER REVISION QUESTIONSa . What is Agriculture? B . State the roles played by agriculture in national developmentd . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural developmentin Kenya.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.54243}
{"text": "B . State the roles played by agriculture in national developmentd . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural developmentin Kenya. Ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviateda i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Ii State the problems associated with shifting cultivation. What is pastoralism? State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farmWhat is arable farming? I State the advantages of mixed farmingii State the limitations of mixed farmingi Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmersName the types of large scale farmingWhy does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching? State the common features of ranching as a farming system:i State the advantages of plantation farmingState the disadvantages of plantations. State the major characteristics of plantation farming. A List the ecological factors affecting agriculture. Mention the aspects of rainfall which are important in crop productioni What is optimal temperature? Ii State the effects of high temperature on crop production. State the negative effects of wind to crops. A . I. Define the term soilii . Name the ways in which soil is important to growing plants. B . I State the factors which influence the soil forming processii . What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process? I Define the term soil Profileii How does soil profile influence plant growth? I List the constituents of a fertile soil. Ii What role do micro-organisms play in soil? I What is soil structure? Ii State the farming practices that improve soil structure. Iii Why is a good soil structure desireable for growing crops. I What is soil texture? State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. Give the types of soil based on texture. A State the advantages of using farm tools. List the factors that determine a farmer s choice of tools and equipment. I Why should tools and equipment to maintained well? Ii How should tools and equipment be maintained? List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipmentName the categories of farm tools and equipment. A State the importance of land preparation. B i What is primary cultivation? Ii Which factors influence choice of tools for primary cultivation. I What is secondary cultivation? Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation? I Define minimum tillageiii State reasons for practising minimum tillage.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.5683506}
{"text": "I What is secondary cultivation? Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation? I Define minimum tillageiii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation. A List the sources of water on the farm. How is water conveyed from one point to another? I Name the types of water pipes. Iii What features are considered when buying plastic pipes? Name the types of water pumps to be used on the farm. I Why should water be treated before use? Ii State the methods of treating water on the farm. Iii How is water used on the farm? A i What is irrigation? Ii List the factors to consider in deciding to irrigate crops. B List the major types of irrigationa i What are the uses of farm recordsList types of records kept on mixed farms. List types of records kept by crop farmers. ,. Goat, pigs, bees, fish, donkey, camel10 b i Explain the role of livestock in human lifeii List factors that affect livestock industry in Kenya. C i List dairy breeds of cattleii State their characteristics. I Name beef cattle breeds. Ii What are the characteristics of beef cattle. Name the important rabbit breeds in Kenya. Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept forName important goat breeds and their usesName important pig breeds kept in Kenya. I Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds. State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds. What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk? I State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds. Ii Give the characteristics of indigenous cattle11.Below is a diagram of a nursery for raising the seedlings. A State two advantages of having the part labeled J 2mks Nrk b State any 3 management practices that should be carried out on the nursery from the time seedlings emerge to the stage of transplanting 3mks Nrk12. A i What is soil fertility? State the characteristics of a fertile soil. How can a fertile soil loss its fertilityiv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertilityi What are plant nutrients?", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.6024694}
{"text": "State the characteristics of a fertile soil. How can a fertile soil loss its fertilityiv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertilityi What are plant nutrients? Ii Name the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients State the roles and deficiency of the following nutrients in plants. I Nitrogen usesDeficiency. Excessive supplyPhosphorous used. DeficiencyPotassium uses. Deficiency. I What is soil sampling? List the methods of soil sampling. State the reasons for soil testing:Explain the procedure of soil sampling:State precautions necessary during soils samplingName the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops:State the importance of soil PH to a crop:13 a i Differentiate between manure and fertilizer:List the common organic manuresb . I What is organic matter? State the importance of organic matterHow can organic matter be added to soil? C i Describe how to make farm Yard manure:ii State the factors determining quality of farm yard manureiii Give the advantages of using Farm Yard Manure over fertilizer:Give the disadvantages of using farm yard manured i State the factors to consider when citing a compost pit. Describe how to make compost manurei How is green manuring done on the farm? List the characteristics of green manure crops:What are the advantages of green manuring? 14a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content. B i Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers. State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers characteristics When are they applied and why at that time? C i Name the common phosphatic fertilizers:When are they applied and why at the time? I Name the common potassic fertilizersCharacteristics:i What is fertilizer application? List the methods of fertilizer application:What is top dressing? I Calculate the amount of K2O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K2O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare. Calculate the amount of the fertilizer the farmer would require for the plot.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.614392}
{"text": "List the methods of fertilizer application:What is top dressing? I Calculate the amount of K2O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K2O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare. Calculate the amount of the fertilizer the farmer would require for the plot. Show your working What do the figures 20, 30 and 10 in the fertilizer stand forHow much of a fertilizer labeled 20:20:10 should be applied to a plot which requires 30 kg P2O5? 15. A i State the importance of the nitrogen cycleDescribe the nitrogen cycle:What happens to nitrogen in the soil? B i State the importance of carbon cycleDescribe the carbon cycleHow is carbon lost? How can carbon be restored to the atmosphere? 16. A i Define crop propagation. What are the methods of crop propagation? B i List the different methods of vegetative propagation:State advantages of vegetative propagation. State its disadvantages. I What are the advantages of seed propagationState the disadvantages of seed propagationi Give the advantages of early plantingState the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for plantingWhat are the reasons for seed selection? What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? I List the methods of plantingState the advantages of row planting. State the factors which influence planting depth. What factors determine crop spacing? State the advantages of correct spacingWhy is correct plant population necessary? Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? 17a What is a nursery? State the reasons for using a nursery. State the nurseries management practices. Explain the following nursery practices. I Pricking out. Hardening off. Rogueing. FORM TWO AGRICULTURE NOTESLIVESTOCK HEALTH II PARASITES Parasite- A living organism that lives in or on another organism and obtains nourishment from that organism without being useful to it in any way. -This host-parasite relationship is referred to as parasitism. -Parasitism is an association between two organism one a parasite and the other the host.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.6366673}
{"text": "-Tsetse flies give birth to larvae after the eggs hutch inside the body of the mother. -Larva forms the pupa, which later changes into an adult. -Tsetse flies bites mainly during the day. Harmful effects-They transmit Trypanosomiasis caused by a protozoan called trypanosome-Sucks out blood from the animal causing anaemia. -Cause damage on the skins and hides of animals making wounds which provide routes for secondary infection by pathogenic organisms. Control-Bush cleaning to destroy their breeding places. -Spraying their breeding places with insecticides. -Use of fly traps with impregnated nets. -Use of sterilizing agents e.g. radio isotopes on male flies and then releasing them. B.Keds melophagus orinus -Are sometimes referred to as sheep ticks. -They are hairy and wingless bloodsucking flies. Harmful effects-Cause irritation in heavy infestation. -Due to irritation, animal scratches itself thus damaging the wool. -Retarded growth in lambs. -. Anaemia. Control measures-Shearing the infected sheep and hand spraying them with appropriate chemicals eg pyrethrum, malathium, dieldrin etc-Routine sheep dipping. FleasThey are wingless but have strong legs adapted for leaping over long distances. -They suck blood as their mouth parts are adapted for penetrating the host s skin and sucking blood. -They pass through the following stages during development, egg- larvae- pupa- adult. Harmful effects-Cause irritation leading to scratching. -Stick fast in poultry causing wounds on the comb and wattles. -They cause anaemia. Control measures-Animals sleeping places should be kept clean. -Dusting animal hooks with appropriate insecticides. -Covering the stick fast fleas with petroleum to suffocate them. LiceThey are small wingless insects and can be divided into two groups. Biting lice mallophaga Sucking lice anoplura Biting lice-They are found on both the birds and mammals. -They have chewing mouthparts. -They complete their lifecycle between three to four weeks. Sucking lice-Have mouthparts reduced into styles for sucking blood. -They are found only on mammals. Harmful effects-Cause irritation to the animal hence, the animal is seen to rub itself against fixed objects.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.6493058}
{"text": "Sucking lice-Have mouthparts reduced into styles for sucking blood. -They are found only on mammals. Harmful effects-Cause irritation to the animal hence, the animal is seen to rub itself against fixed objects. -Heavy infestations cause loss of health in animals. -Since animals under attack do not feed very well, there is emaciation. -Loss of production in birds. -Anaemia and restless especially in poultry. Control measures-Spraying or dusting animals with appropriate insecticides. -Keeping animal houses clean. -Perches in poultry houses should be applied with insecticides eg 40 nicotine sulphate solution. -Dusting each bird with sodium fluoride for individual treatment. CLASS ARACHNIDA-This consists of the ticks, mites and spiders. -Ticks and mites belong to the order Acarina. -These do not undergo complete metamorphosis. -They have two body parts i.e. cephalothorax and the abdomen. -The adults have 4 pairs of legs. A Ticks. -Ticks rank as the single most important ectoparasites of livestock. -They cause injury and spread very dangerous diseases. -There are over 50 different species of ticks known. Harmful effects-Vectors of diseases e.g. ECF, Red water, Anaplasmosis. -Suck blood-causing anaemia to the host. -Cause wounds through their bites. -Cause irritation to the animal. -Their bites lower value of hides and skins. -Some ticks produce toxins that may be harmful to the host. THE LIFE CYCLE OF TICKS-Ticks usually pass through four main stages in their cycle i.e. -Egg-Larva six legs -Nymph Eight legs -Adult Eight legs -Different species of ticks need different number of hosts. -There are therefore three categories of ticks i.e. -One host ticks. -Two host ticks. -Three host ticks. ONE HOST TICKS-These ticks require one host to complete their lifecycle. -Eggs on the ground hatch into larvae. -Larvae climb onto the host, suck blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -Nymphs feed on the same host, become engorged and moult into adults. -Adults feed on the same host, mate and the females drop off to the ground to lay eggs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.6814198}
{"text": "-Larvae climb onto the host, suck blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -Nymphs feed on the same host, become engorged and moult into adults. -Adults feed on the same host, mate and the females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Examples of one-host ticks:-Blue tick Boophilus decoloratus -The Texas Fever tick Boophilus annalatus -The Cattle tick Boophilus microplus -The Tropical Horse tick Dermacentor nitens TWO HOST TICKS-This tick requires two hosts to complete their lifecycle. -The larvae and nymphs pass through their stages on the first host. -Eggs on the ground hatch into larvae, which climb on to the first host. -A larva attaches themselves to the host, feed on blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -. Nymphs feed on the same host become engorged and then drop to the ground to moult in adults. -Adults find a new host on which to feed. -They feed on the second host and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Examples of two host ticks. -Red legged tick Rhipicephalus evertsi -The Brown tick Amblyomma maculatum -The African Bont-legged tick Hyalomma truncatum -Large Bont-legged tick Hyalomma rufipes THREE HOST TICKS-These ticks require three different hosts to enable them to complete their lifecycle. -Eggs hatch on the ground into larvae. -Larvae attaches itself to the first host, feed on blood, become engorged and drop off to the ground and moults into nymphs. -The nymphs look for a second host, feed on blood, become engorged and drop off to the ground and moult into adults. -Adults seek for the third host, climb, feed become engorged and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Lifecycle of a three host tick.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.6955326}
{"text": "-Adults seek for the third host, climb, feed become engorged and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Lifecycle of a three host tick. Examples:--Brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculants -East African Bont tick Amblyomma variegatum -Bont tick Amblyomma herbraem -Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum -Yellow Dog tick Haemaphysalis leachii -Fowl tick Heamaphysalis hoodi -Brown Dog Tick Rhipicephalus sanguineous TICK CONTROL MEASURESi Natural Biological method. Ii Mechanical method. Iii Chemical method. 1. Natural Biological method. -This is the use of the tick s natural enemies which predate on the ticks. E.g. using predators such as birds to control ticks. N B Only a small number of ticks is controlled using this method. 2. Mechanical methodi Burning the infected pastures. -Burning destroys eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults. Ii Interfering with the ticks environmentThis is achieved by:--Ploughing pasture land .the eggs are exposed to the sun heat or are deeply buried. Iii By top dressing pasture using lime or dressing using acaricides. Iv Fencing off the pasture and farm. V Hand picking the ticks deticking vi Starving the ticks to death-This is achieved by practicing rotational grazing. -It interrupts the lifecycle of the ticks. 3. Chemical control method. This is done by application of acaricide. Properties of an effective acaricide-Has the ability to kill ticks. -Be harmless to both human and livestock. -Be stable. -Should remain effective after having been fouled with dung, mud or hair. Methods of acaricide application-Spraying regularly with the acaricide. -Dipping animals in plugs dips containing the acaricide. -Hand dressing using pyegrease. ENDOPARASITES INTERNAL PARASITES These are parasites which live within the body of the host animal e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.709763}
{"text": "-Dipping animals in plugs dips containing the acaricide. -Hand dressing using pyegrease. ENDOPARASITES INTERNAL PARASITES These are parasites which live within the body of the host animal e.g. tapeworms, Round worms, Fluke etcCategories of Endoparasites-Endoparasites are generally called helminthes-They fall under 2 phylai Platyhelminthes Flat worms -class-trematoda flukes -Cestoda tapeworms ii Nemathelminthes nematoda - Round worms. P LATYHELMINTHES-Are flatworms. -Body is symmetrical-Are hermaphroditic. A Tape worm Taenia spp -cestodes-Have two main parts ie-Has a head Scolex and a chain of segments called the strobila-Each segment is called a proglottis. -Scolex has suckers or hooks or both. Animals affected pigsCattleSheep. Goats. Donkey. Symptoms of attack-General emaciation-Rough or staring coat. -Scouring and sometimes constipation due to digestive disturbance. -. Pot-bellies especially in calves. -Oedematous swelling under the jaw. -Obstruction blockage of the intestines when tape worms are present in large nubers. -. Ploglottides present in faeces. -Anaemia. -Excessive appetite. N.B. Lifecycle of tape worm-Tape worms attack farm animals as intermediate hosts and man as final host. -There are two common species of tape wormBeef tape worm Taenia saginata Pork tape worm Taenia solium -Affected human beings drop Ploglottides full of eggs with faeces. -Eggs are picked by the right intermediate host either cattle or pigs while feeding. -After ingestion by the host intermediate , Eggs hutch in the intestines into embryos. -Embryos penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the blood system. -They first move to the liver and then to all body muscles of the animal where they become cysts. -Under cooked beef or pork from infected animals if eaten by man causes an infection. -In the human intestine cysts wall dissolve and the parasites attack themselves to the wall of the intestine.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.7261708}
{"text": "-They first move to the liver and then to all body muscles of the animal where they become cysts. -Under cooked beef or pork from infected animals if eaten by man causes an infection. -In the human intestine cysts wall dissolve and the parasites attack themselves to the wall of the intestine. -Here they develop into adult tapeworms. -These are passed out again in faeces. Control measures and treatment-Use of prophylactic drugs e.g. antihelminthes dewormers to kill parasites in animals. -Keep animal houses clean and disinfected. -Practice rotational grazing to starve the larvae cysts to death. -Keep the feeding and watering equipment clean. -Use of latrines by farm workers ie proper disposal of human faeces. -Proper meet inspection. -Proper cooking of meat. B Liver fluke Fascial spp Trematoda There are many species of flukes. -Two are the most common ones ieFasciola heptica sheep Fasciola gigantica cattle -Heavy infestation of flukes cause a condition called Fascioliasis. Symptoms-Emaciation-Indigestion in the animal. -Pot bellied condition. -Damage to liver tissue causing haemorrhage due to movement of flukes in the liver. -Anaemia due to sucking of blood. -Animals are dull and depressed. -Swollen and painful abdomen. -Recumbence precedes death. N.B. Fasciola has the following characteristics-Gray or gray-pink in colour-Flattened like leaf. -Have a conical projection at the anterior end. -Have a tapering body ending. Lifecycle:-Liver fluke use the fresh water snail as their intermediate host. -. They have sheep or cattle as their final host. -Adult flukes are found in the bile duct of the liver of the host animal. -Here they produce eggs which are passed into the alimentary canal through the bile duct. -Eggs are passed out through dung. -A fluke produces about 300-3500 eggs per day. -I the eggs falls into stagnant water that is warm, they hatch into a ciliated embryos called miracidia miracidium -On coming into contact with the intermediate host snail Limnea spp . It penetrates the snail tissue.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.759403}
{"text": "-A fluke produces about 300-3500 eggs per day. -I the eggs falls into stagnant water that is warm, they hatch into a ciliated embryos called miracidia miracidium -On coming into contact with the intermediate host snail Limnea spp . It penetrates the snail tissue. -Once inside the snail tissues, miracidium process masses of cells called sporocysts-Sporocysts change into Redia. -Redia produces cercaria more out of snail-Cercaria change into metacercaria which is the infective stage of the fluke-The definite final host through grazing or drinking infected water takes Metacercaria. N.B. Metacercaria can survive in wet grass and in shady places or when withstand harsh conditions for a year. -Once swallowed by the host, cercaria penetrates walls of the intestine and hatch into adults. -Adults migrate to the liver where they grow, mature, mate and produce eggs. -The cycle starts all over again. Control measures1. Controlling the fresh water snail intermediate host thoughPhysically killing them. Chemically by use of CuSo4 Sodium pentachlorophenate etc which is added to stagnant water to kill the snails. Draining swampy areas leveling any depression that may hold water in the pastures. 2. Burning of the pastures during the dry seasons to kill cercaria3. Not grazing animals near marshy or waterlogged areas. 4. Routine drenching using antihelminthes e.g. NaSo4, hexachloroethane drugs. ROUNDWORMS NEMATODES Ascaris spp There are three common species of round wormsAscaris lumbricoides Cattle and sheep. A. suum Pigs. A. galli poultry. -Heavy infestation of these worms cause a condition called ascaridiosisSymptoms of Attack. -Anorexia Loss of appetite in heavy infestation -Staring coat stiff and dry -Dehydration and pale mucosa-Eggs and adults present in faeces. -Emaciation-Diarrhoea. -Anaemia. -Potbellies especially in young animals. LIFECYCLE OF A ROUNDWORM-The common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides does not have intermediate hosts.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.774163}
{"text": "-Anaemia. -Potbellies especially in young animals. LIFECYCLE OF A ROUNDWORM-The common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides does not have intermediate hosts. -Eggs are laid in the alimentary canal of the host animal. -Eggs are passed out of the host with faeces. -Under favorable environmental conditions, eggs hatch into larvae which climbCROP PRODUCTION III NURSERY PRACTICES Seedbed. This is a piece of land large or small, which has been, prepared to receive seeds at planting or seedlings at transplanting. The crop will establish and grow to maturity here. Nursery bed. This is a special type of a seedbed prepared for raising seedling before transplanting. It should be 1m wide and of any convenient length. Seedling bed. This is a special type of a nursery bed used for raising seedlings, which have been removed from the nursery bed due to overcrowding before they are ready for transplanting. This is called pricking out. Importance of a Nursery in Crop PropagationIt facilitates the planting of small seeds that develop into strong seedlings that are easily transplanted. Routine management practices are easily and timely carried out in the nursery than in the main seedbed. It is possible to provide the ideal conditions for growth such as watering, fine tilth and shade to the plants. It facilitates the production of many seedlings in a small area. Ensures planting of only the healthy and vigorous growing seedlings. Excess seedlings can be sold earning income to the farmer. Seedlings raised in the nursery bed take a shorter time to mature than ones established directly. It reduces labour on the care of seedlings since the area is small. Site SelectionThe following factors should be considered when selecting a nursery site. Nearness to water source. For easy watering. Type of the soil. Soil should be well-drained, deep and fertile preferably sandy loam. Topography. Should be sited on a gentle slope to prevent flooding and erosion through run-off. Security. Should be well protected from theft and destruction by animals. Previous cropping. Avoid siting it on an area where the same crop species had been planted to avoid build up of pests and diseases. Well sheltered. Windbreaks are necessary to prevent strong winds, which can uproot the seedlings and cause excessive evaporation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.793927}
{"text": "Avoid siting it on an area where the same crop species had been planted to avoid build up of pests and diseases. Well sheltered. Windbreaks are necessary to prevent strong winds, which can uproot the seedlings and cause excessive evaporation. Categories of NurseriesVegetable crop nurseryTree nurseryVegetative propagation nurseries. Vegetable crop nurseriesMost vegetable crops have small seeds and are established through the nursery. A suitable nursery site is selected and marked out. Vegetation is cleared using slashers, pangas, mowers etc. Trash is removed and the site is dug or ploughed to remove all the perennial weeds. Various nursery beds are measured and divided leaving paths of 60cm in between the individual beds. In dry areas the nurseries are sunken in order to conserve moisture. Beds are harrowed to a fine tilth and Phosphatic fertilizer or well rotten manure is broadcasted. Leveling is done using garden rakes, which also removes trash. Shallow drills, 10-20cm apart are made and the seeds are drilled uniformly And then covered lightly with the soil. Tree nurseriesSelected site is prepared the same way as for the vegetables. Alternatively, the seeds are pre-germinated by soaking them in water for 24-48 hours. The seeds are then planted in polythene sleeves, which are half filled with soil. The sleeves facilitate transporting of the tree seedlings during transplanting. The polythene sleeves are arranged in rows under shade in the nursery site. Vegetative propagation nurseriesThese are used to raise some cuttings before they are transplanted to the main seedbed e.g. in tea. Correct rooting medium must be provided to facilitate rooting. A suitable site is elected, cleared and leveled. The nursery unit should measure 3.66m x 1.22m. Polythene sleeves measuring 7.5-10cm in diameter and 23-30cm long are filled with the rooting mixture. The rooting mixture is made of the subsoil, double super phosphate and Sulphate of potash. 1m3 of subsoil is mixed with 450-600gm of DSP. The sleeves are then placed in the unit. Each unit holds about 1200 sleeves. Preparing tea cuttingsStem cutting are obtained from;High yielding mother plants. High leaf quality plantA plant with the ability to adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.8230965}
{"text": "Each unit holds about 1200 sleeves. Preparing tea cuttingsStem cutting are obtained from;High yielding mother plants. High leaf quality plantA plant with the ability to adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions. The selected mother plants are pruned and left to grow for six months unchecked. The shoots that grow within this period provide cuttings, which are obtained from the middle part. The brown hard bottom and the green soft part are discarded. The bottom part takes long to root while the upper soft part tends to rot if planted. A sharp knife is used to make slanting cuts above the axial bud. The cutting should be 2.5-4.0 cm long. Each cutting should have a leaf. The cuttings should be placed in water before they are planted to avoid dehydration. The sleeves are watered and then the cuttings inserted at the center of each sleeve. Leaf of the cutting should not touch the soil to avoid rotting. The sleeves should then be arranged in the vegetative propagation unit as shown below. Wooden hoops are erected over the sleeved cuttings and a polythene sheet is placed. The sleeves should be watered once every three weeks. Weeds appearing in the nursery unit should be uprooted. Nursery management PracticesMulching. This prevents excessive evaporation and moderates soil temperatures. It should however be removed on the fourth day or as soon as seedlings start emerging. Dry grass or straw from cereal crops can be used as mulch. Watering. Should be done regularly preferably morning and evening. Weed control. Weeds should be removed by uprooting. Pricking out. Where seedlings are overcrowded some should be removed and planted in a seedling bed. This reduces competition. Shading. Should be provided but dark conditions should be avoided to avoid the seedlings becoming etiolated or pale. Pest and disease control. Appropriate chemicals should be applied to control pests and diseases. This should however start during the nursery bed preparation stage where the soil is sterilized through heat treatment or use of chemicals such as furadan. Hardening off. This the practice of preparing the seedlings to adapt to the ecological conditions found in the seedbed. This can be done through;Gradual reduction of shade 2-3 weeks before transplanting. Reduction of watering. Partial lifting of the seedlings in some cases. GraftingThis is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.8458261}
{"text": "Reduction of watering. Partial lifting of the seedlings in some cases. GraftingThis is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems. The part bearing the roots is called the rootstock while the part, which is grafted onto the rootstock, is known as the scion. Scion has buds, which develop into the future plant. The ability of the rootstock and the scion to form a successful union is referred to as compatibility. Only botanically closely related structures are compatible such as lemon and orange or lemon and tangerine. Methods of GraftingWhip or tongue grafting. In this case the diameter of the rootstock and the scion are the same. It is carried out when the diameter of the scion and rootstock is pencil thick. A slanting cut is made with a sterilized sharp knife on both the scion and rootstock. They are joined together and wrapped with grafting tape or polythene strip. Side grafting. It is done where the stock has a larger diameter than the scion. The scion is inserted into the side of the stock. Other methods of grafting include;Approach grafting. Bark grafting. Notch grafting. BuddingThis is the uniting of a vegetative bud scion to a seedling of another plant rootstock . The scion has only one bud and some bark with or without wood. The bud is inserted in a slit made on the bark of the stock. It is held tightly on the stock by tying with budding tape until it produces roots. Methods of BuddingT budding. A T-shaped incision is made onto the bark of the rootstock down to the wood. The incision is made 15-20cm above the ground using the budding knife. The bark is then raised and the bud is inserted by sliding it downwards under the lifted bark. The bud is then firmly tied. Materials such as adhesive tapes, rubber strips and polythene papers can be used for tying. The wrapping is removed about two weeks after budding to inspect the buds. If they are green they have been accepted by the stock. The stock is then cut a few centimeters above the union. The green bud develops to produce a shoot. When the shoot reaches about 25cm it is tied to a stake to prevent it from being blown by wind and get broken.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.866527}
{"text": "The stock is then cut a few centimeters above the union. The green bud develops to produce a shoot. When the shoot reaches about 25cm it is tied to a stake to prevent it from being blown by wind and get broken. The piece of rootstock above the union is now cut 1-2cm above the union. Top budding. This involves budding of young trees where the buds are inserted at the desired locations. This allows the production of different varieties of fruits on the same rootstock as long as they are of the same species. Patch budding. The bark with a bud is removed from the scion stem and inserted into a patch where the bark has been removed from the rootstock. The union is tied on top and bottom tightly. Importance of Grafting and BuddingPlants with desirable root characteristics such as disease resistance, vigorous root system, and resistance to nematode attack but with undesirable products may be used to produce desirable products. E.g. orange lemon graft. Grafting helps to repair damaged trees. They help to shorten the maturing age. Grafted mangoes take 3 years to mature while non-grafted ones may take up to 7 years. They facilitate the changing of the top of the tree from being undesirable to desirable. They help to propagate clones that cannot be propagated in any other way. They make it possible to grow more than one type of fruit or flower on the same plant. LayeringThis is the process by which a part of system is induced to produce roots while still attached to the mother plant. Once the roots have developed the stem is cut off and planted. Types of layeringMarcotting. Commonly known as aerial layering. It is done on hardwood stems that cannot bend easily to reach the ground. Some moist rooting medium is heaped around a section of the branch whose bark and cambial layer has been removed. The rooting medium is wrapped with a polythene sheet to hold the soil and maintain it moist. Auxins plant hormones accumulate at the point where the bark has been removed thereby inducing root development. Tip layering. The shoot bearing the terminal bud is bent to the ground and then covered with a layer of moist soil. Pegs are used to hold it in position. After roots develop the shoot is cut off from the mother plant and transplanted. Trench layering. The branch of a stem is bent, laid in trench and is then held in position by pegs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.8656118}
{"text": "After roots develop the shoot is cut off from the mother plant and transplanted. Trench layering. The branch of a stem is bent, laid in trench and is then held in position by pegs. The trench is then covered with moist soil. The buds develop shoots that grow upwards. Roots develop at the base of each shoot. The shoots are then cut off from the mother plant and transplanted. Compound serpentive layering. The branch is bent several times and held in position by pegs. This produces several new rooted shoots fro the same branch. However the branch must be highly flexible to achieve this. Tissue culture for Crop ProductionThis is the generation of plants from plant tissues cells . This is a biotechnology, which is used to clone vegetatively propagated materials. Tissue culture produces many propagules or explants. Cells are obtained from the tips and they are provided with certain conditions such as the culture medium, correct light intensity, temperature and relative humidity. The following three stages are involved in tissue culture. Stage 1An asceptic culture is established. Cell division and enlargement is enhanced. Disinfectants such as alcohol, calcium or sodium hypochlorite, mercury chloride and antibiotics are used to eliminate any contamination. All the tools used must be sterilized to establish a clean culture. The culture medium should include inorganic materials, carbon and energy source sugar , vitamins, organic supplements and growth regulators hormones Stage 2This involves a series of sub culturing to rapidly multiply the propagules through somatic development of embryos to produce auxiliary buds and adventitious roots. The culture medium should contain substances that enhance development of plant organs. Stage 3This involves the preparation of the propagules for the establishment in the soil. This includes the following. Rooting of the regenerated plantlets. This is promoted by supplementing the medium with auxinsHardening the plantlets by inducing tolerance to moisture stress and attack by pathogens. Increasing the temperature and light intensity beyond those in the second stage can do this. Plantlets can also be exposed gradually to conditions similar to those in the field. Converting the plantlets from heterotropic mode of nutrition to autotropic mode. Importance of Tissue Culture in Crop ProductionIt is used in the mass production of propagules. Helps to establish pathogen free plants especially in the control of viral diseases.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.9092023}
{"text": "Converting the plantlets from heterotropic mode of nutrition to autotropic mode. Importance of Tissue Culture in Crop ProductionIt is used in the mass production of propagules. Helps to establish pathogen free plants especially in the control of viral diseases. It is fast and requires less space than the cultural methods of using cuttings, which require bigger space. DisadvantagesIt is expensive, as it requires specials structures. Requires high skilled manpower. Transplanting of Vegetable Crop SeedlingsSeedlings are ready for transplanting when they are a month old or they have 4-6 true leaves or about 10-15cm. The nursery is watered 3-4 hours before lifting the seedlings. This ensures that seedlings are lifted easily with a ball of soil around the roots minimizing root damage. Healthy and vigorously growing seedlings are selected and lifted using a garden trowel. Transplanting is done when the weather is cool preferably in the morning or evening. The seedling is planted in the same depth it was in the nursery. The lower leaves should not touch the soil. Firming is done to ensure proper root-soil contact. Light mulch is applied and the seedlings are watered regularly. Shading is done where necessary. Transplanting Tree SeedlingsHoles for planting trees are dug long before transplanting day. Topsoil is kept separate and is used for refilling the hole halfway. Transplanting should be done at the onset of rains. Seedlings should be well watered a day before transplanting. This makes the soil stick onto the roots. It also eases the removal of the polythene sleeves for seedlings raised in sleeves. Seedlings are placed at the center of the hole. A sharp knife is used to cut and remove the polythene sleeve. More soil is added and firmed gently around the plant until the hole is completely full. Seedlings should be planted at the same depth as they were in the nursery. Watering should be done and mulch provided. A temporary shade may be established to conserve moisture. Young seedlings should be protected from damage by animals for about one year. This can be done for individual trees or for an entire field. CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD PRACTICES Field practices are operations carried out in the field to facilitate proper growth and optimum yield of the various crops grown. These operations should be timely for best crop performance.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.939171}
{"text": "This can be done for individual trees or for an entire field. CROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD PRACTICES Field practices are operations carried out in the field to facilitate proper growth and optimum yield of the various crops grown. These operations should be timely for best crop performance. Crop RotationThis is the growing of different types of crops or crops of different families on the same piece of land in an orderly sequence. Land is subdivided into plots. Different crops are grown in each plot in a particular season. Crops are rotated in the following season. This is applicable when dealing with annual crops. Importance of Crop RotationMaximum utilization of nutrients. Different crops vary in terms of type of nutrient and depth of absorption. Maize absorbs a lot of nitrogen from the soil but low amount of potassium. Cassava needs a lot of potassium but little nitrogen. Therefore the two can be alternated for maximum nutrient utilization. Deep-rooted crops absorb nutrients from deep layers of the soil as compared to the shallow rooted ones. The two should be alternated. Control of weeds. Planting non-grass crops can help to control parasitic weeds such as witch weed striga weed , which are specific to grass family crops. Control of soil borne pests and disease build up. Some pests and diseases are crop specific. Alternating different crop families controls them. Soil fertility improvement. When leguminous crops are included in a rotational programme, they fix nitrogen thus improving soil fertility. Soil structure improvement. At the end of a rotation programme, a grass ley piece of land planted with grass is established. During this time there is little soil disturbance and roots bind the soil particles together improving the soil structure. Soil erosion control. When cover crops such as sweet potatoes are included, they reduce soil erosion. Factors Influencing Crop RotationThe following factors should be considered when designing a crop rotation programme. Crop root depth. Deep-rooted crops should be alternated with shallow rooted crops. Soil structure. A grass ley should be included in the rotation programme because the soil becomes loose after continued use. Pests and disease control. Crops from the same family should not follow each other as the same pests and diseases attack them. Weed control. Crops that are associated with certain weeds should be alternated with those that are not. Crops that are not easily weeded should be alternated with those that are easy to weed. Crop nutrient requirement.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.9295785}
{"text": "Crops that are associated with certain weeds should be alternated with those that are not. Crops that are not easily weeded should be alternated with those that are easy to weed. Crop nutrient requirement. Heavy or gross feeders crops requiring high amounts of nutrients should come first in a newly opened land, which is relatively fertile. Soil fertility. Leguminous crops should be included to improve soil fertility. Rotational ProgrammesThe order and the sequence in which crops follow each other should be identified. This should be done in consideration of the above factors. If the farm is divided into four or eight fields, then a four-course rotation works very well. ExamplesThree course rotation. First year-beans2nd year-maize3rd year-cassavaFour course Rotation - a. First year-yams2nd year-groundnuts or beans3rd year-maize or any cereal crop4th year-cassava or any root crop. Four course Rotation - b. 1st year-Irish potatoes. 2nd year-beans3rd year-maize4th year-sweet potatoes. Terms Used in Crop ProductionMono cropping. This is growing one type of crop on the farm. DisadvantagesPlant uses only the nutrients it requires leading to their exhaustion while other nutrients are left unused. May lead to pest and disease build up if one crop is grown continually. Inter cropping. This is growing of two or more crops in the same field at the same time. E.g. maize and beans, beans and potatoes, bananas and coffee etc. This offers better soil coverage thus smothering weeds and also controlling soil erosion. Mulching. This is the placement of materials such as banana leaves or polythene sheets on the ground next to the growing crop. The materials should not come into contact with the base of the crop to discourage pest attack. Importance advantages of MulchingSoil water conservation by reducing evaporation rate. Smothers weeds hence suppressing their growth. Soil temperature moderation by acting as an insulator. This ensures no much variations in soil temperature both at night and dayReduction of runoff speed thus preventing soil erosion. Organic materials decompose to release nutrients thus improving soil fertility. Organic materials decompose to form humus, which improves soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Disadvantages of MulchingIt is a fire risk.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.9577196}
{"text": "Organic materials decompose to release nutrients thus improving soil fertility. Organic materials decompose to form humus, which improves soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Disadvantages of MulchingIt is a fire risk. Provides a breeding ground for pests that are harmful to crops. Traps light showers of rainfall lowering the chances of the raindrops from reaching soil. Expensive to acquire, transport and apply. Types of Mulching MaterialsOrganic materials. They include sawdust, wood shavings, coffee pulp, dry grass, banana leaves, dry maize stalks and any other appropriate vegetation. Inorganic synthetic materials. They can be black, yellow or transparent polythene sheets. They are expensive and therefore used only in the highly profitable crops such as flowers and pineapple production by Del Monte Kenya Limited in Thika. Mixed cropping. This is the growing of two or more crops in the same field but in specific sections at the same time. Routine Field PracticesThinning. This is the removal or uprooting of excess seedlings to allow space for the remaining seedlings. Thinning should be done when the soil is wet to avoid destroying roots of the remaining seedlings. Thinning is done to obtain an optimum plant population in a given area. Gapping. This is the refilling or replacement of dead seedlings or empty spaces left by seeds that fail to germinate. This should be timely to avoid excessive shading of the newly planted seedlings. Gapping ensures optimum plant population. Rouging. This is the removal and destruction of the infected crops. This prevents the spread of the disease or pests. Rouging can control pests such as Maize stalk borers and bean fly. Rouging can also control Armillaria root rot in tea. Training. This is the practice of manipulating plants to grow in a desired direction and shape. This cane achieved through,Staking. This is supporting plants having weak stems using strong sticks e.g. in tomatoes, garden peas and some bean varieties. Propping. This is providing support to tall varieties of bananas and those with heavy bunches using forked Y- shaped stakes. Trellising. This is providing support of crops with vines using wire or sisal strings. The strings are held by poles at definite spacing e.g. in passion fruits. Earthing up. This is the placement of soil in form of a heap around the base of the plant.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.0188773}
{"text": "In passion fruits. Earthing up. This is the placement of soil in form of a heap around the base of the plant. Reasons for earthing upIn Irish and sweet potatoes to promote tuber formation. In tobacco it improves drainage around the crop. In maize it provides support hence preventing lodging. In groundnuts it promotes production of the seeds. Pruning. This is the removal of extra or unwanted parts of a plant. This could be due to overcrowding, breakage, pest and disease attack and unproductivity. Reasons For PruningTo train the crop to attain the required shape. Formative pruning in tea is aimed to encourage lateral growth. Capping in coffee is done to encourage growth of suckers which are later allowed to develop as stems. Control of cropping. Most fruit crops do bear biennially, that is overbearing in one season which is caused by unproportional ratio of vegetative and productive parts. Removal of extra vegetative parts maintains correct ratio. This ensures uniform bearing in all the seasons. To remove the diseased and unwanted plant parts. This remove extra suckers, leaves, branches, flowers or stems. To facilitate picking. Tea and coffee bushes are pruned in order to maintain a low plucking table and bearing head respectively. To ease spray penetration. Pruning opens bush making spray penetration effective. To control pests and diseases. Pruning destroys the breeding grounds for pests and disease causing organisms. In coffee Antesia bug and CBD are controlled through pruning which opens up the bush to light. Methods of PruningPinching out. This is the removal of the terminal buds. This is common in tomatoes where the terminal bud is pinched out. This practice is called capping in tea and coffee. Annual pruning. This is the removal of branches that have borne two crops and have undesirable growth characteristics. Dry, broken, too close or diseased branches are removed. Coppicing or pollarding. This is carried out in tree crops where branches are cut at specified points in order to achieve a desired shape. NB Care must be taken during pruning. Cut surfaces may act as entry points to disease causing organisms. Cut surface must be protected by application of paint or Stockholm tar to seal the wound and keep off vectors such as aphids. Tools Used in PruningPruning saw. For cutting hard branches and stems in coffee and citrus. Pruning knife. For cutting or pruning tea by use of strokes. Pruning shears. For trimming hedges.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406299.993992}
{"text": "Pruning knife. For cutting or pruning tea by use of strokes. Pruning shears. For trimming hedges. Secateurs. Used for cutting or pruning soft branches in coffee and citrus. TEAPlucking Table Formation in TeaYoung tea is encouraged to produce a lot of lateral branches which in turn form the frame to establish a wide plucking table. Methods of frame formationFormative pruning method. Pegging method. Formative Pruning MethodThe plant is capped at different height to encourage lateral growth and discourage vertical growth. This method takes a long time to bring tea into bearing hence not commonly used. Pegging MethodA young tea plant is allowed to grow for one year to attain a height of 25-30cm. It is then cut back to 15cm above the ground. This encourages development of lateral branches. These branches are left to grow to 60-75cm high. They are forced to grow at an angle of 300 - 450 by use of pegs and the tips are nipped off. This stimulates the dormant buds to grow into shoots. The following ways can be used in pegging. Use of individual pegs. Each branch is held down by a single peg measuring about 50cm long. Many pegs are required and they are either metallic or wooden. Use of rings of pegs. A ring of 30cm diameter made out of thin sticks or a thick wire is used. It is placed on branches which are gently forced to bend to the sides of the bush at an angle of 30-450. Three pegs are then placed to hold it in position. The tips of the shoots are nipped off to encourage the growth of more shoots. Use of parallel sticks fitos pegs. Two parallel straight light fitos are placed on either side of a row of tea bushes. Pegs are used to hold the fitos down. Light sticks about 45cm long are placed under the parallel sticks to hold in position any branches that lie between the fitos. TippingThis is the cutting back of shoots to the desired table height that is 20cm above the pegging height. This involves the removal of three leaves and a bud from each shoot above the required height of the table. The initial height should be 50cm above the ground level. Two Y-shaped sticks 50cm in height and a long straight stick about 2 m long are used. The straight stick is placed on the Y-shaped sticks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.0225327}
{"text": "The initial height should be 50cm above the ground level. Two Y-shaped sticks 50cm in height and a long straight stick about 2 m long are used. The straight stick is placed on the Y-shaped sticks. Tipping is done at 2-3 weeks intervals five times before the plucking table is properly formed. This process encourages formation of a uniform and a flat plucking table. Maintenance of the Plucking TableMaintenance pruning helps to prevent rise in the plucking height. This is done by cutting back the tea bush to 5cm above the previous pruning height after 2-5 years. Three months after maintenance pruning, tipping is done just like in the plucking table formation. After many such pruning s, the tea bushes are cut down to 45cm above the ground. This is called Rehabilitation change of cycle and it is done after every 40-50 years. Pruning Mature TreeThe following points are observed during pruning of tea. Side branches growing below the pruning height are not removed because this would reduce the spread of the bush reducing the yield. Outside edge of the bush should not be cut at a higher level than the centre to avoid a dish shaped frame. Bush should be pruned parallel to the slope using a measuring stick. Branches should be cut across in order to minimize the area of the wounds. Long slopping cuts increase die back and disease infection. Small branches and twigs on the frame are removed by hand. Branches should be placed on top of the frame to offer protection during the dry period. They should be removed at the start of the wet weather after the new shoots start to sprout. All the branches should be left to rot in the field as they contain a lot of nutrients and also act as mulch. Pruning knife must always be sharp to cut the branches and not to break them. After several pruning s, the tea is cut back to the original table. This is called change of cycle rehabilitation . COFFEEPruning in coffee is to regulate the quality and quantity of coffee berries. Reasons for pruning in CoffeeRegulate bearing. Unpruned coffee tends to bear biennially i.e. it produces a heavy crop one season and a light one in the next season. To remove old and unproductive branches. To make harvesting easy by regulating the height of trees. To open up the bush to allow better air circulation. This removes the microclimate suitable for pest and disease organisms thus controlling them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.0426593}
{"text": "To make harvesting easy by regulating the height of trees. To open up the bush to allow better air circulation. This removes the microclimate suitable for pest and disease organisms thus controlling them. Facilitate spray penetration. There is economic use of chemicals. Systems of Pruning in CoffeeSingle stem system. Multiple stem systemSingle Stem PruningIn this case one permanent stem with a strong framework of primary branches is established. The main stem is capped at various heights as the bush grows. At each capping the best growing sucker is allowed to continue growing upwards. The first capping is done at 53cm, 2nd at 114cm and the final one at 168cm. The height of single stem bushes ranges from between 1.5-1.8m. In young trees, the initial crop is borne on the primary branches but as the bush matures, the crop is borne on secondary and tertiary branches successively. Annual pruning is done throughout the year but suckers are removed throughout the year. Single stem system allows easy picking and spraying and minimizes breakage of branches. It however requires skill in its establishment and takes time to bring bushes to bearing. Multiple Stem PruningTwo or three upright stem are maintained. There are two types of the multiple stem system i.e. capped multiple and non-capped multiple systemIn capped system, the main stem is capped at 38cm and 2-3 shoots are allowed to grow to a height 0f 1.5-1.8m. The bushes are thereafter maintained as in single stem system. In non-capped system, the main stem is capped at 38cm above the ground. Suckers are then allowed to grow. Two to three suckers are selected and left to grow. When the stems get old after 4-6 years, they are removed. The removal of the old stems is called changing of cycle. Annual pruning involves the removal of lateral branches that have borne two crops, those that are too close, dry or broken and any that are undesirable. Suckers should be removed as they appear. Advantages of non-capped multiple stem systemRequires less skill to establish. Easy to prune. Doesn t allow accumulation of CBD due to frequent removal old stems. DisadvantagesBreaking of stems and branches. Difficulty in gathering the berries from the top points. Difficulty in spraying the tall bushes. Rotting of stumps with age.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.1012704}
{"text": "Difficulty in gathering the berries from the top points. Difficulty in spraying the tall bushes. Rotting of stumps with age. CappingThis is cutting the main stem at height of 53cm when the young coffee plant is 69cm tall. One lateral is selected and later capped at 114cm when it grows to 130cm. The third capping is done at 168cm when the lateral branch reaches 183cn in height. At each capping only one upright branch is selected and allowed to develop. Capping is mainly done in single stem system. The tree is kept capped at 1.5-1.8m. De-suckering. This is the removal of suckers. Changing the cycle. It s the replacement of old stem by suckers. This occurs after 4-6 years. Cutting back in pyrethrum. This is the removal of the old stems down to the level of the top foliage at the end of the cropping year towards the end of the dry season. This increases production in the following season and minimizes incidences of bud disease. Banana Stool Management. This is involves the removal of extra suckers in the stool. 3-6 stem per stool are maintained. The suckers left should be at different stages of development; one sucker bearing, one half grown and the other one starting to grow. This ensures that they come into bearing at different times. Dry and diseased leaves should be removed using a sickle or panga to open up the stool. Crop protection. This involves the following;Weed control. Weeds are plants growing where they are not required. Potatoes growing in a wheat field are regarded as weeds. Some plants are however referred to as weeds regardless of where they are found such as black jack, couch grass, Sodom apple, wandering jew etc. Crop pest control. Pests are harmful to crops. They include insects, nematodes, rodents, thrips and mites. They reduce the quality and quantity of the crop products and should therefore be controlled. Crop disease control. A crop disease is any alteration in the state of a plant and functions of a plant or its parts. Diseases are caused by;Fungi. CBD, maize rust, coffee rust, smut in maize and sorghum etc. Bacteria. Tomato wilt, cabbage black rot, black arm of cotton etc. Virus.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.1028779}
{"text": "Bacteria. Tomato wilt, cabbage black rot, black arm of cotton etc. Virus. Ratoon stunting disease of sugarcane, rosette disease in groundnuts, cassava mosaic. Nutritional cause. Blossom end rot in tomatoes due to calcium deficiency. Physiological disorders. Frost injury in tea, coffee etc. Harvesting. This is the final operation in crop production that is carried out in the field. Harvesting should be timely to avoid loss in quality and quantity of the produce. Stage and Time of HarvestingTime of Harvesting is determined by the following factors. Market demand. Consumers preference is considered before harvesting. Maize is harvested either green or when the grains dry depending on market demand. Concentration of the required chemicals. In coffee the ripe berries are the ones harvested as they contain the required caffeine. In tea the two youngest leaves and the terminal bud are harvested as they give high quality tea. Purpose use of the crop. Maize for silage making should be harvested just before flowering while that for grain production should be harvested when the grains mature. Weather conditions. Most crops should be harvested during the dry season to avoid losses. Synchronisation of planting and harvesting time should therefore be donePrevailing market price and profit margins. In some crops harvesting can be deliberately delayed to await better market prices. Carrots and pears can be harvested late to realize higher profit margins. Methods of HarvestingThis depends on;Growth habit of the crop. Part being harvested. Scale of production. Precautions During HarvestingTiming should be correct. Weather should be dry to avoid rotting of the produce. Delayed harvesting should be avoided as most crops get spoilt in the farm. Store should be ready to receive the produce after it is harvested. Post Harvest PracticesThey are carried out on the crop after harvesting. They include the following. Threshing shelling. This is the act of removing maize from the cobs, beans from the pods or sorghum from the heads. This is done to facilitate subsequent cleaning and storage. It is normally the first operation done after harvesting. Drying. Grains are dried up to a moisture content of 12-13 . This prevents rotting and fungal attack of the grains while in store. Cleaning. This is done by winnowing in cereals to remove the chaff from the grains. Sorting and grading. The produce is sorted and graded according to quality.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.1453547}
{"text": "It varies from species to species and is also influenced by factors such as;Degree of excitement. Age of the animal. Sex of the animal. Physiological status of the animal e.g. in pregnancy. Production level of the animals. Loss of weight, emaciation and sudden drop in production may signify ill health. Morphological conditions of the bodyThe morphological conditions may be observed in the following areas;The visible mucous membranes. In normal health, the mucous membranes should be pink in colour, moist, soft, smooth and well lubricated. In ill health they are bright red, pale, yellowish or bluish in colour. The skin and animals coat. Healthy animals have smooth, soft, warm and moist skin especially around the muzzle. Dry and staring coat, loss of hair, swellings on skin etc are signs of ill health. Predisposing Factors of Livestock DiseasesThese are conditions inside or outside the body of an animal which lead to the animal contracting a disease or an injury. They include the following;Species of the animal. Some diseases are confined to certain species e.g. Newcastle disease in poultry and swine fever in pigs. Breed of the animal. Some diseases are confined to certain breeds such as Hereford suffer from cancer of the eye and solar erythema affects only the large white pig breeds. Age of the animal. Some diseases are associated with certain age groups e.g. piglet s anaemia affects only piglets, lamb dysentery affect lambs and calf pneumonia affects calves. Sex of the animal. Some diseases affect a particular sex e.g. mastitis affects lactating female animals, orchitis affects males as it affects the testis. Colour of the animal. Black animals suffer more to heat stress. Animals with light pigmentation may suffer from disorders such as photosensitization when exposed to high light intensity such as the large white breed of pigs. CAUSES OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES a Nutritional cause b Physical causes c Chemical caused Living organismsNUTRITIONAL CAUSES:This may be due to:-Mineral imbalances- Mineral deficiency problems are more common in rapidly growing animalsThe deficiency of certain minerals in the diet of livestock can cause the following nutritional disorders. Anaemia in piglets due to lack of iron. Curled toe paralysis in poultry due to lack of calcium and phosphorous.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.1316168}
{"text": "CAUSES OF LIVESTOCK DISEASES a Nutritional cause b Physical causes c Chemical caused Living organismsNUTRITIONAL CAUSES:This may be due to:-Mineral imbalances- Mineral deficiency problems are more common in rapidly growing animalsThe deficiency of certain minerals in the diet of livestock can cause the following nutritional disorders. Anaemia in piglets due to lack of iron. Curled toe paralysis in poultry due to lack of calcium and phosphorous. Milk fever parturient paresis in lactating dairy animals due to lack of calcium. Development of goiter in young calves due to iodine deficiency. Enzootic ataxia or swayback in lambs due to lack of copper. Bovine ketosis or acetonaemia due to impaired metabolism of carbohydrates and volatile fatty acids. Osteomalacia due to lack of carbohydrates. B Amount of food eaten by an animal-Excess intake of lush pasture will cause bloat or Ruminal tympanyThis is a digestive disorder of ruminating animals caused by production of Excess gas Methane in the rumen during fermentation. Excess food eaten especially in animals with single stomach monogastrics can cause rapture of the stomach, diarrhoea or constipation. Low food intake or lack of food results in loss of weight, poor health and in extreme cases result in starvation and even death. Animals that lack proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins become emaciated, unproductive and occasionally suffer from diseases. Feeding animals on contaminated feeds cause death e.g. rotting grains may contain aflatoxin, which is very poisonous. PHYSICAL CAUSES-These include physical injuries to the body organs or parts such as-Sudden or violent physical force can result into fracture. CHEMICAL CAUSESIf an animal eats, swallows or inhales chemicals such as acids, insecticides, herbicides etc it can be poisoned. Poison is any substance, which interferes with the normal structure or the physical metabolism of an animal s body if it comes into contact with its internal body organs. Most chemicals cause irritation, corrosion and burning of tissues or interfere with body systems. Other chemicals may interfere with membrane permanently. Stings from certain insects in sensitive parts of the body can cause irritation to the animal and may also cause swelling. Some weeds in pasture are poisonous if eaten by animals e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.1987643}
{"text": "E Use of antiseptics and disinfectants-Antiseptics are preparations containing germ killing agents and antibacterial drugs. They are used on the skin or in wounds. -Disinfectants are very concentrated germinal chemicals used to kill bacteria in buildings and in animal structures. APPROPRIATE METHODS OF HANDLING LIVESTOCKLivestock handling should be carried out in the most humane and technical way in order to avoid stress or injury to the animal. Reasons for handling animalsWhen administering any form of treatment to the animalWhen spraying or hand dressing the animal with chemicals to control external parasites. When inspecting the animal in case of any sings of ill health. When milking the animal. When performing certain routine management practices eg dehorning, castration, hoof trimming, vaccination etc. METHODS OF RESTRAINING THE ANIMALUse of crush. Use of ropes. Use of bullring and lead stick. Use of head yokeNB: In livestock health, the following activities call for handling of animals. Drenching-This is the oral administration of drugs to the animal. -The drug can be in solid or liquid form. -A drenching gun is used to administer liquid drugs through the mouth. -A bolus gun is for solid drugs. The animal should be restrained in a crush and the head is held close to the stocks man under the left armpit. The mouth is then opened with the left hand and the drugs pushed in with the drenching or bolus gun using the right hand. B InjectionThe drugs are injected into the muscles intramuscularly or into the veins intra-veins -Care should be taken to select the correct site of injection. C Mastitis control. -When performing this operation, the animal is restrained in a crush. -Complete milking is done after which antibiotics are infused into the teats. D Hand spraying. -The animal is restrained in a crush for this operation. -A stir-up pump or a knap sack sprayer is used to spray the acaricide onto the animal. -Proper attention should be given to all the sites preferred by ticks. LIVESTOCK HEALTH II PARASITES Parasite- A living organism that lives in or on another organism and obtains nourishment from that organism without being useful to it in any way. -This host-parasite relationship is referred to as parasitism.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.1773841}
{"text": "-Larva forms the pupa, which later changes into an adult. -Tsetse flies bites mainly during the day. Harmful effects-They transmit Trypanosomiasis caused by a protozoan called trypanosome-Sucks out blood from the animal causing anaemia. -Cause damage on the skins and hides of animals making wounds, which provide routes for secondary infection by pathogenic organisms. Control-Bush clearing to destroy their breeding places. -Spraying their breeding places with insecticides. -Use of fly traps with impregnated nets. -Use of sterilizing agents eg radio isotopes on male flies and then releasing them. B .Keds melophagus orinus -Are sometimes referred to as sheep ticks. -They are hairy and wingless bloodsucking flies. Harmful effects-Cause irritation in heavy infestation. -Due to irritation, animal scratches itself thus damaging the wool. -Retarded growth in lambs. -. Anaemia. Control measures-Shearing the infected sheep and hand spraying them with appropriate chemicals eg pyrethrum, malathium, dieldrin etc-Routine sheep dipping. C FleasThey are wingless but have strong legs adapted for leaping over long distances. -They suck blood, as their mouthparts are adapted for penetrating the host s skin and sucking blood. -They pass through the following stages during development, egg- larvae- pupa- adult. Harmful effects-Cause irritation leading to scratching. -Stick fast in poultry causing wounds on the comb and wattles. -They cause anaemia. Control measures-Animals sleeping places should be kept clean. -Dusting animal hooks with appropriate insecticides. -Covering the stick fast fleas with petroleum to suffocate them. D LiceThey are small wingless insects and can be divided into two groups. Biting lice mallophaga Sucking lice anoplura Biting lice-diagram-They are found on both the birds and mammals. -They have chewing mouthparts. -They complete their lifecycle between three to four weeks. Sucking lice-Have mouthparts reduced into styles for sucking blood. -They are found only on mammals. Harmful effects-Cause irritation to the animal hence, the animal is seen to rub itself against fixed objects. -Heavy infestations cause loss of health in animals.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.2269442}
{"text": "-They are found only on mammals. Harmful effects-Cause irritation to the animal hence, the animal is seen to rub itself against fixed objects. -Heavy infestations cause loss of health in animals. -Since animals under attack do not feed very well, there is emaciation. -Loss of production in birds. -Anaemia and restless especially in poultry. Control measures-Spraying or dusting animals with appropriate insecticides. -Keeping animal houses clean. -Perches in poultry houses should be applied with insecticides e.g. 40 nicotine sulphate solution. -Dusting each bird with sodium fluoride for individual treatment. CLASS ARACHNIDA-This consists of the ticks, mites and spiders. -Ticks and mites belong to the order Acarina. -These do not undergo complete metamorphosis. -They have two body parts i.e. cephalothorax and the abdomen. -The adults have 4 pairs of legs. A Ticks. -Ticks rank as the single most important ectoparasites of livestock. -They cause injury and spread very dangerous diseases. -There are over 50 different species of ticks known. Harmful effects. -Vectors of diseases e.g. ECF, Red water, Anaplasmosis. -Suck blood-causing anaemia to the host. -Cause wounds through their bites. -Cause irritation to the animal. -Their bites lower value of hides and skins. -Some ticks produce toxins that may be harmful to the host. THE LIFE CYCLE OF TICKS-Ticks usually pass through four main stages in their cycle i.e. -Egg-Larva six legs -Nymph Eight legs -Adult Eight legs -Different species of ticks need different number of hosts. -There are therefore three categories of ticks i.e. -One host ticks. -Two host ticks. -Three host ticks. ONE HOST TICKS-These ticks require one host to complete their lifecycle. -Eggs on the ground hatch into larvae. -Larvae climb onto the host, suck blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -Nymphs feed on the same host, become engorged and moult into adults. -Adults feed on the same host, mate and the females drop off to the ground to lay eggs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.2169523}
{"text": "-Larvae climb onto the host, suck blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -Nymphs feed on the same host, become engorged and moult into adults. -Adults feed on the same host, mate and the females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Examples of one-host ticks-Blue tick Boophilus decoloratus -The Texas Fever tick Boophilus annalatus -The Cattle tick Boophilus microplus -The Tropical Horse tick Dermacentor nitens TWO HOST TICKS-This tick requires two hosts to complete their lifecycle. -The larvae and nymphs pass through their stages on the first host. -Eggs on the ground hatch into larvae, which climb on to the first host. -A larva attaches themselves to the host, feed on blood, become engorged and moult into nymphs. -. Nymphs feed on the same host become engorged and then drop to the ground to moult in adults. -Adults find a new host on which to feed. -They feed on the second host and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Examples of two host ticks-Red legged tick Rhipicephalus evertsi -The Brown tick Amblyomma maculatum -The African Bont-legged tick Hyalomma truncatum -Large Bont-legged tick Hyalomma rufipes THREE HOST TICKS-These ticks require three different hosts to enable them to complete their lifecycle. -Eggs hatch on the ground into larvae. -Larvae attaches itself to the first host, feed on blood, become engorged and drop off to the ground and moults into nymphs. -The nymphs look for a second host, feed on blood, become engorged and drop off to the ground and moult into adults. -Adults seek for the third host, climb, feed become engorged and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.2525148}
{"text": "-The nymphs look for a second host, feed on blood, become engorged and drop off to the ground and moult into adults. -Adults seek for the third host, climb, feed become engorged and mate. -Females drop off to the ground to lay eggs. Lifecycle of a three-host tickExamples:--Brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus -East African Bont tick Amblyomma variegatum -Bont tick Amblyomma herbraeum -Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum -Yellow Dog tick Haemaphysalis leachii -Fowl tick Haemaphysalis hoodi -Brown Dog Tick Rhipicephalus sanguineous TICK CONTROL MEASURESi Natural Biological method. Ii Mechanical method. Iii Chemical method. 1.Natural Biological method. -This is the use of the tick s natural enemies, which predate on the ticks. E.g. using predators such as birds to control ticks. N B Only a small number of ticks is controlled using this method. 2.Mechanical methodi Burning the infected pastures. -Burning destroys eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults. Ii Interfering with the ticks environmentThis is achieved by:--Ploughing pasture land .the eggs are exposed to the sun heat or are deeply buried. Iii By top dressing pasture using lime or dressing using acaricides. Iv Fencing off the pasture and farm. V Hand picking the ticks deticking vi Starving the ticks to death-This is achieved by practicing rotational grazing. -It interrupts the lifecycle of the ticks. 3. Chemical control method. This is done by application of acaricide. Properties of an effective acaricide-Has the ability to kill ticks. -Be harmless to both human and livestock. -Be stable. -Should remain effective after having been fouled with dung, mud or hair. Methods of acaricide application-Spraying regularly with the acaricide. -Dipping animals in plugs dips containing the acaricide. -Hand dressing using pyegrease. ENDOPARASITES INTERNAL PARASITES These are parasites which live within the body of the host animal e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.287399}
{"text": "-Dipping animals in plugs dips containing the acaricide. -Hand dressing using pyegrease. ENDOPARASITES INTERNAL PARASITES These are parasites which live within the body of the host animal e.g. tapeworms, Round worms, Fluke etcCategories of Endoparasites-Endoparasites are generally called helminthes-They fall under 2 phylai Platyhelminthes Flat worms -class-trematoda flukes -Cestoda tapeworms ii Nemathelminthes nematoda - Round worms. PLATYHELMINTHES-Are flatworms. -Body is symmetrical-Are hermaphroditic. A Tape worm Taenia spp -cestodes-Have two main parts ie-Has a head Scolex and a chain of segments called the strobila-Each segment is called a proglottis. -Scolex has suckers or hooks or both. Animals affected pigsCattleSheep. Goats. Donkey. Symptoms of attack-General emaciation-Rough or staring coat. -Scouring and sometimes constipation due to digestive disturbance. -. Pot-bellies especially in calves. -Oedematous swelling under the jaw. -Obstruction blockage of the intestines when tapeworms are present in large nubers. -. Ploglottides present in faeces. -Anaemia. -Excessive appetite. NB Lifecycle of tapeworm-Tape worms attack farm animals as intermediate hosts and man as final host. -There are two common species of tapewormBeef tape worm Taenia saginata Pork tape worm Taenia solium -Affected human beings drop Ploglottides full of eggs with faeces. -Eggs are picked by the right intermediate host either cattle or pigs while feeding. -After ingestion by the host intermediate , Eggs hutch in the intestines into embryos. -Embryos penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the blood system. -They first move to the liver and then to all body muscles of the animal where they become cysts. -Under cooked beef or pork from infected animals if eaten by man causes an infection.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.271484}
{"text": "-Embryos penetrate the intestinal wall and enter the blood system. -They first move to the liver and then to all body muscles of the animal where they become cysts. -Under cooked beef or pork from infected animals if eaten by man causes an infection. -In the human intestine cysts wall dissolve and the parasites attack themselves to the wall of the intestine. -Here they develop into adult tapeworms. -These are passed out again in faeces. Control measures and treatmentUse of prophylactic drugs e.g. antihelminthes dewormers to kill parasites in animals. Keep animal houses clean and disinfected. Practice rotational grazing to starve the larvae cysts to death. Keep the feeding and watering equipment clean. Use of latrines by farm workers ie proper disposal of human faeces. Proper meet inspection. Proper cooking of meat. B Liver fluke Fascial spp Trematoda There are many species of flukes. -Two are the most common ones ieFasciola heptica sheep Fasciola gigantica cattle -Heavy infestation of flukes causes a condition called Fascioliasis. Symptoms-Emaciation-Indigestion in the animal. -Pot bellied condition. -Damage to liver tissue causing haemorrhage due to movement of flukes in the liver. -Anaemia due to sucking of blood. -Animals are dull and depressed. -Swollen and painful abdomen. -Recumbence precedes death. NB Fasciola has the following characteristics-Gray or gray-pink in colour-Flattened like leaf. -Have a conical projection at the anterior end. -Have a tapering body ending. Lifecycle:-Liver fluke use the fresh water snail as their intermediate host. -. They have sheep or cattle as their final host. -Adult flukes are found in the bile duct of the liver of the host animal. -Here they produce eggs, which are passed into the alimentary canal through the bile duct. -Eggs are passed out through dung. -A fluke produces about 300-3500 eggs per day. -I the eggs falls into stagnant water that is warm, they hatch into a ciliated embryos called miracidia miracidium -On coming into contact with the intermediate host snail Limnea spp . It penetrates the snail tissue.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.3054507}
{"text": "-A fluke produces about 300-3500 eggs per day. -I the eggs falls into stagnant water that is warm, they hatch into a ciliated embryos called miracidia miracidium -On coming into contact with the intermediate host snail Limnea spp . It penetrates the snail tissue. -Once inside the snail tissues, miracidium process masses of cells called sporocysts-Sporocysts change into Redia. -Redia produces cercaria more out of snail-Cercaria change into metacercaria which is the infective stage of the fluke-The definite final host through grazing or drinking infected water takes Metacercaria. NB Metacercaria can survive in wet grass and in shady places or when withstand harsh conditions for a year. -Once swallowed by the host, cercaria penetrates walls of the intestine and hatch into adults. -Adults migrate to the liver where they grow, mature, mate and produce eggs. -The cycle starts all over again. Control measures1. Controlling the fresh water snail intermediate host thoughPhysically killing them. Chemically by use of CuSo4 Sodium pentachlorophenate etc which is added to stagnant water to kill the snails. Draining swampy areas leveling any depression that may hold water in the pastures. 2. Burning of the pastures during the dry seasons to kill cercaria3. Not grazing animals near marshy or waterlogged areas. 4. Routine drenching using antihelminthes e.g. NaSo4, hexachloroethane drugs. ROUNDWORMS NEMATODES Ascaris spp There are three common species of round wormsAscaris lumbricoides Cattle and sheep. A. suum Pigs. A. galli poultry. -Heavy infestation of these worms cause a condition called ascaridiosisSymptoms of Attack-Anorexia Loss of appetite in heavy infestation -Staring coat stiff and dry -Dehydration and pale mucosa-Eggs and adults present in faeces. -Emaciation-Diarrhoea. -Anaemia. -Potbellies especially in young animals. LIFECYCLE OF A ROUNDWORM-The common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides does not have intermediate hosts.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.3349288}
{"text": "-Anaemia. -Potbellies especially in young animals. LIFECYCLE OF A ROUNDWORM-The common roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides does not have intermediate hosts. -Eggs are laid in the alimentary canal of the host animal. -Eggs are passed out of the host with faeces. -Under favorable environmental conditions, eggs hatch into larvae, which climb onto grass and are eaten by host animals. -Once ingested eggs hatch into young worms called juveniles, which migrate to the liver and lungs. They move up the trachea where they are coughed and swallowed with sputum to the intestines. Here they mature, mate and lay eggs. Eggs are passed out in faeces. -Some species such as hookworms penetrate the animal s skin directly. Control Measures. Rotational grazing. Drenching using appropriate antihelminths. Proper use of latrines by farm workers. Hygiene in the herd such removal of infected dung. Taking care not to contaminate any feed and forage. Principles of Controlling EndoparasitesFactors to Consider When Controlling Endoparasites. The flock and its environment. Control measures should be directed at the whole group together with their pastures and housing. Nutritional status of the animal. Good nutritional status of the animals increases the resistance of the animals to internal parasite infection. Pasture management and rotational grazing. Pastures should be given a resting period after grazing. Housing management. There should be adequate spacing of the animal. Clean bedding should be provided and manure should be removed frequently. Hygiene should be maintained on feeding and water troughs. Protection of the young. Since young animals are more susceptible than adults to worm infestation, they should be dewormed regularly. They should also graze ahead of the old stock. Prediction of an outbreak. The life cycle of each parasite should be known to make their control possible. Treatment. The following rules should be observed;Parasites or causal agents should be identified correctly. Best available drug should be used at the right dosage. Treatment should be done when the parasite is most susceptible to the drug. Ecological requirement of the parasite must be known. Methods of Drug AdministrationStrategic Treatment. Administration is regularly at the same time each year. All animals are treated to reduce pasture contamination. Tactical Treatment. When rainfall is irregular, rapid multiplication of worms may occur calling for an additional tactical treatment.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.3682702}
{"text": "All animals are treated to reduce pasture contamination. Tactical Treatment. When rainfall is irregular, rapid multiplication of worms may occur calling for an additional tactical treatment. This is done when climatic and nutritional conditions are abnormal. SOIL FERTILITY II INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ESSENTIAL ELEMENTSPlant nutrients occur in the soil in the form of soluble substances. The plants take these substances in different quantities depending on their roles in plant tissues. Essential ElementsThese are nutrients needed by plants for various uses. They are divided into two categories;Macro-nutrients are also referred to as major nutrients and are needed in large quantities. Micro-nutrients are also referred to as trace as trace or minor nutrients. They are needed by plants in small quantities but must be present. Macro-nutrientsThey include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sulphur, calcium and magnesium. N, P and K are referred to as fertilizer elements. Ca, Mg and S are referred to as liming elements. Role of macro-nutrients and their deficiency symptoms. 1. Nitrogen. N03-, NH4 Its sources are; artificial fertilizers, organic matter and atmospheric fixation by lightning and nitrogen fixing bacteria. Role of nitrogen in plantsChlorophyll formation making the plant succulent deep green in colour. Encourages vegetative growth especially in crops where leaves are harvested e.g. kales, Cabbages and pasture grasses. Protein formation and protoplasm of all living cells. Regulates the availability of phosphorous and potassium in plants. Increases the size of grain cereals and their protein content. Deficiency symptomsChlorosis or yellowing of the leaves. Production of anthocyanin pigment instead of chlorophyll in tomatoes causing purplish colour. Stunted growth where plants become dwarfed with extremely short roots. Premature leaf fall. Premature ripening of fruits. Production of light seeds. Effects of excess nitrogenScorching of the leaves. Delayed maturity. Excessive succulence in stems hence fall lodging. Loss of nitrogen from the soilSoil erosionLeachingVolatilizationCrop uptakeUsed by microorganisms. 2. Phosphorous. H2PO4, P2O5 It occurs in the soil either in organic or in inorganic forms. It is converted into phosphates by microorganisms, which can be absorbed by plants.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.4112751}
{"text": "Phosphorous. H2PO4, P2O5 It occurs in the soil either in organic or in inorganic forms. It is converted into phosphates by microorganisms, which can be absorbed by plants. Since phosphates are relatively soluble in water they are not easily leached. SourceOrganic manuresCommercial fertilizersPhosphate rocksRole of PhosphorousRoot development and nodules formationInfluences cell division. Strengthens plant stems preventing lodging. Hastens maturity of the crop, flowering, and fruit and seed formation. Plays an important role in metabolic processes such as respiration, protein, fat and carbohydrate formationDeficiency symptomsStunted growth. Delayed maturity. Increased production of anthocyanin pigment hence purple colour. Yield of grains, fruits and seed is lowered. Effects of excess PhosphorousIt leads to unavailability of iron, which is converted, into insoluble compounds, which cannot be absorbed by plants. Loss of phosphorous from the soilSoil erosionLeachingCrop removalFixation by iron and aluminium oxide. 3. Potassium. K , K2O SourcesCrop residue and organic manuresCommercial fertilizersPotassium bearing rocks e.g. mica and feldspar. Role of potassiumComponent of chlorophyll molecule. Plays important role in carbohydrate formation and translocation. Assists in the uptake of nitrates from the soil and balances the effect on phosphorous and nitrogen uptake by plants. Neutralizes organic acids in plants. Strengthens plant stalks increasing plant vigour and disease resistance. Symptoms of potassium deficiencyLeaf curlingChlorosisPremature leaf fallStunted growth. Leaves develop a burnt scorched appearance on the margin. Loss of potassium from the soilCrop removalLeachingSoil erosionFixation in the soil. 4. Calcium Ca . SourcesCrop residues and organic matter. Commercial fertilizers. Weathering of soil minerals. Agricultural lime such as dolomite and limestone. Role of Calcium in plantsProtein synthesis. Corrects soil PH increasing soil Cation Exchange Capacity CEC making more nutrients such as phosphorous and potassium more available. Improves the vigour and strength of straw. Helps in grain and seed formation. Improves the soil structure. Promotes bacteria activity in the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.403068}
{"text": "Helps in grain and seed formation. Improves the soil structure. Promotes bacteria activity in the soil. Deficiency symptomsBlossom end rot in tomatoesStunted growthDying back of plant tips. Young leaves remain closed. Loss of calciumCrop removalLeachingSoil erosion. 5. Magnesium Mg 2 . SourcesCrop residues and organic manuresCommercial fertilizersAgricultural limeWeathering of soil minerals. Role of magnesiumSynthesis of oil in crops such as Soya beans and groundnuts. Forms part of the chlorophyll. Promotes the growth of soil bacteria and enhances the nitrogen fixation power of the legumes. Activates the production and transport of carbohydrates and proteins in the growing plant. Deficiency symptomsInter-venial Chlorosis of the leaves where the parts between the veins become yellow. Leaves turn purple then brown and eventually die. Leaves curve upwards along the margin. Stalks become weak and the plant develops long branched roots. 6. Sulphur SO42- . SourcesCommercial fertilizers. Soil minerals containing Sulphide such as gypsum and pyrites. Atmospheric sulphur from industries through rainwater. Role of sulphurFormation of proteins and plant hormones. Formation and activation of certain Co-enzymes such as coenzyme A. Influences plant physiological processes such as protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation, carbohydrate metabolism and nitrogen fixation. Deficiency symptomsStunted growthPoor nodulation in legumesLeaf Chlorosis hence anthocyanin pigment production. Thin stems and delayed maturity. Carbon, Oxygen and HydrogenThey are derived from the atmosphere and soil water. The three are raw material for photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Oxygen is also needed for respiration to produce energy. Micro NutrientsThey are also referred to as trace or minor elements. They are required in small quantities but they are essential for proper growth and development of plants. They include iron, manganese, copper boron, molybdenum and chlorine. Role of micronutrients and their deficiency symptomsCopper, iron and molybdenum help enzymes that are involved in oxidation and reduction processes in plants. Copper is involved in the utilization of iron and in respiration. Iron is needed in the synthesis of proteins in the chloroplasts.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.4463754}
{"text": "Role of micronutrients and their deficiency symptomsCopper, iron and molybdenum help enzymes that are involved in oxidation and reduction processes in plants. Copper is involved in the utilization of iron and in respiration. Iron is needed in the synthesis of proteins in the chloroplasts. Molybdenum is necessary for nitrogen fixation to take place by the help of symbiotic and non-biotic bacteria. It is also necessary for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins in plants. Boron is involved in the translocation of sugars in plants and in the absorption of water. Zinc is involved in the formation of some growth hormones and is also involved in the reproduction process of some plants. Inorganic Fertilizers. These are artificially processed compounds, which are added to the soil to improve its fertility. A. Classification of inorganic fertilizersThey are classified according to;Nutrients contained. -Straight containing only one macro-nutrient-Compound containing more than one macro-nutrient. Mode of application. Time of application. -Soil applied when planting-Top dressing after crop emergenceEffects on the soil pH. -Acidic-Neutral-Basic. I Straight fertilizerThey contain only one macro-nutrient which could be N, P or K. they are named according to the element contained. Nitrogenous fertilizers. They contain nitrogen as the primary macronutrient. They include Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN , Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate ASN Sulphate of Ammonia SA and Urea. Phosphatic fertilizers. Contain phosphorous. They include Single Super Phosphate SSP , DSP, and TSP. Potassic fertilizers. Contain potassium. They include Potassium Chloride or Murate of Potash KCl and Potassium Sulphate or Sulphate of Potash K2SO4 ii Compound or Mixed or Complex fertilizersThey contain two or more primary macronutrients. If it contains two of the primary macronutrients it is referred to as an incomplete compound fertilizer. Examples DAP 18:46:0 20-20-0 etc. If it contains the three N P K it is referred to as a complete compound fertilizer. Examples are 20-10-10, 25-5-5 5s, 17-17-17 and 15-15-15.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.4872978}
{"text": "Examples DAP 18:46:0 20-20-0 etc. If it contains the three N P K it is referred to as a complete compound fertilizer. Examples are 20-10-10, 25-5-5 5s, 17-17-17 and 15-15-15. B. Properties and Identification of Fertilizersi Nitrogenous FertilizersThey have the following properties. Highly soluble in water. Most are highly corrosive and therefore should not be handled with bare hands. They also corrode metal surfaces such as iron and tin. Are highly volatile. Under hot conditions they change into gaseous form and escape into the atmosphere. They should therefore be applied to moist soils to avoid volatilization. They are hygroscopic and therefore absorb water from the atmosphere causing the granules to stick together or cake. They should therefore be stored under dry conditions. They are easily leached and should therefore be applied to already established crops. They have a scorching effect and should therefore not be brought into contact with any part of the plant. They have a short residual effect and should therefore be applied frequently. Properties of Individual Nitrogenous FertilizersSulphate of Ammonia NH4 2SO4. Physical appearance, white crystals, has acidic effect, contains 20-21 N. its highly volatile and slow acting. Ammonium Sulphate Nitrate ASN NH4NO3 NH4 2SO4. Its less acidic, granules appear yellow orange or brownish in colour, contains 26 N. its both quick and slow acting and highly corrosive. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN NH4NO3 CaCO3. It s neutral in nature and highly hygroscopic. It has grayish granules and not corrosive. It contains 21 N. Urea CO NH2 2. Has 45-46 N. occurs as small whitish granules. It is easily leached or volatilized. It is rarely used except in crops with a high absorption capacity such as sugarcane. Ii Phosphatic FertilizersThey have the following properties. Has low solubility and immobile. However they may combine with ions of aluminium fixing phosphorous into unavailable forms to the plants.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.515669}
{"text": "Ii Phosphatic FertilizersThey have the following properties. Has low solubility and immobile. However they may combine with ions of aluminium fixing phosphorous into unavailable forms to the plants. They should therefore be place next to the roots so that plants can utilize them before phosphorous becomes fixed. Have a slight scorching effect and should be mixed thoroughly with the soil to minimize the scorching effect. Are not easily leached and therefore are applied during planting time. They have a residual effect and hence benefit subsequent crops. They are not very hygroscopic and therefore easy to store. Properties of Individual Phosphatic FertilizersSingle Super Phosphate SSP . It has 20-21 Phosphorous penta-oxide P2O5 . Induces negligible acidity and its water-soluble. It s in the form of white creamy granules. Double and Triple Super Phosphate DSP and TSP . They contain 43-52 P2O5 and occur in form of grayish granules smaller than those of CAN. It induces negligible acidity in the soil. Iii Potassic FertilizersCharacteristicsModerate scorching effectMore soluble in water than Phosphatic ones but less than nitrogenous ones. Most East African soils have adequate potassium and should therefore be applied only where soil test show its deficient. Properties of Individual Potassic FertilizersPotassium Chloride KCL . It is also referred to as Muriate of potash. It contains 50 K2O. It induces negligible acidity to the soil. It is hygroscopic. It occurs in the form of creamish or light coloured granules. Potassium Sulphate K2SO4 . It has 50 K2O. Reacting Muriate of potash with sulphuric acid makes it. It induces negligible acidity to the soil. It is also referred to as Sulphate of potash. Iv Compound or Mixed Fertilizers-Are made by mixing two or more straight fertilizers. Their nutrient content is expressed in two ways. Fertilizer grade. This indicates the guarantee of minimum content as a of N:P2O5:K2O in the fertilizer for example 10-20-0, 17-17-17 etc. Fertilizer ratio. This is the relative expressed as a ratio of the NPK present.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.4638898}
{"text": "This indicates the guarantee of minimum content as a of N:P2O5:K2O in the fertilizer for example 10-20-0, 17-17-17 etc. Fertilizer ratio. This is the relative expressed as a ratio of the NPK present. For example, 10-20-0 will be 1:2:1 and 17:17:17 will be 1:1:1. Properties of Individual Compound FertilizersDiammonium Phosphate DAP NH4 2PO4 18; 46;0. It is moderately acidic because of the ammonium content. It is applied at planting time and contains both phosphorus and nitrogen. Nitrophos 20;20;0. Moderately acidic and contains both N and P. Monoammonium Phosphate MAP 11;48;0. Its moderately acidic and has same properties as DAP. Others 23;23;0, 17;17;17, 20;10;10 and 25-5-5 5SFertilizer ApplicationPhosphatic fertilizers are applied during planting time while nitrogenous ones are applied after crop emergence. In maize nitrogenous fertilizers are applied when the crop is 45-60cm or knee high. This application of fertilizers after the emergence of crops is referred to as top dressing. Methods of fertilizer applicationBroadcasting. This is the random scattering of fertilizers on the ground for plant use. This is applicable with the Potassic and nitrogenous fertilizers. Broadcasting should be done when the soil is moist. This is done manually or by the use of broadcasting machines. Shallow cultivation should be done after broadcasting to prevent loss through volatilization. Placement method. This is the application of the fertilizer in the planting holes or drills. The fertilizer should be thoroughly mixed with the soil before placing the seeds. This method is recommended when applying Phosphatic fertilizers. Side Dressing. This is the placement of nitrogenous fertilizer at the side of the crop being top-dressed. Side dressing can be done in two ways;Band application. Placement of fertilizer along a band in between the rows of growing crops. Ring application. This is the placement of fertilizer around the individual crop just beneath the edge of the canopy. Drip. The fertilizer is dissolved and applied to individual plants through perforated pipes or bottles.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.5070295}
{"text": "Carbon occurs in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide and constitutes 0.03 of air by volume. Ways in which carbon is removed from the atmospherePhotosynthesis. Green plants use CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. Carbon Dioxide water-----------Glucose OxygenThe glucose formed is used by plants to provide energy and the excess is stored in storage structures such as grains and tubers. As rainwater passes through the atmosphere, it reacts with carbon dioxide to from weak carbonic acid. This reduces the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Ways in which Carbon is returned to the AtmosphereDecomposition. Once living organisms die, they decay releasing CO2 into the atmosphere. Respiration. During aerobic respiration oxygen is used to oxidize carbohydrates releasing energy, carbon dioxide and water. The Carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere. Glucose Oxygen--------- Energy carbon waterDioxideCombustion. When carbon-containing materials such as wood and petroleum burn, carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. Importance of the carbon CycleMaintains the volume of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Ensures constant supply of CO2 for plant use. Ensures a balance between CO2 and O2 to prevent the buildup of CO2 to toxic levels. The Nitrogen CycleThese are the series of changes which nitrogen undergoes between the atmosphere, water, soil and living organisms. Nitrogen gas makes up to 78 of atmospheric air by volume; however it is not available to plants in this free gas form. Ways in which Nitrogen is removed from the atmosphereNitrogen fixation by lightning. Atmospheric nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitric oxide during lightning. Nitric oxide is easily oxidized to form nitrogen dioxide as shown below. N2 O2 -------- 2NONitrogen Oxygen Nitric Oxide2NO O2----------2NO2Nitric oxide OxygenNitrogen DioxideThe nitrogen dioxide formed dissolves in water to form two acids, nitrous acid and nitric acid. 2NO2 H2O ------------ HNO2 HNO3Nitrogen water Nitrous acidNitric acidDioxideNitrous acid is a weak acid and is quickly oxidized to form nitric acid. 2HNO2 O2--------2HNO3Nitrous acidOxygenNitric acid.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.534928}
{"text": "N2 O2 -------- 2NONitrogen Oxygen Nitric Oxide2NO O2----------2NO2Nitric oxide OxygenNitrogen DioxideThe nitrogen dioxide formed dissolves in water to form two acids, nitrous acid and nitric acid. 2NO2 H2O ------------ HNO2 HNO3Nitrogen water Nitrous acidNitric acidDioxideNitrous acid is a weak acid and is quickly oxidized to form nitric acid. 2HNO2 O2--------2HNO3Nitrous acidOxygenNitric acid. In the soil nitric acid is ionized to form nitrate ions NO3 , which is now available to the plants. Nitrogen fixation by Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria. This is divided into symbiotic and non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Symbiotic fixation is carried out by Rhizobium bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes such as beans, peas, Lucerne, groundnuts etc. Free-living bacteria found in the soil carry out non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation. These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates into the soil. Azotobacter and clostridium are good examples. N2---------------------------NO3 absorbed by plants . Nitrification. This is the process by which ammonium compounds are converted into nitrites and nitrates by the action of Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas bacteria. The Harber-Bosch Process. This results in the formation of ammonia. N2 3H2-----------2NH3Nitrogen HydrogenAmmoniaThe ammonia produced is reacted with sulphuric acid or nitric acid to produce Sulphate of ammonia and ammonium nitrate fertilizers respectively. Ammonium nitrate can then be mixed with calcium carbonate to produce CAN. Ways in which Nitrogen is returned to the AtmosphereDenitrification. This is the conversion of nitrate ions NO3- to nitrogen gas N2 and ammonium ions NH4- into ammonia gas NH3 , which escapes into the atmosphere. This is common in waterlogged soils and in very compacted soils. Denitrifying bacteria does this. Combustion. Burning vegetation causes the conversion of nitrogenous compounds into nitrogen dioxide and ammonia, which escapes into the atmosphere. Volatilisation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.5720153}
{"text": "Combustion. Burning vegetation causes the conversion of nitrogenous compounds into nitrogen dioxide and ammonia, which escapes into the atmosphere. Volatilisation. Sometimes ammonium compounds in the soil sublime to form ammonia gas, which escapes to the atmosphere. Importance of the Nitrogen cycleEnsures the availability of nitrogenous compounds in the soil for plant use. Ensures the survival of the anaerobic microorganisms such as clostridium, which use nitrogen gas. Soil samplingThis refers to obtaining a small quantity of soil that is representative in all aspects of the entire farm. Soil sampling methodsTraverse method. Four corners of the field are identified and sampling is done diagonally. Zigzag method. Locations are arranged in such a way that they are in a zigzag formSoil sampling ProcedureClear the vegetation over the site. Dig out the soil at depths of 15-25cm for crop-land and 5cm for pasture land. Place the dug out soil in clean container. Repeat the above steps in different parts of the field, preferably 15-20 spots. Mix thoroughly soil from all the spots. The soil is crushed and dried. Take a sub-sample composite sample from the mixture and send to National Agricultural Laboratory for analysis. The composite sample should have the following details before being taken to the laboratory;Name and address of the farmer. Field numberDate of sampling. Sites to avoid during the samplingDead furrows and ditchesNear manure heapsSwampsRecently fertilized soilsAnt hillsUnder big treesNear fence lines or footpathsBetween slopes and bottom-land. Soil TestingThis is the analyzing of the soil samples to determine the ability of the soil to supply the essential elements. Importance of soil testingTo determine the value of the soil hence determine the crop to grow. To determine the nutrient content hence find out the type of fertiliser to apply. To determine whether it is necessary to modify the soil pH for a crop. Soil pH potential hydrogen This refers to hydrogen ion H concentration in the soil. It is also referred to as the soil reaction. Soil pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution. Soil acidity is caused by the H ions while soil alkalinity is caused by the hydroxyl ions OH- .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.5958848}
{"text": "It is also referred to as the soil reaction. Soil pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution. Soil acidity is caused by the H ions while soil alkalinity is caused by the hydroxyl ions OH- . The pH scale ranges from 1-14 with 7 being neutral; pH below 7 is acidic and pH above 7 is termed as basic or alkaline. These numbers are negative logarithms or powers. For example at pH 5 the amount of H concentration is 10-5. Most nutrients are available at neutral pH e.g. phosphates are available at pH 6.5-7.5. Low soil pH lowers the availability of phosphorous as phosphates become fixed by iron and aluminium. Molybdenum is also unavailable at low pH. Too high pH makes manganese, potassium, boron, iron and zinc less available. Testing Soil pHUse of the pH meter. Use of colour indicator dyes. Importance of Soil pH to CropsDetermines the type of crop to be grown in an area. For example, tea prefers acidic soils while barley is affected by low pH. Influences the incidences of soil borne pests. E.g. Pests such as nematodes are more serious in acidic soils than in neutral soils. It determines the availability or absence of nutrients. Influences the activity of soil microorganisms. E.g. low soil pH favours fungi and discourages bacteria. Therefore bacterial diseases such as potato scab caused by Aceptomyces scabies are common in high pH soils while fungal diseases such as club root caused by Plasmodiaphora brassicae are common in low pH soils. Influences the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. REVISION QUESTIONS1.a Describe the production of tomatoes under the following sub headings.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.5632293}
{"text": "Therefore bacterial diseases such as potato scab caused by Aceptomyces scabies are common in high pH soils while fungal diseases such as club root caused by Plasmodiaphora brassicae are common in low pH soils. Influences the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. REVISION QUESTIONS1.a Describe the production of tomatoes under the following sub headings. I Ecological requirements 3mks ii Nursery establishment 4mks iii Planting 3mks iv Pest control 3mks v Disease control 3mks vi Marketing.4 mks2.Mention four categories of vegetables based on the part used as food. 4mks 3.a Describe the field production of Onions Aleum Cepa under the following sub topics;i Ecological requirements 3mks ii Varieties 2mks iii planting 4mks iv Field management practices 4mks v Harvesting 4mks b Name Three diseases of cabbages 3mks 4Name any 4 management practices done in carrot production. 4 mks 5.Describe the establishment of cabbage seedlings under the following sub-heading:- a Establishment of the nursery 7mks b Management of seedlings in the nursery 6mks c Transplanting of seedlings 7mks 6.Give four reasons for staking tomatoes 4mks 7.Give 4 effects of excess nitrogen in tomatoes. 4 mks 8.State 3 causes of blossom end rot in tomatoes. 3 mks 9.Give 4 reasons for staking in tomatoes. 4 mks 10Name 3 fresh market and 3 processing tomato varieties. 3 mks 11Name the early maturing cabbage varieties. 3mks 12.Why is it not advisable to apply manure in carrot production? 1 mk 13.Name the two main categories of carrots and give an example in each case. 2 mks MARKING SCHEMES1. A Production of tomatoesi Ecological requirements-Warm climate with a temp ranging 15 250C , 200C- 250C during day and 150C 170C at night.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.614398}
{"text": "4 mks 8.State 3 causes of blossom end rot in tomatoes. 3 mks 9.Give 4 reasons for staking in tomatoes. 4 mks 10Name 3 fresh market and 3 processing tomato varieties. 3 mks 11Name the early maturing cabbage varieties. 3mks 12.Why is it not advisable to apply manure in carrot production? 1 mk 13.Name the two main categories of carrots and give an example in each case. 2 mks MARKING SCHEMES1. A Production of tomatoesi Ecological requirements-Warm climate with a temp ranging 15 250C , 200C- 250C during day and 150C 170C at night. Altitude 0 2100m above sea level- Soil should be deep- Well drained- PH 5 7.5- Rainfall 760 1300 mm year p.a- Well distributed throughout the growing period 1 2mk for each correct answer x 6 3mks ii Nursery establishment and management. -The nursery should be sited on a gently sloping land. -A nursery of width 1m is prepared and soil raised to 15cm. -The bed should be prepared to a fine tilth-Planting furrows or drills are made at 10 15cm apart using a stick of pencil thickness. -Seeds are planted thinly along the furrows and covered lightly with the soil and firmed. -A light mulch cover is placed on the bed and watering done. 1mk each for any 4 points iii Planting-Planted at well prepared seedbed with deep soils free from weeds-Spacing 60cm x 60cm single row or 60cm x 60cm x 90 cm double row planting -200kg of DAP per hectare is used for planting-10 tons of farm yard compost manure per hectare-Nematocide should be applied on planting time to control nematodes. -Seedlings should be watered before transplanting-Transplant in the evening or during a cloudy day-Mulch the seedlings after transplanting mk for any 6 correct points iv Pest control.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.629996}
{"text": "-A light mulch cover is placed on the bed and watering done. 1mk each for any 4 points iii Planting-Planted at well prepared seedbed with deep soils free from weeds-Spacing 60cm x 60cm single row or 60cm x 60cm x 90 cm double row planting -200kg of DAP per hectare is used for planting-10 tons of farm yard compost manure per hectare-Nematocide should be applied on planting time to control nematodes. -Seedlings should be watered before transplanting-Transplant in the evening or during a cloudy day-Mulch the seedlings after transplanting mk for any 6 correct points iv Pest control. -cut wormAmerican bollworm 1mk -The adult moth lay eggs on young tomato fruits-When they hatch the larvae bore into the fruits and feed on themControl-Routine spraying of tomatoes with recommended pesticide eg. Karate, AmbushNematodes 1mk -Can be controlled by crop rotation-Fumigation of the soil using furadanv Disease controli Bacterial wilt 1mk for mention Control- Crop rotation-Uprooting and burning the affected plants 1mk each for any 2 correct points -Blossom end rot . 1mk for mention of any one disease Cause-Too much Nitrogen in the early stages of growth- Irregular watering- Calcium deficiencyControl- Regular watering- Apply sufficient amount of calcium add CAN - Top dressing with the right amount of Nitrogen 1mk each for any 2 e Marketing- Sort and grade them- Pack in wooden boxes- Sold to consumers directly- Sold to green grocers - Sold to canning factories- Fresh market tomatoes should have a reddish colour- For canning should be left to ripen2. Categories of vegetables based on the part used as flood.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.6415856}
{"text": "Karate, AmbushNematodes 1mk -Can be controlled by crop rotation-Fumigation of the soil using furadanv Disease controli Bacterial wilt 1mk for mention Control- Crop rotation-Uprooting and burning the affected plants 1mk each for any 2 correct points -Blossom end rot . 1mk for mention of any one disease Cause-Too much Nitrogen in the early stages of growth- Irregular watering- Calcium deficiencyControl- Regular watering- Apply sufficient amount of calcium add CAN - Top dressing with the right amount of Nitrogen 1mk each for any 2 e Marketing- Sort and grade them- Pack in wooden boxes- Sold to consumers directly- Sold to green grocers - Sold to canning factories- Fresh market tomatoes should have a reddish colour- For canning should be left to ripen2. Categories of vegetables based on the part used as flood. -. Leaf vegetables- Root vegetables- Stem vegetables- Pod vegetables- Flower vegetables- Fruit vegetables3.a i Altitude 2,100m above the sea levelRainfall 1,000mm per yearfairly long period for ripeningirrigated during dry spellSoil fertile and well drained - Ph 6.0 7.0 3mks ii Varieties red creoleTropicana hybridWhite creole 2mks iii Planting Can be sown directly or started off in a nursery bed. 250kg Dsp used during plantingRows for direct planting should be 30cm apart. Seeds drilled and covered with light soil or transplanted at 8cm apart within the row. Deep planting should be avoided as it inhibits bulb expansion. 1x4 4mks iv - Thinning- Weeding- Top dressing- Pest and disease control 1x4 4mks v Harvesting- ready for harvesting after 5 months from planting. -. Tops broken or bent at the neck when leaves start drying. This hastens withering of the stem- bulbs are dug and left to dry in a shade of a few days.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.6608624}
{"text": "1x4 4mks iv - Thinning- Weeding- Top dressing- Pest and disease control 1x4 4mks v Harvesting- ready for harvesting after 5 months from planting. -. Tops broken or bent at the neck when leaves start drying. This hastens withering of the stem- bulbs are dug and left to dry in a shade of a few days. Turning should be done daily during drying- dry onions should be stored in slatted wooden crates- regular inspection to discard spoilt ones should be done 1x4 4mks b - Damping off- black rot- downy mildew 1x3 3mks 4Thinning, weeding, topdressing and pest control. 5. A Choose a suitable nursery site, considering accessibility and source of waterDig and prepare the chosen site to a desirable tilthRemove roots of previous plants and stones from the siteMake raised or sunken nursery beds depending on soil moisture0 measuring 1m wide and any convenient lengthPlant seeds by drilling at a spacing of 15cm by 3cm deepApply fertilizer phosphatic or manureCover the seeds to a depth of about 1 cmErect a shade or apply some mulch on the nurseryWater the nursery thoroughly. 7 well described pts 7mks b Remove the mulch if it was applied and erect shade if it wasn t erected above the nurseryWater the nursery at least twice a day preferably early mornings and late eveningsRemove weeds that may have come upThin young seedlings if they are overcrowded.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.6738498}
{"text": "This hastens withering of the stem- bulbs are dug and left to dry in a shade of a few days. Turning should be done daily during drying- dry onions should be stored in slatted wooden crates- regular inspection to discard spoilt ones should be done 1x4 4mks b - Damping off- black rot- downy mildew 1x3 3mks 4Thinning, weeding, topdressing and pest control. 5. A Choose a suitable nursery site, considering accessibility and source of waterDig and prepare the chosen site to a desirable tilthRemove roots of previous plants and stones from the siteMake raised or sunken nursery beds depending on soil moisture0 measuring 1m wide and any convenient lengthPlant seeds by drilling at a spacing of 15cm by 3cm deepApply fertilizer phosphatic or manureCover the seeds to a depth of about 1 cmErect a shade or apply some mulch on the nurseryWater the nursery thoroughly. 7 well described pts 7mks b Remove the mulch if it was applied and erect shade if it wasn t erected above the nurseryWater the nursery at least twice a day preferably early mornings and late eveningsRemove weeds that may have come upThin young seedlings if they are overcrowded. Plant them in a seedling bedControl pests and diseases when the symptoms of attack are noticedHarden off the seedlings by removing shade gradually and reducing frequency of watering 6 pts well described 6mks c Water the nursery thoroughly before transplantingPrepare the field seedbed to a suitable tilth before transplanting is dueTransplant seedlings when 6 10cm high; selecting the healthy and discarding the weak onesTransplant during cloudy day or during late afternoonPlant seedlings in the field to the same depth 10cm they were in the nursery space at 60cm x 60cm or 60cm x 90cmLift each seedling from nursery with a ball lump of soil to avoid damage to the rootsWater the field well before it receives the seedlingsApply a handful of FYM mixed with some phosphatic fertilizer in each hole Well described 7 pts scores 7mks 6.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.726568}
{"text": "Turning should be done daily during drying- dry onions should be stored in slatted wooden crates- regular inspection to discard spoilt ones should be done 1x4 4mks b - Damping off- black rot- downy mildew 1x3 3mks 4Thinning, weeding, topdressing and pest control. 5. A Choose a suitable nursery site, considering accessibility and source of waterDig and prepare the chosen site to a desirable tilthRemove roots of previous plants and stones from the siteMake raised or sunken nursery beds depending on soil moisture0 measuring 1m wide and any convenient lengthPlant seeds by drilling at a spacing of 15cm by 3cm deepApply fertilizer phosphatic or manureCover the seeds to a depth of about 1 cmErect a shade or apply some mulch on the nurseryWater the nursery thoroughly. 7 well described pts 7mks b Remove the mulch if it was applied and erect shade if it wasn t erected above the nurseryWater the nursery at least twice a day preferably early mornings and late eveningsRemove weeds that may have come upThin young seedlings if they are overcrowded. Plant them in a seedling bedControl pests and diseases when the symptoms of attack are noticedHarden off the seedlings by removing shade gradually and reducing frequency of watering 6 pts well described 6mks c Water the nursery thoroughly before transplantingPrepare the field seedbed to a suitable tilth before transplanting is dueTransplant seedlings when 6 10cm high; selecting the healthy and discarding the weak onesTransplant during cloudy day or during late afternoonPlant seedlings in the field to the same depth 10cm they were in the nursery space at 60cm x 60cm or 60cm x 90cmLift each seedling from nursery with a ball lump of soil to avoid damage to the rootsWater the field well before it receives the seedlingsApply a handful of FYM mixed with some phosphatic fertilizer in each hole Well described 7 pts scores 7mks 6. Prevent attack by soil borne pestsFacilitate spraying and harvestingControl soil borne diseasesFor the production of clean fruits 1x4 4mks 7.Prolonged maturity; cracking of fruits b4 maturity; blossom end rot; excess vegetative growth.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.704747}
{"text": "5. A Choose a suitable nursery site, considering accessibility and source of waterDig and prepare the chosen site to a desirable tilthRemove roots of previous plants and stones from the siteMake raised or sunken nursery beds depending on soil moisture0 measuring 1m wide and any convenient lengthPlant seeds by drilling at a spacing of 15cm by 3cm deepApply fertilizer phosphatic or manureCover the seeds to a depth of about 1 cmErect a shade or apply some mulch on the nurseryWater the nursery thoroughly. 7 well described pts 7mks b Remove the mulch if it was applied and erect shade if it wasn t erected above the nurseryWater the nursery at least twice a day preferably early mornings and late eveningsRemove weeds that may have come upThin young seedlings if they are overcrowded. Plant them in a seedling bedControl pests and diseases when the symptoms of attack are noticedHarden off the seedlings by removing shade gradually and reducing frequency of watering 6 pts well described 6mks c Water the nursery thoroughly before transplantingPrepare the field seedbed to a suitable tilth before transplanting is dueTransplant seedlings when 6 10cm high; selecting the healthy and discarding the weak onesTransplant during cloudy day or during late afternoonPlant seedlings in the field to the same depth 10cm they were in the nursery space at 60cm x 60cm or 60cm x 90cmLift each seedling from nursery with a ball lump of soil to avoid damage to the rootsWater the field well before it receives the seedlingsApply a handful of FYM mixed with some phosphatic fertilizer in each hole Well described 7 pts scores 7mks 6. Prevent attack by soil borne pestsFacilitate spraying and harvestingControl soil borne diseasesFor the production of clean fruits 1x4 4mks 7.Prolonged maturity; cracking of fruits b4 maturity; blossom end rot; excess vegetative growth. 8.Too much nitrogen in early stage; irregular watering; calcium deficiency in young fruits. 9Production of clean fruits; facilitate spraying and harvesting; avoid infestation by soil borne pests; control disease incidences such as blight.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.7447073}
{"text": "Prevent attack by soil borne pestsFacilitate spraying and harvestingControl soil borne diseasesFor the production of clean fruits 1x4 4mks 7.Prolonged maturity; cracking of fruits b4 maturity; blossom end rot; excess vegetative growth. 8.Too much nitrogen in early stage; irregular watering; calcium deficiency in young fruits. 9Production of clean fruits; facilitate spraying and harvesting; avoid infestation by soil borne pests; control disease incidences such as blight. 10Fresh market money maker, hot set, super marmande, ponde rosa, marglobe. Processing primabel, cal J, seinz, Kenya beauty. 11.Brunswick, sugar loaf, early jersey, mukuki, Copenhagen market, golden acres, Gloria etc. 12.Encourages forking. 13.-Fresh market chantenary-Canning - NantesFORM THREE AGRICULTURE NOTESCROP PRODUCTION IV FIELD PRACTICES II There are many food crops grown in Kenya. These crops require different environmental conditions and are therefore found in different ecological zones in the country. Crops such as maize, beans and rice are grown as staple food crops. Other like millet, sorghum, cassava and sweet potatoes are mostly grown for food security. Examples of food crops grown in KenyaMAIZE Zea Mays -It is the staple food in most areas in Kenya. Maize is also a livestock food and produces oil and starch when processed in industries. Ecological RequirementsAltitude-2200m above sea levelTemperature-mediumRainfall-mediumMaize is drought tolerant during the early stages of growth but must have enough rain during silking stage. Soil-maize prefers fertile alluvial or loam soils since maize cannot tolerate water logging. Soil pH should be neutral to alkaline. Maize VarietiesFew pure varieties exist because farmers tend to grow the Hybrids and Composites, which are more productive. The Kenya Flat Complex is an example of the few pure varieties. It is however low yielding. Hybrids are bred by crossing two pure lines or varieties under conditions of controlled pollination. Composites are bred by growing a number of varieties together under uncontrolled pollination i.e. there is free inter pollination. The hybrids and composites are produced for specific altitudes in the country. E.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.7544892}
{"text": "There is free inter pollination. The hybrids and composites are produced for specific altitudes in the country. E.g. Kitale Hybrids-614, 622, 625, 626, 627 and 628 are grown in medium to high altitude zones. Embu Hybrids-511 513 are best for medium altitude zones. Katumani Composites- for lower altitude zonesCoast Hybrids- Pwani Hybrid 1and Pwani Hybrid 4 for Coast Province. Others Double cob DH01 DH02Selection and preparation of planting materialsKenya Seed Company contracts specific farmers to grow maize for seeds. The maize is harvested and treated using Thiram-dindane to prevent post attack. Its then sold to farmers as seeds. Farmers should buy fresh seeds every planting season to escape the problem of reduced hybrid vigor. Land PreparationLand should be prepared early to allow the previous crop incorporated into the soil to rot. Disc or mould board ploughs are used to plough. Harrowing is done to obtain a fine tilth. Continuous cropping of maize should be avoided. It should be rotated with other crops such as beans, cotton, tobacco, Irish potatoes or groundnuts. Field Operationsa Planting-Should be done early so that the crop can utilize the available moisture. Dry planting should be practiced in areas with short rainy seasons. Early planting increases yields and reduces attack by stalk borers. Seeds are planted shallowly in moist soils-2.5cm and deeply in dry soils-10cm. Spacing is 20-30cm x 75-90cm where one or two seeds are placed per hole. However, spacing depends on the ecological conditions and the variety to be planted. Small-scale farmers use hands to plant while tractor drawn planters are used on large scale. B Fertilizer Application. 100-150kg or DSP or DAP per hectare is applied during planting. Top dressing is done when the crop is about 45cm high where 200kg of ASN or CAN is applied per hectare. Top dressing can be done twice i.e. first when 45cm high and second one just before selling. C Weed Control. Weeds should be controlled to reduce competition for moisture and nutrients. Two to three weeding are required during the growing period of the crop. Hand weeding is the commonest herbicides can also be used e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.7962744}
{"text": "-Proper drying of the grains reduces chances of the grains rotting and minimizes the extent of insect damage. Marketing-Farmers sell their maize grains through the National Cereals and Produce Board. -Local trading in green and dry maize is also common. II FINGER MILLET Eleusine coranaca Finger millet has small seeds which dry out quickly and insects cannot fit inside them. It s an important cereal crop in Western Kenya and Uganda. Ecological Requirements-Rainfall-about 900mm annually. Millet can tolerate drought in the early stages of growth but after the first month it requires a good supply of moisture. -Altitude-0-2400m above sea level. -Soils-should be fertile and well drained. Varieties-Ultra lupin-5.18 OATS. Both are high yielding and resistant to lodging and blast. Selection and Preparation of Planting Materials-Harvested grains are sun dried, threshed, winnowed and then stored for use as seeds-Certified seeds can also be bought from the Kenya seed Company. Land Preparation-Seedbed should be thoroughly prepared to obtain a fine tilth since the seeds are very tiny. -Weed control is also very difficult in millet hence thorough seedbed preparation reduces weed competition. Field Operationsa Planting-Should be done as early as possible in the season. The earlier it is sown the higher the yields. -Planting is usually done broadcasting hand. -If planted by rows, the furrows should be 30cm apart and the plants should be thinned to 5 cm apart within the rows. B Weed Control. -This is done manually because finger millet is very close and jembe cannot be used. -Thorough seedbed preparation reduces the labour required for weeding-The most common weeds are the Eleusine africana and Eleusine indica wild finger millet . They are difficult to distinguish from the crop in the early stages of growth. C Fertiliser application. -125kg of Sulphate of Ammonia is applied when the crop is 15cm high. D Pest and Disease Controli Pests-Finger millet is rarely destroyed by pests in the store because of the small size of the grains. -Major pests in the field are the birds and are controlled by scaring them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.7857997}
{"text": "-125kg of Sulphate of Ammonia is applied when the crop is 15cm high. D Pest and Disease Controli Pests-Finger millet is rarely destroyed by pests in the store because of the small size of the grains. -Major pests in the field are the birds and are controlled by scaring them. Ii Diseases-Most serious disease is the head blast caused by a fungus called Pericularia oryzae-The disease is common under hot and humid conditions e.g. in Western Kenya. -The disease cause brown spots with grey centres on the leaves and the stems just below the inflorescence. Control-Planting resistant varieties. Harvesting-Hand knives are used for cutting individual heads. Heads are then dried, threshed and winnowed. Yields-1650kg hectare can be obtained with good management practices. Storage and Marketing-Grains are dried and stored in bags. -Mainly it s grown for subsistence and only a little is sold in local markets. III BULRUSH MILLET Pennisetum typhoides It s one of the small cereal crops cultivated in lower parts of Meru, Kirinyaga and Embu districts. Also cultivated in Kerio valley and parts of Machakos. Ecological RequirementsRainfall-500-600mm p.a. Bulrush millet is drought resistant and takes a short time to mature. Altitude-1200m above sea level hence warm climate. Soils-should be well drained. VarietiesSevere 26 19, 17, 26 9, 6A, 2A and 3A. Land PreparationLand should be prepared early to give the soil enough time to settle and form a firm seedbed. A fine seedbed is required since the seeds are tiny. Field Operationsa Planting-Planting is commonly done by broadcasting followed by a shallow cultivation before the onset of the rains. -Spacing should be 60cm x 15cm where rows are used. B WeedingThe field should be maintained weed free until tillering occurs. Hand weeding is commonly done. C Fertiliser Application. Sulphate of Ammonia can be applied at the rate of 200kg hectare when the crop is 30cm high.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.82085}
{"text": "-Use of insecticides. -Proper disposal of crop residue remains after harvesting. B DiseasesSorghum is attacked by both leaf and inflorescence diseases. Examples of leaf diseases-Leaf blight Helminthosporium turcicum. -Anthracnose Colletotricum graminicola -Sooty stripe Ramulispora sorghi General control-Growing resistant varieties. Examples of inflorescence diseasesLoose smut Sphacelotheca cruenta Head smut Sphacelotheca reiliana General controlSeed dressing. Harvesting-Sorghum is ready for harvesting 3-4 months after planting. -Heads are cut off using a sharp knife after which they are sun dried. -Dried sorghum is then threshed, winnowed and stored. Yields-500-1500kg hectare and up to 3000kg under good husbandry. -Sorghum can be rattooned for one or two seasons. Marketing-Crop is marketed through the National Cereals and Produce Board. -Private buyers also purchase sorghum directly from farmers. V BEANS Phaseolus vulgaris -Are used to provide with proteins. They are grown for the dry seeds or for the green pods. Beans can be intercropped with other crops like maize and cassava. -Beans are annual legumes with varying growth habits. E.g. some varieties are determinate bush type non-spreading and others are indeterminate type spreading type -Beans are about 99 self-pollinated. Ecological RequirementsSoil-Should be well drained and rich in organic manure. Beans do not tolerate waterlogged soils. -The soil should be moist. Rainfall-Should be moderate. Heavy rainfall is destructive at the flowering stage. Rain should be present during harvesting time, as this would cause rotting and sprouting of the beans. Beans for green pods are produced under irrigation. Varieties-Varieties for production of dry bean seedsRose coco, GLP 2 Mwezi moja GLP 1004 Canadian wonder GLP 24 K 74WairimuMexican 142 developed in Tanzania. It is suitable for canning, drought resistant, rust resistant, early maturing and high yielding.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.8484905}
{"text": "Beans for green pods are produced under irrigation. Varieties-Varieties for production of dry bean seedsRose coco, GLP 2 Mwezi moja GLP 1004 Canadian wonder GLP 24 K 74WairimuMexican 142 developed in Tanzania. It is suitable for canning, drought resistant, rust resistant, early maturing and high yielding. -Varieties for green pods production. French Beans Long tomSaxaMaster pieceMonel. Selection and Preparation of Planting Materials-Beans are established from seeds. The seeds should be dried before they are planted. Damaged and wrinkled seeds should be discarded during seed selection. Selected seeds should be dressed with appropriate chemicals to control soil borne pests. Seeds should be inoculated with the right strain of Rhizobium. Field OperationsPlanting-Beans should be planted at the onset of rains. 2-3 seeds are placed per hole at a spacing of 30cm x 15cm. DAP fertilizer should be applied at a rate of 200kg hectare along the furrows before planting. The seed rate is 50-60kg ha. B Weeding-The field should be kept weed free by shallow weeding. Weeding should be done before flowering to avoid knocking down the flowers. Weeding is done when it is dry to avoid spreading diseases. C Irrigation. -Beans for green pod production are grown during the dry months. They therefore need about 50mm of water per week. This is supplied through overhead irrigation or furrow system of irrigation. D Pest and Disease control. I Pests-They include aphids, American bollworm, bean fly, spotted borer, golden ring moth etc. ControlSpraying with insecticides such as Dieldrin, Dimethoate, Diazinon, and Formathion etc. Ii Diseases. -They include Bean rust, Anthracnose, Halo blight and angular leaf spot. Bacterial Halo blight. Caused by a bacteria called Pseudomonas phaseolicolaDisease causes brown water soaked lesions on the pods. Each brown spot is surrounded by a yellow band or halo . The disease is seed borne and can be spread by rain, which could splash the bacteria on to the healthy plant parts. Control-Planting healthy seeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.8617551}
{"text": "Each brown spot is surrounded by a yellow band or halo . The disease is seed borne and can be spread by rain, which could splash the bacteria on to the healthy plant parts. Control-Planting healthy seeds. -Rogueing-Crop rotation-Spraying with copper oxychloride. Anthracnose. Disease is caused by a fungus called Colletotricum lindemuthianum. It causes brown lesions on pods and stems and brown spots on leaves. Control-Growing resistant varieties e.g. K74 and Wairimu. -Use of clean seeds. -Seed dressing with Captan-destroying infected crop residues. -Spraying with Benomyl, Copper fungicide or Mancozeb during the wet season. HarvestingBeans for seeds are harvested by uprooting the dry plants. Uprooted beans are gathered on tarpaulins canvas, mats or sacks to allow them to dry further before threshing. When the plants are dry enough, they are beaten with sticks to remove the seeds from the pods. The stems and the pods are removed before winnowing. Sorting should be done after winnowing to remove damaged seeds. Dry clean seeds are treated with appropriate pesticide and packed in bags. Marketing-Is done through NCPBYields-2600kg ha under good managementFor the green beans French beans , harvesting of the pods starts about 9 weeks after planting and continues for about two months. Pods should be packed immediately after picking to avoid shrivelling. Yields-4-5 tones ha under good management. RICE Oryza sativa -Rice is a cereal crop and is used as a staple food in some parts of Kenya. -It is grown at Mwea Tebere irrigation schemes in Kirinyaga district, Ahero irrigation scheme in Nyando district and Bura irrigation scheme in Tana River district and Yala swamp in Siaya district. -Mwea is the largest rice-growing project in Kenya with over 5,600 hectares. Land Preparation-Rice growing fields are levelled and bunds constructed around them for controlling water. -Tractor drawn rotavators are used to work the flooded fields before transplanting. Field OperationsWater control. The level of water is increased from the very low level of about 5cm at planting time gradually to a height of 15cm by the time the seedlings are fully grown.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.8814566}
{"text": "-Tractor drawn rotavators are used to work the flooded fields before transplanting. Field OperationsWater control. The level of water is increased from the very low level of about 5cm at planting time gradually to a height of 15cm by the time the seedlings are fully grown. Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the fields. Fertilizer ApplicationSulphate of Ammonia should be applied at a rate of 25kg per each nursery unit measuring 18.5cm x 18.5cm before sowing. DSP fertilizer is broadcasted in the field at a rate of 125kg ha before transplanting and 125kg ha 40 days after transplanting. Weed Control. Flooding easily controls weeds. Uprooting can be done on the few weeds that persist. Herbicides can be used e.g. Butachlor and Propanil. HARVESTING OF VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL CROPSFORAGE CROPSThese are plants, which grow naturally or are planted by man and are used as livestock feed. PASTURESA pasture is the land on which the forage crops are grazed on directly. Aspects of pasturePasture classificationPasture establishmentPasture managementPasture utilization. PASTURE CLASSIFICATIONPasture can be classified in three main ways. According to the pasture standAccording to pasture establishmentAccording to the Ecological zones. I Classification on Basis of Pasture Stands. The pasture may be either pure stand or mixed stand. Pure stand pastures have either grass or legumes on them. In mixed pastures, grasses and legumes are grown together. Ii Classification based on Establishment. Under this category, pastures are classified as Natural and Artificial. Natural pastures. These are grasses and legumes grow naturally and extensively for both domestic and wild animals. Over 80 of Kenyan pastures are natural. They are mainly mixed stand pastures. Artificial pastures. These are pasture grasses and legumes planted by man purposely for livestock feeds. Mostly they are of high quality. Iii Classification on the basis of Altitude zones Under this category, pastures can be classified as:High altitude pastures grasses legumes Medium altitude pasturesLow altitude pastures. High Altitude PasturesThey are found at high altitudes of 25500m above sea level and above.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.8941197}
{"text": "Green leaf desmodiumDesmodium intortum. SiratroMacroptilium atropurpureumStyloStylosanthes guiyanensisLow Altitude PasturesThese are pastures found in marginal areas of Kenya below 1500m above sea level which receive little rainfall. In such areas, indigenous livestock such as camels, donkeys, cattle, sheep and goats are kept. Examples of grass pastures in this zone include:Common Name Botanical NameAfrican fox tail Cenchrus ciliarisMaasai love grass Eragrostis superbaLikoni guinea Panicum maximumMakarikari grass Panicum coloratumRed oat grass Themeda triandraHyparrhenia thatch grass Hyparrhenia rufaGiant star grass Cynodon plectostadynsBothriochloa Bothriochloa insulpaPara grass Branchiaria muticaAndropogon Andropogon sppCymbogon Digitaria decumbeusExamples of legumes found in this zone. Common Name Botanical NameStylo Stylosanthes searbraGlycine Glycine wightiiCentroCenrosema pubescensOTHER PASTURE CROPSWeed GrassesCommon NameBotanical NameCouch grassDigitaria scalarumNut sedgesCyperus speciesSporobolusSporobolus spp. Fodder shrubsLeucaeniaLeucaenia leucocephalaAtriplexAtriplex spp. PASTURE ESTABLISHMENTPasture can be established by use of seeds, rhizomes or splits. I Selection of Planting Materials. Planting materials selected should be;Of high nutritive value. Adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions. Fast growing in order to give a good ground cover which will help to control soil erosion. Able to give high herbage yield per unit area. Ii Land Preparation. Land should be ploughed and harrowed to a fine tilth. Land preparation should be done during the dry season before the onset of the rains. Iii Seed RatesRecommended seed rate for pasture grasses is 1.5-2.0kg ha of pure germinating seeds. The seeds are produced by Kenya Seed Company.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.9141452}
{"text": "Land preparation should be done during the dry season before the onset of the rains. Iii Seed RatesRecommended seed rate for pasture grasses is 1.5-2.0kg ha of pure germinating seeds. The seeds are produced by Kenya Seed Company. And are sold in two lotsHigh quality seeds with 13-25 pure germinating seeds. PGS Standard quality seeds with 12.5 PGS. Legume seed rate depends on the seed size i.e. 2-3kg ha for medium sized seeds e.g. Desmodium and Lucerne and 2kg ha for tiny seeds e.g. clovers. Iv Fertilizer Application. SSP fertilizer is applied at a rate of 200kg ha for grasses and legume mixturesFor pure grasses, NPK 20:20:0 at a rate of 200kg ha is recommended. V Legume Seed InoculationThis is the addition of effective Rhizobia to leguminous seeds before planting to promote nitrogen fixation. This is done in areas where soil is deficient of nitrogen. Some Rhizobia strains are naturally found in the soil at pH 5.5-8.0 with adequate calcium, phosphorous, potassium and rainfall. Examples of Rhizobium strains. CropRhizobium SpeciesLucerneRhizobium meliotiCloversRhizobium trifoliBeansRhizobium phaseoli. Vi Sowing. Since most seeds are small, they should be covered lightly after broadcasting. The following are the methods of sowing. Direct sowingUnder sowingOver sowing. Direct Sowing. This is the establishment the pasture in a clean seed bed where no other crops are growingUnder Sowing This is the establishment of a pasture under a cover crop usually maize. Maize is planted and weeded 2-3 weeks after the onset of the rains. Pasture seeds are broadcasted with the recommended amount of fertilizer. No further weeding is done Maize is harvested early to expose the young seedlings to sunlight. Over Sowing This is the establishment of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. The grass pasture is kept short until the pasture legume is well established. SSP fertilizer is applied at the rate of 200kg-400kg ha.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.9533513}
{"text": "Over Sowing This is the establishment of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. The grass pasture is kept short until the pasture legume is well established. SSP fertilizer is applied at the rate of 200kg-400kg ha. The mixed stand pasture should be ready for light grazing 4-5 months after planting. MANAGEMENT OF PASTURES. I WeedingWeeds should be controlled as they cause the following;Reduce the lifespan of pastures. Compete with forage crops for nutrients, moisture and sunlight. Reduce the quality of the Herbage yield. Some may be poisonous to the animals e.g. Datura. They interfere with forage fertilization. Weed Control measures on pasturesTimely land preparation which ensures clean seedbed with less subsequent weed problem. Slashing. Application of selective herbicides e.g. 2,4-D. Uprooting the weeds if scattered. Ii Top Dressing. This is the application of plant nutrients after the pasture has established for the following reasons. To add replenish soil nutrients and ensure proper nutrient balance. To increase the herbage yieldTo improve the nutrient value of the crop. To enable the soil micro organisms to breakdown organic residues into available nutrientsTo correct or amend both physical and chemical properties such as soil structure and moisture holding capacity. N B The choice of topdressing fertilizer depends on the crop and soil nutrient status. -Inorganic fertilizers are better for top dressing materials than organic manures because they release their nutrients faster. -Pure grass pastures require large amounts of nitrogen and potassium. -Grass-legume pastures require phosphorous, potassium, calcium and sulphur for nitrogen fixation. Iii Topping. -This is the removal of the stemmy fibrous material left over after a period of pasture grazing. -The removal of such material stimulates fresh growth. -Topping should be done at the onset of the rains and should be followed by topdressing. -Topping is done through slashing, mowing or burning. Iv Reseeding. This is also called gapping and it s done when pasture is partially denuded or bare. Refilling the gaps does it. V Controlled Grazing. Some pastures are seriously affected by heavy grazing such that herbage production is low. Grazing has therefore to be controlled through tethering, strip grazing or paddocking. Vi Pest ControlJust like any other crop in the farm, pasture crops are also attacked by pests.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.980476}
{"text": "Some pastures are seriously affected by heavy grazing such that herbage production is low. Grazing has therefore to be controlled through tethering, strip grazing or paddocking. Vi Pest ControlJust like any other crop in the farm, pasture crops are also attacked by pests. The most common pest is the mole which makes underground tunnels destroying roots of pasture crops hence killing them. These are controlled byUse of cats Biological method Rodenticides Chemical control Traps Physical mechanical method D PASTURE UTILIZATIONFORAGE QUALITYThe quality of forage declines with age. I.e. there is gradual decline in the amount of soluble sugars, starch, proteins, organic matter and digestibility with age. Crude fibre is not digestible in the normal enzymatic process but only through the activities of microbes in the rumen. Frequency of Defoliation. Defoliation refers to grazing in pastures and cutting for feed in fodder crops. Frequency of defoliation therefore refers to how often the forage stand is grazed or cut for feed. It s important to determine the proper defoliation frequency for a particular forage. Effects of Very Early Defoliation Less than Four weeks. The forage has very high moisture content 90 The forage has very high protein content on weight basis. Has very low Dry Matter content hence very low DM yield. It has high DM digestibility but low in digestible nutrients. Has low crude protein yield. Frequent early defoliation leads to a gradual weakening of the stand followed by empty patches, weed invasion and an eventual reduction in the productive life of the stand. Effects of Late Defoliation. More than Ten weekThe forage has high DM content hence high DM yieldHas high cellulose content hence it s woody and fibrous. It has high lignin, cutin, tannin and silica content which are all insoluble. It has low crude protein content. It has low leaf: ratioIt has low dry matter digestibilityNB during grazing, it s necessary to do paddocking for the following reasons. To control grazing and ensure sufficient re-growth before grazing is resumed. To ensure better forage utilization and less wastage by trampling, fouling and selective grazing. To facilitate conservation of excess pasture in form of hay or standing forage. To maintain a favourable grass-legume balance where applicable.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.9687867}
{"text": "To ensure better forage utilization and less wastage by trampling, fouling and selective grazing. To facilitate conservation of excess pasture in form of hay or standing forage. To maintain a favourable grass-legume balance where applicable. Carrying Capacity and Stocking RateCarrying capacity is the ability of the forage stand to maintain a particular number of livestock units per unit area. This depends on the herbage yield and the animals daily requirements. Stocking rate refers to the number of the animals maintained per unit area of land. In order to determine the carrying capacity and the proper stocking rate for a particular forage stand, dry matter DM yields per unit area per unit time and live weight of the animals to be fed are considered. ExampleA dairy animal consumes 2.5kg dry matter for every 100kg body weight per day. The amount consumed by a jersey weighing 400kg live weight per year would be2.5X 400 100 X 365 1000 3.65 tons DMA Guernsey weighing 450kg would consume2.5 X 450 100 X 365 1000 4.1 tons DMLikewise, an Ayrshire weighing 500kg live weight would consume,X 500 100 X 365 1000 4.65 tons DM. NB when the stocking rate is above the carrying capacity of the pasture, it is referred to as overstocking. And when it is below the carrying capacity it is referred to as under stocking. Some Recommended Stocking Rates on Different PasturesEffects of overstockingInsufficient regrowth period for the forage hence effects similar to those of very early defoliation. Overgrazing and loss of soil cover leading to soil erosion. Invasion of undesirable plant species especially weeds and shrubs. Intensity of defoliationThis refers to proportion of the herbage removed through grazing and that of the residual forage. Pastures should be grazed until about 70 of the aerial herbage is eaten up i.e. about 5cm is left. GRAZING SYSTEMSThere are three main grazing systemsRotational grazingContinuous grazingZero grazing1 Rotational GrazingThis refers to practice of allowing livestock to feed on a part of pasture for a period down to certain level before they are moved to the next. This gives time for pasture to properly regenerate.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406300.9889185}
{"text": "About 5cm is left. GRAZING SYSTEMSThere are three main grazing systemsRotational grazingContinuous grazingZero grazing1 Rotational GrazingThis refers to practice of allowing livestock to feed on a part of pasture for a period down to certain level before they are moved to the next. This gives time for pasture to properly regenerate. Advantages of Rotational GrazingLivestock make maximum use of pastureReduces the buildup of parasites and diseases. Animal waste is distributed evenly in all fields paddocks. Pasture area is given time to re-grow before its grazed on again. Excess pasture can be harvested for conservationIts possible to apply fertilizers in parts of the pastures are not in useIt facilitates reseeding and weeding. The methods of rotational grazing include paddocking, strip grazing and tethering. A PaddockingA paddock is a fenced portion of a pasture in which animals are restricted for grazing. Paddocking means grazing livestock in one paddock for a short period and then moving to another. The size of the paddocks depends on the carrying capacity of the pasture. There should be a watering point at each paddock. A water trough is placed between two paddocks so that animals can drink water from either paddock. Paddocking saves herding labour. However, it is very expensive to construct. B Strip Grazing-This is done by allowing livestock to graze on restricted portion of the pasture at a time then moving them to the next. -It s done on very high quality pastures. Electric fences can be used to enclose animals in a given strip of pasture. -Where animals are not many herding may be done to restrict them to stay within the strips. Temporary fences may also be used instead of the electric fences. -However, the system is quite expensive. C Tethering. -This involves tying the animal to a post with a rope such that it feeds within a restricted area. -The rope may also have a metal ring that slides along a strong wire supported by strong poles. 2 Continuous Grazing Herding In this type of grazing, the pasture is not allowed any resting period. This method can easily result in overgrazing if the stocking rate is not controlled. It s common in the semi-arid areas.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.0561714}
{"text": "2 Continuous Grazing Herding In this type of grazing, the pasture is not allowed any resting period. This method can easily result in overgrazing if the stocking rate is not controlled. It s common in the semi-arid areas. 3 Zero Grazing Stall Feeding -This is the practice of rearing animals in a permanent feeding enclosure known as the stall. Feed is cut and taken to the animals in the stalls. -They are also provided with plenty of clean water and mineral licks. AdvantagesThere is quick accumulation of manureAnimals make use of the feeds without wastageAnimals produce high yields due to less wastage of energy. It s easy to control diseases and parasitesIt requires little landIt allows higher stocking rateDisadvantagesHigh initial capital is requiredHigh management skills are neededNeed a lot of labourDiseases can easily spread. FODDER CROPS-These are forage crops which are grown, allowed to mature the cut and given to livestock as feed. Animals are not allowed to graze on them directly because they easily degenerate. -The fodder can also be conserved and sold if produced on large scale. -They include; Napier grass, Guatemala grass, Sorghum, Columbus grass, Sudan grass, Edible Cana, Kales, Kenya white clover, Marigolds Sugar beets , Lucerne, Desmodium and Agro-forestry trees and shrubs. 1.NAPIER GRASS. Penisetum purpereum There are two main varieties of Napier grass i.e. The French Cameroon and Bana Grass. French CameroonIt has thin stems and less hairyBana GrassHas thick stems and its hairy. A Ecological requirements. I Soils-Should be well drained though it does well in a variety of soils. Ii Rainfall- 750 mm p.a which should be well distributed. Iii Altitude. -Preferably 2100m above sea level. Iv Temperature-Optimum 24oC -29oCb Establishment and managementi Land preparation. Should be done early during the dry season. Furrows are made at a spacing of 90-100cm. Alternatively; holes can be dug at a spacing of 90cm x 50cm. 7-10 tons of well decomposed organic manure is applied.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.0423765}
{"text": "Furrows are made at a spacing of 90-100cm. Alternatively; holes can be dug at a spacing of 90cm x 50cm. 7-10 tons of well decomposed organic manure is applied. Ii Planting. Planting materials should be selected from desirable varieties of napier grass. Materials should come from healthy and mature plants. Stem cuttings or splits are used. Stem cuttings should have 2-3 nodes. -Stem cuttings should be placed in the furrows in a slopping manner. -NPK 20:20:0: should be applied at rate of 200kg ha. Iii Fertilizer applicationTopdressing with nitrogen and potassium fertilizers should be done about 6-8 weeks after planting. Iv Weed Control. Weeds should be removed as early as possible during the early stages of development. Methods of control include,Use of herbicides e.g. 2,4-DCultivationSlashingUp-rooting. V Defoliation. French Cameroon matures in about 3 months. There after it should be cut every 6-8 weeks. The grass should be about 1.2-1.5m high at the time of harvesting. Bana Grass grows up to 12 months without flowering. Defoliation should be done when there is high yield digestible matter. Vi Utilisation. Stems should be cut 2.5-5.0 cm abo0ve4 the soil surface to facilitate fast re-growth. A panga is used to cut. Excess napier is conserved as silage for future use. Cut forage is chopped into smaller pieces by use off a chaff cutter or a sharp panga. Vii production per unit area. Under good management, Napier grass gives a yield of up to 35 tons of dry matter DM per hectare per year. This contains 8-15 crude protein and this is enough to support 5 milking cows per year. 2. GUATEMALA GRASS Trypsacum laxum . It s a tall hardy, broad leafed grass with a vigorous growth. A Ecological Requirements. I Altitude-Up to 2000m above sea level. Ii Soils-Does well in a variety of soils. Iii Rainfall. -900mm p.a. That should be well distributed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.06552}
{"text": "NPK 20:20:20 is applied at the rate of 200kg ha during planting for proper root growth and development. Iii Fertilizer Application. CAN or ASN is top dressed at the rate of 125kg haiv Weed ControlField should be kept weed free. This is done by hand cultivation, slashing or use of selective herbicides. V Utilisation. Grass lasts in the field for 18 months. During this period, the grass is harvested several times. It regenerates after every cutting. Columbus grass should be left to dry for two days before feeding to the animals to avoid Prussic and Hydro cyanic acid poisoning. This poison is found in wet grass. Production Per Unit Area-20 tons per hectare of dry matter DM per year under in good management. 4.KALES Brassica spp They supply succulent nutritious stems and leaves for feeding livestock. A Ecological RequirementSoils should be loam or clayRainfall 1000mmAltitude prefer high altitude. B Establishment and Management. Seeds are planted in nurseries 6 weeks before the rains. Land should be prepared to a fine tilth. Holes are dug at a spacing of 1mx0.3m. Transplanting is done at the onset of rains. DSP fertilizer is applied at a rate of 150kg ha when transplanting. The field should be kept weed free. C UtilisationLeafy stems are cut, chopped and given to livestock. Kales should be fed to milking cows together with dry roughages since they are succulent. About 15kg of kale is needed by animal per day. It should be given to the milking cows after milking to avoid tainting the milk. D Production per unit areaKales produce 35-50 tons fresh weight per hectares per year. Kales are quite rich in protein. 5. EDIBLE CANNA. Cana edulis It s a fodder crop with broad shinny leaves which are used to feed livestock. A Ecological RequirementRainfall-should be adequateAltitude-1500-200m above sea levelSoils-should be fertileb Establishment and Management. Land is cleared, ploughed and the harrowed. Holes are dug at a spacing of 1m x 1m.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.0770369}
{"text": "A Ecological RequirementRainfall-should be adequateAltitude-1500-200m above sea levelSoils-should be fertileb Establishment and Management. Land is cleared, ploughed and the harrowed. Holes are dug at a spacing of 1m x 1m. Farmyard manure is mixed thoroughly in holes before planting. Rhizomes are planted at the onset of rains. Early weeding is done. Crop is top dressed 4 weeks after planting with nitrogenous fertilizer at the rate of 100kgN ha. C UtilisationEdible canna is cut and fed to livestock when fresh. Each lactating cow should be given 4-7kg of canna per day during the dry seasons. D Production per unit areaEdible canna produces about 100tons DM ha year6. SUGAR BEETS MARIGOLDS Beta vulgaris These are root fodder crops that are quite nutritious. A Ecological Requirements. Rainfall-more than 1000mmAltitude- should be highSoils should be well drained. B Establishment and ManagementThey are established through seeds. Seeds are planted in nurseries 6 weeks before the rains. Land is cleared, ploughed, and then harrowed to a medium tilth. Holes are dug 1.0m x 0.3m. DSP is applied at the rate of 150kg ha at planting time. The field should be kept weed free through cultivation, uprooting, slashing or by use of appropriate herbicides. Topdressing is done using CAN or ASN at the rate of 100kg ha. C Utilization. They are used for feeding livestock during the dry season at the rate of 22-27kg cow day. They are chopped into small pieces. They should be wilted first because their fresh leaves have oxalic acid which can be poisonous. D Production per unit area. Marigold produces between 30-40tons ha of herbage under good management. 7. KENYA WHITE CLOVER Trifolium semipilosum. It has slender spreading stems which produce roots and underground rhizomes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.1019683}
{"text": "Leaves and branches are cut and given to the animals directly. Cutting should not be done until the shrubs are 3-4m in height. Shrubs are cut back to a height of 0.5m above the ground once per year and at the beginning of the rains. Green seeds pods produced are removed and fed to animals, as they are very rich in proteins. Other importances of shrubsImprove the soil through nitrogen fixation e.g. leucaenia and calliandraTheir roots hold soil particles together thus controlling soil erosion. Their fallen leaves decay adding organic matter into the soil. Some provide with wood fuel especially the tree speciesd Production. Under good management, the shrubs give a considerable herbage yield for the livestock especially the browsers. FORAGE CONSERVATIONIn Kenya, there is always excess forage during the long and short rains April to June and November to December and a shortage during the dry months of January to March and September to October. There is therefore the need to conserve the excess forage as its often wasted or not fully utilized. Reasons for conserving forage. To distribute available forage for animals throughout the year. To provide feed for the dry season. To ensure better and full utilization of available land. On a large scale, conserved forage can be sold as hay etcMethods of conservationHay-this is dried forage mainly pasture grasses and legumes e.g. desmodium and Rhodes grass. Silage-This is an-aerobically fermented forage mainly applicable to succulent fodders such as Napier grass, maize and sorghums. Standing forage- Growing forage can be set aside for dry season feed and applicable for both pasture and fodders. A HAY MAKINGHay refers to forage which has been dehydrated to about 15-20 moisture content. The forage should be cut when about 50 of plants have flowered. Steps followed in hay makingi The crop is cut when about 50 of the plants have floweredii The crop is spread out evenly on the ground to dry for 2-3 days. It should be dried under controlled conditions in order to retain its nutritive value and the original crop colour. Iii The hay is windrowed and the gathered or baled. Iv The bales of hay are then stored in a shed out of reach of rainwater and sunshine.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.136253}
{"text": "It should be dried under controlled conditions in order to retain its nutritive value and the original crop colour. Iii The hay is windrowed and the gathered or baled. Iv The bales of hay are then stored in a shed out of reach of rainwater and sunshine. NB Rapid drying is recommended to ensure high quality hay. Slow drying results in oxidation of soluble carbohydrates hence poor quality. Prolonged exposure to sun results in the breakdown of chlorophyll and carotene. Factors determining the quality of hay. Forage species used. Stage of harvesting hence stem: leaf ratio. Length of the drying periodWeather condition during the drying processCondition of the storage structureB SILAGE MAKINGSilage is a fodder crop harvested while green and kept succulent by partial fermentation in a silo. A silo is the structure used for fermenting. The process of silage making is called ensiling. The objective of ensiling green forage is to preserve the material with minimum loss of nutrients. Advantages of silage makingMore nutrients are preservedIt has few field lossesIt is less dependent o n weather conditionsIt can be preserved for prolonged periods with minimum loss of nutrients. Once ensiled, there are no storage problems. It can be fed directly without liquid additives. Disadvantages of silage makingRequires skills and much attention. Labour intensive hence expensiveBulky to store and handleSusceptible to ensiling lossesMust be fed soon after removalMost farmers cannot spare sufficient forage for ensiling. Types of Silosi Trench SiloIt is the most popular and applicable to small-scale farmers. It s a rectangular trench on a slightly slopping ground to ensure proper drainage. Ii Clamp siloIt s constructed above the ground level in form of a trough with slanted sides for ease of compaction. Each side of the silo is made of a pair of timber walls. There is a gap between each pair of timber walls. Soil is put and compacted in these gaps. Between the two pairs of walls is the part where ensiling is done. A clamp may also be made of two stone walls and a cemented floor. Iii Bunker Tower siloA bunker silo is made of concrete under the ground and has vertical walls suitable for mechanical ensiling. A tower is a tall round metallic structure for mechanical ensiling.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.156722}
{"text": "A clamp may also be made of two stone walls and a cemented floor. Iii Bunker Tower siloA bunker silo is made of concrete under the ground and has vertical walls suitable for mechanical ensiling. A tower is a tall round metallic structure for mechanical ensiling. Steps followed in silage makingSilo is prepared before harvesting crop. The shape and size of the silo depends on the amount of forage to be ensiled. The crop is cut at the appropriate stage and wilted for 6-12 hours to about 65-75 moisture content. The crop is chopped up and put into the silo compacting it every 10-12cm layer. Silo should be filled as rapidly as possible. The ensiled material should have a Ridge or humped in appearance when ensiling is completed. Temp in the silo should be checked regularly during the ensiling period. If the temperature is higher than 32.2oc water should be added and compaction reduced. If temperature is below 32.20c, compaction should be increased and dry materials or molasses added. The ensiled material is covered with a polythene sheet or a layer of dry grass to protect it from water and air. The silo is covered with a thick layer of soil maintaining the ridge appearance. A trench is then dug all round the silo to drain off rainwater. Principles of ConservationRapid ensiling and compaction reduces aerobic respiration in the ensiled material. When the silo is finally sealed, the oxygen is cut off and aerobic respiration gradually gives way to fermentation. This allows lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus spp to increase very rapidly within the first three to four days after silo sealing. Lactic acid bacteria act on the readily available carbohydrates to produce lactic acid and some amounts of Acetic, Propionic, Formic and Succinic acids. Lactic acid reduces the pH of forage from 4 to 2 or below. Low pH inhibits further bacterial growth and preserves the silage. The ensiling process is complete in 2-3 weeks depending on the quantity of ensiled material and may be preserved for many years provided the silo is water and airtight. USES OF ADDITIVESMaize and other cereal crops do not need additives if they are harvested at the right stage. Soft dough stage . Other plants e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.1849732}
{"text": "USES OF ADDITIVESMaize and other cereal crops do not need additives if they are harvested at the right stage. Soft dough stage . Other plants e.g. Napier grass and other grasses have low amounts of carbohydrates and often give poor quality silage. They therefore need additives of,Crushed grains at a rate of 100kg per ton of silage orMolasses at 20-40kg per ton of silage evenly distributed at the time of ensiling. Silage QualityThe relative proportions of organic acids in the silage is an indication of its quality. In good quality silage, the order of predominance should be; lactic, acetic, succinic and formic acids. Poor silage compaction leads to low temperature which results in excessive production of Butyric acid instead of Lactic acid. Good quality silage should be,Be from high quality forage cut at the proper stage of growth. Have 5-9 lactic acidHave a pH of 4.2 or below. Be free from moulds and bad odour such as ammonia and butyric acid. Be greenish to yellow in colour not brown or blackHave a fine texture with no sliminess. Silage lossesSurface spillage- up to 20 loss due to exposure and contact with soil. Seepage losses- extent of this loss increases with increase in herbage moisture. It can be up to 50 in very young and succulent forage. Gaseous losses- extended respiration results in loss of carbohydrates in form of carbon dioxide. The silo should be airtight. How to Calculate Silage Requirement in Dry MatterA cow requires 3kg of DM for every 100kg of body weight per day. Therefore a cow weighing 400kg will require 400 100 x 3 12kg of DM per day Since Silage has 40 DMThen for the cow to have 12kg DM it needs 12 40 x 100 30kg of silage per day. However, a cow should only get 50 of its daily Dm requirements from the silage. It should get the other 50 from pastures and other feeds. It should therefore get only 15kg of silage per day. If the silage is meant for the dry season, the farmer should estimate the length of the dry period. E.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.168881}
{"text": "It should therefore get only 15kg of silage per day. If the silage is meant for the dry season, the farmer should estimate the length of the dry period. E.g. from January to March there are 90 days. Therefore, silage required for one cow for 90 days will be;90days x 15kg day 1350kg of silage 1.35 tons One hectare of Napier produces about 80 tonnes of forage harvested in five cuttings in the year. One cutting therefore yields80tons 5 cuttings 16 tonnes of forage. If 1ha produces 16 tonnes of forageThen x hectares produces 1.35 tonnes of silage1 ha-------------16 tonnesX ha-------------1.35 tonnesX 13.5 16 0.084 hectares 840m2 , approximately a space of 30mx30mSilage density is about 500kg m3. If a farmer has two cows, the amount needed is2cows x 15kg x 90 days 2700kgThe volume of the silo to accommodate 2700kg would be approximately 6m3The silo would therefore have the following dimensions. 2.7m length x 1.5m width x 1.5m depth or3m x 2m x 1m or4m x 1.5m x 1mC STANDING FORAGEThis is the cheapest, easiest and most commonly used method of fodder conservation. This implies deferring cutting of the forage for the dry season feed. It however produces herbage of low quality but it can be supplemented by addition of additives. The fodder or the legume should be cut, weeded, and top dressed in early November after which cutting is deferred until it is required. LIVESTOCK HEALTH IIIIntroduction. A disease is any alteration in the state of the animal or its organs which interferes with the proper performance of its functions. The visible signs of a disease are called symptoms. There are specific conditions that help in observing the disease symptoms. They include:Pulse rate and respiration rateTemperatureBody conditionVisible mucous membranesSkin of the animalDefecationUrinationFeeding habit.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.202732}
{"text": "The visible signs of a disease are called symptoms. There are specific conditions that help in observing the disease symptoms. They include:Pulse rate and respiration rateTemperatureBody conditionVisible mucous membranesSkin of the animalDefecationUrinationFeeding habit. AppetiteLevel of productionMicro-organisms such a protozoa, bacteria, virus and fungi, cause diseases. Poor nutrition, physical injuries, chemical poisoning and parasite infestation cause other diseases. Organisms such as ticks and tsetse fly only help in spreading disease-causing organisms and are referred to as vectors. Disease predisposing factorsThese are conditions inside or outside the animals body, which lead to the animal contracting a disease or injury. They include:Age of the animalSex of the animalColour of the animalChange of climate environmentHeredityEnvironmentOvercrowdingPhysiological conditions such as fatigue, weakness, pregnancy etc. Animals encountering sick animals. Terms used in livestock diseasesIncubation periodIt s the duration between the time of infection and the time the first symptoms show up. 2 MortalityThis is the likelihood of death occurring in case of a disease outbreak. It s expressed as a of the affected animals and those which die. 3 TreatmentIt s the application of physical and chemical means to an animal to help it recover from a disease or preventing it from getting a disease. There are two types of treatment. Preventive treatmentCurative treatmentPreventive treatmentThis involves administration of drugs to prevent the occurrence of a disease. This can be done through vaccination and administration of prophylactic drugs such as coccidiostats to prevent coccidiosis. The creation of immunity and resistance to diseases is under the preventive treatment. Curative treatmentA curative treatment tries to restore a sick animal to good health. This can be done through:Good feedingProvision of clean environmentNeutralizing the ill effects of the diseaseInducing repair to damaged tissuesRelieving discomfort or injury to the animalPreventing further spread of the disease. 4 ImmunityThis is the ability of an animal to resist the infection of a disease. There are two types of immunity natural and artificial immunities. A Natural ImmunityIt s the ability of an animal to maintain itself free from infection. It s the inborn immunity. It can further be divided into two.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.2480059}
{"text": "A Natural ImmunityIt s the ability of an animal to maintain itself free from infection. It s the inborn immunity. It can further be divided into two. Actively acquired immunity. This immunity is acquired when an animal suffers from a disease. Such an animal is able to defend itself from the same disease in future. Passively acquired immunity- this is passed through the mothers blood to the foetus or through milk colostrums. B Artificial immunityIt can also be divided into active and passiveCLASSIFICATION OF LIVESTOCK DISEASESLivestock diseases are classified into four major groups. Protozoan diseasesBacterial diseasesViral diseasesNutritional diseases1. PROTOZOAN DISEASESDiseases in this category include:East coast fever ECF AnaplasmosisCoccidiosisTrypanosomiasis Nagana i East Coast FeverAnimals attacked- mainly cattleCausal organism-Theirelia parva- a protozoan transmitted by the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus . The disease is also called Theireliosis its incubation period is 15 days. SymptomsSwollen lymph nodesHigh temp-feverExcess salivationLachrimation-a lot of tear productionDifficulties in breathing due to fluid accumulation in the lungs. CoughingSight impairmentHaemorrhages in the vulva and the mouth. Control and TreatmentTicks should be controlled through dipping, spraying or hand dressing regularly. Farm should be fenced to keep out strange animals and also to confine animals within. Treatment using appropriate drugs. Ii Anasplasmosis Gall sickness Animals attacked cattle, sheep, goats,Causal organism-Anaplasma marginale, a protozoan transmitted by the blue tick Boophilus decolaratus It can also be transmitted through contaminated surgical equipments, bleeding and hypodermic needles. The incubation period is 3-4 weeksSymptomsFeverConstipation-hard dungPaleness in the gums, eyes and lips. An indication of anaemia. Milk flow into the udder ceases. Control and TreatmentTick controlControl of biting insects e.g. mosquitoesInjection using antibioticsIron injection.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.2420316}
{"text": "Separate udder clothes should be used for each animal. Sharp objects should be removed from grazing and milking areas to prevent teat injuries. Open wounds on the teats should be treated immediately. Ii Fowl typhoidAnimals affected- poultryCausal organism- Bacterium called Salmonella gallinarumSymptomsBirds are depressedRespiratory distress and birds are dullDrooping wingsCombs and wattles become pale and shrunken due to anaemia. Greenish yellow diarrhoeaSudden deathControl and TreatmentAll infected birds should be killed and properly disposedPoultry house should be clean, dry and well ventilated. Regular vaccinationEggs for hatching and chicks should be obtained from reliable sources. Sulphur drugs mixed with water or mash are used for treatment. NB Furazolidone at the rate of 0.04 in mash for ten days treats the disease effectively. Iii Foot rot Foul - in- the - Foot Animals affected- all cloven animals e.g. cattle, goats, sheep most Serious . Causal organism- caused by the following bacteria-Fusiformis necrophorus and Fusiformis nodosusPredisposing factorsFilthy surroundings e.g. wet and muddy areas. Cracking of the hooves due to overgrowth. SymptomsAnimals foot become swollenPus and rotten smell come out of the hoofKneeling when grazing if front feet are affectedAnimals spend most of their time lying down when the hind feet are affectedEmaciation due to lack of feeding. Control and treatmentProvide clean environment i.e. avoid dampness and muddy conditionsPractice regular foot examination and hoof trimmingPractice a regular walk through a copper sulphate Blue vitriol footbath at 5-10 solution or Formalin at 2-5 solution. Wounds on the feet should be treated with antisepticsHealthy sheep should be moved to dry clean areas. Separate healthy animals from sick ones. Iv Contagious abortionIts also called Brucellosis or Bang s disease . NB This is a contagious and infectious disease. Causal organismCattle-Brucella abortus. Pigs- Brucella suis.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.2585976}
{"text": "NB This is a contagious and infectious disease. Causal organismCattle-Brucella abortus. Pigs- Brucella suis. Goats and sheep- Brucella malitensisMilk from an infected animal should not be drunk. SymptomsAbortion or a pre-mature birth of the youngDuring later stages of pregnancy if abortion occurs, placenta is retained. The cow may become barren while bulls have low libido and have inflamed testes. A yellowish brown, slimy, odourless discharge from the vulva may occur after abortion. ControlCulling infected animalsVaccination against the diseaseThe attendant should avoid contaminating his hands with the aborted foetusCleanliness to be observedA blood test should be carried out for all the breeding animals in order to detect the infected ones. Use of artificial insemination. NB There is no effective treatment. V ScoursAnimals affected- young one of cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. Causal organism-A bacterium called Escherichia coli. Predisposing causesUnhygienic conditions in the house of the young onesOverfeeding the calf with milk or feeding it with very cold milkLack of colostrumsFeeding young ones at irregular intervalsAbsence of green fodder in the mothers diet which causes lack of vit ASymptomsWhite or yellowish diarrhoea in calvesFaeces have a pungent smellHigh tempAnimal becomes restlessLoss of appetiteSunken eyesUndigested milk and mucus with blood spots in faecesSudden death if no treatmentvi Black quarterThis is an acute disease, which is contagious. Animals affected- all ruminantsCausal organismBacteria called Clostridium chauvei, which enters the body through contaminated water and wounds. SymptomsLameness in animalsAffected parts of the body become swollen immediatelyHigh temperature-feverThe animal breathes heavily and fastThe animal is dull and losses appetiteThere is grunting and grinding of teethSudden deathBlood oozes from the anus and noseAnimal stops chewing the cudIf the cut muscles are cut they appear darkControlAffected animals may be treated with antibiotics e.g. penicillin, oxytetracycline and sulphathiazole.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.280165}
{"text": "Animals affected- all ruminantsCausal organismBacteria called Clostridium chauvei, which enters the body through contaminated water and wounds. SymptomsLameness in animalsAffected parts of the body become swollen immediatelyHigh temperature-feverThe animal breathes heavily and fastThe animal is dull and losses appetiteThere is grunting and grinding of teethSudden deathBlood oozes from the anus and noseAnimal stops chewing the cudIf the cut muscles are cut they appear darkControlAffected animals may be treated with antibiotics e.g. penicillin, oxytetracycline and sulphathiazole. Vaccination using black quarter vaccineThe carcass should be buried deep or burnt completely. Vii AnthraxThis is an acute infectious and notifiable disease. Animals affected- cattle, sheep, goats, man, and wild animals. Causal organismBacteria called Bacillus anthracis. Animals get anthrax throughGrazing in infected pastures as the bacteria is found in the soil. Bites by insectsOpen woundsBone meal from infected animals. The bacterium is capable of forming spores outside the animal body. SymptomsExtensive bloating of the stomach after death. FeverBlood stains in the faeces and milkIn pigs the throat swells and this may cause death due to suffocationCarcasses of an anthrax attack lack rigor mortis i.e. the carcass is not stiff as in other animals. In the dead animal, a tar-like watery blood comes off the orifices e.g. nose, anus and mouth. Blood does not clot quickly. ControlTreatment of wounds. Giving large doses of anti-anthrax serum for curative treatmentThe carcass must not be openedVaccination using Blanthax in areas where the disease is prevalentImposing quarantine in case of disease outbreak. Dead animal must be disposed off properly by burning or deep burying. Viii PneumoniaThis is an infectious lung fever. Animals affected- calves, kid, lambs, piglets and poultry. Causal organismBacterium called Mycoplasma mycoides. Dust or worms in the lungs could cause the disease.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.325526}
{"text": "Animals affected- calves, kid, lambs, piglets and poultry. Causal organismBacterium called Mycoplasma mycoides. Dust or worms in the lungs could cause the disease. Predisposing causesPoor ventilationLack of enough oxygenOvercrowdingAge- young animals are more prone to the diseaseEffects of diarrhoea and other illnessesDampness and chilliness. SymptomsThe animal becomes dull and reluctant to moveLoss of appetiteThere is a rough hair coatEmaciationAnimal breathes rapidlyAbnormal lung sounds i.e. bubblingIf the chest is pressed the animal starts coughingFluctuating temperaturesNasal mucous discharge. Control and treatmentYoung animals should be kept in warm pens. Use of antibioticsIsolating the infected animalsProper sanitation3. VIRAL DISEASESi RinderpestThis is a highly contagious and infectious disease. It s notifiable. Animals affected- cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and wild animals with cloven hoofs. Causal organism-VirusIncubation period- 3-8 daysSymptomsHigh temperatureStaring coatDischarges in the mouth and noseDiarrhoea and dysenteryMucous membranes of the mouth and nose become red and they develop ulcers. EmaciationGrinding of the teethDeath in 2-10 days after incubation. ControlVaccination annuallyCulling the infected animalsNotify the authorities in case of an outbreakQuarantine in case of the diseaseSeparate sick animals from healthy ones. Ii Foot and Mouth DiseaseIt is a highly contagious and infectious disease. It is notifiable. Animals affected- cattle sheep, goats, some wild animals. Causal organismVirus types A, C, and DThe virus can be transmitted by contaminated litter, feet, garbage and infected saliva. SymptomsSharp rise in temperature lasting only for a few hoursBlisters or wounds appear on the mouth and feet. The tongue, lips and gums are inflamed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.3335257}
{"text": "Causal organismVirus types A, C, and DThe virus can be transmitted by contaminated litter, feet, garbage and infected saliva. SymptomsSharp rise in temperature lasting only for a few hoursBlisters or wounds appear on the mouth and feet. The tongue, lips and gums are inflamed. This makes eating difficultLameness due to lesions between the skin and hoofThere is profuse salivationVesicles may appear on teats and uddersThe animal becomes weak and thin very fastThere is drop in milk productionControlVaccination every six monthsQuarantine in case of outbreakCullingUse of disinfectants on wounds. Iii Newcastle DiseaseIt s a notifiable disease, very contagious and highly infectious disease. Animals affected- poultry especially three months to one year. Causal organismVirusSymptomsBirds have difficulty in breathingBeaks remain wide open and the necks are strainedThe bird is dullThe bird stands with eyes closed all the timeLoss of appetiteNasal discharges, which force the birds to shake heads to clear. Birds stagger in motionWatery yellow diarrhoeaThe birds have their beaks and wings downControlQuarantineCullingCleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stockVaccination during the first six weeks and two to three months lateriv Fowl poxAnimals affected- all poultryCausal organismVirusPredisposing factorsPresence of woundsPresence of mosquitoes, ticks, lice and other biting insects that spread the disease. SymptomsLesions on the combs and wattlesLesions on legs, vent, feet and under the wings. Lose of appetite hence emaciation and deathDifficulty in breathing and swallowing. A watery discharge from the eyes in the early stages of the diseaseThe bird become dullControlRemove all infected birds and kill themVaccinate remaining healthy birds. 4. NUTRITIONAL DISEASESi Milk FeverThis is a non infectious disease. Animals affected-cows, goats, and pigs that have recently given birth. CauseThis is due to loss of calcium and phosphorous through milk secretion. There is also an increase in the level of magnesium and sugar in the blood.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.3030462}
{"text": "Animals affected-cows, goats, and pigs that have recently given birth. CauseThis is due to loss of calcium and phosphorous through milk secretion. There is also an increase in the level of magnesium and sugar in the blood. SymptomsDullnessMuscular twitching causing the animal to trembleStaggering as the animal movesAnimal falls down and becomes unconsciousThe animal lies down on its side and the whole body stiffensBody functions such as urination, defecation and milk secretion stop. Sudden death if the animal is not treated immediatelyStomach contents are drawn into the mouthComplete loss of appetiteControli TreatmentIntravenous injection of soluble calcium salt in form of calcium borogluconate 60gms. Dissolved in 500cc of water that is boiled and cooledii Nursing careThe sick animal should be kept in a comfortable position. Fresh water should be given. Mechanical removal of urine speeds up recovery. PreventionPartial milking of cows with past cases of milk fever is done for the first ten daysProviding sufficient amounts of calcium and phosphorous in the dietHigh doses of vit D and parathyroid extractionsNB the animal suffering from milk fever should never be given medicine through the mouth because,It will not be able to swallow the medicineThe medicine may get into the lungs thereby promoting lung fever speeding up death. Ii BloatAnimals affected- mainly cattle and sheep. Goats may also be affectedCauses-Accumulation of gases as a result of food fermentation in the rumen. This is caused by:Obstruction of the oesophagus due to bulky food particles such as potatoes, carrots etcAbnormal pressure exerted on the oesophagus by a swelling in the wall of the chestIndigestion caused by accumulation of gases due to paralysis of the rumen and the valve at its entrance. This may be due to the animal eating poisonous herbs or due to sudden change of feeds especially soft green forage, which is taken in large quantities. E.g. Beans, cabbage leaves, lush grass Lucerne etcSymptomsThe left side of the abdomen is excessively distended. Death may occur within hours due to too much pressure exerted on blood vessels, lungs and heart. ControlFeed ruminants with dry roughage during the wet season.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.350661}
{"text": "Beans, cabbage leaves, lush grass Lucerne etcSymptomsThe left side of the abdomen is excessively distended. Death may occur within hours due to too much pressure exerted on blood vessels, lungs and heart. ControlFeed ruminants with dry roughage during the wet season. TreatmentThis involves the release of accumulated gases through. Manual means. -. Exercising the animal and rubbing its abdomen with both handsSurgical means- this is though piercing the abdominal wall directly over the blown up part of the rumen using trocar and cannula. A stomach pump can also be used to eject the excess gases through the oesophagus. Chemical this can be done through,Drenching of the animal using suitable oils such as turpentine oil mixed with vegetable oilAdministering Epsom salt to clear the rumen contents. Drenching does this. Administration of methyl silicone as an injection directly into the rumen. This prevents the frothy type of bloat. Parturition in Goats kidding Gestation period is 150 days or 143-153 days. Nannies carrying twins kid a few days earlier. Put nannies in a dry place under a shade or shelter to prevent kids from wet, cold and exposure to intensive heat that can cause death of kids.. Keep nanny and another female to avoid nervousness at kidding time. Do not disturb the animal. Seek for professional help if mulpresentation occurs or kidding delays for 3 hours. If placenta is retained, move the goat out with the others for physical exercise. This activates expulsion. Kidding SignsUnder firms and teats enlarge. The muscles at either side of the tail slacken or relax. Restlessness; pawing the ground, rise up, lie down frequently. Separate itself from the rest of the flock. A clear discharge from the vulva. Parturition in Pigs farrowing Gestation period is 4 months or 113-117 days. Clear and disinfect the farrowing pen. Introduce dry warm beddings with a farrowing crate 7-10 days prior to farrowing. Drench the pig to control internal parasites. Clean the skin with soap and water to remove external parasites, remove oil exudates from their skin which reduce effectiveness of acaricides and to remove mud and dirt. Bring the sow to the farrowing pen 3 days to the expected date.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.406757}
{"text": "More active in search of food and water and hive protection. Fairly resistant to diseases e.g. Acarive and American foul brood disease.. Vicious if manhandled. 2. European BeeCharacteristicsMore gentle and larger than African bee. Less active and vicious. Susceptible to bee diseases. The Bee ColonyA bee is a social insect that lives in a colonyThere are three types of bees in a colony. I.e. the queen, Drone and worker bee. The QueenOne queen in a colonyFunctions:Lay fertile eggs. Keeping the colony together by production of a pheromone queen substance for identification. The DroneAbout 300 in number in a colony. Functions:Fertilize the queen. Control temperature or cool the hive. I.e. by flapping their wide wings at a very high speed. N.B The drones are killed by worker bees after fertilizing the queen. C The worker bees-About 60,000 in number in a colony. Smallest and normally female bees. Functions;Feed queen, drones, and brood 9 young bees . Protect hive from intruders. Collect nectar, pollen, tree resins, gums and water. Build combs and seal the cracks and crevices in the hive. Make honey and bee wax. Life cycle of a beeFertilized queen move from one cell to another laying an egg in each. Eggs hatch after three days into larvae due to the warmth and temperature generated by the worker bees. Larvae are fed by the nurse bees on special honey. Each larva spins a cocoon and after 2 days moults into a pupa. Pupa become young bees after 10 days and emerges from the cocoon. Eggs, larvae and pupa form the brood. Siting the ApiaryApiary: Is a place where bees are kept. Factors considered on siting an Apiary:Availability of water: where water is not within 3 km radius, sugar solution or syrup is placed close to the hives. Availability of flowers: To provide nectar and pollen. A sheltered place: e.g. a forest to protect bees from sun and wind. Quiet place: Free from noise and other disturbances. Away from human beings and livestock: i.e. away from homesteads, pastures and busy roads. Bees sting. Away from human beings and livestock: i.e.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.420879}
{"text": "Away from homesteads, pastures and busy roads. Bees sting. Away from human beings and livestock: i.e. Away from homesteads, pastures and busy roads. Bees sting. Types of bee hivesLog Hive; Made of log. Log is split into 2-the larger part is made into a trough- shaped structure. The smaller part floor board is removed after suspension during harvesting without damaging the combs and brood. DiagramBox hive: sown timber cut to a length of 1m. Diagram. The Langstroth hive; Like a box hive but separated into chambers for the brood and the honey. To separate brood and honey chambers, a queen excluder is placed between the two chambers. The top board acts as the roof and the bottom board as the floor. Kenya top Bar Hive KTBH ; moveable frame hive. Bees attach their combs on the top bars which can be removed for examination. Advantages of KTBHTop bar can be removed for inspection of combs and replaced. Honey combs can be removed without damaging the brood. Honey is of high quality since it is harvested without the brood. More wax is harvested as honey combs are not returned to the hive. The hive is easy to construct and repair. Hive is cheap to build and no expensive equipment is required to extract honey. A queen excluder is used in the centre of the hive to separate honey from the brood so as to further increase the honey quality. LIVECTOCK PRODUCTION III SELECTION AND BREEDING Reproduction and reproductive systemReproduction is the process by which off springs are reproduced. Sexual reproduction involves the union of the female and male gametes. Female gametes and the male gametes fuse to form the zygote. Fertilization takes place in the body of the female. Embryo formed develops inside the body of the mother where its fed and protected until the end of the gestation period. In poultry, however eggs are fertilized internally but the development of the chicks takes place outside during incubation. Reproduction in cattleMale reproductive system produces the male gametes called spermatozoa s, which are introduced into the female reproductive system.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.431196}
{"text": "Embryo formed develops inside the body of the mother where its fed and protected until the end of the gestation period. In poultry, however eggs are fertilized internally but the development of the chicks takes place outside during incubation. Reproduction in cattleMale reproductive system produces the male gametes called spermatozoa s, which are introduced into the female reproductive system. The male reproductive systemIt s composed of the following:TestesEpididymisSperm ductsAccessory glands seminal vesicles and the prostate glands PenisTestesThey produce sperms and they hang outside loosely between the hind legs. Each testis is enclosed in a loose skin called scrotum. Scrotum regulates the temperature of the sperms so that they don t die. EpididymisThese are coiled tubes that store the spermsSperm ductsThey carry sperms to the urethra. Urethra also forms a part of he urinary system. Urethra expels the sperms through the penis. Urine and semen cannot be expelled at the same time due to presence of sphincter muscles which contract allowing either urine or sperms to pass. Accessory glandsProstate gland produces some fluid that neutralizes the acidic effects of the urine in the urethra hence preventing the death of the sperms. Seminal vesicles produce clear sticky fluid called semen. Semen carries the sperms out of the penis in fluid form. One ejaculation of sperms has many sperms but only one is required for fertilizationPenisIn bull, its long and muscular structure carried on the underside. It s surrounded by a sheath which is an extension of the skin. Penis introduces sperms into the vagina of the cow during mating. At the time of mating the penis protrudes outside the sheath. Female Reproductive systemIt s composed of:OvariesFallopian tubesUterusVagina and vulvaOvariesAre two located in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys, one on the right and one on the left... ovaries produce ova which is the female gamete. They also produce the female hormones. A hormone oestrogen is produced under the influence of another hormone called Follicle stimulating hormone FSH . Oestrogen is produced by the Graafian follicle located in the ovary.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.451359}
{"text": "They also produce the female hormones. A hormone oestrogen is produced under the influence of another hormone called Follicle stimulating hormone FSH . Oestrogen is produced by the Graafian follicle located in the ovary. Oestrogen induces Oestrus which is the heat period so that the cow shows signs of heat. After every 21 days, the ovary releases a mature ovum and the cow comes on heat. Fallopian Tubes oviduct Ovum travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The release and movement of the ovum down to the uterus is called ovulation. If mating is done at this time fertilization occurs. UterusThis is where fertilization takes place. The fertilized egg implants itself on to the walls of the uterus and develops into the foetus. Vagina and VulvaVulva is the external opening of the cow s reproductive system. It allows mating to take place so that the sperms are deposited into the vagina. The vagina acts as the birth canal-Pregnancy Gestation PeriodThis is the normal period between fertilization and the expulsion of the foetus through the vulva. The gestation period varies with different animals.e.gDuring pregnancy a hormone called progesterone is produced by the placenta to maintain pregnancy. After birth, the reproductive tract undergoes a period of healing Rest during which it s repaired and returns to normal. Parturition BirthThis is the act of giving birth. This is the time when the foetus is expelled through the birth canal. The following signs are expressed by a cow that is about to give birth. Distended udder which produces a thick milky fluid Colostrums Swollen vulva producing a thick mucus like dischargeGeneral restlessnessLoose and slackened pelvic girdleVisible pin bonesA water bag appears and bursts just before calvingAfter these signs are seen the animal parturates normally within 2-3 hours. The correct presentation is with the front feet first and the head resting between the feet. Any other presentation is called Malpresentation or Breech Presentation especially when the hind legs come out first. Reproduction in PoultryThe cock has no penis but a small opening near the vent through which sperms are emitted. It has testis within its body. Hens have an elongated oviduct necessary for the formation of the egg.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.4747453}
{"text": "Reproduction in PoultryThe cock has no penis but a small opening near the vent through which sperms are emitted. It has testis within its body. Hens have an elongated oviduct necessary for the formation of the egg. Fertilization takes place internally. During mating the hens cloaca vent protrudes so that the vent of the cock fits into it. The vent of a hen sucks the sperms which flow to the uterus through the oviduct of a hen. Reproductive system of the hen consists of the following. OvaryFunnel infundibulum MagnumUterusVaginaCloacaOvaryA hen has two ovaries and only the left one is functional. Eggs or ova are formed in the ovary. A hen has 3,500-4,000 ova. Each ovum is contained in a follicle. When the ovum or yolk is mature, its released from the ovary by the rupture of the follicle. It moves into the oviduct where its received by the funnel. FunnelIts 11.6cm long and fertilization takes place here. Chalazae are added to hold the yolkOvum stays here for about hourMagnumIt s 33cm long. Yolk moves down the magnum where thick albumen is added. It stays here for 3 hours. IsthmusIt s 10.6 cm long. Shell membranes are added. Water mineral salts and vitamins are also added. The egg takes about hour to move from this region. Uterus shell gland The region has calcium depositsShell is added round the eggEgg stays here for about 18-22Vagina 6.9 cm Egg is temporarily stored before it s laidCloacaThe egg moves out of the cloaca through the vent. Cloaca extends out to prevent the egg from breaking. NB whether fertilization takes place or not the egg will have to be formed. Fertilization doesn t take place the egg cannot hatch. The process of egg formation in a hen takes about 24-26 hours. Therefore, a hen is able to lay only one egg in a day. The components of an egg are obtained from the body reserves of a hen.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.49741}
{"text": "The process of egg formation in a hen takes about 24-26 hours. Therefore, a hen is able to lay only one egg in a day. The components of an egg are obtained from the body reserves of a hen. SELECTIONSelection is a process of allowing certain animals to be the parents of the future generations while culling others. The animals retained in the herd have certain desirable characteristics which make them produce more. The selected animals males and females make up the Breeding stock. Breeding stock is used to produce offspring s with the same qualities or better than their parents. Breeding stock should therefore pass the good traits of quality to their offspring for better performance thus improving the livestock. Selection process repeated for many generations increases the Gene Frequency i.e. occurrence of the genes that carry desirable characteristics. Selection therefore increases the occurrences of desirable genes and reduces the undesirable genes. HeritabilityThis refers to the likelihood of a particular trait to be transmitted to the offspring. E.g. in dairy cattle the characteristics which are highly heritable include butter fat content, growth rate, and mortality rate at birth. A character like milk yield is lowly heritable. Such a character is environmental i.e. weakly inherited and selection will not improve it. The degree to selection affects a character depends on the following factors;heritability of the characterintensity within which selection is doneinterval between generations and kind of selection being practicedFactors to Consider When Selecting a Breeding StockAge - young animals should be selected because such animals have a longer productive life. Very old animals are low producers and poor breeders. Level of performance - only animals with the highest production level should be selected.. Performance is best determined by use of records. Performance of the relatives such as ancestors should be checked to ascertain whether the animal belongs to a high producing family. The ability of the parents to pass good qualities to their offspring s ii referred to as prepotency. Physical fitness animas selected should be free from ay physical defects such as limping, irregular number of teats, mono eyed and weak back line etc. Health Animals selected should be healthy. Sick animals do not breed well and those falling sick often are expensive to keep. Body conformation - Animals for breeding should be selected according to their proper body conformation. E.g. Dairy cows should be wedge shaped with a large udderAnimal behaviour Temperament Animals with undesirable behaviours e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.5118597}
{"text": "Body conformation - Animals for breeding should be selected according to their proper body conformation. E.g. Dairy cows should be wedge shaped with a large udderAnimal behaviour Temperament Animals with undesirable behaviours e.g. cannibalism in poultry and aggressiveness in dairy cattle should be culled. Quality of Products animals that give products of high quality should be selected. E.g. in wool production breeds that produce fine, long elastic and pure white wool should be selected. Mothering ability Animals selected should have a natural instinct towards their young ones. This enables them to rear the young ones up to weaning. Adaptability Animals selected should be well adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions in the area. Prolificacy Animals selected should be highly prolific. I.e. have the ability to give birth to many off springs at a time. Methods of SelectionMass selectionThis is the choosing of animals for breeding on the basis of their own performance and the mating them at random. Offsprings of these animals are expected to show higher performance than the previous herd. This is because mass selection increases the occurrence of the desirable genes in a population. Progeny testingProgeny is the offspring resulting from selected parents. In this method a group of progenies are used to as an aid to increase the accuracy in the selection of the breeding stock. It s used when the character is expressed by one sex only. Progeny testing takes a long time for the results to be realized. E.g. it may take a bull 8-9 years before the progeny testing results are out. Contemporary comparisonThis method involves the comparison of the average production of the daughters of each bull with that of the other heifer referred to as Contemporaries in the herd. The method assumes that the differences between the herds of the same breed are non-genetic in origin. AdvantagesIt s possible to compare animals of different age groupsAccurate due to presence of comparisonEliminates differences brought about by environment since average performance of the herd is used. It s possible to make direct comparison of the bulls at different A.I Centers. BREEDINGSelection increases the gene frequency and ensures that the desirable genes are concentrated in the offspring thus performing better than the parents. Selection therefore doesn t introduce or create new genes in an animal but uses the existing ones. Breeding is the process of mating selected females and males to produce offsprings of the required characteristics.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.5457683}
{"text": "BREEDINGSelection increases the gene frequency and ensures that the desirable genes are concentrated in the offspring thus performing better than the parents. Selection therefore doesn t introduce or create new genes in an animal but uses the existing ones. Breeding is the process of mating selected females and males to produce offsprings of the required characteristics. Reasons for Breedingto expand the inherited potential of the animalTo introduce new genes to improve animals productivity. To produce animals those are resistant to diseases and other environmental hazards. To satisfy consumers taste e.g. tender meat, fast growth rate etc. Economic reasons; breeding animals with high growth rate means that these animals acquire market weight very fast. NB Genetic factors play a big role and therefore proper methods should be adopted. These genetic factors include;InheritanceThis is the genetic transmission of traits from the parents to the offsprings. These traits are carried by the male and female gametes. An animal s body has two types of cells, sex cells called the gametes and the somatic cells called the body cells. Sex cells have chromosomes that contain genes. ChromosomesThey carry gene which determine the specific characteristics in an individual animal. They exist in pairs in the nucleus of the body cells and are always constant in number. In the sex cells the genes are found in single units. I.e. GenesThese are very tiny units of inheritance carrying particular traits found in animals e.g. Body shape, disease resistance, prolificacy, colour etc. They are found in specific points in chromosomes called the gene loci locus . They look like beads on a string. DiagramGenes occurs in pairs on the chromosome called alleles. Alleles form allelomorphic genes. If the members of an allele have the same effect or quality, the character is said to be homozygous. If these genes have different effect that carries different qualities the resulting character will be heterozygous. Cell DivisionThe two types in animal multiply themselves through the process of cell division. Body cells somatic cells divide by a process called mitosis. In mitosis each parent cell produces two daughter cells having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Sex cells- gametes divide and reproduce through a process called meiosis. The process results in four daughter cells having half the number of chromosomes as was in the parent cells. During fertilization when the sperm joins with the ovum each having half the number of chromosomes , the full chromosome number is restored.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.5626245}
{"text": "Sex cells- gametes divide and reproduce through a process called meiosis. The process results in four daughter cells having half the number of chromosomes as was in the parent cells. During fertilization when the sperm joins with the ovum each having half the number of chromosomes , the full chromosome number is restored. Terms used in BreedingDominant and Recessive TraitsDominant means to suppress the other. Recessive means suppressed or dominated by the other characters. If the dominant and the recessive traits are brought together, the offspring shows the dominant trait e.g. the gene for horns is dominant over the gene for hornless. Therefore if a polled bull hornless is mated with a horned cow, the offspring produced will be horned. Sometimes there is partial dominance incomplete dominance where the offspring do not resemble either parent exactly. Hybrid and Hybrid VigorAn animal is a hybrid if it possesses a dominant characteristic and the other one is recessive. If two hybrids are crossed, the offsprings will attain 75 dominance and 25 recessive ness. If two superior animals of different breeds are mated, the offspring that results is highly productive and has a higher growth rate and an improved body conformation. Such an animal has hybrid vigor or heterosis. Hybrid vigor is increased vigor and performance resulting from crossing two unrelated superior animals. The genes that produce vigor are dominant are while those that lack vigor are recessive. EpistasisIt s the combination of genes which individually could have been undesirable or inferior. This way, the effects of some recessive genes are masked such that they cannot be expressed. Breeding SystemsInbreedingOut breedingInbreedingThis is the mating of animals which are closely related to each other. Reasons for InbreedingTo increase the genetic uniformity in a herd increasing homozygosity. Fixing required characteristics in the new breeds. Increasing phenotypic uniformity. This helps to describe the external characteristics of a certain breed for example the colour of Friesians is black. Used to test whether an animal has high prepotency. To get proven sires i.e. males which have been confirmed and proven to have high qualities through backcrossing. Disadvantagesloss of hybrid vigorhigh rate of pre-natal mortalitymay lead to decline in fertility hence species extinctionSystems of InbreedingClose Breeding: this is the breeding of very closely related animals.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.6007984}
{"text": "To get proven sires i.e. males which have been confirmed and proven to have high qualities through backcrossing. Disadvantagesloss of hybrid vigorhigh rate of pre-natal mortalitymay lead to decline in fertility hence species extinctionSystems of InbreedingClose Breeding: this is the breeding of very closely related animals. I.e. sib mating- between brothers and sisters and parent-sib mating between parents and offsprings. Line Breeding- this is the mating of distantly related animals that share a common ancestor. E.g. Cousins and cousins, granddaughters versus grand sires etc. The system aims at preserving good qualities of superior ancestors. 2 Out BreedingThis is the mating of animals that are not related. Reasons for Out BreedingTo introduce new desirable genesTo exploit heterosis hybrid vigor . A cross breed performs better than the average of the two parentsTo establish a new breed or a grade animal. Systems of Out BreedingOut crossingCross breedingUpgrading grading up Out CrossingThis is the mating of unrelated animals but within the same breed e.g. serving a Friesian cow in Nakuru with semen from a Friesian bull in Britain. The system helps to overcome weaknesses obtained through inbreeding. It also maintains the characteristics of a pure breed such as colour. Cross BreedingThis is the mating of two animals from two different breeds. This creates hybrid vigor. The system helps to upgrade the local animals by crossing them with exotic ones especially for better milk production. Upgrading or grading upThis is where the female of low grade stock is mated with a pure bred sire. The offspring gets half of the sire s genes. Such an offspring is referred to as a Hygrade. The system is commonly used in A.I to improve local cattle for milk production. Mating in Livestocka Mating in CattleOestrus Heat Period A cow comes on heat every 21 days. The duration between one hate period and the next is called oestrus cycle. Heat period in a cow lasts for 18-30 hours. The cow should betaken for service 12-18 hors after showing the first heat signs for successful mating.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.5790129}
{"text": "The duration between one hate period and the next is called oestrus cycle. Heat period in a cow lasts for 18-30 hours. The cow should betaken for service 12-18 hors after showing the first heat signs for successful mating. Signs of HeatRestlessnessMounting others and stands still when mounted onRise in body temperatureMilk yield drops slightlyVulva swells and reddensClear slimy mucus from the vaginaBellowing and mooing frequently. B Mating in PigsSows stay on heat for 2-3 days. The best time to serve is the second day of the heat period. The sow is taken to the boar and allowed to stay there for at least 2 days. Signs of HeatRestlessnessFrequent urinationSwelling and reddening of the vulvaClear slimy mucus discharge from the vaginaFrequent mounting on othersResponds positively to the riding testc Mating in Rabbits. The does are ready for mating at 6-7 months of age. Heat signs are repeated after 14 days. Signs of heatRestlessnessFrequent urinationSwollen vulvaDoe throws itself on its sidesDoe tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch by peepingThe doe rubs itself against the wall or any solid object. Methods of service in LivestockNatural matingArtificial Insemination A.I Embryo transplantNatural MatingThis is the use of a male to serve a female. It is commonly practiced in sheep, pigs, goats and poultry. It can also be used in cattle but AI is now commonly used. AdvantagesMore accurate. The male can detect when the female is on heat. Less laborious. There is no need of checking the animals for heat signs. Useful when the heat periods of females cannot be easily detect. DisadvantagesTransmission of breeding diseases. E.g. brucellosis and trichomoniasis. There is a high chance of inbreedingMales will need extra pasture to eat that would have been used by the females. Large males can injure small femalesA lot of semen is wasted since a single ejaculation produces semen that can serve several females. It s cumbersome and expensive to transport a bull from to serve cows.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.6239877}
{"text": "There is a high chance of inbreedingMales will need extra pasture to eat that would have been used by the females. Large males can injure small femalesA lot of semen is wasted since a single ejaculation produces semen that can serve several females. It s cumbersome and expensive to transport a bull from to serve cows. Bulls moved from one area to another may not perform efficiently due to new environmental conditions. CannotArtificial Insemination A.I This is the introduction of semen into the female s reproductive system by hand using syringes or tube. Semen is collected from a bull using an artificial vagina and a teaser cow. Semen collected is then diluted and used to inseminate many cows. Diluted semen is stored in deep frozen state in liquid nitrogen at -1930C. Special plastic straws called Payets are used to store semen for one insemination. Payets may have different colors indicating the breed for different bulls. Collection of SemenA teaser cow is restrained in a crush. A bull is brought to the teaser cow. When the bull mounts on the cow and directs the penis to the vulva, a person grabs the penis and directs it into an artificial vagina. Since there is warm water all around the artificial vagina, the bull will ejaculate and the semen is collected. Advantages of A.ISemen from one superior bull can be used to serve many cows. It controls the spread of and transmission of breeding diseases and parasites. Sires that are too heavy and that could injure cows only produce semen to serve the cows. Easy to control breeding i.e. one can time when to breed his animals. It is easy to control inbreeding. Reduces the expenses of keeping a bull on pastures and also on drugs. Small scale farmers who cannot afford to buy a superior bull can have the cows served at a low cost. It eliminate dangerous and aggressive bulls on the farmIt is easy to transport semen from one place to another. It is a useful research tool as it helps to study a very large number of offsprings from a single sire. DisadvantagesHarmful characteristics can be spread quickly by one bull to all the offsprings the bull sires. Skilled labour is requiredRequires more human labour than the natural methodLow chances of conception because semen can die due to storage problems and also due to wrong timing of the heat period. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.6414728}
{"text": "DisadvantagesHarmful characteristics can be spread quickly by one bull to all the offsprings the bull sires. Skilled labour is requiredRequires more human labour than the natural methodLow chances of conception because semen can die due to storage problems and also due to wrong timing of the heat period. 3. Embryo TransplantIn this method eggs ova are harvested from a high quality female, fertilized in tubes and the embryos that develop are transplanted into foster mothers. The female animal that produces the ova is referred to as donor. The one that receives is called the recipient. The donor female is injected with hormones to stimulate production off more than the normal rate at ago. On superior female can produce many offsprings using this method. NB. Whereas A.I increases the number of offsprings sired by one bull, Embryo transplant increases the number of offsprings produced by one female. Advantages of Embryo TransplantPossible to implant embryo from a high quality female to a less superior female and obtain a high performing offspring. Stimulates milk production in females that were not ready to produce milk. A highly productive female can be spread over a large area to benefit many farmers. It is easier to transport embryos in test tubes than the whole animal. Embryos can be stored for long periods awaiting availability of a recipient female. DisadvantagesTechnology is expensiveRequires trained personnel to handleRequires special equipment for fertilization and storage of the embryos. Signs of parturition in:Cattle 270-285 days Pigs 4 months- 3months, 3 weeks, 3 days. RestlessnessVulva reddens and swellsUdder becomes full with a milky fluidSow builds a nest by collecting some bedding at the corner of the pen. Under normal circumstances, farrowing takes place within 4-6 hours of showing the above signs. Rabbits doe 29-33 days The doe starts building a nest by plucking off hair from her bellyLack of appetite i.e. no feeding. Parturition in rabbits is called Kindling. FISH FARMING AQUACULTURE This is the artificial rearing of fish in ponds. Importance of fish farmingCheap and good source of proteins. Can be practiced on limited land. Make fish available nearby when reared in ponds. Source of income to fish farmers.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.684504}
{"text": "Can be practiced on limited land. Make fish available nearby when reared in ponds. Source of income to fish farmers. Species of fish farmed in KenyaFresh warm water fish 180c of water e.g. tilapia, carps, black bass, striped bass, cat fish, blue gill, Nile perch etc. Fresh cold water fish 10-150c water such as trout. Requirements for fish farmingWater supply should be free flowing to ensure oxygen supply. Slope of land gentle slope is suitable. In flat land there is no free flow of water. Soil clay soil is best as it does not allow seepage. Soil test procedureProcedure ATake a handful of wet soil. Knead in between fingers and roll into a ribbon. Throw it into the air and catch it. If the ribbon does not break, it is truly clay. Procedure BDig a hole 1m deep by 30cm wide. Fill it with water in the evening and leave overnight, and then fill again in the morning. Good soil should retain water up to the evening of the second day. Establishing a fish pondProcedureSite selection: should meet the following;Topography ie a place where water flows gently from the source. Soil should be clayWater should be available. Security. Site marking: use pegs to mark the channel from the river, the entrance and exit and channel to take water back to the river. Clearing the land. Digging the pond: dig up soil. Topsoil is separated from the other. Upper side is 0.5m deep and lower side is 1.5m deep. Construct the dyke. This is a wall constructed round the pond. Construct the fence round the pond. Constructing the Inlet, outlet and spillwayInlet: This canal or pipe at the entrance of the pond to bring in fresh water. It should be fitted with a screen to prevent entrance of undesirable fish species. Outlet: it is made at the deeper end of the pond. A screen is fitted at the mouth of the outlet to prevent fish swimming away. Spillway: this is channel to remove excess water back to the river. It is made at the top of the dyke at the lower side of the pond. It prevents water from overflowing on the dykes. NB Grass is planted on the dyke and land around it to stabilize the ground. This prevents dyke erosion.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.6705682}
{"text": "It prevents water from overflowing on the dykes. NB Grass is planted on the dyke and land around it to stabilize the ground. This prevents dyke erosion. The pond is fenced to keep off predators and unauthorized persons. Stocking the PondIntroduce fingerlings young-fish from hatcheries e.g. Sagana, Kiganjo, Kisumu fisheries, Bamburi etc. Transport them in oxygenated polythene bags, milk cans or drums. Provide clean water in the containers at 10 0C temperature. Take care not to injure the fingerlings. Ensure proper stocking space i.e. 5-10 fingerlings per 5m2. Feeding FishThey feed On planktonsGround nut cake, kitchen waste, slaughter house waste, leaves, grass and chicken manure. They should be given enough food. Excess foods pollute and rot the pond. Change of food should be gradual. Manure and fertilizer should be added to encourage growth of planktons. Cropping and Harvesting of FishCroppingThis is the removal of marketable size of fish from the pond. Methods used to catch fishBasketsSpears. Hook and line. Nets. DrainingAdvantages of using seine nets over hook and lineOnly marketable sizes of fish are caught. Fish are not injured in the mouth. Ensure large number of fish is cropped. HarvestingThis is the removal of all the fish from the pond by draining the pond. ProcedureThe inlet is closed stopping water inflow. Normal cropping is done using a sine net to remove all large fish. Outlet is opened to allow water to flow out. A scoop net is used to catch the fingerlings which are kept in holding pond. Water is completely drained for the pond to dry up. Maintenance of the pondRepairing the dyke or any structure on it. Cleaning the pond and remove foreign materials. Plant grass where necessary. Remove undesirable vegetation. Remove silt. Restock after 2-4 weeks by returning the fingerlings to the pond using a scoop net. Control predators. Fish PreservationPractices carried out on fish before preservationClean the fish to remove mud and worms. Remove scales and slime. Open the fish to remove the gut and intestines gutting . Clean the abdominal cavity thoroughly. Keep fish in open containers. Preservation methodsFreezing using deep freezers. Salting; use of salt solution or salt is rubbed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.708638}
{"text": "Keep fish in open containers. Preservation methodsFreezing using deep freezers. Salting; use of salt solution or salt is rubbed. Sun drying: fish are spread on a mat and exposed to strong sunlight. Smoking: they are subjected to a temperature of 700C in a smoking pit house where wood is used as fuel. NB Fish are transported to the market in refrigerated containers to prevent rotting. Fish are exported or sold locally. Appropriate Handling of Livestock During Routine ManagementCarefully avoid inflicting pain on the animals e.g. avoid physical beating. Use of structures when handling animals e.g. crushes, head yoke etc. Use tools for handling e.g. ropes, halters, lead-stick and bull rings appropriately. Use correct method of securing and casting the animalUse little force when casting animals to prevent bone fracturing. Administer drugs safely e.g. by mixing them with food and water e.g. cocciodiostats. Drench carefully for example do not raise the head too high as this could choke the animal. Test equipment for giving the drug to ensure they are working such as the drenching and bolus gun. When injecting, sterilize the equipment or use fresh needles per animal to avoid infection. When spraying, spray in open air during a wind free day to avoid wind drift to unintended places or animas inhaling the chemical. NB Remove dead animals or carcasses from the herd or flock and dispose off properly through burning and disinfect the area in contact with the carcass properly. Weeds and Weed ControlA weed: Any plant growing where it is not required and whose economic disadvantages outweigh the advantages. It is a plant out of place. Or a crop that volunteers to grow without having been planted self setter . Noxious weeds: Dangerous weeds whose cultivation is prohibited by law e.g. bhang. Weeds Identification and classificationIdentificationCommon name Vernacular Botanical nameClassificationBasis:Growth cycle. Plant morphology. Habitat. Growth cycleAnnual weeds: Complete their life cycle in the field within a period of one year or less e.g. Mexican marigold, Black jack, Pig weed, etc. Annual weeds are easily controlled especially before flowering. Biennial weeds: Complete their life cycle in two years. Achieve vegetative growth in the first year and produce seeds in the second year e.g. American wild carrot, spear thistle, ragwort etc.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.7268217}
{"text": "Biennial weeds: Complete their life cycle in two years. Achieve vegetative growth in the first year and produce seeds in the second year e.g. American wild carrot, spear thistle, ragwort etc. Perennial weeds: Take more than two years or seasons to complete their life cycle. Include: Sedges, Lantana, kikuyu grass, Wandering jew, couch grass, Sodom apple. Etc. Plant MorphologyNarrow Leaved weeds: Are grass weeds e.g. Couch, Spear, Setaria, eleusine etc. Grass weeds may be perennial or annual. Broad Leaved weeds: E.g. Black Jack, Oxalis, Lantana, Pig weeds, Devil s horse whip etc. May be annual or perennial. Competitive Ability of WeedsFactors Contributing to competitive ability of weeds:Produce large quantities of seeds. Remain viable in the soil for a long time awaiting conducive germination conditions. Some weed seeds are easily and successfully dispersed e.g. Fleabane conyza spp has developed structures used in wind dispersal. Ability to propagate vegetatively e.g. Couch grass and Wandering Jew. Elaborate and extensive rooting system. Ability to survive where there is limited nutrient supply. Short life cycle i.e. can complete their life cycle with restricted rain regime. Harmful Effects of weedsCompete with crops for nutrients, space, light, soil moisture therefore reduce crop yields. Parasitic to cultivated crops e.g. witch weed striga . Lower the quality of agricultural produce e.g. Mexican marigold gives an undesirable flavor to milk when dairy cows feed on it. Devil s horse whip, black Jack, Forget-me not, bristly fox toilet get attached to sheep wool thus lowering its quality. Some weeds are poisonous to man and livestock. E.g. Thorn apple ,Sodom apple when unripe Some act as alternate hosts for insect pests and others for diseases e.g. Black jack for Aphids, Subukia weed, Mallow, flower of the hour etc hosts cotton strainers. Oxalis, wild oats alternate rusts disease. Allelopathic: Produce poisonous substances that suppress the growth or germination of cultivated plants they contact e.g. Couch grass is allelopathic to Maize. Block irrigation channels i.e. make it difficult for water to flow freely in irrigated land. Affect fishing e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.7601616}
{"text": "Block irrigation channels i.e. make it difficult for water to flow freely in irrigated land. Affect fishing e.g. Salvinia and water hyacinth by blocking navigation and depriving fish and aquatic animals of oxygen dissolved in water. Lower quality of pastures e.g. tick berry suppress pasture undergrowth. Nut grass and Manyata grass reduce palatability of herbage and carrying capacity of pasture fields. Irritate workers thus reducing their efficiency e.g. Double thorn, stinging nettle, devil s horse whip etc. Benefits of weeds to farmersEdible to both man and livestock e.g. pig weed, wandering Jew, grass weeds etc. Medicinal effects e.g. Sodom apple, stinging nettle, sow thistle.etc. Act as soil cover, preventing soil capping due to impact of rain drops. Development of an impervious layer on the soil surface Add organic matter to the soil on decomposition. Leguminous weeds add nitrogen in the soil. Weed Control MethodsDictated by weather condition, type of weed, capital available and effects on the environment. Include;Mechanical weed control. Cultural weed control. Biological weed control. Legislative weed control. Chemical weed control. Mechanical weed controlInvolves:i Tillage cultivation Desiccate the weeds by exposing the roots to the air. Buries weeds thus killing them. Hand tools or tractor implements are used. Done during dry season to ensure better drying of weeds. Weeds are destroyed before they produce seeds to break their life cycle. Advantages of tillage in weed controlCheap and therefore good for small scale farmers. Allow infiltration of water thus minimize soil erosion. Earthing up is done during tillage which encourages root growth. Crop residue is incorporated in the soil during tillage. DisadvantagesPulverizes the soil thus destroying soil structure. Creates suitable conditions for weeds to germinate. Laborious and expensive in large scale. Leads to water loss, soil erosion and damage to crop roots. Does not effectively control perennial weeds. Ii Slashing mowing : Is the mechanical removal of shoots from weeds especially annual weeds when done repeatedly. Iii Uprooting: Done where weeds are scattered or where crops are too close to allow mechanical cultivation. Cultural weed controlAre crop husbandry practices carried out on the farm without use of chemicals. Include:i Mulching: smothers weeds thus preventing weed growth.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.7712805}
{"text": "Iii Uprooting: Done where weeds are scattered or where crops are too close to allow mechanical cultivation. Cultural weed controlAre crop husbandry practices carried out on the farm without use of chemicals. Include:i Mulching: smothers weeds thus preventing weed growth. Ii Cover cropping; Smother the weeds. Iii Crop rotation: Weeds associated with certain crops will not germinate or grow when rotated e.g. striga in cereal crops and sugar cane. Iv Use of clean planting materials: Prevent introduction of weeds into the farm. V Proper spacing: Creates little space for weed growth or form a canopy which suppresses weeds. Vi Clean seed bed: Starts off crops on clean bed to effectively compete with weeds. Vii Flooding: Discourages growth of all non aquatic weeds. Biological weed control:Is the use of living organisms to control weeds. Include:i Use of livestock: e.g. goats in coconut and cashew nut plantations. Ii Use of certain weed eating fish to control aquatic weeds. Iii Use of Moths to control cacti. Iv Beetles to control water hyacinth. AdvantagesCheap. Not poisonous or pollute the environment. Less laborious. Does not kill soil micro-organisms. Does not destroy soil structure. Legislative weed control:-Involves government laws and acts which prevent the introduction of noxious weeds in a country or the spreading of certain weeds from one part of the country to another. Imported materials such as seeds, food and clothes are tested to certify they are weed free. Limitations:Enforcement of laws is difficult. Only sample of materials are checked while the bulk of the material may have some weeds. Noxious weed law; requires noxious weeds to be destroyed or not cultivated e.g. bhang cannabis sativa . Chemical weed control:Herbicides are the chemicals used to control weeds. Ways in which herbicides work to kill the weeds. Inhibition of nitrogen metabolism: some interfere with nucleic acids D.N.A, R.N.A e.g. Atrazines which increase or reduce nitrogen metabolism. Glyphosate interfere with enzyme functions. Kill the cell: The herbicides penetrate the cell wall, destroy it and enter cell cytoplasm, killing the cell e.g. Diquate, dinosel and oils. These are contact herbicides. Causing abnormal tissue development: Include twisting, gall formation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.8055031}
{"text": "Diquate, dinosel and oils. These are contact herbicides. Causing abnormal tissue development: Include twisting, gall formation. Some herbicides interfere with plant growth e.g. phenoxy acetic acids, benzoic acids, 2, 4-D and M.C.P.A. Inhibiting photosynthesis: Some herbicides interfere with chlorophyll formation e.g. Atrzines, Simazines, Duron, Linuron, and Uracils. Inhibiting Respiration: some herbicides block movement of materials from the site of manufacture to other areas. They therefore cause acute poisoning e.g. Dinozebs. Classification of herbicidesInclude:FormulationTime of application. Mode of actionEnvironmental factors. Selectivity. I FormulationIs the physical form of herbicides e.g. Liquids: are soluble in water or oils. Are highly concentrated or toxic e.g. dalapon, paraquat. Wettable powders: Finely ground particles. Form suspensions with water before application. A spreader is applied in the suspension to prevent flocculation. Constant agitation of the particles also avoids clustering. Include: atrazines, simazines and duron. Granules: Granule form. Control water weeds e.g. duron. Ii Time of application: when applied at different stages of weed growth, herbicides are effective. Include:Pre-emergence herbicides: Are applied soon after crop seeds have been sown but before they emerge. Kill the germinated weeds such that crops germinate in a weed-free environment. Include: atrazines and simazines. Post-emergence Herbicides: Are applied after crop germination or transplantation or at different stages of crop growth. Include; 2,4-D, M.C.P.A, paraquat, Glyphosate etc. Iii Mode of Action:Include:Contact Herbicides: Kill only the parts of the plant with which it comes into contact. Translocated Herbicides Systemic: Kill the whole plant even if it comes into contact with only a small part of it i.e. they are absorbed into the plant and translocated to all parts of the plant. Iv Environmental factors: Affect effectiveness of herbicides. Include:Wind: blow away splash wash to unintended places while decreasing chemical concentration to the intended places. Rain: Dilute or wash away the chemical to non-toxic levels. Leaches and reach herbicides to roots of deep rooted plants thus killing them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.795119}
{"text": "Include:Wind: blow away splash wash to unintended places while decreasing chemical concentration to the intended places. Rain: Dilute or wash away the chemical to non-toxic levels. Leaches and reach herbicides to roots of deep rooted plants thus killing them. Soil: some absorb and retain more herbicides than others and therefore require more doses to be effective. Light: Increase in light intensity increases the rate of light of light absorption and photosynthesis by plants hence increasing absorption and translocation of herbicides and therefore causing faster killing of plants. Some herbicides are decomposed by high light intensity hence become less effective. Temperature: increase translocation hence absorption of more herbicides and therefore death of plants. V SelectivityInclude:Selective. Non-selective herbicides. Selective herbicide: Injures one plant and allows the other to escape injury. Selectivity of herbicides depend on susceptibility and tolerance of each plant species. Non-selective herbicide: Injures all kinds of plants because it interferes with photosynthesis. Factors Affecting Selectivity and Effectiveness of HerbicidesStage of growth of the plant: young plants are more susceptible to herbicides action because of their high growth activity. Physiological metabolic factors: beans have a poor rate of translocation of 2,4-D. maize is able to neutralize the toxic levels of 2,4-D to less toxic 2,4-B. Herbicides characteristics: Herbicides which interfere with photosynthesis are non- selective. Concentration: Under high concentration herbicides kill all kinds of plants. Formulation: Oil formulations are more toxic to plants. Method of application; High selectivity is attained by placing the herbicide where the weed is and away from the crop. Plant morphology and Anatomy:Morphological and anatomical characteristics of weeds that affect selectivity:Leaf angle: Leaf angles which are inclined e.g. grasses are less susceptible as compared to horizontal angles such as dicots. Nature of leaf surface: Plants with thick and waxy cuticles and surfaces retain less herbicides e.g. cactus, wandering jew. Differential heights of the plants: Shorter weeds than crops or shorter crops than weeds, selectivity are attained e.g. spraying weeds under coffee bushes. Location of growing points: Dicots are more susceptible to herbicides because their growing points and terminal buds are more exposed than in grasses.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.884428}
{"text": "Differential heights of the plants: Shorter weeds than crops or shorter crops than weeds, selectivity are attained e.g. spraying weeds under coffee bushes. Location of growing points: Dicots are more susceptible to herbicides because their growing points and terminal buds are more exposed than in grasses. Difference in rooting system: Shallow rooted plants are more susceptible to herbicides than deep rooted which require herbicides with long residue effect. Specialized structures: Plants with underground structures such as rhizomes and bulbs e.g. sedges and oxalis are not easily killed by herbicides. Safety Precautions in Use of ChemicalsRead manufacturer s instructions. Wear protective clothing e.g. overall, breathing masks, gloves, and boots. Avoid inhaling herbicide i.e. not spray against wind, not smoke and wear a breathing mask. Bath thoroughly after handling the chemical and not eat before bathing. Do not unblock blocked nozzles by blowing with the mouth. Avoid spraying against the wind not spray on windy days. Avoid spilling herbicides on pastures and fodder crops. Dispose of empty containers and left overs e.g. by burying them. Do not wash spraying equipment in water sources used by livestock and humans. Store chemicals out of reach of children and away from food. Wash equipment thoroughly. Advantages of using HerbicidesRequire less labour than mechanical cultivation. Adapted to control of bothersome weeds e.g. Couch grass and sedges. Does not disturb crop roots and underground structures. Makes control of weeds in certain crops easier e.g. wheat, burley, carrots. Efficient in both wet and dry soil conditions as compared to mechanical cultivation. Maintains soil structure. ,Convenient to use in certain crops e.g. sisal and sugarcane and weeds such as double thorn and stinging nettle which injure farmers. Cheaper than manual or mechanical cultivation on large scale farming . DisadvantagesRequire skilled labour in mixing and application. Poisonous to environment and the user. Some herbicides have long residue effects pollutes environment . Expensive Uneconomical in small scale. Revision questionsWhat is a weed? Name two poisonous weeds. State 5 harmful effects of weeds to farm crops. State 5 methods of controlling weeds. Give 5 factors that affect selectivity and effectiveness of herbicides. State 4 problems encountered when using herbicides in the farm. How does crop rotation control weeds? State three beneficial effects of weeds.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.8496118}
{"text": "State 4 problems encountered when using herbicides in the farm. How does crop rotation control weeds? State three beneficial effects of weeds. Classify herbicides. State 5 ways in which herbicides work to kill weeds. State 3 factors that determine the rate of herbicide application. A What name is given to the chemicals used to control weeds? B Explain the correct procedure for mixing gramoxone in a sprayer for weed control. 13. Explain any 4 factors contributing to the competitive ability of weeds. 14. State 3 characteristics of annual weeds. 15. State 4 effects of water hyacinth attack. 16. State 3 limitations of mechanical weed control method. 17. Explain any 4 cultural methods of weed control in a field of maize. 18. Describe the classification of herbicides on the basis of formulation. 19. A Name 4 biological agents used in weed control. B State 2 advantages of biological wed control. 20. State 3 factors which make herbicides cause crop injury or poor weed control. 21. State 4 factors to consider when choosing a method of weed control. GRAZING SYSTEMSThere are three main grazing systemsRotational grazingContinuous grazingZero grazing1 Rotational GrazingThis refers to practice of allowing livestock to feed on a part of pasture for a period down to certain level before they are moved to the next. This gives time for pasture to properly regenerate. Advantages of Rotational GrazingLivestock make maximum use of pastureReduces the build up of parasites and diseases. Animal waste is distributed evenly in all fields paddocks. Pasture area is given time to re-grow before its grazed on again. Excess pasture can be harvested for conservationIts possible to apply fertilizers in parts of the pastures are not in useIt facilitates reseeding and weeding. The methods of rotational grazing include paddocking, strip grazing and tethering. A PaddockingA paddock is a fenced portion of a pasture in which animals are restricted for grazing. Paddocking means grazing livestock in one paddock for a short period and then moving to another. The size of the paddocks depends on the carrying capacity of the pasture. There should be a watering point at each paddock. A water trough is placed between two paddocks so that animals can drink water from either paddock. Paddocking saves herding labour.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.8639977}
{"text": "There should be a watering point at each paddock. A water trough is placed between two paddocks so that animals can drink water from either paddock. Paddocking saves herding labour. However, it is very expensive to construct. B Strip GrazingDone by allowing livestock to graze on restricted portion of the pasture at a time then moving them to the next. It s done on very high quality pastures. Electric fences can be used to enclose animals in a given strip of pasture. Where animals are not many herding may be done to restrict them to stay within the strips. Temporary fences may also be used instead of the electric fences. However, the system is quite expensive. C Tethering-This involves tying the animal to a post with a rope such that it feeds within a restricted area. -The rope may also have a metal ring that slides along a strong wire supported by strong poles. 2 Continuous Grazing Herding In this type of grazing, the pasture is not allowed any resting period. This method can easily result in overgrazing if the stocking rate is not controlled. It s common in the semi-arid areas. 3 Zero Grazing Stall Feeding -This is the practice of rearing animals in a permanent feeding enclosure known as the stall. Feed is cut and taken to the animals in the stalls. -They are also provided with plenty of clean water and mineral licks. AdvantagesThere is quick accumulation of manureAnimals make use of the feeds without wastageAnimals produce high yields due to less wastage of energy. It s easy to control diseases and parasitesIt requires little landIt allows higher stocking rateDisadvantagesHigh initial capital is requiredHigh management skills are neededNeed a lot of labourDiseases can easily spread. REVISION QUIZUse of lethal temperature. Suffocation. This is used in the Cyprus bins where CO2 is introduced to suffocate pests. Flooding. This can be used c to control pests such as armyworms and cutworms. Moles can also be killed through flooding. Proper drying of the produce. This makes grains hard for pests to penetrate and discourages the3 growth of moulds. Grains should be dried up to a moisture content of 12 Physical destruction of pests. Hand picking and trapping can be used to control pests. Use of scarecrows.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.88964}
{"text": "Grains should be dried up to a moisture content of 12 Physical destruction of pests. Hand picking and trapping can be used to control pests. Use of scarecrows. They scare large animals and birds out of the farm. Use of physical barriers. They include use of fences to control large animals and rat proofing in stores. Use of electromagnetic radiation. Some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiations can be used to deactivate enzymes in some insect pests. Some pests are attracted by certain wavelengths such as moths are attracted by ultra-violet rays and aphids by yellow light. Once attracted, heat or chemicals can then be used to destroy them. X-rays can also be used to control some storage pests. 3. Cultural Methods. This is the use of all the good farming practices to minimise and discourage pests from attacking the crops. Cultural practices do not eradicate or kill pets but alter the environment for pest s survival and discourage pest attack. These practices include the following. Tillage. This exposes soil borne pests to their natural enemies or exposes them to the hot sun, which kills them. Weed control. Some weeds act as alternative hosts to crop pests. Removal of such weeds reduces pest infestation. Early planting. This enables crops to establish earlier before pests multiply to large numbers. Burning of crop residue. This destroys pests and their eggs reducing further attack on the next crop. Crop rotation. This interferes with the life cycle of pests reducing their populationUse of clean planting materials. This ensures that no pests or their eggs are introduced into the field. Planting resistant crop varieties. E.g. goose necked sorghum reduces attack by birds. Closed season. This is where a particular crop is not grown for a season to control a particular pest such a not growing maize to control maize stalk bores. Crop nutrition application of fertilizer. This encourages vigorous and healthy growth of crops, which can tolerate and escape pest attack. Pruning. This discourages conditions, which may favour the breeding grounds of pests in crops. Timely harvesting. Crops can be harvested at the right time to avoid pest attack e.g. overripe fruits encourage attack by fruit flies. Proper spacing. This discourages quick spread of pests. Growing of trap crop. This is the growing of a crop to trap certain crop pests either before or at the same time with the main crop. Irrigation. Overhead irrigation controls aphids in cabbages. 4. Chemical Control. This involves the use of pesticides to control pests.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.9538863}
{"text": "4. Chemical Control. This involves the use of pesticides to control pests. Pesticides influence the pets in three ways. By direct poisoning. By inhaling. By ingesting. The pesticide used should beEfficientSelectiveCheapPersistentSafe to the user and the environment. Classification of PesticidesFormulation. E.g. soluble powders, wettable powders, fumigants, dust, liquids, granules, emulsions etc. Target pest. InsescticidesNematocidesRodenticides. Fungicides. Mode of action. They may be classified according to the way they function into the following. Stomach poisons. These only kill those pests, which consume the sprayed crop with the chemical, hence are selective. Systemic poisons. They are circulated to all parts of the pest once it has eaten the sprayed part of a plant. Contact poisons. They kill the pests when they are absorbed in the body through the skin or cuticle. They are not selective and may kill many beneficial organisms such as predators, pollinators, decomposers, birds etc. Suffocants. They kill by interfering with the breathing system after being inhaled. Anti-feedants. They inhibit feeding on insects and other pests thus starving them to death. Repellants. They keep the pest away from the plant. Factors affecting the Efficiency of PesticidesConcentration. Correct concentration should be used when diluting the pesticide, as it is the most effective. Timing of Application. They should be applied at the stage of development when the pest is most susceptible to the pesticide. Weather conditions at the Time of application. If the rain falls immediately after application of a pesticide, it may wash off or dilute the pesticide thereby reducing its effectiveness. Persistence. If a pesticide can remain effective for long, then the better. This ensures that more pests can be controlled. Advantages of Chemical ControlMethod is faster compared to other methods such as crop rotation, field hygiene etc. Most pesticides have rapid knock-down effect hence the method is more reliable and predictable. DisadvantagesExpensive. Most are not environmental friendly since they are toxic to man and livestockThey require care and skill when handling and applying them. Most are non-selective and therefore they kill useful insects such as pollinators and predators. Pests establish resistance to pesticides if they are used continuously against them. E.g. DDT. 5.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.9210303}
{"text": "E.g. DDT. 5. Biological Pest ControlThis involves the use of a living organism, which is a natural enemy of the pest. The method is environmental friendly but it can be very slow. Crop Diseases And Their ControlDiseaseIt is a condition that interferes, impairs or disturbs the normal performance of an organism. A disease is a deviation from good health. Harmful Effects of Crop DiseasesLowers crop yield. Poor quality products hence reduced market value. They cause food poisoning by producing toxic substances such as Aspergillus flavus in maize produces Afflatoxin; Ergot in wheat and barley causes nerve endings. Increase the cost of production. Classification of Plant DiseasesFungal diseasesViral diseasesBacterial diseasesNutritional diseases deficiency Other causes. 1. Fungal DiseasesThey are either parasitic or saprophytic. This gives rise to the following categories. Obligate parasitic fungi. They completely depend on other living organisms for food. They are found in plant parts such as leaves, roots, stems, fruits etc. Facultative parasitic fungi. They can live on both the living and dead tissues. Saprophytic fungi. They live as decomposers on dead decaying plant and animal remains. They are beneficial in nutrient recycling. Parasitic fungi are grouped into three:Those with all the mycelia vegetative part and the fruiting bodies on the surface of the host such as Erysiphe spp, which causes mildews. Those with the mycelia inside the plant tissues but the fruiting bodies on the surface of the host such asPhytophthora infestans. Late blight in tomatoes and potatoesPuccinia spp. Rusts. Ustillago spp. Headsmut. Those having the mycelia and fruiting bodies all inside the host. E.g. Fusarium spp causing Fusarium wilts. Examples of Fungal1.Late BlightCaused by Phytophthora infestans .the disease affects most members of the solanaceae family such as Irish potatoes and tomatoes. The fungi are parasitic and feeds by sending short hyphae called haustoria into the cells of the host. Haustoria absorb plant nutrients manufactured food from the plant cells resulting in the death of the cell. The fungi reproduce by spore formation, which are dispersed by wind and raindrops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.9814227}
{"text": "The fungi are parasitic and feeds by sending short hyphae called haustoria into the cells of the host. Haustoria absorb plant nutrients manufactured food from the plant cells resulting in the death of the cell. The fungi reproduce by spore formation, which are dispersed by wind and raindrops. It spreads very quickly during warm moist conditions. SymptomsRapid drying of the leaves forming dry patches necrotic lesions on leaves and fruits. Affected fruits appear rotten and fall off prematurely. ControlSpraying with Bordeaux mixture and other copper based fungicides. 2. RustsCause Puccinia spp. They attack the leaves and stems of most cereal crops. P. Sorghi - sorghumP. graminis. MaizeSymptomsInfected leaves have red to brown pustules hence reduced photosynthetic are and low yields. Crops appear rusty. ControlSpraying with Bordeaux mixture and other copper based fungicides3. SmutsCause Ustillago spp. U. scitiminea sugar caneU. nuda - wheatU. maidis- Maize. This produces large number of black spores, which forms black masses on maize tassels and maize cob. ControlHot water treatment of the seeds. Use of certified seedsCrop rotation. Field hygiene e.g. rogueing and proper disposal of previous crop residue. 4. Coffee Berry Disease CBD Cause Colletotricum coffeanum. It attacks the flowers, leaves and berries. Flowers and leaves have dark brown spots. Spots on leaves develop along the margin and later spread to the rest of the leaf causing defoliation. The disease attacks both green and ripe berries. Attacked green berries fail to form beans and are hollow. Attacked ripe berries have sunken wounds and are difficult to pulp process. ControlSpraying with appropriate copper based fungicides. Open pruning. Resistant varieties e.g. Ruiru 11. Other Fungal DiseasesDamping off. Pythium spp. Powdery mildew. Root rots Armillaria spp. Downey mildew Peranospara spp. Early blight Alternaria spp. Anthracnose Colletotricum lindemuthianum2. Viral DiseasesAll viruses are parasitic and very small. They are only able to reproduce and multiply in living tissues.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406301.9613538}
{"text": "Anthracnose Colletotricum lindemuthianum2. Viral DiseasesAll viruses are parasitic and very small. They are only able to reproduce and multiply in living tissues. When outside living tissues, they form spores in cysts, which remain inactive until they get into a living tissue. They are therefore obligate parasites. Viral infections interfere with important life processes of plant such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, and nitrogen utilisation. Symptoms of Viral infectionsLeaf chlorosis loss of chlorophyll. Leaf curling. Mosaics production of light green patches on leaves. Malformations distortions of plant parts e.g. galls swellings , small leaves etc. Rosetting production of abnormally short nodes hence stunting. NB Insect vectors such as aphids and mealy bug transmit viral diseases. Infected vegetative parts such as sugar cane cuttings also transmit viral diseases. Examples of Viral diseasesMaize streak. Formation of white yellow stripes on leaves parallel to midrib. Greening disease attacks leaves of citrus. Tristeza attacks citrus trees. The leaves fall off and there is dying of twigs. Cassava mosaic -Brown streak of cassavaPotato leaf rollTobaccoGroundnut rosette. Viral diseases are controlled by controlling the vectors. C. Bacterial DiseasesBacteria are facultative parasites. They are single celled and microscopic. Not all bacteria are harmful. Some are beneficial to man e.g. Rhizobium spp which is a nitrogen fixing bacteria. They may be transmitted through insects, wind, raindrop splashes, manures, seeds, irrigation water, cultivation implements and pruning knives. They enter plants through openings such as stomata, lenticels and wounds. Symptoms of Bacterial DiseasesWilting even when water is in adequate amount due to blockage of xylems. Cankers results into the death of plant tissues. Gall formation in the infected tissues. I Bacterial Blight of Coffee BBC Cause Pseudomonas syringe. Bacteria enter plant through wounds and natural openings. It s common in areas experiencing hailstorms. SymptomsDark necrotic lesions with water soaked margins on affected parts. Shoot die back. Cankers on mature bark and wood killing the whole plant. ControlSpraying chemical eg.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.0161247}
{"text": "Shoot die back. Cankers on mature bark and wood killing the whole plant. ControlSpraying chemical eg. Supanil, before, during and after the flowering periods especially during the wet weather. Bacterial wilt Pseudomonas solanacearum Attack potatoes, tomatoes and other solanaceae plantsAffected plants wilt even when the soil is moist. Leaves droop and plants eventually dieHigh temperature accompanied by wet conditions favour the disease. Black arm of cottonBlack rot of cabbageHalo blight of beansNutritional disordersWhen crops do not get enough nutrients, deficiency symptoms appear egYellowing of leavesDrying of leavesFalling of leaves, flowers and fruitsStunted growthDeath. E OTHER CAUSESFlooding. During flooding ammonia may be formed. Since ammonia is toxic, it has burning effect to plants. ChemicalToxic chemical compounds in the soil may be absorbed by the plants leading to death of the plant eg. Cyanides. Poor weather. Extreme day and night temperature may be injurious to the crop. Eg very cold temperature causes frost injury in tea. StressStressful conditions on the plant such as irregular watering may causes physiological disorders such as blossom end rot in tomatoes. Control of crop diseasesCultural methodsThis involves the use of crop husbandry practices that discourages the outbreak of diseases without the use of chemicals. They include;Planting resistant crop varieties that can withstand the effect of certain diseases without lowering the yields eg Ruiru II is a coffee variety resistant to CBD. Practicing proper spacing of crop. Overcrowding results to quick spread of diseases. Use of health planting materials. Some diseases are seed borne and can effectively be controlled by use of artificial seeds for planting. Practicing field hygiene eg burning of crop residue destroying infected plants etc. Drying of cereals and pulses to a moisture content of 12 13 before storage. This discourages attack by moulds fungi Heat treatments of some planting materials eg treating sugar cane cutting with water at 500c for 30 minutes control ratoon stunting disease effectively. Proper pruning of crop destroys the micro- climate that may have encouraged build up of diseases causing organisms. Chemical controlChemical control should be practised only when all other methods have proved to be ineffective and when it s economical.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.068918}
{"text": "This discourages attack by moulds fungi Heat treatments of some planting materials eg treating sugar cane cutting with water at 500c for 30 minutes control ratoon stunting disease effectively. Proper pruning of crop destroys the micro- climate that may have encouraged build up of diseases causing organisms. Chemical controlChemical control should be practised only when all other methods have proved to be ineffective and when it s economical. Chemical control measures include:Seed dressingThis is the application of fungicides before planting seeds. The fungicides prevent attack on the planted seeds. SprayingThis is the application of chemical such as fungicides using a sprayer. Soil fumigation. This is the application of chemical fumigants in the soil. The chemical are usually in dust or granule form and are mixed with the soil to kill soil borne diseases causing organisms in the soil eg in the control of Bacterial wilt in potatoes. Advantage of chemicalsChemical act faster in controlling diseases. Effective Chemical requires less labour in application. Disadvantages of chemicalsExpensiveRequires skills in applicationToxic to humans and livestockPollutes environmentSome do not break down easilyc .Legislative methodThis involves imposing of regulations and laws in cases of diseases outbreaks to prevent the introduction and spreading of diseases. REVISION QUESTIONS1 Below is a diagram of a bird which is a crop pest. I Identify the bird mk ii State two ways by which the bird causes loss in crops. 1mk iii State four methods which are used to control the pest. 2mks 2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the fungal disease indicated above b State the causal organism of the disease identified above 1mk c State two symptoms of the disease above lmk d State one control measure for the disease in the control field lmk 3.The diagram below shows a kale seedling attacked by a pest.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.0107133}
{"text": "1mk iii State four methods which are used to control the pest. 2mks 2. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. A Identify the fungal disease indicated above b State the causal organism of the disease identified above 1mk c State two symptoms of the disease above lmk d State one control measure for the disease in the control field lmk 3.The diagram below shows a kale seedling attacked by a pest. A Identify the pest. 1mk b What damage does the pest cause to the crop? 1mk c State one method of controlling the pest. 1mk d Name two other insect pests other than the one identified in a above that attack kale in the field. 2mks 4.Describe the physical and cultural measures employed in the control of pests in crop production. 20 marks 5. Given the pest shown in the diagram belowName the barrier you would put on a grain store to control the pestApart from the use of barriers list four other physical methods of pest control in and out store. 2mks 6 a Identify farm storage pests shown below 1 mks b Name crop products attacked by each of the above pests 1 mks c Name one chemical control of the above pests mk 7. Define the following terms as used in crop pests and diseases; 2mks a Economic Injury Level. EIL b Integrated Pest Management IPM 8. Below is an illustration of a maize cob attacked by smut disease. Study: it carefully and answer thequestions that follow:a Beside w hat is visible on the maize cob. State two other symptoms of the disease. 2mks b State three control measures of the above disease. 3mks 9. Study the crop pest illustrated below. A Identify the crop pest. 1mk b State two effects of the above pest. 1mk c State three methods of controlling the pests. 3mks 10 Describe the methods of disease control in crops under the following headings.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.0375621}
{"text": "1mk b State two effects of the above pest. 1mk c State three methods of controlling the pests. 3mks 10 Describe the methods of disease control in crops under the following headings. Cultural methods 14 Marks Chemical methods 6 Marks 11 The diagram below represents crop pests a Identify the pest ... mk b Name Two crops that are attacked by the above pests 1mk c Give three control measures 1 mks ANSWERS1. I Identify-A-Weaver bird 1x mkii 2 ways bird causes damagei Eats grass2 Causes the grains to fall off3 Exposes maize cobs to rain leading to rotting4 Strips the leaves 2x 1mk 2. A Blight 1x mk b phytophthora infestans 1x1 1 mk - fruits rot and fall prematurely-Brown lesions on stems, leaves and fruits 2x 1 mk d Spraying using fungicides Bordeaux mixture lx1 mk 3.a -Cut worm . 1 x 1 1mk b Cuts the stem of seedlings 1 x 1 1mk c -Application of appropriate pesticide dust soil with aldrin and rake into soil. 1 x 1 1mk d i Aphidsii Sawfly. 2 x 1 2mks 4.Physical and cultural measures employed in control of pests in crop productionPhysical methodsPhysical destruction of pests which involve hand picking or trapping and killing them eg moles in the gardenFlooding-some pests like cut worms and army worms will be drawn if flooded. Flooding may be used to kill underground pests like molesProper drying of the produce-drying of grains make them hard for pests to break and penetrate hence discouraging the growth of mould. Grains should be dried to moisture content of about 11-13 moisture contentUse of electromagnetic radiation-certain wavelength of electromagnetic radiation like radioactive.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.0780084}
{"text": "I Identify-A-Weaver bird 1x mkii 2 ways bird causes damagei Eats grass2 Causes the grains to fall off3 Exposes maize cobs to rain leading to rotting4 Strips the leaves 2x 1mk 2. A Blight 1x mk b phytophthora infestans 1x1 1 mk - fruits rot and fall prematurely-Brown lesions on stems, leaves and fruits 2x 1 mk d Spraying using fungicides Bordeaux mixture lx1 mk 3.a -Cut worm . 1 x 1 1mk b Cuts the stem of seedlings 1 x 1 1mk c -Application of appropriate pesticide dust soil with aldrin and rake into soil. 1 x 1 1mk d i Aphidsii Sawfly. 2 x 1 2mks 4.Physical and cultural measures employed in control of pests in crop productionPhysical methodsPhysical destruction of pests which involve hand picking or trapping and killing them eg moles in the gardenFlooding-some pests like cut worms and army worms will be drawn if flooded. Flooding may be used to kill underground pests like molesProper drying of the produce-drying of grains make them hard for pests to break and penetrate hence discouraging the growth of mould. Grains should be dried to moisture content of about 11-13 moisture contentUse of electromagnetic radiation-certain wavelength of electromagnetic radiation like radioactive. Radiation may be used to deactivate enzymes in some insects and pestsUse of lethal temperature-this involves the use of extreme temperatures either too cold or too hot conditions to control pests by inhibiting their survival i.e. use of hot water to control pink ball wormUse of physical barriers-this include use of materials that prevent pests from getting to the crop i.e. rat guard metal plates on posts of raised granaries.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.0990846}
{"text": "Radiation may be used to deactivate enzymes in some insects and pestsUse of lethal temperature-this involves the use of extreme temperatures either too cold or too hot conditions to control pests by inhibiting their survival i.e. use of hot water to control pink ball wormUse of physical barriers-this include use of materials that prevent pests from getting to the crop i.e. rat guard metal plates on posts of raised granaries. Construction of fences around the field and trenches to control large animalsSuffocation-has been used in Hermetic Cyprus bins where build up of carbon iv oxide is used to suffocate pestsUse of scarecrows-are used in scaring large animals and birds out of the farmCultural methodClosed season-the period in which a susceptible crop is not grown in order to control a certain pest or group of pests. During this period crop residues are collected and disposed off to ensure destruction of the pest. Timely planting-early planting of crops are more likely to escape pest attack than late planted ones eg maize stalk borersTimely harvesting- some storage pests like grain weevils attack the crop while in the field therefore early harvesting will enable the crop escape the attackProper tillage- field cultivation will expose the pests which are soil borne like white grubs. The pest is exposed and scorched by the sun or eaten by birds and other predatorsPlanting resistant crop varieties-plant breeders have developed plants which have natural protective mechanisms against pest attack i.e Goose necked sorghum against birdsField hygiene- this means keeping the field free from any plant materials harbouring pests i.e. Rogueing and removal of crop residues from the fieldAlteration of environmental conditions-creations of certain micro-climate that is not conducive to some insects i.e. open pruning in coffee to discourage antestia bugs, mulching reduces thripsTrap cropping-a crop which is planted before or together with the main crop purposely for attracting away from the main crops. The pest is then killed by either spraying with chemicals, ploughing the crop or rogueing. Crop rotation-crops which are more preferred by a particular pest are rotated with those that are not or less preferred i.e. groundnuts and potatoes that control nematodes. This starves the pest to death. Destruction of alternative hosts-some weeds act as alternative host to crop pests.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.1266224}
{"text": "Groundnuts and potatoes that control nematodes. This starves the pest to death. Destruction of alternative hosts-some weeds act as alternative host to crop pests. The removal of such weeds reduces pest infestationCrop nutrition- application of fertilizers and manure makes the crops to grow strong and be able to resist and escape attack. Use of clean planting materials- this prevent introduction and spreading of crop pests. Seeds, suckers and crowns should be free from pestsProper spacing- proper spacing makes it difficult for pests to move from plants to plant while close spacing in groundnuts discourage AphidsUse of organic manure-FYM, compost manure has been found to discourage various pests ie eel wormsIrrigation-overhead irrigation is able to control Aphids in cabbages20x1 20 marks6. A Identify farm storage pests shown below. A Maize weevil b Bean weevil bean bruchid Flour weevil. B Name crop products attacked by each of the above pests. A Maize wheat barley sorghum grains; b Bean bonavist bean butter bean seeds; Maize wheat barley sorghum millet flour c Name one chemical control of the above pests. Use of actellic powder on dry grains and seeds of maize and beansRespectively primiphos-methy organophosphate. 1 2 mark it is the level at which the tolerance of a plant has been exceeded. 1mk It is the combination of many methods to effectively control pests. 1mk 8 a -Severe dwarfness-Increased tillering b -Planting resistant varieties-Use of certified seeds-Field hygiene-Crop rotation9 a -Maize weevil b -Makes tunnels beneath the seed coat-Make circular holes on the surface of the grain c -Dusting maize cob with malaltion-Fumigate maize with methyl bromide-Proper storage hygiene-Ensure grains are stored at correct moisture content10 a Cultural methods of crop disease control. Using healthy planting materials to prevent the crops from being infected by seed borne diseases. Practicing field hygiene such as a burning crop residue using clean implements, clean weeding to destroy micro-habitat for diseases. Proper seedbed preparation e.g. Control of root rot disease.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.1460538}
{"text": "Practicing field hygiene such as a burning crop residue using clean implements, clean weeding to destroy micro-habitat for diseases. Proper seedbed preparation e.g. Control of root rot disease. Proper spacing to control dumping off diseases especially in nursery bed. Heat treatment to control ratoon stunting disease in sugar cane. Proper drying of cereals and pulses for proper storage. Use of disease resistant varieties e.g. Ruiru II, Resistant to CBDAny 7, 1 for mentioning and 1 for explaining 7 x 2 14 marksb Chemical disease control in cropsThrough seed dressing application of fungicides on seeds before planting. Sol fumigation application of fumigants in soil to control soil borne diseases. Spraying application of fungicides insecticides. Any three 1 for mentioning and 1 for explaining 3 x 2 6 marksFORM FOUR AGRICULTURE NOTESLIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V POULTRY PRODUCTION IntroductionThe term poultry refers to all kinds of domestic birds kept for meat or eggs production. They include turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowls, chicken, ostriches and pigeons. The management of poultry aims at production of high quality eggs and meat to meet the ever increasing market demand. Selection and BreedingSmall scale farmers increase their flock by keeping breeds that go broody. However commercial poultry farmers buy day old chicks from recognized hatcheries such as Kenchic and Muguku. Hybrids are not recommended for breeding as their hybrid vigour would decline in their offspring and many do not go broody. Broodiness is the desire to sit on the eggs. The birds selected should have the following characteristics. YoungHealthyAble to go broodyProlificGood mothering ability. Commercial farmers should also consider the following. Whether the enterprise is for meat or egg productionAge, that is either day-old or at point of laying. Breed of birds in respect to egg colour and size of birds. Production, which is percentage laying or growth rate. NB . After the selection of the breeding stock, cocks are allowed to run with hens daily to ensure that all the eggs are fertilisedComposition of an EggThe parts of an egg include the following. The shellThe shell membraneAir spaceEgg white albumen ChalazaeYolk.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.1588924}
{"text": "NB . After the selection of the breeding stock, cocks are allowed to run with hens daily to ensure that all the eggs are fertilisedComposition of an EggThe parts of an egg include the following. The shellThe shell membraneAir spaceEgg white albumen ChalazaeYolk. The shellIt forms about 10-12 of the total egg content and is largely made up of calcium and phosphorous compounds which make it hard. It gives the egg its shape and provides protection to the inner contents of the egg. The egg shell is porous and allows gaseous exchange to take place. This makes it possible for the embryo to develop. Shell membraneThis forms the inner lining of the shell and makes about 1 of the egg content. It is formed of two separate membranes which closely adhere to each other. The two membranes separate at the broad end to form an air space air cell. The inner membrane is about 0.015mm thick and the outer one is about 0.05mm thick. The air in the air space is used by the developing embryo during incubation. Albumen Egg whiteThe albumen forms about 55-60 of the total egg content. It is a jelly like colourless fluid when fresh and turns white when cooked. It is divided into four major parts: chalazae and chalaziferous albumen, thin inner albumen, thick albumen and outer thin albumen. The albumen surrounds the yolk and serves as a food reserve to the developing embryo. It is mainly protein. ChalazaeThis forms about 3 of the albumen and it s a dense white mass floating all over the place within an egg. It has two twisted cords which hold the yolk in place at the centre of the egg. The two chalazae hold the yolk from both ends of the egg thus allowing the yolk to move the germinal disc always to the top position. This is important during incubation for the purpose of heat transfer to the developing embryo. If the chalazae are broken the yolk is displaced from its normal position. The YolkIt is divided into three major parts and forms about 33 of the total egg content. It is yellow in colour and spherical. Its main function is to supply for all the embryo requirements since it contains food reserves for the developing chick.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.2032473}
{"text": "The YolkIt is divided into three major parts and forms about 33 of the total egg content. It is yellow in colour and spherical. Its main function is to supply for all the embryo requirements since it contains food reserves for the developing chick. The yolk is rich in vitamins, fats, minerals and proteins. The three parts are:Germinal discPigmentsVitelline membrane. The germinal disc: this is formed from the ovary after fertilization and is always found at the top of the yolk as a small spot regardless of what position an egg is resting. The disc is joined to the centre of the yolk by a funnel shaped structure called the streak latebra. This allows maximum heat transfer to the developing embryo within the yolk. The egg pigments: The pigment contained in the yolk always comes from the food the bird eats and also from its body. This pigment is known as Xanthophylls and is responsible for the colour of the shell and that of the yolk yellow The vitelline membrane: the vitelline membrane surrounds the yolk and therefore gives the yolk its shape. If the egg is not properly stored, this membrane may break up causing the yolk to come out of it. Incubation of eggsThis refers to the embryonic development of a fertilized into a chick under correct conditions which will ensure that a chick is hatched from the egg. In chicken these conditions must be provided for 21 days while in turkeys and ducks this takes 28 days. Selection and Care of Eggs for IncubationEggs for incubation should have the following characteristics. Should be fertilizedMedium sized-55-60gm in weight. Lighter or heavier weight lowers hatchability. Have smooth shellOval in shapeFree of any cracks in the shellClean to ensure that the pores are openNot have abnormalities such as blood spots, meat spots or double yolkShould be fresh collected within one week and not more than 10 days. NB . The internal condition of the egg is examined through egg candling. Egg CandlingThis is the method used to check the freshness of an egg for physical abnormalities or likelihood of being hatched. It is done by passing a strong light through the egg in a dark room. The source of light may either be a torch, candle or electric bulb.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.2379518}
{"text": "Egg CandlingThis is the method used to check the freshness of an egg for physical abnormalities or likelihood of being hatched. It is done by passing a strong light through the egg in a dark room. The source of light may either be a torch, candle or electric bulb. Procedure of candlingThe egg is pace over a hole made on a card board box. A light under the box is then put on. The observer then looks at the egg against the light below. The following can be observed through egg candling. The size of the air spaceIf the egg is fertilised the germinal disc will be seen as a black spot . Whether the yolk has blood spots. Whether the shell has cracksWhether the egg shell is brokenWhether the shell is very porous. Incubated eggs are candled two or more times. First candling is done between the 5th and 7th to check for fertility. If they are fertile, blood veins are seen. If they are not they appear clear. The second candling is done on the 18th day to confirm the presence of the chick. An egg with a living embryo clearly shows a large section containing the embryo and a smaller section which is clear containing the air space. Methods of IncubationNatural incubationThis method involves the use of a broody hen to sit on the eggs. The hen provides the necessary conditions for incubation e.g. warmth, turning the eggs etc. The hen must sit on the eggs for 21 days for successful embryonic development. A hen normally shows some signs when it is about to go broody. Signs of Broodiness in PoultryProlonged moultingTendency to sit on the eggs after layingNumber of eggs laid are fewPlucking of feathers from the abdomen breast regionProduces a characteristic sound and becomes aggressive. Preparation and Management of Natural IncubationEnsure the hen is completely broody. I.e. shows the ability to sit on the eggs for long hours. The broodiness can also be induced by use of China clays. Prepare the nest in a secluded place of the poultry house. The nest can be a wooden box, karai, a woven basket or a carton box. The nesting box should be spacious to allowmovement of the hen.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.2343447}
{"text": "Prepare the nest in a secluded place of the poultry house. The nest can be a wooden box, karai, a woven basket or a carton box. The nesting box should be spacious to allowmovement of the hen. The nest should be lined with some nesting materials such as dry grass, sawdust or wood shavings to maintain warmth in the nest. Give an adequate number of eggs to the broody hen i.e.10-15eggs. A hen may not cover more than 15 eggs hence low hatchability. Set the eggs in the evening or night but not in the morning so that the chicks will start emerging on the evening or night of the 21st day. When the chicks start emerging in the morning, the hen will walk out with a few chicks and leave the un-hatched ones to die. Regularly dust the hen with appropriate pesticides so as to control external parasites such as fleas, mites etc. Allow the bird to occasionally move out to scratch and exercise. Feed the brooding hen daily and provide adequate clean water. NB . The hen should not be disturbed at all. Advantages of Natural IncubationLess skill is requiredIt is not labour intensive as there is no turning of the eggs and checking of temperatures. It s a cheap way of multiplying birds i.e. small scale farmers who cannot afford incubators can multiply their flocks using this method. Hatchability is very high compared to artificial incubation therefore reducing the risk margin. DisadvantagesOnly few chicks can be hatched at a time by one henEgg production is reduced when the birds go broody. It s only possible with breeds that go broody. The farmer cannot plan when to incubate. Diseases and parasites can easily be transmitted to the chicks from the hen if it is infected. 2. Artificial IncubationUnder this method all the conditions necessary for the hatching of the eggs are provided artificially by equipment called an incubator. Conditions Necessary for Artificial IncubationTemperature: Temperature should be maintained at 37.5oC 39.4oC. Lower or higher temperature would kill the developing embryo. Fresh Air Ventilation: There should be adequate fresh air circulating in the incubator. The fresh air is required by the developing embryos. Ventilation facilitates gaseous exchange and helps to control humidity. Relative Humidity: It should be about 60 . If it is too low, the embryos may lose moisture and die.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.2151947}
{"text": "Ventilation facilitates gaseous exchange and helps to control humidity. Relative Humidity: It should be about 60 . If it is too low, the embryos may lose moisture and die. Water is placed in a tray within the incubator to maintain the humidity. The damp cloth also assists in maintaining the relative humidity. High humidity lowers hatchability and leads to production of large chicks which look abnormal. It also results into dampness which predisposes the eggs to infections. Egg Turning: This is quite important in the management of an artificial incubator. This helps to avoid the germinal disc sticking onto the egg shell leading to the death of the embryo. Wrong turning of the egg may lead to breaking of the blood vessels. Turning should always be done along the axis of the eggs and each time in a different direction. Some incubators have automatic turning devices. Management of the IncubatorThe following should be observed for artificial incubation. The incubator should be cleaned and disinfected or fumigated before putting in the eggs. Eggs should be turned every 6-8 hours each day. However in the first 24 hours and the last three days they should not be turned. These are the critical stages of embryonic development. They should be turned around 180oC. Any egg found to be infertile on the 5th day should be removed. Remove any broken eggs. Maintain temperature within the set rangeAdd water as necessary to maintain the correct humidity. Advantages of Artificial IncubationIt s possible to plan when to have the chicks. Many chicks are hatched at onceIf management is good, there is no danger of infecting the chicks with diseases and parasites. The incubator is usually ready when required. Egg production is not affected by incubation as the hens do not go broody. DisadvantagesIncubator is expensive to buy hence has high capital investment. More labour intensive. More skills requiredHave high risks of damaging all the eggs if the requirements such as temperature or relative humidity are not strictly observed and controlled. Only viable in large scale hatcheries. Sources of ChicksFor success in the poultry enterprise, the following factors should be put into consideration. Reputation of the supplierThe type of chicks required in relation to size, breed, sex etcTime factor i.e. how long the chicks will take in transit from the hatchery to the farm. Very long hours of transportation cause stress to the chicks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.2964764}
{"text": "Reputation of the supplierThe type of chicks required in relation to size, breed, sex etcTime factor i.e. how long the chicks will take in transit from the hatchery to the farm. Very long hours of transportation cause stress to the chicks. Arrangement should be made to feed the chicks on transit if the source is very far. The most reputable sources of chicks in Kenya are;Muguku Poultry Farm- Kikuyu. Lake Chicks Hatcheries KisumuKenchic Hatcheries Athi riverStockplan Hatcheries MombasaSigma Supplies NairobiKen Bird NairobiBrooding and Rearing of ChicksBrooding is the rearing of chicks from one day old to the time they are taken to the main house. Brooding is a very critical and difficult period in the management of birds. There are two methods used in brooding the chicks. Natural BroodingArtificial Brooding. Natural BroodingThis follows natural incubation. The hen is allowed to provide warmth and other requirements to the chicks. Feed and water should be provided for both the hen and the chicks. The hen stays with the chicks until they are old enough to feed themselves. AdvantagesIt is cheapIt is suitable for most small poultry farmers. It is less labour intensiveDisadvantagesOnly possible where the hens go broodyIt is not suitable for large scale production of birds. Lowers the egg production during the brooding period. Artificial BroodingThis refers to keeping of the chicks in a structure called a Brooder where food and other requirements are provided. Chicks remain in the brooder for 6-8 weeks. Requirements in an Artificial BrooderLitter: this should be in the form of wood shavings. This should be on the floor. It maintains warmth and absorbs moisture. Fresh air: holes for ventilation should be made on the walls of the brooder for gaseous exchange. The holes however should not allow draught into the brooder. Heat source: there should a wire guard round the heat source to prevent the chicks from being burnt. Correct temperature should be maintained at 32-35oC in the first week, 29-33oC in the second week and 26-300C in the third week. The heat sources include electric bulbs, charcoal burners, lantern, kerosene and gas burners. The heat source should be withdrawn gradually to avoid stress.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.3308907}
{"text": "Correct temperature should be maintained at 32-35oC in the first week, 29-33oC in the second week and 26-300C in the third week. The heat sources include electric bulbs, charcoal burners, lantern, kerosene and gas burners. The heat source should be withdrawn gradually to avoid stress. If it were withdrawn at once, the chicks would overcrowd at one point of the brooder resulting in deaths. A thermometer should be used to check the temperature. The behaviour of the chicks can also be used to tell whether the temperature is correct. When the chicks move away from the heat source then the temperature is too high, while overcrowding around the heat source means the temperature is too low. When the temperature is optimum the chicks are found evenly spread all over the brooder floor. The brooder should have sufficient lighting to allow the chicks to see water and food. Very bright light makes the chicks toes to shine hen toe pecking and also makes the chicks blind. Dim light is therefore recommended. Shape of the brooder. There should be no sharp corners in the brooder. Such corners would encourage overcrowding hence suffocation of the chicks. EquipmentFeeder: There should be sufficient feeders for the chicks. If the chicks overcrowd during feeding then more feeders should be made available. The feeders should be kept clean. During feeding the chicks should be given a feeding allowance of 1 inch per chick during week 1-2 and 2 inches per chick from weeks 3-6. The feeders should have a rotating bar to avoid the chicks contaminating the feed by stepping or defecating on the feed. Waterers: The waterers should also be made in such a way that the chicks do not defaecate or step into the water. They should be pointed at the top so that the chicks cannot perch. They should always be kept clean. During the first to second week the appropriate spacing for the waterers should be 0.2 inches per chick and 0.4 inches per chick from week 3 to week 8. Brooder and Brooder Managementa Preparation before the chicks arrives. The brooder should be made ready 2-3 days before arrival of the chicks. The brooder house should be washed and disinfected. Spread litter then cover it with newspapers. Newspapers help to prevent the chicks from eating the litter. Place water and feed equipment in the brooder house. Ensure they are clean.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.3196685}
{"text": "Newspapers help to prevent the chicks from eating the litter. Place water and feed equipment in the brooder house. Ensure they are clean. Place food in the feeders and water in the waterers. Provide heat source in the brooder. Check to ensure the heat source is functional. Turn on the heat source on the day of chicks arrival. B Day of arrival of chicks. Vaccinate them if they were not vaccinated in the hatchery. Remove any dead chicks and dispose off properly. C FeedingRemove the newspapers after the chicks have learnt to eat from the feed troughs. Provide chick mash till the eighth week. Chick mash has 20-22 DCP and vitamins A and D. it is highly digestible. Ensure the chicks are given adequate amounts of feeds at all times. In the sixth week introduce grit or sand to help in digestion. Also introduce roosts for the chicks to perch. In the seventh week, introduce growers mash. Start with growers mash mixed with chick mash at a ratio of 3:1 respectively. Gradually reduce the amount of chick mash as the amount of growers mash is increased. When the chicks are 8 weeks old, they are removed from the brooder. At the ninth week, chicks are fed on growers mash only and are now taken to the main poultry house. Clean the troughs and waterers daily. Provide adequate clean water daily. NB . On average a chick uses 1.5-2.2 kg of chick mash during the brooding period of 8 weeks. D Parasite and disease controlVaccinate chicks against Gumboro after 2 weeks, Newcastle, 3-4 weeks and fowl typhoid at 7 weeks of age. Dust chicks with appropriate pesticides such as pyrethrins to control external parasites e.g. mites, lice etc. Provide antibiotics mixed in chick mash or drinking water to protect against disease attacks e.g. coccidiostats are incorporated in drinking water to control coccidiosis. Isolate and treat sick chicksDispose off dead chicks properlyDisinfect the feeders and waterers. Provide a footbath at the entrance of the poultry house. E Other management practices. Debeaking should be done 8-10 days towards the end of the brooding period. Keep proper records of the feeding programme, treatment and the number of deaths of the chicks.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.3078315}
{"text": "E Other management practices. Debeaking should be done 8-10 days towards the end of the brooding period. Keep proper records of the feeding programme, treatment and the number of deaths of the chicks. Management of Growers 9th week-20th week i.e. point of lay From the 9th week the birds are referred to as growers or pullets. A FeedingFeed the growers on 115 grams of growers mash per bird per day. Growers mash contains 16-17 crude protein, vitamins and mineral salts. Supplement the growers mash with grains and greens. Hang the greens to provide exercise for the birds. Introduce layers mash from the 16th week and increase gradually. At the 12th week onwards soluble grit should be provided. This provides enough calcium which is necessary for hard egg shell formation. Provide clean water ad libitum. B Parasite and disease control. At the 18th week vaccinate against fowl pox. Give a booster vaccine against Newcastle disease at 20 weeks of age. Drench the birds regularly against internal parasites. Dust the birds with appropriate pesticides against pests such as fleas, mites and lice. Control predatorsClean and disinfect waterers and feeders daily. C Other management practices. Provide more floor space for the birds as compared to when they were in the brooder. Keep litter as dry as possible by turning it regularly or scattering grains on it to facilitate turning of the litter by the birds. NB. Birds start laying at 18-21 weeks of age depending on the breed. Light breeds begin to lay at 18-20 weeks, some hybrids start laying at 18 weeks while indigenous breeds begin to lay at 23-27 weeks. Feeding and Rearing of LayersProvide enough floor space, roosts, feeders, and waterersGive each hen about 120 grams of layers mash per day. The layers mash contains 14-16 DCP, Vitamins A, B, C and minerals. Provide clean water alwaysVaccinate every 6 months against Newcastle and fowl typhoidKeep the litter as dry as possible. Provide enough laying nests in the poultry house. Collect eggs twice, noon and eveningHang green leaves to keep the birds busy preventing cannibalismIncorporate grains at the rate of 65 grams per bird per day.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.3854048}
{"text": "Provide clean water alwaysVaccinate every 6 months against Newcastle and fowl typhoidKeep the litter as dry as possible. Provide enough laying nests in the poultry house. Collect eggs twice, noon and eveningHang green leaves to keep the birds busy preventing cannibalismIncorporate grains at the rate of 65 grams per bird per day. Cull non layers and cannibalsProvide soluble grit or oyster shells all times to ensure strong shelled eggs and efficient digestion. Feeding and Rearing of BroilersBroilers are referred to as table birds. They are kept for meat production. They exhibit high growth rate and have a very high feed conversion ration. They usually achieve a weight of 2kg in about 60 days. The following practices are carried out. FeedingChicks kept for broiler production are fed on broiler starter mash. The feed contains 20-24 DCP, vitamins and minerals essential for rapid growth. Provide adequate clean water alwaysFrom week 4-5 gradually introduce broiler follow on mash or pellets. It contains 18-20 DCP. It encourages development of lean meat i.e. discourages over fattening. The feed should be provided ad libitum. From 8th week up to slaughter the birds are given broiler finisher pellets. Parasite and disease controlDe-worm regularlyDust the birds to control external parasitesVaccinate against common disease e.g. Newcastle disease at 3rd-4th weeksIncorporate coccidiostats in the broilers pellets. Dispose off dead birds properly. C HousingBroilers are best managed under the deep litter system. Its floor space requirements are low, about one square foot per bird. The house should be well ventilated for efficient air circulation. Broilers should be kept in dimly lit houses to reduce their activity, ensuring that most of the feed taken in is used for growth. Rearing SystemsThe method of keeping poultry is referred to as rearing system. The choice of the system to use depends on the following factors. Land availabilityLabour availabilityCapitalSecurityMarketAvailability of appropriate equipmentTopography of the land to facilitate easy drainageKnowledge of the farmer. There are four main rearing systems i.e.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.3664224}
{"text": "The choice of the system to use depends on the following factors. Land availabilityLabour availabilityCapitalSecurityMarketAvailability of appropriate equipmentTopography of the land to facilitate easy drainageKnowledge of the farmer. There are four main rearing systems i.e. Free rangeFold systemDeep litterBattery cage system1 Free Range Extensive systemBirds are allowed to move freely in a fenced ground that has a house to provide shelter at night and during the rainy seasons. The laying nests are also put in the house. Feed and water troughs are placed outside but should be protected against rain. RequirementsLand. Should be adequate, well drained and with trees for shade. It should be fenced. About 100 birds should be kept in 1 acre. Runs. The land should be partitioned to allow rotation. This reduces diseases and parasite build up. The partitioned areas are called runs. House. The house should be movable or at the centre of the runs. AdvantagesCannibalism and egg eating are reduced as the birds are not overcrowded. Birds exercise hence good growthNo need to provide grit as the birds can pick it from the groundLess feed is used as the birds supplement with insects and grass. Manure is evenly spread in the runs hence vegetation regenerationIt requires low capital investmentLow labour requirement. DisadvantagesA lot of land is needed for the birdsBirds can be eaten by predators or stolenEggs get lost in the runsDirty eggsDifficulty in close supervision of individual birdsBreeding programme not easily followedIf the perimeter fence is not adequate the birds can damage crops on the farm. The range area may become contaminated with diseases and parasites2 Fold System Semi Intensive System. This is a system where birds freely eat vegetation but are confined in small houses called folds or arks. A fold system measures 3.5m long, 1.5m wide and 1.5m high. Such a fold can accommodate 10-15 birds. 1 3 of the fold is roofed to provide shelter and the rest is open but enclosed by chicken wire mesh. The unroofed part allows sunlight and is used for exercise and feeding on the grass. The folds should be moved to a new ground daily. This reduces pest and disease build up, provides fresh grass to the birds and avoids accumulation of droppings.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.407727}
{"text": "The unroofed part allows sunlight and is used for exercise and feeding on the grass. The folds should be moved to a new ground daily. This reduces pest and disease build up, provides fresh grass to the birds and avoids accumulation of droppings. AdvantagesManure is uniformly spread in the fieldLess feeding costs since the birds supplement the feed with insects and grassThere is no need of fencingReduced pest and disease build up. DisadvantagesFolds don t last long due to too much handlingFew birds are kept per foldVery laboriousEgg production records per bird are difficult to keepThe returns per unit land are relatively low. 3 Deep Litter System. This is an intensive system. In this system, birds are confined within a big house. Requirements of a deep litter systemi SiteThe land should be well drained. Ii HouseShould be leak proofThe leeward side should be open from 60-90cm above the ground. This area should be covered with a wire mesh. The floor should have litter. The litter keeps the floor warm and absorbs moisture. Litter materials include crushed maize combs, coffee husks, sawdust, wood shavings etc. The litter should be 15-30cm deep. Litter should be turned regularly to mix the droppings. Grains should be thrown regularly on the litter for the birds to scratch for the grains thus turning the litter. The floor space requirement should be 1m2 per 2- 3 birds. Iii Feeders and WaterersThey should be enough and should always be cleaned daily to avoid any infections. Iv Roosts and PerchesRoosts are timber frames on which the birds perch for rest. They should about 30cm per bird and should be about 1-1.2m. They should be movable for easy removal of droppings and for easy cleaning. Diagramsv Laying NestsProvide laying nests in the poultry house. Requirements for laying nestsShould be dimly lit to discourage egg eatingLarge enough to accommodate the bird comfortably. Nests are of two types, individual type and communal type. Individual type should measure 25-30cm wide, 30-35cm high and 30-36cm long.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.4585073}
{"text": "Requirements for laying nestsShould be dimly lit to discourage egg eatingLarge enough to accommodate the bird comfortably. Nests are of two types, individual type and communal type. Individual type should measure 25-30cm wide, 30-35cm high and 30-36cm long. Communal nests can accommodate 50-60 birds and they measure 1.35m 1.5m long, 30cm wide and 35cm high on the front side and 75cm on the back side. It should have a door measuring 20x20 cm wide. Place dry clean beddingsAdvantages of the deep litter systemHigh stocking rateSystem can be used for rearing a breeding stockFast accumulation of manureBirds are safe from predators and thievesLess loss of eggsLow labour requirements once everything is in place. DisadvantagesThere is a likelihood of pest and disease accumulation in the litterCannibalism, egg eating, feather plucking and toe pecking are common. Individual egg production record is not possibleLitter may be difficult to find in some areasFeeders and waterers may be contaminated by litter if not properly placedEggs may become dirty if they are laid on the floor or if the laying nests are not clean. MILK AND MILKINGMilkWhite substance secreted in the mammary glands of female animals. It is secreted as food for their young ones. It is also processed into products such as butter, cheese and ghee. Composition of milkThe composition of milk varies from one animal to another as shown below. It contains proteins, carbohydrates lactose fats, minerals and water. Factors affecting the milk compositionAge of the animal; young animals produce milk with high butter fat content than old animals. Physiological Condition of the animal; under conditions such as extreme emaciation, the butter fat content significantly drops. Pregnant animals also produce milk low in butter fat content. Completeness of milking; the last milk to be drawn has the highest butter fat content. Also the milk drawn form animal in the evening has higher butterfat content as compared to that obtained in the morning. Stage of lactation and pregnancy; butterfat content, proteins and minerals in milk are usually higher at the middle of the lactation period and drop towards late gestation.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.456274}
{"text": "Completeness of milking; the last milk to be drawn has the highest butter fat content. Also the milk drawn form animal in the evening has higher butterfat content as compared to that obtained in the morning. Stage of lactation and pregnancy; butterfat content, proteins and minerals in milk are usually higher at the middle of the lactation period and drop towards late gestation. Type of food eaten by the animal; animals eating a lot of roughages produce milk rich in fats, proteins and lactose than animals which is fed on a lot of grains. This is because roughages produce a lot of acetic acid a volatile fatty acid which is used as a source of energy in the mammary glands to synthesize milk . Breed differences; different breeds produce milk wit5h different percentage composition as shown below. Season of the year; fats increase during the cold season. The solids not fats decrease during the hot season. Other factors animals under treatment produce milk of variable composition depending on the drugs used. Animals suffering from mastitis have reduced lactose because the mastitis bacteria attack the milk sugars. Milk Secretion and Let-downThe structure of the mammary glandIt is the organ responsible for milk production in mammalian animals. It is composed of balloon shaped secretory cells called alveoli alveolus . The alveoli are surrounded by a dense network of blood capillaries. These alveoli are joined together by a capsule to form a lobule with a duct. The alveoli drain their content into the lobule. Several lobules are grouped together to form a lobe which is drained by the lactiferous duct. Many lobes form one quarter of the udder. Several lactiferous ducts drain into the gland cistern of the quarter. The quarters of the udder are anatomically separated and drain into separate te4at cisterns. Each teat has an opening called a teat orifice canal whose opening and closing is controlled by the a sphincter muscle. Milk secretionMilk is made from products of digestion such as blood sugar, amino acids and fatty acids. These nutrients are carried by blood into the alveoli where they are manufactured into lactose, casein and butter. Other milk components such as vitamins and minerals are also added to milk through filtration by the alveoli cells. Milk synthesis or lactogenesis is controlled by the hormone prolactin.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.514148}
{"text": "These nutrients are carried by blood into the alveoli where they are manufactured into lactose, casein and butter. Other milk components such as vitamins and minerals are also added to milk through filtration by the alveoli cells. Milk synthesis or lactogenesis is controlled by the hormone prolactin. Low levels of oestrogen during late gestation period stimulate the secretion of the hormone prolactin by the pituitary gland. Prolactin activates milk secretion process in the mammary glands. Milk secreted is stored in the hollow cavities of the alveoli and within the lactiferous ducts. Some milk however drains into the gland cistern where it is stored until milking. Milk let downThis is the flow of milk from the upper region of the udder alveolar region to the lower part of the udder gland cistern and teat cistern . This process of milk let down is caused by the hormone oxytocin released by the pituitary gland. Oxytocin causes contraction of the muscle fibres surrounding the alveoli. This contraction forces milk into the gland and teat cisterns. However some external factors also influence the milk let down process. These are:Taking the cow into the milking shedSight or smell of food in the feed troughRattling sound of the bucketsSight of the milkmanMassaging or washing the udder with warm waterSight of the calf for cows used to suckling calvesSuckling by the calfNB. Milk let down lasts for about seven to eight minutes hence the person milking must be very fast in order to remove as much milk as possible. Proper stimulation of the udder when milking is therefore very necessary throughout the milking process. The secretion of adrenaline from the adrenal glands suppresses the effects of oxytocin. Adrenaline inhibits the supply of blood to the alveolar region causing relaxation of the muscles fibres thus there is no milk let down. Other factors that may contribute to inhibition of milk let down include;Excitement or frightening of the cow. HungerChange of milkmanChange of the milking scheduleEffects of the oestrusFeeling of painStrange surroundingsBefore milking the alveolar cells are turgid but after milking they appear long and thin.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.484038}
{"text": "Adrenaline inhibits the supply of blood to the alveolar region causing relaxation of the muscles fibres thus there is no milk let down. Other factors that may contribute to inhibition of milk let down include;Excitement or frightening of the cow. HungerChange of milkmanChange of the milking scheduleEffects of the oestrusFeeling of painStrange surroundingsBefore milking the alveolar cells are turgid but after milking they appear long and thin. Clean milk productionCharacteristics of clean and high quality milkFree from disease causing organismsHas no hair, dirt or dustHas high keeping qualityHas a good flavourIts chemical composition is within the expected standardsEssentials of clean milk productionAvoid flavours in milk- bad flavours in milk are caused by feedstuffs and oxidation. Silage and feedstuffs such as Mexican marigold, onions and other fruit wastes can cause bad flavours in milk. Such feedstuffs should be given to the animals after and not before or during milking. Oxidation of milk fats occurs when milk has been exposed to the sun for a long time or if put in containers with traces of copper or iron giving it a bad flavour. Milk should therefore be protected from sunlight and should be stored in containers which are free from of traces of copper or iron. Healthy milking herd. Cows should be tested regularly for milk borne diseases such as tuberculosis and brucellosis. A strip cup should always be used to check for mastitis. Clean milking cows. The flanks, underline and the whole udder should be washed and dried thoroughly before each milking. Two towels should be used. One for cleaning the udder and the other one for drying. Any long hair on the udder and flanks should be clipped. Healthy and clean milkman. Any milkman suffering from contagious diseases should not handle milk or do the milking. The milkman should keep his finger nails short and should have his hair covered. He should preferably wear an overall when milking. Clean milking shed. The milking parlour should be kept clean. It should have a good drainage and easy to clean. It should be cleaned after every milking. Clean milking utensils. The milking utensils and equipment should be seamless and smooth to facilitate thorough cleaning. They should be washed with hot water and detergent. Keeping them in the sun during the day sterilises them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.5533962}
{"text": "The milking utensils and equipment should be seamless and smooth to facilitate thorough cleaning. They should be washed with hot water and detergent. Keeping them in the sun during the day sterilises them. Milk filtration cooling and storage. Milk should be filtered and cooled to 50C after milking. Cooling slows down bacteria multiplication hence improved keeping quality. The milk should then be stored in a cool, dry and dust free room or delivered immediately to the market. Milking materials and equipmentUdder clothes towels. Two towels should be provided for each cow, one for washing and the other for drying. If the animals are many the towels are dipped in hot water or disinfected before they are used on another animal. Filtering pads. They are used for straining milk. Milking jelly. It is smeared on the teats after milking to prevent cracking. It should not be applied before or during milking. Warm water. For washing the udder before milking. It also stimulates the milk let down process. Milking pails bucket. Should be made of materials that are free of copper and iron traces. Strip cup. For detecting mastitis. Milk cans churns. Used to hold milk during storage and transportation. Should also be made of materials that are free of copper or iron on their surfaces. Other equipment. Cooling apparatus, milking stool and weighing scale. The milking procedureMilking can be done either by hand or machine depending on the scale of farming. The following are the stages in milking. Pre-milking procedure. Milking materials and equipment are made available and within reach of the milkman. The cow is restrained in the milking parlour and given food. The udder is washed, dried and mastitis is checked. Milking technique. The proper method or technique should be used to extract as much milk as possible. Procedure of proper milking. In hand milking the teat is grasped tightly at its base between the thumb and the forefinger and the other three fingers are closed in tightly applying the pressure from the top to the bottom forcing the milk to drain out. When the force is applied rhythmically, on the teat muscles, the orifice opens and milk is released. The base of the teat is held firmly to prevent the backflow of milk into the gland cistern. Teats should not be stripped or pulled with fingers. The following rules should be observed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.5327384}
{"text": "The base of the teat is held firmly to prevent the backflow of milk into the gland cistern. Teats should not be stripped or pulled with fingers. The following rules should be observed. Milk quickly and evenly. The effect of oxytocin lasts for 5-8 minutes hence milking should be quick and efficient. Milk at regular times. Cows are usually milked twice a day at approximately 12 hours interval. Milking should be done the same time in the morning and evenings. High yielding cows may be milked thrice per day. Avoid use of wet hands. The milkman should dry his hands after cleaning the udder. Complete milking. All the milk should be removed during milking. Incomplete removal of milk leading to the cow drying off too soon and total milk yield per lactation is reduced. Post milking practicesThese include weighing, recording, straining, cooling and storing it, cleaning the utensils and washing the milking parlour. Dry Cow TherapyThis is the administration of antibiotics to an in-calf cow in its late gestation period to control mastitis during the drying off period. The antibiotic penicillin is infused into the under through the teat canal using a syringe. MILK PRODUCTSThey include the following;Homogenized and pasteurized milk. Homogenization is the process by which the fat globules in milk are broken down into smaller particles and are the distributed evenly in the milk. Pasteurization involves heating the milk and the cooling it suddenly. This destroys most of the harmful bacteria in the milk. Homogenized and pasteurized milk is prepared and packed by KCC, Brookside, Tuzo, Delamere Dairies and Egerton Dairies etc. This milk is marketed as whole milk. Ultra Heat Treated UHT Milk. This is milk which has been treated at a temperature between 130 and 1350C for one second and then immediately packed and cooled. This milk has a long shelf life without refrigeration. It is marketed as whole milk. Cream. This is the layer of fat on the surface of the milk. It is separated from the raw milk either mechanically by use of machine separator or by hands. The machine separator spins the milk rapidly so that the centrifugal force that is created separates the fat globules from the rest of the milk. Skim milk. This is milk without cream.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.5700903}
{"text": "The machine separator spins the milk rapidly so that the centrifugal force that is created separates the fat globules from the rest of the milk. Skim milk. This is milk without cream. It is used in the manufacture of fat free milk powder. Butter. Butter is milk fat lacking non-fat solids and is obtained by churning cream in a churn. Butter contains 80 fat, 16-20 water and 1-1.5 non fat solids. Ghee. It s prepared by either heating cream or butter in order to remove moisture and non fat solids. Ghee contains 100 fat and is mainly used for cooking. Curd. It is prepared by leaving whole or skim milk unprotected to coagulate as a result of bacteria in the environment. Cheese. Cheese is consolidated curd. It obtained by compressing milk curd until the moisture is drained out. Cheese has an elastic texture. Acids, enzymes and salts are added to it. Powdered milk. This is milk prepared by drying the whole milk or skimmed milk and converting it into powder. Yoghurt. This is thickened flavoured milk. It is slightly acidic. The thickening is done by adding certain bacteria and food flavours to the milk. Other milk products include ice-cream and condensed milk. Marketing of MilkMilk in Kenya is mainly carried out through cooperative societies e.g. KCC, Tuzo, Brookside etc. The sale of milk in Kenya is regulated by the Kenya Dairy Board. Pricing is based on the quantity processed. Farmers also sell their fresh milk directly to consumers and other middlemen. Problems facing Dairy Farmers in Marketing MilkMilk is highly perishable and so needs cold storage facilities which most farmers cannot afford. Transportation problems. Certain milk producing areas are in accessible due to poor road network. This may delay milk delivery hence milk spoilage. Special containers are required for handling of milk some of which are expensive. Lack of market information on milk price and other existing marketing opportunities. Price fluctuationsDelayed payments to farmersMarketing of Beef CattleIn Kenya there are three channels through which Kenyan beef farmers can market their products. A Kenya Meat Commission KMC This is a statutory body mandated by the parliament to buy animals from the farmers, process and sell the meat products. The slaughter houses for KMC are located in Athi River, Ngong and Mombasa. B Livestock Marketing Division.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.6504505}
{"text": "A Kenya Meat Commission KMC This is a statutory body mandated by the parliament to buy animals from the farmers, process and sell the meat products. The slaughter houses for KMC are located in Athi River, Ngong and Mombasa. B Livestock Marketing Division. LMD This is a division in the Ministry of Livestock Development that is involved with the marketing of livestock especially those from arid and semi arid areas. The livestock division has built holding yards for the farmers to bring their animals for auction. C Local Slaughter HousesThese are specially constructed houses with all the slaughter facilities. Butchers buy animals either directly from farmers or from Livestock Marketing Division and take them to the slaughter houses for slaughter after which they sell meat to consumers through their butcheries. Price of meat is majorly dependent on market situations. PRODUCTION ECONOMICSThe country s income can be expressed through the following ways. Gross Domestic ProductGross National IncomePer Capita IncomeGross Domestic Product GNP This is the sum total of all the goods and the services produced by the residents of a country within a period of one year. The residents are either citizens or foreigners who have invested in that country. The foreigners however remit their income to their home countries hence there is income outflow. Gross National Income. GNI This is the sum total of all goods and services in monetary terms produced by the nationals of a given country within a year regardless of their country of operation. The nationals of a given country may invest or seek employment in foreign countries. These nationals remit their interests, profits and income to their home countries. There is therefore income inflow to their country. The difference between income inflow and income outflow added to the GDP gives the GNI Income inflow income outflow GDP GNIPer Capita IncomeThis is the average per head in a country. It is obtained by dividing the gross national income of a country by the country s total population. Per Capita Income GNITotal populationPer capita income is not a good measure of the economic well being of the people in a country due to the uneven distribution of the income. Contribution of Agriculture to National DevelopmentFood supplySource of income and capitalSource of raw materials to industriesMarket for industrial goodsCreation of employmentSource of revenue to governmentForeign exchange earner.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.6172304}
{"text": "It is obtained by dividing the gross national income of a country by the country s total population. Per Capita Income GNITotal populationPer capita income is not a good measure of the economic well being of the people in a country due to the uneven distribution of the income. Contribution of Agriculture to National DevelopmentFood supplySource of income and capitalSource of raw materials to industriesMarket for industrial goodsCreation of employmentSource of revenue to governmentForeign exchange earner. Factors of ProductionLandSolid part of the earth where capital can be placed. Land is scarce and is valued depending on the followingThe ability to produce crops and livestock. This is based on land productivity and not size. Land productivity is determined by the soil fertility and climatic conditions of an area. Land productivity can be improved by fertilizer application, irrigation, proper tillage, soil and water conservation etc. The space for construction of the farm buildings, agro-industries, urban centres and infrastructure. All these structures are important in agricultural production. Farmers can acquire land through the following methods. InheritanceBuyingLeasing from landlordsAllocation by the government through settlement schemes. Labour. This refers to the human physical and mental services employed in the production process. Labour is considered on the basis of the output of an individual and not on the number of people employed. The work output of labour is expressed in terms of the amount of the work done within a specified period e.g. man hours or man days. Types of labourFamily labourIt consists of the farmer and members of his family. The tasks are assigned according to the age and ability of the family members. Hired labour. Its labour employed outside the family. It can be permanent or casual. Casual labour is normally engaged at labour peaks e.g. during harvesting, planting weeding etc. Permanent labour is normally hired on monthly basis. How to Improve labour ProductivityTraining. Done formally through schools and colleges or informally through field days, agricultural shows, demonstration farms, workshops etc. Farm mechanization. Mechanization makes farm operations to be faster and efficient. Giving incentives and improving the terms and conditions of service. They include provision of housing, medical facilities, rewarding good workers and better remuneration. All these motivate labour to work hard and efficiently. Labour supervision. This improves efficiency and productivity of labour. Assigning tasks based on abilities and promoting specialization.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.645482}
{"text": "Labour supervision. This improves efficiency and productivity of labour. Assigning tasks based on abilities and promoting specialization. This helps workers to know clearly their duties and responsibilities making them more efficient and accountable. CapitalThese are the assets that are essential in the production process. In agricultural production, capital includes tools and equipment, farm inputs, farm machines and money. Without capital all other factors of production will be of no importance. Types of CapitalLiquid capital. This is money and can be easily converted into other forms of capitalWorking capital. These are raw materials used for production. They are normally consumed completely in the production process e.g. Fertilizers, pesticides, fuel, feedstuffs etc. Fixed or durable capital. These are assets employed in the production process but are not used up completely in the process. Fixed assets only depreciate in value due to wear and tear and age. They include farm buildings, farm machinery, permanent crops etc. Sources of CapitalCredit facilities. Credit may be obtained from commercial banks, cooperatives, statutory boards eg. AFC, private organisations etc. Self savingsFree grantsInheritanceNB the higher the quality of the capital, the more the production. E.g. 10kg of hybrid seeds produce more yield than 10kg of ordinary seeds. Management. It s the process of planning and decision making in the organization of the other factors of production to minimize costs and maximize profit output. Functions of a managerShort term planningLong term planningInformation gatheringKeeping farm recordsImplementing farm management decisionsFinding ways of overcoming constraintsDetermining the production efficiency of his enterprise. Managerial Guideline QuestionsWhat to produce. This is determined by factors such as market demands, cultural values of thepeople, ecological factors and government policy. How much to produce. Determined by factors such as land, capital, labour force etc. How to produce. Determined by available techniques of production acquired through training andexperience. When to produce. Determined by the season when the crops or livestock perform well or whenthe market is available. For whom to produce. Determined by the demand and the price of the product. Qualities of a Good Farm ManagerFlexible in his decisions to adjust to the dynamic economic trends. Hardworking and time consciousKnowledgeable about agricultural principles such as practical farming skills, marketing and accounting. Responsible, dynamic, competent, ambitious and focused.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.6284392}
{"text": "Qualities of a Good Farm ManagerFlexible in his decisions to adjust to the dynamic economic trends. Hardworking and time consciousKnowledgeable about agricultural principles such as practical farming skills, marketing and accounting. Responsible, dynamic, competent, ambitious and focused. Ways of Promoting Farm Management SkillsTraining managersCarrying out research on farm managementTeaching agriculture in schools and forming 4k and YFCThe production FunctionThis is the physical relationship between inputs and products. It shows the quantity of output that may be expected from a give combination of inputs. Types of InputsVariable inputsFixed inputs. Variable InputsThey vary with the level of production. They include labour force, fertilizers, seeds, feeds, fuel, pesticides, livestock, drugs etc. Characteristics of variable inputsThey change in quantity required with the level of production. Are added to fixed inputs for productionTheir cost value depends on the kind and quantity used. Are usually allocated to specific enterprisesTheir cost Value is used to calculate the gross margins of various farm inputs. Fixed InputsThese do not vary with the level of production. They include farm machinery, permanent labour etc. Characteristics of Fixed InputsThey have fixed cost i.e. are constantThey do not vary with the level of production. Their costs are not normally allocated to specific enterprises or product. Input Output RelationshipsExample 1A farmer has a land fixed at one hectareSuppose the maize seed is varied from 0kg to 25kgThe maize yield will therefore vary with the respective seed rates as shown belowExample 2Suppose land and maize seed rate inputs are fixed at 1 ha and 25 kg respectively. The nitrogen fertilizer is applied at different rates. The following relationship is realized. Plot the a line graph of CAN input against Maize outputLand and seed rate are fixed at 1 hectare and 25 kg respectively. CAN fertiliser is varied at 20 kg unitsMaize yield increases as shown by the total product curveMarginal product is the additional return realised above the previous total product as a result of the marginal input. E.g. when 100kg of CAN fertiliser are used, the marginal product is 6 bags. I.e. 42-36 6Marginal inputs are additional inputs above the previous input.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.7162516}
{"text": "When 100kg of CAN fertiliser are used, the marginal product is 6 bags. I.e. 42-36 6Marginal inputs are additional inputs above the previous input. Types of production functionsIncreasing returns production functionConstant returns production functionDecreasing returns production functionIncreasing Returns Production FunctionIn this type of a function, each additional unit of input results in a larger increase in output than the preceding unit of input. This is a rare production in agriculture. It is usually experienced in the initial low levels of inputs application as in fertilizers, seedrate, and animal concentrates etc. ExampleEgg production from individual birds with varying amounts of layers mash. Draw a graph of amount of layers mash input against total egg production output Constant Returns Production FunctionIn this case, the output increases at the same rate for each additional unit of input. The returns are constant to the input factor. This function is very rare in agriculture due to presence of other factors that influence agriculture such as climate, human factors, pests and diseases. It is only common in industries. E.g. Production of loavesDraw a graph of input against output. The PF curve is a straight lineThe slope of the curve remains the sameThe marginal product is constant at 25Decreasing Returns Production FunctionEach additional unit of input results into a smaller increase in output than the preceding unit of input. It is the commonest type of production function in agriculture. It is common in areas like feeding livestock in order to increase their output, fertilizer application in crop production, feeding layers for egg production etc. ExampleMaize production in 90kg bags from varying amounts of NPK fertilizer applicationDraw a graph of input against outputNB Initially each additional unit of inputs leads to a larger increase in output than the preceding one. I.e.0-90 kg of NPK Thereafter, the increase is at a decreasing rate i.e. between 90-210kg of NPK input. At this point the law of diminishing returns starts to operate. Any further application of the NPK fertilizer results in a decline in output. Economic Laws and PrinciplesThey include:The law of diminishing returnsThe principle of substitutionThe principal of equi-marginal returnsThe principle of profit maximization1.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.7304409}
{"text": "At this point the law of diminishing returns starts to operate. Any further application of the NPK fertilizer results in a decline in output. Economic Laws and PrinciplesThey include:The law of diminishing returnsThe principle of substitutionThe principal of equi-marginal returnsThe principle of profit maximization1. The Law of Diminishing ReturnsIt states that if successive units of one input are added to fixed quantities of other inputs, a point is eventually reached when the additional marginal and average product output per additional unit of input will decline. NB NPK fertilizer is applied in units of 30 kg each. Therefore the average product is obtained by dividing the total product by the units of fertilizer used. Plot graphs of total product marginal product and average product on the same axisZones of a Production Function CurveThe law of diminishing returns helps the farmer to identify the most profitable point at which to produce. If perpendicular lines are drawn through the point where average product equals average product point where the two intersect , and through the point where the marginal curve intersects the horizontal axis MP 0 , the graph is divided into three zones. Zone IIn this zone the producer under utilizes the land resource and NPK fertilizer. Total product increases at an increasing rate until MP reaches the peak. It is not ideal for the farmer to limit production in this zone as the resources can still yield more. The zone is referred to as an irrational zone of productionZone IIThe producer uses the resources to the maximumTotal product increase at a decreasing rateZone stars where MP starts to decline and ends where MP 0. At this point the AP is at its maximum. Therefore AP reaches its maximum when it is equal to the MPIt is economical to produce in this zone. The zone is referred to as rational zone of production. Zone IIIMore application of NPK fertilizer results in the total product declining. Marginal product becomes negativeIt s uneconomical to operate in this zone. The zone is called irrational zone of production. 2. The Principle of SubstitutionThe principle of substitution state that, if the output is constant, it s profitable to substitute one input factor for another as long it is cheaper than the one being substituted. E.g. Milk production can be maintained constant by substituting dairy meal less expensive for dairy cube which are more expensive.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.7462583}
{"text": "AFC FC YAverage total cost ATC . This is the sum of average variable cost and average fixed costs. ATC AFC AVCMarginal cost MC . This is the extra cost incurred in the production of an additional unit of output. MC VC YWhere changeVC variable costY outputNB All the costs are defined in terms of units of output and not in terms of units of inputs. Ii The concept of Revenue. Revenue is the amount of money realized after the sale of the produce. Types of RevenueTotal Revenue TR . This is the total physical product multiplied by the unit price of the product. R Qy X Py where Q quantity, P price and y output factor. A farmer harvested 1000 90kg bags of wheat, if the price of a 90kg bag of wheat is Ksh 1500,Calculate his total revenue. Net Revenue NR . This is the difference between total revenue and the total costs of production. This is the profit. NR TR TC. Marginal Revenue MR . This is the extra income obtained from the sale of the additional unit of output. Concept of Profit MaximizationWhere the maximum revenue is obtained, then the profit is maximum at that point. In production the maximum profit is obtained where marginal revenue MR is equal to the marginal cost MC . At this point the net revenue is also at its maximum. ExampleIn a maize production project carried out over a period of eight seasons, a farmer used one hectare of land each time and applied various quantities of DSP fertilizer as shown in the table belowDSP fertilizer cost 280 - per 50kg bag. A 90kg bag of maize was selling at 200 -. From the table it is evident that,As more units of fertilizer are applied, the net revenue increases to reach the maximum of Ksh. 12,880 at 4 bags of fertilizer. At the level of 4 bags of fertilizer per hectare, the marginal revenue is almost equal to the marginal cost. This is the point of maximum profit. Farm planningThis involves setting objectives or goals and clearly stating and defining how to achieve them on the farm. The farm manager has to device a working programme that uses the limited resources in the most prudent way in order to maximize profit. Factors to consider in Drawing a Farm PlanSize of the farm.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.7006307}
{"text": "Farm planningThis involves setting objectives or goals and clearly stating and defining how to achieve them on the farm. The farm manager has to device a working programme that uses the limited resources in the most prudent way in order to maximize profit. Factors to consider in Drawing a Farm PlanSize of the farm. A large farm can hold many enterprises while on a small piece of land only few enterprises can be accommodated. Environmental factors. The climate, soil type and topography should be considered when making a farm plan. These determine the specific enterprise to be established on the farm. Topography determines where various enterprises should be located depending on the required drainage. The current trends in the labour market. This determines the availability of labour. The cost and requirement of the labour should be put into consideration. Farmer s objectives and preferences. The interests of the farmer should be put into consideration. A farmer may decide on what enterprises to keep. Possible production enterprises. Enterprises to be established are determined by environmental factors, size of the farm, market and price trends in the market. Existing market conditions and price trends. If there are no markets for a particular commodity, the farmer s will not produce it. Most farmers try to time their crops to mature when the prices are high. Availability and cost of farm inputs. Farmers prefer enterprises which are easily affordable and whose inputs are readily available. Government regulations and policy. There are certain government regulations which control the establishment of some enterprises. It is also prohibited to cultivate near the river banks. Security. Certain enterprises must be established near the homestead for security reasons. Communication and transport facilities. Some enterprises require good communication network. Steps in Making a Farm PlanDetermining the farm size by surveying and calculating out the acreage. Determining the environmental situation, i.e. Climate, soils and vegetation. This is done to ascertain the possible enterprise on that farm. Determining the farmer s objectives and preferences in order to eliminate undesired production possibilities. Developing a provisional tentative schedule by listing the selected enterprises and analyzing the types and costs of physical resources required. One enterprise or a combination of enterprises should be selected. Determining the technical feasibility practical able to be done of the farm to make it realistic taking into consideration other influences such as government policy. Determining the expected yields and returns of various enterprises. Determining the budget by translating the physical plan into monetary value. Developing a financial flow in order to ensure that it is consistent, workable and desirable. Implementing it.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.800845}
{"text": "Determining the budget by translating the physical plan into monetary value. Developing a financial flow in order to ensure that it is consistent, workable and desirable. Implementing it. Observe and evaluate the plan in the course of implementation. NB . After planning is completed, all the factors of production are organized in such a way that the expected results are achieved. Farm BudgetingA farm budget is an estimate of the future expenses and income of a proposed farm plan. Budgeting is the process of estimating the results of a proposed farm plan. It is the translation of a physical plan into financial terms. Importance of BudgetingEnables the farmer to predict future returns hence helping him to plan ahead. Helps the farmer in decision making whereby a good budget helps the farmer to avoid over expenditure and impulse buying. Helps the farmer to avoid incurring losses by investing in less profitable enterprises. It ensures periodic analysis of the farm business. Acts as a record and can be used for future reference. It enables the farmers to secure loans from financial institutions such as A.F.C. and commercial banks. It highlights efficiency or weakness in the farm business. Types of Farm BudgetsPartial BudgetComplete Budget1. Partial BudgetIt is the simplest and shows the financial implications of proposed minor changes in the farm. For example, change in the size of dairy herd, change of size of land under a crop and change of production technique. A partial budget tries to address the following questions. What would happen if a farmer expanded an enterpriseWhat would happen if a farmer replaced one enterprise with anotherWhat would happen if a new technique is introduced on the farm such as changing from hand milking to dairy milking or rotational grazing to zero grazing? In partial budgeting one asks four guiding questions. What extra cost is the farmer going to incur as a result of the proposed change. What revenue is to be foregone as a result of the proposed change? What extra revenue is to be earned from the proposed change? What costs are to be saved if the change is effected? After getting the answers to these questions, the farmer is able to establish whether the proposed change will result in a gain or a loss. If the farmer is to gain the change is worthwhile but if he is to lose, the proposed change is discarded and other options are sought.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.796912}
{"text": "What costs are to be saved if the change is effected? After getting the answers to these questions, the farmer is able to establish whether the proposed change will result in a gain or a loss. If the farmer is to gain the change is worthwhile but if he is to lose, the proposed change is discarded and other options are sought. ExampleMr Mrs X has 4 hectares of arable land,1.5 ha is under wheat0.5ha under maize0.3ha under fodder cropThe rest is either under improved grass ley or natural grassThe farmer wishes to know whether replacing 0.3 ha of maize with Irish potatoes the following season will be worthwhile. The fertilizer rate would have to be increased from 2 bags per ha for maize to 2.5 bags per ha for potatoes and an extra 40 man days of casual labour per ha. Average yields of maize and potatoes are 56 and 90 bags respectively. The prices are Ksh 1200 per a bag of maize and Ksh 300 per bag of potatoes. Seeds costs are Ksh 1350 per 10kg of maize seeds and Ksh 200 per 50 kg of potato seeds. D.A.P. fertilizer cost Ksh 1400 per 50 kg bag. Labour is paid at Ksh 150 per man day. He would require 10 bags of potato seeds and 1 bag of maize seeds to cover 0.3 of a hectare. Draw up the partial budget and indicate whether the proposed change is worthwhile. Partial Budget for Mr Mrs X s FarmTherefore extra revenue costs saved extra cost revenue foregone is10,290 18,290 -8,000 -8,000 indicate a loss and therefore the proposed change is not worthwhile. 2. Complete BudgetWhen proposed changes in the farm are major, or a new farm is being planned for, a complete budget is mandatory. Unlike the partial budget which only deals with variable inputs, a complete budget considers both variable and fixed costs. Guidelines to follow when carrying out complete BudgetingFormulation of the farming goals. The farmer states the reasons for setting up the farm business. Taking the farm inventory. Farm buildings, breeding stock, human labour, sources of power machinery and farm equipment are some of the things to include in the inventory i.e. all the assets in the farm. Planning for resources.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.8206553}
{"text": "Farm buildings, breeding stock, human labour, sources of power machinery and farm equipment are some of the things to include in the inventory i.e. all the assets in the farm. Planning for resources. This shows how the resources such as the land, labour and capital are utilized. Estimating production. From such enterprises such as crops, animals and other activities. Estimating the income and expenditure. Analyzing the input-output relationships that exist on the farmAnalyzing existing production weaknesses in the farm. Making a number of alternative farm plans and choosing one for adoption. Putting the best chosen plan into operation and supervising its implementation. An example of complete Budget for two hectares mixed farm. Gross margins are obtained by deducting the total variable costs from the total revenue of each enterprise. I.e. Gross Margin Total Revenue Total Variable costFixed costsLabour - one regular hired worker p.a.4,800.00Depreciation of poultry house built at 28,000 over 15 years150.00Cost of hand tools and equipment1,000.00Total fixed cost 5,950.00Farm profit Total Gross Margin total Fixed Cost 27,800.00 5,950.00 21,850.00Agricultural Support Services Available to the Farmer1. Extension and Training. This involves giving informal education to the farmers on production techniques. The Ministries of Agriculture and Livestock Development have extension officers who give these services to the farmers through seminars, short courses, field days, training and visits, demonstrations, chief s barazas etc. BAT Kenya Limited, Kenya Breweries Ltd, Church organizations and other N.G.O s also provide extension services. Artificial Insemination A.I ServicesVeterinary services. Veterinary officers help the farmers in treating and controlling livestock diseases and parasites. Farm input supplies. Some cooperatives and private companies supply farm inputs to the farmers. Kenya Farmers Association is an organisation involved in such activities. Banking. A farmer requires banking services. Farmers can open a current account or a savings account with banks. Current AccountIt s a bank account from which cheques are paid. Money in such an account does not earn interest. A Savings AccountThis account earns interest but cheques cannot be drawn on it. Advantages of using banking servicesThe farmer s money is safer in the bank.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.834227}
{"text": "Money in such an account does not earn interest. A Savings AccountThis account earns interest but cheques cannot be drawn on it. Advantages of using banking servicesThe farmer s money is safer in the bank. Cheques can be used as evidence of payment in case of a dispute. Writing a cheque is easier than counting huge sums of money. Farmers with bank accounts can get overdrafts where current account holders are allowed to withdraw more money than what is in the account or loans. The bank gives advice to farmers on how to use the credit given for maximum results. A banker s statement acts as an evidence of a farmer s financial worthiness when he wants to acquire or lease some property. Credit. Since capital is a limited resource, farmers can overcome this limitation by borrowing capital. Borrowed capital is called credit or loan. The farmers pay it back with an interest. The loan is given against such collateral as land title deed, buildings and machinery. Types of CreditShort term Credit. Given as working capital such as seeds, fertilizer and feeds. It s repayable within one year. AFC gives farmers short term credit. Medium term Credit. Repayable within 5 years and is used for farm development projects such as fencing, buying machinery, soil and water conservation and buying livestock. Long term credit. Repayable within a period of 15 years. It s used for improvement of projects such as soil conservation, building and construction, establishing permanent crops etc. Credit can be termed as soft or hard. Hard loan is given against security such as machinery and land while soft is given with little or no security. Sources of Agricultural creditCooperative societies. They give credit to farmers. Their interest rate is lower than that of commercial banks. Crop boards. Some crop boards give credit to farmers and recover their money through deduction made on farmers pay out. E.g. Pyrethrum Board of Kenya and the National Irrigation Board. Commercial banks. They advance short term to medium term loans to farmers which are paid back with an interest that is slightly higher. Agricultural Finance Corporation. They give short term to long term credit to farmers. Their interest rates are low. Settlement Fund Trustees. They lend short term to long term credit to new settlers in settlement schemes. Others. Hire purchase companies, individuals, insurance companies and traders. Agricultural Research. The main objectives of agricultural research are;Improve crop and livestock production techniques. Develop improved varieties of crops and livestock.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.900447}
{"text": "Agricultural Research. The main objectives of agricultural research are;Improve crop and livestock production techniques. Develop improved varieties of crops and livestock. Improve pastures and fodder quality. Develop techniques of controlling diseases and parasites. Determine suitable ecological zones for various crops. Coordinate research work being done throughout the country to avoid any duplication. Examples of agricultural research stations in Kenya. Coffee Research Station in Ruiru. -. CoffeeKenya Agricultural Research Institute KARI at Muguga - Agronomy, plant pathology, entomology, forestry etc. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KARI at Kitale. Maize and pasture crops. National Plant Breeding Station at Njoro. Wheat, barley, sunflower etc. Pyrethrum Research Station at Molo. PyrethrumHorticultural Research Station at Thika. Fruits, cut flowers, pulses etcNational Sugar Research Station at Kibos. Tea Research Foundation at Kericho. Dryland farming Research Station at Katumani in Machakos. Plant breeding pest management, animal nutrition. National Agricultural Laboratories at Kabete entomology and soil testing. Sunflower Research Station at Wanguru near Embu. International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology ICIPE at Nairobi and Mbita. Western Agricultural Research Station in Kakamega which deals with research of on sweet potatoes, cassava and small ruminants. National Animal Husbandry Research station at Naivasha. -. Livestock breeding and managementVeterinary Research Station at kabete. Coast Agricultural Research Station at Mtwapa which conducts research on maize and sugarcane. Cotton Research Station at Kibos Kisumu. Embu Research Station. Medium altitude maize varieties. International livestock Research Institute ILRI in Nairobi. Marketing. The following are some organizations that market farmers produce. National Cereal and Produce Board. NCPB maize, wheat and pulses e.g groundnuts, beans, green grams etc. Kenya Cooperative Creameries. KCC milkKenya Planters Cooperative Union KPCU - CoffeePyrethrum Board of Kenya. PyrethrumTractor Hire Service. This involves hiring of tractors and implements by farmers who don t have them. The following offer these services. Government Tractor Hire Service. This is under the Ministry of Agriculture. Farmers hire implements and tractor if they do not have them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.868867}
{"text": "Government Tractor Hire Service. This is under the Ministry of Agriculture. Farmers hire implements and tractor if they do not have them. These services are available in almost all districts. The service is relatively cheap but farmers rarely get the services when they need them because of high demand. Private Contractors. These are either individual contractors or companies who offer these services to farmers. They move from one part of the country to another in search of farmers who would need their services. For example in December to March, there are many contractors in Rift Valley. In August and September, they move to short rain areas. These contractors however charge more than the government but they are more readily available. Individual Farmers. Some farmers have tractors for their own personal use. When they have finished ploughing their own land, they let them out for hire. Their charges are negotiable. Others. Some cooperative societies own tractors, which they let out for hire to their members. Cooperatives are cheaper than other hire services. Advantages of Tractor Hire Services. Farmers who can t afford to buy a tractor can get access to tractor services. Farmers don t incur the costs of servicing and maintenance of the tractor and implements. The services are more efficient than hand tools, which is the other alternative. Disadvantages of Tractor Hire Services. They are not available to most farmers when they need it. Private contractors and individual farmers may overcharge farmers. Risks and Uncertainties in FramingUncertainty. It is the imperfect knowledge about future events or outcome due to the uncontrollable variables such as weather changes, pest and disease out breaks and fluctuations in commodity prices. Risk. This is the divergence between the expected and actual outcome. There is always a difference between what a farmer would predict and the actual outcome. Types of risks and UncertaintiesFluctuation in commodity prices. Physical yield uncertainty. The farmer is unsure of what to actually expect. Ownership uncertainty. Farmer may lose the produce through theft, change in government policy, fire, death etc. Disease and pest outbreaks. Sickness and injury uncertainty. The farmer or member of his family or employee is affected and loses the ability to work due to sickness or injury. New production technique uncertainty. The farmer may be uncertain whether new technique is as effective as the previous one. Obsolescence. A farmer may invest in machinery, which may become outdated obsolete within a short time. Natural catastrophies.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.9276206}
{"text": "Obsolescence. A farmer may invest in machinery, which may become outdated obsolete within a short time. Natural catastrophies. Things like earthquakes, floods, drought, storms and strong winds may destroy crops and kill animals. Ways of Adjusting To Uncertainty. Diversification. This involves having several and different enterprises on the farm so that should one fail, the farmer does not suffer total loss. Flexibility in production methods. Farmers may design their enterprises in such a way that, should there be a need to change from one enterprise to another, they can do so with minimal expenses. For example livestock buildings should be designed in such a way that they can be modified to accommodate any type of animal as need arise. Input rationing. Farmers may apply fewer inputs than the optimum required for an enterprise to reduce more loses in case of any unexpected variable. Additional inputs can be used in enterprises with better chances of giving more returns. Insurance. Insuring the enterprises guarantees farmers compensation in the event of loss. This covers losses due to crop failure, death of livestock, theft, fire, and accidents in farm machinery. Contracting. Farmers may enter into contracts with consumers to supply specified goods for a certain period of time at an agreed price. E.g Tobacco farmers with BAT Kenya Ltd., barley farmers with EABL. Pig farmers with Farmers Choice etc. AdvantagesThis ensures a constant, fixed market for their produce. Should prices fall, the farmer gains as he continues to supply the produce at the contracted price. DisadvantagesContract prices are usually lower than the average market prices hence farmers get lower incomes in the long run. Should market prices rise, the farmer would not benefit as their price is already agreed on. Selecting more certain enterprises. A farmer should try to select an enterprise that earns a steady income though less profitable than choosing one that has a high variation income realization. Adopting modern production methods. They include, irrigation, spraying crops against pests and diseases, vaccinating animals against diseases etc. Government role in minimizing risks and UncertaintyWeather forecasting. This helps farmers to prepare land and plant at the right time. Research and extension. Subsidizing of input prices. Market regulation. This protects the farmer from exploitation. AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND ORGANISATIONSMarket and MarketingMarket:Is an institution for exchange of goods and services.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.917185}
{"text": "Standardization: Establishing uniformity in quality and quantity of products. Purpose: increase buyers satisfaction, establish criteria for inspection, ensure safety and avoid exploitation of consumers. Packaging: comes after processing. Purposes:Enables handling of produce. Makes marketing more efficient. Prevent physical deterioration, theft, tampering, adulteration and substitution. Offer easy labeling. Measurement. Attachment of sales description and instructions. Promote sales or advertise. Collecting market information or market research:Provide knowledge of supply and demand. Determine where and when to sell. Determine quality of commodity neededDetermine prices in alternative markets. Selling: Presentation of produce to consumers. Involves advertising, displaying of the produce in the market and bargaining for fair prices. Do not overcharge or under charge. Financing: Capital is required from buying raw produce to final sale of finished goods. Bearing of risks uncertainties: Include destruction by fire, theft, physical deterioration in quality, fluctuation of prices and change in tastes e.g. by transferring them to insurance companies. Marketing Organizations and AgenciesDescribe various agents and organizations that are involved in the marketing of coffee 10 mks These are bodies which facilitate the marketing process. Include:Wholesalers; Buy goods from producers , processors or manufacturers in bulk and sell to retailers and other merchants and consumers in relatively large or small lots. Have transport facilities. Have large storage depots. Bear marketing risks. Speculate on goods moved to the market. Arbitrage:- Buy when and where prices are low and sell when where prices are high. Retailers: Buy in bulk from wholesalers or processors and sell to consumers in small quantities. Itinerant traders middlemen: Are middlemen who buy in small bits, assemble, transport and sell to town markets. Packers and Processors: Are industries which change the form of produce e.g. Unga limited, B.A.T, Delmonte and sugar companies. Commission Agents: Are middlemen who act on behalf of the other businessmen for a fee or a commission. Do not own any commodity. Broker Agents: act on behalf of the sellers or do not actually handle the goods but have a good knowledge supplies of the same i.e. requirements and prices. Co-operative societies and unions: Help farmers to market their produce locally and internationally e.g. k.c.c. Reduce market costs for small scale farmers. Marketing Boards: Assists in the production of agricultural commodities.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.9664438}
{"text": "K.c.c. Reduce market costs for small scale farmers. Marketing Boards: Assists in the production of agricultural commodities. Also store, sell, buy, and collect agricultural commodities. Auctioneers: Concentrate buyers and sellers at a particular place and time where they negotiate on purchases and sales. Take a commission on sales. Special Characteristics of Agricultural ProductsBulky: Occupy large weight and volume. Perishable: Cannot stay long without suffering loss and deterioration in qualityProblems in marketing agricultural productsDescribe the problems encountered by farmers when marketing agricultural produce e.g. tomatoes 10 mks Perishability: e.g. fruits, vegetables, milk, meat etc go bad very quickly. PreventionStore under refrigeration. Sell immediately. Process into other forms. Can or dehydrate e.g. fruits, vegetables. Prevention is expensive hence increase marketing costs. Seasonality: Products are only available in plenty at harvest periods. This affects market prices and creates storage problems. Supply is inelastic due to long waiting periods. There is uncertainty on price expectation. Bulkiness: Products weigh heavily, occupy large space and have low value per unit weight. This poses problems on storage, transportation and increases price of produce beyond buyers ability. Storage: Construction of storage facilities is expensive thus increasing the cost of marketing. Poor transport system: poor roads in rural areas and inadequate means of transport. Farmers fail to take produce to the market. Perishable products get spoiled. Change in market demand: The long time lag between the decision to produce and the actual availability of the product changes the consumers taste and preferences affecting demand and price. Limited elasticity of demand Inelastic demand: Sometimes there is more quantity supplied which may lead to low demand and therefore low price for the produce i.e. excess supply that leads to low demand and low price. Lack of market information: This is due to low state of knowledge. This makes the production not to be in close conformity with market demand. Middlemen exploit them by buying produce at very low prices and sell at high profit margin. Changes of supply Inelastic supply: Sometimes there is overproduction or under production of goods. This leads to fluctuation of market prices. Efficiency in marketing How to increase profitsMinimize total costs of the whole process. Timeliness of the product assembly and delivery. Maintenance of the product quality. Price theoryPrice: Is the amount of money paid in exchange of good or service.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.984325}
{"text": "Timeliness of the product assembly and delivery. Maintenance of the product quality. Price theoryPrice: Is the amount of money paid in exchange of good or service. -Is affected by demand, supply and the quality of good or service. The law of demand and supply:Demand: Quantity of goods or services consumers are willing and able to buy at each specific price in a given market at a given time. Demand is low when the price of goods is high and vice versa. Relationship between demand and priceTerms used in demandWant- Desire to have a good. Demand- Ability to purchase that good at a given price. Utility- Property of a product that makes it satisfies a want desire . Effective demand: type of demand which involves payment for the required goods and is determined by one s income. Law of demand: The quantity of a good or service demanded varies inversely with the price, or the higher the price, the less the quantity demanded and the lower the price, the more the quantity demanded. Demand schedule: List of quantities a given population will buy at different prices. Individual demand: A list of quantities or products that a person will purchase at various prices. Total demand: total of individual demands of a product. Demand is mainly determined by price but sometimes it can change if the price is constant due to other factors. Change of demand at a constant price. Factors influencing demand for a commodityPopulation: A change in the number of consumers in a market influences the total demand for goods and services. If population increases, the demand for a given good or service at a given price increases and vice versa. Income: Consumers with a higher income buy more than those with low. As income rise, demand for some foods like meat, butter, rice, grape fruit etc rice. Preference and taste: Demand changes with changes in tastes and preferences by consumers. Prices of related goods: Demand of a commodity increases if there is an increase in the price of a substitute e.g. Margarine demand increases if the price of butter increases. Advertisement: Promotes the sale of a commodity thereby increasing its demand because customers become aware of the existence of the commodity. Beliefs, customs and taboo: Influence total demand for a given good or service e.g. pork among Muslims. Price expectation: If in future the prices of a certain commodity are likely to go up, then the demand of that commodity increases currently or vice versa. Level of taxation: Increase in taxes increases the prices of certain goods and fewer people can afford them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406302.9961116}
{"text": "The number of uses a product can be put to: Commodities with several uses have elastic demand. Time lag: If the use of a commodity can be postponed to another day the it has elastic demand e.g. cement for construction. Time span: There is greater Ed in the long run because adjustments can be made while a smaller Ed in the short run since it is difficult to vary some factors. Proportion: Commodities with large proportions of total expenditures e.g. animal feeds and fertilizers have elastic demand while those with very small proportion have inelastic demand. SupplyIs the quantity of goods or services which producers or sellers are willing to sell at each specified price in a given market and time. Law of supply: As the price of goods and services increase, the corresponding quantity of goods and services offered for sale increases and vice versa. The relationship between price and supplyChange of supply at constant pricesSupply schedule: --Is a list of quantities of an item that will be produced or sold at all probable prices. A supply schedule for meat:Factors influencing supply of a commodityNumber of sellers in the market: Many sellers increase the supply of goods and services. Prices of related goods: Supply is low if the price of a related good is higher e.g. If the bread price increases its supply is higher but supply of cakes decreases. Price expectation: supply is low now if in future the supply is expected to rise. Technology: Lead to increase of production of goods. Weather: Increase in production of goods when the weather is favorable. Government policy taxation : Increases in tax of inputs, increase price of commodities produced, thus the farmers drop the production of the produce. Change in prices: Increase in price lead to increase in supply of the good because of the high profit earned. Cost of production: If the cost of fertilizers and seeds is low, farmers supply more of this, in turn increase the yields. Increase in supply of associated goods: increase the supply of the other good e.g. increase in meat supply increase in hides and skins. Transportation system: Improved and efficient transport system, increase delivery and supply of farm produce. Elasticity of supply E.S Is the degree of responsiveness of supply to changes in price. ES change in quantity supplied change in priceExample: If the price of millet changes from ksh. 10 to ksh. 12 per kg. Resulting to a change of supply from 400kg to 600 kg, calculate the elasticity of supply.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.0213108}
{"text": "10 to ksh. 12 per kg. Resulting to a change of supply from 400kg to 600 kg, calculate the elasticity of supply. Change in supply 600-400 x100 400 200x100 400 50 change in price 12-10x100 10 2x100 10 20 E.S change in quantity supplied change in price 50 20 2.5Types of E.SElastic if more than 1Inelastic if less than 1Unitary if equal to 1Determination of market priceWhen price is high P2, supply is high Q4 but demand is low Q2. When price is too lowP1, the supply is also lowQ1, but the demand is high Q3. P1 has to be raised for the suppliers to sell more goods and P2 has to lower to satisfy the demand. The resultant price P, where quantity of goods supplied is equal to the quantity of goods demanded is known as equilibrium or market price. No competition of suppliers and consumers. Both parties are satisfied. This situation only exists in a free market. Price control:Government gives subsidies by reducing the cost of production of inputs. Government fixes the prices of related goods. Agricultural OrganisationsAgricultural organization is any body which promotes agricultural activities. Include:Co-operative societies: Is an organization of people who have joined together voluntarily with a common purpose for a mutual economic benefit. Types of co-operative societiesi Farmers or producer: Formed by farmers with limited capital to viably stand by their own. They buy large lands and each farmer is paid dividends per his shares. Ii Consumer: sell farm inputs to farmers. Buy inputs in bulk and sell at lower prices to farmers. Iii Marketing; Formed by small scale farmers to market their produce collectively. This reduces costs. Iv Savings and credit: Give loans to farmers. Formation of co-operatives:Steps followed:A minimum of 10 adults are required. Interested people form an interim committee. Name is decided. Members draw up a constitution. They work with the local co-operative officer. Seek for registration with the commissioner for co-operatives.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.047838}
{"text": "Members draw up a constitution. They work with the local co-operative officer. Seek for registration with the commissioner for co-operatives. Principles of co-operatives:Open membership: Joining is voluntary after paying membership fee regardless of race, religion, sex, education and political inclination so long as are adults with a sound mind. Equal rights: one man one vote operates. Principle of share limit; Members buy shares up to a specific maximum limit to avoid domination by one member. Interest on shares: Money accruing capital provides dividends on basis of share contribution. Withdrawal from membership: Members withdraw voluntarily. Loyalty: Members are faithful and loyal to their co-operative e.g. Members must sell their produce through their co-operative. Education: Members are educated to be knowledgeable on relevant skills and conversant with co-operative affairs. Co-operative principle; the co-operatives should join co-operative movements at primary, district, national and international levels. Non-profit motive: Co-operatives are essentially non profit making organizations. This objective improves the living standards of members. Functions of co-operative societies:Marketing or selling farmers produce. Negotiate for fair prices for inputs and produce. Keep records of co-operative activities and inform members accordingly. Pay dividends to members. Give loans credit in kind to members. Educate members on relevant co-operative matters. Provide distribute inputs at subsidized prices. Some process inputs. Provide extension and machinery services. Some provide banking services to members. Some invest money on behalf of farmers. Advice members on new and better methods of production. Agricultural parastatal bodies: Are bodies established by acts of parliament. Include: boards, commissions, authorities and corporations. National irrigation board. Develop and improve irrigation projects e.g. mwea tembere,Ahero, west kano, perkerra etc. National Cereals and Produce Board:FunctionsRegulate and control production and storage of cereals and pulses. Buy and store cereals. Advice the minister on production, importation and exportation of produce. The Kenya sisal boardFunctionsPromote sisal production. Regulate production, grading and marketing. Register sisal producers. License sisal factories. Examine export to ensure and maintain high quality. Re-bale sisal. Coffee Board of Kenya. FunctionsLicense coffee producers and processors. Carry out research on production and processing. Negotiate for fair prices and quotas. Market parchment coffee. Pyrethrum Board of KenyaFunctionsAdvice farmers.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.0922148}
{"text": "Negotiate for fair prices and quotas. Market parchment coffee. Pyrethrum Board of KenyaFunctionsAdvice farmers. Manage pyrethrum nurseries. Process pyrethrum in factories. Market processed products. Buy pyrethrum from farmers. Research to obtain best cultivars through selection and breeding. Cotton Board of Kenya. FunctionsPlan, monitor, regulate cotton growing and ginning. License and control cotton ginneries. Regulate and control quality of raw cotton. Regulate export and import of cotton lint seed. Regulate and control seed supply and quality. Promote research, production and processing. Provide and co-ordinate training for industry sectors. Kenya Sugar Authority. FunctionsAdvise on development of sugarcane production for manufacture of white sugar. Advise on rules and regulations for development of sugarcane in industries. Formulate and advice on sugarcane prices. Advice on research. Develop and implement cane testing services and quality. Advise on processing. Register producers. Ensure availability of statistics. Advise on utilization of sugarcane produce. Horticultural Crops Development Authority. FunctionsOffer advisory services. Collect produce from farmers. Sort and grade produce. Market produce locally and abroad. Agricultural Finance Corporation. FunctionsProvide credit at reasonable interest rates. Provide technical services to farmers e.g. on borrowed capital. Ensure loan repayment. Agricultural Development Corporation. FunctionsRun and operate state farms.. Raise high quality livestock which are sold as breeding stock. Bulk planting materials. Promote agricultural production. K.Kenya meat Commission. FunctionsBuy cattle from beef farms. Slaughter beef. Grade carcasses. Market beef locally and overseas. Other Farmers organizationsKenya National farmers UnionFunctions:Bargain for fair prices of produce. Ensure supply of farm inputs. Bargain for reasonable and affordable prices of farm inputs. Provide better infrastructure. Provide loan. Control pests and diseases. Market produce locally and abroad. Offer technical services. Represent farmers in international federation of agricultural producers. Publish a monthly magazine Farmers Voice . Agricultural Society of Kenya. Functions:Hold competitive agricultural shows and exhibitions. Encourage breeding and importation of pure breeds. Encourage and assists in official milk recording scheme. Organize the running of YFC. Organize national ploughing contest. Publish Kenya stud book. Publish monthly journal Kenya Farmer. Award bursaries for local and overseas studies tours for its members.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.0805125}
{"text": "Publish Kenya stud book. Publish monthly journal Kenya Farmer. Award bursaries for local and overseas studies tours for its members. 4-k clubs; kuungana, kufanya, kusaidia, Kenya. For primary school members. FunctionsCarry out practical projects show agriculture is a profitable profession. Expose youth to existing improved agricultural technologies. Develop and enhance leadership qualities among youth. Take part in competitive shows. Involvement in field trips. Young Farmers ClubSecondary school and tertiary education members. FunctionsParticipate in exhibitions and competitions at A.S.K shows. Involvement in agricultural projects at club levels. Participate in YFC annual rallies. Involvement in workshops and seminars. Participate in national tree planting activities. Participate in exchange programmes both locally and abroad. Participate in national ploughing contest. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV FARM ACCOUNTS Importance of Keeping Farm AccountsThey help the farmer to:Secure loans. Make sound management decisions. Determine whether the farm is making profit or loss. Evaluate assets and liabilities. Prepare farm budgets. Assess the tax a farmer is to be charged. FINANCIAL DOCUMENTSThey include the following;Invoice. It is commonly used in business when goods are delivered on credit. It is issued to inform the buyer of the goods delivered and debits the buyer. It contains the following details. Date of the transaction. Type and quantities of goods delivered. Price per unit of the goods. Total amount of money involved. Serial number of invoice. Terms of payment. Statements. There are two types of statements, these are;Statements of account. This is a document sent to the buyer by the seller as a reminder to inform him what he owes the seller. Usually it is written at the end of the month. Bank statements. This is a financial document sent by the bank to the farmer on a monthly basis showing the position of the bank account by the end of the month. Receipt. This is issued when cash payment for goods delivered or services rendered is made. It is issued by the seller to the buyer. It contains the following details. People involved in the transaction. Date of payment. Goods or services for which payment is made. Amount of money involved. Signature of person receiving the money. Receipt serial number. Delivery note. This document accompanies goods on delivery. It is evidence that good have been physically delivered from the supplier to the buyer after a credit transaction.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.1124797}
{"text": "Delivery note. This document accompanies goods on delivery. It is evidence that good have been physically delivered from the supplier to the buyer after a credit transaction. It contains the following details. Date of delivery. Quantity of goods delivered. Method of delivery. Person who receives the goods. Condition in which the goods are received. Delivery note serial number. Purchase order. This is a request to a trading business firm to supply specified goods. It may be accepted or rejected by the supplier of goods. Purchase order specifies the following;Type of goods required. Quantity of the goods. Date of order. Person who orders the goods. Person who authorizes the order. Date within which the order goods should be delivered. Serial number of purchase order. BOOKS OF ACCOUNTS. Ledger. This is the principal or main book used in keeping financial records. It contains the details of all the things in the business owned by the farmer. All accounts are kept in the ledger. An account is a page or a section in the ledger given to a person or a firm on which all the business transactions relating to that person firm are entered. In the ledger page, the account is divided into two parts drawn in the shape of letter T. The name of the heading for the account is written on the top line above the horizontal line . Left hand side of the account is the debit side DR where all the decreases purchases and expenses are recorded. The right hand side is the credit side CR where all the increases Sales and receipts are entered. A Ledger Account page. Use of columnsDate columns. The date affecting the account is recorded here. Particulars column. This is a short description of the entry being made. Folio column. This is a page where a particular account appears in the ledger. Every page in the ledger is numbered and each account should appear on its own page folio . Debit side. The following details are entered here. Date of the transaction in the date column. The item in the particulars side. The folio number of the item in the folio column. Amount of money involved in the amount of column. Credit side. The following details are entered here. The date of the transaction in the date column. Cash at hand in the particulars column. Folio number of cash at hand in folio columnAmount received in the amount column. InventoryThis is a book in which a record of all the assets owned by a business or an individual is kept.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.135447}
{"text": "Cash at hand in the particulars column. Folio number of cash at hand in folio columnAmount received in the amount column. InventoryThis is a book in which a record of all the assets owned by a business or an individual is kept. Inventory records are divided into two groups as followsConsumable goods inventory e.g. seeds, feeds, fertilizers, pesticides, fuel etc. Permanent goods inventory e.g. tools and equipment, machineries, buildings etc. Cash BookThis is a book in which all the transactions involving the receiving and paying out of cash are recorded. It consists of the sales and receipts side, and purchases and expenditure side. The following details are entered in a cash book. Date of payment. Receipt number. Person firm from whom money is received. Total amount received. The balancing of the cash book is done at the end of the month. Diagram of a Cash accountJournalThis is a book where all unclassified transactions are entered. Some of the information that may be recorded in journal include;Purchase on credit of a capital equipment i.e. things bought to keep and use and not for resale. Sale on credit of capital equipment. Rectifications of errors for example if errors are made in other books, new entries, correcting or cancelling the old entries are made in the journal. Transfers from one account to another in the ledger. Opening entries in new books, when new books have to be opened etc. The following details are recorded in the journal;Date. Name of the account to be debited. Name of the account to be credited. Amount of money involvedA brief description of the transaction. Subsidiary Books of the JournalPurchase BookAll the details of items bought on credit are entered once. It is known as the creditors account. A creditor is someone to whom the farm business owes money. Sales BookIt is known as the debtor s account. A debtor is a person who owes money to the farm business. All details of goods sold from the farm for which payment has not been received are entered here. FINANCIAL STATEMENTSAIM:Determine profit or income. Evaluate the properties or assets in the farm. Determine the business liability. INCLUDE:Balance sheet: Is a financial statement drawn to show the financial position of a farm business as at a particular period of the year. 2 types;Opening balance sheet: -Drawn at the beginning of an accounting period.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.1930091}
{"text": "Determine the business liability. INCLUDE:Balance sheet: Is a financial statement drawn to show the financial position of a farm business as at a particular period of the year. 2 types;Opening balance sheet: -Drawn at the beginning of an accounting period. Closing balance sheet: - Drawn at the end of an accounting period. The closing B s of an A c period is the opening B s of the next A c period. A B s has 2 sides:LHS: Shows liabilities. RHS: Shows assets. Liabilities: Are debts e.g. Loans and mortgagesBank overdrafts. Debts payable for goods and services received. Services paid to the business in advance. 2 typesLong term liabilities: Debts repaid in more than one year e.g loans from AFC. Current liabilities: Debts to be cleared or repaid within a period of one year e.g. rent, wages, electricity, water and telephone bills, bank overdrafts and debts payable. Assets: owned property e.g. Cash at hand. Value of farm items e.g. land, store produce, inputs, livestock, growing crops, farm buildings, machinery, equipment etc. Debts receivable-for goods and services rendered. 2 types:Fixed Assets:- Durable properties held in the farm for a long time e.g. farm buildings, equipment, machinery, perennial crops and land. Current assets: - Held for a short period usually less than one year e.g. Cash at hand and in bank, debts receivable, farm produce to be sold, inputs in store etcOrders used when drawing a balance sheetUnder assets:-Order of permanency; -Most permanent assets are written first and the least last. Order of liquidity;- Most liquid assets are written first and most permanent last. Under liabilities: -Permanent order: - Capital appears first followed by long term liabilities and lastly current liabilities. Liquidity order:- Reverse is the case. A format of a balance sheetIf the value of assets exceeds that of liabilities, the business is solvent i.e it can meet all its liabilities and a balance left. The balance left is called the net worth net capital owner s equity . If the value of liabilities exceeds that of assets, the business is insolvent; it cannot meet all what it owes other firms. ExamplesProfit and loss account: Is a financial statement showing whether a business made a profit or a loss.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.169417}
{"text": "The balance left is called the net worth net capital owner s equity . If the value of liabilities exceeds that of assets, the business is insolvent; it cannot meet all what it owes other firms. ExamplesProfit and loss account: Is a financial statement showing whether a business made a profit or a loss. It has 2 sidesIncome side;Details entered;Sales and receipts-produce sold and debts receivableClosing valuation-Value of assets in the farm by the end of the financial year. The expenditure side-Details entered;Opening valuation-Are assets in the farm or business by the beginning of a financial year. Purchases and expenses: Items bought and debts payable. A format of a profit and loss account:Examples:If the value of expenditure is more than the value of income, the business has made a loss and if value of income is more than the value of expenditure, the business has made a profit. Thus Closing valuation sales and receipts - opening valuation Purchases and expenses Net profit. Cash Analysis: Is a financial statement drawn up to show the receipts and payment of cash in the business. FormatSales and receipts Purchases and expensesEach sale or purchase is entered twice-once in the total column and once in analysis column-a column for specific enterprises that benefit from the sale or purchase of a particular enterprise. The sum of entries in the total column is equal to the sum of all the entries in all the other columns analysis column Importance:Shows money earned and spent on an enterprise. Shows total sales and receipts and purchases and expenses. Shows the net profit or loss. AGROFORESTRYThis is the growing of trees and crops and keeping of animals on the same piece of land. Forms of AgroforestryAgrosilvicultureCombination of trees or shrubs and crops in agricultural production. It is common in high rainfall areas. SilvopastoralCombination of growing trees or shrubs and keeping of livestock. It is common in the arid and semi arid areas. AgrosilvopastoralCombination of growing trees shrubs with pastures for livestock and crops. Practiced in the high potential areas. Importance of agroforestry in KenyaEncourages afforestation reafforestationSource of wood fuelSource of incomeRaw material e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.2124705}
{"text": "AgrosilvopastoralCombination of growing trees shrubs with pastures for livestock and crops. Practiced in the high potential areas. Importance of agroforestry in KenyaEncourages afforestation reafforestationSource of wood fuelSource of incomeRaw material e.g. timber for constructionAct as wind breakersAesthetic value beautyControl soil erosionAct as livestock fodder. Improves water catchment areaMark farm boundaries. Characteristics of Good Agroforestry Trees and ShrubsFast growth such as eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta, Calliandra calothyrsus, pines etc. Deep rooted to ensure minimal competition for mineral nutrients and moisture with the crop plant. Examples include; Eucalyptus spp, Grevillea robusta etc. Nitrogen fixing such as; Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena spp, Cajanus cajan, Sesbania sesban etc. Good in by product production e.g. timber, fruits and poles. Examples include; Croton macrostachyus, Grevillea robusta, Markhamia lutea etc. NB:Trees such as the eucalyptus should not planted near water sources because they would absorb the water and the source of water may end up drying. Cypress and eucalyptus should not be planted in arable land as their leaves have allelopathic effects on crops i.e. they produce chemicals that inhibit the growth of some crop species. Types of Tree NurseriesDirect Nurseries Bareroot Swaziland bedsSeeds are planted directly on the ground without any containers. Seedlings here have low survival rate after transplanting due to root injury when uprooting. Containerized nurseriesSeeds are sown directly in containers such as pots, polythene bags, tins etc which are filled with soil mixtures. Seed Collection and PreparationAcquiring SeedsGood seeds should be whole, of good size, free from diseases and pests and should be fresh to ensure high viability. Seeds should be collected from mature trees, dried, and threshed before use. Seed TreatmentThis is done for two reasons. To break seed dormancy hence rapid germination. Methods of breaking dormancy includeHot water treatment e.g. in Leucaena, Calliandra and Acacia. Mechanical breaking e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.2112377}
{"text": "Methods of breaking dormancy includeHot water treatment e.g. in Leucaena, Calliandra and Acacia. Mechanical breaking e.g. in seeds of the croton tree. Light burning e.g. in wattle tree seeds. Seed inoculation to promote nitrogen fixation in leguminous varietiesNursery ManagementThe following practices are carried in the nursery while seedlings are growing. Mulching. Watering. Weed controlPricking out. Shading. Pest and disease control. Root pruning. This is the pruning of the tap root to encourage the development of a short, dense and strong rooting system. Hardening off. TransplantingHoles for planting trees are dug long before transplanting day. Topsoil is kept separate and is used for refilling the hole halfway. Transplanting should be done at the onset of rains. Seedlings should be well watered a day before transplanting. This makes the soil stick onto the roots. It also eases the removal of the polythene sleeves for seedlings raised in sleeves. Seedlings are placed at the center of the hole. A sharp knife is used to cut and remove the polythene sleeve. More soil is added and firmed gently around the plant until the hole is completely full. Seedlings should be planted at the same depth as they were in the nursery. Watering should be done and mulch provided. A temporary shade may be established to conserve moisture. Care and Management of TreesProtectionYoung seedlings should be protected from damage by animals for about one year. This can be done for individual trees or for an entire field. Pruning and TrainingPruning is the removal of extra or unwanted parts of a plant. Trees may be pruned for use as wood fuel or for fodder. Pruning can also be done to train trees to give the required shape or size. Grafting Old TreesWhen an agroforestry tree is old but has good characteristics, a scion can be taken from another tree that is compatible with it and grafted onto it. This is aimed at repairing such a tree. Agroforestry PracticesAlley Cropping. This is the growing of trees and crops together. It is also known as hedgerow or intercropping. Trees are cut regularly and the leaves are used to mulch the crop. The trees used are leguminous so as to fix nitrogen e.g. Leucaena and Calliandra.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.2513487}
{"text": "Trees are cut regularly and the leaves are used to mulch the crop. The trees used are leguminous so as to fix nitrogen e.g. Leucaena and Calliandra. Fruit trees can also be used. Multi-storey Cropping. In this case the trees are spaced widely and left to grow unchecked. Crops which can tolerate shading are planted. The trees and crops form different levels which look like storeys. Tree species for this system include; Cardia, Casuarina equisetifolia Whistling pine , African black wood, Muhugu and Acacia pp. Woodlots in Farms. These are plots set aside for trees only. They are usually established on parts of the farm that are not productive. Such trees should be fast growing such as Acacia and Eucalyptus spp. Sites for Agroforestry TreesBoundaries. Such trees help to:Protect the farm as fence. Mark the boundary. Form wind breaks. Provide timber and wood fuel. Such trees include: Eucalyptus, Grevillea, and Jacaranda etc. River Banks. Such trees help to reduce the water velocity along the river banks, protecting exposed soil from erosive forces of the flowing water. Terraces. Roots of trees planted on terraces reduce the speed of water run-off and hold the soil particles together reducing soil erosion. Examples of trees here include, Grevillea, Sesbania, Calliandra, avocado, mango, pawpaw etc. Slopes. Trees planted on slopes control soil erosion. Eucalyptus, Grevillea, pines and croton trees are planted. Homestead. Such trees are planted for beauty, fruits and shade. They should not be planted too close to the house. Tree Harvesting MethodsPruningThis is the removal of the branches from the lower part of the tree crown. Pruning is done towards the end of the dry season to avoid damage to other crops. Branches obtained from pruning are used as fuel or wood fuel. LoppingThis is the removal of branches from trees in haphazard manner. It is the most common harvesting technique for fodder trees. PollardingThis is the cutting of all the branches and top part of the tree. It is usually done to provide fuel wood and fodder. It is commonly is trees such as; Croton, Casuarina, Grevillea, Jacaranda, Ficus etc.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.2741745}
{"text": "PollardingThis is the cutting of all the branches and top part of the tree. It is usually done to provide fuel wood and fodder. It is commonly is trees such as; Croton, Casuarina, Grevillea, Jacaranda, Ficus etc. CoppicingThis is the cutting of the whole tree about 30cm above the ground. This is done to provide fodder, wood fuel and mulching material. The common coppiced tree species include; Calliandra, Eucalyptus, Leucaena and Markhamia. ThinningThis is the cutting down of some trees to avoid overcrowding. Thinning is done where trees have been established by direct seedling or planted very closely. FARM POWER AND MACHINERYFARM POWER---Is the amount of work done per unit timeUSES OF FARM POWEROperate tools and equipmentSlashing mowingCutting treesTilling of landWeedingHarvesting of cropsSOURCES OF POWER IN THE FARMHuman PowerAdvantagesi Work in areas impossible for animals and tractorii Cheapiii AvailableDisadvantagesi Power is limited to very light tasks. Ii Quality of work produced is low variableiii Slowiv Expensive in the long run. V Health of workers influences the work done. B Animal PowerDonkeys, Oxen, CamelUses-Cultivation, Transportation, Planting etc. Advantagesi No skilled workers required. Ii Cheaper to buy and maintain. Iii Work output is higher than in human beings. Iv Can work in areas impossible for tractors sloppy areas. V Work better on small holdings than tractors. Disadvantagesi Need a big portion of land for grazing. Ii Slower than tractors. Iii Cannot work on large land. Iv Animals damage crops when used for weeding. V Get sick reducing work output. Animals are harnessed singly or in pairs using a Yoke. Wind PowerUsesDry grains and fodder. Winnowing crop yields. Pumping water drive wind mills. Generate electricity. Disadvantagesi Unreliable e.g. direction. Ii Strength is unreliable. Iii Sometimes not available. Iv Not easy to control. V Expensive to purchase a wind mill and its accessories.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.3039713}
{"text": "Iii Sometimes not available. Iv Not easy to control. V Expensive to purchase a wind mill and its accessories. D Water PowerSource Running water. UsesFerrying logs in navigation rivers. Produce hydro-electric power. Operate different types of machines e.g. Maize grinding mills. Driving hydraulic pumps for pumping water for irrigation. Disadvantagesi Some rivers are small and seasonal. Ii Expensive to harness the power. Iii Some farms are not accessible to moving water. Iv Difficult to use since not easy to control. E BiomassSources-Biogas, Wood or charcoal. F Wood or charcoalSources Trees in form of fire wood and charcoalUsesCookingHeatingDehydrating some cropsCuring of tobaccoDisadvantagesExhaustibleNot used directly in some farm operationsLarge quantities requiredIv Bulky hence difficult to transportPollute the environmentii BiogasSourcesIs a product produced when animal dung is fermented in a digester thereby producing a flammable gas methane. Stages of methane productionStage I: Animals digest insoluble organic substances by use of microbes to form waste dung . Stage II Microbes breakdown soluble substances in dung anaerobic ally in the digester. Methane gas is produced. Uses of BiogasCookingLightingProduce electricityHeatingBoiling waterInternal combustion enginesBiogas plantAdvantages of BiogasI Economical for farmers with zero grazing units. Ii The effluent slurry provides fertilizer richer in Nitrogen than manure. Iii Flies cannot breed. Iv Unpleasant oduors are removed. V Minimal environmental pollution. VI Reduced deforestation. Disadvantages of Biogasi Initial capital is high i.e. construction of Biogas digester is expensive. Ii Requires high management skills to produce the gas. Iii Requires a large number of animals to sustain gas production. Iv Only possible where animals are under zero grazing units. V Labour consuming. F Solar RadiationSource: The SunUsesPhotosynthesisDrying of crops prior to storage and processing. Provide electric power that is used for Lighting, pumping water, Cooking and heating. Distillation of clean drinking water.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.2876813}
{"text": "F Solar RadiationSource: The SunUsesPhotosynthesisDrying of crops prior to storage and processing. Provide electric power that is used for Lighting, pumping water, Cooking and heating. Distillation of clean drinking water. G Electrical PowerSourceGeothermal PowerHydro Power stationNuclear Station Atomic energyStorage batteryUsesRun stationary machines e.g. milling, cooking, grinding and water pumpsSupplies heat and light for operation of broodersCookingOperate milking and welding machinesRun water pumpsDisadvantagesi Cannot be used directly in some farm operations e.g. milking, welding etc. Ii Lacks in rural areasiii Power failures lead to high lossesiv Costly to install and maintain h Fossil FuelNaturally occurring sourcesPetroleum oilsCoalNatural gasUsesPetrol and diesel used in burning internal combustion enginesKerosene used in lighting rural homesNatural gas for cooking and heating in stoves and lighting. Disadvantages e.g of coali Expensive to extractii Low energy valueiii Dirty a lot of smoke soot pollutionBulky hence high transport costTractor PowerSourceTractor engine converts chemical energy fuel into mechanical energy that drives farm machinery. The tractor engine is a four stroke cycle i.e. 4 movements of pistons. Types of Enginesi The Four stroke cycle engineThese cycles are completed in 4 strokes 4 movements of pistons. The crank shaft makes 2 total revolutions. The 4 cycles include:InductionCompressionPower andExhausta Induction stroke Intake strokeStepsi Piston moves down the cylinderii Inlet valve openiii Exhaust valve is closediv Fresh fuel and air gets into the cylinder. B Compression strokeStepsi Piston moves up the cylinderii Inlet and outlet exhaust valves are closediii Fresh fuel mixture is compressed into the combustion chamber.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.3260133}
{"text": "Iv Delivery pipe: Connects the various devices. Maintenancei Replace the fuel filters. Ii Bleeding in case air is entrapped in the system. Iii Clean regularly the sediment bowl. B Electrical systemConsists of:i Ignition Generator dynamo circuit: Provides electrical current that produces a spark in the Engine. Ii Starter Mortar Circuit: Starts the engine Rotates the fly wheel which rotates the crank shaft. Iii Lighting Circuit: supplies electrical current for the lighting system i.e of the head lamp, brake lights etc. Iv Tractor Battery: stores the electrical energy supplied by the running engine. Also converts the chemical energy into electrical energy. The electrical energy from the running engine driven by the generator, charges the battery. Tractor battery contains 6 cells connected together to supply 12 volts. A battery has 2 sets of plates I.e ve and ve terminals. Care and Maintenance of Tractor Batteryi Top with distilled water the level of electrolyte. Ii Scrap clean and smear with grease corroded terminals. Iii Fix tightly the battery in a box to avoid spillage and damage. Iv Fit correctly the battery in a tractor right place . V Charge the battery regularly and periodically. Vi Empty and keep the battery upside down in case of long storage. Vii The generator fan belt should be functional to ensure the battery is always charged. C Ignition systemConsists of:i ignition coil: Converts or changes the battery voltage from 12v to 6000v required by the spark plugs. Provides a spark at the sparking plugs located in the engine cylinder. Ii The Distributer: Distributes the spark or the high voltage current at each spark plug. Iii Condenser:Absorbs the self induced current in the primary circuit. Stores the current for a short time. Passes the electric current to the distributor. Iv Contact Breaker: Interrupts the normal flow of the current in the primary circuit so as to generate high voltage from the coil. Common Faults of the ignition system1. Sudden stoppingCausesPoor terminal connectionsFaulty ignition system. CorrectionProper tightening of the terminalsProper cleaning and terminal readjustment. Continuous engine runningCausesBroken leadsPoor terminal connection. Faulty contact breakerCorrectionReplace the broken leads. Clean and tighten regularly the broken leads.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.3482533}
{"text": "Continuous engine runningCausesBroken leadsPoor terminal connection. Faulty contact breakerCorrectionReplace the broken leads. Clean and tighten regularly the broken leads. Maintenance of the ignition systemi Remove carbon coatings on spark plug electrodes. Ii Replace spark plugs with worn out electrodes. Iii Clean contact breaker points. Iv Adjust breaker points to lie between 0.30mm to 0.50mm. V Replace the condenser regularly. Vi Keep the ignition system dry always. Vii Replace ignition wires with poor insulation. D The Cooling systemImportancePrevents the engine from overheating that causes expansion of engine components which would lead to: Leakage, valve burning, loss of engine power, cracking of the cylinder head and piston seizure in the cylinder. Types of cooling systemsa Airb WaterI Air cooled system-Used in light weight farm machines e.g mowers Motor bikes and Land masters. Characteristics of air cooled EnginesSimple in construction. Have fins and fan blade which assists in circulation. Light in weight since they no radiators or water jackets. Limitations of Air cooled EnginesGet hot quickly. Use heavy lubricating oils. Cooling is not adequate especially when carrying heavy loads. Ii Water cooled systemsWater absorbs heat from the engine block at a reasonable rate. Components:Radiator, Water jackets, Water hoses, Water pump, Thermostat, Funning mechanism etc. Cooled water is sucked from the bottom part of the radiator with help of water pump. It is pushed through water jackets and circulates within engine block and cylinder head. A thermostat: Regulates the temperature of water in the engine at 80 to 90 degrees Celsius. Hot water is forced back into the radiator for further cooling. Care and maintenance of water cooling systemi Lubricate water pump regularly. Ii Use clean water in the radiator. Iii Remove trash from the fins. Iv Fit all the pipes tightly to avoid leakage. V Fill the radiator with clean water before starting the days work. Vi Check regularly and adjust fan belt tension. E Lubrication systemSupplies oil to all parts of the engine where friction is likely to occur. Importance of lubrication system in tractorsi Increase efficiency of the machine. Ii Reduces tear and wear rate of the machine. Iii Reduces the heat created by the rubbing surfaces I.e acts as a seal between them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.3647866}
{"text": "Importance of lubrication system in tractorsi Increase efficiency of the machine. Ii Reduces tear and wear rate of the machine. Iii Reduces the heat created by the rubbing surfaces I.e acts as a seal between them. Iv Acts as a cleaning agent ie washes off dust, dirt soot and metal chippings from oil paths to the sump. V Oiling prevents rusting of stationary machines. Types of lubrication systemI Splash feed typeii Force feed typeiii Oil mist type. Types of lubricantsIdentified by their viscosity thickness index as indicated by S.A. E - Society of Automotive Engineers. The lower the SAE number the thinner the oil. I SAE 10 Thin oil . Gives little protection when heated. Ii SAE 50 Thicker oil . Protects bearings. Iii SAE 90 150. Transmission oils. Protects clutch, gear box, wheels, ball bearings. Care and maintenance of lubrication systemi Do not use old and contaminated oil as a lubricant. Ii Drain oil while still hot to avoid sticking on sump walls. Iii Replace oil filters. Iv Use the correct oil type as per manufacturer s instructions. F Power transmission system. Transfers power from tractor Engine to drive shaft, wheel axle P.T.O shaft and Hydraulic system. Consists of:1 The Clutch:Functionsi Connects or disconnects the drive shaft to or from the engine. Ii Enables the tractor to take off gradually and smoothly. Iii Provides power from the engine to P.T.O shaft. The clutch uses friction force to transmit power from the engine. It has three parts: Crank shaft, friction disc and pressure plate. 2 Gear boxFunctionsProvides different forward speeds. Enables the driver to choose any forward or reverse gear to suit the operation. Allow change in speed ratio by altering the gears. Allows the driver to stop the tractor without suddenly stopping the engine or the foot keeping pressed on clutch. 3 The differential. FunctionsChange the direction of drive to right angles so that power is transmitted to the rear wheels. Enables the rear wheels to travel faster or slower than others especially when negotiating corners. Differential lock avoids wheel slip or skidding. 4 Final Drive. -Enables the wheels to propel the tractor machine either forward or backward. Tires allow maximum grip traction i.e.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.412896}
{"text": "4 Final Drive. -Enables the wheels to propel the tractor machine either forward or backward. Tires allow maximum grip traction i.e. where the wheels provide large surface area of contact between the tires and the ground. Power transmission mechanismWays power is transmitted from the enginei Propeller Shaft-Connects the gear box to the differential that has axle s which drives the wheels. During forward movement, the tractor pulls or pushes attached implements. Ii The power Take off Shaft P.T.O Shaft-Located at the rear part of the tractor and rotates at the same speed as the crank shaft. It-is connected to the mowers, planters, rotavators, shellers, sprayers and fertilizer spreaders. Iii Hydraulic system-Operated by a lever near the driver s seat .Attached to the 3 point linkage which lowers or raises attached implements e.g. mowers, planters, ploughs, and sprayers. Iv Draw bar-Is at the rear part of the tractor. Does not get power directly from the engine. Attaches trailed implements used for harrowing, transportation and rolling. Tractor ServicingAre practices or operations carried out to keep the tractor in good and efficient working condition thereby increasing its lifespan. REVISION QUESTIONSa i What is agricultural economics? The art and science of organizing limited resources to achieve maximum returnsExplain the meaning of scarcity and choiceProductive resources are scarce in relation to demand i.e goods and services produced are not enough to satisfy human wantsTherefore, a choice has to be made on which goods and services should be produced using the limited resources. Explain how the house hold and firm are both producers and consumers. The household demands goods and services and supplies labour and raw materials to firmsFirms convert the raw materials and supplies finished goods to households. The relationship generates money to both sides therefore both are producers and consumers. What do the following terms mean? I Gross domestic product G.D.P The sum total of goods and services produced by a country within one year. Gross national income GNI Total output from resources owned by the nationals of a country both within and outside the country within a year. Per capita incomeGross national income divided by total populationi What does the term opportunity cost in farming mean? Cost of the foregone alternative when we make a choice. Example is choosing to grow maize instead of wheat.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.439953}
{"text": "Per capita incomeGross national income divided by total populationi What does the term opportunity cost in farming mean? Cost of the foregone alternative when we make a choice. Example is choosing to grow maize instead of wheat. Opportunity cost is the value of wheatOpportunity cost only exists where there are alternatives. State the main implications of opportunity cost in farming. Poor decision leads to lossesCorrect decision leads to good profitsWhen is opportunity cost nil or zero? When supply is unlimitedWhen goods are freeWhen there are no alternativesa i What is production? The process of transforming productive resources e.g land, labour and capital into consumption resources e.g potatoes, maize and milk over a period of time. State the factors of production. Land provides space for production Labour human effort Capital man made to assist other factors Management organises other factors i Name the sources of capital for farming. Credit facilitiesPersonal savings and earningsInherited property. Free grantsHow is labour classified? FamilyHired casual permanent State the functions of farm managerPlanning i.e. short and long termGathering informationComparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farmsDetecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming themKeeping up to date farm recordsImplementing farm management decisionsTaking responsibilitiesi State the law of diminishing returnsIn a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines. State agricultural examples of this law. Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of landFeeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk productionUsing varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given cropi What is production function? The relationship between the units of input that a farmer employs in production and the corresponding units of outputThe output depends on inputs hence output is a function inputs. Name the types of production function? Increasing returnsConstant returnsDecreasing returnsWhat is a decreasing returns production function? A production function where each additional unit of input results into a smaller increase in output than the proceeding unit of input. Give 4 qualities desirable in a farm manager. State 4 ways of improving labour in the farm. State 4 management guideline questions which assist manager in decision making.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.4250038}
{"text": "Give 4 qualities desirable in a farm manager. State 4 ways of improving labour in the farm. State 4 management guideline questions which assist manager in decision making. State 4 characteristics of variable inputs. Give two examples of each of the following;Variable inputs. Fixed inputs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-F4-NOTES-BOOKLETS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.3790586}
{"text": "PHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM TWO 2019TERM IREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM TWOTERM IIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM TWOTERM IIIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s Book.", "metadata": {"source": "Physics-Scheme-Form-2-2019.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.3881447}
{"text": "A DOLL S HOUSE-SAMPLE EXCERPT QUESTIONSRead the extract below and answer the questions that follow. 25 marks Nora: It s a shame to say that. I do really save all I can. Helmer: laughing That s very true, - all you can. But you can t save anything! Nora: smiling quietly and happily You haven t any idea how many expenses we skylarks and squirrels have, Torvald. Helmer: You are an odd little soul. Very like your father. You always find some new way of wheedling money out of me, and as soon as you have got it, it seems to melt in your hands. You never know where it has gone. Still, one must take you as you are. It is in the blood: for indeed it is true that you can inherit these things, Nora. Nora: Ah, I wish I had inherited many of papa s qualities. Helmer: And I would not wish you to be anything but just what you are, my little skylark. But do you know, it strikes me that you are looking-rather what shall I say- rather uneasy today? Nora: do I? HELMER: You do, really. Look straight at me. Nora : looks at him well? Helmer: wagging his finger at her Hasn t Miss Sweet Tooth been breaking rules in town today? Nora: No; what makes you think that? Helmer: Hasn t she paid a visit to the confectioner s? Nora: No, I assure you, Torvald-Helmer: Not been nibbling sweets? Nora: No, certainly not. Helmer: Not even take a bite at a macaroon or two? Nora: going to the table on the right I shouldn t think of going against your wishes. Helmer: No, I am sure of that: besides, you gave me your word- Going up to her Keep your little Christmas secrets to yourself, my darling. They will be revealed tonight when the Christmas tree is lit, no doubt. Nora: Did you remember to invite Doctor Rank? Helmer: No. But there is no need; as a matter of course, he will come to dinner with us. However, I will ask him when he comes this morning. I have ordered some good wine.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.4633057}
{"text": "But there is no need; as a matter of course, he will come to dinner with us. However, I will ask him when he comes this morning. I have ordered some good wine. Nora, you can t think how I am looking forward to this evening. Nora: So am I! And how the children will enjoy themselves, Torvald! Helmer: It is splendid to feel that one has a perfectly a safe appointment, and a big enough income. It is Delightful to think of, isn t it? Nora: It s wonderful! Place this extract in its immediate context. 4 marks Explain the dramatic irony in this extract 3marks Helmer says here it is splendid to feel that one has a perfectly safe appointment . What is he referring to? What issues on money and gender emerge in this extract? 4 marks Identify and illustrate any two ways the playwright has used language to achieve foregrounding in this extract. 4 marks What do we learn about the character of Nora in this extract. 4 marks Imagine you are directing this play. Which quality would you look for in an actor to play the role of Torvald 2 marks Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the extract? 3 marks Wheedling money out of meConfectioner syou gave me your wordRead the extract and answer the questions that followNora: I didn t find it dull. Helmer: smiling but there was a precious little, result, Nora. Nora: oh, you shouldn t tease me about that again. How could I help the cat s going in and tearing everything to pieces? Helmer: of course you couldn t, poor little girl. You had the best of intentions to please us all, and that s the main thing. But it is a good thing that our hard times are over. Nora: yes.it is wonderfulHelmer: this time I needn t sit here and be dull all alone and you needn t to ruin your dear eyes and your pretty little hands-Nora: clapping her hands no, Torvald, I needn t any longer, need i! It s a wonderfully lovely to her you say so! Taking his arm now I will tell you how I have been thinking we ought to arrange things. Torvalds.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.52542}
{"text": "It s a wonderfully lovely to her you say so! Taking his arm now I will tell you how I have been thinking we ought to arrange things. Torvalds. As soon as Christmas is over a bell rings in the hall. There s the bell. She tidies the room . There s someone at the door. What a nuisance! Helmer: if it is a caller, remember I am not at home. Maid: in the doorway a lady to see you ma am. A stranger. Nora: ask her to come in. Maid: to Helmer The Doctor came at the same time, sir. Helmer: did he go straight into my room? Maid: yes, sir. QuestionsWhat didn t Nora find dull? 2 marks What has happened that has made the couple happy? 2 marks Discuss two themes evident in this extract. 4 marks There s someone at the door. Add a question tag. 1 mark Who is the lady who has come to see Nora? Why does she want to see Nora? 4 marks How has Torvalds been portrayed in this extract? Write you answer in note form 4 marks Comment on the effectiveness of any style in this extract. 2 marks Briefly explain what happens after this extract. 2 marks Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract. 4 marks Tease Dull Nuisance . A caller .. Read the extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: oh, yes, that one; but this one is another. I ordered it. Torvald mustn t know about it. Rank: oho! Then that was the great secret. Nora: of course. Just go in to him; he is sitting in the inner room. Keep him as long as-Rank: Make your mind easy: I won t let him escape goes into the Helmer s room Nora: to the maid and he is standing waiting in the kitchen? Maid: yes, he came up the back stairs. Nora: but didn t you tell him no one was in? Maid: yes, but it was no good.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.5096762}
{"text": "Maid: yes, he came up the back stairs. Nora: but didn t you tell him no one was in? Maid: yes, but it was no good. Nora: he won t go away? Maid: No; he says he won t until he has seen you ma am. Nora: well, let him come in- but quietly. You mustn t say anything about it to anyone. It is a surprise to my husband. Maid: yes, ma am, I quite understand. Exit Nora: this dreadful thing is going to happen! It will happen in spite of me! No, no, no, it can t happen- it shan t happen. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4 marks What is referred to as the it by Nora in the first line? What does it reveal about the character of Nora? 3 marks Explain the use of soliloquy in this extract. 2 marks Who is waiting in the Kitchen and why has he come? 3 marks This dreadful thing is going to happen. Write in reported speech Explain one issue depicted in this extract. 2 marks Explain the dreadful thing that Nora fears might happen. How is the maid depicted in this extract? 2 marks Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the extract. 4 marks Make your mind easyI won t let him escapeIt was no goodDreadfulRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Krogstad: Are you sure of that? Mrs.Linde: Quite sure, but-Krogstad: with a searching look at her is that what it all means? -. That you want to save your friend at any cost? Tell me frankly. Is that it? Mrs. Linde: Nils, a woman who has once sold herself for another s sake doesn t do it a second Time. Krogstad: I will ask for my letter back. Mrs.Linde: No.no. Krogstad: Yes, of course I will. I will wait here until Helmer comes; I will tell him he must give me my letter back. -. That it only concerns my dismissal- that he is not to read it-Mrs.Linde: No Nils, you must not recall your letter.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.5234618}
{"text": "Krogstad: Yes, of course I will. I will wait here until Helmer comes; I will tell him he must give me my letter back. -. That it only concerns my dismissal- that he is not to read it-Mrs.Linde: No Nils, you must not recall your letter. Krogstad: But, tell me wasn t it for the very purpose that you asked me to meet you here? Mrs. Linde: In my first moment of fright, it was. But twenty-four hours have elapsed since then, In that time I have witnessed incredible things in this house. Helmer must know all about it. This unhappy secret must know all about it. This unhappy secret must be Disclosed; they must have a complete understanding between them which is impossible With all this concealment and falsehood going on. Krogstad: Very well, if you take this responsibility. But then there is one thing I can do in that Case and I shall do it once. Mrs.Linde: listening you must be quick and go. The dance is over; we are not safe a moment Longer. Krogstad: I will wait for you below. Mrs.Linde: yes, do. You must see me back to my door-Krogstad: I have never had such an amazing piece of god fortune in my life. Explain what has happened before this extract. 2 marks Explain why Krogstad says he would ask for his letter back? 3 marks Nils, a woman who has once sold herself for another s sake doesn t do it second time . Explain what makes Mrs.Linde say this. 3 marks Make notes on we what we learn about the character of Mrs.Linde in this extract. 4 marks Explain the irony in this extract. 2 marks But there is one thing I can do in any case and I shall do it at once. What is that Krogstad does later and how does it affect the rest of the play. 4 marks I have never had such an amazing piece of good fortune in my life! Rewrite beginning Never What piece of good fortune is Krogstad referring to? 2 marks Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in this extract? At any costRecallElapsedIncredible thingsRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.5694592}
{"text": "Nora: Good heavens, no! How could you think so? A man who has such strong opinion about these things! And besides, how painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his manly independence, to know that he owed me anything! It would upset our mutual relations altogether; our beautiful happy home would no longer be what it is now. Mrs. Linde: Do you mean never to tell him about it? Nora: meditatively and with half-smile yes-someday perhaps after many years when I am no longer as nice-looking as I am now. Don t laugh at me! I mean, of course, when Torvald is No longer as devoted to me as he is now; when my dancing and dressing-up and reciting Have paled on him; then it may be a good thing to have something in the reserve- Breaking off what nonsense! That time will never come. Now what do you think I am of No use? I can tell you, too, that this affair has caused me a lot of worry. It has been by No means easy for me to meet my engagements punctually. I may tell you that there Is something that is called, in business, quarterly interest and another thing called? Payment in installments and it is always dreadfully difficult to manage them. I have had To save a little here and there, where I could, you understand. I have not been able to Put aside much from housekeeping money for Torvald must have a good table. I Couldn t let my children be shabbily dressed: I have felt obliged got use up all he Gave me for them, the sweet little darlings. Place this extract in its immediate context. 4 marks State and explain any two aspects of style used in this extract. 4 marks In about 35 words, summarize Nora s reasons for not revealing the secret to Torvald. 4 marks What is the attitude of Mrs.Linde towards Nora in this extract 3 marks Explain two themes evident in this extract. 4 marks Comment on the character of Nora in this extract. 2 marks Explain the meaning of the following words. 4 marks IndulgentTo let him into the secretPut asideCapricesRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Mrs. Linde: is Doctor Rank a man of means? Nora: yes, he is.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.6190128}
{"text": "Mrs. Linde: is Doctor Rank a man of means? Nora: yes, he is. Mrs. Linde: and has no one to provide for? Nora: no, no one: but-Mrs.Linde: and comes her every dayNora: yes, I told you so. Mrs. Linde: but how can this well-bred man be so tactless? Nora: I don t understand you at all. Mrs. Linde: Don t prevaricate, Nora. Do you suppose I don t guess who lent you the two? Hundred and fifty pounds? Nora: are you out of your senses? How can you think of such a thing! A friend of ours who Comes here every day! Do you realize what a horribly painful position that would? Be? Mrs. Linde: No, certainly not. It would never have entered into my head for a moment. Besides, he had no money to lend then: he came into his money afterwards. Mrs. Linde: well, I think that was lucky for you, my dear Nora. Nora: no, it would never have come into my head to ask Doctor Rank. Although I am quite sure That if I had asked him. Mrs. Linde: but of course, you won t. Nora: Of course not. I have no reason to think it could possibly be necessary. But I am quite Sure that if I told Doctor Rank-Mrs. Linde: behind your husband s back. Nora: I must make an end of it with the other one, and that will be behind his back too. I must make an end of it with him. Mrs.Linde: yes, that is what I told you yesterday, but-Nora: walking up and down a man can put a Thing like that straight much easier than a woman-Mrs.Linde: One s husband, yes. Nora: nonsense! Standing still when you pay off a debt you get your bond back, don t you? Mrs.Linde: Yes, as a matter of course. Nora: and can tear it into a hundred thousand pieces, and burn it up- the nasty dirty paper! Mrs. Linde: looks hard at her, lays down her sewing and gets up slowly Nora, you are Concealing something from me. Nora: Do I look as if I were? Mrs.Linde: Something has happened to you since yesterday morning.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.5917358}
{"text": "Linde: looks hard at her, lays down her sewing and gets up slowly Nora, you are Concealing something from me. Nora: Do I look as if I were? Mrs.Linde: Something has happened to you since yesterday morning. Nora, what s it? What happens immediately after this extract? 2 marks Discuss any two issues brought out in this extract? 4 marks Explain the use of any two dramatic techniques in this extract. 4 marks Linde is said to be laying down her sewing in this extract. What was she sewing and how is relevant to the events in this play. 3 marks Something has happened to you since yesterday morning. Rewrite as an interrogative. 1mark What is Nora concealing from Mrs.Linde? Explain what happens when Mrs.Linde learns of it later in this extract. 3 marks Give the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract. A man of meansPrevaricateI must make an end of it. ConcealingRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: I don t believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human Being, just as you are- or at all events, that I must try and became one. I know quite Well, Torvald that most people would think you right and that views of that kind are to be Found in books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them. Helmer: can you not understand your place in your own home? Have you not any reliable guide in such matters as that? -. Have you known religion? Nora: I am afraid, Torvald, I do not exactly what religion is. Helmer: What are you saying? Nora: I know nothing but what the clergyman said when I went to be confirmed. He told us that religion was this and that, and the other. When I am away from all this, and I am alone, I will look Into the matter too. I will see if what the clergyman said is true, or at all events if it is True for me. Helmer: This is unheard of in a girl of your age! But if religion cannot lead you alright, let me try And awaken your conscience. I suppose you have some moral sense? Or-answer me- Am I to think you have none?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.6004934}
{"text": "But if religion cannot lead you alright, let me try And awaken your conscience. I suppose you have some moral sense? Or-answer me- Am I to think you have none? Nora: I assure you, Torvald that is not an easy question to answer. I really don t know. The thing Perplexes me all together. I only know that you and I look at it in a quite different light. I Am learning, too, that the law is quite another thing from what I suppose; but I find it Quite impossible to convince myself that the law is right. According to it, a woman Has no right to spare her old dying father, or to save her husband s life. I can t believe That. Helmer: you talk like a child. You don t understand the conditions of the world in which you live. Nora: No, I don t. But now I am going to try. I am going to see if I can make out who is right, the World or I. Recount the circumstances leading to the events in this extract. 5 marks What is it that Nora doesn t believe any longer? 2 marks How is Torvald depicted in this extract. 4 marks From elsewhere in the play, how is Nora s character portrayed in a different way from the way she is portrayed in this extract. 2 marks Discuss any concern addressed in this extract. 2 marks Why does Helmer ask Nora if she has no religion? 2 marks Explain the imagery in this extract. 2 marks Describe the mood in this extract. 2 marks What is the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract. 4 marks I am a reasonable beingClergymanConsciencePerplexesRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: But you must believe me, Mr.Krogstad: it is not in my power to help you at all. Krogstad: Then it is because you haven t the will; but I have the means to compel you. Nora: You don t mean that you will tell my husband that I owe you money? Krogstad: Hm-suppose I were to tell him? Nora: it would be perfectly infamous of you. Sobbing to think of his learning my secret which Has been my joy and pride, in such an ugly, clumsy way-that he should learn it from you!", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.6537344}
{"text": "Krogstad: Hm-suppose I were to tell him? Nora: it would be perfectly infamous of you. Sobbing to think of his learning my secret which Has been my joy and pride, in such an ugly, clumsy way-that he should learn it from you! And it would put me in a horribly disagreeable position-Krogstad: only disagreeable? Nora: impetuously well, do it then!-and it will be the worse for you. My husband will see for Himself what a blackguard you are, and you certainly won t keep your post then. Krogstad: I asked you if it was only a disagreeable scene at home you were afraid of. Nora: If my husband does get to know of it, of course he will at once pay you what is still owing You and we shall have nothing more to do with you. Krogstad: coming a step nearer listen to me, Mrs Helmer. Either you have a bad memory or You know very little of business. I shall be obliged to remind you of a few details. Nora: what do you mean? It is not in my power to help you at all how is this statement ironic considering earlier events in this play. 2 marks Explain why Krogstad wants Nora to help him 3 marks Why has Nora s secret been her joy and pride, in such an ugly, clumsy way? 4 marks I asked you if it was only a disagreeable scene at home that you were afraid of? Rewrite in direct speech. Explain any one theme evident in this extract 3 marks What is Nora s attitude towards Krogstad in this extract? 3 marks Discuss one character trait for each of the following. 4 marks KrogstadNoraKrogstad tells Nora the he shall be obliged to remind her of a few details. Briefly explain these details. 3 marks Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in this extract. 4 marks CompelInfamousDisagreeableBlackguardRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Mrs. Linde: Nora-it was Krogstad who lent you the money! Nora: Yes, and now Torvald will know about it. Mrs.Linde: Believe me, Nora, that s the best thing for both of you. Nora: you don t know all.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.6793754}
{"text": "Nora: Yes, and now Torvald will know about it. Mrs.Linde: Believe me, Nora, that s the best thing for both of you. Nora: you don t know all. I forged a name. Mrs.Linde: Good heavens! Nora: I only want to say this to you, Christine- you must be my witnessMrs. Linde: Your witness? What do you mean? What am I to-? Nora: if I should go out of my mind and it might easily happen-Mrs. Linde: Nora! Nora: or anything else should happen to me anything, for instance, that prevent my being Here-Mrs.Linde: Nora! Nora! You are quite out of your mind. Nora: and if it should happen that there was someone who wanted to take all the responsibility, all the blame, you understand-Mrs. Linde: Yes, yes-but how can you suppose-? Nora: Then you must be my witness, that is not true Christine. I am in my right senses now, and Now I tell you no one else has known anything about it; I and I alone, did the whole thing. Remember that. Mrs. Linde: I will, indeed. But I don t understand all this. Nora: how should you understand it? A wonderful thing is going to happen. Briefly explain what has just happened before this extract. 3 marks Believe me Nora, that s the best thing for both of you. From elsewhere in the play, which reasons does mrs. Linde give to support what he says now? 3 marks Explain the dominant theme in this extract 3 marks Explain what tone would be appropriate in reading Nora s parts in this extract. 2 marks From this extract, how has Nora violated social ethics? 2 marks Nora says a wonderful thing is going to happen. From the rest of the play, explain what she means by that? 3 marks Discuss one aspect of style in this extract. 2 marks What do we learn about the character of Mrs.Linde in this context. 2 marks I and I alone did the whole thing Rewrite beginning The whole thing Explain the meaning of the following expression s as used in this extract.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.6772249}
{"text": "A wonderful thing is going to happen. Briefly explain what has just happened before this extract. 3 marks Believe me Nora, that s the best thing for both of you. From elsewhere in the play, which reasons does mrs. Linde give to support what he says now? 3 marks Explain the dominant theme in this extract 3 marks Explain what tone would be appropriate in reading Nora s parts in this extract. 2 marks From this extract, how has Nora violated social ethics? 2 marks Nora says a wonderful thing is going to happen. From the rest of the play, explain what she means by that? 3 marks Discuss one aspect of style in this extract. 2 marks What do we learn about the character of Mrs.Linde in this context. 2 marks I and I alone did the whole thing Rewrite beginning The whole thing Explain the meaning of the following expression s as used in this extract. 4 marks ForgedGo out of my mindPrevent my being hereRight sensesRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Helmer: miserable creature- what have you done? Nora: let me go. You shall not suffer for my sake. You shall not take it upon yourself. Helmer: No tragic airs, please. Locks the hall door here you shall stay and give me explanation. Do you understand what you have done? Answer me! Do you understand what you? NHave done? Nora : looks steadily at him and says with a growing look of coldness in her face yes now I am Beginning to understand thoroughly. Helmer: walking about the room what a horrible awakening! All these years- she who was my Joy and pride- a hypocrite, a liar-worse, worse a criminal. The unutterable ugliness Of it all- For shame! Nora is silent and looks steadily at him. He stops in front of her I ought to have suspected something of that sort would happen. I ought to have seen it. All your father s want of principle has come out in you. No religion, no morality, no sense of Duty- how I am punished for having winked at what he did! I did it for your sake, and this is How you repay me. Nora: yes, that s just it. Helmer: Now you have destroyed all my happiness.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.702877}
{"text": "I did it for your sake, and this is How you repay me. Nora: yes, that s just it. Helmer: Now you have destroyed all my happiness. You have ruined all my future. It is horrible To think of! I am in the power of an unscrupulous man; he can do what he likes with me, Ask anything he likes of me, give me any orders he pleases- I dare not refuse. And I Must sink to such miserable depths because of a thoughtless woman. Nora: when I am out of the way, you will be free. What has happened before this extract 2 marks Explain what Nora means by saying you shall not suffer for my sake 3 marks Describe Helmer s change of attitude towards Nora. 3 marks Describe two character traits of Krogstad from this extract 4 marks Explain two recurring ideas in this extract 4 marks Explain the use of satire in this extract. 2 marks When I am out of the way, you will be free. Give two possible meanings of Nora s words considering what happens later in the play. 2 marks Here you shall stay and give me an explanation. Rewrite beginning You.... Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the excerpt. 4 marks Take it upon yourselfNo tragic airsYour father s want of principleUnscrupulous manRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Helmer: standing at the open door . Yes, do. Try and calm yourself, and make your mind easy again, my frightened little singing bird. Be at rest, and feel secure; I have broad wings to shelter you under. Walks up and down by the door how warm and cozy our home is, Nora. Here is The shelter for you; here I will protect you like a hunted dove that I have saved from A hawk s claws; I will bring peace to your poor beating heart. It will come, little by Little, Nora, believe me. Tomorrow morning you will look upon it differently; soon Everything will be just as it was before. Very soon you won t need me to assure You that I have forgiven you; you will yourself feel the certainty that I have done so. Can You suppose I should ever think of such thing as repudiating you, or even reproaching You?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.7297866}
{"text": "Tomorrow morning you will look upon it differently; soon Everything will be just as it was before. Very soon you won t need me to assure You that I have forgiven you; you will yourself feel the certainty that I have done so. Can You suppose I should ever think of such thing as repudiating you, or even reproaching You? You have no idea what a true man s heart is like, Nora. There is something so Indescribably sweet and satisfying, to a man, in the knowledge that he has forgiven his Wife- forgiven her freely, and with all his heart. It seems as if that had made her, as it Doubly his own; and she has in a way become both wife and child to him. So you shall Be for me after this, my little scared helpless darling. Have no anxiety about anything, Nora; Only be frank and open with me, and I will serve as will and conscience both to you- what Is this? Not gone to bed? Have you changed your things? Nora: in everyday dress yes, Torvald, I have changed my things now. Helmer: But what for? -. So late as this. Nora: I shall not sleep tonight. Helmer: But, my dear Nora-Nora: looking at her watch it is not so very late. Sit down here, Torvald. You and I have so much to say to one another. She sits down at one side of the table Helmer: Nora-what s this? -. This cold, set face? Nora: sit down. It will take some time: I have a lot to talk over with you. Helmer: sits down at the opposite side of the table you alarm me, Nora! And I don t understand You. Nora: no, that is just it. You don t understand me, and I have never understood you either before tonight. No, you mustn t interrupt me. You must simply listen to what I say. Torvald, this is settling of accounts. Helmer: what do you mean by that?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.762627}
{"text": "You must simply listen to what I say. Torvald, this is settling of accounts. Helmer: what do you mean by that? Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4 marks How is the character of Helmer brought out in this excerpt? 4 marks Comment on the use of imagery in this extract? 4 marks What are the two main issues of concern that are addressed in this extract 4 marks Describe the tone of Torvald in his first line? 2 marks I shall not sleep tonight. Rewrite in the affirmative. 1 mark Why is Nora in everyday dress? 2 marks Explain the meaning of the following words as used in excerpt 4 marks RepudiatingReproachingIndescribablyAccountsRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: yes, tremendous! A barrister s profession is such an uncertain thing, especially if he won t Unsavory cases; and naturally Torvald has been willing to do that, and I quite agree with Him. You may imagine how pleased we are! He is to take up his work in the bank at the New Year. And then he will have a big salary and lots of commissions. For the future we Can live quite differently- we can do just as we like. I feel so relieved and happy, Christine! It will be splendid to have heaps of money and not need to have any anxiety, Won t it? Mrs.Linde: Yes, anyhow I think it would be delightful to have what one needs. Nora: No, not only what one needs, but heaps and heaps of money. Mrs.Linde: smiling Nora. Nora, haven t you learned sense yet? In our schooldays you were a Great spendthrift. Nora: laughing yes, that is what Torvalds says now. Wags her finger at her but Nora, Nora is Not so silly as you think. We have not been in a position for me to waste money. We have Both had to work. Mrs.Linde: You too? Nora: yes; odds and ends, needlework, crotchetwork, embroidery and that kind of thing dropping Her voice and other things as well. You know Torvald left his office when we were Married?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.7411597}
{"text": "Mrs.Linde: You too? Nora: yes; odds and ends, needlework, crotchetwork, embroidery and that kind of thing dropping Her voice and other things as well. You know Torvald left his office when we were Married? There was no prospect of promotion there, and he had to try and earn more than Before. But during the first year he overworked himself dreadfully. You see he had to Make money every way he could, and he worked early and late; but he couldn t stand and Fell dreadfully ill, and the doctors said it was necessary for him to go south. Explain what happens after this extract. 2 marks Identify and illustrate two character traits of Nora and comment on them 4 marks Identify two aspects of style in this excerpt and comment on their effectiveness. 4 marks Explain two thematic concerns that are addressed in this extract. 4 marks In this extract, Torvalds is portrayed as overworking. Where else is portrayed in a similar way? 2 marks What was Torvald s reaction when Nora told him he needed to go south for treatment? 2 marks There was no prospect of promotion there rewrite adding a question tag. 1 mark Nora says Torvald has been calling her spendthrift. Give two instances where Torvald referred to her as a spendthrift? 2 marks Explain the meaning of the following words as used in this extract. 4 marks BarristerUnsavouryProspectDreadfullyRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow. Nora: yes, you could-couldn t you? Helmer: And I hear he is a good worker too. But I knew him when were boys. It was one of those Harsh friendships that so often prove an incubus in afterlife I may as well tell you plainly, We were once on very intimate terms with one another. But this tactless fellow lays no Restraint on himself when other people are present. On the contrary, he thinks it gives Him the right to adopt a familiar one with me and every minute it is I say, Helmer, Old Fellow and that sort of thing I assure you it is extremely painful for me. He would make My position at the bank intolerable. Nora: Torvald, I don t believe you mean that. Helmer: Don t you?", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.7962928}
{"text": "He would make My position at the bank intolerable. Nora: Torvald, I don t believe you mean that. Helmer: Don t you? Why not? Nora: because it is such a narrow minded way of looking at things. Helmer: What are you saying? Narrow-minded? Do you think I am narrowing minded? Nora: no, just the opposite dear-and it is exactly for that reason. Helmer: It is the same thing. You say my point of view is narrow-minded, so I must Be so too. Narrow0minded! Very well- I must put an end to this. Goes to the hall and calls Helen! Nora: what are you going to do? Helmer: looking among his papers settle it. Enter MAID look here; take this letter and go Downstairs with it at once. Find a messenger and tell him to deliver it, and be quick. The address is on it, here is the money. Maid: very well, sir. Exit with the letter Helmer: putting his papers together now then, little misses Obstinate. Nora: breathlessly Torvald- what was that letter? Helmer: Krogstad s dismissal. Nora: call her back, Torvald. There is still time. Oh Torvald, call her back! Do it for my sake- for Your own sake- for the children s sake! Do you hear me Torvald? Call her back. You don t Know what that letter will bring upon us. Helmer: It s too late. Nora: Yes, it s too late. Helmer: My dear Nora, I can forgive the anxiety you are in, although really it is an insult to me. It is indeed. Isn t it an insult to think that I should be afraid of starving a quill s driver vengeance? But I forgive you nevertheless, because it is such eloquent witness to your great love for me. Takes her in his arms . And that it should be, my own darling Nora. Come what will, you may be sure that I shall have both courage and strength if they may be needed. You will see I am a man enough to take everything upon myself.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.8142557}
{"text": "And that it should be, my own darling Nora. Come what will, you may be sure that I shall have both courage and strength if they may be needed. You will see I am a man enough to take everything upon myself. Explain what happens after this extract. 3 marks Comment on two issues addressed in the text. 4 marks State and explain the character trait for each of the two characters in this extract. 4 marks TorvaldKrogstadWhy does Nora want the maid to be called back? 3 marks Identify two literary strategies used in this extract 4 marks Referring to other parts of the text, why can t Torvald work with Krogstad? 2 marks Because it is such a narrow minded way of looking at things rewrite using narrow mindedly 1 mark Explain the meaning of the following words as used in this extract. 4 marks IntolerableNarrow-mindedObstinatevengeance.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DOLLS-HOUSE-EXCERPT-QUESTIONS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.7832413}
{"text": "PHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM THREE 2019TERM IREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM THREETERM IIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM THREETERM IIIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s Book.", "metadata": {"source": "Physics-Scheme-Form-3-2019.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.8005471}
{"text": "THE RIVER AND THE SOURCE BY MARGARET OGOLLAINTRODUCTIONThe River and the Source follows four generations of Kenyan women in a rapidly changing society. It is a presentation of women seeking liberation from the oppressive male dominated society. Just like a river which originates from a spring a source of underground water the birth of Akoko daughter to chief Gogni of Yimbo signifies the beginning of the river. The river is threatened to drying up by hardships after hardship but the river flows on. THE TITLEThe title The River and the Source suggests the flow of a river from its source. The novel traces the symbolic journey of women from a male dominated world to a new world where women are respected.. The river starts as a spring which is Akoko. She is the source of this river. The river refers to the efforts that Akoko puts in trying to liberate women from a patriarchal society that looks down upon them. Akoko faces challenges as a woman in a male dominated society. She overcomes them and the river continues to flow through Nyabera. Akoko is the source of the liberating force that flows from this oppressive and demeaning social system. The river and the source therefore refers to the journey of women empowerment that begins with Akoko, followed by Nyabera, Awiti and Wandia. This is summarized by Chief Odero Gogni s statement, A home without daughters is like a spring without a source. SETTINGSetting refers to the historical moment in time or the geographical location in which the story takes place i.e. the location and time in which a narrative takes place. The story begins 30 years before the Kenya-Uganda railway reached Kisumu. The story ends in the 1990s at the advent of multiparty politics in Kenya. The plot covers a number of generations that shifts between Yimbo Akoko s birthplace and Sakwa Akoko s marital home in today s Nyanza Province in Kenya. It later spreads to Gem, Kisumu, Nakuru and Nairobi in succeeding generations of Akoko s family tree. PLOT SUMMARYPART 1: THE GIRL CHILDThis part of the novel introduces us to Akoko who is vibrant, beautiful and hardworking. It focuses on the Luo cultural practices. The writer uses this part to highlight the importance of the girl child as we note that Akoko manages to gain her father s love and attention, something that was not usual among the Luo.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.8573656}
{"text": "PLOT SUMMARYPART 1: THE GIRL CHILDThis part of the novel introduces us to Akoko who is vibrant, beautiful and hardworking. It focuses on the Luo cultural practices. The writer uses this part to highlight the importance of the girl child as we note that Akoko manages to gain her father s love and attention, something that was not usual among the Luo. CHAPTER 1 AKOKO'S BIRTHThe chapter begins with the birth of Akoko Adoyo Akelo Obanda. Her father, Chief Odero Gogni expected a son because of the value placed by society in boys over girls. The naming of Akoko is done according to tradition and she ends up having four names. Adoyo born during the weeding season. Obanda- according to dreams by the father and grandmother. Akelo after a step grandmother who had died. Akoko is given to her as she is noisy. The traditional values of the community like polygamy and preference for the male children are also brought out in the fathers desire to have a son. There is insight in to the naming rituals of the community as Akoko is given several names. The belief in superstition is also reflected on in the way Akoko's illness is dealt with and results in Akoko s final name, Akello. Akoko proves to be uniquely determined as she is able to compete with her numerous brothers. This earns her the admiration of both her father and elder brother, Oloo. By the end of the chapter Akoko is grown and of marriageable age and known for her diligence and hard work. CHAPTER 2: BETROTHAL OF AKOKOThis chapter focuses on the betrothal and marriage of Akoko. We are introduced to the young chief Owuor Kembo, a man of Nyadhi or style, who arrives at Yimbo with his delegation from Sakwa. They are warmly received and all the ways of chik are observed. Chief odero is quite pleased as the daughter is going to be the first wife to chief owuor. According to chik one cannot be chief unless he is married hence necessitating the arrival of the delegation from Sakwa to ask for Akoko's hand in marriage. Negotiations for the bride price are carried out through their spokes people. Chief odero asks for a high bride price out of jealousy for the number of daughter to sons his daughter's suitors had compared to him.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.8842278}
{"text": "According to chik one cannot be chief unless he is married hence necessitating the arrival of the delegation from Sakwa to ask for Akoko's hand in marriage. Negotiations for the bride price are carried out through their spokes people. Chief odero asks for a high bride price out of jealousy for the number of daughter to sons his daughter's suitors had compared to him. Chief owuor Kembo described as a man of style agrees to pay the bride price without bargaining, much to the protest of his brother and delegation. The negotiations are concluded by the presentation of Akoko to her future husband. CHAPTER 3; AKOKO S MOVE TO SAKWAA group of young warriors drive the cattle that had being agreed on as the bride price during the negotiations. They are warmly welcome and well fed according to chik. On the morning of the next day the warriors take off with Akoko after having engaged in mock battles with her brothers before they ran off with Akoko. Akoko herself is also meant to resist so that it may not be said that she went willingly. They rest for a short while before Akoko is delivered to Sakwa. The people of Sakwa admire her and agree that she was worth the thirty head of cattle. Akoko settles in to marriage life and is well accepted by the community. She soon becomes pregnant with her first child. The community is highly superstitious and do not say anything about it. Though the pregnancy is uneventful but the delivery is harrowing. The child is named Obura. However Akoko is under pressure to bear more children as the society expects her to bear as many children as her bride price. Her mother in law even urges Owuor to marry another wife. Later Akoko gets pregnant with Nyabera and then has difficulty during the birth. CHAPTER 4 AKOKO'S CONFLICT WITH NYAR ASEMBOAs a result of Owuor''s refusal to marry another with and Akoko s low birth rate, conflict arises between Akoko and her mother in law. Her mother in law is also offended by the monogamous state of her son and his refusal to take a second wife. They compare him to his younger brother who already had two wives and many more children. One day as she is in the fields, she hears that her mother in law Nyar Asembo accused her of bewitching owuor Kembo so that he would not marry another wife.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.8727329}
{"text": "Her mother in law is also offended by the monogamous state of her son and his refusal to take a second wife. They compare him to his younger brother who already had two wives and many more children. One day as she is in the fields, she hears that her mother in law Nyar Asembo accused her of bewitching owuor Kembo so that he would not marry another wife. Akoko who is deeply offended by the accusations stays the night and on the morning of the next day calls for the people s attention to state her case. She defends herself by emphasizing that she has always been hard-working and a good wife. After this she leaves for Yimbo. Owuor returns and is angered by the events that took place when he was away. He throttles his brother and almost hits his mother. He then starts a reconciliatory mission. CHAPTER 5 RESOLUTION OF THE CONFLICTThe delegation from Sakwa arrives in Yimbo and is coolly received. Being accused of witchcraft was no light matter and the people of Yimbo were not pleased. The elders are gathered and Akoko is asked to give her version of events. She presents the accusations made against her that include witchcraft, standing in the way of her husband s marriage to other women, and having given birth at a slow rate. After the presentation of her case, Owuor defends himself stating that he had not been around when the unfortunate event happened and had dealt with those responsible. The Jodongo agree to resolve the issue and warn Akoko against making rush decisions in future. An appeasement of a goat was to be given to the maro. CHAPTER 6 FAMILY LIFEAfter Akoko s return to Sakwa she is soon pregnant again with a son, the delivery of the child is difficult. The child is named Owang Sino. Owang Sino is drawn to his father and they are quite fond of each other. There is a contrast between owuor and Otieno. Owuor who is monogamous has a happy wife who he treats like a queen. Otieno on the other hand has four wives who he treated like sluts and they obliged him. There are rumours of white men jorochere and the establishment of a colonial government. Obura gets intrigued and suggests that his mother allow him to tour the world. She reprimands for the thought and advises him to seek a wife.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.8986435}
{"text": "There are rumours of white men jorochere and the establishment of a colonial government. Obura gets intrigued and suggests that his mother allow him to tour the world. She reprimands for the thought and advises him to seek a wife. She also reminds him of his role as the first born son Both his father and mother are alarmed at this new development. Chief Owuor forbids Obura from seeing Nyaroche and Ambere and has the later sent away. CHAPTER 7 OBURA'S DISAPPEARANCEObura disappears from his hut, and Akoko is disturbed by the disappearance. Chief owuor sends out scouts to try and track them. They return and inform the chief that he had left in the company of Nyaroche and Ambere. Akoko prays earnestly that no harm should come to her son. The chief organises for search parties to follow them. Unfortunately they return two days later and report that the three were picked up by white men and could not be traced farther. Akoko who was devastated by her son s disappearance has a sense of foreboding and believes Obura might as well be dead. CHAPTER 8 DEATH OF OBURAIt has been a while since Obura disappeared. News of the white man and the colonial government continue. One day two strangely dressed men come to deliver news about Obura. They draw the attention of the entire community as they make their way to chief Owuor's compound. They inform the chief of the war between jo-ingreza and jojerman. They inform the chief of the death of Obura and Ambere as they inform him that Nyaroche is crippled. The chief is furious and throws away the bracelet that he was given. Nyabera picks it up as the community begins to mourn. A mock funeral is performed and a banana trunk is buried in place of Obura's body. CHAPTER 9 DEATHS OF OWUOR AND OWANGAkoko then goes about helping Nyabera overcome her grief and continue with her life. She takes to wearing the bracelet she had picked when the white men came. Akoko works hard and instils the same value in Nyabera. Thus her herd grows so large that she has to get her own watering hole. Nyabera is now a girl of marriageable age. Suitors come in large numbers and Akoko helps her husband pick an appropriate suitor for their daughter.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.927115}
{"text": "Thus her herd grows so large that she has to get her own watering hole. Nyabera is now a girl of marriageable age. Suitors come in large numbers and Akoko helps her husband pick an appropriate suitor for their daughter. Okumu Angolo is picked as he comes from a neighbouring village. Their first three children live for a short time and then die. Owang Sino also comes of age and jowangyo are dispatched to look for a suitable wife for him. A suitable girl was found from Uyoma. However, Chief owuor who had been ailing for a long time dies and the marriage negotiations are postpone for the burial. Akoko takes her husband s spear and shield and mourns him in great song and style. Owang Sino who had done his best to make his mother happy dies son after the birth of his son, owuor Sino. Alando does not stay to defend her son but chooses to get inherited soon after. The chief stool is passed to Otieno Kembo as the young owuor Sino is still a toddler and cannot rule until he is married. Akoko is devastated and Nyabera comes to her side to aid her. CHAPTER 10 OTIENO BECOMES CHIEFOtieno takes over the chief stool with greed and arrogance. He squanders the wealth left behind by owuor and even attempts to usurp Akoko's personal wealth. Akoko feels greatly disadvantaged as she has no male sons or relatives who are of age and would come to her aid. Otieno is unwilling to relinquish the seat. He dispenses with the council of Jodongo and snatches Akoko's wealth. Akoko perceives the challenge and decides to seek help from the jorochere. She takes her grandchild, owuor, to her brother, Oloo. She then visits her daughter, Nyabera who had lost a number of children before she goes on her journey to Kisumu. She reveals her plans to her daughter. CHAPTER 11 AKOKO'S JOURNEY TO KISUMAHer nephews Opiyo and Odongo accompany her. Akoko had earlier tried to send them away but to no avail. They start the journey early in the morning and Akoko takes the opportunity to educate them on the history of the community through stories. They finally arrive in the town of kisuma and are struck by the difference in structures and dressing of the people.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.956615}
{"text": "Akoko had earlier tried to send them away but to no avail. They start the journey early in the morning and Akoko takes the opportunity to educate them on the history of the community through stories. They finally arrive in the town of kisuma and are struck by the difference in structures and dressing of the people. There, they meet Otuoma, who helps them in by hosting them for the night as it was a Sunday and the court was closed. He also informs them that citizens were no longer allowed to carry weapons. They finally present their case to the .DO. And the tribunal. CHAPTER 12 AKOKO'S JUSTICE AND DEPATURE FROM SAKWAAkoko present her case to the D.O. and the tribunal. The D.O. Ask s that the case be postpone for three months so that the claims may be investigated. The twins embellish the story that they tell to the future generations. Akoko returns to Sakwa to find Otieno's greed having grown a great deal and her wealth significantly reduced. Investigators come to Sakwa, and the disgruntled people are only too willing to help. Akoko is summoned soon after and the case is reopened before the D.C. The D.C. Rules that Otieno Kembo be forcefully removed from the chief stool and he council of Jodongo rule. Otieno was also made to pay all that he had grabbed. Akoko then returned to Sakwa and took the reminder of her wealth. She returned to Yimbo to live as a migogo in her brother Oloo's house. PART TWO: THE ART OF GIVINGThe Art of Giving is Self sacrifice. It is putting away all you believed in and embracing the others needs. Akoko in this chapter gives more than she receives. The part I ends when she has lost all that she could have held to in her matrimonial home. She forsakes her happy life as a married woman and goes home to lead a desolate life as a migogo. A migogo meant that, she will be looked down upon by her brothers wife. She would be ridiculed and if we remember well; Akoko did not take lightly ridicule or sneer. There was a time she shouted down her mother-in-law maro for accusing her of being a witch juok . Akoko knew very well what she was getting into when she settled down in her brother Oloo s house.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.9719353}
{"text": "She would be ridiculed and if we remember well; Akoko did not take lightly ridicule or sneer. There was a time she shouted down her mother-in-law maro for accusing her of being a witch juok . Akoko knew very well what she was getting into when she settled down in her brother Oloo s house. She was ready to live with them as long as her grandson Owuor Sino found comfort other than being molested in Otieno s household. She left the wealth she had built in years in Sakwa to live among her paternal household. Giving involves denial of one s comfort for the sake of others. Nyabera tries in earnest to get and raise children for her and her husband Okumu. When Okumu dies, she tries it with Ogoma Kwach but all fails. In despair and with only one child, she joins Christianity. She leaves her mother, daughter and nephew in Aluor to satisfy her quest but returns having failed. She learns the hard way that, it s better to be content than trying to find happiness where there is none. The biggest sacrifice ever in part II however is when Akoko blesses her grandson Petro Owuor Sino Peter Owuor Kembo to take on his vocation. In accepting to this outrageous decision, Akoko loses her right to reclaim her matrimonial home and the continuity of her and her husband s lineage- given that most African communities were patrilineal. In letting Peter become a vicar, she made him and those of her keen lose the chief stool to the younger family in Sakwa. Therefore Giving is an art since few people are ready to go to such extremes as Akoko, Nyabera and those around her, to let those they love enjoy their life to the fullestCHAPTER 1 OKUMU'S DEATHNyabera suffers the deaths of her children. She gets pregnant and gives birth to a baby girl. A ritual is performed to aid in the survival of the child. She is left by the entrance to the homestead and an old lady passing by picked her up and brought her to them. She is therefore named Awiti. Okumu falls ill and dies when Awiti is three years old. Nyabera is inherited by a close relative, Ogoma Kwach. He is drawn to Nyabera's wealth and hard work and foregoes his duty to his first wife.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406303.9811907}
{"text": "Okumu falls ill and dies when Awiti is three years old. Nyabera is inherited by a close relative, Ogoma Kwach. He is drawn to Nyabera's wealth and hard work and foregoes his duty to his first wife. As a result he is reported to e council of Jodongo and reprimanded. Nyabera is hurt by their decision and seeks an alternate source of comfort. She has heard a lot about Christianity and seeks out Pillipo to give her more information. Nyabera gives out her wealth then travels to Yimbo to inform her mother of her decision. She leaves Awiti with Akoko then departs for Gem to start her new life. CHAPTER 2. NYABERA IS BAPTISEDNyabera travels from Yimbo to gem and arrives very late. She spends the night in the catechist s house. She explains herself to the catechist on the morning of the next day. He takes her to the chapel and she is inducted in to Christianity. She learns the ways of the new religion quickly and thirstily. She is then baptised Maria. CHAPTER 3 NYABERA'S RETURNNyabera returns from Gem and goes to her mother in Yimbo. Though Akoko can tell that she is pleased with the new religion and her new name, she is able to tell that her daughter is uneasy. Nyabera opens up and admits that she felt that something was lacking as she was alone in Aluor. She asks her mother to accompany her to gem. Akoko agrees and together with her grandchildren travel to Gem. CHAPTER 4 LIFE IN GEMOn arrival in Aluor the children are enrolled in catechism classes and reading classes where they show determination and zeal in their study. They are baptised into Christianity and they receive new names. Owuor is renamed Peter, Awiti is named Elizabeth and Akoko is named veronica. Soon after, news reaches Maria that Ogoma Kwach's wife had died. The desire to have children drives her to return to her matrimonial home without an explanation to her mother. Meanwhile peter develops an interest in priesthood and confides in Awiti. He is afraid to tell Akoko as he does not want to disappoint her. The two decide to wait for Nyabera to return so that they seek her assistance.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.0010643}
{"text": "Meanwhile peter develops an interest in priesthood and confides in Awiti. He is afraid to tell Akoko as he does not want to disappoint her. The two decide to wait for Nyabera to return so that they seek her assistance. CHAPTER 5 THE VOCATIONAfter a few years, Nyabera returns to Aluor, dejected and beaten by life. She confesses to her mother Akoko, before proceeding to spend the night in church. Owuor proves to be quite helpful to her and she loves him like a son. Owuor takes to reading bible verses to Nyabera which she finds quite comforting. He then informs her about his desire to take up the vocation. They then proceed to talk to Akoko. Akoko agrees on the condition that he changes his name to peter owuor Kembo. Owuor is able to pursue priesthood. CHAPTER 6 AWITI'S EDUCATIONOwuor joins the seminary and his cousin is enrolled into primary school. There are very few girls as the society does not value the education of the girl child. Also a lot of girls get married at a young age. Elizabeth proves to be diligent and tops the class all through. By the time she sits for the final exam she is the only girl in the class. She excels and is invited to a teachers' training college. Nyabera fears that she might lose her and is unwilling to accept the news. Akoko reprimands Nyabera for her behaviour and urges her to allow her daughter to pursue her dreams. Akoko misses her husband and wishes he were present to helm with the decision. CHAPTER 7 LIFE IN COLLEGEAwiti work hard in college and unlike the other students, she does not engage in relationships like the other students. She turns down overtures from several men and is therefore feared. This is made worse when it is learnt that herb brother is in the seminary and both her mother and grandmother live at the mission. She finally meets Mark Antony Oloo Sigu during an exeat. Mark inquires about her and informs her about himself. He mentions that he was in the army and has been called to work in Nakuru. They part when she agrees to reply to his letters when he writes. CHAPTER 8 AWITI'S BETROTHALAwiti and mark interact through the letters they send each other. They talk about their lives, families and each other.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.054484}
{"text": "They part when she agrees to reply to his letters when he writes. CHAPTER 8 AWITI'S BETROTHALAwiti and mark interact through the letters they send each other. They talk about their lives, families and each other. After a few months of the engagements, mark states that he would like to meet her parents. Awiti goes to Aluor to deliver the exciting piece of news. Her mother, Maria is a bit opposed but Akoko wins her over and preparations are made. Male relatives are sent for from Yimbo and Sakwa. Peter owuor Kembo is also sent for from the seminary. They make preparations for the day and kong is brewed and several delicacies made. The day arrives and mark Antony arrives with his delegation. He is dressed in military fatigues a monkey head dress and bears a shield. They are warmly welcome and introductions done. To the surprise of mark and his delegation, the bride price is set at a token bull, two cows and six goats. There is much celebration after the negotiations are completed. Akoko is hard laughing with her grandson in law. She dies peacefully in her sleep later in the nightCHAPTER 9 AKOKO IS LAID TO RESTAkoko is buried in Aluor in where she had spent most of life. Peter owuor Kembo is among the deacons who conduct the mass. Her death is hard to accept as she seemed to be full of life. Awiti is so devastated that she almost calls of the wedding. Nyabera comforts her by telling the life story of Akoko. She finally calms down and apologises to Mark, who had been with peter owuor. CHAPTER 10 AWITI'S MARRIAGEAfter the mourning period, peter goes to Rome to complete his studies. He is later ordained a priest and his first duty was to preside over the wedding between Elizabeth and mark. The newly wedded couple moves from Aluor to live in Nakuru. Shortly afterwards, Elizabeth becomes pregnant. Unfortunately she and mark misdiagnose the symptoms for malaria thus leading to the loss of the twins. It takes a long time before she can conceive again. Her mother in law start to complain about the lack of grandchildren but mark stops her from prying. Elizabeth gets pregnant again and this time the couple are happy and cautious to ensure nothing goes wrong.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.0455604}
{"text": "It takes a long time before she can conceive again. Her mother in law start to complain about the lack of grandchildren but mark stops her from prying. Elizabeth gets pregnant again and this time the couple are happy and cautious to ensure nothing goes wrong. PART 3 LOVE AND LIFELove and Life yanks us from the painful oppression of death into a new realm of love and understanding. Mark Sigu, we can now imagine what they talked about with Akoko, steers his family away from tradition into the new sphere of the evolving world. He is blessed with 7 children 4 boys and three girls. Each child has different personality. We see Mark and Elizabeth as capable parents who administer discipline and love to their children. The two parents provide education food and shelter to their new life and work best to establish family unity. Despite her love for her children, Elizabeth keeps a straight head and clear vision not to spoil her kids. She stands behind when Aoro is punished by his father, though she knew the punishment was punitive and way above discipline, she took a back step until it was time for her intervention. She also steps back when Mark pours his love over their last born Mary but does her best to reign him in so that Mary does not end up too spoilt. On the other hand, we silently follow the children as they grow into adulthood. From the brave and confident Vera to her timid and self possessed twin sister. The relationship of the two girls sours as they take on different personalities in life. Aoro and Antony also come out strongly shaping their destinies different ways though the show unrivalled level of competence. Aoro takes medicine while Anthoy joins the seminary. The twins Opiyo and Odongo also manifest differently. CHAPTER 1 THE YOUNG COUPLEElizabeth delivers twins, veronica and Rebecca. The two girls have varying personalities. Vera is independent, intelligent and protective of her sister. Rebecca on the other hand, is quite attractive and self -centred. When they are two years old, Elizabeth gave birth to another child, a boy Aoro. Due to the state of emergency, mark opts to move his family back to Aluor. His mother is quite unhappy about this but he does not change his stand. Mark gets lonely while Elizabeth is away and engages in extramarital affairs. A certain girl stays with him for some time and later claims that she is pregnant. This brings mark back to his sense and he sends her away.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.0656645}
{"text": "Mark gets lonely while Elizabeth is away and engages in extramarital affairs. A certain girl stays with him for some time and later claims that she is pregnant. This brings mark back to his sense and he sends her away. He then goes to Aluor to get his family. Elizabeth hears rumours of the infidelity but says nothing about it. CHAPTER 2 VERA AND BECKY S EDUCATION. Kenya gains independence and the citizens celebrate. The country is faced with numerous challenges but equally numerous opportunities. Mark gets promoted and moves to a bigger house as his family has grown. He now has seven children that include Vera, Becky, Aoro, Antony, Opiyo Odongo and Mary. Vera is an excellent student in school. Becky on the other hand does not give her studies much effort. Vera excels in her primary level exam and is called to a national school which she declines as she wanted that to go to her sister s school. Her parents are concerned but later agree to let her go to a school of her choice. CHAPTER 3 AORO'S ADVENTURESAoro is compared to Obura who was swift bright confident and curious. The company of his younger brothers makes him more adventurous than usual. One day they go fishing at a nearby river. As he and tony are busy one of the twins, Odongo, almost drowns. Opiyo screams alerting the older brothers who come to his rescue. They go back home wet, and shaken. The younger boys blame the older ones for the event and Aoro and tony are punished. The older boys decide to never take their smaller brothers anywhere after the incident. Tony later develops acute appendicitis and is rushed to hospital in the night. Aoro is worried and informs his older sisters. The later receive news that their brother will be well after the operation. CHAPTER 4. AORO'S EPIPHANYAoro is fascinated by Tony s stitches and gains an interest in medicine. He operates on a frog successfully. Uncle peter comes to visit them and though every child warms u to hi, tony is particularly curious about priesthood and has a lot of questions. Mark is a bit apprehensive as he notices that tony is eyeing priesthood. Most parents are not comfortable with their children joining priesthood. Peter is getting a promotion to bishop. He stays a while then visits his aunt Maria in Aluor.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.0984151}
{"text": "Most parents are not comfortable with their children joining priesthood. Peter is getting a promotion to bishop. He stays a while then visits his aunt Maria in Aluor. It is later on decided that Opiyo and Odongo should go to Aluor to keep their grandmother company and attend the school their mother went to. Aoro excels in his studies and is called to the best school in the country. This inspires tony to work hard so that he can join him. Aoro has difficulty in school and is suspended for indiscipline. Mark deals with him by telling to seek his own food and shelter. Aoro is remorseful and fears his father. He returns to school and does his best. CHAPTER 5 MARY'S BIRTHThe chapter takes us back to the birth the pregnancy was difficult for Elizabeth. She developed high blood pressure and threatened miscarriage on several occasion. The doctors feared for both mother and child and they have to be admitted. Mary's birth had to be induced and she is named after her grandmother. Mark loves Mary deeply and gives her all the best. He sends her to private school and makes an effort to personally pick and drop her. This draws envy Becky who was used to being the centre of attention. Becky tries to complain and gets a scathing response from her sister Vera. This results is an argument that leads the sisters to drift apart. CHAPTER 6 MARIA'S DEATHExamination results are announced and Vera has done exceptionally well. Becky attains a second division which she is well pleased with. Antony gets 36 points in his primary certificate examinations and is delighted as he had earned a spot in Aoro's school. Becky suggests that she would like to get a job but Mark insists that she must continue with her education. A telegram is sent from Aluor informing them that Maria is unwell. Elizabeth is picked from the school by Mark as she is beside herself. Mark does his best to leave everything in order before they leave for Aluor. Elizabeth is beside Maria when he dies in hospital later on that day. CHAPTER 7 BECKY RUNS AWAYOpiyo and Odongo return to Nakuru after the burial of Maria. Education is of importance to the Sigu family as examinations approach and everyone is tense as there are 5 candidates in the house.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.1422622}
{"text": "Elizabeth is beside Maria when he dies in hospital later on that day. CHAPTER 7 BECKY RUNS AWAYOpiyo and Odongo return to Nakuru after the burial of Maria. Education is of importance to the Sigu family as examinations approach and everyone is tense as there are 5 candidates in the house. Aoro was sitting for his O- level, Vera and Becky are sitting for their A-level and Opiyo and Odongo for the certificate of primary education. Vera and Becky are now are in their prime and boys begin to pay a lot of attention to them. Vera meets Tommy Muhambe who is particularly persistent. She brings up the question on whether she can go to a movie with Tommy to her father during dinner. When the results are announced, Aoro excels with 6 distinctions, Vera got two A's and a B, Becky flunked. After the result Becky runs away from home and leaves a note stating that she had gone to try to be an air hostess. Vera tries to explain to her parents that they should let her be. CHAPTER 8 CAMPUS LIFEVera goes to campus and is struck by the new found freedom. Most campus girls are dating rich affluent men or other campus students. Vera maintains her relationship with Tommy but when he proposes to her she declines ending their 3 year relationship. Vera leaves with a heavy heart and decide to try and find her sister Becky. She accidentally bumps into her at the airport and leave for Becky apartments. CHAPTER 9 BECKY'S RELATIONSHIP WITH JOHNBecky takes Vera to an affluent block of apartments. She introduces Vera to her fianc , John Courtney, a Canadian national who was a pilot. She tells Vera about her plans to get married, but Vera insists that he must first meet their parents. Vera tries to convince Becky to go back home. On john's persistence she finally agrees to visit her parents. CHAPTER 10 VERA JOINS OPUS DEIVera goes back to her room on campus and tells the day s events to her roommate Mary-Anne Ngugi. Vera mentions the heartbreak with Tommy and about her twin sister. The conversation extends to the larger family. Mary Anne then invites her to attend a recollection at Parkview college, which she readily agrees. After mass on Sunday Vera begins to question her religious beliefs. She watches a lay, and goes on with her studies as exams are approaching.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.1687658}
{"text": "Mary Anne then invites her to attend a recollection at Parkview college, which she readily agrees. After mass on Sunday Vera begins to question her religious beliefs. She watches a lay, and goes on with her studies as exams are approaching. When the day comes, Mary -Anne and Vera board a matatu and head for the recollection. Vera is introduced to the members of Opus Dei who had different views about the church, and work challenges. She got out of the church puzzled and Mary-Anne offered to give her books which will help her understand better. PART 4: VARIABLE WINDSVariable winds suggest the changing course of the lives that the family experiences. There are the ups and downs that characterize their lives. Their lives diverge on different paths that bring with them sweet victories like Aoro s marriage, Wandia s doctorate, happy families among other events. There are also the difficulties like Daniel s down syndrome, Becky s death among other challenges that they encounter. There I also the frosting in the relationship between Becky and the rest of her family. The change in the way her children relate to her and the marked improvement they make under the care of Aoro and Wandia. CHAPTER ONE: AORO TAKES MEDICINEAoro starts medicine at the university. The study of Anatomy Biochemistry and Psychology among other subjects. Anatomy happens to be the most of the competitive subjects. In the laboratory, the students are told to the group themselves into groups of six. Group six had Aoro, Wandia, Makau Kithinji, Jeremy Kizingo, Paul Omondi Rakula, and Simon Onyancha. The competition is narrowed to two members of group six. After exams, Wandia beat Aoro with a single point. Aoro takes it in good grace and invites her to have a drink. This signifies the start of a long relationship. CHAPTER 2. AORO'S INTERNSHIPThe internship is hard for Aoro. He has to work around the clock while at the mercy of the residents and doctors. His rounds include the theatre, round in the wards and filling patient information as well as taking laboratory sample. He rarely gets enough sleep. Wandia is also an intern at Machakos general hospital. They are unable to meet for long periods of time as the rarely have time to meet. Aoro is taking a break to rest when Wandia visits him. They talk about marriage and Wandia proposes to Aoro.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.1364439}
{"text": "They are unable to meet for long periods of time as the rarely have time to meet. Aoro is taking a break to rest when Wandia visits him. They talk about marriage and Wandia proposes to Aoro. Wandia informs Aoro that she was on her way to visit her mother who was sick. CHAPTER 3 WANDIAS FAMILYWandia had been raised by a single mother after her father had died while she was young. Her mother had raised money to educate them by working on her coffee farm. Her siblings were all grown up and engaged in different professions. Her sister Esther is a teacher who is married to the headmaster, Michael. Her brother Michael was a business man in Nairobi, Wandia is a doctor and timothy is described as being a good time boy. Wandia's mother suffers from diabetes and has an ulcer on her leg. Wandia's mother is still worried about her farm even though Wandia tells her that she does not need to work so hard. She spends time with her mother and even talks about Aoro. She then goes to spend the night with her sister Esther. She enjoys the company of her nieces and nephews. Later that evening they get time to talk and the topic of Aoro is brought up again. The rest of her family is concern about the different tribes but Wandia is not bothered. CHAPTER 4 WANDIA'S INTRODUCTIONAoro takes Wandia to his parent s farm in Njoro. After the visit to Wandia's family, Aoro wrote his parent a letter informing them that he would be bringing his bride to be home. Elizabeth is eager to meet them and is the one who receives them when they arrive. After the introductions, Elizabeth asks Wandia to help herb in the kitchen, giving mark and Aoro sometime to talk. Mark is concern that Aoro might have made a wrong decision by choosing to marry a kikuyu. Elizabeth and Wandia get along well and become good friends. They return with tea after they feel that the men had enough time to sort out their differences. CHAPTER 5 AORO WEDS WANDIAAoro and Wandia's wedding pulls the family together as that try to make it a success. Becky provides a car and Vera helps them get one of the company houses in Malindi. For the honeymoon. Vera and Wandia grow very close to each other.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.186177}
{"text": "Becky provides a car and Vera helps them get one of the company houses in Malindi. For the honeymoon. Vera and Wandia grow very close to each other. Becky is separated from john Courtney after he discovered that she was cheating on him. She had custody of their two children, Johnny, and Alicia. Becky lived a promiscuous life and insults Vera when she was confronted about it. Wandia is pregnant with twins and had been asked to stay home due to a cough. Vera visits Wandia and voices her concerns about her sister. They discuss Becky s health which seemed to be on the decline and her children's welfare. Wandia goes into labour. CHAPTER 6 DANIEL'S DOWN S SYNDROMEWandia gets twins, Lisa and Daniel. Daniel has down syndrome and grows at a slow rate. Lisa grows rapidly and makes the contrast between her and her twin brother so much more glaring. Wandia is devastated by his condition while Aoro feel like he had failed. Daniel is a loving child despite his condition and draws love from all around him. Becky dies of AIDS and Wandia and Aoro take in Alicia and Johnny since Vera, who had been appointed their guardian, cannot as her calling does not allow her to have a home. Becky lives behind a sizeable estate to ensure that they are well provided for. Daniel develops leukaemia as children with Down s syndrome are prone to it. Wandia is shocked by the turn of events. Daniel is taken to hospital and the doctor set about treating him as it is not one of the aggressive forms. Wandia visits church and asks God to save her son and promises to visit church more frequently. CHAPTER 7 FAMILY REUNIONWandia pursues her passion in haematology after the recovery of her son Daniel. She receives a scholarship to study in John Hopkins hospital in Baltimore, USA. She is however worried of living Aoro with the task of looking after their now large family. Alicia and Johnny loved them like their biological parents. At the end of the term all the children wanted to show how well they were doing in school, even Daniel who had Down s Syndrome was doing pretty well. The Aoro's take measure to ensure that the family is well tended while Wandia is away. The plan was to call Mary, Aoro s sister, to stay with the children besides hiring another house help.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.2099094}
{"text": "At the end of the term all the children wanted to show how well they were doing in school, even Daniel who had Down s Syndrome was doing pretty well. The Aoro's take measure to ensure that the family is well tended while Wandia is away. The plan was to call Mary, Aoro s sister, to stay with the children besides hiring another house help. The family goes to Njoro to visit mark and Elizabeth. Odongo is the farm manager while his twin brother Opiyo is a manager at marks former farm. Opiyo visits with his family too, Edna his wife and their two children. Father tony also drops in. Wandia tells Elizabeth about the scholarship and she readily agrees, meanwhile Aoro and tony reminisce about their childhood. CHAPTER 8 WANDIA'S GRADUATIONBoth Mugo's and Sigu's families gather to celebrate Wandia s achievement as the first Kenyan woman to get a doctorate degree in medicine. There is a large gathering at the Aoro's home as relatives and friends join them in the celebration. Alicia, a student of design and music at Kenyatta university shadows her aunt Vera. Johnny and Daniel hover around Aoro and Wandia. Johnny faces an identity crisis and wishes to change his name to Aoro's name. He keeps African friends, speaks, Swahili and eats African dishes. Wandia tries to talk to him and afterwards ask Vera to write to John Courtney. Elizabeth wakes up to check on the children who are still up; she looks in on her grandchildren. She gets an attack of dizziness as she tries to adjust them. The following day Aoro receives a call from Opiyo informing him that their mother had died. She is buried next to her daughter as a large crowd comes to bid her farewell. THE RIVER AND THE SOURCETHEMESThemes refer to the general ideas, messages or lessons the writer has portrayed in his her literary piece of work. Therefore, under the study of themes, we particularly narrow our perspective to the main ideas in which the story if founded and on whose axis it revolves, and offers an avenue of continuity. It is important to note that while discussing themes, it is imperative for identification and illustration of the theme to be done, to promote understanding. A theme can simply be said to be the concern of the writer. It is simply what the writer says.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.232123}
{"text": "It is important to note that while discussing themes, it is imperative for identification and illustration of the theme to be done, to promote understanding. A theme can simply be said to be the concern of the writer. It is simply what the writer says. FAMILY RELATIONSThe novel addresses various issues revolving around family members, their closeness and their interactions. This is seen through various instances as follows;Chief Odero Gogni loves his daughter Akoko so much as seen through his over protectiveness. He wants the best for his daughter hence turns down 13 suitors he even mentions that a home without daughters is like a spring without a source. Akoko s brother Oloo too is seen to be so close to Akoko and loves her so much. When travelling to Kisuma he sends his sons Opiyo and Oloo to accompany her for protection. Oloo further does the unthinkable when he welcomes Akoko back when she is a widow and suffering. Owuor kembo and Akoko s marriage is a closely knit union. On marrying Akoko Owuor never marries any other wife despite pressure from his mother. On Owuor s death Akoko mourns him with so much dignity and with songs of praise recounting their life together and his greatness. Nyabera on settling at the new mission picks her mum her daughter and nephew Owuor to stay with them since they were so close to each other. They stay together so happily. Mark Sigu is a hardworking man who loves and fully provides for his family. They are all well educated and trained on responsibility. Mark is concerned when Vera asks for permission to go out with a man and fears for her. When Becky runs away to the city he is so concerned and almost follows her to the city. Aoro s and wandia s family are seen to co-exist and thrive in love and friendship. They even adopt Becky s children Alicia and Johny and even consider them their own. The Courtney children had become so much part of the family that Wandia never dreamed of excluding them from her calculations pg 291 GENDER RELATIONSThe society in The River and the Source is seen to be patriarchal. We are told that: If it was hard for a boy to get an education it was well nigh impossible for a girl.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.26101}
{"text": "They even adopt Becky s children Alicia and Johny and even consider them their own. The Courtney children had become so much part of the family that Wandia never dreamed of excluding them from her calculations pg 291 GENDER RELATIONSThe society in The River and the Source is seen to be patriarchal. We are told that: If it was hard for a boy to get an education it was well nigh impossible for a girl. The purpose of female existence was marriage and child bearing. P 129 this shows a disregard for women in society and points out to their expectation in society which is pointer to their lowly stature in society. Akoko is born in a family that is dominated by men and encounters many challenges. In fact the expression the girl child points to her oppressed and exploited and threatened Akoko who is growing up as a girl child. Her struggles are seen even in her assertive and aggressive stance in her first words dwaro mara want mine! Pg 15 Women are expected to be submissive in this society and it is unheard of for a woman to challenge a man. This is however seen in Akoko s resistance against Otieno her brother in-law who even gets to fear her. When Otieno threatens to assault her she looks him in the eyes and says, just you die! Pg 37 Further when Otieno takes over the chieftaincy and rules with an iron fist, Akoko seeks the intervention of the new administration to protect her wealth. She wins in this and in fact opens new vistas and opportunities for the oppressed especially the women. Gender inequality is seen further in the sense that out of a class of thirty four, there were only two girls one of whom was Awiti and even so she later got married off at the age of sixteen. It s only through Akoko s determination that Awiti is saved from such fate. Awiti is further seen to be exceptional as she maintains first position hence bringing out the success of women despite all odds. She thus wins the envy, admiration and even disapproval by some. As a teacher Awiti manages the children back at Aluor during the emergency without Mark bringing her out as a strong woman.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.272661}
{"text": "Awiti is further seen to be exceptional as she maintains first position hence bringing out the success of women despite all odds. She thus wins the envy, admiration and even disapproval by some. As a teacher Awiti manages the children back at Aluor during the emergency without Mark bringing her out as a strong woman. Furthermore from Awiti s experience we learn of the important role of women in upbringing in that Awiti is saved from the traditional practices of marriage at seventeen through the pioneering and daring spirit of her grandmother and mother. Pg 129 they regarded her as their future and hoped to enhance the continuity of the family through her and this comes to fruition. Akoko and Nyabera thus overcome the obstacles that tend to degrade and suppress women. Wandia s mother is further brought out as a strong woman. Though single she does not become destitute and vulnerable. This is further seen through Wandia who is an epitome of great upbringing through her courage and determination and profession as a doctor. She even undertakes further studies to even acquire the role of professor. The continuity of the river of women empowerment is thus seen through the generations through Akoko, Nyabera, Awiti and Wandia. This is despite the challenges they faced and disregard by society where even for Awiti s case it is said A girl! To be so clever no man would marry her pg 130 despite all these she keeps excelling. CONFLICT IN MARRIAGEThere are several instances of conflict in marriage pointed out in the novel. They are brought either from misunderstanding between the couple or sometimes from external influence. There is a conflict in the marriage between Owuor Kembo and Akoko. This is brought out by the allegations by Nyar Asembo that Akoko has bewitched her son and cast a spell on him so that he doesn t take another wife. Further she complains of her inability to conceive regularly despite the huge bride price. Akoko decides to severe their relationship and goes back to Yimbo but not before summoning a crowd and clearing her name against the allegations. It takes the intervention of the Jodongo to bring her back. Conflict is also seen in the marriage between Elizabeth Awiti and Mark Sigu. This is over her inability to conceive after the miscarriage. She even accuses mark of having given her chloroquin to deliberately make her sterile. The issue is compounded by Mark s mother who demands an explanation for Elizabeth s lack of children.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.2901847}
{"text": "This is over her inability to conceive after the miscarriage. She even accuses mark of having given her chloroquin to deliberately make her sterile. The issue is compounded by Mark s mother who demands an explanation for Elizabeth s lack of children. This creates so much tension and mark has to take Elizabeth s side to salvage the situation. Becky s promiscuity leads to the break-up of their marriage with John Courtney. It is said that she exchanged men at will prompting John to divorce her. It is even the reason she gets infected with HIV. There was also conflict in the marriage between Aoro and Wandia over their son Daniel s disease Leukemia. Wandia accuses Aoro of spending too much time outside working when they have children to bring up and take care of. Hi explanations are not heard and she even retorts angrily, Don t honey me. Go to hell. Pg288 RELIGIONThere are aspects of both traditional religion and Christianity in the novel. In the traditional religion, we are told that the people believed in Were the god of the eye of the rising sun and ancestral spirits. They made sacrifices and poured libations. Akoko even mentions that it is Were who forms children in ones womb. They even believed that the spirits of the departed influenced the living so much. They could cause dreams to pregnant mothers or relatives to guide in the naming of the young ones. With the coming of missionaries, Christianity is introduced Nyabera is attracted to this new religion and is further fascinated by various characters in the bible, the suffering of Jesus and baptism through which she is named Maria. Akoko later joins Maria in the new religion with the children too where Awiti becomes Sacristan assisting nuns and Owuor becoming an altar boy. Owuor later becomes a priest and ascends to bishop. This even influences Tony Sigu who becomes a priest. Awiti raises her family in religious grounds. This even sees her daughter Vera becoming a non-marrying member of the Opus Dei. Religion impacts on the traditional aspects of life for the people and we see so much changing. Traditionally Akoko was supposed to be buried in her husband s ancestral home at the left of the entrance but due to her change to Christianity she is buried as a Christian in a church cemetery. Furthermore, marriage rites change and with the advent of Christianity has introduced church weddings as seen in the Christian church wedding between Mark and Elizabeth presided by father Peter.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.343866}
{"text": "Religion impacts on the traditional aspects of life for the people and we see so much changing. Traditionally Akoko was supposed to be buried in her husband s ancestral home at the left of the entrance but due to her change to Christianity she is buried as a Christian in a church cemetery. Furthermore, marriage rites change and with the advent of Christianity has introduced church weddings as seen in the Christian church wedding between Mark and Elizabeth presided by father Peter. Vera further becomes an unmarried member of Opus Dei which would not have been accepted traditionally. DEATHThroughout the plot of the book, the writer has eliminated many characters through death-some of who never even get a chance to live one ay. Akoko s son Obura Kembo, died at war in Tanganyika. He as well as Ambere K ongoro died in the First World War between the Jo-Ingereza and Jo-jerman. The village went into mourning for the chief s son. The mourning was worsened by the fact that there was no body to morn over and to bury. Pg 55 The names of the three are Oura KEmbo, Ambere K ongoso, and Nyaroche Silwal. They went to fight the Jo-Jerman in a place called Tanganyika.....of the three, only Nyaroche Silwal survived and he is...... Tragedy befalls Akoko again. First, she had to contend with the death of her son Obura. Later her husband, Chief Owuor Kembo passes on after ailing for a long time since his son s death. Pg 62 ......but before the bride price could be paid the ailing chief Owour Kembo died..... Akoko s other son Owang Sino, dies after chocking on a fish bone after having a meal of fish and Ugali. Akoko s daughter, Nyabera faces several misfortunes as well. Her entire life seems one big disaster. Her other tow sons die during an outbreak of measles. She gets pregnant again when Awiti is three years old but she miscarriges. The ral disaster is when her husband, Okumu dies after complaining of severe headache, pain and stiffness in the neck and he cannot also retain any food. After being inherited by a second cousin to her husband, Ogoma Kwachm Nyabera gets toe children who again, die of sickle cell disease.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.3235433}
{"text": "During Akoko s marriage negotiations, the spokesman for the Jodongo of Sakwa, Aloo K Olima refers to their hosts elders of Yimbo as brothers . This is a pointer to the good dak neighbourliness that existed between the two groups as well as the great wat brotherhood they shared. Akoko was committed to the well being of her family. When the survival of the two year old Owuor through whom her family could find continuity id threatened by Otieno, Akoko made an epic journey to Kisumu to petition the colonial government sirikal to intercede on her behalf. Akoko also loved her husband Owuor Kembo. When he dies, she mourned carrying it well into the village. Pg 62-63. She donned his monkey skin head dress that he had and his shield in the other. She sang dirges in his honour with her powerful voice. She sang his famous courtship of her, the great honour he had accorded her throughout their life together, the friendship that existed between them. Akoko instilled in her children and grandchildren a strong sense of loyalty to the family. This value of love and loyalty in the family is seen in Sigu s family. They Mark and Elizabeth work in unison to bring up their seven children. There also exists a relationship of love and care between Mark and Elizabeth. This is evident from the courtship the two has at the beginning og a period of six months. Pg 132.....Their courtship went on in this gentle offhand manner, but at the end of six months, they knew each other pretty well, at least she knew she liked him and he who impetuous knew that he was he was in love and wanted to get married. It is also indicated in the book that Sigu family was a family full of love. Pg 162 All in all, the Sigu family was a happy one. There was money, but not too much and plenty of love-simple and unpretentious. There is also love between Wandia and her brother s and sisters. She and her brother and sisters had always been very close, a closeness born of not just blood ties, but of many hardships faced together. Wandia also enjoys a warm relationship with her two nephews and niece. The other children arrived form school and Wandia was lost in hug and demands for sweets and chocolates.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.3631806}
{"text": "There was money, but not too much and plenty of love-simple and unpretentious. There is also love between Wandia and her brother s and sisters. She and her brother and sisters had always been very close, a closeness born of not just blood ties, but of many hardships faced together. Wandia also enjoys a warm relationship with her two nephews and niece. The other children arrived form school and Wandia was lost in hug and demands for sweets and chocolates. Pg 263 In a show of family unity, Wandia and Aoro adopt two children who were Becky s. These are Alicia and Jonny following Becky s death. CHANGEIn the novel, The River and the Source nothing remains the same. The continous cyclic pattern of human life and nature bedecked by numerous changes of both conscious and unconscious orientation. Through these changes, life continous or events continue at different levels affected by changes. Consider these illustrations:-Akoko is way ahead of her time and is appreciative of the need to embrace change early enough. The author says that the clarity of vision and strength of character of Akoko could have been a discomfiture to all men of all ages and she was therefore never really have fitted in that, this or any other century pg 142 The coming of the Jorochere whitemen marked the first real threat to the formely tranquil and cohesive traditional African society. A footloose wanderer called Ambere K Ongoso brought stories of the white skinned people pg 48 . Similarly Nyaroche came back with stories about pesa money pg 49. The effect of the coming of the white man in relation to administration of justice, enforcement of law and order, mode of dressing and language is now evident especially in Kisumu. The clerk at the D.O. s office could speak the language of the White man as well as his own. He wore a dazzling white shirt, a thin black tie and white shoes. Opiyo and Odongo while accompanying their aunt Akoko to kisuma were dressed in skins covering only their loins and Akoko was dressed in the tradition skin called chieno. This mode of dressing is contrasted with that of a passer-by they met on their arrival in Kisumu who wore a pair of long shorts and a singlet. The said passer-by had also attended mission school for one year.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.3892534}
{"text": "He wore a dazzling white shirt, a thin black tie and white shoes. Opiyo and Odongo while accompanying their aunt Akoko to kisuma were dressed in skins covering only their loins and Akoko was dressed in the tradition skin called chieno. This mode of dressing is contrasted with that of a passer-by they met on their arrival in Kisumu who wore a pair of long shorts and a singlet. The said passer-by had also attended mission school for one year. While in Kisuma, Akoko, Opiyo and Odongo are informed that Kisuma had been renamed Kisumu by the whiteman. The house belonging to Akoko s host is an indicator of changes taking place in the society. His house was a variation of the traditional hut since it had square windows made of wood and a neat wooden door, all painted bright green. Also the buildings in Kisumu looked large and most had white walls and red roofs. Others had tin wall. Akoko s host in Kisumu asvises Opiyo and Odongo to leave their weapons at home since people were now prohibited from carrying weapons since the Sirikal had askaris who offered protection to everyone and kept the peace. The white DC in Kisuma listens to Akoko s position and rules in her favour. A contingent of Askaris is dispatched to the village to forcibly remove Otieno from his position as chief. He is also made to return all property he had grabbed form his sister-in-law and his grand nephew. This episode shows that the influence of the Jodongo in the administration of justice is gradually waning and in its place is the white man s administrative structures. In fact the author acknowledges this reality when she says In spite of the DC s decision, it was only a matter of time before the hereditary chiefdoms were done away with totally. It was a changing world. Pg 93 Christianity is gradually taking root. After being baptized, Nyabera acquires a new name, Maria. Pg 110 By agreeing to accompany Nyabera to Gem mission of Aluor, AKoko has made the decision to move from one life to another. Her pioneering and daring spirit enabled her daughter Awiti to acquire education. By acquiring formal education, Awiti is able to disentangle herself from the yoke of traditions and customs of her people pertaining to the role of women.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.4092822}
{"text": "Pg 110 By agreeing to accompany Nyabera to Gem mission of Aluor, AKoko has made the decision to move from one life to another. Her pioneering and daring spirit enabled her daughter Awiti to acquire education. By acquiring formal education, Awiti is able to disentangle herself from the yoke of traditions and customs of her people pertaining to the role of women. This conservative mind set of Awiti s people is evident in the statement, The purpose of female existence was marriage and child bearing. According to the community, it was superfluous to educate girls. Awiti s desire to acquire education was made possible through the pioneering and daring spirit her grandmother and mother had pg 129 The impact of formal education is evident in Mark Sigu s ability to speak fluently in perfect English. During his encounter with Elizabeth he tells her that he went to school in St. Mary s Yala and was conscripted into the army while job hunting in Nairobi. The advent of formal employment is a result of formal education. Pg 137 While conversing with Elizabeth, Mark Sigu switches to a combination of English and vernacular-a common manner of speech is an emerging bilingual and tri-lingual Africa. Money was replacing barter trade as a tool of exchange of goods and services. Awiti successfully sat her examination at the teacher training college and received her teacher s certificate. She is then posted back to her old school. She earns a salary of fifty shillings a month. Maria initially opposes the idea of her daughter accepting the invitation to join the teacher training college but Akoko prevails upon her. When Awiti informs her mother that she does not know the names of Mark s parents, an appaled Maria laments, What do you mean you don t know! How can you even consider having friendship with a man whose roots and antecedents you don t know? Contrary to dictates of Chik , Elizabeth s re;atives did not send a Jawangyo spy to check out Mark Sigu s background. Akoko reasons with Maria by telling her, Accept it Maria, the world is changing. Pg 143 Akoko has changed the concept of bride price. Contray to the expectations of Elizabeth s suitors from Seme that a heavy bride price was going to ne demanded for Elizabeth, no price is asked except for a token bull, two cows and six goats.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.4126575}
{"text": "How can you even consider having friendship with a man whose roots and antecedents you don t know? Contrary to dictates of Chik , Elizabeth s re;atives did not send a Jawangyo spy to check out Mark Sigu s background. Akoko reasons with Maria by telling her, Accept it Maria, the world is changing. Pg 143 Akoko has changed the concept of bride price. Contray to the expectations of Elizabeth s suitors from Seme that a heavy bride price was going to ne demanded for Elizabeth, no price is asked except for a token bull, two cows and six goats. Pg 148 In a break from traditions, Akoko was not buried in her husband s ancestral home to the left of the entrance to her house but on the burial ground which the church had prepared. Mixed inter-tribal marriages have started to take root. Elizabeth s flexibility and accommodating nature is evident when she convinces her husband to allow their daughter Vera to accompany Tommy Muhambe, a twenty one year old young Luhya man studying veterinary medicine to the movies. Becky s husband John Courtney is a white man. Wandia s sister Esther points out some of the challenges of inter tribal marriages that Wandia and Aoro may experience. For example few in-laws are endearing, but I can t imagine anything more annoying than their talking to their son, and your children in a language you cannot understand. Aoro a Luo marries Wandia a Kikuyu . Prior to their marriage each introduces his her would be spouse to his her parents. Change is also experienced in the arena of politics. Mention is made of the recently concluded multi-party elections 1992 which marked the end of the single party rule. People hope that the new political dispensation would usher in a new era. Instead it is characterized by confusion and cries of foul by the opposition and declarations of total transparency by the winners. Pg 304 Vera also changes form unbelieving Christian to a member of Opus Dei during her encounter with Maryanne. The two epic journeys Akoko makes are quite significant as far as change is concerned. The first one is her journey to Kisuma accompanied by Opiyo and Odongo. This story elevated Akoko too heroine and legendary status. It was to be passed down from generation to generation.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.4580674}
{"text": "The first one is her journey to Kisuma accompanied by Opiyo and Odongo. This story elevated Akoko too heroine and legendary status. It was to be passed down from generation to generation. The second one is Akoko and Nyabera s journey to ALuor. The children were the future and the future had to be protected. The writer seems to suggest the merging of the past and the present, Akoko told them stories of the heroes of old and the history of baby Jesus. Father Tony, AKoko s grandson says of Akoko, To her life was like a river, flowing from eternity to eternity. TRADITION AND CUSTOMS Chik traditions governed every aspect of the life of the people. It was the glue which held the people together thus preventing disintegration of the fabric of the society and chaos. The naming system in the community is quite elaborate. The children are given more than one name. For instance, Chief Odero Gogni s newly born child is first called Adoyo since she was born during the weeding and hoeing season. The ancestral spirits usually send vivid dreams to the new born baby s parents and in Adoyo s case the child s great uncle, recently dead, a medicine man of great renown sent dreams to both the father and grandmother of the child, resulting in the baby being named Obanda. Since the baby had an extremely powerful set of lungs she was given the third name, Akoko. Pg 14 Akoko s son is first named Obura the wise one . On the second night after birth the child s father dreamt that Kembo K Agina the late chief was handing him a baby boy from his right hand side; therefore the child was named Obura Kembo. When Adoyo was two weeks old, she suffered a prolonged bout of colic and screaming that went on all night. A reason and solution is sought to the baby s crying. Grandmother- Nyar Alego implores were to spare the child s life. She pleads with her departed mother Achieng to intercede. She also seems to imply that the child s condition may be attributed to Akelo, her departed sister who died childless. Pg 12 and 13 It was a common practice for potential suitors to send spies jowang yo to check out the background of a would be bride.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.4791315}
{"text": "She pleads with her departed mother Achieng to intercede. She also seems to imply that the child s condition may be attributed to Akelo, her departed sister who died childless. Pg 12 and 13 It was a common practice for potential suitors to send spies jowang yo to check out the background of a would be bride. In the case of AKoko, they reported that she had impeccable antecedents. Chik tradition dictates that a chief must be married. This is what prompted Owuor Kembo having inherited the chieftainship to get married at a relatively young age of twenty years. Pg 19 Marriage negotiations are conducted by elders, Chief Gogni chooses Aloo K Olima an accomplished negotiator as their spokesman. They set a high bride price at thirty head which to everyone s surprise Owuor Kembo promptly accepts without bargaining. Pg 20 The first wife s house Mikai s house holds the centre stage directly facing the gate. Chief Odero Gogni welcomes the visitors prospective suitors and offers them brew Kong o to be sipped through a long reed like straw after libations are first offered to Were. Pg 19 Kong o is once again drank after libations are poured to Were to signify the culmination of successful marriage negotiations. Feasting then goes on into the late afternoon. Pg 25 Traditions dictate that a woman should present a picture of demure shyness when she encountered her future husband for the first time, but Akoko defied this practice by walking in measured steps, heald held high, hands at her side. Pg 24 Chik traditions did not allow suitors to spend the night at their in-laws homestead as witnessed in Akoko s case. The suitors had to leave when evening came. Pg 25 A mock wrestling duel ensures between the young men from Sakwa and those who resit the efforts to spirit her away. Eventually the men form Sakwa succed in grabbing Akoko and taking her to her matrimonial home. Pg 27 Chik also dictated that men sent on a mission to deliver bride price must be granted hospitality without question. As a result when the young men from Sakwa stopped for rest and food at the nearest homestead they were warmly received.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.5323348}
{"text": "Eventually the men form Sakwa succed in grabbing Akoko and taking her to her matrimonial home. Pg 27 Chik also dictated that men sent on a mission to deliver bride price must be granted hospitality without question. As a result when the young men from Sakwa stopped for rest and food at the nearest homestead they were warmly received. Pg 27 According to Chik , if a man dies, his body lies in his mikai s hut first wife s hut before he is buried on the right hand side of the hut. Pg38 In order to pave way for elders to go to Yimbo following Akoko s decision to go back to her parent s home, four young men are dispatched with a cow and an ox, a he-goat and two nanny goats. Chik , also dictates that whatever the circumstances, a messenger should nit be victimized hence the young men are only received coldly. Pg 40 The traditions of the community dictated that during deliberations centering around marriage disputes, both sides of the story had to be heard before a decision a decision was arrived at. When the Jodongo elders of Seme went to Yimbo to negotiate the return of Akoko their wife , being a grave matter, kong o was not allowed unless until an agreement was reached. Chiefdom is hereditary, Owuor tells his son, do not take your duty practically my son, for the chiefdom has been in my family for generations. The role of the chief is well outlined. His main job was to lead the council of Jodongo elders in their arbitration and his final word was law. He was also a sort od priest who led the whole community in sacrifice and libation on public worshipping days. He also led his people to battle, and if he is too old, his eldest son. Pg 57 The community abhorred bloodshed. To them, bloodshed even in battle was a great taboo and required much cleansing. Pg 58 In compliance with the dicates of Chik upon dleievering of the message that Obura had died at war in Tanganyika, his mother Akoko came out of her son s hut with his spear in her right and his colourful ox-hide skilled in her left- the traditional salute of the fallen warrior. For four days the villagers wailed, sang dirges and the young men staged mock battles.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.4889913}
{"text": "To them, bloodshed even in battle was a great taboo and required much cleansing. Pg 58 In compliance with the dicates of Chik upon dleievering of the message that Obura had died at war in Tanganyika, his mother Akoko came out of her son s hut with his spear in her right and his colourful ox-hide skilled in her left- the traditional salute of the fallen warrior. For four days the villagers wailed, sang dirges and the young men staged mock battles. A banana trunk was symbolically buried in the absence of Obura s body. Pg 62 Suicide was considered a great taboo and would bring a great curse among the people. Pg 62 Upon the death of chief Odero Gogni, the clan went into sixty days mourning mandatory for a chief. AKoko also mourned her husband, She sang dirges while donning his monkey skin headdress and brandishing his spear in one hand and his shield in the other. Chik did not allow a mother to spend the night in her married daughter s house. When Akoko visits her daughter Nyabera before she leaves for Kisuma, Nyabera conducts her to her mother-in-law s house. Pg 78 Akoko presents a petition to the white D.O. in Kisumu about her oppression in the hands of Otieno. Thereafter the D.O sends his messengers to discreetly carry out investigations to ascertain the allegations. AKoko is summoned back to Kisumu to appear before the D.C. The messenger informs the D.C that the chiefdom is hereditary and passes from father to his eldest son. In the absence of a son, the closest male relative takes over. In case the son is not yet of the age of marriage, the chiefdom is held in custody by the closest male relative with the council of elders. When the rightful heir comes of age, he ransoms his seat with twelve head of cattle, the price of a bride, payable to the custodian. In the event that he cannot raise the ransom his seat within two years of getting married, then the council of elders may decide that the seat remains with the custodian. Pg 92 Having already lost three children, a little ceremony id preformed to confuse evil spirits and enhance Nyabera s son s chances of survival. Pg 92 Chik dictated that a husband had to be found from close relatives of the dead man for the widow.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.5564492}
{"text": "In the event that he cannot raise the ransom his seat within two years of getting married, then the council of elders may decide that the seat remains with the custodian. Pg 92 Having already lost three children, a little ceremony id preformed to confuse evil spirits and enhance Nyabera s son s chances of survival. Pg 92 Chik dictated that a husband had to be found from close relatives of the dead man for the widow. His job being that of siring children to maintain the dead man s name and to keep his widow from wandering from man to man. Pg 99 this is called tero . Therefore, Otieno, chief Owuor Kembo s brother should have married his brother s widow, AKoko and become a guardian of the grandson and custodian not owner of the chief s stool. Pg 87 DETERMINATION AND HARDWORKThroughout the novel, instances have been vividly brought to life of determined personalities trying to acheve on thing or the other. For example:-Obura is determined to leave home and explore a whole new life outside that no amount of persuasion not to do so deters him. He finally flees home to unknown destinations. Akoko is determined to find intervention of the white man s government in a bid to alleviate the atrocities committed by her brother-in-law. To an unknown place, she sets off with hope that one day her people will be liberated. Akoko is depicted as a hardworking and determined woman. AS a young woman she is known to rise early and till her lands and uses the left over to barter in exchange for cattle, sheep and goats. Pg 35 Her hers is impressive and her granaries were always full. Pg 66 Akoko also tells her daughter that laziness opens the door for evil to rule one s mind and body. She also tells her to work tirelessly and that it is shame for an able bodied person to feed on sweat of others. Pg 86 Nyabera is also determined to join the new faith. To the catechist at the mission, she says, ......teacher, I have come a long way for this, I doubt there will be a going back.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.5677452}
{"text": "She also tells her to work tirelessly and that it is shame for an able bodied person to feed on sweat of others. Pg 86 Nyabera is also determined to join the new faith. To the catechist at the mission, she says, ......teacher, I have come a long way for this, I doubt there will be a going back. I have nothing to go back to. Pg 97 She leaves behind her daughter and mother to the unknown....Nyabera left the two dearest people to her with a heavy heart but determined feet....... pg 103 When they Akoko and Nyabera together with the children arrived at the mission, we are told that Akoko started working hard to form some kind of base for the children. ........ She had never begged for food and she was not about to begin......she was untiring and unsparing of herself. Pg 117 Awiti also worked hard in school. She is given an admission to college. ...... This letter comes from a head teacher of a school called a college, where they teach teachers how to teach children. He says he is happy to offer me a place in his college so that I an also learn how to be a teacher. Pg 123 Peter Owuor also worked very hard. Things in the seminary were not that east. It is said, ......And so he entered the vigour and splendour life in the seminary. Sometimes when things were particularly tough, he would wonder whether mere flesh and blood would survive it, but it never entered in his mind to leave.....he was no quitter. He would survive. He would see it through. Pg 127 Peter had learnt from his grandmother that once a job begun it had to be completed. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTER-Are people, animals or objects taking a specific role in artistic work like a story, play, novel narrative. CHARACTERIZATION- Is the author s presentation and development of the characters. Explaining character traits of characters is what characterization entails. How to determine a characterWhat the character says or doesWhat the author says about himWhat other characters say about him herWe describe a character using an adjectiveThere also MUST be an illustration to the character identified e.g. Akoko is determined and courageous, she challenges Otieno and dares him to strike her.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.6030684}
{"text": "Explaining character traits of characters is what characterization entails. How to determine a characterWhat the character says or doesWhat the author says about himWhat other characters say about him herWe describe a character using an adjectiveThere also MUST be an illustration to the character identified e.g. Akoko is determined and courageous, she challenges Otieno and dares him to strike her. Determined and courageous are adjectives, and Akoko s character traits. AKOKOS FAMILY TREEAKOKOShe is the wife of Chief Owuor Kembo. She is the most prominent character. She is portrayed as the source of the river and the source of great successful future generation. Akoko s character can be illustrated as follows;-DeterminedShe amazes everybody when she utters her first words dwara mara want mine . The author comments, Akoko grew fairly slow but she made up for her lack of height .a determination that would be the hallmark of her entire life .everybody ..she would be a very determined person someday. Pg 14-15 Despite the many challenges that Akoko faces she is not weighed down by the she over obstacles but she overcomes them and moves forward. Hardworking industrious enterprisingAkoko believes in hardwork and learns that the way to make a husband happy is by the work of her hands. She tells Nyabera, My daughter, should it ever be said that you are as lazy as your mother, I will tun in my grave. Pg 66 Her herds at Sakwa is said to have been so vast that a special dam separate from the rest is built, It was said of the herds that should you get to the water to drink before you drew your water then you had to wait for almost two hours before they drunk their fill. Pg 66 Akoko s granaries are full to bursting so that during the lean season, ..people coming to barter their cattle in exchange for food were rested and fed. Pg 66 When Akoko returns to Yimbo with all her property she has salvaged . It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Pg 93-94 She advices Nyabera that laziness opens the door for evil to rule ones mind and body.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.6224864}
{"text": "The author comments, Akoko grew fairly slow but she made up for her lack of height .a determination that would be the hallmark of her entire life .everybody ..she would be a very determined person someday. Pg 14-15 Despite the many challenges that Akoko faces she is not weighed down by the she over obstacles but she overcomes them and moves forward. Hardworking industrious enterprisingAkoko believes in hardwork and learns that the way to make a husband happy is by the work of her hands. She tells Nyabera, My daughter, should it ever be said that you are as lazy as your mother, I will tun in my grave. Pg 66 Her herds at Sakwa is said to have been so vast that a special dam separate from the rest is built, It was said of the herds that should you get to the water to drink before you drew your water then you had to wait for almost two hours before they drunk their fill. Pg 66 Akoko s granaries are full to bursting so that during the lean season, ..people coming to barter their cattle in exchange for food were rested and fed. Pg 66 When Akoko returns to Yimbo with all her property she has salvaged . It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Pg 93-94 She advices Nyabera that laziness opens the door for evil to rule ones mind and body. She says, It is a shame for able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others. Pg 93 When Akoko moves to Aluor mission with daughter and grand children, she continues to work hard. The writer says, She had never begged for food and she was not about to begin pg 117 God has no time for the lazy, but the devil has , was a favorite saying of hers. Pg 145 Daring bold courageousShe faces her brother head on when he takes something she is playing with at a very tender age.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.642184}
{"text": "She says, It is a shame for able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others. Pg 93 When Akoko moves to Aluor mission with daughter and grand children, she continues to work hard. The writer says, She had never begged for food and she was not about to begin pg 117 God has no time for the lazy, but the devil has , was a favorite saying of hers. Pg 145 Daring bold courageousShe faces her brother head on when he takes something she is playing with at a very tender age. During the marriage negotiations she stares straight into the eyes of the husband to be and Otieno wonders at her courage. Pg 24 In another incident when Otieno Kembo gets wind of some people nosing around with his affairs and confronts Akoko, she responds courageously , Go away you fool ..Are you the village chief or the village fool? Pg 90 It is out of courage that she dares trek to Kisuma. She is not scared of the hazards of the journey that has wild animals and worse still the killing and maiming Lang o tribesmen. Understanding supportive concernedAkoko is responsible and supportive as a mother; she understands Nyabera s suffering after the loss of her brother Obura. She snaps out of her personal grief and pays attention to her. She understands that people are different and accomodates Alando Nyar Uyoma s weakness. She leaned over backwards to accommodate her weakness some of which she found irritating like her tendency to idleness. Pg 70 She lets Owuor Sino join priesthood even though she has hopes that one day he would sit on the chief s stool, she consents him to take the new path. She tells him, I will not stand in your way ..Do whatever the spirit bids you. She stands by Nyabera during her trying moments and ensures that her grandchild Awiti is well taken care of. Decisive Independent mindedWhen her mother-in-law accuses her of witchcraft, Akoko takes her and Otieno head-on in front of the village. She makes a hasty decision to go back to her people in Yimbo.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.6333368}
{"text": "She tells him, I will not stand in your way ..Do whatever the spirit bids you. She stands by Nyabera during her trying moments and ensures that her grandchild Awiti is well taken care of. Decisive Independent mindedWhen her mother-in-law accuses her of witchcraft, Akoko takes her and Otieno head-on in front of the village. She makes a hasty decision to go back to her people in Yimbo. Soon after Otieno Kembo takes over the chief s stool with glee and arrogance, Akoko decides that, .the time had come for battle lines to be clearly drawn. Pg 73 She treks to kisuma to seek justice from the sirikal. Intelligent wiseShe grows up as an intelligent woman and is full of wisdom. She believed that a young woman had to be intelligent .. pg 65 She offers wise counsel to her daughter who is mourning the loss of her sons through an outbreak of measles. She tells her, cry my child, for one does not bury a child without burying a part of ones s soul with it, Yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow for each day rises fresh from the hands of Were . Pg 75 Her wisdom is further illustrated during her visit to Kisuma to appeal against her brother-in-law. Wherelse the twins are dissatisfied with the verdict of the D.O, Akoko tells them, Do not decide the wisdom of a man by the brevity of his quiet or the multitude of his words ..A fool knows everything. Pg 88 . She discovers that s she cannot physically confront Otieno Kembo who has reduced her head of cattle and decides to wait for the D.O s intervention. She says, There was no advantage in knocking one s head against a tree trunk if you want to cut a tree, take time to sharpen an axe. Pg 89 She encourages Nyabera to seek a new life at the mission in Aluor with these words, Bitterness is poison to the spirit ..if you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is wise to try other path. Pg 103 She plays the voice of reason when a conflict arises between Nyabera and Awiti over her fianc whose background she has not investigated.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.6972775}
{"text": "Wherelse the twins are dissatisfied with the verdict of the D.O, Akoko tells them, Do not decide the wisdom of a man by the brevity of his quiet or the multitude of his words ..A fool knows everything. Pg 88 . She discovers that s she cannot physically confront Otieno Kembo who has reduced her head of cattle and decides to wait for the D.O s intervention. She says, There was no advantage in knocking one s head against a tree trunk if you want to cut a tree, take time to sharpen an axe. Pg 89 She encourages Nyabera to seek a new life at the mission in Aluor with these words, Bitterness is poison to the spirit ..if you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is wise to try other path. Pg 103 She plays the voice of reason when a conflict arises between Nyabera and Awiti over her fianc whose background she has not investigated. Akoko tells Nyabera, Accept it Maria, the world is changing. Pg 143 She supports Peter Owuor s decision to become a priest despite the fact that he is the chief in waiting. She says, Things have changed and people are turning to different things. Pg 126 Kind and generousThe people who come to barter their animals are rested and fully fed before they being dispatched to their homes. Nyabera, in lamenting her mother s misfortunes, describes her as one who had never looked at any one with an evil eye, never denied anyone food, had been quite generous in sacrifice and libationRash impatient short-temperedDespite her positive personality, Akoko at times behaves in a rash manner. She reacts with temper when her mother-in-law accuses her of withcraft and does not wait for her husband to return. She goes home to her people in Yimbo. Chief Kembo comments, I know all your virtues, but your weakest point is your temper and impatience ..you must exercise self-control. Pg 44-55 AKOKO S ROLESShe is the main character in the story. Without her there would be no storyShe is symbolically referred to as the source of the river. She is also a symbol of change, wisdom, determination, hardwork and focused people.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.679649}
{"text": "Chief Kembo comments, I know all your virtues, but your weakest point is your temper and impatience ..you must exercise self-control. Pg 44-55 AKOKO S ROLESShe is the main character in the story. Without her there would be no storyShe is symbolically referred to as the source of the river. She is also a symbol of change, wisdom, determination, hardwork and focused people. Through Akoko several themes are highlighted; Tradition, change, education, religion and death. She helps develop other characters e.g. through her Owuor Kembo is brought out as loving, committed, wise. Through her Otieno kembo is potrayed as abusive, cowardly, selfish, greedy and chauvinist. Through her several aspects of style such as proverbs, similes, vivid description, songs, myths and legends are brought out. MARIA NYABERAShe is the second born of Akoko, born three and a half years after Obura. She is the only daughter of Akoko and Owuor Kembo; the only surviving among the three born. She is always merry and always meets people with a sunny smile. This is how she earns her name Nyabera-meaning the good one. She can be described as;HardworkingHer husband confesses that, she never neglects her duty to go traipsing off to her home for she is industrious. In Aluor, she would always accompany her mother to till the land and together they have granaries of food and a big herd of cattle. The two women became some sort of a fixture on the green sloping countryside, and the locals, not as motivated as they were made endless jokes about their iron backs and caked feet. Pg 117 Even when she is told how hard it is to master Christian concepts, she does not hesitate to go to Aluor. She memorizes all the stories which she later recounts to her daughter, nephew and mother, After she mastered the basics of religion she started attending mass every morning before class. Pg 107 Likeable Loveable adorableDue to her jovial nature, she is easily likeable. She has, .a personally to charm the birds off the trees. Pg 33 Right from a tender age, her mother does not have to worry about baby sitters for young girls line up to hold the baby.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.7263784}
{"text": "The two women became some sort of a fixture on the green sloping countryside, and the locals, not as motivated as they were made endless jokes about their iron backs and caked feet. Pg 117 Even when she is told how hard it is to master Christian concepts, she does not hesitate to go to Aluor. She memorizes all the stories which she later recounts to her daughter, nephew and mother, After she mastered the basics of religion she started attending mass every morning before class. Pg 107 Likeable Loveable adorableDue to her jovial nature, she is easily likeable. She has, .a personally to charm the birds off the trees. Pg 33 Right from a tender age, her mother does not have to worry about baby sitters for young girls line up to hold the baby. Obura was very jealous for he would have liked to have more of his sister to himself. Pg 33 Preserving enduringShe undergoes a lot of suffering. Her first child dies at the age of two. The child suffers from fever, jaundice and swelling of the tummy. She loses her two sons to a ferocious outbreak of measles. She loses her father, and miscarries when Awiti is three years and soon after her husband dies. She is inherited by Ogoma Kwach and they have two children, but they both die. When in Aluor, she hears that Ogoma s wife has dies so she goes back to him. They have another child who dies soon after. The man also start to court a younger girl and feeling rejected, she goes back to Aluor. Loving caringAs a sister, she loves her loves her brother, Obura, that his death devastates her. She becomes a loner wandering away by herself, mute and quite for days. After she settles in Aluor she remembers to go for her daughter, nephew and mother whom she loves in a special way. She loves Owuor like her own son .formed such a solid wall of love around the children. 9pg 116 She supports Owuor in his decision to join priesthood. She leaves some of her cattle with her mother-in-law since she has been her friend.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.7317157}
{"text": "The villagers wonder at her intelligence. A girl! To be so clever .. to receive commendation after commendation! In class where she is the only girl, she holds her position quite well even in mathematics which she dislikes. She emerges top of her class and is invited to join the first teacher s college near Aluor. Industrious hardworking determinedShe inherits her grandmother s industry and determination. While so many girls drop out of school, she reaches the top class at eighteen. She receives a certificate on passing a tough examination at the end of the year. She works hard on mathematics which she dislikes and passes well. Amongst ten boys, she is the only girl who holds top position in class. She does so well at school and gets admitted to a teachers training college. Upon graduation she becomes a teacher. Loving passionate caringShe her mother at least once every two months, but still she feels that she has not done enough. She also sends her two sons, Opiyo and Odongo to keep her company. She loves her grandmother Akoko and writes about her to Mark. She had loved her grandmother desperately .Had admired her unreservedly. Pg 151 When Aoro and Tony are punished by being denied food at night, after risking the life of the twins, Elizabeth hears them in the kitchen trying to steal food. However, she goes and gives them chapatis and dengu smiling at them. Firm Decisive ResoluteWhen she gives birth to Mary, she decisively asks the nurse for water and baptizes the child in hospital, I baptize you Mary .. pg 194 She decides she is going to get admitted in hospital. She asks Mark to go back to the children and only come to visit her at the weekend or whenever she can. Elizabeth ensures Mary does not get spoilt mother kept her head prevented the young lady from being completely spoilt. Pg 195 Principled dignified self-controlledAlthough many of the male students at the Teachers Training College are attracted to her and go to great lengths including throwing love notes wrapped around stones to her room to win her over, she does not yield. She remains the odd one out when all the other girls have paired up, either from within college outside. She is variously referred to as the nun, Virgin Mary and church mouse. She is shunned by both men and women for being a non-conformist.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.7547038}
{"text": "She remains the odd one out when all the other girls have paired up, either from within college outside. She is variously referred to as the nun, Virgin Mary and church mouse. She is shunned by both men and women for being a non-conformist. She is so cold towards men that when Mark talks to her asking her why she is always alone she retorts, What is that to you. Pg 137 Motherly responsible compassionateWhen Mark feels so guilty for having been so ignorant as to give her anti-malaria drugs that makes her abort, Elizabeth comforts him. Don t worry, God will give us another. She didn t bother telling him they had been twins. The poor man had suffered enough. Pg 160 As a mother, she sleeps without sleeping. Aoro s scream when Tony falls sick at night gets her out of bed even before Aoro reaches her bedroom to report his brother s ailment. Tony is taken to hospital .. Held on his mother s lap .. pg 180 When Aoro faints for not having eaten for long, which is a punishment for his being undisciplined, Elizabeth, was watching secretly rushed out to her son. Pg 190 ELIZABETH S ROLESShe helps in development of plot- She moves with her mother and grandmother to Aluor mission, gets educated, marries Sigu and together they have seven children. Through her we see change- She acquires the white man s education and gets employed. She helps highlight several aspects of style; dialogue and humuor. Through her, Akoko s river continues to flowHelps develop other characters e.g. through her we see Maria Nyabera as loving, Mark Sigu is portrayed as loving, caring and naiveVERAShe is Becky s twin sister . The two are Elizabeth and Sigu s first children. She is the first born of the two twins. She is a lady with many positive points, a replica of her mother and great grandmother, Akoko. She can be described as;Brilliant IntelligentShe carries off trophy after trophy. She is into everything like debate and sports. After primary national exam, she gets an almost perfect score and wins a place at a top national school. In her secondary national school. In her secondary national exams, she gets distinction in Math, Biology, Physics and Geography.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.7785993}
{"text": "After primary national exam, she gets an almost perfect score and wins a place at a top national school. In her secondary national school. In her secondary national exams, she gets distinction in Math, Biology, Physics and Geography. In her A-level, she gets As in Mathematics and Physics and a B in chemistry. She opts to go for engineering. Loving friendlyShe has a great capacity for love. She has a passionate nature and is completely loyal and her sister is the object of her love and protection. She was willing and ready to do battle with anyone who crossed Becky s path and was a fearless fighter. Pg 166 At five, she almost tears a playmate apart before anyone realizes what is happening, because she is screaming while pummeling him. She loves her sister and shows her off to all. She opts to go to her sister s school rather than a top national school. She still goes to look for Becky at the airport even when she thinks that Becky might not want to see her. She confesses to Becky that she actually loved Tommy only that she cannot marry him. She and Wandia become automatic friends. ResponsibleShe is made a captain in class seven, a position only held before by boys. Her mother allows her to join Becky s secondary school so that she can look after her twin sister. She talks to Becky until she agrees to go and inform her parents about her impending marriage. Although she is not married and does not have children, Becky entrusts the care and future of her children to her. Hardworking industriousAfter form six, when Becky decides just to stay at home, Vera gets a job as a teacher in a nearby harambee school. Her excellent grades are always due to brilliance and hardwork. With her tremendous energy, she participates in many school activities and carries trophy after trophy. She chooses engineering because she thinks it is more challenging than architecture. EmotionalHer tears are ready to fall at the slightest provocation. She is about to cry when her mother tries to persuade her to consider refusing to go to a national school. When she has an argument with her sister, tears well in her eyes and she dashes them away angrily with her fist. She almost engages in a physical fight with her sister. ReligiousAlthough she treats church going as a formality, and is a good Christian thought her childhood, she becomes very religious while in college after Mary-Anne introduces her to a recollection .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.85124}
{"text": "When she has an argument with her sister, tears well in her eyes and she dashes them away angrily with her fist. She almost engages in a physical fight with her sister. ReligiousAlthough she treats church going as a formality, and is a good Christian thought her childhood, she becomes very religious while in college after Mary-Anne introduces her to a recollection . She starts a hungry search for religious enlightenment and dedicates her life to God as an unmarried member of the Opus Dei. Vera s RolesShe is used to develop themes such as; change, education, women empowerment, conflict and religion. Through her Becky is portrayed as jealous and hateful, while Wandia is portrayed as loving and concerned. BECKYShe is one of the twin daughters of Mark Sigu and Elizabeth Awiti. They are the eldest. Becky is brought out as follows;Loveable AdorableShe draws love from one and all from a vey early stage, just plain irresistible. She has very many admires from her childhood up to almost the time she dies. She even marries a white man. Selfish EgocentricShe is utterly selfish. Even after being informed of Tony s illness, she continues lie in bed. Few things bored her much as sickness, suffering and death. She just stretched luxurious in bed enjoying the feel of her young lithe body. Pg 181 After her a-levels, she disappears to Nairobi without informing her parents. She just leaves a note and leaves Vera to do the explanation. Jealous EnviousShe is jealous of the attention Mary is given and wonders whether the latter has to murder to be punished. When Vera turns from a gawky faced teenager into a striking young woman and boys start noticing her, Becky notices this and becomes jealous. When Vera goes to visit her at the airport and she takes her to her home, she confesses that she has been jealous of Vera all her lifeUnfaithful Promiscuous immoralBecky has an illicit love affair while her husband, John, is out of the country. This leads to their divorce when John finds out. Vera complains about her changing of men frequently as she changed clothes! She throws herself at every man as if she hates herself. This distances her from her children and she ends up dying of AIDS. MaterialisticBecky loves the things of this world. She loves money and what it can buy.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.8018484}
{"text": "This distances her from her children and she ends up dying of AIDS. MaterialisticBecky loves the things of this world. She loves money and what it can buy. Responsible organizedEven if she lives an irresponsible life, she financially caters for her death; the family is surprised to find that she has left her own children very well financially off. She has left a hefty insurance, a string of maisonettes, two bungalows in Spring Valley and a block of offices and shops in west lands. She has also left clear documents and things legally tied up. She had appointed a firm of trustees to run her affairs on behalf of the children and of their benefit. Her sister Vera has been appointed guardian of the children and is allowed to choose which family member they would live with. Becky s RolesShe is used to develop themes such as; Education, relationships, change, immorality, conflict and materialism. Through her interaction with other characters, their character traits are brought out. For instance Vera is portrayed as loving, concerned and hardworking. Her father is depicted as strict and concerned while Wandia is portrayed as concerned and selfless. WANDIAWandia is Aoro s wife, she is a doctor. She comes from a different community from her husband. The writer uses her to demystify inter-tribal marriages. She is developed as a character that is;IntelligentThe battle for the top position in the anatomy class is between her and Aoro, and she finally beats him. The writer says, But Wandia had beaten him ..she had 78 points. Pg 127 Hardworking ambitious pioneeringShe portrays several incidences of determination and ambition in life, at her early age that she wants to be a doctor. She later achieves this through her determination when after her second degree; she gets a scholarship to study haematology at John Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore Maryland. Bold courageousAt the school of medicine, when told to stand in groups before the cavader, she is the first person to gather courage to move towards it. She courageously asks the group members to make introduction which helps them to ease the tension. Her boldness is also shown when she takes the first step towards cementing their relationship. She goes ahead and proposes to him.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.8265543}
{"text": "She courageously asks the group members to make introduction which helps them to ease the tension. Her boldness is also shown when she takes the first step towards cementing their relationship. She goes ahead and proposes to him. She, When are you going to propose if at all .. pg 256 Loving caring understandingHer mother, to whom she has always been close, means a lot to her. She has fond memories of her childhood with her mother. When she learns that her mother is admitted in hospital, she asks her friends to cover for her at Machakos Hospital where she is an intern so that she can visit her. Her love, care and understanding are exhibited when she adopts Becky s children: Alicia and Johnny. She handles them better than their real mother. Though she is a doctor with a tight schedule her love and care for her children and husband are not affected. She finds that she has time for them and understands them well and their academic potentials. She loves her mother-in-law, Elizabeth, and always consults her. The relationship between her and her mother was a constant source of amusement other s guts? Pg 294-295 WiseThough Wandia is younger than Vera, Vera seeks advice from her due to their mutual understanding. This is seen when Vera seeks advice on Becky s behavior towards her children after divorcing John. She cautions Aoro, her husband, that though they have busy schedules as doctors, they have children and should not forget they need them. Observant KeenShe has observed that Becky has lost significant weight and advises Vera that they have more cause to worry due to Becky s promiscuity. She is the first to realize that their son Daniel, though a happy child, has a problem because at the age of four he still drools a little. He has down syndrome. Later through close observation and keenness as a mother she realizes that Daniel has Leukemia. The writer says, But today her keen eyes watched him frantically .. pg 286 Wandia s RoleShe is used by the writer to portray the theme of change, Education and relationshipsThrough her Aoro is portrayed as determined and supportive. She is also used to bring out humour and dialogue as a feature of style. Mark SiguMark Sigu is Elizabeth s husband and an Ex-soldier. He studied at St. Mary s Yala.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.8884149}
{"text": "Mark SiguMark Sigu is Elizabeth s husband and an Ex-soldier. He studied at St. Mary s Yala. He works as a manager in a firm in Nakuru. He is portrayed as a determined father who is ready to work hard and provide, bringing up his family in the best way possible. Loving CaringHis life revolves around his wife and seven children. Every time he attains promotion he gathers his family protectively under his wing and resettles them to a bigger house. He also takes a helping hand in the house since, though they have a house help, his wife is overworked with seven children at home and others in school. He loves his wife and when he realizes he has been unfaithful to her, he weeps. Firm strictWhen Becky leaves home, she writes a note because she is scared of facing him. She also follows his father s instructions of going back to school for her A levels without much questioning. She is also afraid to introduce her white fianc to his father for she feared him. When Aoro is sent away from school, Oloo does not only deny him food, but also gives him a month s notice to get himself a place of his own. Aoro grows up knowing that his father is a man to be respected and feared. Respectful Liberal JustHis family loves him because he is just and fair, firm but understanding. This is evidenced when he accepts Vera s vocation to the Opus Dei and Tony s vocation to priesthood. He also accepts with respect Aoro s and Becky s wish to marry out of their tribe. Promiscuous UnfaithfulAt the peak of the State of Emergency that brings insecurity in Nakuru, Elizabeth and the children leave Oloo in Nakuru and go back to Aluor for safety. Left alone in Nakuru, Mark develops an illicit love affair with another woman and ignores his family for some time. He gets so involved in the affair that he does not reply to his wife s letters including those that inform him of the children s illness. Na veTogether with his wife Elizabeth, they wrongly diagnosis her attacks of nausea and dizziness as malaria and he proceeds to buy her anti-malaria tablets which end up causing an abortion to their twins. Sigu s RolesMarries Elizabeth and together they have seven children thus he develops the plot.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.8721538}
{"text": "He gets so involved in the affair that he does not reply to his wife s letters including those that inform him of the children s illness. Na veTogether with his wife Elizabeth, they wrongly diagnosis her attacks of nausea and dizziness as malaria and he proceeds to buy her anti-malaria tablets which end up causing an abortion to their twins. Sigu s RolesMarries Elizabeth and together they have seven children thus he develops the plot. Helps develop themes such as family relationships, change, education, sexual immorality and conflict. Helps develop other characters like through him Elizabeth is brought out as emotional, wise, caring and lovingOWOUR KEMBOAdmirable lovable impressiveLoving caring faithful devotedResponsible protectiveWise authoritativeOTIENO KEMBOGreedy jealous selfishContemptuous hatefulLazy dependent opportunisticArrogant harshCowardly timid fearfulOBURA KEMBOAdmirable lovablePleasant cheerfulLovingProtectiveIndustrious hardworkingDecisive resoluteAdventurous outgoingAORO SIGUResponsibleIntelligent brightRemorseful repentantAdmirableCaring lovingDetermined resilientLANGUAGE AND STYLEThese are techniques through which a writer communicates his her themes. Style involves the use of artistic language or feature in a literary work for effective communication of feelings, opinions and ideas. The novel is divived into four parts y that describe the life of Akoko and the genenrations that follow her. The language used at each historical time is unique to that period. Part I and II make reference to Luo expression, proverbs and words while in part III and IVthere id use of modern expressions, Kiswahili words, modrn way of naming , academic terms, Christian religious allusions as change is already felt in the land in different areas of life. DREAM MOTIFVarious dreams are presented and which carry with them various messages and implications. It is through dreams that the livings are connected to the dead. This is seen for instance through Akoko s great uncle, Obanda who sends a dream through her father and grandmother and the child is given a name. Dreams also bring hope from the spirit world.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.9038}
{"text": "It is through dreams that the livings are connected to the dead. This is seen for instance through Akoko s great uncle, Obanda who sends a dream through her father and grandmother and the child is given a name. Dreams also bring hope from the spirit world. This is seen through Maria s dream where she dreams that Obura comes to her with a beetle which turns into a beautiful bird, the colour of the sky. This is interpreted that the dead brother wants the unborn baby named after him. Dreams have also seen to influence characters action and hence build the plot. This is seen in Vera s dream after breaking up with Tommy where she feels herself moving so fast towards the horizon and hangs at the edge which falls into a bottomless abyss. Perhaps an indication that she needs to take a grip over her life. She feels empty and hence accepts to join Anne to the recollection to fill the emptiness in her life. CONTRASTContrasting characters and incidents are used severally in the novel. There is a contrast between Owuor and Otieno. Owuor was hardworking whereas Otieno was very lazy. Otieno married many wives i.e. six whereas his brother Owuor only had one. We are further told that Otieno treated his wives like sluts and they did not fail him whereas Owuor treated his wife like a queen. There is also a contrast in Akoko s sons. Obura was an active and inquisitive son while his brother Owang Sino was very quiet and reserved. There is also a contrast between Vera and Becky. Vera is generous, loving and caring whereas Becky is egocentric and jealous. For instance Vera is concerned that she is not woken up when Aoro is taken ill but for Becky these are boring stories. The marriage between Akoko and Owuor is contrasted to that between Mark and Elizabeth. In Akoko s so much bride price was paid but in Elizabeth s she is given out almost for free. LOCAL DIALECTThe author uses this style to give authenticity to the story. Examples of local dialect are;Jorochere- The white peopleWere- The god of RamogiChik- The way of the people.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.942126}
{"text": "In Akoko s so much bride price was paid but in Elizabeth s she is given out almost for free. LOCAL DIALECTThe author uses this style to give authenticity to the story. Examples of local dialect are;Jorochere- The white peopleWere- The god of RamogiChik- The way of the people. The laws which govern behaviorDwaro mara- want mineDak- neighbourlinessWat- brotherhoodNak- inititation, removal of six lower teethJuok- witchcraftNyadhi- styleSirikal- governmentTurudi mashambaniUhuruRuguru- man from the west refers to a non-kikuyu, or a person outside the central province DaktariMwalimuMuthoni- to mean in-lawMikai- first wifeFORESHADOWThis is a feeling or sign of an event set to happen in future. .he did an unheard of thing by taking her, a widow, beaten and bruised by life back into his house. Pg 15 This heightens suspense as one would want to read on and find out what made Akoko go back to her brother s home after being widowed. Obura s disappearance and death marks the beginning of a series of misfortunes that will haunt Akoko and her children.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.9284077}
{"text": "The laws which govern behaviorDwaro mara- want mineDak- neighbourlinessWat- brotherhoodNak- inititation, removal of six lower teethJuok- witchcraftNyadhi- styleSirikal- governmentTurudi mashambaniUhuruRuguru- man from the west refers to a non-kikuyu, or a person outside the central province DaktariMwalimuMuthoni- to mean in-lawMikai- first wifeFORESHADOWThis is a feeling or sign of an event set to happen in future. .he did an unheard of thing by taking her, a widow, beaten and bruised by life back into his house. Pg 15 This heightens suspense as one would want to read on and find out what made Akoko go back to her brother s home after being widowed. Obura s disappearance and death marks the beginning of a series of misfortunes that will haunt Akoko and her children. The family had been touched by tragedy and tragedy can sometimes be a habitual drunk who keeps coming back for more. After Oburas s death, others in Akoko family who follow mot so long later are;Nyabera s first born child at only two yearsChief Owuor KemboAkoko s other son, Owang SinoNyabera s two sonsNyabera s husband, Okumu AngoloNyabera s two other children she had with Ogoma KwachNyabera s Other childWhile Elizabeth and Mark Sigu are being weeded by Peter Owuor, it is said, ..she was a radiant a bride as only that had ever walked up the aisle to begin a marriage that would last forty six years. Pg 157 When Obura disappears to go and know about the white man, it is said of the mother, A low moan from the direction of the main hut was heard, the first sound in three days The fearful premonition of doom that only a mother, closely connected as she is to the child, can sense , was in the air. Pg 57 . The premonition eventually fluids to fulfillment in the death of Obura. The family later receives the news that Obura died in the white man s war.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.9614837}
{"text": "The family had been touched by tragedy and tragedy can sometimes be a habitual drunk who keeps coming back for more. After Oburas s death, others in Akoko family who follow mot so long later are;Nyabera s first born child at only two yearsChief Owuor KemboAkoko s other son, Owang SinoNyabera s two sonsNyabera s husband, Okumu AngoloNyabera s two other children she had with Ogoma KwachNyabera s Other childWhile Elizabeth and Mark Sigu are being weeded by Peter Owuor, it is said, ..she was a radiant a bride as only that had ever walked up the aisle to begin a marriage that would last forty six years. Pg 157 When Obura disappears to go and know about the white man, it is said of the mother, A low moan from the direction of the main hut was heard, the first sound in three days The fearful premonition of doom that only a mother, closely connected as she is to the child, can sense , was in the air. Pg 57 . The premonition eventually fluids to fulfillment in the death of Obura. The family later receives the news that Obura died in the white man s war. When Nyabera tells Akoko of her dream about Obura, Akoko tells her I think your brother is trying to tell you something, to bring a message of hope from the spirit world .May Were find it in his heart to fill our hearts with laughter again. Pg 76 . This later becomes true or is fulfilled when Akoko and Nyabera head to the mission in Aluor together with Elizabeth and Peter. Their lives are improved and they become happy again. When Odongo and Opiyo Oloo s Sons took Akoko to make an appeal before the D.O, a foreshadow into the future is given. When my brother and I took my aunt to make an apil appeal to the big white chief whose name was Diyo, would begin Odongo to some round eyed grandson many years later. Pg 89 . This is later fulfilled when they visited Akoko at the mission as married men.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406304.9910803}
{"text": "Mark was more attached to this particular child than the others because it was as if she was grabbed from the jaws of death. This last one had come unexpectedly and has threatened miscarriage after miscarriage needing frequent hospitalization of the mother .. pg 192 Wandia during a visit to Aoro when he was an Intern, remembers her childhood. She was lost in thoughts of her childhood, running bare foot in the red fertile volcanic soil, after her mother- going home after a hard days work. She and her mother had always been very close and having been named after her maternal grandmother, her mother had never referred to her as anything but mami . Pg 255 There she was a very little girl, clothed in nothing but the love of Were-the god of the rising sun; then she was sitting in the shadow of grandfather. Oloo s largest bull missing her mother who had gone away to seek the new way . Pg 305-306 d ALLUSIONThis is making reference to a statement, person, place, event or thing that is well known from literature, history, religion, myth, sports or politics. The bible has been alluded to on several occasions. For example, when Nyabera goes to the mission at Aluor to seek the new religion, she wants to go back and get her mother to as well join it. It offered such consolation for one could identify oneself easily with the desolation of Mary a sword shall pierce your heart , with the joy of Elizabeth whose barrenness was removed by God , the warm love of weak Peter Lord you know everything, you know that I love you! Pg 108 Maria gets baptized and during baptism it is said, I baptize you Maria in the name of the father, and of the son and of the Holy Spirit. There is mention of Misri Egypt and the bad King Herodes, plus birth of Yesu Kristo.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.0207639}
{"text": "The bible has been alluded to on several occasions. For example, when Nyabera goes to the mission at Aluor to seek the new religion, she wants to go back and get her mother to as well join it. It offered such consolation for one could identify oneself easily with the desolation of Mary a sword shall pierce your heart , with the joy of Elizabeth whose barrenness was removed by God , the warm love of weak Peter Lord you know everything, you know that I love you! Pg 108 Maria gets baptized and during baptism it is said, I baptize you Maria in the name of the father, and of the son and of the Holy Spirit. There is mention of Misri Egypt and the bad King Herodes, plus birth of Yesu Kristo. Pg 109-110 Akoko and Nyabera s leaving their homes to go to the mission center at Aluor is compared to the Biblical epic journey of Israelites from Egypt to Canaan, Like the children of Israel, they left the fresh pot of Egypt for uncertainties of Canaan, pg 113 Maria alludes to the story of Daniel and the lions, Elias, the man who went to heaven on a bicycle of fire and great friendship of Daudi and Jonathan pg 113 Other quotations from the bible and the catholic belief are; This is my body which will be given up for you. The story of the prodigal son is also alluded by Aoro when his father punished him he says, Father I have sinned before you and God. Pg 190 ,When MaryAnne and Vera attend a mass at the recollection the priest says, The mass has ended go in peace to love Lord and serve one another. Pg 132 The students studying medicine together with Aoro are said, appeared to have been turned into Pillars of salt of the Mrs. Lot variety. Pg 244 Another example of allusion is a statement used during graduation. By the powers conferred to me by the University of Nairobi I give you the powers to do all that appertains to this degree. Pg 300 . This statement is made by the chancellor of the university when conferring a doctor in medicine degree on Wandia. In the novel, historical allusion comes out. For example, the First World War has been alluded to.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.0124059}
{"text": "This statement is made by the chancellor of the university when conferring a doctor in medicine degree on Wandia. In the novel, historical allusion comes out. For example, the First World War has been alluded to. The year is 1918 and the Jo-ingresa the English are at War with the Jo-Jerman the German for the last four seasons. The three young men from sakwa go to fight the Jo-Jerman The Germans in a place called Tanganyika Tanzania of a country of black people ruled by Jo-Jerman. Pg 60-61 e SYMBOLISMSymbolism is the use of a person, an object, an event to represent or stand for an idea . The title, The River and The Source is symbolic. Akoko represents the source of this river, as Chief Odero comments, ..that a home without daughters is like a spring without a source. Pg 11 She is symbolic of the beginning of a new generation of women in society. She is a pioneer of women s position and change in the society. Among the many positive qualities found in her and in the women she inspires are; intelligence, hardwork, courage and determination. In the course of her life the river is threatened by obstacles among them deaths causing it to meander. However, the stream continues to flow and gains momentum. The writer comments, She it was who had been the source of this river which at on time tricked to a mere rivulet in danger of petering out ..momentum. Pg 204 She is indeed a source of inspiration in the family for through her guidance and wisdom she counters all most all the obstacles that come her way and that of her children and grandchildren. Akoko s name which means noisy one implies that the female gender should not keep quiet whenThey are denied what is rightfully theirs. Her first words dwara mara means want mine signifies thatwomen should stand out to what is theirs. Otieno Kembo is symbolic of male chauvinism. He is also symbol of greed, opportunism and arrogance of men who cling to tradition in the name of defending male interests. Pg 73 The journey by Akoko, Nyabera, Awiti and Owuor to Aluor mission, is symbolic of a new way of life and severance from the old way of life. They now live far away from their matrimonial homes.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.052948}
{"text": "It is interesting to note that Were did not delegate to create Akoko s legs. Akoko s conflict with Otieno Kembo is humorous especially where he calls her she-wolf. Akoko hisses at him and he retreats. It is humorous to see a man who had dared Akoko backing off in fear. When Akoko and her two grandsons go to Kisumu to lodge a complaint to the white chief The D.O , the word D.O, sounded like diyo which to them meant to squeeze. They wondered whether he might squeeze their brains. The people of Sakwa are amused by the god of the white man who has a son and died to save them. It is exciting that the ignoramus interprets this as sheer madness. It is also interesting that one can sleep on both ears. I keep my ears open, my friend; I am not like you who sleeps on both your ears. I keep one open and sleep on the other one! Pg 59 Awiti s beauty is humorously described, Her nose sat on her face as if the creator had really thought hard before placing it carefully in place. Pg 135 It is laughable that Awiti receives notes in college using the most unorthodox means, a love note would come flying into the room wrapped around a stone. Pg 136 The responses that Nyabera gets from Pilipo who seems to have some knowledge in the Christian religion introduced by the white man are humorous. She had expected to get some information about this religion so that she could pursue it. ......... They said something about God being three but only one but didn t understand that very well. ................... There were laws which said do not kill.......and to take on one wife. The laws were too hard for me so I came home. Pg 102 . This humour eases the tension that is created by Nyabera s situation. She has lost hope and is interested in the Christian religion which might give her hope. This humour also points to the dilemma faces by the new converts who still wished to cling to aspects so their traditional culture and could not cope with stringent requirements of the new religion. When Wandia enquires about the well being of her relations Kamau and Timothy, Ester tells her; Timothy is still waiting for the beautiful ones to be born.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.087281}
{"text": "She has lost hope and is interested in the Christian religion which might give her hope. This humour also points to the dilemma faces by the new converts who still wished to cling to aspects so their traditional culture and could not cope with stringent requirements of the new religion. When Wandia enquires about the well being of her relations Kamau and Timothy, Ester tells her; Timothy is still waiting for the beautiful ones to be born. Meanwhile he chases whatever else is available. Pg 262 Before Elizabeth s death, she recalls her life as a child and when many suitors were pursuing her. The description of the suitors is humorous: A love letter comes flying in through the open window; it was from a fellow student whose name was Cosmas somebody or other and like so many others it declared willingness to climb mountains, fold rivers and swim oceans in order to reach her and win her love. The guy must have drowned by now, thought Elizabeth her lips twitching. Pg 306 g IRONYIrony is the opposite of the expected. The writer has brought to the forth several instances of irony in the text. It is ironical for chief Odero s spokesman. Aloo K lima to assure the chief s in-laws that since they in-laws are their brothers they would not make things difficult for them during Akoko s bride price negotiations, they in fact make things difficult for the in-laws from Sakwa by setting the bride price at thirty heads of cattle which was two and half times the usual bride price. Pg 21-22 Peter Owuor Kembo is Akoko s only living grandson. He is expected to assume the chieftainship when he grows up but he develops an interest in priesthood. The writer says of him, he who has never really known his father or the joys of father-son relationship, now dreamt of being a spiritual father of many. Pg 127 It is also ironical that Owuor Peter Sino expected Akoko to reprimand him and reject his proposal of wanting to become a priest and yet she accepts without any argument.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.077884}
{"text": "Pg 21-22 Peter Owuor Kembo is Akoko s only living grandson. He is expected to assume the chieftainship when he grows up but he develops an interest in priesthood. The writer says of him, he who has never really known his father or the joys of father-son relationship, now dreamt of being a spiritual father of many. Pg 127 It is also ironical that Owuor Peter Sino expected Akoko to reprimand him and reject his proposal of wanting to become a priest and yet she accepts without any argument. She tells him to do what the spirit bids him because the world is changing pg 126 Irony is similarly evident when Mark Sigu tells Elizabeth, it is easier to fight Germans and their allies than to get the courage to talk to a girl. Pg 138 He has waited to meet her for the last six weeks and this time round he had to gather enough courage to do so. Akoko had lost her first born son, Obura to the white man s war. Before she dies, she regards her grandson-in-law as a replacement for her son; She had lost one son to the whiteman s war; and by grace of God she has gained another from the white man s army. Pg 149 In defiance to a sticker stuck on the windscreen just next to the driver of a matatu Vera and Maryanne are travelling in to Kangemi, the driver over speeds. One would have expected the driver to be reminded of the effects of dangerous driving by the sticker aptly entitiled, a speed song. Pg 235 Betty confesses to Vera that she loves money and all that it can buy. Despite living a lavish lifestyle, the carpet on the floor, the pictures on the wall spelled one word-money. She ends up having affairs during the husband trips abroad and they finally divorce. She lives alone with her children, well off but unhappy. When Obura and Owang Sino die, Otieno, their uncle is supposed to assume the chiefdom but in the custody for the young Owuor Sino. He does not keep it in custody but instead usurps his nephews chieftainship. He even grabs his brother s as well as Akoko s wealth. When Obura and two other men are killed in a war against the Germans on Tanganyika, the white man s messenger ....", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.1031435}
{"text": "He does not keep it in custody but instead usurps his nephews chieftainship. He even grabs his brother s as well as Akoko s wealth. When Obura and two other men are killed in a war against the Germans on Tanganyika, the white man s messenger .... presented the chief with a bracelet which they said was sent by the white people as a thank you and in memory of the fallen men It is ironical that after a selfless struggle by Obura on behalf of the whites, through which he loses his life, they can exchange life with a bracelet. When we study the character of Vera, we discover yet another irony. She had been brought up embracing all the basic Christian values and beliefs and we expect that she can find it quite simple to comprehend and understand the existence of God. But when she becomes opposed to this belief and fails to understand the being of God given such a background, it becomes ironical. H VIVID DESCRIPTIONOwour Kembo is vividly described; Even without his black and white Columbus monkey headdress, he stood head and shoulders above most men. He was obviously a man of nyadhi.....he has a spear in one hand, a shield in the other and splashes of white war paint across his body. His face was virtually tattooed, his head set proudly on his shoulders and he wore only a tiny piece of leopard skin..... pg 18 Akoko s beauty is brought out through vivid description; her eyes were set apart and neither too small nor too big, her teeth were white and even with a bewitching gap at the centre of the upper set. Her ears with earrings dangling from tiny holes were perfectly shaped standing just at the right angle from her head. And that neck! It was fit to inspire praise songs from nyatiti players! And were those two whole rings on her navel? ...... As for her legs, Were must have curved them out personally rather than one of his apprentices. Pg 28 i ORAL LITERATURE DEVICESThe writer had used some oral literature in The River and the Source. These include:ProverbsSongsMythLegendsPROVERBS WISE SAYINGAkoko s father said of her birth, A home without daughters is like a spring without a source pg 11 . This indicates the chief s flexibility.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.1329482}
{"text": "And were those two whole rings on her navel? ...... As for her legs, Were must have curved them out personally rather than one of his apprentices. Pg 28 i ORAL LITERATURE DEVICESThe writer had used some oral literature in The River and the Source. These include:ProverbsSongsMythLegendsPROVERBS WISE SAYINGAkoko s father said of her birth, A home without daughters is like a spring without a source pg 11 . This indicates the chief s flexibility. He hears the baby cry and thinks it is a boy, another rock for my sling. The fact that the baby is a girl does not dampen his spirit whatsoever. Akoko s family spokesman, Oloo, convinces the audience about a woman s worth to her husband during the dispute between Akoko and her mother-in-law and brother-in-law ........who knows the goodness of a tree but he who sits under its shade and eats its fruits? Pg 44 Other examples of proverbs found in the story are-; Good manners is the fabric that holds the community together used in respect to the search parties to mean that even if they did not find Obura, it was a sign of respect to the search parties to mean that even if they dis not find Obura, it was a sign of respect to go and report to the chief. Yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow. Pg 75 This proverb is used by Akoko to encourage her daughter Nyabera who had suffered greatly by losing her children. It was disquieting to have all one s eggs in this one tiny frail basket. Pg 74 . This is in reference to Akoko s family s hopes of that long over the chiefdom which has now been placed in the hands of the little boy, her grandson. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pg 103 Akoko uses this proverb to encourage Nyabera to try new religion so that all bitterness in her can end. ...... Beggars cannot be choosers. Pg 107 Nyabera had to make do with the place shown to her to put a house at Aluor mission. ......... You don t have to be good, all you have to be is lucky. Pg 281 .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.1508362}
{"text": "Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pg 103 Akoko uses this proverb to encourage Nyabera to try new religion so that all bitterness in her can end. ...... Beggars cannot be choosers. Pg 107 Nyabera had to make do with the place shown to her to put a house at Aluor mission. ......... You don t have to be good, all you have to be is lucky. Pg 281 . Vera uses this saying in reference to his brother who is lucky to have a good girl like Wandia. Laziness opens the door for evil to rule one s mind and body. Pg 93 . Akoko uses this proverb to chide her brother-in-law Otieno, who because of his laziness, ends up grabbing her wealth and inheritance. B SONGSThe young men who come to escort Akoko from Yimbo to her husband s home in Sakwa compose chants to praise certain qualities in themselves. The song also creates humour. It also breaks monotony of narration. Pg 26 quote the song in page 26 Akoko sings a dirge full of praise for her husband as she morns him pg 69 . Quote the dirge in page 69 The song breaks monotony of narration, makes the story interesting and also indicates how the two; Akoko and Owuor Kembo loved each other. C MYTHA myth is story that talks about the origin of a group of people or a phenomenon. AKoko narrates the story of the origin of the Luo to her grandson twins, Opiyo and Odongo as they embark in their epic journey. In the beginning, Were was alone in the world which was beautiful. Were is a spirit and a spirit is like a flame.....so he created Ramogi and his brothers who were men......... pg 81-82 This myth highlights the role of elders in this community, which is to impact knowledge on the history of the tribe to all young ones. ....... How can you know where you are coming from? Pg 81 d LEGENDSA legend is a story that talks about a heroic historical character. Of the children of Ramogi many great brave men have arisen. They are called, thuondi the brave ones.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.1651134}
{"text": ".......How can you know where you are coming from? Pg 81 d LEGENDSA legend is a story that talks about a heroic historical character. Of the children of Ramogi many great brave men have arisen. They are called, thuondi the brave ones. These men of renown include Lwanda Magere. So strong and brave a warrior was he that it is rumoured that sharp spears of Lang o warriors could not pierce his skin. Then there was Gor Mahia, the wily one who could change hid form into anything at all....... pg 82 THE RIVER AND THE SOURCE: SAMPLEDPOSSIBLE EXCERPT QUESTIONS AND RESPONSESRead the extract below and answer the questions that follow. Akoko returned to her village having won more than a victory for her infant grandson. She had opened new vistas for her family, which showed another world and the possibility of a different way. She talked about her journey to her daughter Nyabera, who sat on a mat nursing her newborn daughter; she drank in her mother s every word. You know my child, human beings are all the same the world over, with good ones and bad ones. The bad ones serve to high light the goodness of the good ones. To allow oneself to sink unresistingly into evil is a bad thing. Take those white people, they are not of my colour, or of my blood but they are just, but your uncle is ruled by his stomach and directed by his loins. He forgot everything that his brother had ever done for him and his greed turned into vindictive hatred. It would have been something if he had worked to support his appetites, but he is lazy. Laziness opens the door to evil to rule one s mind and body. Work tirelessly my child. It is a shame for an able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others. It becomes like a sickness of the blood which transmits itself to generations and becomes a curse forever. Akoko left the clan of her husband Owuor and returned to Yimbo with all the property she had salvaged from her brother-in-law, Otieno. It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Of the three children she had borne, there survived only one; of the grand children only two still lived; and the she dwelt in the household of her brother Oloo.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.1826568}
{"text": "It becomes like a sickness of the blood which transmits itself to generations and becomes a curse forever. Akoko left the clan of her husband Owuor and returned to Yimbo with all the property she had salvaged from her brother-in-law, Otieno. It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Of the three children she had borne, there survived only one; of the grand children only two still lived; and the she dwelt in the household of her brother Oloo. She was fifty seasons of age, a middle aged woman. Sometimes she remembered how it had been and this was painful, for now she, a migogo, was reduced to living with her brother. She wondered how long it would be before his wives started making insinuations, but she did not allow herself to descend to bitterness; for yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow. Each day rises from the hands of were and brings with it whatsoever it will. Outline events immediately before the extract. 4mks In what two ways is Akoko s journey important? 2mks How does Otieno s weakness serve to highlight Akoko s strength? 2mks Name Akoko s children not mentioned in this passage. How did they die? 4mks Comment on ONE feature of style evident in the extract. 2mks Explain ONE theme coming out in this extract. 2mks State and explain lesson you learn from the passage. 2mks What does the last paragraph tell us about Akoko? Explain 2mks Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the passage. 3mks .she drank in her mother s every word ..feed off the sweat of others .. ..cohorts He forgot everything that his brother had ever done for him . What is it that Otieno forgot? 3 mks Possible Responses-Akoko is escorted to Kisuma by the messanger and two askaris the DO has sent. She makes her appeal before the DC who bears the petition. 1mkThe DC makes judgment in which Otieno Kembo is made to relingnish the stooland return that entire he had grabbed from Akoko.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.2039697}
{"text": "What is it that Otieno forgot? 3 mks Possible Responses-Akoko is escorted to Kisuma by the messanger and two askaris the DO has sent. She makes her appeal before the DC who bears the petition. 1mkThe DC makes judgment in which Otieno Kembo is made to relingnish the stooland return that entire he had grabbed from Akoko. 1mkMarking pointsJourney to Kisuma 1mkAppeal before the DC 1mkJudgement by the DC verdict 1mkJustice 1mk-It has opened way for a newness e.g leadershipIt serves to enhance the reservation of human right irrespective of gender. E.g right to ownershipIt serves to reduce wrong doing while upholding morality e.g Otieno is punished-His injustice 1mk greed, etc makes Akoko s decisive and pioneering 1mk characters to come out. -Obura Kembo 1mk who died in the world war 1mkOway Sino 1mk who died chocking with 1mk a fish bone. -Dialogue 1mk Akoko talking to her daughter Nyabera 1mk who is listening You know my child . Comment : -Reveals Akoko s character of being wise-Reveals the themes of justice and equality- Reveals Otieno e character lazy and greedy-Justice The DC gives Akoko justice by punishing wrong doing. Equality The DC provides justice irrespective of gender or race. -We should work hard Akoko tells Nyabera that laziness is a disease .. We should fight for our right justice. Akoko looks for justice and gets it. We should have hope and determination and live for have a better future noSituation is permanent.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.219161}
{"text": "We should fight for our right justice. Akoko looks for justice and gets it. We should have hope and determination and live for have a better future noSituation is permanent. -She is determined enduringShe is optimisticDespite the challenges she expects to meet in her brothers household, she braces herself and hopes that all will end one day. Yesterday is not today -She understood all that her mother told herDepending on other people for survivalLarge groups-He forgot that it is his brother the late Owuor Kembo who supported him by feeding 1mk his entire household. 1mkRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Mother, I have decided to seek the new religion which you have heard about. You know my life is a painful wound to me and much as I try my heart fills with bitterness- for me and for you . My child, do not feel bitterness for me for I am an old woman who has lived her life. As for you it is better that you seek this new way. It might give you hope and rescue you from bitterness. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pain and sorrow all human being feel; but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes- causing it to wither. I give you my blessing my child. If you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is only wise to try some other path. Thank you mother. I will bring you news as soon as I can. May Were protect you. Questions. Place the above extract to its immediate context. You know my life is painful wound. What made Nyabera regard her life as a painful wound? In what way was Nyabera s life similar to that of Akoko according to the rest of the novel. Identify and illustrate one characters trait of Akoko and Nyabera as brought out in this extract. I. Akokoii. NyaberaIdentify two features of style used in this extractPain and sorrow all human being feel. Rewrite this sentences making human the subject of the sentence. Briefly explain one theme that is brought out in this extract. Possible ResponsesBeforeNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gathered her things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.256641}
{"text": "Briefly explain one theme that is brought out in this extract. Possible ResponsesBeforeNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gathered her things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo. Shei informs her mother of her decision to seek the new religion .Her mother encourage her to go ahead and join the new religion and forget her bitters .Immediately after this Nyabera t ravel s to Aluor mission and join the new religion . Ii. Nyabera had suffered a lot in her life because her children had died mysteriously leaving her with only a girlchild Awiti . Her husband had died .Ogoma Kwach who had inherited her had back gone to his family. Iii . I . Both had lost their husbands through death ii . Their children had died iii . They were both sonless iv . I Akoko philosophical Reasoning Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but viper ii . NyaberaBitter You know my wife a painful wound and much as my heart fills with bitterness Religious Decides to seek solace n the new religion May Never protect you v . Dialogue Mother I have decided .. Nyabera-Thank you motherSimile but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes .. Use of Local dialect- Were vi . Religion Nyabera decides to seek new religion . Death and suffering - You know my life is a painful woundRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Good. Very good. How about this marriage business-don t you think it is too soon? I mean you re only worked for a year do you really have anything to offer a wife? Things like language to be spoken at home, the religion to be practised and by the way to what faith does she belong? Place this excerpt in its immediate context 4 marks Illustrate any two themes brought out in this extract 4 marks Comment on any TWO stylistic devices used in the excerpt 6 marks Illustrate two aspects of Mark Sigu s character shown in this excerpt 4 marks Where else in the novel is Aoro in conflict with his father?", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.2735918}
{"text": "How about this marriage business-don t you think it is too soon? I mean you re only worked for a year do you really have anything to offer a wife? Things like language to be spoken at home, the religion to be practised and by the way to what faith does she belong? Place this excerpt in its immediate context 4 marks Illustrate any two themes brought out in this extract 4 marks Comment on any TWO stylistic devices used in the excerpt 6 marks Illustrate two aspects of Mark Sigu s character shown in this excerpt 4 marks Where else in the novel is Aoro in conflict with his father? 2 marks In about 40 words, explain how Aoro defends Wandia as his choice for a wife. 3 marks Possible ResponsesBeforeAoro and Wandia have gone to Aoro s homeThey meet the parents of Aoro and exchange pleasantriesAro tells his father of his plans to go back to study surgery his area of interest. AfterAoro s father is skeptical about Aoro s marriage to WandiaHe cites religion as one of the problems likely to arise if the two get marriedAoro tells his father they will sort out issues like religious differences and language to be spoken as Wandia is a rational person. ThemesReligion - Aoro s father wanted to know Aoro and Wandia s religious differences could cause them problems. Tribalism Aoro s father asked Aoro why he could not get a nice Luo girl to marry instead of Wandia who is a KikuyuDialogueMark Sigu and Aoro are conversing concerning Aoro s intention to marry Wandia. Mark Sigu: How about the marriage businessAoro : I guess not Comment dialogue makes the conversation interesting and livelyUse of dashes-She is a Kikuyu after all they have a thing about moneyComment to indicate pause or deep thoughts creates suspenseMark Sigu s characterPrejudicial stereotyping tribalistic-He regards all Kikuyus as money loversLoving -He told Aoro that he loved him and was proud of himCaring-He told his son Aoro that he was trying to forestall any possible misery which may arise in future. When Aoro and his brothers went to swim and his young twin brother almost drowned.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.2910912}
{"text": "Tribalism Aoro s father asked Aoro why he could not get a nice Luo girl to marry instead of Wandia who is a KikuyuDialogueMark Sigu and Aoro are conversing concerning Aoro s intention to marry Wandia. Mark Sigu: How about the marriage businessAoro : I guess not Comment dialogue makes the conversation interesting and livelyUse of dashes-She is a Kikuyu after all they have a thing about moneyComment to indicate pause or deep thoughts creates suspenseMark Sigu s characterPrejudicial stereotyping tribalistic-He regards all Kikuyus as money loversLoving -He told Aoro that he loved him and was proud of himCaring-He told his son Aoro that he was trying to forestall any possible misery which may arise in future. When Aoro and his brothers went to swim and his young twin brother almost drowned. When Aoro was suspended from school for being rude to the prefects in his school. His father denied him food for 36 hours and he passed out. Aoro says he doubts that Wandia, irrespective of being a Kikuyu, is materialistic; that he has feelings for Wandia which he could not transfer to any other person; everyone, irrespective of the tribe, was the same beneath the skin. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Brothers, we greet you and bring you many greetings from the people of seme. My nephew, Oloo, son of my late brother Sigu, came to me and said: Father, I have found a girl and I want to get married. Now I am a reasonable man and I know the ways of chik,so I asked him: Son I asked him one does not just find a girl in the air. One sends ajwanyoto go and spy a girl and find out her antecedents and character. Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father? I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossed his mind. He knew that her mother s name was Maria and her grandmother s name was Akoko and that was all. You will therefore forgive us because we do not know you and you do not know us.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.3007329}
{"text": "I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossed his mind. He knew that her mother s name was Maria and her grandmother s name was Akoko and that was all. You will therefore forgive us because we do not know you and you do not know us. We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been a reasonable man. We therefore wish to introduce ourselves before we go on. Iam SemoRakula of Seme,our village is near that strange rock- upon-a-rock,Kit-Mikai. We are the descendants of that wear warrior, NyagudiKogambi. Oloo and these young men are my sons and nephew .Oloo is a man of learning and what is more a soldier who has fought for the white man in distant landa Now he is a clerk with a big kambi company inNakuru, where he gets a good salary. So should this suit be acceptable to all you need have no fear that your daughter will starve. I tell you these things because there are things jawang yowould havefound out for you. Thank you brothers. A pot of kong owas moved near him and he drew a long refreshing draught. Some things never change-a spokesman needs to irrigate his throat. Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girlAwiti is the only child of my late brother Okumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe, The girl has group in Gem because her mother being a widow and having converted to Christianity decided to settle here which a good thing is because now she is like light for the rest of us. She is highly educated and a teacher of children. A Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4marks b Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt. 6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in the brideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence,paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brotherOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.318822}
{"text": "6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in the brideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence,paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of my late brotherOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. F You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not know us. In light of what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness. 2marks g Identify and illustrate any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt. 4marks h Give the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the excerpt. 2marks Consanguinity;irrigate his throat;Possible Responsesa. Awiti Elizabeth begins a relationship with Mark Sigu; she introduces the matter to Akoko and Nyabera; Akoko invites her relations and negotiation is fixed .Mark Sigu comes also with his relations. They meet, talk and are entertained. They agree on just a token as a bride price. The talks are concluded and akoko calls Mark for a close talk, they joyously talk. Later on in the night Akoko dies. B.Love and friendship: Awiti and mark fall in love and marry; Family ties and relations: Akoko s close relatives must be invited for the negotiation so is the family of Mark Sigu. Changes; mark and Awiti want to marry yet they do not know one another s family background; religion: Awiti s mother is said to be converted to Christianity and went to live in the mission; Eduaction: Awiti is said to be an educated girl and is a teacher. C Hardworking; she studies very hard and becomes a teacherd. Wandia s mother does not demand any bride price but only asks Aoro to stay in peace with her daughter. E. Oyange Silwal tells the people of Seme that Awiti is the only child of his late brother Okumu and that they are from Sakwa from the clan of Gombef. Because it is not customary to get into marriage negotiations without full knowledge of one another s background. G.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.352313}
{"text": "Oyange Silwal tells the people of Seme that Awiti is the only child of his late brother Okumu and that they are from Sakwa from the clan of Gombef. Because it is not customary to get into marriage negotiations without full knowledge of one another s background. G. Rhetoric questions: Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Direct address Brothers we greet you and bring you man greetings. H. Consanguinity;- close relationship To irrigate his throat to take a drink to so as to talk with ease. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:My fathers, It is a shameful thing for my wife to leave her husbands house and return to her father s house. This outrageous thing had occurred only because I was not here to prevent it. Our chief, we are saddened by this unfortunate state of affairs, but you must admit that your mother has a point or two. Long have we pleaded with you to take another wife for two. Long have we pleaded with you to take another wife for yourself and you have adamantly refused. Now she has left you, you are like a misumba, a bachelor which would not have been the case if you had another wife. We beg you take another wife for yourself. This was from Oyier, a grizzled old man who had been his mother s greatest champion in her quest for a wife for Owuor. He realized that the old geezrs were going to give him a hard time of it, so he changed his tactics. Fathers, you are the wise men of this community. That is why you sit in the council. Is it that you have forgotten the ways of chik or that your determination to get me to marry other wives has clouded your judgement? Do you not know that a man s mikai is the greatest jewel that adorns his compound? That her position in maintained and protected by taboos imposed by the ways of chik? That if I die, Were forbid, my body can only lie of her hut? And this would do so even if she herself were dead? To lose one s mikai is to lose one s right hand. The Jodongo nodded sagaciously at the wisdom uttered by the chief. It is true that the mikai is the centre post that holds up a man s hut.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.3640604}
{"text": "And this would do so even if she herself were dead? To lose one s mikai is to lose one s right hand. The Jodongo nodded sagaciously at the wisdom uttered by the chief. It is true that the mikai is the centre post that holds up a man s hut. Without her, or if she were stupid, only Were could rescue such a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff. She it is who saves a young man from the follies and stupidities of youth. Indeed the people of Ramogi has a saying which declared that The medicine for stupidity in marriage . Yes, the chief had spoken wisely. But Oyier would not give up so easily a Explain what happens just before this excerpt 3mks b What is the bone of contention between Akoko and her mother-in-law, Nyar Asembo 3mks c The girl child brieflt explain the relevance of this sub-heading to the whole novel 2mks d Oyier sounds sarcastic in his speech. Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man s hut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.3746881}
{"text": "Yes, the chief had spoken wisely. But Oyier would not give up so easily a Explain what happens just before this excerpt 3mks b What is the bone of contention between Akoko and her mother-in-law, Nyar Asembo 3mks c The girl child brieflt explain the relevance of this sub-heading to the whole novel 2mks d Oyier sounds sarcastic in his speech. Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man s hut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt. Give two examples and explain its significances 2mks k Discuss the mood that is prevalent in this extract 1mk Possible Responses a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation is slowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women by casting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera, Elizabeth and her great grandchildren. Akoko is the source of life.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.404284}
{"text": "Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man s hut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the community represented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt. Give two examples and explain its significances 2mks k Discuss the mood that is prevalent in this extract 1mk Possible Responses a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation is slowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women by casting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera, Elizabeth and her great grandchildren. Akoko is the source of life. She represents women as natia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAs a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity of vision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daring actions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense he capitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor marry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.4197168}
{"text": "Akoko is the source of life. She represents women as natia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAs a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity of vision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daring actions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense he capitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor marry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba . This is meant to hurt and humiliate Owuor so that he can marry another wife e Look for the following pointsOwuorOtieno i wiseFoolish ii Reasoning Irrational iii Faithful Immoral iv Responsible Irresponsible v Generous greedy vi Tactical tactless 4mks NB- Contrasting words and phrases must be used. One character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno from elsewhere in the novel f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a central post holds up a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports her husband and gives dignity.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.428982}
{"text": "One character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno from elsewhere in the novel f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a central post holds up a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports her husband and gives dignity. G Without her, or if she were stupid only Were could rescue suh a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff 1mk h Tradition-If a man dies, his body lies in his house before burial in the right hand side of Mikai s houseThe council of Jodongo arbitrates in marriage desputesPosition of Mikai is protected by taboosLosing a mikai is like loosing one s right hand mikai refered as a jewel The society is polygamousIt was a taboo for a man and such a chief to be a misumba bachelor 2mks i Involved in marriage negotiations solved marriage disputesArbitrate in social matters judges casesAssists the chief in running the affairs of the communityAssists in the removal of a bad chief 3mks NB- Notes are shown through letters, arrows, a star, a dash, a dot and use of incomplete sentences. J : Mikai , Chik , Misumba,Has aesthetic valueGives the story its local flavor thus providing varietyAdd colour and flavor to the novelIt authenticates and pin points the setting of the novel as KenyanIt injects life in the narration thus making the story enjoyableIt provides a social and geographical setting 2mks k Solemn serious grave somber melancholic mood. My fathers..it is a shameful thing fro my wife to leave ..prevent it 1mk Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: wolololoyaye Mama yoo! Biuru une! Come and see! The strangers were taken to the chief s house and the older people saw that their faces were solemn .they couldn t be bearers of good news.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.466432}
{"text": "J : Mikai , Chik , Misumba,Has aesthetic valueGives the story its local flavor thus providing varietyAdd colour and flavor to the novelIt authenticates and pin points the setting of the novel as KenyanIt injects life in the narration thus making the story enjoyableIt provides a social and geographical setting 2mks k Solemn serious grave somber melancholic mood. My fathers..it is a shameful thing fro my wife to leave ..prevent it 1mk Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: wolololoyaye Mama yoo! Biuru une! Come and see! The strangers were taken to the chief s house and the older people saw that their faces were solemn .they couldn t be bearers of good news. We greet you, o chief Owour .We are people sent by sirikal, the government, with a message for you. The white garbed one who was obviously the spokesman declared. And who, may I ask, is this sirikal? I ve never heard of him. Said the chief baffled. You may have heard that the country is being ruled by white people now .They, with the help of some black people, have formed something like the council of jodongo, only much bigger, to make sure that everyone lives in peace according to the new law .This is sirikal. Is that so? A Explain what had caused the outburst at the beginning of the extra? 2marks b What is strange about the chief s question? 2marks c Comment on the use of local dialect in this excerpt. 4 marks d Describe the different moods depicted in the excerpt. 4 marks e Identify with illustrations one theme from the excerpt. 2 marks f Illustrate a character trait of the strangers and of the older men. 4 marks g In note form state what the messengers had to say to the chief in this excerpt. 5 marks h Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt: 2marks i solemn ii garbedPossible Responsesa Strange men in strange dresses .Long garb reaching his ankles and a skull cap had arrived in the village .The children, who were naked, thought this was funny.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.4548614}
{"text": "4 marks e Identify with illustrations one theme from the excerpt. 2 marks f Illustrate a character trait of the strangers and of the older men. 4 marks g In note form state what the messengers had to say to the chief in this excerpt. 5 marks h Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt: 2marks i solemn ii garbedPossible Responsesa Strange men in strange dresses .Long garb reaching his ankles and a skull cap had arrived in the village .The children, who were naked, thought this was funny. B The chief thinks sirikal is a person the chief is part of the sirikal but he does not know it . C The local dialect Wolololoyaye! Mama yoo ! Biuru une! -. Injects life into the narration making it enjoyable. -. It adds local flavour and provides variety. -. It provides social and geographical setting. D First there is excitement when people see strangers dressed in a funny attire .Then there is tenseness as the elders notice the strangers look sad solemn They conclude that they cannot be bearers of good news. E Theme of change anew form of government is in place. F Strange men respectful courteous they greet the chief in a respectful mannerWise they first give background information before breaking the bad news. Older men-observant discerning they notice that faces of the strangers are sad and conclude that they cannot be bearers of good news. G The message is that:-A clan of Jo-jerman and Jo-ingreza had been hard at war against each other. -Young people had joined to help and from the chief s village, Obura, Ambere Kongoso and Nyaroche Siwal, had gone. -They went to fight Jo-jerman in a place called Tanganyika-Only Nyaroche survived and is a beggar at Kisumu. -The government the white people had given a bracelet as a thank you in memory of the fallen menh Solemn-sad seriousGarbed dressed adornedRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow:The envelope had been addressed to mark who opened it, read the letter and passed it to her. At least she is from the country, he said sounding a bit odd.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.5000277}
{"text": "-They went to fight Jo-jerman in a place called Tanganyika-Only Nyaroche survived and is a beggar at Kisumu. -The government the white people had given a bracelet as a thank you in memory of the fallen menh Solemn-sad seriousGarbed dressed adornedRead the following extract and answer the questions that follow:The envelope had been addressed to mark who opened it, read the letter and passed it to her. At least she is from the country, he said sounding a bit odd. She looked at him and then lowered her eyes to the letter. It was characteristically Aoro brief and to the point. She felt kind of sorry to Mark. First there had been Becky who had left home unceremoniously only to return with a white man in tow. A very nice man but apparently not nice enough for Becky. He had found out that she was having an affair during his trips abroad and had sued for divorce. Now she was living alone with the children, financially well off, but unhappy. It was one thing to enjoy the thrills of an affair, but a different thing altogether to have a carte blanche to do exactly as you pleased. John had been terribly hurt of course and mark had been furious with her. Then Tony had joined priesthood Mark resisted it at first but recently, during Tony s ordination he had been full of pride for his son whose face had shone with joy and youthful dedication. Vera s case had been the hardest to accept. Mark thought of the world of Vera, and deferred to her in everything. Then she had arrived home one day and declared that she wanted to join the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marrying member. But he had eventually accepted because he loved her. Because she looked so radiant. Anything that could bring such joy and serenity could not be that bad. It was a pity though that she did not wear a veil or a habit. That way he could at least have bragged about her a little to his friends. His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends. Vera for one was a fully qualified electronics expert and had a lucrative job in the city with large salary and all sorts of benefits. Women like that tended to marry the most amazing wimps and Mark had held his breath in fear.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.5198896}
{"text": "His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends. Vera for one was a fully qualified electronics expert and had a lucrative job in the city with large salary and all sorts of benefits. Women like that tended to marry the most amazing wimps and Mark had held his breath in fear. But in the end all Vera wanted was to dedicate her life and her work to God, and there was no turning her back. So Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl naturally a Luo like himself who would proceed to have many children all a nice, ordinary black colour. Briefly state the contents of the letter mentioned. 3marks In point form summarize why Elizabeth pities Mark in this excerpt. 4marks Discuss the irony brought out in this excerpt 4marks Identify and illustrate three character traits of Mark evident in this excerpt. 6 marks Comment on the thematic concerns that are depicted in this extract. 4 marks His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends. Rewrite as an interrogative statement 1mark Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl .,. Does he? Discuss with illustrations from elsewhere in the novel. 3 marks Possible Responses- Aoro has finished his internship successfully 1He has one month leave 1 and will visit home on 28th 1He will bring along wandia, 1 a doctor the girl he intends to marry - Becky leaves home unceremoniously and marries a white man 1She Becky gets into an affair and is divorced 1Vera joins the Opus - Dei as a non marrying member 1Tony joins priesthood 1Aoro intends to marry a girl from another ethnic tribe 1-Mark expects Vera and tony to marry but they don t It is ironical that John ,Becky s husband is a good husband yet she gets into an affair that leads to divorce It is ironical that Becky is financially well off yet she is unhappy. It is ironical that well educated women with good jobs end up marrying the most amazing wimps instead of men like them. Men who are well educated i Accommodating 1 Mark resisted it at first ..", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.559019}
{"text": "Rewrite as an interrogative statement 1mark Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl .,. Does he? Discuss with illustrations from elsewhere in the novel. 3 marks Possible Responses- Aoro has finished his internship successfully 1He has one month leave 1 and will visit home on 28th 1He will bring along wandia, 1 a doctor the girl he intends to marry - Becky leaves home unceremoniously and marries a white man 1She Becky gets into an affair and is divorced 1Vera joins the Opus - Dei as a non marrying member 1Tony joins priesthood 1Aoro intends to marry a girl from another ethnic tribe 1-Mark expects Vera and tony to marry but they don t It is ironical that John ,Becky s husband is a good husband yet she gets into an affair that leads to divorce It is ironical that Becky is financially well off yet she is unhappy. It is ironical that well educated women with good jobs end up marrying the most amazing wimps instead of men like them. Men who are well educated i Accommodating 1 Mark resisted it at first .. He had been full of pride for his son but he had eventually accepted .. He eventually accepts Tony s and Vera s choices 1ii Concerned women were like that .. Mark held his breath in fear, He fears that Vera might marry a wimp like the other educated women. Iii Supportive anything that could bring such joy and serenity could not be that bad He allows Vera to join the Opus Dei because she is happy there. Iv Loving caring - ...he had eventually accepted because he loved her, v Boastful That way he could at least have bragged about her a little to his friends, i Religion - Vera joint the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marrying member. Tony had joined priesthoodii Betrayal unfaithfulness immorality Becky moves around with other men when herhusband is not around.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.5735967}
{"text": "Iii Supportive anything that could bring such joy and serenity could not be that bad He allows Vera to join the Opus Dei because she is happy there. Iv Loving caring - ...he had eventually accepted because he loved her, v Boastful That way he could at least have bragged about her a little to his friends, i Religion - Vera joint the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marrying member. Tony had joined priesthoodii Betrayal unfaithfulness immorality Becky moves around with other men when herhusband is not around. Iii Gender parity equity Vera is a fully qualified electronics expert works in a male dominated career Vera does not marry. Iv Love Mark loves his children and wants the best for them, which makes him accept thechoices they make in life. Were his children a source of great envy to his less lucky friends? Yes, 1 Aoro brings home a nice girl for Wandia is:i Respectful - during her first visit, she interacts with both mark and Elizabeth with lots of respect 1ii Dependable Takes care of Becky s children after her death. 1iii Friendly she becomes very good friends with Elizabeth and Vera. 1iv Loving caring She takes good care of her large family despite being a career woman 1Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:Thirty head! Exclaimed Aloo in disbelief. Yes, thirty head! Declared the uncompromising chief. But that is two and half times the usual bride price. Even for Akoko, it was too much. Let them show us that my daughter is not going to starve in that wasteland they call a home . They trooped back into the hut and the negotiations began in earnest. Brothers, people of Sakwa, we are pleased to welcome you to Yimbo. It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours. We are therefore more than neighbours, we have great wat between us because of the intermingling of blood though this has not occurred between our two lines so there is no danger of brother marrying sister - great taboo.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.585166}
{"text": "Brothers, people of Sakwa, we are pleased to welcome you to Yimbo. It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours. We are therefore more than neighbours, we have great wat between us because of the intermingling of blood though this has not occurred between our two lines so there is no danger of brother marrying sister - great taboo. Since you are our brother, we will not make things difficult for you. Here he stopped to take a sip of kong o and you could have heard the ants talk, so great was the silence. However, nobody was fooled by his sweet words. He continued, enjoying immensely the tension he was creating. Our daughter, Adoyo Obanda is a great beauty whose assets have been praised and sung by many a nyatiti singer from here to Chumbu Kombit, from Sakwa to Loka Nam. She is as fleet as a gazelle and her flying feet have been incorporated into the saying of our village so that mothers sending their daughters on errand tell them to run like Adoyo of the flying feet. She has been carefully brought up and has been taught all the requirements of chik. She is a very apt pupil and will therefore not bring shame and ruin to her husband by improper conduct. Her antecedents are peerless for she can trace her blood line clear to Ramogi our great father and her blood is pure for we have always taken care to marry correctly .She is also the eldest daughter of our great chief, a man of whose fame is known throughout this land. After careful consultation, we have therefore decided that thirty head of cattle should be the proper bride price. Was that an inaudible gasp from someone at the back? Chief Owuor Kembo signaled to his uncle and the old man spoke. Explain briefly what happens first before this excerpt. 2Marks State briefly what happens after this excerpt 2Marks Briefly describe the nature of the ceremony going on in this excerpt 3Marks d Identify and illustrate two character traits of Aloo K olima in this excerpt. 4Marks Identify and illustrate any two themes evident in this excerpt. 4Marks f Make notes on the qualities of Adoyo Obanda as revealed in this excerpt. 5Marks g Identify and illustrate any two features of style used in this excerpt.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.6079974}
{"text": "4Marks Identify and illustrate any two themes evident in this excerpt. 4Marks f Make notes on the qualities of Adoyo Obanda as revealed in this excerpt. 5Marks g Identify and illustrate any two features of style used in this excerpt. 4Marks Possible Responsesa Chief Odera Gogni calls the councils of Jodongo from Sakwa outside his house for consultation about Akoko s betrothalChief Odero Gogni discloses to the council of Jodongo that he has already sent away 12 suitorsChief Odero Gogni discloses that he likes this group of suitors because the bride is of a good stock and his uncle a good spokesmanChief Odero Gogni tells Aloo K Olina to set Akoko s bride price at thirty headElders from Sakwa ask to be allowed to consult with each other outside chief Odero s houseAkoko watches what is going on from her mother s kitchen, asks to be given a piece of land to settle for she feels she might never get marriedOtieno Kembo argues against the high bride priceOwuor Kembo accepts to pay the thirty head of cattle as bride priceFormal negotiations of Akoko s bride price between the people of Sakwa and the people of YimboThe bride price has to be set depending on Akoko s outstanding attributesi TraditionAkoko has been taught all the requirements of chick tradition Traditionally a brother marrying a sister is a great tabooTraditionally elders drink Kong o during marriage negations. Alo K Olima stopped to take a sip of Kong oii Role of eldersThe council of Jodongo elders from Sakwa and that from Yimbo negotiates for Owuor Kembo s and Akoko s marriageChief Owuor Kembo s uncle an elder is the spokesman for the council of Jodongo from Sakwa . Aloo K Olima an elder is chief Odero s spokesman. Iii MarriageAkoko s marriage negotiations begin in earnestAloo K Olima sets Akoko s bride price at thirty head of cattleIt is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours There is no danger of brother.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.6409636}
{"text": "Alo K Olima stopped to take a sip of Kong oii Role of eldersThe council of Jodongo elders from Sakwa and that from Yimbo negotiates for Owuor Kembo s and Akoko s marriageChief Owuor Kembo s uncle an elder is the spokesman for the council of Jodongo from Sakwa .Aloo K Olima an elder is chief Odero s spokesman.iii MarriageAkoko s marriage negotiations begin in earnestAloo K Olima sets Akoko s bride price at thirty head of cattleIt is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours There is no danger of brother. Marrying a sister a great taboo. Aloo K OlimaConsiderate exclaims at the high bride price thirty head chief Odero wants set for AkokoRespectful Address the people of Sakwa as; Brothers, people of SakwaInformed - quotes from Chik that brother marrying a brother is a great taboo and Akoko has been taught all the requirements of chik. Intelligent skillful skillfully addresses the people of Sakwa using sweet words. Skillfully describes Akoko s attributes to the people of Sakwa. A great beauty is praised by many Nyatiti singersFast swift she is as fleet as a gazelleA good role model mothers sending their daughters on errands tell them to run like AkokoApt she is very apt pupilPure her blood is pre .Direct address brothers Local dialect da, k wat, kong o, nyatiti, chikSuspense .So great was the silenceSimile ..as fleet as a gazellePersonification you could have heard the ants talk ..Metaphor her flying fleet.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVER-AND-THE-SOURCE-BY-MARGARET-OGOLLA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.6561737}
{"text": "BETRAYAL IN THE CITY BY FRANCIS IMBUGATHE AUTHORFrancis David Imbuga 1947- November, 2013 was one of the greatest literary giants. For three decades, he taught at Kenyatta University where he was the Director of quality Assurance, Chairman of the Department of Literature and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Francis Imbuga studied at Alliance High School in the 1960 s where he wrote and acted a play which won the National Beat Actor s Award. Professor Imbuga published several plays including Betrayal in the City 1976, The Successor 1979, Man of Kafira 1984, Aminata 1988, and The Return of Mgofu 2011. He has also authored two novels, Shrine of Tears, 1993 and Miracle of Remera 2005. In his works he addresses the problems of independent and post colonial African states, family relations, tradition, religion, change among other issues affecting our society today. Imbuga passed on in the year 2013. THE TITLEThe title, Betrayal in the City, fits the events of the play as this is what the people of Kafira have to live with daily. Betrayal in the City reflects the political, cultural and personal betrayal witnessed in the fictitious state of Kafira. Boss the head of state works alongside other strong cronies and sycophants like Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito, and Nicodemo to let down their citizens through ;abuse of power, negligence of duty, senseless killings, and inefficiency to create a nation of hopelessness, corruption and disregard to the local citizens hence betrayal in the nation of Kafira. The government is run by scandalous and corrupt leaders and under whose leadership the hopes of independence for the people of Kafira are dashed. Betrayal in the City is characterized by all sorts of ills in society, namely: murder, misrule, tribalism, Nepotism, corruption, highhandedness, inefficiency, incompetence and a general atmosphere of rebellion and defiance. As the title suggests, betrayal breeds suspicion and intolerance and this creates a highly unstable environment for decent and safe living. One cannot safely determine who to trust with information hence the general feeling of betrayal among the people.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.6519327}
{"text": "Betrayal in the City is characterized by all sorts of ills in society, namely: murder, misrule, tribalism, Nepotism, corruption, highhandedness, inefficiency, incompetence and a general atmosphere of rebellion and defiance. As the title suggests, betrayal breeds suspicion and intolerance and this creates a highly unstable environment for decent and safe living. One cannot safely determine who to trust with information hence the general feeling of betrayal among the people. THE SETTINGBetrayal in the City was first published in 1976 at a time when African states had attained their independence and were undergoing serious problems in adjusting to self-rule. The play set in the fictional country of Kafira, ruled by Boss, who surrounds himself with kinsmen like Mulili and the sharing-the-pie government officials, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo. Betrayal in the city is a perfect example of many failed states in the third world, and especially in Africa. SYNOPSISBetrayal in the City is a political play. The writer examines the problems of independence and freedom in post-colonial states in Africa. The play talks about military regimes that were common on the African continent after independence. Many of such regimes were later overthrown by coup de tats. Francis Imbuga s major concern is betrayal at two levels, both at a personal and government level. Betrayal in the City shows a decay in morals, greed for power. Doga and Nina lament as they mourn their dead son, Adika and wishes to perform a ritual for their dead son. This effort is hampered by express directions from the government brought by Mulili and Jere claiming that the ritual should not go on in the interest of peace; but Doga and Nina are adamant. Their only remaining son, Jusper, is imprisoned. This shows us what is happening in Kafira - the corruption, injustice and oppression of the people. Critics of the government are not tolerated. Jere and Mosese are henceforth put into prison over false charges. They both suffer the pain of the government s betrayal. Government officials make use of any opportunity to make money through unfair means. Tumbo for instance declares Jusper the winner of the play writing competition and awards him the winner s prize money.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.6898386}
{"text": "They both suffer the pain of the government s betrayal. Government officials make use of any opportunity to make money through unfair means. Tumbo for instance declares Jusper the winner of the play writing competition and awards him the winner s prize money. One third of the six hundred pounds to------- finance the play writing competition is given to Jusper and his girl friend, Regina; and the remaining two thirds to put records straight emphasizing that everything is being done in strict confidence. Despite all this Jusper vows to revenge someday even if it means going it alone since he knows that a University student is not a very welcome person in Kafira and is looked at as a nuisance. Government officials first think of what they are going to benefit before deliberating on matters of state. What first preoccupies their mind is how much they are going to gain. Being a relative to Boss gives Mulili a chance to despise his colleagues in service. Mulili falsely accuses Kabito knowing that Boss will believe what he says since he has been made to be his eyes and ears on the ground as he puts it. He is also favoured by Boss in many ways. The semi-illiterate Mulili sometimes completely misunderstands and distorts what is said to him and yet threatens to act basing on the strength of that misunderstanding. Boss trust of those who advise him especially Mulili makes him give unbearable directives to silence those presumably against his government including the simple old couple who were innocent. Boss also tries to take advantage of Regina forcefully. Such scandals speak unfavourably of the Head of State. Nicodemo and Tumbo discuss the state of affairs and how people are being killed: We have no choice. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. It has become infectious-the desire to eliminate others This clearly implies that there are serious consequences of criticizing the government s plans. The play within the play, Betrayal in the City, brings about the desired change that everybody has been waiting for. The rehearsal for the play intended to entertain the visiting Head of state becomes a real confrontation arrived at effortlessly by Jusper, Mosese, and Jere; taking everyone by surprise. ACT SUMMARIESACT ONESCENE ONEThe scene is at grave surrounded by dry thorny branches. It is early morning. Doga and Nina are next to the grave of their late son, Adika who was murdered. Doga suspects that their son s murderer still lives among them.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.7442338}
{"text": "It is early morning. Doga and Nina are next to the grave of their late son, Adika who was murdered. Doga suspects that their son s murderer still lives among them. His suspicion arises from the smell of petrol at the site and the fact that the grave has a crack, an indication that the murderer s intention was to burn Adika s body to rid himself of Adika s ghost hunting him in future. Their only, living son, Jusper, was to guard the grave but this morning he cannot be traced. Nina is fearful for her son, who, according to them is not of sound mind. Her fears are heightened when she is made to notice that there seems to have been a struggle at the grave. Doga wants to cover up the crack on the grave so that the shaving ceremony planned to take place later in the day goes on but Nina will hear none of this. After much persuasion from the husband, she gives in and goes for soil to cover up the crack. From Doga s speech, we hear that Adika was shot four times during a demonstration by Kafira University students who were protesting that most of the Kafira university lectures are expatriates. During Adika s burial, his brother, Jusper, was taken away by government agents for being a threat to peace-loving people and after returning three months later, he is never the same. Jusper enters, dressed in a red gown. He is obviously disturbed by his brother s death. He is seen addressing his dead brother. Nina comes back with soil and finds Jusper at the grave. Doga is hiding behind the bush. She tells Jusper to go and remove the red gown as the shaving ceremony was about to start. Jusper tells his mother that he cannot put on a clean shirt after the murder and proceeds to show his parents the crack river where he threw the person he murdered but all this time, they think he is mad. Nina even, innocently and ignorantly, tells him to go and confess the act! Jusper has killed Chagaga, the person who is suspected to have killed Adika, and thrown his body in the river but Doga and Nina think he is mad. The couple s prayerful mood is interrupted by Jere and Mulili who inform them that the ceremony has been cancelled to their utter disappointment. They also inform the couple that Jusper has killed Chagaga and confessed the crime.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.7173002}
{"text": "Who killed Adika and what is his relationship with the sub chiefWhat led to the death of Adika and how was he killedAccording to Jusper what is the difference between the sun Jupiter and Jusper and what does it representJusper tells Nina that he is going to address the rally, which rally is he talking about and what does he want to tell them. Why does Mulili and Jere come to the grave side and what is their missionMulili speaks poor non-standard English , what does this tell us about himWhat does Mulili and Jere reveal to Doga and Nina about JusperWhy does Jere support the old couple s continuing with the ceremonyMulili had allowed Mustafa to escape, what does this tell us about justice in Kafira. Identify at least two character traits of Mulili, Doga, Nina, Jere and Jusper from this scene. Identify the aspects of style used in this scene: identify the proverbs, instances of irony, use of cross purpose, monologue, and puns among others. What are some of the themes brought out in this scene? Identify the instances of Betrayal brought out in this sceneSCENE TWOACTION TAKES PLACE IN A PRISON CELLJere is pushed by an askari into a cell where he finds Mosese. Askari is fed up with Jere s inquisitive nature. He tells him that he is mad and that his inquisitive nature will not be entertained in prison and that it would make his life unbearable in prison. Jere is later informed that all inmates have to go through rehabilitation in order to be re-integrated in the society. He does not have any mental illness that would make him need any rehabilitation therefore he sarcastically tells askari that he is truly grateful and that he didn t know they took such pains. It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities don t entertain prisoners asking questions. Askari informs Mosese that Jusper has been released from jail but has nothing to go back to since his parents were found dead in their hut.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.7339213}
{"text": "It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities don t entertain prisoners asking questions. Askari informs Mosese that Jusper has been released from jail but has nothing to go back to since his parents were found dead in their hut. When Jere and Mosese are left alone, Jere informs Mosese of the events of the previous night where he and his cellmate decided to play Pilate and Jesus. According to Jere, Pilate had humiliated Jesus by stripping him and caning him on the buttocks. Jere s co-actor cried out after receiving the canes, alerting the prison authorities who moved Jere to the cell where Mosese was after stripping him and caning him. The two cellmates Jere and Mosese take time to know each other. Mosese tells Jere how he ended up in prison. He had attended Adika s funeral where he saw firsthand the oppression by the political elite. He couldn t keep quiet, so after telling the politicians his mind, he was arrested and charged with trumped up charges of possessing drugs. He changes his name because the person who implicated him with the drugs shared a name with him. We learn of the regime s way of silencing dissenting voices, through the experiences of inmates. Mosese has been informed by askari to cooperate in the performance of a play organized for a visiting head of state and in return he might be among the six hundred prisoners who are to be released. He doesn t want to do this as acting in the play means kneeling in front of boss and pleading for mercy yet he is not guilty. Prisoners are also denied food and only the ones who show signs of cooperating with prison authorities are allowed privileges. This is evident when askari brings a mug of tea. The citizens of Kafira had been waiting for the kingdom for years and at last they were told it had come. According to Mosese, it was an illusion. He wonders how many people had seen the kingdom and what colour it is. Mosese is disillusioned. He says they have killed their past and were busy killing the future. He laments about the oppressive nature of boss regime. For instance, soldiers had beaten up Regina and had forced her to give false evidence against her brother, Mosese.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.7860582}
{"text": "He says they have killed their past and were busy killing the future. He laments about the oppressive nature of boss regime. For instance, soldiers had beaten up Regina and had forced her to give false evidence against her brother, Mosese. Mosese violently wriggles and as if in a trance rises and addresses the imaginary audience. His words portray his confused state of mind. On one hand he is faced with the choice of participating in the play, a sacrificial act that will lead to the release of 600 prisoners or on the other hand hold on to his principles and reject the request to participate in the play. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE TWOWhere do the events of this scene take placeWhy do you think Jere has been brought into the cellHow would you describe the treatment by the askari on JereJere says that the outside of this cell may well be the inside of another what does this tell about the situation in KafiraLink Pilate s situation to Jere like he puts it on page 23Why does Mosese keep staring at the wall even when Jere and the askari are talkingGive the reasons why Mosese is in prisonMosese says words have lost meaning to him and asks for the meaning of Africanisation what does this tell about the people s situation in the countryTo what level has the askari learnt and why is he doing such a jobWhy is Jusper being released and hat has just happened to his parents? Why did Jere carry a bible to the cells and how does it bring him troubleApart from being a police officer, which are the other two professions that Jere was in before? Which is item number three in the development plan and what is ironical about it? Mosese says he saw betrayal in Regina s eyes why is this soWhy is the foreign dignitary visiting and why are the prisoners supposed to perform a play for himThe askari talks of selective breeding and says you need a tall relative to get anything in the country what does this tell about KafiraMosese says it was better while we waited. Now we have nothing to look forward to what were they waiting for that they don t have and why has he lost hope? Mosese sleeps and talks and in his dream. What does this tell about him and what message do we get from his conversation with an imaginary person.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.8048832}
{"text": "Now we have nothing to look forward to what were they waiting for that they don t have and why has he lost hope? Mosese sleeps and talks and in his dream. What does this tell about him and what message do we get from his conversation with an imaginary person. Jere says when the madness of an entire nation enters a solitary mind then its not enough to say that person is mad what does Jere mean by thisIdentify the character traits of ;Jere, Askari and Mosese in this sceneIdentify the themes brought out in this sceneIdentify and illustrate the stylistic devices used in this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREEJusper stealthily enters Regina s room without her notice and scares her. He is in his red academic gown and this heightens Regina s anger at him. She requests him to rest but he says he can t rest because the death of his whole family is in his mind. Apart from Adika, Nina and Doga were murdered in exchange for Jusper s release. He says that he will get his revenge someday. Jusper was among the university students who protested on the streets and as they did this, people shouted abusive words at them in addition to telling that they were wasting time with the protests, it is also apparent that the government will not allow Adika s photograph to be printed in the newspapers. Regina would be happy if Jusper was to keep off from trouble with the authorities. She tells him that she has only him and Mosese left in the world and if anything went wrong, they would all be wiped out. Jusper insists that they have to talk of the masses that have no voices. Regina tells Jusper of the scheduled visits to Kafira by a certain head of state. If this is to happen, then, there will be three days holiday for all in addition to the prisoners being released to mark the occasion. She has a letter from Tumbo, who is boss right-hand man. In it, boss has promised to facilitate the release of Mosese. This does not go down well with Jusper who can read mischief in the act but who nevertheless promises to beat him at his own game. Tumbo, a fat, overconfident man, enters the house. He notices through Jusper s dressing that he is among the university students who were being known for rioting.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.820401}
{"text": "This does not go down well with Jusper who can read mischief in the act but who nevertheless promises to beat him at his own game. Tumbo, a fat, overconfident man, enters the house. He notices through Jusper s dressing that he is among the university students who were being known for rioting. Tumbo is already familiar with Jusper s name which was signed against a student s prayer that was all about asking God to help them drop their Christian names. Tumbo warns him that if the prayer by any chances suggested changing names, Jusper would be behind bars. Jusper sarcastically wonders why this would be the case yet since change of names was item number three in the new development plan. Furthermore, boss himself has substituted his Christian name to something that no one could pronounce. Tumbo defends boss by saying that a leader requires a mysterious name that the common tongues will bleed trying to pronounce. This is pointer to Tumbo s sycophantic nature. Tumbo revisits the issue of the visit by a certain head of state to Kafira. He learns from Regina that Jusper writes plays and since they require a one-act play for the entertainment, he concludes that Jusper can write one for the occasion. Tumbo says that he would have written one himself, but being a socialist, he thought of extending the opportunity to others to show them light, to eat and let eat : from their talk, we learn that boss is a fearful and insecure man who has let advisers rule Kafira while pretending to be tough, he is hated by his own guards who will not talk about it. The worst of his advisers is his cousin Mulili who has been rewarded with a large farm for his services to the nation Boss is said to be of short temper and has a weakness for women. When Jusper is back from buying drinks, the three talked about the idea of writing a play for the entertainment of the visiting head of state, Tumbo would be glad if Jusper wrote the intended play that would highlight the achievements the country has made. Money has been set aside for a play-writing competition, now that he knows what play ought to be organized. He declares Jusper the winner of that competition and informs him that he and his sister would be given a third of the money that was to finance the competition and that Jusper would be given his prize money once the results of the competition are made public.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.8240588}
{"text": "When Jusper is back from buying drinks, the three talked about the idea of writing a play for the entertainment of the visiting head of state, Tumbo would be glad if Jusper wrote the intended play that would highlight the achievements the country has made. Money has been set aside for a play-writing competition, now that he knows what play ought to be organized. He declares Jusper the winner of that competition and informs him that he and his sister would be given a third of the money that was to finance the competition and that Jusper would be given his prize money once the results of the competition are made public. Jusper is to write the play and ensure that the words progress and achievements appear on every other page. After Tumbo and Regina leave, Jusper reminds the audience what he holds, the fruits of independence. We get them second hand. Pg 53 REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREEWhere is this scene set? Why does Jusper imitate the ricocheting of guns as he enters? Why is Regina uneasy about Jusper s dressing in the red gown? What does the red gown symboliseFor what does Jusper criticize Regina and even the beggars in the streetsFor what does Jusper criticize the mediaAccording to Jusper why was Adika killed and why is Mosese and Jere in prisonWhy is Regina critical about people voicing their concerns against the governmentWhat do we deduce learn from Jusper and Reginas conversation about the intended visit by the foreign head of stateWhy does Jusper pretend to be Regina s cousin when Tumbo calls in? Jusper asks Regina are you sure this is not a trick-some sort of a trap? Why is Jusper critical about Tumbo s helping her and what do you think the trap is? Whats wrong with Christian names and why does Jusper criticize them p39Why does Tumbo call the university students red guards? Jusper is said to have written an interesting prayer, what was it about? Tumbo says a leader should have a mysterious name that the common people will bleed trying to pronounce.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.8567188}
{"text": "As the scene ends, Mulili swears at Kabito and issues a chilling threat to him. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE ONEKabito is the first to arrive and sleeps in one of the chairs , what does this symbolize? Where does this scene take placeWhy is kabito asleep and why is he in foul moodWhy was Mulili given the tenderWhy is Nicodemo against the use of prisoners to entertain the guests? Why is mulili part of this committeeAccording to Tumbo what is the role of the committeeFrom the set up of the committee explain the theme of cronismFrom the discussion on their payment, what do we learn about the members of this committeeMulili says he used Boss to get the tender at the university, what does this tell about leadership in KafiraWhy are the university students not willing to participate in the entertainment programWhat brings about the conflict between Mulili and KabitoWhy does the committee go for a break and for how long is the breakIdentify the aspects of style evident in this sceneIdentify the themes in this sceneIdentify and illustrate the character traits of Tumbo, Nicodemo, Mulili and Kabito from this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal from this scene. SCENE TWODuring the one hour break, Mulili rushes to boss to inform him about Kabito s ill deeds. He finds boss puling grey strands of hair from his head. He maligns Kabito to boss by telling him that Kabito is a green snake in the grass, has coloured boss name in blood in front of the committee, came to the meeting drunk, was shouting to everybody that boss has denied him the milk tender, says that boss has ruined Kafira s economy by hiding millions in a foreign country and that boss had tried to get Regina by force. This irks boss who accuses Kabito of sowing seeds of discord among the people. He orders Mulili to do what must be done; to silence Kabito. Mulili is only too glad to do it.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.8798933}
{"text": "This irks boss who accuses Kabito of sowing seeds of discord among the people. He orders Mulili to do what must be done; to silence Kabito. Mulili is only too glad to do it. In fact, he tells him it is a small matter having silenced the old couple Nina and Doga REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE TWOWhere is this scene setWhy does Boss boast about his grey hairWhy has Mulili come to see BossWhat five allegations does Mulili present against KabitoFrom Mulili s allegation what ills on leadership do we learn about BossWho is Mercedes and what makes her rude to BossWhat does Boss decide shoud be done against KabitoMulili says that be small. You remember that old couple ? What did Mulili do to the old couple, on whose instructions and for what reason? Identify the themes evident in this scene? Identify the aspects of style evident in this sceneWhat are the character traits of Mulili and Kabito from this scene? Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREENews about boss attempt to rape Regina has reached Jusper who now feels he can t go on with the play as he had earlier on promised Tumbo. The latter warns Jusper that this would be deemed as sabotage, hence would be too dangerous. He is warned that if he makes any mistake, he could end his university studies even after he has already lost one year. Jusper leaves but he doesn t promise boss that he is going to hide the truth. When Tumbo and Nicodemo meet to continue with the meeting after the break they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are like caged animals who move but only inside the cage. They pretend not to know anything about the death when Mulili enters. He pretends to be shocked and saddened by Kabito s death which he says was as result of Kabito being under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo wonders how one can get drunk in the space of one hour and Mulili foolishly says that people said that his breath smelled of spirits. When presses further by Nicodemo who wonders about the mention of breath yet Kabito was dead, Mulili retorts that he didn t say breath but his body smelled whiskies.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.9039145}
{"text": "He pretends to be shocked and saddened by Kabito s death which he says was as result of Kabito being under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo wonders how one can get drunk in the space of one hour and Mulili foolishly says that people said that his breath smelled of spirits. When presses further by Nicodemo who wonders about the mention of breath yet Kabito was dead, Mulili retorts that he didn t say breath but his body smelled whiskies. He goes ahead to say that boss wept when he heard of the death and has already declared one road to be called Kabito road. Nicodemo suggests that they should call off the meeting and wonders whether the day would be counted. Despite the solemnness of the occasion, the members of the committee seem to be more pre-occupied with concerns of seeking avenues of making money. This is a pointer to their greed and materialistic nature. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREEWhere is this scene setWhat had happened to Regina, why was it necessary for Regina to meet Boss and what transpired after thatWhy is Boss s wife locked up after the incidentWhy does Jusper want to pull out of the programmeWhat does Jusper stand to lose if he withdraws from the directing of the playWhy does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justiceWhat has happened to Kabito during the breakWhat is the cause of Kabito s death according to MuliliWhat do you gather from Mulili s incoherent and apparent confused explanation of Kabito s deathExplain Tumbo s assertion that like caged animals , we move,but only inside the cage Why is the meeting called offHow do the other committee members express their respet for the dead KabitoNicodemo asks whether they will be paid for that day, what does that tellus about his characterIdentify the themes evident in this sceneIdentify the aspects of style used in this sceneIdentify the character traits of Jusper, Tumbo, Mulili and Nicodemo from this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal from this sceneSCENE FOURTHE REHEARSALThe stage is set for the final rehearsal of the play meant to entertain the visiting head of state. Tumbo wants everything to go on well as he fears to disappoint boss who is already in a foul mood.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.9181921}
{"text": "This is a pointer to their greed and materialistic nature. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREEWhere is this scene setWhat had happened to Regina, why was it necessary for Regina to meet Boss and what transpired after thatWhy is Boss s wife locked up after the incidentWhy does Jusper want to pull out of the programmeWhat does Jusper stand to lose if he withdraws from the directing of the playWhy does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justiceWhat has happened to Kabito during the breakWhat is the cause of Kabito s death according to MuliliWhat do you gather from Mulili s incoherent and apparent confused explanation of Kabito s deathExplain Tumbo s assertion that like caged animals , we move,but only inside the cage Why is the meeting called offHow do the other committee members express their respet for the dead KabitoNicodemo asks whether they will be paid for that day, what does that tellus about his characterIdentify the themes evident in this sceneIdentify the aspects of style used in this sceneIdentify the character traits of Jusper, Tumbo, Mulili and Nicodemo from this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal from this sceneSCENE FOURTHE REHEARSALThe stage is set for the final rehearsal of the play meant to entertain the visiting head of state. Tumbo wants everything to go on well as he fears to disappoint boss who is already in a foul mood. Boss, has, as a result of his bad temper, locked up his wife in the palace cell. Jusper informs Tumbo that all will go on well and that Mosese was cooperative during the previous night s rehearsal. Jusper says that he is in the play because he realized that the problems of kafira cannot be solved by isolation. According to him, if the play succeeds, he will have demonstrated that determination is greater in worth than numbers. Tumbo would prefer that boss doesn t know that the play is written by Jusper who hopes that the release of a few prisoners, after the success of the play, will change Kafira. Jusper is able to see the hypocrisy of the ruling elite. The release of a few prisoners is meant to improve the image of Kafira to the eyes of the world. This according to him is only the truth.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.9556158}
{"text": "Jusper is able to see the hypocrisy of the ruling elite. The release of a few prisoners is meant to improve the image of Kafira to the eyes of the world. This according to him is only the truth. Boss joins them in the preparation of the rehearsal and Jusper tells him the play is about an army cadet who is promoted to the rank of captain within six months of enrolment. During the pass-out parade he shoots his colleague accidentally because he doesn t know how to handle a gun. It is later realised that he is not a relative of the army commander as it had been thought. As the rehearsal starts, Boss volunteers to read the part of the chief of staff since the prisoner who had been allocated the role could not be present as he had stomach troubles. He also orders askari to untie the hands of Jere and Mosese so that they can join the rehearsal, Mosese the junior soldier argues with Jere the captain over which gun is shorter than the other; a. 32 or a 28. They go to their chief of staff boss to help unravel the mystery. He tells them to each take a gun and show it to him. The guns are now in the hands of Jere and Mosese! Their plan has succeeded. On realizing that he has been tricked, boss shouts to the guards but Jere tells him he has no guards. Jusper thinks that boss is dead and is about to go and design a coffin but is stopped by Mosese who tell boss to see what he had done to Jusper. Because of fear, Mulili betrays boss. He says that boss ought to be killed because he has taken everything in his hands, has spoiled Kafira s economy, and has ruled for too long and killed Kabito. Boss cannot stand the betrayal so he tells Jere to shoot him. Jere tells boss that their interest is not to see human blood but to provide a mirror for Kafira to reflect the real faces of Kafira s front men. He says that they must also learn to sacrifice themselves for a better future. Mosese says that their achievement is largely because of the inefficiency of Tumbo. Jere gives boss the gun that he can shoot him Jere but boss declines. Jusper then takes the gun and shoots Mulili dead. He says that he did it for Kafira. Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.9791536}
{"text": "Jusper then takes the gun and shoots Mulili dead. He says that he did it for Kafira. Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage. Mulili s death seems to have appeased Doga and Nina. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE FOURwhere is this scene setwhy is Boss s wife locked up? What is the level of preparedness for the presentation of the playTumbo doesn t know what the play is even about, what does this tell us about himwhy was Jusper thown out of his position as student leader why does Tumbo suggest that they keep the fact that Jusper is the writer of the play a secretJusper says that he doesn t want the prisoners to come from the prison into another prison, what does this tell us about the society of KafiraWhat warning does Boss give to Jusper for the university studentsWhy is Boss scornful of the university studentsWhat did Boss do as a reaction to the students protest on employment of expatriatesAccording to Jusper s explanation to Boss what is the play the prisoners are going to present about? Jusper s play within a play exposes the character traits of several characters. Identify and explain themWhy does Boss offer himself for the position of chief of staff and what happened to the one supposed to take that roleWhy are the prisoners given real guns and what does this tell us about the state officialsGive a synopsis of the play the prisoners enacthow do the prisoners manage to take over the governmentWhy does Mulili try to escapeHow does Mulili betray Boss and what allegations does he present against BossWhy is Boss spared and Mulili killedAfter killing Mulili, Jusper says I did it for Kafira, I did it for all of you people what is the meaning of this statementWhat is the significance of the reappearance of Doga and Nina and their freezing as they point at Mulili s body at the end of the play. Identify the stylistic devices used in this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another. The head of state in Kafira Boss has betrayed the people s trust in him.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406305.9693089}
{"text": "Identify the stylistic devices used in this sceneIdentify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another. The head of state in Kafira Boss has betrayed the people s trust in him. He is supposed to protect the country s sovereignty by creating job opportunities for his subjects, but instead he has facilitated the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. When the university students protest he deliberately sends in an order for three hundred more expatriate personnel. Under his rule , sycophancy, cronyism, corruption, nepotism, and persecution of perceived opponents have become the order of the day. He orders the killing of Kabito. He is also responsible for the death of Doga and Nina as well as the arrest of Mosese, Askari says .....we calculated that two mature strokes would ease the tension. It worked perfectly. This is where the research stations come in, pg 19 Appointments are not based on merit. According to Tumbo, membership of the entertainment committee is based on the appointees unflinching loyalty to Boss who buys loyalty by handsomely rewarding individuals. For instance, Mulili is rewarded with acres of land and grade cattle. Another incident of betrayal is when Kabito, a fellow member of the entertainment committee is betrayed to Boss by Mulili. Mulili comes up with fictitious reasons for getting rid of Kabito. The allegations are outrageous to say the least. He says that Kabito has complained that Boss has robbed him of the milk tender, he has ruined the economy, he hides millions in foreign countries, and that he tried to get Regina by force. In fact, Mulili should be the green snake on the grass that her refers to. By having Kabito killed, he betrays both men. Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.0010877}
{"text": "Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese. Unfortunately, Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is forced to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window. Mosese thinks that it would be an act of betrayal for Regina to plead for his release. Pleading to Boss for mercy would mean that he is guilty yet he is not. According to Mosese acting is tantamount to betraying their cause. He further argues that they are out to cause change in Kafira and even silence to him is a weapon. REVENGEMany characters are seen to be involved in various actions against each other in an attempt to avenge wrongs done against themJusper avenges the death of his brother Adika by killing Chagaga the sub chief s brother the man who had apparently killed Adika by shooting him four times. Jere tells Jusper s parents that people had seen him drag the body to the river pg 12Jere pleads with Mulili to allow the old couple continue with the ceremony. Mulili vehemently refuses and even imitates a priest s burial liturgy an action that infuriates Jere who chases him away and even threatens to shot him. Mulili threatens him that he shall pay for his actions and true to his words Jere s put behind bars. After killing Chagaga and being put behind bars, Jusper s parents are found dead an indication that someone had further avenged the killing of Chagaga. Jusper further says, I will revenge someday pg 33 to which we see him killing Mulli at the end of the play who must have been involved in the killings. During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding between Kabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.0283082}
{"text": "During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding between Kabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead. His is because Mulili is a symbol of the ills that have affected the state of Kafira. In fact Jusper says on p74 that I did it for Kafira THE ROLE OF THE ELITESThe elites in any society should be actively involved in emancipating their societies from downfall especially occasioned by poor leadership. The same happens in the state of Kafira through various characters. The university students led by Adika are seen demonstrating against the influx of expatriates in the country. This is because this has been the leading cause of unemployment. This however leads to the death of Adika but it s important to notice that they had expressed their misgivings against the government. Through Mosese we also find that the elites are almost giving up on the government and even turning their backs to the going ons in the state. This is seen in Mosese s words when asked why he is showing his back to Jere and the askari to which he answers I have no front. However we see him speaking out his mind against the oppression I the state which leads to his imprisonment on trumped up charges. Mosese in his trance dream agrees to participate in the play together with Jere another elite. It is evident that it is through their role in the play that they manage to bring order to the state of Kafira by ousting and killing the evil element in government in Mulili. Jusper an elite is actively involved in ousting the oppressive regime it is he who writes the controversial play through which they overthrow the government. It is him still who shoots Mulili the evil element and hence hope for Kafira as he says at the end of the play that, I did it for Kafira. I did it for all of you people. Pg 74CORRUPTIONThe government officials are corrupt through and through. The head of state boss puts Mulili, a cousin of jis, in a senior government position so that he can inform him on every intricate detail in the government.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.0766482}
{"text": "It is him still who shoots Mulili the evil element and hence hope for Kafira as he says at the end of the play that, I did it for Kafira. I did it for all of you people. Pg 74CORRUPTIONThe government officials are corrupt through and through. The head of state boss puts Mulili, a cousin of jis, in a senior government position so that he can inform him on every intricate detail in the government. The man is illiterate and a non-performer who is determined to amass wealth for himself. He is inconsiderate and will do anything to earn acres of farmland and cattle. Boss is corrupt. He practices nepotism and gives high government positions to unqualified relatives who work as his spies. He also employs many expatriates in public universities at the expense of the local citizens. Boss has amassed so much wealth from the state through corrupt deals and kept millions in foreign bank accounts. Tumbo also fails to conduct a play writing competition and instead chooses Jusper and pays him only a third of the money. He pockets the rest claiming that it is for settling records straight. He does not read through the written play and out of his inefficiency, it turns out to be an avenue for the prisoners to eliminate Mulili and expose Boss. He also intends to extend the entertainment committee s session in order to earn more sitting allowance. Jusper is a frustrated student who, like all the rest, has no hope of finding a job in Kafira since most of them go to expatriates. He tells Tumbo that during the holiday he would sit in the house and vegetate since the state regards the youth as neither children nor adults but fence sitters. Boss intention is to use the expatriate as an opportunity to gain more foreign aid. There is tribalism and nepotism within the government. While offering Mosese tea in the cell Askari says, Here, tea with milk yet you don t even belong to my tribe. You need a tall relative to get anything these days pg 27 only those with relatives working in the government can survive in this state. While the entertainment committee meets Nicodemo tries to find out about what they will make out of it. He asks..... what size of potato per hour? He is also interested in finding out how many days they would use.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.0561793}
{"text": "You need a tall relative to get anything these days pg 27 only those with relatives working in the government can survive in this state. While the entertainment committee meets Nicodemo tries to find out about what they will make out of it. He asks..... what size of potato per hour? He is also interested in finding out how many days they would use. How many working days..... Kabito suggest that they should meet every day until the visiting head of state arrives and even after the visit. Government officials are corrupt. Each is thinking of how to amass wealth. Mulili is granted the milk tender because he is boss cousin. It is not given to those that qualified. Kabito is corrupt. He spends the whole night trying to bribe the tendering committee yet he lost the tender. He says .....I spent the whole of last night being nice to people. Pg 51 To get money in this state in this state one doesn t have to be educated, One must have brains to this of unscrupulous ways of getting money. Tumbo tells Jusper on pg 50 ..........you need a different kind of this. LACK OF TRUTH AND JUSTICEThere is an inherent fear of speaking the truth a-in the entire play thus leading to miscarriage of Justice. Those who have spoken the truth have not lived to see their tomorrow but have been brutally exterminated like vermin. A case in point is Adika, a student leader who is shot dead to silence the students who are protesting about the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. A Young man s life is so brutally brought to an abrupt end because he chooses to purse the truth in order to attain justice for the greater good of Kafira state. The student s lecturer decides to speak the truth during the burial by telling the politicians off when they decide to place restrictions on the mourners. But because speaking one s mind is not a crime, they plant a drug, one kilogram of opium in his car and get him imprisoned, This is a serious case of intolerance and miscarriage of justice. Doga and Nina are murdered in their own hut because they dared challenge one of Boss; closest advisers, Mulili, who is also his relative. They intended to carry out a simple shaving ceremony by the graveside of their murdered son but Mulili declared it a government property.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.103188}
{"text": "But because speaking one s mind is not a crime, they plant a drug, one kilogram of opium in his car and get him imprisoned, This is a serious case of intolerance and miscarriage of justice. Doga and Nina are murdered in their own hut because they dared challenge one of Boss; closest advisers, Mulili, who is also his relative. They intended to carry out a simple shaving ceremony by the graveside of their murdered son but Mulili declared it a government property. When they seem not to notice his authority, he has them murdered just to prove who holds sway in this country. When Adika s murderer, Chagaga he visits the grave to burn the body with petrol, he least expects Jusper to be guarding it. In the struggle that ensues, he gets killed and his body is dumped in the river by Jusper, A court of law should have ordered for a medical examination to determine the mental health of the young man prior to the killing. However, because Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother, Jusper is locked up in prison. Mulili cannot tolerate an argument, even a logical one from Kabito with whom he holds a grudge. He misreports him to Boss who orders his death. There is no way a truthful person like Kabito would survive in these circumstances. Boss own wife, Mercedes, is locked up in a cell for protesting against her husband s moral standing. He even blames Kabito for inciting the woman to defy him. MISUSE OF POWER BAD GOVERNANCE AND MISRULEThe ruling elite in Kafira is perpetuating cronyism, nepotism .corruption and intimidation of opponents in order to cling to power. Mulili yields a lot of influence due to the fact that he is Boss cousin. Kabito refers to him as an army-drop out and a second rate farmer. Ordinary people cannot carry out their normal ceremonies without government interference. Doga and Nina, two innocent and bereaved citizens cannot carry out a simple ceremony for their dead son. The government sends two soldiers, Jere and Mulili to bar them from doing so. They are even murdered as a result. Individuals are forced to take law into their hands since justice favours those connected to those in power. Jusper kills Chagaga in order to avenge the killing if his brother Adika. Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.0933573}
{"text": "Individuals are forced to take law into their hands since justice favours those connected to those in power. Jusper kills Chagaga in order to avenge the killing if his brother Adika. Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother. Mulili says All small murders get arrested. Like Jusper faces the full brunt of the law while big murderers like Mulili get away scot free due to political patronage. The fact that Boss relies on the likes of Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo to render good and sustainable opinion and advice to the government tells the extent of the rot in this system. Mulili is barely coherent and there are lots of inconsistencies in his utterances. He is a liar and a cheat, a fraud who any right thinking leader should distance himself from. Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo only think about their daily allowances and are determined to meet as long as it takes in order to reap as much. Tumbo s remark at the end of the play puts what ails the state in plain terms, I am truly sorry, but I am not entirely to blame, I was trained, but given the wrong job . Pg 74 This remark points an accusing finger at the appointing authority. The likes of Mulili should not be in government. Mulili uses his relationship with Boss to secure tenders and amass wealth. He manages to reverse the termination of his tender by soliciting assistance from boss. Nicodemo says that Mulili bullied his way into securing the university tender pg 51 Appointments to government positions are based on one s closeness to Boss. Tumbo tells members of the entertainment committee, I trust gentlemen that you know why you sit on this committee. You were nominated for one reason: Your unflinching support for our government pg 52-53 It is evident that Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo are Boss sycophants. Mulili s unflinching support for Boss is rewarded with farm land and grade cattle. Tumbo is mandated to organize a play writing competition but instead declares Jusper the winner of proposed play writing competition one third would go to Jusper and Regina and the other two thirds will be used to put the records straight. FEAR SUSPICIONFear is the unpleasant feeling caused by the possibility of danger or evil.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.1665142}
{"text": "Mulili s unflinching support for Boss is rewarded with farm land and grade cattle. Tumbo is mandated to organize a play writing competition but instead declares Jusper the winner of proposed play writing competition one third would go to Jusper and Regina and the other two thirds will be used to put the records straight. FEAR SUSPICIONFear is the unpleasant feeling caused by the possibility of danger or evil. Actions or inaction by several characters on the play are motivated by fear. The people of Kafira live in great fear. They lack freedom of expression. They cannot understand why the likes of Jusper, Adika, and Moses talk too much and put themselves in unnecessary trouble. Beggars feel that the protestors are wasting time. Regina warns Jusper against talking too much. She does not want him to end up dead like Adika or in prison like Mosese. Jusper s red academic gown is a source of constant fear for Regina. Tumbo too gets scared of the students red gowns and he calls them the red guards. Askari warns Jere and Mosese that silence is all they need to stay out of trouble. Suspicion is created when prisoners either remain silent or talk too much. No publisher is willing to publish Jusper s play since his plays has exposed the truth too much. They can only be published if he can hide or cover the truth. Jusper says that nobody wants things put in black and white. You need a little grey and blue here and there. Pg 47 Tumbo confesses that Jusper has a point when he says that you can t clothe truth in lies, but adds that they know better than to shout about it. They know the truth but can t dare shout about it. Tumbo is fearful of boss. He does not wish to disappoint. He says that Boss is in a foul mood. He wants the play to go on as scheduled. He also wouldn t want Boss to know that the writer of the play to be acted is Jusper. Boss advisers hate him but they do not want to talk beyond whispers. Tumbo says that until people like Mulili are out, it is dangerous to do things differently from what is expected in Kafira. Regina fears going to see Boss to plead for Mosese s release because she is afraid of him. She fears that something will go wrong if he see her. Regina fears for Juspers safety.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.1474154}
{"text": "Regina fears going to see Boss to plead for Mosese s release because she is afraid of him. She fears that something will go wrong if he see her. Regina fears for Juspers safety. She pleads with him to stop clashing with the authorities. She tells him, Jusper, no good will come out of this struggle. Like you I only have two close friends left in this world. You and my brother, but my brother is inside. If anything should go wrong, we ll be wiped out. Pg 34 Mulili is threatened by Jusper and Mosese at the end of the play to a point of denying having any close relationship with Boss. He is fearful that he might he killed but sure enough he is shot dead. Earlier he had intended to sneak out purportedly to go for a call of nature. The head if state is shocked by the turn of events and fears that all evils will be exposed by the prisoners. He begs to be killed. He would rather face death than the consequences of his deeds. When Nicodemo suggests that Kabito should report the issue of losing his tender, Kabito remarks that reporting Mulili to Boss is tantamount to digging one s own grave. When Kabito questions Mulili s presence on the committee, Tumbo says that Kabito should know better than that and in any case, the question was not in the agenda. Tumbo and Nicodemo know that Mulili is responsible for Kabito s death but they cannot dare say anything. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. Pg 62 HYPOCRISYHypocrisy refers to pretence that one has qualities, beliefs or feelings that they do not really have. Prisoners are taking part in the play to entertain the visiting head of state to show national unity. The government is trying to show the impression that prisoners are actively involved in nation building. This may have not been the case earlier since Nicodemo says they are now being treated as if they do not belong to this world. The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.1946087}
{"text": "The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead. He informs Tumbo and Nicodemo that Kabito has been involved in a fatal accident during the one hour break. He pretends to be saddened by the news. He claims that the accident was caused by the victim driving under the influence of alcohol. He further claims that Boss was in tears when he heard of Kabito s death and that he had declared that a road be named after Kabito. Pg 63 By criticizing the excesses of Boss, Tumbo is being hypocritical since he is a beneficiary of Boss and his government. Tumbo seems to be making an attempt to distance himself from Boss when he says, Things will change; Boss is not at all bad at heart. His main problem is that he gets scared off too easily. Pg 44 As a result of his loyalty he is made the chairman of the committee mandated to organize for the entertainment of a visiting head of state. He also owns apartments courtesy of Boss. Tumbo pretends to be doing Regina a favour by introducing her to Boss yet he knows his Boss ridiculous weakness for women. When she gets into trouble and jumps out of a ten-feet high window, he belatedly says he will apologize to her. He pretends to be sorry for Regina while all along he had known what Boss was up to. Tumbo claims to be a socialist at heart and says he could have written the play for the entertainment of the visiting Head of State himself but decides to extend this opportunity to someone else. Tumbo, you have not done badly, why don t you lead the pack of them ..show them light, eat and let eat. Pg 44 Boss claims to understand truth and justice, while in fact, he least does. He alleges that the rioting students and the dissenting lecturers have no idea what truth and justice are all about. This hypocrisy is self-serving in the sense that he intends to suppress their freedom of expression to create an opportunity to gain from foreign governments. Mulili misreports Kabito to Boss for allegedly maligning Boss reputation yet his real intention is to have Kabito punished for opposing him during the meeting.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.1820872}
{"text": "He alleges that the rioting students and the dissenting lecturers have no idea what truth and justice are all about. This hypocrisy is self-serving in the sense that he intends to suppress their freedom of expression to create an opportunity to gain from foreign governments. Mulili misreports Kabito to Boss for allegedly maligning Boss reputation yet his real intention is to have Kabito punished for opposing him during the meeting. When Boss gives him the go ahead to eliminate Kabito which he does, he later acts shocked and saddened by his death. Askari pretends to be doing Jere a favour by putting him on rehabilitation after only two days and tells him that the government was giving his future some consideration even though he was contributing to the national headache. HOPELESSNESS DISILLUSIONMENTTo be disillusioned is to be disappointed when you realize that something is not as good as you had expected to a point of completing losing hope and giving up. The masses in Kafira are disillusioned by the state of affairs in their country. Mosese says that they had waited for the kingdom for years, then it was said it had come but it was all an illusion. He wonders how many people had set eyes on that kingdom and what colour it is. According to Mosese it was better while they waited for the Kingdom because then they had hope, now they have nothing to look forward to. He feels that they have killed the past and are busy killing the future. He says in the past, they had celebrations once a year and they had a reason to celebrate, but now there is nothing to celebrate about. People are busy shedding blood everywhere. Pg 27-28 The masses have resigned to their fate after realizing the futility of fighting the government. As the students protest in the streets, people shout at them and beggars tell them they are wasting their time. Pg 33 Regina feels that Jusper and those others protesting against the government are easting time and that no good will come out of their struggle with the government. She feels that they are fighting stones. Pg 34 Doga and Nina have lost hope in life after their son; Adika is shot dead during the university riots. Their son Jusper seems to have lost his mind after his brother s death and is currently considered as good as dead. Nina concludes that the authorities have robbed them all they had and blinded them.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.2222433}
{"text": "She feels that they are fighting stones. Pg 34 Doga and Nina have lost hope in life after their son; Adika is shot dead during the university riots. Their son Jusper seems to have lost his mind after his brother s death and is currently considered as good as dead. Nina concludes that the authorities have robbed them all they had and blinded them. After Kabito s murder, Tumbo and Nicodemo realize that their tenures as government officials hang in the balance. Tumbo says, We have no choice, like caged animals, we move but only inside the cage. Pg 62 He says the elimination of citizens has become so rampant that one is not sure of seeing the next day. Jere argues with Askari over the issue of freedom. He tells him that the outside of his cell may be well the inside of another, which implies there is no freedom in Kafira and even those who think they are free are not. Jusper bemoans the fact that Regina too has been affected by the street disease, that is giving up. It is even pointed out that the beggars in the streets laugh at the university students because they believe that they could achieve nothing for Kafira. OPPRESSION SOCIAL INJUSTICEThe leadership of Kafira is dictatorial. It is oppressive. The government in a bid to perpetuate its continued stay in power has resulted in silencing its critics. The educated elite in particular pay the heaviest price for being at the fore front of criticizing the excess of Boss regime. Assasinations, arrests, imprisonments and torture of prisoners are the order of the day. Boss must always have his way and will eliminate anyone who appears to be a stumbling block to his schemes. He does not entertain any freedom of expression of whatever kind. For example, the academic staff members should not weep in public for whatever reason, and if they do, they end up in prison like Mosese. Freedom of expression is curtailed. Jere says the outside of this cell may be the inside of another pg 21 Prisoners are not allowed to ask questions. It only makes one s life more unbearable. When one asks questions he is subjected to beating as in the case of Jere. Prisoners are denied food only those who co-operate with authorities enjoy certain privileges. Jere is denied tea hen Mosese is presented with a cup of tea.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.2850568}
{"text": "When one asks questions he is subjected to beating as in the case of Jere. Prisoners are denied food only those who co-operate with authorities enjoy certain privileges. Jere is denied tea hen Mosese is presented with a cup of tea. During Adika s funeral Mosese says of the orders room the government. The funeral would not take more than ten minutes, the coffin could not be carried by students and weeping in public was illegal for the academic staff. When Mosese protested against this high handedness, he is arrested and imprisoned on trumped up charges of possessing illegal drugs. Prisoners are denied food and only those who co-operate with prison authorities. In a bid to secure conviction for Mosese, his sister Regina is subjected to beating by soldiers as people watch, forcing her to give evidence against him. As a result the beating she loses hearing in one ear. Doga and Niana lose their lives after protesting the government s decision to prevent them from conducting the shaving ceremony for their late son Adika. Tumbo and Nicodemo know that Mulili killed Kabito but they cannot say anything about it. Like caged animals we move, but inside the cage pg 62 Boss regime has established research stations meant to rehabilitate perceived opponents of the state before they are re-integrated into the society. Askari tells Jere , You see we have research stations dotted all over the countryside. Pg 17 Boss tells Jusper that when he goes back to the University he should tell the leaders that it is his Boss duty to decide on the magnitude of Kaira s africanization programme and that they have no right to chant about it. When the students demonstrate against the influx of expatriate personnel, Boss warns that the result will always be the same, deaths and imprisonment. Jere protests the mistreatment of Nina and Doga by the government. He successfully tries to convince Mulili to allow them to conduct the shaving ceremony for their son Adika. An altercation ensues between him and Mulili when he insists that the ceremony will go on as planned resulting in his arrest and imprisonment. Jusper s unstable state of mind can be attributed to the physical as well as psychological suffering he has undergone. He has been arrested twice, first during the burial of his brother Adika and seconds the murder of Chagaga who killed his brother.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.2491145}
{"text": "An altercation ensues between him and Mulili when he insists that the ceremony will go on as planned resulting in his arrest and imprisonment. Jusper s unstable state of mind can be attributed to the physical as well as psychological suffering he has undergone. He has been arrested twice, first during the burial of his brother Adika and seconds the murder of Chagaga who killed his brother. Doga says then they came and took him away ..when they brought him back after three months he was no longer the son we knew pg 4-5 The death of his brother took a heavy toll on him and he could not come to terms with it. Prisoners must perform a play that must entertain the visiting head of state in order to earn amnesty. CHARACTER, CHARACTERIZATION AND ROLES OF CHARACTERSJEREHe is an ex-soldier and now a prisoner. He was a colleague of Mulili. He taught religious knowledge for three years before he was drafted into the army. He can be described as;ReasonableJere is reasonable as he listens to Doga and Nina and understands their predicament. He even tells them that Mulili does not belong with them and does not know their ways when Nina threatens to curse them by stripping naked and Mulili makes fun of her. He pleads with Doga to understand that he and Mulili are simply obeying orders when they say that the ceremony cannot go on. He says, old man, if I had the power, I would let you go on. I would even take part in the ceremony. I knew Adika well. PatrioticHe aspires for a prosperous Kafira and advocates for unity among all citizens. He tells Boss, No, your excellency, we shall not shoot you. Kafira needs each one of us, you included. Pg 73 Friendly Sociable UnderstandingHe hits it off with the other prisoner with whom he enacts the episode of Pilate and Jesus from the Bible. He easily makes friends with Mosese in prison. They quickly find that they have a lot to talk about because they are like minded as far as the administration of Kafira is concerned. He empathizes with the old couple and wishes to allow them to carry out their shaving ceremony. Secretive cautiousHe does not let out the secret that Mulili allowed Mustafa to escape across the border.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.2807875}
{"text": "They quickly find that they have a lot to talk about because they are like minded as far as the administration of Kafira is concerned. He empathizes with the old couple and wishes to allow them to carry out their shaving ceremony. Secretive cautiousHe does not let out the secret that Mulili allowed Mustafa to escape across the border. When Mosese tells him about the circumstances that brought him to prison, the events of Adika s funeral, Jere does not let Mosese know that he knows Jusper. DaringHe is unperturbed by the threats directed to him by Askari. When Askari tells him, I have killed a man once in this very cell, he replies, congratulations! How did you manage? Pg 30 Intelligent Cunning clever tactfulHe and Mosese clearly carry out a palace coup to expose the villains like Mulili in the government. He says they have no intentions of getting rid of Boss because they want the act to be A mirror that will reflect the real faces of Kafira s front men. He compares the prison department with Meteorological Department which confuses the public by giving contradictory information. PhilosophicalAfter observing Mosese s reverie, Jere aptly summarizes the state of the society thus, When the madness o an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Mosese s behavior is a result of what the authority has put its citizen through-that is, oppression to the point of madness. RolesHe plays a significant role in the development of the plot of the story. He enhances the character of other characters in the play. For instance, through him, the Askari is portrayed as brutal and intimidating. Several themes have been brought out using him, for instance the themes of self-sacrifice and oppression. He is used by the writer to highlight several stylistic devices such as play within a play, suspense and biblical allusion. JUSPER WENDOHe is a philosophy student at the university. He is the son of Doga and Nina. His brother Adika was shot dead during a demonstration held by the university students. He can be described as;Arrogant disrespectfulJusper talks arrogantly to people who do not make sense to him. He talks back at Tumbo regardless of his powerful office. He openly shows his disrespect by talking negatively about the evils of the government.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.299657}
{"text": "He can be described as;Arrogant disrespectfulJusper talks arrogantly to people who do not make sense to him. He talks back at Tumbo regardless of his powerful office. He openly shows his disrespect by talking negatively about the evils of the government. At some point, Tumbo thinks he is drunk. Vengeful vindictiveHe kills Chagaga, the sub-chief s brother who also killed Adika, his brother. He shoots Mulili for having caused all the pain and suffering in the society. He is over-excited that they have successfully carried out the coup. He vows to avenge the killing of his brother Adika. He tells Regina, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means doing it alone. Pg 33 SarcasticWhen asked by Tumbo what achievement he is going to highlight in the play meant for entertaining the visiting head of state, he says, the number of expatriate professionals had steadily increased over the year, signifying the full extent of our potential progress . Pg 48 On the issue of name changing, he says, but there is nothing wrong with that. Changing names is item number three in the new development plan, isn t it? In fact, Boss himself gave us a fine example when he substituted his Christian name with something none of us can pronounce. Pg 40 After being told by Tumbo that he has won the nonexistent play writing competition, he remarks that out of ten plays submitted, his came first and that the other entries have of course been returned to their authors. Pg 49 Open Outspoken candidJusper speaks his mind when he finds his parents at the graveside; he openly confesses having killed someone. Nina thinks he is drunk and only to find out later that he actually killed Chagaga. When asked by Tumbo how much beer he drinks he retorts that it is as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days. He talks to the president candidly as he gives him a summary of his play. He is not afraid to reveal to him that he has written the play. Intelligent creativeJusper is a university student. He is also a playwright who depicts the society so clearly that publishers dread publishing his work.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.3263845}
{"text": "He is not afraid to reveal to him that he has written the play. Intelligent creativeJusper is a university student. He is also a playwright who depicts the society so clearly that publishers dread publishing his work. He is able to trick the president to provide real guns so that he can find a chance to avenge the deaths of his parents and brother. He also succeeds in tricking Tumbo and taking advantage of inefficiency. He writes an ingenious play that deceives Tumbo completely. StubbornJusper refuses to remove his red gown despite his girlfriend s nagging. She says it makes him appear dangerous. Students are always treated suspiciously whenever they put them on but he is ready to face the consequences. He is unapologetic to Tumbo for wearing it. RolesMajor events in the play revolve around himHis experiences expose the Boss regime. His brother Adika is brutally murdered during a student s demonstration. He is arrested when he revenges his brother s killing and is released in exchange for his parent s murder. His unstable state of mind points to an individual who has undergone both physical and emotional trauma. He highlights the themes of suffering, disillusionment, betrayal and self-sacrifice. The writer has used Jusper to highlight aspects of style such as play within a play, allusion and satire. MULILIMulili is an ex-soldier and now a farmer. He is cousin to Boss and is a member of the visitor s entertainment committee. Unfeeling inhuman CallousHe makes fun of Doga and Nina s sorrow due to the loss of their son and forbids them to carry out the shaving ceremony at the graveside. Even when Nina threatens to strip naked in protest , a traditional curse, Mulili asks, ....How many naked body I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Pg 9 He is insensitive to Doga s feelings that Doga finally tells him, .....may you die the way Adika did. Pg 10 He has Doga, Nina and Kabito killed in cold-blood. He declares that there is no reason why Boss should not be killed. DisrespectfulHe shows disrespect for the elder couple Doga and Nina when he dares Nina to go ahead and strip after she had threatened to do so. He says he has seen many naked bodies and he is still Mulili with two eyes, natural.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.3740745}
{"text": "He declares that there is no reason why Boss should not be killed. DisrespectfulHe shows disrespect for the elder couple Doga and Nina when he dares Nina to go ahead and strip after she had threatened to do so. He says he has seen many naked bodies and he is still Mulili with two eyes, natural. Pg 9 Vengeful VindictiveHe bears a grudge against Kabito because he feels belittled by Kabito whom he alleges has called him a primary school kid. As if that is not enough, he goes ahead to tell lies about Kabito to Boss leading to his elimination. He threatens Jere for failing to enforce the instructions they had to prevent Doga and Nina from carrying out their late son s shaving ceremony. This act lands Jere in prisonCorruptBeing Boss cousin he is promised many acres of land and grade cattle. He will therefore do anything to ensure he gets this. When the tender for the supply of milk to the university is awarded to somebody else Kabito , Mulili reports to Boss who revokes it and gives it to him. Mulili goes on to have Kabito killed after lying to Boss that Kabito had maligned his name. He allows a fugitive, Mustafa, to escape across the border. Comical funnyHis ungrammatical English makes him a funny character provoking laughter in the reader every time he speaks. For example, in reference to Doga s statement that an innocent man is in prison because of Adika, Mulili says, That no matter, he go against law and order, tell us new thing or make clear out of here. You are trespasser. Pg 10 When Nina says that they do not want to be shown letter because their hope has been killed, Mulili tells them, Your people full of primitive; instead going to find how the other is, they comes and gets stick with dead one. Pg 10 He mixes up simple sayings. For example, when he comes late for the meeting of the entertainment committee that is preparing for the head of state, he tells the other, Gentlemen, I am very sorrowful, but I always say, better never than late pg 54 When telling Boss about Kabito, he says, The one, he be a green grass in the snake. Pg 59 He quickly changes things he had said to suit himself.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.3895876}
{"text": "For example, in reference to Doga s statement that an innocent man is in prison because of Adika, Mulili says, That no matter, he go against law and order, tell us new thing or make clear out of here. You are trespasser. Pg 10 When Nina says that they do not want to be shown letter because their hope has been killed, Mulili tells them, Your people full of primitive; instead going to find how the other is, they comes and gets stick with dead one. Pg 10 He mixes up simple sayings. For example, when he comes late for the meeting of the entertainment committee that is preparing for the head of state, he tells the other, Gentlemen, I am very sorrowful, but I always say, better never than late pg 54 When telling Boss about Kabito, he says, The one, he be a green grass in the snake. Pg 59 He quickly changes things he had said to suit himself. For instance, he reports that Kabito died in an accident because he was driving while under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo asks, His breath did you say? He retreats, who said breath I said his body smelled whiskies? Pg 63 Short tempered temperamentalMulili falls out with people on many occasions because of his short temper. For example, when Doga pleads with him to let him carry on with the shaving ceremony, he loses his temper. Nina gets angry with him and threatens to strip naked, but he is not moved. Doga curses him to die like Adika but he responds, .....you tell him me I am a man with action not words, come on tell...... pg 10 Mulili abuses Kabito a goat when the latter refuses to apologise to him pg 57 Sycophant fanaticalHe does all he can to please the authority Boss . For example, he does not agree with Jere to let Doga and Nina perform the shaving ceremony for their late son even when Jere feels they can allow the couple to do it under supervision. He is very proud of having undeservingly won the milk tender. This is because he is Boss cousin. He is impressed by the way he got the tender. What happen to Mr. Mulili tender supply for milk?......You knows, who is speaking!", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.3592193}
{"text": "He is impressed by the way he got the tender. What happen to Mr. Mulili tender supply for milk?......You knows, who is speaking! I it s me, Boss himself and no bloody vice-deputy. Pg 54 He does everything to impress Boss and make him think he is loyal. He even suggests that people should go on holiday during the visit by the foreign head of state, so that everyone can line up along the road to receive him. This is against logic because, according to Kabito, this is the final term and most school children will be sitting their exams and cannot afford to line up along the road. He was a soldier and now a farmer but still insist on being part of the authority. For example, he has the audacity to criticize university lecturers for allegedly going against policy. He also says that university students should co-operate with the government because, We pays for their fees, we pays for their luxury, we give them all necessary, who are they? Pg 56 When he goes for the rehearsal, he tells Boss, Yes, your excellent. I say myself: go and bewith cousin as he sees the final one. Pg 69 RolesMulili symbolizes the excesses of Boss;-He is portrayed as cruel, greedy, vengeful and dictatorial. Tumbo says of him, the most of the advisers is that of his, Mulili. Pg 44 Through him the character of Jere is brought out a principled when the latter amidst Mulili s objections insists that Adika s shaving ceremony will proceed as scheduled. He enhances the themes of misuse of power, corruption and self-preservation. The writer has effectively employed use of humour through Mulili. TUMBOTumbo is a government official and a confidant of Boss, the Head of state. He is Regina s landlord and chairman of the committee charged with the responsibility of organizing entertainment for the visiting of head of state. Despite his limited education, he has managed to acquire wealth and enjoys immense influence owing to his close association to the Boss. Hypocritical insincereHe is a beneficiary of Boss government yet given an opportunity he criticizes his regime and those working for it. About Mulili he says, That is why he retired from the army.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.4114478}
{"text": "Despite his limited education, he has managed to acquire wealth and enjoys immense influence owing to his close association to the Boss. Hypocritical insincereHe is a beneficiary of Boss government yet given an opportunity he criticizes his regime and those working for it. About Mulili he says, That is why he retired from the army. Until people like him are out, it is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 CorruptHe says that he would not have acquired the blocks of buildings he has if he had depended o empty talk like the university students who he feels talk too much. He says, you were born alone and when you die, you will die alone.... This implies that he has used fraudulent means to acquire property. He pretends to be a socialist when he offers Jusper the chance to write the play to entertain the visiting head of state. He says, You see, the whole program has cost the government some quarter of a million shillings. In fact, I had a mind of writing the play myself, but I thought better of it......eat and let eat. Pg 44 He says a sum of money has been allocated for a play-writing completion but he does not organise the competition. Instead he gives the opportunity to Jusper, of the six hundred pounds meant to finance the competition, he gives one third to Jusper and Regina and says the rest will be used to put records straight pg 49 SycophanticHe has secured his place in the entertainment committee by virtue of his unflinching support for the government. He tells the other committee members, I trust, gentlemen, that you know why you are in this committee. You were nominated for one reason, your unflinching support of our government pg 52-53 CowardlyHe does not live up to what he believes in. He strongly believes that until people like Mulili are out of the government, It is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 He convinces Regina to go and see Boss even though he knows well Boss weakness for women.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.4390662}
{"text": "He tells the other committee members, I trust, gentlemen, that you know why you are in this committee. You were nominated for one reason, your unflinching support of our government pg 52-53 CowardlyHe does not live up to what he believes in. He strongly believes that until people like Mulili are out of the government, It is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 He convinces Regina to go and see Boss even though he knows well Boss weakness for women. When Regina is hesitant, he tells her, We can t afford to make him angry at this stage. Pg 46 When Kabito is eliminated and Jusper insists on standing for truth and justice even if it will cost him another year at the university, Tumbo tells him. If you knew what has happened to one of us at the committee, I am sure you would postpone your eagerness to stand by truth and justice. Pg 62 Ignorant inefficient carelessHe does not know who Soyinka is. He thinks he is a prime minister of a certain country he purports to have forgotten. He even insists he is a politician. He does not realize that the achievement Jusper says will he highlighted in the play is meant to portray the government that Tumbo serves in bad light. Mosese says that it is out of his inefficiency that they are able to carry out the palace coup.sGullibleHe played along to Mosese, Jere and Jusper s plot to bring down Boss. Mosese says that it was largely through his inefficiency that they achieved their objective. Pg 74 Jusper is able to convince him that he is Regina s cousin. IlliterateWhen Jusper tells him that he drinks as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days, a visibly embarrassed Tumbo attempts to justify his limited education by claiming that though he qualified for university admission, he sold the scholarship since his family was poor pg 41 RolesTumbo contributes significantly to the development of the plot of the play;Being Boss confidant he comes out as a major beneficiary of Boss regime. Towards the end of the play, he confesses that he was trained but given the wrong job. This aspect portrays him as sycophantic.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.4674587}
{"text": "IlliterateWhen Jusper tells him that he drinks as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days, a visibly embarrassed Tumbo attempts to justify his limited education by claiming that though he qualified for university admission, he sold the scholarship since his family was poor pg 41 RolesTumbo contributes significantly to the development of the plot of the play;Being Boss confidant he comes out as a major beneficiary of Boss regime. Towards the end of the play, he confesses that he was trained but given the wrong job. This aspect portrays him as sycophantic. It is through his inefficiency that the plot by Mosese, Jusper and Jere to topple Boss succeeds. Through him, we get to know Jusper s character as daring and outspoken and Regina as trusting. He also highlights the themes of fear, self-preservation and misuse of power. Through him several aspects of style have been effectively used by the writer. They include foreshadow, satire, play within a play and suspense. BOSSHe is the president of Kafira and cousin to Mulili. He plays the role of the chief of staff in the rehearsal. His wife is called Mercedes. Authoritative over-strictBoss leads the country with an iron fist. He wants everything to go his way and cannot stand anyone who appears to block his orders and decisions and he cannot brook dissent. He has signed the death warrants of very many innocent people including Kabito, Adika, Doga and Nina. He warns Jusper against students protests during the rehearsal. He even brags of having given three hundred jobs to expatriates just to prove a point to the protesters. CorruptAccording to Mulili, Boss has acquired a lot of wealth and banked the money in foreign accounts. When Mulili tells him that Kabito was spreading such allegations he shouts, who gave him that information, just how much does Kabito know about me? Pg 59 . This seems to confirm his corrupt nature. He orders that the tender awarded to Kabito be revoked and goven to Mulili. Boss is also notorious for nepotism. He assigns powerful positions to his uneducated and inexperienced kinsmen in order to secure his interests. He also gives jobs to expatriates in return for foreign donations and funding.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.4527817}
{"text": "Boss is also notorious for nepotism. He assigns powerful positions to his uneducated and inexperienced kinsmen in order to secure his interests. He also gives jobs to expatriates in return for foreign donations and funding. He demands that prisoners stage a play for the guest president in order to portray national unity and the involvement of prisoners in national matters. He does this to make an impression that would attract funding. Through Mulili we get to learn that he has stashed huge amounts of money in foreign accounts which has brought down the economy of Kafira. Temperamental impatient cruel brutalRegina says that boss is reported to have a short temper. Tumbo says that Boss is known to make hasty decisions and stand by them. When instructing Mulili to get rid of Kabito, he impatiently orders Mulili out of the palace. Tumbo says that when Boss is angry he does not differentiate between a human being and a rat. He also refers to him as an animal. Proud conceitedHe says that students do not understand what truth and justice is. He says that their protest against foreign expatriates led to the death of a student leader and the imprisonment of a lecturer. To put them in their place, he brings in three hundred more expatriate personnel just to prove his point. He says that five of them are his own personal appointments. Immoral amorousHe has a ridiculous weakness for women according to Tumbo. He also attempts to rape Regina who is forced to escape by jumping a ten foot high window. Incompetent inefficientHe relies on hearsay and propaganda to run the affairs of the state. He admits that Kabito has been one of his loyal servants. He allows prisoners to handle fire arms during the rehearsal which they use to stage the palace coup. Vengeful VindictiveHe is averse to criticism. He orders the killing of Kabito since it is alleged that he Kabito raised serious allegations about his integrity. He tells Jusper that since the university students questioned his appointment of expatriate personnel, just to put them in their place, he orders three hundred more expatriate personnel. GullibleHe falls for Mosese, Jere, and Jusper s trick and orders the guards to surrender their guns to be used as props.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.4962552}
{"text": "He orders the killing of Kabito since it is alleged that he Kabito raised serious allegations about his integrity. He tells Jusper that since the university students questioned his appointment of expatriate personnel, just to put them in their place, he orders three hundred more expatriate personnel. GullibleHe falls for Mosese, Jere, and Jusper s trick and orders the guards to surrender their guns to be used as props. SuspiciousHe has deliberately put Mulili on the entertainment committee to report directly to him if something should seem to be going wrong. He suspects Tumbo of being behind Kabito s action to discredit him. Tumbo must have a hand in this pg 59 ROLESBoss is the architect of the misrule in Kafira. He has allowed his advisers such as Mulili to unleash terror to innocent civilians. He is a central character since the events in the story centre around his misrule. He brings out the character of Mulili as vindictive when Mulili convinces him on the need to eliminate Kabito. He also helps brings out the character of Tumbo as sycophantic. Though him several themes are highlighted such as misuse of power, betrayal, and social injustice. He enhances several stylistic devices such as play within a play, suspense, satire and symbolism. ASKARIHe is a prison warder and is mandated to keep watch over Jere and Mosese. Cruel intimidatingEven though Jere was once a soldier like him, he threatens to teach him a lesson or two if Jere calls him his friend again. He also warns Jere that he has once killed a man in that very cellHypocriticalHe tells Jere that they are giving consideration to his future despite his contribution to the national headache. He pretends to be doing Jere a favour and says he should be filling in forms for his rehabilitation. He says that experts have to be called in to give meaning to data collected in the various research centres that the government has put up and which show that rehabilitation of prisoners is invaluable. He goes ahead to say that this is not the type of work any of these local pretenders would handle. Pg 17 MOSESEHe is a former university lecturer who is later imprisoned for criticizing the ruling elite. Friendly sociableHe easily makes friends with Jere in prison. He also shares his views with Jere .", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.5113091}
{"text": "He goes ahead to say that this is not the type of work any of these local pretenders would handle. Pg 17 MOSESEHe is a former university lecturer who is later imprisoned for criticizing the ruling elite. Friendly sociableHe easily makes friends with Jere in prison. He also shares his views with Jere . For example, when Jere tells him that he was a soldier before he came to face to face with reality, Mosese tells him that fire has always been there. Pg 22 He explains to Jere the reason he had changed his name an illegal drug was planted on him by a man bearing the same name as him Nicodemus leading to his imprisonment. Intelligent observantHe was a university lecturer. He is also able to see through the scheme that the authorities have. They intend to use prisoners to act a play to entertain a visiting Head of state to symbolize national unity and therefore build confidence in the visitor to encourage him to invest more in Kafira. Together with Jere and Jusper, he intelligently carries out a palace coup. PrincipledInitially, he refuses to participate in a play to be performed for the visiting head of state. I will not bend so low. Pg 26 . I cannot do it. Among my friends, that would be equivalent to kneeling in front of Boss and pleading for mercy. Pg 27 His change of name was influenced by Boss decision to change his. He changed his name since the man who planted a drug on him to implicate him shared a name with him Nicodemus pg 25 SelflessEven though he is not related to Adika who is just one among his many students, he protests his killing and fights injustice but the reward for his effort was imprisonment. DaringTogether with Jusper and Jere he agrees to take part in a potentially dangerous plot to bring down Boss through a play meant for entertaining the visiting head of state. The plan may not work hence they may be labelled traitors. Sceptical Hopeless pessimisticAfter being sent to prison on trumped up charges, he loses faith in the freedom of Kafira. When told that the release of six hundred prisoners will depend on his participation in the play to entertain the visiting head of state, it only makes him feel like he is betraying what he believes in.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.5658412}
{"text": "The plan may not work hence they may be labelled traitors. Sceptical Hopeless pessimisticAfter being sent to prison on trumped up charges, he loses faith in the freedom of Kafira. When told that the release of six hundred prisoners will depend on his participation in the play to entertain the visiting head of state, it only makes him feel like he is betraying what he believes in. He feels it would be like kneeling down in front of Boss and pleading for mercy for something he has not done. Pg 28 He does not believe in the Bible teachings that Jere seems to believe in. For example, he says, That is why I don t believe in such crap as the last shall be first, and blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven!..... Pg 28 When Jere tells him that things will change, he says, ......that is why I prefer to wait and see. I will stay here and remain loyal to my principles. Pg 28 RolesMosese helps highlight the plight of the educated elite in Kafira. Boss regime seems to deliberately persecute university lectures like Mosese and university student s whom he perceives as his most potent critics. Mosese is arrested and imprisoned for protesting the mistreatment of the family of his late student Adika during the funeral, weeping in public is made illegal for the academic staff. Through him, the character of Askari is brought out as brutal and inhuman. He helps develop among other themes the themes of selflessness and misuse of power. He also highlights play within a play, satire and suspense among other stylistic devices. REGINAShe is sister of Mosese and Jusper Wendo s girlfriend. Her concern for her brother and boyfriend is responsible for her confrontational nature. She pleads with Jusper as well as Mosese to co-opertate with the authorities. Fearful cowardlyShe is so afraid of the laid down rules that she demands that Jusper removes the red gown as it makes him appear dangerous. She fears that he might be killed for being a red guard She pleads with Jusper not to talk of revenge for the death of his parents and brother. She says, Jusper, you promised. You promised to be a good boy.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.537015}
{"text": "She fears that he might be killed for being a red guard She pleads with Jusper not to talk of revenge for the death of his parents and brother. She says, Jusper, you promised. You promised to be a good boy. Do you now talk of revenge? Pg 33 Jusper tells her that she seems to have lost her fighting spirit like everyone else in the street. PrincipledShe refuses to succumb to Boss compromising demands and escapes by jumping from a ten foot high window. TrustingShe believes that Tumbo will speak to Boss on her behalf. She is convinced that boss will replace the political prisoners to mark the visit of foreign head of state. When Jusper asks her, do you think he means it? She responds, he does. He says he will be in charge of the whole thing himself. And don t forget he is Boss right hand man. Pg 37 ROLESRegina highlights major problems affecting Kafira, which is a disillusioned citizenry. She berates her boyfriend Jusper for being critical of Boss, According to her, nothing good will come out of Jusper s continued antagonism towards the government. She is willing to allow the status quo to remain out of fear for the well-being of her loved ones. She pleads with Jusper to stop his agitation, pointing out that Jusper and her brother Mosese are the only people she has in this world, but Mosese was in and that left Jusper to either build or destroy her. Pg 32 She brings the character of as traitorous. Out pd good will she agrees to meet him only for Boss to try to rape her. She also brings put the portrayal of Jusper as principled and selfless. Through her, the author successfully brings out the themes of betrayal, sexual immorality and misuse of power. The author s effective use of stylistic devices such as satire and humour can also be attributed to her. DOGAHe is Nina s husband and father to Jusper and the later Adika. SuspiciousDoga believes that the individual responsible for the death of their son Adika lives among them. His suspicion is raised by evidence on Adika s grave.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.5785341}
{"text": "DOGAHe is Nina s husband and father to Jusper and the later Adika. SuspiciousDoga believes that the individual responsible for the death of their son Adika lives among them. His suspicion is raised by evidence on Adika s grave. Pg 1 Forthright open candidHe tells his wife to calm down when she acts nervous about the violation of their late son s grave and says, What sort of a mother are you? He also disagrees with his wife about informing the sub-chief about the crack on the grave. He can t imagine informing the sub-chief because it is his brother who killed his son. He would rather cheat the ancestors than follow protocol of a wicked government. He also curse Mulili when he proves adamant about allowing them to carry on with the shaving ceremony. He tells him, May you die the way Adika did. Pg 10 OptimisticHe believes that Jusper is Okay where he is. Jusper is alright where he is. Pg 2 PerceptiveHe is able to identify Jere as Kaleka s son despite the later wearing a cap. Pg 9 DishonestHe is determined to cover up any evil on his son s grave by filling the crack on the grave with soil so that the shaving ceremony can go on. Stubborn determinedHe is determined to have his late son s shaving ceremony go on despite the pleas from his wife that people might boycott the ceremony if they knew about the crack in the grave. Grateful appreciativeHe is grateful to Jere for informing them about the whereabouts of Jusper. As a form of gratitude he offers him a pocket bible. Kaleka s son, I have nothing to give you, handing him a pocket bible take this. Pg 12 Rational realisticHe tells his wife that they need not to cry since tears are for the young and their own wells are dry. Devoted religiousHis devotion id depicted by the song he sings with his wife and the prayer he says with her. Later on, he gives Jere a bible. NINAShe is Doga s wife and mother to Jusper and the late Adika. Motherly concernedShe mourns the death of her son and wonders why people would kill him. She is heart broken by the people who come to interfere with his grave and she cannot stand it.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.6085954}
{"text": "NINAShe is Doga s wife and mother to Jusper and the late Adika. Motherly concernedShe mourns the death of her son and wonders why people would kill him. She is heart broken by the people who come to interfere with his grave and she cannot stand it. The death of her son sends her into mourning. She begs Mulili to allow them to allow them to carry on with the shaving ceremony. She is concerned about the whereabouts of Jusper when she finds that he is not guarding the grave. EmotionalShe weeps besides her son s graveDetermined daringWhen Mulili refuses to allow her to carry out the shaving ceremony, she threatens to strip naked and cause him blindness. HonestShe feels that the evil done to her son;s grave should not be hidden. According to her, one cannot outwit their ancestors. She suggests to her husband that they report the evil to the sub-chief. It would be wrong for us to sit on this evil. Pg 3 ReligiousShe tells her husband that they need to commit the day on God s hands. They sing and later she invokes a prayer. FearfulShe is concerned about her son Jusper s safety when they fail to find him at Adika s grave. But where is he now? Doga, my heart fails me. Pg 2 STYLE AND LANGUAGESATIRESatire is a form of writing where an individual or society is ridiculed or where the foolishness of an idea, practice or custom is shown. It s a form of criticism of vices through or by use of humour. The writer portrays the evils of the society in a rather humorous way. From the beginning of the play, he depicts the government as insensitive to the needs of its own people. Adika is shot dead by the sub-chief s brother for leading a demonstration against the employment of many expatriates. Chagaga is jailed and later released because he shot Adika in self-defence other than listen to the protest of the people and consider their demands; the government executes those who oppose its ideas. Government officials such as Askari and Mulili are satirised for their cruelty. They have little regard for human life. Askari mistreats prisoners under his watch such as Jere. He repeatedly threatens Jere and even informs him that he has killed a man in the very cell Jere is in.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.6219249}
{"text": "They have little regard for human life. Askari mistreats prisoners under his watch such as Jere. He repeatedly threatens Jere and even informs him that he has killed a man in the very cell Jere is in. Mulili has no qualms taking away human life. Mulili and Boss have been satirized for being traitorous. Boss betrays the trust bestowed on him by his subjects. Instead of being a servant leader, he has become a tyrant. A peaceful demonstration by university students is violently dispersed leading to the death of a student; Adika. Instead of securing jobs for the citizens of his country he has resorted to importation of expatriates. His leadership is also characterized by intimidation, assassination and corruption. Mulili is a beneficiary of Boss misrule. Ironically, when tables are turned on Boss by Jere, Jusper and Mosese, he betrays Boss and blames him for the ills in Kafira as well as for killing Kabito. He urges Jere to Kill Boss. Tumbo a government official sinefficiency is satirized. He uses his position to benefit himself. He claims that the reason he never got proper education is that his parents were poor and so he sold his scholarship. He fails in his duty to set up a writing competition, feigns ignorance that it took place and gives the opportunity to Jusper who grabs it to turn against the president and his cronies. When he visits Regina, Tumbo sends Jusper for beer claiming that it is tough being a government official. When we do not quite see what is tough in his line of duty. Tumbo is happy when Jusper highlights in the play the influx of expatriate is a sign of potential progress. Mulili is satirised for being insensitive to the rights of children. He suggests that during the head of state s visit, all children and adults should line up on the road to welcome the visitor despite the fact that it s the final term and most of the children will be sitting for exams. IRONYSITUATIONAL IRONYAfter the death of Adika, Jusper went wild singing songs of vengeance and as a result he is taken away by agents of the government to be cooled down. He was said to be dangerous to peace loving people. It is ironical that when he was brought back after three months, he has instead worsened and people said he was mad.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.663245}
{"text": "IRONYSITUATIONAL IRONYAfter the death of Adika, Jusper went wild singing songs of vengeance and as a result he is taken away by agents of the government to be cooled down. He was said to be dangerous to peace loving people. It is ironical that when he was brought back after three months, he has instead worsened and people said he was mad. Pg 4-5 In prison, one is not allowed to talk too much. It doesn t pay to talk a lot. It is ironical that askari takes great exception to Mosese s silence and tries to force him to talk. Due to the fact that the prison authorities know Mosese as being talkative they will not allow him to keep quiet and demand that he explains what he is keeping quiet about. It is ironical that though while in prison one is expected to show consistency of character and a market improvement, one cannot afford to stick to one s principle s otherwise he will never leave jail. According to Jere, the character in the Pilate story his fellow inmate did not want to be Pilate and instead insisted on being Jesus. The said character did not know that being Jesus meant receiving canes and when Jere caned him, he wailed and Jere was subsequently punished it was an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth pg 23 It is ironical that it will take a state visitor to have political prisoners released in Kafira. Jere tells askari that innocence can be an offence. This statement is given credence by the fact that Jere and Mosese are in prison, not because of committing an offence but standing for the truth. Tumbo says that a sum of money has been allocated for a play-writing competition and adds that the democratic part of it is that anyone has to participate yet in actual sense, there is no competition. He goes ahead to pronounce Jusper as the winner of the non-existence competition. News of Jusper s wim will be in the papers the following week. It s ironical that Tumbo will not accept the suggestion that the visiting head of state visits the upcountry to see the progress in agriculture despite the fact that the head of state offered technicians for the said progress. Kabito s attack on the government that Mulili and his likes choke Kafira is ironical since he is a major beneficiary of the system. His appointment to the entertainment committee is reward for his loyalty to Boss.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.7045166}
{"text": "It s ironical that Tumbo will not accept the suggestion that the visiting head of state visits the upcountry to see the progress in agriculture despite the fact that the head of state offered technicians for the said progress. Kabito s attack on the government that Mulili and his likes choke Kafira is ironical since he is a major beneficiary of the system. His appointment to the entertainment committee is reward for his loyalty to Boss. It is also ironical that by pointing out the truth, he is accused of sowing seeds of discord among the other people. According to Boss, grey hair symbolizes wisdom. It is therefore ironic that he is determined to remove all strands of grey hair, claiming that a leader should have grey hair. Pg 58 DRAMATIC IRONYAs Jusper enters, Doga hides behind the bush. The audience as well as Nina is awake of Doga s whereabouts but Jusper is not. Jusper asks Tumbo if he had come to see his Jusper s cousin, The readers as well as Jusper know that Regina is the girlfriend to Jusper and not his cousin but Tumbo doesn t. Mulili is not aware that Tumbo and Nicodemo are already aware of Kabito s death. Tumbo tells Nicodemo, Here he comes. Remember we know nothing. Enter Mulili pg 62 Boss, Tumbo and Mulili are not aware of the plot by Mosese, Jere, and Jusper to topple Boss who is duped into ordering the guards to surrender their guns to be used during the final rehearsal of the play. The readers on the other hand are awake of the plot by the three. IMAGERYThe writer has employed the use of figurative language in the play. Metaphors and similes have been used as follows;I.Similes He was slaughtered like a goat. This show how Adika was killed mercilessly. While referring to this co-actor in the Pilate story, Jere says of him. He wailed like a woman in a death home pg 23 This is a pointer of the cowardice of the individual.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.6725914}
{"text": "Metaphors and similes have been used as follows;I.Similes He was slaughtered like a goat. This show how Adika was killed mercilessly. While referring to this co-actor in the Pilate story, Jere says of him. He wailed like a woman in a death home pg 23 This is a pointer of the cowardice of the individual. While referring to the terror inflicted on the citizens by Boss and his henchmen, Jusper tells Regina, they come quietly when you are least expecting and before you realize it, they have pounced on you like hungry leopards. Pg 32 Jusper goes on to say, I defended his remains like a man. Pg34 This shows his determination and bravery in ensuring that his brother s grave was not desecrated. II.MetaphorMulili tells Jere, Big coward Jere, you a woman pg 10 The implication here is that Jere is a coward for sympathising with Nina and Doga. Jusper tells Regina, Adika died for the truth......he was killed for asking whether or not we were on the right train pg 34 . Jusper here is adverting that Adika died for questioning how the country was being governed. Tumbo tells Jusper that there is a good potato in the work they are about to do in reference to money. Mulili refers to Jere as chicken hearted pg 44 ALLUSIONAllusion refers to reference to something or someone else without the context of a given text. The writer makes several allusions in reference to the Bible. When Jere canes his cell mate as they act out the part of Jesus Christ and Pilate, he finds himself in trouble when the cell mate cries out. He is stripped naked and caned. He tells them it was a case of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. This is a verse in the Bible. The above story is an allusion to the Biblical crucification of Jesus. Many citizens of Kafira have been crucified innocently just like Jesus and many others are the pilates that beat up Christ. Doga, Nina and Kabito are among those who die needless deaths. The pilates are exemplified by the likes of Boss and Mulili.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.6913066}
{"text": "Many citizens of Kafira have been crucified innocently just like Jesus and many others are the pilates that beat up Christ. Doga, Nina and Kabito are among those who die needless deaths. The pilates are exemplified by the likes of Boss and Mulili. Mosese alludes to the biblical inheritance of the Kingdom of heaven in reference to their high expectations after independence. When they are told that their kingdom independence has come, it turns out to be an allusion. Mosese also alluded to the bible when he says ......the last shall be first and blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven. Pg 27 Mosese questions the validity of this bible verse by pointing out the disappointment of the masses. He is disillusioned that people had placed their hope in Boss regime, only to be disappointed by the turn of events. Boss tells Jusper that when he was acting, he used to be given bad roles. He would die for mistakes that were not his. Jusper tells him, I would say it s sacrifice A kind of death for a future. The sort of role Christ played pg 66 While referring to this mother, Mosese tells Jere, once every year she slaughtered a cock to mark the birth of Christ pg 28 Christmas is alluded here. SYMBOLISMAfter Adika s burial following his killing Nina says that his death has made them blind and left them in blindness. This words blind and blindness symbolize the state of hopelessness or disillusionment of Doga and Nina. Reference is made to the word potato . Nicodemo asks Kabito did you get the potato? Potato refers to the university tender. Kabito insists on knowing their terms of service and Nicodemo proceeds to ask the size of potato per hour they are entitled to pg 53 This is in reference to allowanced due to them. Potato symbolizes corruption that is rampant in Kafira. Boss orders an Askari to untie the hands of Mosese and Jere pg 70 The act of untying the two symbolizes their freedom and by extension salvation or the citizens of Kafira. Askari is a symbol of oppression. Political prisoners like Jere and Mosese are mistreated while in prison.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.7403765}
{"text": "Boss orders an Askari to untie the hands of Mosese and Jere pg 70 The act of untying the two symbolizes their freedom and by extension salvation or the citizens of Kafira. Askari is a symbol of oppression. Political prisoners like Jere and Mosese are mistreated while in prison. The brutality of the regime is evident when askari says of Mosese ......when they brought him in last night , he was all questions. We calculated that two mature strokes would ease the tension pg 19 He informs Jere that he has once killed a man in that very cell. Pg 30 sThe gun is a symbol of power. The moment the askaris surrender their guns to Jere, Mosese and Jusper, power shifts from Boss to the three. Mulili, Boss and Tumbo are at the mercy of the three. The reappearance od Doga and Nina at the end of theplay after the killing of Mulili is a symbol of change in Kafira, their reappearance at the graveside which now is for Mulili shows that the social order of injustice and misrule exemplified by poor advisors like Mulili has been done away with and now they expect a new Kafira with better leadership and justice. HUMOURThe writer has employed humour in his play. He portrays Mulili humorously. His broken English and barely comprehensible talks ease the tense moments that keep building in the play. Some of the funny statements he makes include;The green grass in the snake instead of the green snake in the grass to refer to hypocrites. Sometimes I wonder why you possession that thing between your legsYou must apology to me this, now pg 57 You plays with fire you goat! Mulili s attempt to communicate in English is laughable. Who you call child eeh? Jere you tell him. Tell him what I does with stubborn old mens pg 8 Big coward. Why you doesn t let her get on with it. How many I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Look, no goggles pg 9 Mulili s disjointed English is a pointer to his limited education. This is an indication of Boss leadership which regards individuals not on the basis of their qualifications but on the basis of blood relationship and perceived loyalty.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.7312896}
{"text": "How many I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Look, no goggles pg 9 Mulili s disjointed English is a pointer to his limited education. This is an indication of Boss leadership which regards individuals not on the basis of their qualifications but on the basis of blood relationship and perceived loyalty. Mosese says he has no front when asked by Askari, What do you think you are doing showing us your back? Pg 18 While responding to Tumbo s question whether Jusper drinks, Regina replies, there is no brand of beer he hasn t tasted. Pg 41 In a bid to cover up the heinous crime he has committed Mulili says, I also ask that, people say his breath smelled full of spirits. That hard stuff pg 63 When cornered by Nicodemo he says, Who said breath, I said his body smelled whiskies. Humour here is used to portray the wicked and cruel nature of Mulili and clearly points out his direct involvement in the killing of Kabito. On realizing that tables have been turned in his cousin Boss and the guns are now in the hands of Jere and Mosese, Mulili says, I go for short call pg 72 Jusper refers to Regina as girlfriend number one pg 6 . Here humour is used to relieve the tension building up following the desecration of Adika s grave. It is ridiculously funny how Tumbo confuses Wole Soyinka a renowned writer, for a Prime minister and a politician. PROVERBSProverbs are pithy statements that are mainly employed to give advice or to caution. Several instances of proverbs are evident in the text. The writer has used proverbs to illustrate the wisdom of Doga and his realistic nature. He says, a mouse does not share a bowl with a cat. Pg 3 which implies that they cannot share mutual relationship with the sub-chief whose brother, Chagaga, is responsible for the death of AdikaWhen Nina suggests that they should report to the sub-chief what has just happened to the grave, Doga uses a proverb to explain her failure to see the futility of her actions.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.7814884}
{"text": "Several instances of proverbs are evident in the text. The writer has used proverbs to illustrate the wisdom of Doga and his realistic nature. He says, a mouse does not share a bowl with a cat. Pg 3 which implies that they cannot share mutual relationship with the sub-chief whose brother, Chagaga, is responsible for the death of AdikaWhen Nina suggests that they should report to the sub-chief what has just happened to the grave, Doga uses a proverb to explain her failure to see the futility of her actions. Thus he says, ....when dry thunder tears the sky before our eyes, do we forget the storm of yesterday? Pg 3 Doga insists that the shaving ceremony must go on regardless of the obstacles that they face. He uses a proverb. A cloudy sky does not always cry rain pg 3 Kabito tells Nicodemo, the tree climber begins from the bottom, not top pg 53 . Through this proverb, Kabito wishes to be informed the terms of service of the committee before their meeting. The potrayal of Kabito is that of a materialistic, greedy and self-centred individual. FORESHADOWA foreshadow is a premonition that something is going to happen. Authors use words, signs or events to prepare readers for something that is just to occur. Doga foreshadows Mulili s death when he says Empty words will be your downfall. May you die the way Adika did pg 10 His words come to pass when Jusper shoots Mulili. After his parents are murdered in exchange for his release, Jusper says, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means going alone pg 33 His words are fulfilled when he shoots Mulili dead. While reacting to Tumbo s insistence that she must personally see Boss to secure her brother s release , Regina says, I have this funny feeling that something will go wrong pg 45 Her fears are justified when later on Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is only able to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.7902448}
{"text": "May you die the way Adika did pg 10 His words come to pass when Jusper shoots Mulili. After his parents are murdered in exchange for his release, Jusper says, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means going alone pg 33 His words are fulfilled when he shoots Mulili dead. While reacting to Tumbo s insistence that she must personally see Boss to secure her brother s release , Regina says, I have this funny feeling that something will go wrong pg 45 Her fears are justified when later on Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is only able to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window. Mulili foreshadows the arrest and imprisonment of Jere when he threatens him; Hey you.....you shall pay for it pg 15 Boss foreshadows his near death when he says, just before the rehearsal; In four out of five cases I had to die for little, mistakes that were not my own..... pg 66 The reappearance od Doga and Nina at the end of theplay after the killing of Mulili foreshadows the change in Kafira, their reappearance at the graveside which now is for Mulili shows that the social order of injustice and misrule exemplified by poor advisors like Mulili has been done away with and now they expect a new Kafira with better leadership and justice. PLAY WITHIN A PLAYThe play written by Jusper is entitled Betrayal in the City and captures the event of the palace coup so aptly, In this play prisoners stage a palace coup and exposes the villains in the government who are finally gotten rid of. Tumbo, the inefficient government official is ordered out of the centre of power and Mulili, the embodiment of evil is killed. Boss life is spared even when he offers himself to be shot- as a sign that there is hope for change in Kafira. USE OF SONGThe writer has used a song on pg 8;When we walk with the LordIn the light of his way... ......But trust and obey. This song and the subsequent prayer indicate that the couple can only turn to God for solace after all else has failed. Generally, it is their hope in life because under the Kafira government, they can only trust and obey. It portrays them as religious despite the challenges they are facing.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.8158338}
{"text": "This song and the subsequent prayer indicate that the couple can only turn to God for solace after all else has failed. Generally, it is their hope in life because under the Kafira government, they can only trust and obey. It portrays them as religious despite the challenges they are facing. They are seeking for answers through divine intervention. The song and the prayer summarize their total sense of loss and their deep religious devotionCROSS PURPOSEThis style is used in reference to individuals talking about different things in the course of their conversation without realizing it. The first incident of cross purpose is when Doga, Nina and Jusper appear not to communicate and their statements overlap. When Jusper is at cross purpose with Doga and Nina. Jusper appears not to communicate with his parents and their statements overlap. When Jusper is referring to a murder he committed at night, his mother thinks that he imagines killing his father. Doga tells Nina not to detain Jusper and instead allow him to go for he is a nuisance. Jusper responds, he can t go he is dead pg 6 Jusper is referring to Adika;s murderer Chagaga while his mother means that Doga is dead. Jusper and Nina also speak in cross purpose on pg 7 when Jusper asks ...shall I go and confess idid it? To which Nina answers yes my son, go and put on a clean shirt and then you can confess Nina thinks Jusper is talking about the ceremony whereas Jusper is talking about confessing that he had killed Chagaga. Mosese and Jere talk at cross purpose. Pg 30-31 While Mosese in his reverie, seems to be talking to imaginary persons. Jere s questions punctuate his reverie. In his attempt to understand Mosese s talk, he finally concludes,When the madness of an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Pg 33 BETRAYAL IN THE CITY ESSAY QUESTIONSThe Elites play a major role in salvaging countries marred by poor governance. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityThe government of Kafira is a dictatorial regime that doesn t mind the suffering of the masses.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.8030798}
{"text": "In his attempt to understand Mosese s talk, he finally concludes,When the madness of an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Pg 33 BETRAYAL IN THE CITY ESSAY QUESTIONSThe Elites play a major role in salvaging countries marred by poor governance. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityThe government of Kafira is a dictatorial regime that doesn t mind the suffering of the masses. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityRevenge is a vicious cycle that needs to be stopped since it hinders development. Explain the veracity of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityKafira is an epitome of corruption in the developing countries. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityDeceit reigns in situations of poor governance and with them comes conflict. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityA state can be brought down if its leadership thrives on cronism and poor advisors. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityKafira s woes can be attributed to the inefficiency of its leadership. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityBetrayal in the city is a perfect satire of the ills in third world countries. . Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityBad governance creates room for economic opportunism. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMulili is an embodiment of evil attributes. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMany people in Kafira are traitorous. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaStrikes come with many adverse effects.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.865521}
{"text": "Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the CityBad governance creates room for economic opportunism. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMulili is an embodiment of evil attributes. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMany people in Kafira are traitorous. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaStrikes come with many adverse effects. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaWrite an essay explaining the relevance of the title BETRAYAL IN THE CITY.from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga THE OUTSIDE OF THIS CELL MIGHT AS WELL BE THE INSIDE OF ANOTHER from instances in the play write as essay justifying Jere s assertion drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaOppression breeds misery and conflict. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaThe situation in Kafira has bred despondency amongst its citizens. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaMany eventsand actions in Betrayal in the City are triggered by the need for revenge. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga.", "metadata": {"source": "BETRAYAL-IN-THE-CITY-BY-FRANCIS-IMBUGA.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.8446035}
{"text": "AGRICULTURE FORM IV NOTES27.0.0 Livestock Production V Poultry 25 Lessons 28.0.0 Livestock Production VI Cattle 16 Lessons 29.0.0 Farm Power and Machinery 18 Lessons 30.0.0 Agricultural Economics III Production Economics 20 Lessons 31.0.0 Agricultural Economics IV Farm Accounts 10 Lessons 32.0.0 Agricultural Economics V Agricultural Marketing and Organisations 10 Lessons 33.0.0 Agroforestry 10 Lessons Livestock Production V Poultry IntroductionPoultry industry in Kenya has developed tremendously due to the use of artificial incubation and brooding and easy availability of hybrid birds, both eggers and broilers. Poultry production has become an easy source of income and food for the rural as well as the urban communities. The term poultry includes domestic birds such as turkeys, ducks, geese, pheasants, doves and pigeons. Of late ostrich farming has become a lucrative activity. Poultry production starts with incubation of eggs. Parts of an EggShellForms 10-12 of the whole egg content. Made of calcium and phosphorus. Protects the inner egg contents. Shell membraneMade of inner and outer membranes. Lining of the egg shell. Constitutes 1 of the total egg content. Albumen egg white About 55-60 of the total egg content. It is divided into chalaza, thick and thin albumen. Chalaza holds the egg yolk in position. Albumen serves as food for the chick. Yolk30-33 of the total egg content. Supply embryo with nutrients. Germinal disc -The embryo which develops into a chick if fertilized. Vitelline membrane - Gives the yolk its round shape. Air sacKeeps the egg fresh by allowing gaseous exchange. Provides oxygen for the embryo Egg Candling:This is the practice of determining the internal qualities of an egg by examining it against a light source. ProcedureThe egg is placed on a hole made on a .cardboard box. This is called a candling box. A sou rce of light is placed in the box directly under the egg. The observer then looks through the egg against the source of light below.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.8914418}
{"text": "This is called a candling box. A sou rce of light is placed in the box directly under the egg. The observer then looks through the egg against the source of light below. Abnormalities on and within the egg can be seen through the translucent shell. IncubationInvolves the provision of fertile eggs with the proper condition for embryonic development. Selection of Eggs for IncubationShould be fertile. Should be of medium size about 55- 60gms in weight. Should have smooth shell. Should be oval shaped. Should not be cracked. Eggs should be clean to ensure that pores are open. Should not have abnormalities such as blood spots, meat spots and double yolk. . Eggs should not be more than 5 days old. Eggs should be fresh that is collected within one week. Internal egg qualities can be determined through the egg candling process. Methods of IncubationNatural IncubationThis involves the use of a broody hen which sits on the eggs to provide them with conditions necessary for hatching. Takes 20-21 days. The hen is given about 10-15 eggs. Signs' of Broodiness in PoultryTendency to sit on an egg after laying. Moulting of the hen. Making some noise at the laying nests. Feathers are raised. It becomes aggressive when disturbed. It stops laying. Preparation and Management of Natural IncubationThe hen is given \"China eggs\" to sit on to induce broodiness. When broody the hen should be provided with a nesting nest or a saucershaped nest scooped on the ground. The nest shall be lined with soft bedding and fertile eggs provided. The eggs are set in the evening or night. The bird is dusted to control external parasites. The hen is allowed t hour outside to feed and exercise everyday. Broken eggs should be removed immediately. The hen should not be disturbed. Advantages of Natural IncubationIt is cheap. High hatchability. Low risk involved. Useful in small scale production. Less skill is required. Less laborious. Disadvantages of Natural IncubationEgg production is low because the hen will not lay eggs during incubation. It is not possible to plan when to incubate. If the hen dies the eggs will be destroyed.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.8837016}
{"text": "Disadvantages of Natural IncubationEgg production is low because the hen will not lay eggs during incubation. It is not possible to plan when to incubate. If the hen dies the eggs will be destroyed. If the hen deserts the eggs or refuses to sit on them the farmer will incur losses. Only few chicks can be hatched at a time by one hen. Diseases and parasites could easily be transmitted to the chicks. Artificial IncubationThis is the use of artificial device known as an incubator for hatching eggs. Conditions Necessary for Artificial Hatching of EggsTemperature - maintain at 37.5 C-39.4 C throughout to control the rate of embryonic development of the chick. High or low temperatures are lethal. Ventilation - Good air circulation. Carbon dioxide: oxygen ratio maintained at 0.03 :21 . Relative humidity - Maintained at 60 . High humidity leads to marshy chickslow humidity the chick may stick to the shell. Turning of Eggs Done 3-4 times a day to facilitate uniform distribution of heat for uniform development of chick. Turn slowly 180 clockwise along the axis to avoid breaking the blood vessels. Some incubators have automatic turning mechanism. Cleanliness - cleaning and disinfecting the incubator with formaldehyde solution. Advantages of Artificial IncubationIt facilitates large scale production of chicks. Incubators are always ready when needed. Artificial incubation leads to higher egg production because broodiness in the hens is not required, so there is more time for laying eggs. Disadvantages of Artificial IncubationHigh initial capital in buying an incubator. High level of management and attention is required. It is not economical for only a small number of eggs. High risks involved in turning the eggs. Brooding and Rearing of ChicksBrooding is the rearing of day old chicks upto 8 weeks old for the layer chicks and 2 weeks for the broiler chicks. For successful brooding the source of the chicks should be considered. Sources of ChicksThe following factors should be considered:The reputation of the supplier hatchery . Time taken by the chicks in transit. Proper sexing and breed identification. BroodingNatural BroodingA hen is allowed to take care of the chicks. She provides them with warmth and security. She stays with the chicks for 8 weeks and then rejects them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.9799314}
{"text": "BroodingNatural BroodingA hen is allowed to take care of the chicks. She provides them with warmth and security. She stays with the chicks for 8 weeks and then rejects them. Advantages It is cheap. Less labour is needed. Suitable for small scale. Disadvantages of Natural BroodingNot possible to produce large numbers of chicks. The hen goes off laying during brooding time. Only possible when a broody hen is available. Artificial BroodingThe chicks are raised artificially in a structure known as a brooder until they are 8 weeks old. Brooder RequirementsTemperature - should be about 35 C in the 15th week and reduced to 21 C by the 8th week. Litter - wood shavings which are capable of absorbing 60 moisture without showing wetness should be used. Space confinement - Done by use of hardboards which are about 25cm high and form a circular space. A space of 1m2 for 25 chicks is required. Feeders and waterers - should be enough for the chicks and evenly distributed in the brooder. Ventilators - windows should be enough to allow proper air circulation but direct draught should be avoided. Types of Heaters in the BrooderElectric heaters - one ordinary bulb 100 watts can raise 30 chicks. One infrared bulb 240 watts can raise 100 chicks. Kerosene burners - Hurricane lamps can raise 100 chicks. Charcoal burners - these are specially made jikos with heat deflectors. Brooder ManagementPreparation Before Chicks ArriveStart 2-3 days before arrival. The brooder house should be cleaned to remove old litter and then disinfected. New litters 5-1Ocm high should be put in and covered with absorbent materials news papers. Equipment should be cleaned, disinfected and tested to make sure that they are working. The brooder is lit about 6 hours before the chicks arrive. Feed and water should be placed into shallow containers. Brooder space should be confined with a hard board to prevent chicks straying far from the source of heat. Management After Arrival of the ChicksChicks are placed in the brooder during the day to familiarize with the brooder. If chicks arrive stressed and weak they should be given glucose solution in the waterers. In case the heat source is charcoal burners they should be covered with wire mesh.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.9544222}
{"text": "Management After Arrival of the ChicksChicks are placed in the brooder during the day to familiarize with the brooder. If chicks arrive stressed and weak they should be given glucose solution in the waterers. In case the heat source is charcoal burners they should be covered with wire mesh. Feed chicks with chick mash which is later mixed with growers mash as the chicks grow. Clean water should be provided and changed regularly. Constant attention should be given to the chicks for the first 2 weeks. Any vices should be checked and controlled. Any dead chicks should be removed as soon as seen. Ventilation should be used to control the temperature and humidity in the brooder. Constant disinfection is required at the entrance to avoid diseases. Brooder space should be increased as the chicks grow. Debeaking should be done at 10 days old. Vaccination against diseases such as Gumboro after 2 weeks, New Castle at 3-4 weeks and fowl typhoid at 7 weeks. Dusting to control external parasites. Growers' mash should be introduced gradually at 7 weeks old. Chicks are removed from the brooder when they are 8 weeks old. On average the chick uses about 1.5kg - 2.2kg of chick mash by the time it is 8 weeks old. Temperature Control in the BrooderIf the brooder temperatures are low the following should be done:Brooder space is reduced. Heaters are increased. Ventilators are closed. If the brooder temperatures are too high the following should be done:Brooder space is increased. Heaters should be reduced. Ventilators should be opened. Management of the GrowersThe growers are birds at the age of 9 weeks to the point of lay that is at 18 weeks. Growers should be fed on growers' mash. By this time the growers should be occupying the main poultry house. Sick birds should be isolated and treated. A foot bath for constant disinfection should be placed at the entrance. Each bird is fed 115 gms per day of growers' mash. Greens and soluble grit should also be provided. Clean water should be provided all the time adilibitum . Drenching against internal parasites should be done by adding a dewormer into the water. Vermins should be controlled. Litter should be kept dry by turning. Vaccination should be done as required. Layer pullets require dimly lit house.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406306.987017}
{"text": "Litter should be kept dry by turning. Vaccination should be done as required. Layer pullets require dimly lit house. Management of the LayersLayers' mash should be introduced at 18 weeks and increased gradually. The birds start laying at 18-21 weeks. The birds should be vaccinated against New Castle and fowl typhoid. Enough floor space roosts, feeders and waterers should be provided. Each hen should be given 120gms per day of layers' mash. Clean water should be provided adlibitum. Eggs should be collected twice a day at noon and in the evening. Green leaves should be provided to keep the birds busy thus preventing cannibalism and improve the yellow colour of the yolk. Grains should be given in addition to the layers' mash at the rate of 65gms per bird per day. Soluble grit or oyster shells should be provided at all times for efficient digestion and strong shelled eggs. Layers should be fed according to their body weight and the rate of egg production for example a 70kg bag should feed 100 layers for 4-5 days. Enough laying nests should be provided at least 1 per 5 layers. The laying boxes should be dimly lit to reduce egg eating. Debeaking should be done when necessary. Broken eggs and dead birds should be disposed off properly. The non-layers and cannibals should be culled. Management of BroilersBroilers are table birds kept for meat production. They have high growth rates or high feed conversion ratio. The objective is to produce a kilogram of quality poultry meat from less than two kg of broiler feed. The broiler chick requires special broiler feed from day old to 4 weeks of age. Broiler starters' mash or crumbs should be fed. This contains coccidiostat, high level of protein, vitamins and trace elements for early growth. From 4 weeks to 8 weeks they are given broiler follow-on mash or pellets. This feed contains high level of metabolisable energy to ensure a good cover of subcutaneous fat in the finished broiler. From 8 weeks until slaughter finisher pellets should be given to increase the size. Adequate clean water should be provided at all times adlibitum . High level of hygiene should be maintained to reduce mortality rate. Birds should be dusted with appropriate pesticides to control external parasites. Deworming should be done routinely.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.0071697}
{"text": "The fold does not last long because ofhigh frequency of handling. The return per unit area of land is low. Intensive SystemDeep Litter SystemBirds are confined in a house throughout their life. The floor of the house is made up of litter which accumulates over time. Enough feeders, waterers and laying boxes are provided depending on the number of birds and space available. Movable roosts and perches made of timber frames should be provided in the house. Stress and vices should be watched closely and controlled. Eggs should be collected as frequently as possible to prevent dirt and egg eating. The house should be dimly lit. The floor space requirement should be 1m2 per 2-3 birds. AdvantagesHigh stocking rate per unit area of land. Low labour requirement. Fast accumulation of manure. There is control of feeding, egg production and movement of birds. Safety of the birds is guaranteed from predators. No loss of eggs. Useful method when rearing breeding stock. Regular cleaning of the house is not necessary since the litter absorbs the droppings. Easy collection of eggs. DisadvantagesHigh incidence of cannibalism like egg eating, feather plucking and toe pecking. Pests and disease causing organisms accumulate in the litter. Individual records of the birds are not possible. May be difficult to find litter. Eggs become dirty if laid on the floor. Feeders and waterers may be contaminated by the litter. The system encourages broodiness in hens. High infestation of diseases if the management is below standard. If there is a disease outbreak, it can spread very quickly throughout the house due to the communal housing. High cost of building deep litter house. Battery Cage SystemBirds are confined in cages which are placed in the poultry house. The cages are made of wire mesh Each cage contains 1-3 birds. Water and feed troughs together with eggs trays are fitted along the front side of the cages. The floor of the cages should be slanting to allow the eggs to roll out of the cages. Droppings from the cages fall from behind for easy cleaning. AdvantagesRecords are easily kept therefore culling is easy. Birds do not become broody. More eggs are collected due to restricted movement of the hens and complete control of egg eating.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.127345}
{"text": "AdvantagesRecords are easily kept therefore culling is easy. Birds do not become broody. More eggs are collected due to restricted movement of the hens and complete control of egg eating. Tender meat is obtained from the culls because the muscles have not been toughened much. Handling is easier than in the other systems and individual attention to hens is given. Stocking rate is very high. Vices are greatly reduced. Eggs are clean because hens do not step on them. The system can easily be mechanised. Birds do not contaminate the food and water. Sick birds can be detected easily and isolated for treatment. Wire floors prevent re-infestation of parasitic worms and coccidiosis. No bullying during feeding. Low labour requirement. DisadvantagesInitial costs for cages, equipment and house are excessively high. Requires high level of management. Higher maintenance costs where automation is used. Birds may get fatigue due to lack of exercises thus lowering productivity. In case of disease outbreak, spreading is very fast. Birds develop bruises on combs, breasts and toes as they stick their necks out-to feed and walk in the cages. Not useful when rearing breeding stock and the rearing of broilers. Cannot be used for brooding young chicks. Stress and Vices in ChickenStress is a condition imposed on the birds making them disturbed and uncomfortable. Stress reduces production and brings about poor performance. Vices are habits developed by animals. These affect production and health of the birds. Usually they are bad habits. Cause of Stress in PoultrySudden changes in routine management. Presence of strangers in the poultry house. Presence of animals and vermins. Too much noise. Constant and poor handling. Sudden weather changes. Disturbance of the pecking order. Overcrowding Poor hygiene. Disease and pest attack. Lack of food and water. Control of StressPoultry house should be kept quiet and constructed away from noise. Poultry house should be insulated to maintain constant temperatures. Parasites and diseases should be controlled. Change in routine management should be gradual. Enough feed and water should be provided. VicesFeather pecking. Cannibalism toe and vent pecking . Egg eating. Pecking and CannibalismSituation where birds peck at each other resulting in death or injury.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.1226861}
{"text": "Cannibalism toe and vent pecking . Egg eating. Pecking and CannibalismSituation where birds peck at each other resulting in death or injury. Effects:Feather and body growth rate IS reduced. Loss of birds due to death may result from cannibalism. Culling rate is increased economic loss . The appearance of the carcass is spoiled thereby reducing its market value. Causes of CannibalismOvercrowding in the house. High temperatures in the poultry house making the birds uncomfortable. Too bright light. External parasite infestation. Inadequate and incorrect feeding. Idleness of the birds. Greediness of the birds. Disturbances of the pecking order. Prolapses of the rectum which occurs once in a while. Bright light in the lying boxes. Preventive MeasuresAmple spacing should be provided on the floor, feeders, waterers and laying boxes. Overheating should be avoided during brooding. The house should be dimly lit for the layers. Laying nests should be darkened and above the ground. Dusting should be done to control external parasites. Provide enough balanced ration. Birds should be kept busy. New strange birds should not be allowed in the house. Egg EatingA vice influenced by the following:Presence of broken or soft shelled eggs. Idleness of the birds. Inadequate laying nests. Mineral deficiencies. Bright light in the laying nests. Greediness of the birds. Preventive MeasuresEggs should be collected regularly. Laying boxes raised above the ground. Laying boxes should be darkened. Birds should be given balanced ration. Debeaking should be done as need be. Birds should be kept busy with greens. Birds should be kept according to age groups. Injured birds should be isolated and treated. Marketing of Poultry ProductsPoultry products include eggs and meat. Marketing of EggsEggs are delicate and perishable foods and have the highest value when fresh. The factors considered when sorting out and grading eggs for the market include:Size weight of the egg - large eggs fetch high prices than small ones. The average weight should be about 57gms. Shape of the egg - The normal egg shape is oval, with a broad end and a narrow end. Cleanliness - Consumers prefer clean eggs. Colour of the shell - Brown eggs are popular with the consumers.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.1325493}
{"text": "Shape of the egg - The normal egg shape is oval, with a broad end and a narrow end. Cleanliness - Consumers prefer clean eggs. Colour of the shell - Brown eggs are popular with the consumers. Candling qualities - candling is done to determine freshness of the eggs and presence of any other egg abnormalities. Shell texture - should be smooth and without cracks. Poultry MeatBroilers are slaughtered at the age of 1-2.5months old with a life weight of 1.5-2kgs. The birds are killed and dressed in a clean way before being wrapped in clean bags ready for sale. The meat is sold in hotels and restaurants. Whole birds can be sold live in local markets. Livestock Production VI Cattle IntroductionCattle production is a widely distributed enterprise in Kenya. Most farming communities choose between the exotic and the' local breeds or their crosses depending on the environmental conditions. Whereas the backbone of beef industry in Kenya is made up of the indigenous animals and their crosses, and based in the somewhat drier areas, the-dairy industry is mainly based on the exotic breeds and their crosses and common in the wetter regions of Kenya. Whatever production undertaken, the returns depend mostly on the management levels provided to these animals. A productive herd starts with good management of the young stock. Raising of Young Stock. The young one of cattle is known as a calf. Feeding Dairy CalvesNewborn calves should be given colostrums within the first 3-5 days of their life. Colostrum is important for the following reasons:It is highly digestible. It contains antibiotics. It is highly nutritious. It serves as a laxative. It is highly palatable. Calves can be fed using natural method direct suckling or artificially bucket feeding. Natural MethodIn this method, calves suckle the mother directly. AdvantagesThe calf takes milk at body temperature. The milk is free from contaminants. Less problems of scouring. DisadvantagesUnderfeeding of the calf may result. Cows may not let down milk in case the calf dies. Difficult to keep accurate production records. Artificial Bucket FeedingThe calf is trained to feed from the bucket immediately after birth. The calf is trained as follows:Well measured milk is put in a clean bucket. Index finger is inserted into the mouth of the calf.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.1390817}
{"text": "Artificial Bucket FeedingThe calf is trained to feed from the bucket immediately after birth. The calf is trained as follows:Well measured milk is put in a clean bucket. Index finger is inserted into the mouth of the calf. The head of the calf is lowered slowly into the bucket until the calf starts to drink the milk. The finger is withdrawn slowly as the calf continues to drink from the bucket. The procedure is repeated until the calf gets used to the process. AdvantagesEasy to keep accurate production record milk yields of the cow. Possible to regulate the amount of milk given to the calfThe cow does not need the presence of the calf in order to let down milkEasy to maintain high hygiene standards. DisadvantagesLaboriousCalf may be given cold milkEquipment used and the stockman may be dirty leading to scoursPreparation of artificial colostrumsIngredients usedA fresh egg whipped in 0.86 litres of warm waterLitre of warm waterOne teaspoonful of cod liver oilOne tablespoonful of castor oilNote; colostrums is fed to the calves three times a day for the first 4 days of life and thereafter twice a day. Weaning of calvesEarly weaningCalf is fed on whole milk up to the tenth week then it is weanedCalf is given milk equal to 10 of its body weight up to the 8th weekAfter 8th week, milk is reduced gradually by 1 kg until weaning Calf is given early weaning concentrates and soft forageEarly Weaning GuideLate weaningCalf is fed on whole milk up to the 3rd week, when milk is replaced gradually with skim milk. At the age of 3weeks the calf is introduced to calf pellets or pencils and green fodder. The calf is given plenty of clean water. The calf continues to be given additional skim milk up to the age of 14 weeks when maximum amount of milk is given. Skim milk is reduced from 14 weeks to 16 weeks when weaning is done. Late weaning guideRearing of replacement stockThe replacement stock includes young heifers and bulls which have been selected for breeding to replace the old stock. Management PracticeParasite control-Spraying against external parasites and deworming against internal parasites.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.2468538}
{"text": "Skim milk is reduced from 14 weeks to 16 weeks when weaning is done. Late weaning guideRearing of replacement stockThe replacement stock includes young heifers and bulls which have been selected for breeding to replace the old stock. Management PracticeParasite control-Spraying against external parasites and deworming against internal parasites. Disease control-Calves are vaccinated routinely against diseases such as;Blackquater-at 4 months old. Anthrax and Blackquater at 6 months oldBrucellosis - 3-8 months old heifers . Castration - for male calves not selected for breeding. Identification - Suitable methods are used. It allows proper record keeping. Removal of Extra Teats ;These teats are known as supernumerary teats which make milking of the animal difficult. They are clipped off with teat clippers. Dehorning Disbudding - The removal of horn buds using suitable methods. Calf HousingRequirement of a Calf Pen;Should be clean and easy to clean. Be warm and dry. Have adequate space to allow exercise and feeding. Should be properly lit and allow sunlight for Vitamin D. Have proper drainage to avoid dampness. Draught free to prevent chilling. Be well ventilated to allow fresh air. Types of PensThese can be;permanentmobile movable. Permanent PensHave a solid floor raised above the ground. The floor should be slanted for drainage. Constructed near the milking parlour. Mobile Movable PensHave an open floor to allow grass into the pen. Easily moved from one place to another to avoid soiling. Kept outdoors in the pastures to allow the calf to nibble on pastures. Single HousingCalves should be housed singly up to the age of 3 weeks, when they are put in group pens. This is to avoid them licking each other and swallowing hairs which form indigestible balls. Milk and MilkingMilk is the white lacteal substance secreted by the mammary glands of the female mammals. Composition of MilkProtein - Casein and whey. Fat - Butter fat. Carbohydrates - LactoseMinerals - mainly calcium and phosphorus. WaterFactors Affecting Milk CompositionAge of the animal. Conditions of the animal. Stage of lactation and pregnancy. Completeness of milking. Type of breed. Season of the year.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.2568758}
{"text": "Completeness of milking. Type of breed. Season of the year. Type of food eaten. Physiological conditions such as diseases. Milk Secretion and Milk Let-downMilk is secreted by the mammary glands which is an accessory gland of the reproductive system. The mammary gland of a cow is known as an udder. Structure of the UdderThe udder is composed of the following parts:Alveolus cells - synthesize and secrete milk. Lobule - a group of alveolus cells. Lobe - Several lobules grouped together and drained by lactiferous ducts. Gland cistern - space where milk collects from the lobes. Teat cistern - A space where milk collects before emission. Teat -An organ which drains each quarter of the udder. Milk SecretionThe process of milk secretion is known as lactogenesis. The digested food is taken to the udder via blood vessels. In the udder the nutrients are carried into the alveoli cells where metabolic reactions take place to build up these nutrients into milk. A hormone prolactine is secreted by pituitary gland which brings about lactogenesis. The milk secreted is then stored in the upper parts of the udder waiting to be released. Milk Let -DownThe process of milk let-down occurs naturally when the animal is stimulated. Milk secreted moves from alveolar region through the ducts to the gland cistern. Oxytocin, a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland causes the contraction of the udder muscles forcing the milk down the teats. Oxytocin hormone lasts 7 -10 minutes in the blood stream hence fast milking is important to withdraw the milk. Milk is withdrawn from the teats by gently squeezing them. Factors Influencing Milk Let-DownPresence of the calf. Presence of the milkman milker. Rattling of the milk equipment. Site of the food feeding the animal. Massaging or washing the udder. Sight of the milk parlour. Factors Inhibiting Milk Let-DownBeating the animal inflicting pain to the animal. Presence of strangers and animals for example dogs. Poor milking techniques. Absence of the calf in case the cow is used to it .", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.2729316}
{"text": "Presence of strangers and animals for example dogs. Poor milking techniques. Absence of the calf in case the cow is used to it . Clean Milk ProductionThe following factors are essential for clean milk production:A healthy lactating cow. A healthy and clean milker. Clean and properly constructed milking parlour. Clean and disinfected milking equipment. Proper handling of the milk after milking. Milking ProcedureThe animals are brought near the milking parlour 15-20 minutes before milking to get into the mood of being milked. Milking materials such as equipment, feeds, ropes, stools and salve are collected and placed near the milking parlour. The animals are allowed into the milking stall one by one as the milking proceeds as follows:The animal is restrained in the stall. Feed is weighed and placed into the feed trough. The udder is thoroughly washed, disinfected and dried with a clean cloth. A strip cup is used to test for mastitis on each quarter. Milking proceeds by squeezing the teats with the full hand. If machine milking the teat cups are placed on the teats. For hand milking start with the hindquarters and finish with the forequarters. Fast milking should take about 8 minutes then end with stripping the udder. The milk is weighed and recorded. The animal is then released. Dry Cow TherapyThis is the infusion of antibiotics into the teat canal of a cow that is preparing for drying off. It prevents bacterial infection which leads to mastitis. Milk ProductsPasteurized milk - milk that is heated and cooled immediately. Ultra Heat Treated UHT - milk heated to a temperature of 130-135C, packed and then cooled. Butter - Milk butter fat separated by a process known as churning. Cream -A layer of is: that collects at the top of the milk when left to stand. Cheese - Milk proteins which have been compressed. Ghee - Milk fat made from heating cream or butter. Skim milk - Milk without butter fat. Marketing of MilkThe Kenya Dairy Board regulates the production and sale of milk and milk products through various Dairy Co-operative Societies. Processors and distributors of milk and milk products include; o KCC, o Brookside Dairies, o Tuzo, o Delamere Dairies o Limuru Dairies.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.2958784}
{"text": "Skim milk - Milk without butter fat. Marketing of MilkThe Kenya Dairy Board regulates the production and sale of milk and milk products through various Dairy Co-operative Societies. Processors and distributors of milk and milk products include; o KCC, o Brookside Dairies, o Tuzo, o Delamere Dairies o Limuru Dairies. Marketing of BeefDone by the following:Individual fanners through the local slaughter house. Livestock marketing division. Kenya Meat Commission. Farmer's Choice. Farm Power and MachineryIntroductionFarm power is any form of energy used in the farm to do work. . Sources of Farm PowerHuman PowerPerforms light tasks. Quality of work produced is variable. Takes a long time to complete a task. Animal PowerDone by draught animals such as camels, donkeys, horses and elephants. Used in land preparation and transportation. DisadvantagesSlow. Animals are liable to sickness and get tired. Need enough food. Wind PowerTo pump water from boreholes. To winnow crops such as beans, finger millet and rice. Generate electricity. DisadvantagesNot easy to control and may not be available when needed. Water Power Irrigation. Grinding mills to grind maize grains . DisadvantagesDifficult to use in the farm because it is not easy to control. BiomasThis includes: wood or charcoal biogas power. Charcoal Wood Fuel EnergyUsesProvides heat for boiling water and cooking. Dehydrating of some crops. Curing of tobacco. DisadvantagesExhaustible. It cannot be used directly in some farm operations. Large quantities are required. They are bulky hence difficult to transport. BiogasUsesProvides heat and light for cooking, boiling water and lighting. Produces electricity. DisadvantagesOnly possible where there are animals under zero grazing unit. It is labour-consuming. Large quantities of dung are required. Cannot be used directly in some farm operations. Fossil FuelsThese include:coal, petroleum oils natural gas. UsesPetrol or diesel is burned in internal combustion engines to produce power. Kerosene is the main source of power to light rural homes. Natural gas is used for cooking, heating and lighting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.3673122}
{"text": "UsesPetrol or diesel is burned in internal combustion engines to produce power. Kerosene is the main source of power to light rural homes. Natural gas is used for cooking, heating and lighting. Electrical PowerIt includes:hydro-electrical power HEP ,geothermal,nuclearpower stored in batteries. Nuclear energy is a potential source of power which has not yet been used in the farms. Uses of Electrical PowerRuns stationary machines such as milling machines, grinding mills, cooling machines and water pumps. Supplies heat and light for operations of brooders. DisadvantagesCannot be used directly in some farm operations. Lack of electricity in the rural areas. Power failures can lead to high losses. It is costly to install and maintain. Solar EnergyEnergy obtained from the sun. UsesProvides heat and light. Used by all the plants in photosynthesis. Dehydrating crops such as vegetables, maize grains, beans and hay. Boils water which drives turbines to produce power for minor uses. DisadvantageLow concentration of energy on cloudy days. Expensive In collecting and concentrating equipment. Cannot be used directly in some farm operations. Requires skilled labour to install and maintain. TractorThe tractor has an internal combustion engine which burns petrol or diesel to produce power. This power is then passed to the gear box from where it is transmitted in various ways. The common tractor engine is a four stroke cycle engine. The four strokes are:Induction stroke. Compression stroke. Power stroke. Exhaust stroke. Induction StrokePiston moves down. Inlet valve opens. Fuel and air get into the cylinder. Compression StrokeInlet valve is closed. Piston moves up the cylinder. Fuel-air mixture is compressed. Power StrokeA spark is produced at spark plug, igniting the fuel-air mixture. The increased pressure forces the piston down the cylinder. Exhaust Stroke Exhaust valve opens. Piston moves up the cylinder. Burned fuel-air mixture expelled. Advantages of the Four Stroke EnginesProduce high power which can do heavy farm work. Have efficient fuel and oil utilization. Perform a wide range of farm operations. Are effectively cooled with water thus allowing the production of large engine size. Exhaust gasses are effectively expelled from the cylinders.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.414315}
{"text": "Perform a wide range of farm operations. Are effectively cooled with water thus allowing the production of large engine size. Exhaust gasses are effectively expelled from the cylinders. DisadvantagesAre expensive to buy and maintainTheir use is limited in some areas;Tractor can only be used on flat or gently sloping areasRequire skilled personnel and support servicesThe Two Stroke EnginesFound in small machines such as mowers, motor bikes, and water pumps which do light jobs in the farm. All the cycles are completed in two strokes of the piston. These strokes are;Induction and compression strokeThe piston is at the bottomPiston moves up uncovering the inlet portFuel-air mixure is drawn inIgnition occurs when the piston reaches the topPiston is forced downward compressing the mixture in the crank. Power and exhaust strokeThe piston is at the topIgnited gases produce pressure which force the piston downwardsThe piston covers the inlet port and traps fresh fuel-air mixture in the crank casePiston moves further down to uncover the exhaust portFuel-air mixture transferred from the crankcase to the combustion chamber. What Advantages of two stroke engine? Cheap to buy and easy to maintainEconomical in fuel consumptionCan be used in a wide range of farmland, including hilly areasCan do small tasks in the farm which would be un-economical to do using the four stroke engine. What disadvantages of two stroke engine? They produce less power hence cannot be used for heavy duties. They are inefficient in burning fuel to produce power. They are air cooled thus limiting the size of the engine. Systems of a TractorThe modern tractor has the following systems:The fuel system. Electrical systemIgnition systemCooling systemPower transmission system. The Fuel SystemSupplies fuel to the engine. Categorized into two types depending on the fuel used. These are:The petrol fuel system. The diesel fuel systemThe Petrol Fuel SystemConsists of:Fuel tank - storage of fuel. Fuel filter - removes foreign particles from the fuel. Carburettor atomises fuel into spray. Introduces fuel-air mixture into the engines. Regulates fuel-air into suitable proportions. Fuel pump - forces fuel into the carburettor. Delivery pipe - connects all the devices. MaintenanceCleaning the carburettor regularly. Cleaning the fuel filter in petrol. Cleaning the hole in the fuel tank cap.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.3986113}
{"text": "MaintenanceCleaning the carburettor regularly. Cleaning the fuel filter in petrol. Cleaning the hole in the fuel tank cap. The Diesel Fuel SystemConsists of:Fuel tank - storage of fuel. Fuel injection pump - pumps diesel through injection nozzles and breaks into fine spray. Fuel filters - remove foreign particles from the fuel. Delivery pipes - connect the various devices. MaintenanceReplacing the fuel filter. Bleeding in case air is trapped in the system. Cleaning the sediment bowl regularly. Structural and Functional Differences Between Petrol and Diesel EnginesbElectrical SystemConsists of the following:BatteryConverts chemical energy into electrical energy. Stores electrical energy produced by the runningIgnition circuit - provide the electrical required by the spark plugs. Current that produces a spark in the engine. Generator circuit - provide the electrical current that starts the engine. Lighting circuit - supply the electrical current required for the lighting system. Starter motor circuit - starts the engine. Care and Maintenance of a Tractor BatteryThe level of electrolyte should be kept just above the plate by topping with distilled water. Corroded terminals should be scrapped clean and smeared with grease. The battery should be tightly fixed in a box to avoid spillage and damage. The battery should be fitted correctly on the tractor. The battery should be charged regularly and periodically. In case of long storage the battery contents should be kept upside down. The generator fan belt should always be functional to ensure the battery is always charged. Ignition SystemConsists of:Ignition - change the low voltage from the battery to high voltage current required by the spark plugs. Condenser - absorbs the self-induced current in the primary circuit. Stores current for a short time. Passes electric current to the distributor. Distributor - distributes the high voltage current to the spark plugs. Contact breaker - Interrupts the normal flow of current in the primary circuit. State the Maintenance practices carried on the Ignition SystemThe carbon deposits on the spark plug electrodes should be removed. The spark plugs whose electrodes are worn out should be replaced. The contact breaker points should be cleaned. The breaker points should be adjusted so that they lie between O.30mm and 0.50mm. The condenser should be replaced regularly. The ignition systems should always be kept dry. Ignition wires with poor insulation should be replaced. Cooling SystemThe cooling system aims at preventing the engine from overheating which would cause piston zeisure in the cylinder.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.4061174}
{"text": "The ignition systems should always be kept dry. Ignition wires with poor insulation should be replaced. Cooling SystemThe cooling system aims at preventing the engine from overheating which would cause piston zeisure in the cylinder. Some tractor engines are cooled by air while others are cooled by water. State the Characteristics of Air Cooled EnginesThey are simple in construction. They have fins and a fan blade which assists the circulation. They are light in weight for they have no radiators and water jackets. LimitationsThey get hot quickly and use heavy lubricating oil. The cooling is not adequate under all conditions especially when carrying heavy loads. Water Cooled SystemsIt consists of the radiator, water jackets, water hoses, water pump, thermostat and a fanning mechanism. Water is used to absorb heat from the engine block at a reasonable rate. Care and Maintenance of Water Cooling systemThe water pumps should be lubricated regularly. Clean water should be used in the radiator and trash removed from the fins. All pipes should be fitted tightly to avoid blockage. The radiator should be filled with clean water before starting the day's work. Fan belt tension should be checked regularly and if too tight or too loose should be adjusted accordingly. Lubrication SystemThis system is aimed at supplying oil to all parts of the engine where friction is likely to occur. Importance of Lubrication systemIt helps to increase the efficiency of the machine and reduces the rate of wear and tear of moving parts. It reduces the heat created by the rubbing surfaces and acts as a seal between them. It acts as a cleaning agent because it washes off all the dust, dirt, soot and metal chippings from the oil paths to the sump. Types of Lubrication Systems;Splash feed typeForce feed typeOil mist typeTypes of LubricantsSAE 10 - This is thin engine oil which gives little protection when heated. SAE 50 - This is thicker engine oil which is recommended for protecting the bearings. SAE 90 - 100 - These are transmission oils which are recommended for clutch, gear box, wheel lubrication and ball bearings. Note: SAE - Society of Automobile Engines. Care and Maintenance of Lubrication SystemsOld or contaminated oil should not be used for lubrication. Oil should be drained when still hot to avoid sticking on the walls of the sump. The oil filters should be replaced when necessary.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.5214431}
{"text": "Care and Maintenance of Lubrication SystemsOld or contaminated oil should not be used for lubrication. Oil should be drained when still hot to avoid sticking on the walls of the sump. The oil filters should be replaced when necessary. The correct type of oil should be used as per the manufacturers' instructions. Power Transmission SystemThe function of this system is to transfer power from the tractor engine to the drive shaft, the wheel axle, the power take off shaft and the hydraulic system. The system consists of the clutch, gear box, differential and the final drive. The power transmitted from the engine is made available for use through the following:The propeller shaft - it connects the gear box to the differential. The power take off shaft PTO shaft -It is located at the rear part of the tractor and rotates at the same speed as the crankshaft of the engine. Hydraulic system - it is operated by the use of a lever near the drivers seat. It is connected to the 3-point linkage and helps to lower or raise implements mounted on the 3-point linkages such as ploughs, mowers, planters and sprayers. Draw bar It is a one-point linkage at the rear part of the tractor. It serves for the attachment of trailed implements that can be used during harrowing, transportation or rolling. Tractor ServicingThe aim of tractor servicing is to keep the tractor in good and efficient working conditions. Tractor servicing is either;shortlong term. List the Short Term Tractor ServicingIt includes:Checking the engine oil daily by use of a dip stick. If the oil level is low, it should be added. The fuel level should be checked at the start of every day's work and added if necessary. Water level in the radiator should be checked and if possible topped up. The level of the electrolyte should be checked daily and topped up with distilled water accordingly. Nuts and bolts should be tightened every day. Lost nuts and bolts should be replaced before the day's work. Grease should be applied by use of grease gun through the nipples. Large sediments from the sediments bowl should be removed. The tyre pressure should be checked daily before the day's work. The fan belt tension should be checked to ensure that it deflects between 1.9cm and 2.5cm when pushed. The brake shaft bearing should be greased. The brake fluid level is maintained at the recommended level.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.546043}
{"text": "The fan belt tension should be checked to ensure that it deflects between 1.9cm and 2.5cm when pushed. The brake shaft bearing should be greased. The brake fluid level is maintained at the recommended level. Long Term ServicesThe engine oil should be drained completely from the oil sump and replaced with new oil. The gear box oil should be checked and refilled as recommended. The oil in the differential should be replaced as recommended. The linkage and the pulley attachment should be greased. The pulley oil level should be checked and added if need be. The dirty oil should be removed and replaced with clean one. Farm MachineryTractor Drawn ImplementsThese are implements which are attached to the tractor during operation. State the two categories. Tractor Drawn ImplementsOne-point hitch implements ;Are attached to the tractor at only one point that is, the draw bar. They include all trailed implements such as the trailers, heavy harrows, planters and rollers. Three point hitch implements;Are implements attached to the tractor at three points that is, the top linkage point and two lower linkage points. They are operated by the hydraulic system. They include ploughs, most harrows, subsoiler, planters, mower, ridgers, sprayers and rotavators. TrailersThey are one-point hitch implements. They are used for transportation of goods. Small ones have two wheels while big ones have four wheels. MaintenanceAll the moving parts should be lubricated. Tyre pressure should be adjusted to the correct pressure. Worn out tyres should be replaced. Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened, worn-out ones should be replaced. The implements should be kept under a shed during long storage. PloughsThey are primary tillage implements. The common type of ploughs include:Disc ploughs. Mould board ploughs. Disc ploughsIt is made up of heavy steel concave discs of 60-70cm diameter. Parts and Functions of a disc plough The hitchmast:Is an attachment for the three point hitch. Made up of two side links and a top link. These are parts connected to hydraulic system of a tractor for lifting and pulling. The beam: Supports all other parts. It also adds weight for better penetration. Depth wheel:Used when driving on highway, it also controls the depth of ploughing. May not be present in all disc ploughs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.5677316}
{"text": "It also adds weight for better penetration. Depth wheel:Used when driving on highway, it also controls the depth of ploughing. May not be present in all disc ploughs. The standard or leg: Connects the discs to the beam. The hub: Allows the discs to rotate smoothly hence does the cutting of furrow slices. The scrapers: Remove the trash and mud or soil which cling to the discs, Disc blades: Cut and invert the furrow slices. Rear furrow wheel: Controls the depth of digging and stabilises the discs. Adjustment . The cutting angle should be adjusted at 35 - 50 from the I ine of travel. Achieved by pivoting the beam or the standard. Depth of digging: This is corrected by changing the height of depth wheel or adjusting hydraulic system and adding weights. Care and Maintenance of Disc PloughCheck for loose nuts and bolts and replace them. Sharpen the disc blades if blunt. Lubricate the rotating parts by use of oil grease to reduce friction. Paint the exposed parts for example the beam framework. Clean the implement at the end of each day's work before storage. Store the implements in a shed. The unpainted parts should be coated with old engine oil to prevent rust. Uses of a Disc PloughUsed in areas with the following conditions:Virgin land with many obstacles. Land with too much trash or tall vegetation. Opening up pasture land. Mouldboard ploughsThis primary tillage implement is suited in areas without obstacles such as stones, tree stumps, and roots. It gives a uniform depth of ploughing. Parts and Functions Mouldboard ploughsShare: This makes the horizontal cut and starts the turning of the furrow slices. Mouldboard: Continues the turning of the furrow slices and pulverizes the soil. Disc coulter: Makes a vertical cut in the soil to separate the furrow slice from the un-ploughed land. Skim coulter: Removes any trash from between the furrow slices. Frog: It is the part where the share, mould board and the landside are attached. Landside: Stabilizes the plough and absorbs the side forces created when furrow is turned. Shin: Leading edge of a mouldboard. Knife coulter: Is a vertical knife which cuts trash and earth ahead of the share.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.555971}
{"text": "Landside: Stabilizes the plough and absorbs the side forces created when furrow is turned. Shin: Leading edge of a mouldboard. Knife coulter: Is a vertical knife which cuts trash and earth ahead of the share. Care and MaintenanceLubricate the rolling parts for example wheel bearings and disc coulter bearings. Paint scratched parts of the plough. Sharpen the share or replace if worn out. Check all loose nuts and bolts and replace where necessary. Clean the implement after each day's work to remove soil, mud and trash. For long storage, keep under a shed and apply lubricants. AdjustmentDepth:Controlled by raising or lowering the depth wheel. Controlled by hydraulic control lever setting. Pi tch: controlled by altering the length of the top link. Front furrow width: Controlled by cross shaft adjustment lever or by rotating the cross shaft crank. Lateral levelling: Controlled by tractor lift rod. Operational differences between a disc and a mouldboardHarrowsThey are secondary cultivation implements. There are different types of harrows. The common ones are:disc, Harrowsspring tine Harrows spike tooth harrows. Disc HarrowsIt comprises of a set of gangs with concave discs. UsesMixing the soil particles. Levelling the seedbed by breaking large lumps of soil. Killing weeds. Disk harrows can be classified according to the arrangement of the gangs such a;s tandem, double tandem offset tandem. Depth AdjustmentAdding weights on the harrows. Use of hydraulic force. Use of light or heavy harrows. Use of regulating wheels. Care and MaintenanceCheck for loose nuts and bolts daily. Lubricate the shafts and bearings. Clean and oil before storage. Spring Tine HarrowIs made up of flat and curved tines which act as springs. UsesLevels and smoothens the seedbed. Breaks the soil clods. Mixes trash and soil thus preventing wind erosion. Aerates the soil. A djustmentsDepth is controlled by the horizontal connecting link and depth wheel. For individual tine, use crossbar and loosening the screws. Care and MaintenanceCheck for loose nuts and bolts and tighten them if necessary. Clean after use. Oil the lever mechanism.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.6689234}
{"text": "Care and MaintenanceCheck for loose nuts and bolts and tighten them if necessary. Clean after use. Oil the lever mechanism. S pike Tooth HarrowsConsists of a metal framework with rigid metal spikes which break up the soil by vigorously hitting large lumps of soils as it is pulled through the soil. UsesIt smoothens and compacts the soil. It breaks big lumps of soil into small particles. Can be used for cultivating small crops if well set. SubsoilersHeavy and require high horse power to pull. Ploughing depth of 51-90cm. F unctionsBreak up compacted soil. Break up the hardpan. Care and MaintenanceClean it after useCheck the point and if worn out, replace it. Oil when not in use. RidgerIt is double mould board plough used to make ridges and furrows. It is used to prevent water logging and draining through furrows for easy harvesting of root crops. RollersThis is an equipment used to compact the soil gently especially where tiny seeds are to be planted. Rotavators: Rotary cultivators Work on the principles of high speed of revolving flail blades which beat and cut the soil together with trash. It is an equipment for both primary and secondary tillage operations. It is driven by the P.T.O. shaft of a tractor. UsesBreaks up large soil particles into small ones. Mixes the vegetation and the soil. Achieves two operations in one pass. AdjustmentsForward speed of the tractor gives a fine tilth of the seedbed done through the gearbox. Depth of work done by control of depth wheel. Slip clutch may break in case the knives come across obstructionsMowersUsesCutting grass for hay or silage making, cutting overgrown grass clearing the field. Reciprocating MowerParts and FunctionsSwath stick: Keeps the cut crop falling correctly. Swath board: To remove the cut crop. Shoe: Has a runner to absorb the weight and wear. Cutter bar: Is a flat bar which guides the fingers. Wear plate: Counteracts downward force and holds the knives. AdjustmentsTo adjust knife register by moving the whole bar away or towards the yoke. Knife lead: The outer shoe should be adjusted to be outer than the inner shoe by 4cm. MaintenanceCheck for loose nuts and bolts and tighten where necessary.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.700342}
{"text": "AdjustmentsTo adjust knife register by moving the whole bar away or towards the yoke. Knife lead: The outer shoe should be adjusted to be outer than the inner shoe by 4cm. MaintenanceCheck for loose nuts and bolts and tighten where necessary. Keep knife section sharp. Lubricate the knife parts. Check knife to ledger plate cup for best cutting. Keep all the parts tight. Rotary MowersCutting edge consists of two blades fitted opposite to each other on horizontal disc. The cutting blades swing round at high speed horizontally to the ground hence cutting is effected. Adjustment and MaintenanceBlades should be sharp. Guards to be fitted around the blades to protect the operator from flying objects. Lubricate the P.T.O. shafts. Check the gear-box oil regularly and fill to the right level if necessary. PlantersThey are machines used for sowing seeds. There are two types:Row crop planters. Seed drills. Functions of the PlantersMeter the seed and fertilizers from seed and fertilizer hopper. Open the seed furrow. Deposit the seed in the furrow through the delivery tubes. Cover the seedFunctions of Parts of a Seed PlateFiller plate: gives proper seed depth. False ring: allows the seed to fall from the seed plate into the boot. Knockout pawl: pushes the seeds out of the cell by the roller action. Cut-off pawl: prevents more than one seed remaining in a plate cell. Cells: shaped holes to hold the seed. AdjustmentsAdjust the coulters depth for the right crop. Fix the right seed plate. Place the planter in the level position. All the shafts should be free to turn. Care and MaintenanceCheck all loose nuts, bolts and tighten them. Clean and oil the planter after use. Grease the drive sprockets regularly. SeedersThe grain drill sows grains of wheat, barley, oats, peas, beans and alfalfa seeds. Parts that can be adjusted to change the sowing rate;Select the side of the feed wheel recommended on the drill charts for the seed-rate. Change the speed of the wheels by changing the gears or sprockets or both. Change the position of the feed gate in the cup. Use reducers below the feed wheel. Care and MaintenanceKeep seed and fertilizer hoppers dry and clean after each day's work. Check the drive shaft and lubricate them.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.693836}
{"text": "Use reducers below the feed wheel. Care and MaintenanceKeep seed and fertilizer hoppers dry and clean after each day's work. Check the drive shaft and lubricate them. Paint the parts for example fertilizerhopper to be shinyCombine HarvesterUseHarvesting cereal crops for example maize, wheat and barley. It is designed to do the following:Cutting Threshing. WinnowingBaggingParts of a Combine HarvesterCutter bar - cuts the grain head. Pick up reel- direct crop into the cutter bar,Elevator - channels the cut grain to the threshing drum. Winnowing ran - fans trash up onto a straw walker and directs it out of the combine harvester. Delivery tube - delivers the clean .grains into a collecting tank from where it is bagged. Maintenance of a Combine HarvesterLoose nuts and bolts should be tightened. Remove all foreign materials stuck in the machine at the end of the day's work. RidgersThey are used for harvesting tuber crops and for making furrows or ridges. MaintenanceLubricate the moving parts. Clean the implement after use. Store under a shed. Repair or replace worn-out or broken parts. Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened. Unpainted parts should be oiled during long storage. Shares should be sharpened if blunt. ForagersThey are tractor mounted and operated by power from the P.T.O. shaft . Used for harvesting forage crops such as Napier grass, sorghum and maize. MaintenanceTighten loose nuts and bolts. Lubricate moving parts. Store in a shed. Clean after the day's work. Repair replace worn out or broken parts. Unpainted parts should be oiled to prevent rust. Maize ShellersThese are stationary implements which are either hand or tractor driven. They consist of. A rotating disc which shell maize grains from cobs. MaintenanceGreasing moving parts. Removing any stuck maize cobs. Repair or replace worn out or broken parts. Store in a shed. Animal Drawn ImplementsOx PloughOx-plough is a simple type of a mouldboard plough which is pulled by a pair of oxen, donkeys or camels. Explain the functions of the following parts of an ox-ploughMain beam - It is the main component onto which all the other parts are attached.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.7093585}
{"text": "Store in a shed. Animal Drawn ImplementsOx PloughOx-plough is a simple type of a mouldboard plough which is pulled by a pair of oxen, donkeys or camels. Explain the functions of the following parts of an ox-ploughMain beam - It is the main component onto which all the other parts are attached. Mouldboard - It inverts the cut furrow slice upside down. Plough share -It cuts the furrow slices. Land wheel- It regulates the depth of plough. Draft rod - It is on this rod that a chain is connected on which a yoke is linked. It forms the draught mechanism of the plough. What are the Advantages of an Ox-Plough Over Tractor Drawn Plough ? Less skill is required to operate it. Useful where tractors cannot be used for example steep slopes. Cheap to buy and maintain. What are the disadvantages of an Ox-Plough Over Tractor Drawn Plough ? Much time is wasted in training oxen. Tedious and laborious to the driver of the animals and the controller of the implement. Animals can be sick or in poor physical state. Extra land is required as grazing fields for the oxen. AdjustmentsDepth of plough is controlled by the land wheel and draft rodCare and MaintenanceSharpen or replacing of the worn out shareReplacement of worn out parts such as hooks and draw bar assembly. Oiling the shiny parts e.g mouldboard Wash off the soil after use. Paint the handles, beam and braces to prevent rusting. Ox-Drawn CartThese are small carriages harnessed to the animals by a yoke The small carts have only two wheels bigger ones have four. They are pulled by animals in singles or in pairs Carts are used for transport. MaintenanceMoving parts should be oiledThe yoke should be repaired when worn out or replaced if not repairedTyre pressure should be checked and adjusted accordingly Repair other damages on the cart. Agricultural Economics III: Production Economics IntroductionThe agricultural sector is a key player in the economy of our country. It is a major employer and brings a lot of national income through foreign exchange. National IncomeThese are the total earnings from goods and services produced by a country in a period of one year.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.8080657}
{"text": "Agricultural Economics III: Production Economics IntroductionThe agricultural sector is a key player in the economy of our country. It is a major employer and brings a lot of national income through foreign exchange. National IncomeThese are the total earnings from goods and services produced by a country in a period of one year. Relationship Between Firm and HouseholdA household is considered to be a unit comprising a farmer and family members. It produces raw materials and consumes manufactured goods. A firm on the other hand, is any manufacturing or processing unit which consumes raw materials and produces manufactured goods. Both household and firm generate income, which in turn, is used to:Improve the standard of living of the household members by paying for essential goods and services. The firms build more industries to create more employment and revenue through salaries and wages. Finance government projects through taxes and hence further national development. Gross Domestic Product G.D.P. This is the sum total of all goods and services produced in a country in a period of oneyear. Gross National Product G.N.P. Is the sum total of G.D.P. and the difference between income inflow revenue coming into the country from outside and income outflow money going out of the country by foreign investors . It represents the total income earned within the country and from abroad. Per Capita IncomeIs the Gross National Income in terms of revenue divided by the number of people living in the country. It is not a good measure of the economic well-being of the people because of theuneven distribution of income among them. Contribution of Agriculture to National DevelopmentThe interaction between household and the firm generate income which is used to finance further expansion of the firms. This creates more employment and revenue. The government taxes the income to finance national development programmes such as;health,education,water, energycommunication. Factors of ProductionA factor of production is anything that contributes directly to output, that is, it is a productive resource. Productive resources usually employed in the production of goods and services. Incl ude:LandLabourCapitalManagementLandAs a factor of production, refers to the natural characteristics and properties of a given area of land. The key factor here is productivity for example soil fertility, presence of water and minerals and is always fixed and has no geographical mobility. LaborBesides being a consumer, human beings are also a factor of production.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.8533103}
{"text": "Incl ude:LandLabourCapitalManagementLandAs a factor of production, refers to the natural characteristics and properties of a given area of land. The key factor here is productivity for example soil fertility, presence of water and minerals and is always fixed and has no geographical mobility. LaborBesides being a consumer, human beings are also a factor of production. They provide the labour force human power required in the production process. Labour is assessed in terms of productivity and not mere numbers of workers or labourers. Labour is measured in terms of man hours, man days or man months. The labourer's productive capacity depends on such factors as;age,health,state of nutrition level of education. The amount of work and the efficiency with which it is performed determines the quality of labour. CapitalCapital refers to all man-made assets that help land and labour to produce. It is categorized into: Fixed durable;Working capital Liquid capitalFixed durable;Capital for examplemachinery,buildingspermanent improvements on land like fences,roads,irrigation facilities water supply system. Working capital;Which include consumer goods such as;fertilizers,livestock feeds, fuel in store, pesticides. Liquid capital;For example;ready money,bank deposits, shares in financial institutions. Management;It is a process of decision making in the farm. Managers use their knowledge and judgment to decide how to combine the other three productive resources in the best way possible. They make plans, execute them and bear the risks or consequences which such plans entail. Production FunctionDefinitionProduction function is a physical relationship between inputs and outputs in a production process. It tells the quantity of output product that may be expected from a given combination of inputs. Production function may be expressed in table form or graphically as a curve. Examples:Feeding pigs for pork production at varying levels of concentrate feed. 1. Types of Production FunctionsA production function assumes three forms which may be treated as different types:Increasing ReturnsConstant ReturnsDecreasing Diminishing ReturnsIncreasing ReturnsIn this type, each additional unit of input results in a larger increase in output than the preceding unit. This shows that resources are under utilized. Constant ReturnsThe amount of the product increases by the same amount for each additional input; that is constant returns to input factor.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.8224928}
{"text": "Types of Production FunctionsA production function assumes three forms which may be treated as different types:Increasing ReturnsConstant ReturnsDecreasing Diminishing ReturnsIncreasing ReturnsIn this type, each additional unit of input results in a larger increase in output than the preceding unit. This shows that resources are under utilized. Constant ReturnsThe amount of the product increases by the same amount for each additional input; that is constant returns to input factor. Again here resources are under utilized. Decreasing Diminishing ReturnsHere, each additional unit of input results in a smaller increase in output than the preceding unit. Resource use is stretched to the maximum. It is the most commonly encountered form in agricultural enterprises; It gives rise to the law of Diminishing Returns. Examples:Feeding dairy cows for milk production with varying amounts of feed. Crop responses to application of varying amounts of fertilizers. Use of varying units of labour on fixed unit of land. Economic Laws and PrinciplesThe Law of Diminishing ReturnsThe law of diminishing returns states that; if successive units of one input are added to fixed quantities of other inputs a point is eventually reached where additional product output per additional unit of input declines. This law is encountered practically in all forms of agricultural production. It is useful in determining the most rational and profitable level of production. Example:Production of maize at varying levels of N.P.K. fertilizer application on a fixed area of land. Zones of a production function curvesZones of a production function curves these are: Irrational zone or Zone I. Rational zone or Zone II Irrational zone or Zone III. The three zones are arrived at by drawing two perpendicular lines through the production function curve, one at MP AP and another at MP O. In Zone I resources are not fully utilized while in Zone III, excessive application of resources leads to production decline or loss. It is not economical to produce at these levels. In Zone II resources are maximally utilized resulting in maximum production. It is therefore economical or wise to produce at this level. Principle of SubstitutionStates- if the output in a production process is constant, it is profitable to substitute one input factor for another, as long as it is cheaper than its next alternative. This principle is applicable in a situation where more than one variable input factors are used.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.8635237}
{"text": "In Zone II resources are maximally utilized resulting in maximum production. It is therefore economical or wise to produce at this level. Principle of SubstitutionStates- if the output in a production process is constant, it is profitable to substitute one input factor for another, as long as it is cheaper than its next alternative. This principle is applicable in a situation where more than one variable input factors are used. For example feeding hay and concentrates for milk production, farmyard manure and phosphatic fertilizers in the production of maize. The basic problem that the producer wishes to solve when two input factors are used in combination is in what proportions must the variable inputs be combined in order to produce at a minimum cost and hence attain maximum profit. To solve the above problem, the producer must determine the least cost combination of inputs used. The least cost combination is attained at a point where the Marginal Rate of Substitution MRS equals the inverse of price ratio of the factors involved. That is:x2 P X1X1 P X2X1 - first input factorX2- second input factor- change increase or decrease P - price cost of input fators Examples:Producing 20 bags of maize using varying combinations of farmyard manure and phosphate fertilizers. Price of farm yard manure FYM is KShs10 - per unit and that of phosphate fertilizer is Kshs 50 - per unitIn the above example, the following assumptions are made:A fixed quantity of output is to be produced. Input factors in combination substitute for one another at varying rates. Relative prices of input factors do not change drastically during the period of production. NOTE: one input factor substitutes for the other at diminishing varying marginal rate of substitution. Principle of Equimarginal ReturnsThis principle states ; That the last unit of an input factor spent in one enterprise yields a marginal return exactly equal to the marginal return earned from the last unit invested in each of the other enterprises. '. ExampleIf the last shs.100 - spent buying cattle feed will return more than shs. 100 spent on buying fertilizer for growing maize, then it is advisable to purchase more feed up to a point where the last shs.lOO - spent on it will return exactly the same as the last shs.100 - spent on fertilizers.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.9641097}
{"text": "NOTE: one input factor substitutes for the other at diminishing varying marginal rate of substitution. Principle of Equimarginal ReturnsThis principle states ; That the last unit of an input factor spent in one enterprise yields a marginal return exactly equal to the marginal return earned from the last unit invested in each of the other enterprises. '. ExampleIf the last shs.100 - spent buying cattle feed will return more than shs. 100 spent on buying fertilizer for growing maize, then it is advisable to purchase more feed up to a point where the last shs.lOO - spent on it will return exactly the same as the last shs.100 - spent on fertilizers. This concept is only relevant in a situation where farmers do not have adequate capital to employ inputs up to the level where marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. The principal of Profit MaximizationThe profit is defined as the difference, in monetary terms, between the total returns income and total costs expenses in a production process. Profit maximisation aims at obtaining the highest returns at a minimum cost per unit of input factor used. This can be done by considering two concepts. Marginal ConceptProfit is maximised when the marginal additional or extra revenue MR is equal to, or slightly higher than, the marginal cost Mc . At this point every added input factor brings in higher returns than the expenses incurred in investing it. Net Revenue ConceptsProfit is said to be maximized in a production process when the Net Revenue differences between total revenue and total costs is the highest that is ; NR TR - TC. This is arrived at by analyzing the total cost and total revenue earned from a particular enterprise and then subtracting the former from the latter. When calculating the profit using whatever concept, the following assumptions are made:Cost of inputs such as fertilizers, labour remains constant during the period of production. Price of the produce product remains unchanged. Fixed costs are ignored that is only varying costs directly involved are considered. Farm PlanningPlanning is the process of establishing the organizational objectives and defining the means of achieving them. Factors to consider in drawing a farm plan. Size of the farm. Environmental factors. The current trends in labour markets. Farmer's objectives and preferences. Possible production enterprises. Existing market conditions and price trends. Availability and cost of farm inputs. Government regulations policy. Security.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.970352}
{"text": "Availability and cost of farm inputs. Government regulations policy. Security. Communication and transport facilitiesFarm BudgetingFarm budgeting is the process of estimating the future outcomes of a proposed farm plan,That is; the future incomes and expenses of a farm plan. Importance of Farm BudgetingIt helps the farm in decision making. It helps the farmer to predict future returns that is planning ahead. It helps the farmer to avoid incurring losses by investing in less profitable enterprises. It helps the farmer to secure loans from financial institutions such as Agricultural Finance Corporation and commercial banks. It ensures a periodic analysis of the farm business. It acts as a record which can be used for future reference. It pinpoints strengths or weaknesses in farm operations. Types of BudgetsPartial BudgetIt represents financial effects on minor changes in a farm organisation. It is necessary when a farmer wants to replace or reduce enterprise. Complete BudgetA complete budget is necessary when the farmer wants to start a new business where both the variable costs and the fixed costs are likely to be affected. It involves a major change or reorganization in the farm business. Agricultural Services Available to the Farmer:Agricultural production efficiency is greatly increased by services rendered to the farming communities by;Government institutionsNon-governmental organizations. Some of these services are:Extension and Training:Banking Services:Credit:Extension and Training: In the field and in farmer's training centres. Banking Services:These enables the farmers to save some of their farm income and invest them in future projects. Credit:Credit is a financial assistance advanced to agricultural farmers to finance their farm projects and repay it with interest. It is a borrowed resource. Types of CreditCredit is categorised according to;Time of repaymentThe types of projects to be financed. Examples are:Short-term CreditRepayable within one year and is advanced for the purchase of;seeds,fertilizers,animal feeds . Medium-term CreditRepayable within 2 - 5 years and is used to finance projects such as; fencing materials, purchase of livestock, light farm equipment . Long-term CreditRepayable period is up to 15 years and even more.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406307.987463}
{"text": "Examples are:Short-term CreditRepayable within one year and is advanced for the purchase of;seeds,fertilizers,animal feeds . Medium-term CreditRepayable within 2 - 5 years and is used to finance projects such as; fencing materials, purchase of livestock, light farm equipment . Long-term CreditRepayable period is up to 15 years and even more. It is given for the long-term or durable projects such as;purchase of land,construction of soil and water conservation structures,farm buildings,irrigation projects for perennial cash crops for example; coffee, farm machinery implements. Sources of CreditCo-operative societies and unions. Crop boards. Commercial banks. Agricultural Finance Corporation. Insurance companies. Individual money lenders. Settlement fund trustee. Artificial Insemination Services:Provides farmers with semen from improved or superior bulls to improve their livestock herds through controlled breeding. Agricultural Research OrganizationThese develop and pass on to farmers, improved production techniques as well as crop and livestock species with better performance in different ecological zones. Marketing OutletsThese are agencies that ensure effective and efficient conveyance of farm produce to points of processing and consumption. They are largely crop marketing boards or corporations and cooperative societies. Veterinary ServicesIn the field are veterinary officers who help the farmer in treating and controlling livestock diseases and parasites. Farm Input SuppliesFarmers are able to obtain their farm inputs from organizations such as co-operatives and private companies. These organizations bring inputs closer to the farmers for example Kenya Farmers Association and private agrovets. Tractor Hire ServicesThis involves hiring of tractors and machinery at a cost by farmers who are not privileged to own their own. SourcesMinistry of Agriculture Private contractors. Individual farmers. Other service providers. Risks and Uncertainties in FarmingUncertainty-is the state of not knowing about future events or outcomes. Risks-is the difference divergence between the expected and the actual outcome. Types of Risks and UncertaintiesFluctuation of commodity prices. Physical yield uncertainty. Ownership uncertainty. Outbreak of pests and diseases. Sickness and injury. New production technique. Obsolescence for example machinery may become outdated or obsolete within a short time. Death of either farmer or livestock.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.0097828}
{"text": "New production technique. Obsolescence for example machinery may become outdated or obsolete within a short time. Death of either farmer or livestock. Natural catastrophies such as;floods,drought,earthquakes,storm and strong winds which may destroy crops or kill the animals. Ways in Which Farmers Adjust to Risks and UncertaintiesDiversification. Selecting more certain enterprises. Contracting. Insurance. Input rationing. Flexibility in production methods. Adopting modern methods of production. Agricultural Economics IV: Farm Accounts IntroductionFinancial and physical records if accurately kept in the farm serve as very important tools in decision-making. The records are kept in several books and statements as follows: Financial DocumentsThey include:Invoices. Receipts. Delivery notes Purchase records. An InvoiceThis is a document issued by the seller to the buyer for goods taken on credit, and payment to be done later. The original is given to the buyer and duplicate retained by seller. The invoice shows the following:The buyer and seller. Date of transaction. Amount involved. Invoice number. A ReceiptThis is a document issued by the seller to the buyer when cash payment for goods delivered is made. It shows the following:The buyer and the seller. Date of transaction. Amount involved. Serial numberDelivery NoteIt is a document which shows that the goods have been delivered. The receiver verifies the goods and then signs on the delivery note. Features:The delivery note shows the following:Goods delivered as per order. Quality or condition. People involved in the transaction. Date of delivery. Journal:It is a book of first entry showing a record of all business transactions arranged in the order in which they occur. Its pages are divided vertically into five sections. The information is posted to the ledger Inventory:This is a list of all the possession assets item by item and their market value. Such items are land, livestock, tools and equipment and crops in the store. Valuation is an estimation of the value of each asset or item, based on market price or cost of production. Local Purchase Order:Issued by the purchasing officer of the supplier for example school. It shows people involved in the transaction, types and amounts of goods ordered and dates. It should be written and signed by the authorised officer. It is written in duplicate and the original is given to the supplier. Financial Books Ledger:Is a book which contains individual accounts.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.1418633}
{"text": "It should be written and signed by the authorised officer. It is written in duplicate and the original is given to the supplier. Financial Books Ledger:Is a book which contains individual accounts. It is a principle book of accounts in which entries contained in all the other books are entered. It is a storehouse of all the transactions. Each page is numbered and vertically divided into two equal parts namely credit and debit. Each part is further sub-divided into four sections. Cash Book:It is a book where transactions involving cash or cheque payments are recorded. It involves cash or cheque payments and receipts. It is divided into two parts - debit and credit side. All the receipts of cash or cheque are recorded on the debit and all payments are recorded on the credit side. Example: Enter the following entries in the cash book. 1.7.05 -Received shs.2,000 from Ndete by cheque. 2.7.05-Bought D.A.P. fertilizer and paid cheque of shs. 5,000. 3.7.05-Received shs.5,000 cash from Ngala. 4.7.05 -Paid water bill for shs 400 in cash. 9.7.05-Paid telephone bill of 1,500 by cheque. 11.7.05 -Deposited shs.2,000 in the bank. 20.7.05 -Withdrew shs.2,000 from the bank for home use. Cash Book recordFinancial StatementsCash Account SheetIt involves the recording of sales and receipts, purchases and expense. Each sale or purchase is entered twice, once in the total column and once in the analysis column. The sum of all the entries in the total column should always equal the sum of the entries in all the other columns. The cash analysis account sheet is given above. The Balance SheetIt is a financial statement of assets and liabilities recorded on a given date. It shows the financial position of a farm business at a glance snapshot . Assets are items owned by the farmer,These include:Property money, goods and buildings . Debts receivable from other people. Goods and services paid for in advance. Assets can be divided into two:Fixed assets: assets of permanent nature and not easily converted into cash. Current assets: assets which can be easily converted into cash. Liabilities are claims to the farmer's property such as bank overdraft and debts payable.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.0843205}
{"text": "Assets can be divided into two:Fixed assets: assets of permanent nature and not easily converted into cash. Current assets: assets which can be easily converted into cash. Liabilities are claims to the farmer's property such as bank overdraft and debts payable. They are divided into:Current liabilities - debts which must be paid within a short time. Long term liabilities - debts which are payable over many years or over a long period. Profit and Loss AccountPrepared at the end of a calendar year. It is a final account which summarises the sale and receipts income flowing in the business and the purchases and expenses flowing out of the business . Note: If assets are more than liabilities then the balancing factor is net capital in the liability side hence the farm business is said to be solvent. If the liabilities are more than the assets, then the balancing factor is a loss in the asset side hence the farm business is insolvent. To calculate profit or loss, account, valuation is done by having an inventory of all the assets. Valuation of the assets is determined by market price and cost of production for machinery and buildings as depreciation factor, is attached. Format of a balance sheetBalance sheet of Katilo school as 31-12-2009FormatProfit and Loss Account of Kitheko Farm at 31-12-2009Agricultural Economics V Agricultural Marketing and Organizations IntroductionAgricultural marketing is an economic activity which involves the distribution of farm produce from the farm to the consumer. Market and MarketingMarket is an institution for the exchange of goods and services or a place where selling and buying of goods takes place. Marketing refers to the flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumers. Marketing FunctionsTransportation - Movement of goods from production centres to the consumption centres. Buying and selling - Purchase of goods from the producer to be sold to the consumer. Storage - Agricultural products are seasonal hence storage is necessary. Processing-Changing of raw form into utili sable form. Grading and standardisation - Sorting into uniform lots of certain qualities. Assembling - Collecting the farm produce from the farm to the market centres. Collecting market information To know the prices, supply and demand of certain commodities. Advertising - Making the consumers aware of the produce. Bearing of risks - Such as fire risk, price fluctuation. Financing or expenditure on other processes. Packaging or putting into small packs and labelling.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.1218674}
{"text": "Bearing of risks - Such as fire risk, price fluctuation. Financing or expenditure on other processes. Packaging or putting into small packs and labelling. Packing or putting produce In containers such as bags. Marketing Agencies and InstitutionsMiddlemen itinerant trader - are the people who buy from the producer and sell to other agencies. Wholesalers - Buy in bulk and sell to the retailers. Retailers - Buy from the wholesalers and sell in small units to the consumers. Problems in Marketing Agricultural ProduceFarm produce are bulky, that is weight and volume are high but low in monetary value thus difficult to transport. Most of the agricultural products are perishable for example milk, vegetables and fruits. Storage problems since they are bulky they require a lot of space . Lack of proper transport system since agricultural products are in the rural areas and the market are situated in urban centres. Lack of market information hence farmers are exploited by middlemen. Price TheoryPrice is the amount of money paid in exchange for goods or services. Price theory is concerned with the determination of price of any commodity. Price is determined where demand for and supply of any commodity are equal to each other. DemandIt is the quantity of any commodity which is purchased at any price within a given time. The law of demand states that quantity demanded changes inversely with the price. Demand CurveThe curve slopes from left to right downwards. This means people buy more at lower prices and vice versa. Demand CurveFactors Affecting the Demand of a CommodityPopulationIncome of the consumer. New inventions. Taste and preference of the individual. Price of the substitute commodities. Price expectations. Advertisement. Culture and social values of the consumers. Price of commodities having joint demand for example tractors and diesel. Elasticity of DemandIt is the responsiveness of demand to a change in price. Elasticity of demand Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in priceTypes of Elasticity of DemandElastic demand is one where the ratio is more than 1. Unitary elasticity is one where the ratio is equal to 1. Inelastic demand is one where the ratio is less than 1. SupplySupply is the quantity of any commodity which is offered for sale at any price at a given time. The law of supply states that when price rises, quantity supplied increases and when price falls quantity supplied decreases other factors held constant . The curve rises from left to right upwards.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.1599002}
{"text": "SupplySupply is the quantity of any commodity which is offered for sale at any price at a given time. The law of supply states that when price rises, quantity supplied increases and when price falls quantity supplied decreases other factors held constant . The curve rises from left to right upwards. This means that people are willing to offer more for sale at higher prices. SUPPLY CURVESUPPLY CURVEFactors Affecting Supply of a CommodityNumber of sellersPrice of substitute commodities. New technology. Price expectation. Peace and security. Weather conditions. Policy of the government. Cost of production of the commodities. Elasticity of SupplyThis refers to the rate at which quantity supplied changes due to a change in price level. . . Percentage change in quantity suppliedElasticity of Supply Percentage change in PriceType of Elasticity of SupplyElastic supply one where the ratio is more than 1. Unitary elasticity of supply is one where the ratio is equal to 1. In elastic supply is one where the ratio is less than 1. One of the problems of agricultural produce is that supply does not readily adjust to price changes. Equilibrium PriceIs the price at which demand and supply are equal. That means whatever is offered for sale at the market is bought. In the graph below, the quantity supplied and demanded are equal at a price of Shs.300 and quantity of 80kg. At this point the price is higher than shs.300 then the supply will be greater than demand and there will be surplus hence price will fall. If, on the other hand, the price is less than shs.300 demand will be greater than supply hence shortage and rise in price. Agricultural OrganizationAgricultural organizations are agencies which, through their activities, promote agricultural development. These organizations are co-operatives and statutory boards. Co-operativesA co-operative is an organisation of people with a common aim of pooling their resources to achieve their objectives. Functions of Co-operativesA co-operative society carries out the following functions:Collecting and assembling members' produce. Processing the farm produce after collection. Transportation of members' produce to market points. Negotiation of fair prices with the purchasing agencies for the members' produce. Purchase and distribution to members of farm inputs. Storage of members' produce before transmission to market points. Provision of credit facilities to members on easy terms. Training and education of members on improved farming techniques.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.2347114}
{"text": "Storage of members' produce before transmission to market points. Provision of credit facilities to members on easy terms. Training and education of members on improved farming techniques. Offering farm machinery services to their members on hire terms for farm operations. Co-operatives may invest in other viable ventures and the profits realised are shared among members in form of dividends or bonuses. Formation and Structure of Co-operativesThe formation of a co-operative takes the following stages:Individuals with common interest collect together to form a primary co- operative societyAt least ten 10 members qualify for registration. Each primary co-operative society elect their office bearers consisting of chairman, secretary and treasurer. Several primary co-operative societies are usually amalgamated to form a district cooperative union. Tertiary co-operative unions are nationwide organizations to which the secondary co-operative unions are affiliated. Examples are Kenya Planters Co-operative Union, Kenya Farmers Union, Kenya Cooperative Creameries, Co-operative Bank of Kenya, etc. Apex organizations. This is represented in Kenya by Kenya National Federation of Co- operatives which is an affiliate of the International Co-operative Alliance. Problems Facing Co-operativesCo-operatives encounter the following problems in their operations:Managerial problems arising from:Financial mismanagement due to poor accounting. Corruption and misappropriation of cooperative resources by the personnel in the system. Lack of advisory services on technical operations. Inability to meet the set obligations of providing credit facilities due to malpractices. The nature of agricultural products and associated problems. Bulkiness hence difficulties in transportation and storage. Perishability of produce hence difficult to sustain quality. Inadequate capital to invest in the cooperative undertakings. Transport problems due to poor roads. This hampers the produce getting to the market points in time. Statutory BoardsA statutory board is an organization established by an Act of Parliament and charged with the running or managing of a certain industry within the government sector. Marketing BoardsSome of the statutory boards are charged with the marketing of certain farm produce and are thus called marketing boards. Examples are the Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Seed and Lint Marketing Board, Tea Boards, National Cereals and Produce Board, Kenya Meat Commission, the Dairy Board of Kenya and others. Their marketing functions are to look for market and better prices. Research OrganizationThese are research centres which among other things, carry out research and trials on:Development of new varieties and cultivars of crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.275915}
{"text": "Examples are the Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Seed and Lint Marketing Board, Tea Boards, National Cereals and Produce Board, Kenya Meat Commission, the Dairy Board of Kenya and others. Their marketing functions are to look for market and better prices. Research OrganizationThese are research centres which among other things, carry out research and trials on:Development of new varieties and cultivars of crops. Breeding disease and pest resistant varieties of crops and types of animals. Adaptations of crop and livestock species to ecological conditions of certain areas. Use of fertilizers and pesticides on crops in specific areas. Development of early maturing and high yielding species. Soil testing and crop analysis. Advisory services of agro-economic aspects. Other OrganizationsKenya National Farmers' Union negotiates for:Reasonable and affordable prices of farm inputs. Better prices for farm produce. Better credit facilities. Better control of diseases and pest. Agricultural Society of KenyaOrganizes agricultural shows in the country. Encourages improvement of livestock through exhibitions and educating farmers Organizes the running of young farmers' clubs. Organizes and finances the ploughing contests during which farmers learn the modern techniques of seedbed preparation. Publish \"Kenya Farmers\" magazines. Young Farmers and 4-K Clubs. These are student organizations whose objectives are:To expose the young students and encourage them to appreciate agriculture as a profession in their career. To encourage the youth to develop leadership qualities through assignment of small farming projects. Organizing students exchange programmes with other club members both locally and abroad. To develop better farming skills through judging competitions, annual rallies and camps. Agricultural Based Women GroupsThese are self-help groups whose objective is to uplift the economic status of their members by carrying out agricultural related activities. Their success depends on the following factors:Commitment of their leaders. Motivation of the members. Sacrifice for each other. AgroforestryIntroductionIn Kenya land use is changing from extensive methods of farming to more productive and sustainable intensive methods. Agroforestry is a method of farming which has become increasingly important. DefinitionThis is the practice of integrating a variety of land useIt combines tree growing, pasture and crop production practice on the same piece of land to improve the output of the land. Forms of AgroforestryAgroforestry;It is a combination of trees shrubs and crops in agricultural production.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.282921}
{"text": "Agroforestry is a method of farming which has become increasingly important. DefinitionThis is the practice of integrating a variety of land useIt combines tree growing, pasture and crop production practice on the same piece of land to improve the output of the land. Forms of AgroforestryAgroforestry;It is a combination of trees shrubs and crops in agricultural production. Silvopastoral: It is a combination of growing tree shrubs, pastoral and keeping of livestock. Agrosilvopastoral:It is a combination of growing trees shrubs, animals, pastures, and crops. Importance of AgroforestryEnvironmental protection. Source of income. Afforestation for timber production. Maintenance of soil fertility. Aesthetic value. Labour saving in firewood collection. Source of food and feed. Source of fuel wood. Important Trees and Shrubs for Particular PurposesEucalyptus Spp;Timber,Bee forage,Fuel wood,Medicinal, Production of essential oils. Acacia Spp;Leaves and pods eaten by animals,Provision of shade. Cajanus cajan pigeon peas ;Proteinous feed for human, Used as fodder Firewood. Croton megalocarpus croton ;Fuel wood timber for poles Handles for hand tools. Erythrina abyssinica flame tree ;Wood carvings,Bee forage,Nitrogen fixation Medicinal. Markhamia lutea markhamia tree ;Timber for construction,Shade, Soil protection, Bee forage. Grevillea robusta silky oak. Timber,Fuel wood,Fodder,Bee forage,Soil protection, Wind breaker Shade. Sesbania sesban sesbania ;Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Fuel wood. Calliandra calothyrsus calliandra ;Fuel wood,Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Bee forage. Persea american avocado ;Fodder,Fruit production,Shade,Fuel wood.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.2691035}
{"text": "Sesbania sesban sesbania ;Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Fuel wood. Calliandra calothyrsus calliandra ;Fuel wood,Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Bee forage. Persea american avocado ;Fodder,Fruit production,Shade,Fuel wood. Mangifera indica mango ;Fruit production,Shade trees,Wind break,Soil protection, Fuel wood. Characteristics of Agroforestry Tree Species:Fast growth rate. Deep rooted. Nitrogen fixation ability. By-product production ability. Be multipurpose in nature. Should not possess competitive ability with main crop .. Have coppicing and lopping ability. Have appropriate canopy - should not shade others. Nutritious and palatable. Trees and Shrubs to Avoid at Certain Sites and ReasonsEucalyptus Spp.-should not be planted near water sources because it would absorb the water. Eucalyptus Spp. -should not be planted on the arable land as the roots have allelophathic effects on other vegetation including crops. Tall trees should not be planted near farm buildings because they may fall and damaging the buildings, their roots will break the building stones gradually. Bushy trees or shrubs should not be near farm buildings as they may harbour predators. Tall trees planted with main crop of a lower canopy intercept the rainfall, affecting the growth of the main crop. Cypress trees have leaves which produce acidity in the soil preventing undergrowth beneath the tree. These trees should not be planted within the farm but at the periphery. Tree NurseryTree nurseries are structures used to raise tree seedlings until they are ready for transplanting. There are 2 main types: Bare root nurseries:These are also known as 'Swaziland' beds where the seedlings are raised directly into the soil. AdvantagesCheap and less time consuming. Require less labour Occupy a small space. Many seedlings are raised in a small space. Transportation of seedlings is easy. DisadvantagesRoot damage when uprooting the seedlings. Difficult to transport. Lower survival rate after transplanting. Containerized nursery:The seedlings in this type of nursery are raised in containers such as pots, polythene bags or tubes and tins. AdvantagesHigher survival rate after transplanting.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.3697288}
{"text": "Lower survival rate after transplanting. Containerized nursery:The seedlings in this type of nursery are raised in containers such as pots, polythene bags or tubes and tins. AdvantagesHigher survival rate after transplanting. No root damage. Successful in arid areas. DisadvantagesLabour intensive. Difficult to get containers. Sometimes it may be difficult to get the right type of soil to use in the containers. Seed Collection and PreparationSeed CollectionSeeds should be collected from;Adaptable trees,High yielding,HealthyResistant to pests diseases. The mother plant should be identified first. The following methods used to collect seeds. Shaking the tree. Gathering from under the tree. Lopping of the tree. Climbing on the trees. Hooking method. Seed PreparationThis done when seeds are collected from a fresh fruit, they should be soaked in water, then washed and dried. Cleaning and sorting: done to remove immature seeds, rotten seeds, broken or damaged seeds. Drying: Done by sun-drying or oven drying. Seed testing: this determines;Seed quality for percentage purity,Seed weight,Moisture content,Germination percentage. Seeds should be stored in dry containers at room temperature. Seed treatment: seeds are treated first to break the seed dormancy and ensure rapid germination;Hot water treatment: used to soften the seed coat to make it more permeable to water. Examples of seeds which require this treatment are leucaenia, calliandra and acacia. Mechanical breaking: done by nicking the seed coat with a knife for easy entrance of water for example seeds of croton trees. Light burning: applied to the wattle tree seeds. Nursery ManagementThe following are the practices carried out in the nursery when the seedlings are growing:Mulching:Aim is to reduce excessive evaporation,Moderates the soil temperature,When it decays it improves the soil structure,Reduces the impact of the raindrops. Weeding:Done to reduce competition for growth factors by uprooting the weeds,Use a sharp pointed stick. Watering:Done by use of a watering canDone twice a day in the morning and in the evening. Pricking out:It is the removal of seedlings in an overcrowded area to another nursery bed,This allows the seedlings to grow strong and healthy. Root pruning:It is the cutting of the roots longer than the pots.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.4070811}
{"text": "Watering:Done by use of a watering canDone twice a day in the morning and in the evening. Pricking out:It is the removal of seedlings in an overcrowded area to another nursery bed,This allows the seedlings to grow strong and healthy. Root pruning:It is the cutting of the roots longer than the pots. Root pruning is done for the following reasons;Make lifting easierEncourage fast establishment. Reduce damage to the seedlings. Encourage development of a short dense and strong rooting system. Shading:Done to reduce the intensity of sunlight . Dark conditions should be avoided. Pest and disease control:Use of appropriate chemicals,Sterilization of soil through heat treatment, Fencing to protect seedlings against animal damage. Hardening off:It is the practice of preparing seedlings to adapt to the ecological conditions prevailing in the seedbed. It involves gradual reduction of shade and watering 1-2weeks before transplanting. Transplanting: The practice of transferring seedlings from the nursery bed to the main field where they grow to maturity. Procedure of TransplantingHoles are dug early before transplanting. Topsoil is mixed with compost manure. The seedlings are watered well a day before transplanting. The seedlings are removed from the nurseries carefully with a ball of soil for the bare root seedlings and roots trimmed for the containerized seedlings. The seedling is placed in the hole at the same height it was in the nursery. The container is removed carefully. The soil is returned into the hole and firmed around the seedling. The seedling is watered and mulched. Care and Management of Trees Protection:From damage by animals such as goats and cattle by eating the leaves. It is done by fencing the fields or using small poles around each seedling with or without wire nettings, can be done for individual trees or an entire field. Pruning and trimming:Pruning is the removal of extra or unwanted parts of a plant. The unwanted part may be due to breakage, overcrowding, pests or disease attacks and over production. Pruning initiates growth of shoots and trains the tree to have the required shape. Regular cutting back of the trees is known as coppicing,It is done at the beginning of each cropping season to reduce competition for water, minerals, nutrients and sunlight with crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.4157493}
{"text": "The unwanted part may be due to breakage, overcrowding, pests or disease attacks and over production. Pruning initiates growth of shoots and trains the tree to have the required shape. Regular cutting back of the trees is known as coppicing,It is done at the beginning of each cropping season to reduce competition for water, minerals, nutrients and sunlight with crops. The materials pruned or coppiced are used as fuel wood or for fodder crops. Grafting old trees:This is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems. The part with the rooting system is known as root stock base The part which is grafted onto the rootstock is called a scion which has buds that develop into the future plant. The ability of the scion and the rootstock to form a successful union is known as compatibility. Methods of grafting include whip or tongue grafting, side grafting and approach grafting. Agroforestry PracticesAlley Cropping Hedgerow Intercropping:The growing of multipurpose trees and shrubs together with crops. BenefitsImprove soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and organic matter. Provision of green manure. Used as fence and mark boundaries. Acts as windbreaks. Suppress weeds. Source of timber and fuel wood. Multi-storey cropping ;This is the growing together of trees of different heights. The system is based on crops which can tolerate shading. The trees and crops form different levels of canopy which look like storey. BenefitsIncreases water conservation for pastures. None of the crops or trees included will be shaded. Act as windbreak for crops. Creates suitable micro-climate in the area. Trees are used for timber, fuel wood and forage. Woodlots farm forests These are plots of land set aside for trees only. They are established in the hilly and less productive parts of the farm. Fast growing tree species such as Eucalyptus spp. Should be grown. Sites for Agroforestry:Farm boundaries - provide live fences. River banks - protect water catchment areas. Homesteads - provision of shade and windbreak Terraces - for soil conservation. Steep slopes - as contour hedges to encourage water seepage. Tree Harvesting MethodsPollarding;This is the extensive cutting back of the crown of the tree about 2-3 meters above the ground level to harvest all the side branches. It stimulates the development of a new crown and branches.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.434858}
{"text": "Steep slopes - as contour hedges to encourage water seepage. Tree Harvesting MethodsPollarding;This is the extensive cutting back of the crown of the tree about 2-3 meters above the ground level to harvest all the side branches. It stimulates the development of a new crown and branches. Coppicing;Cutting the main stem of the tree completely at a height of 10 - 50 cm above the ground. The tree should be cut in a slanting angle. Lopping or side pruning ; The removal of selected branches of the tree Done to produce fuel wood and fodder. Shaking of the tree ; This is a method of harvesting pods and seeds from trees without cutting the tree. Cutting back; The tree is cut from the base to allow new growth as done in coffee when changing the cycle. Thinning; The removal of some of the trees growing in lines to give the remaining trees enough space to grow.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-4-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.4317663}
{"text": "PHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM ONE 2019TERM IREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM ONE TERM IIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM ONETERM IIIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s Book.", "metadata": {"source": "Physics-Scheme-Form-1-2019.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.4413817}
{"text": "REVISION ESSAY QUESTIONS:THE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE BY BERTLOIT BRECHTQ1. Having given birth does not qualify someone to be mother of a child, but the care and nurture offered to that child is the one that does so. With illustrations from Bertloit Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle, qualify this statement. 20 marks Ans. Introduction- True motherland is not necessarily biological but it goes beyond that. It is about how someone cares and nurtures for that child she claims to be her mother. -. Accept any other relevant introduction. Body-Natella Abashwili, the biological mother of Michael, abandons the child as she flees the city. -. The governor s wife is said to be more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriages. -. It takes the motherly instincts of the kitchen maid, Grusha, to retrieve the baby and flee with it offering protection and nourishment. -. Grusha adopts the baby and risks being captured by the soldier and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge. -. The mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael, does not affect her affection for the young boy. -Grusha endures an arranged and difficult marriage to a dying man Jussup, for the sake of the child. -. She fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to harm him. This proves her true motherhood. Conclusion- True motherhood has indeed been highlighted through Grusha s tender actions no wonder she is given the custody of Michael. Accept any other relevant conclusion. Q2. Write an essay on the disputes that arise in the play, and how each of them is resolved. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionA dispute is a serious disagreement, especially one that involves two parties and lasts for sometime. In this play, there are a number of disputes that arise. Some of the disputes are amicably solved, while others spill over to disaster. Accept any other plausible introduction. BodyThe Grand Duke is involved in war with the Persians. This dispute is resolved by the Grand Duke being overtaken alongside his princess. -. There is a dispute between goat herders and the fruit farmers over the ownership of a certain valley.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.5303113}
{"text": "BodyThe Grand Duke is involved in war with the Persians. This dispute is resolved by the Grand Duke being overtaken alongside his princess. -. There is a dispute between goat herders and the fruit farmers over the ownership of a certain valley. -. A neighboring group of peasants from another valley intends to utilize the valley under contest by carrying out horticultural farming, while the other people who are the real owners want to herd goats. -. The dispute resolution is mediated by a delegate of the state reconstruction commission fromTiflis. The valley is given to the fruit growers because they have a good plan of irrigatingit so that it gives high yields.- Another dispute is between the two brothers, the fat prince and the governor Georgi Abashwili. The cause of the dispute is power and authority. -. The dispute is resolved through a crude and cruel way. The fat prince topples overthrows the governor and orders him to be beheaded. This leads to a state of fear, impunity and lawlessness. Many people become refugees. -Another form of dispute exists between Grusha and Lavrenti s family. Grusha s brother isunder pressure from Aniko to marry her off to a dying man . -. This dispute is resolved through corrupt means. The mother of the dying man demandsfour hundreds plasters to allow Grusha to be married to her son Jussup. This is after Grushais convinced by Lavrenti that she does not need a man in bed but a man in papers. -There exists a dispute between Natella Abashwili, the governor s wife and her kitchen maidGrusha Vashnadze. The dispute is about who is the real mother of Michael Abashwili. This dispute arose during the time when the governor was overthrown and everybody wasrunning for their safety Natella Abashwili choose material things over her son, Michael. Grusha escapes with Michael to the Northern Mountains, she sacrifices so much for him. -. This dispute is resolved in court and judge Azdak has to pass the ruling. A chalk circle is drawnon the floor. Michael is placed at the center. The plaintiff Natella Abashwili and thedefendant, Grusha Vashnadze step up to the circle.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.592753}
{"text": "A chalk circle is drawnon the floor. Michael is placed at the center. The plaintiff Natella Abashwili and thedefendant, Grusha Vashnadze step up to the circle. Each gets the child by one hand andthe real mother of the child is the one who pulls him out of the circle Grusha lets go thechild for the two times that they are told to pull, for she declares that she cannot pull himapart, having brought him up. -. At last Grusha is declared the true mother. -. There exists a dispute between the old couple. They would like to be divorced for they claim that since the beginning they have never liked each other. -. The dispute is supposed to be resolved in the court by judge Azdak. Unfortunately insteadof signing the divorce decree for the old couple, he divorces Grusha. ConclusionDisputes are apart of life. It is therefore important for the parties to try as much as possibleto come up with amiable resolutions. If not such disputes may lead to fatal states of either parties. Accept any plausible conclusion. Q3. It is only through a lot of strive that even the most humble people sustain their existence when faced with difficulties. Using Grusha as an example write an essay to justify this statement basing your answer on The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht. 20 marks Ans. Grusha Vashnadze, a kitchen maid finds herself with the abandoned Michael Abashwili. Her kind heart cannot allow her to leave the child behind to be butchered so she takes him on her flight north. An old man refuses to sell her milk without money, and an old couple cannot adopt the child. A soldier who threatens to capture the baby is hit on the head as she escapes with the boy and decides to adopt him. A dangling bridge over an abyss is no deterrent for Grusha who crosses it despite a warning that it can give in any time. Her unwelcoming brother, Lavrenti Vashnadze and his equally antisocial wife, Aniko, are deterrent to her resolve to raise Michael. She goes through an embarrassing and humiliating marriage to Jussup for the sake of the child. Grusha endures a harrowing trial in Azdak s court to reclaim the boy through the Chalk Circle test.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.5822842}
{"text": "Her unwelcoming brother, Lavrenti Vashnadze and his equally antisocial wife, Aniko, are deterrent to her resolve to raise Michael. She goes through an embarrassing and humiliating marriage to Jussup for the sake of the child. Grusha endures a harrowing trial in Azdak s court to reclaim the boy through the Chalk Circle test. Azdak, a common thief who steals rabbits, hides the Grand Duke and gets ashamed of what he has done. His attempts to get tried end up convincing the soldiers to make him judge. He is nearly hanged in the course of this after three rich farmers accuse him but the Grand Duke his skin and he is reappointed judge. He decides the fate of Michael s real mother through the ingenious test of the Chalk Circle. Q4. A discussion among members of same community in an atmosphere of mutual respect andhonesty can achieve so much in such a short time. Write an essay in support of thisstatement drawing illustrations from The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht s. 20 marks Ans. Introduction- Candidates must show that she he understands the questions and tie it to the text. Body- Two groups sit together in a circle. -. Members of the collective farms, mostly women and older men meet to resolve a disputeover ownership of valley. -. A delegate from the city presides over the disputes. -. The goat herders report is presented by an old man on the right as follows:- The cheese is no longer the same quality. -. Their goats do not like the new grass. -the grazing land is not good. -. The land does not smell of morning in the morning. -. The two groups are told the valley belonged to the goat herders from eternity. -the farmers respond through Kato, the agriculturalist. She says;- When fighting in those hills, they discussed how they would build up their fruitCulture ten times the original size. -. They will construct a dam across the mountain lake. -. They will water seven hundred acres of fertile land. -. They will establish vineyards. Due to the honest atmosphere and mutual respect, the two groups agree, eat together andget entertained together. Q5. A person controlled by greed has no sense of justice drawing your illustrations fromThe Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht, write an essay supporting this statement. 20 marks Ans.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.5737133}
{"text": "Due to the honest atmosphere and mutual respect, the two groups agree, eat together andget entertained together. Q5. A person controlled by greed has no sense of justice drawing your illustrations fromThe Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht, write an essay supporting this statement. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionIt is true that intense and selfish desire for something especially wealth and power causes injustice in the society. Accept any other relevant introduction. Body- The princes of Grusinia who are drunk with power overthrow the Grand Duke and take over leadership. They kill the governor including Governor Georgi Abashwili. They beheaded him and hang his head at the centre of the door to his palace. -. Prince Kazbeki s is hunting for the governor heir, the young Michael in order to kill him and prevent him from ever inheriting his dead father. -. The greedy prince sold the horses and food supplies meant for soldiers on the frontline thus causing the country to lose the war. -. Similarly, the corrupt corporal who pursues Grusha and Michael sells the two soldiers horses. They suffer and limp as a result and taunts them. They cannot move fast and thus are unable to catch up with Grusha whom they watch helplessly as she crosses the rotten bridge and waves from the far end. -. Natella Abashwili is so much interested in her fine dresses that she does not think about her son s safety. She does not even want to travel on horseback. She prefers a carriage. When time runs out she abandons Michael, her son and saves her skin. -. It is evident that Natella s desire to get access to Governor Georgi Abashwili s estate that makes her claim back her son Michael. She ruthlessly snatched Michael from the chalk circle in an attempt to get him back. As a result she losses the case and the estate of her late husband go to the state and Grusha is given custody of the child. -Governor Georgi Abashwili is so concerned about personal confront including constructing a new wing on the palace that he doesn t care about his people s petitions. He even ignores a government messages from the capital and shows no interest to what is happening in the front. ConclusionFrom the afore going it is true that greed is the inventor of injustice,Accept any other relevant conclusionQ6.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.7080133}
{"text": "-Governor Georgi Abashwili is so concerned about personal confront including constructing a new wing on the palace that he doesn t care about his people s petitions. He even ignores a government messages from the capital and shows no interest to what is happening in the front. ConclusionFrom the afore going it is true that greed is the inventor of injustice,Accept any other relevant conclusionQ6. Write an essay on the effectiveness of any four songs used in Bertloit Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle. 20 marks Ans. . Introduction. Songs are usually used to communicate as well as relieve tension in the audience during live performances. In the prologue, there is a conflict on the actual owner of the valley. It is through the singer, Arkadi with his song called, the Chalk Circle, that the conclusion is arrived at Things will be given to those who can make use of them. Accept any other relevant introductionContentS i The first song begins on 13 -14, In olden times in a bloody time church - Introduces the main character and the conflict in the play. -. The governor though rich, is said to have many beggars and petitioners whom he ignores. -. The governor s wife, as well as the baby are introduced in this song. -. This song makes the reader audience anxious for the unfolding events. S ii Another song introduces the reader to the events in the place. Pages 18-20 : The city is still, but why are there armed men Noon was the hour to die. -. This song prepares the readers audience for the coup and the death of governor Abashwili. S iii . Another song introduces the flight of Grusha with Michael. Page 30 When Grusha Vashnadze left the city on the Grusinian highway some milk -Grusha sings, the song of the four generals which makes the reader aware of thevolatile political situation at that time. There was war in Iran and she was thinking ofSimon who was in the war. -. She alludes compares Simon with Sosso Robarkidse and ends up concluding, He is our man which shows her great love for Simon.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.6851761}
{"text": "Page 30 When Grusha Vashnadze left the city on the Grusinian highway some milk -Grusha sings, the song of the four generals which makes the reader aware of thevolatile political situation at that time. There was war in Iran and she was thinking ofSimon who was in the war. -. She alludes compares Simon with Sosso Robarkidse and ends up concluding, He is our man which shows her great love for Simon. S iv The song of the Rotten Bridge page 41 shows Grusha s predicament withMichael on her back and the angry ironshirts pursuing her. -. To save her live and Michael s from the Ironshirts, she has to cross the bridge overhanginga deep ravine. Deep is the abyss, son, I see the weak bridge sway How big they will be. -. The song outlines Grusha s determination and selflessness in an attempt to save Michael s live. -. The song makes the reader audience to sympathize with Grusha and laud her for her daring. NB. Accept any 4 well illustrated and explained songs. Conclusion. The songs done by different characters help to sustain the suspense in the play. They give the inside information and prepare the readers for what lies aheadNB. Accept any other relevant conclusion. Q7. Azdak is justified in giving Grusha Vashnadze the custody of Michael. Using illustrations from the play The Caucasian Chalk Circle, discuss this statement. 20 marks Ans. 1. -Grusha is not the true mother of Michael. -. During a coup when the child s father is beheaded, Grusha picks the child and keeps himcompany through out the night. -. She is in great danger-no one else is ready to touch or get near the child. 2. Natella Abashwili, who is Michael s mother, leaves Michael behind. -. She is in a hurry to flee the city. -. She is only interested in her clothes and shoes. 3. Grusha flees with the child to her brothers in the Northern Mountains. -. On the way she faces a lot of hardships. -. The iron shirts are pursuing her looking for Michael. -. Buys the child milk with the only money she had equivalent to a weeks pay.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.7237985}
{"text": "- On the way she faces a lot of hardships. -. The iron shirts are pursuing her looking for Michael. -. Buys the child milk with the only money she had equivalent to a weeks pay. -. Carries the child who is heavy on her back. -. Risks closing a dangerous bridge. -. Enters an arranged marriage for the sake of Michael. 4. When before Grusha agrees that she is not the biological mother of the child but shehad taken a lot of care for him. -. She refuses to pull Michael from the chalk circle. -Natella pulls twice. -. It emerges that Natella wants to have Michael for financial gains. -. One of her lawyers divulges that Natella can t meet the financial obligations sincethe estate is attached to the child. -. Natella is eager to pull the child but Grusha lets go off the child s hand. -Grusha says she can t bring him up only to tear him apart. -. She is given the child and ordered to live in the city. Q8. The conflicts and suffering witnessed in The Caucasian Chalk Circle is due to bad governance. Justify this statement. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionLeaders who don t responsibly and competently carry out their leadership role are likely to spark off serious conflict and subsequently cause a lot of suffering to the people. Similarly the conflicts and suffering witnessed in Caucasian chalk circle is essentially caused by leadership failure. Accept any other plausible introduction. Body i As the play begins we are introduced to a conflict pitching two groups of farmers where each claims a stake in the ownership of a particular piece of land. There is a heated argument as each side justifies why it should posses the valley. Eventually a delegate from the state construction commission arbitrates the conflict and the land is awarded to the fruit growing farmers. Ii The incompetency and inefficiency of the Grand Duke and governor Georgi Abashwili in the Grusinian state of Georgia. People suffer a lot. The governor s way to the church is lined up with beggars and petitioners who carry emaciated children, and war has left people in crutches. Ironshirts mercilessly brutalise people to prevent them from issuing petitions to their governor. The governor even intends to bring down the slums to create rooms for his garden. The princes and Prince Arsen Kazbeki easily stage a coup. Their poor governance is the source of suffering to this people.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.7027826}
{"text": "The governor even intends to bring down the slums to create rooms for his garden. The princes and Prince Arsen Kazbeki easily stage a coup. Their poor governance is the source of suffering to this people. Iii Poor governance also encourages people to be cruel and inhuman. When Arsen Kazbeki topples his brother, he beheads him. The head is fastened on the wall with nails. The old milk man is indifferent to Michael s hunger and demands exorbitant prices. The peasant woman discloses to the iron shirt that Grusha is the owner of the child despite the danger of such information. These incidents show that people lack moral conscience due to poor governance. Iv Incompetence and inefficiency gives birth to socio-political as well as economic instability. Coup and counter coups are common phenomena. These coups perpetuate suffering of people since they are forced to relocate to other places as internally displaced people. This is witnessed when the Grand Duke escapes arrest and has to be hosted by Azdak. Natella has to be whisked away to safety by the adjutant while Grusha and Michael relocate to the Northern Mountains for safety. The princes are also dethroned by the Grand Duke with the assistance of the Shah of Persia. It is said that the Grand Duke has to reinstate an incompetent person- Azdak- as the judge in Grusinia. Accept other plausible well developed pointsConclusionTherefore it is evident that poor governance causes suffering and pain to people as it is illustrated by what leads to suffering in The Caucasian Chalk Circle. Accept other plausible conclusion. Q9. Human weaknesses affect characters negatively . Write a composition in support of the above statement drawing your illustrations from The Caucasian Chalk Circle. 20marks Ans. Human beings have various types of weaknesses which have had negative effects on their living in society as shown in the play. Accept any other relevant introduction. W1. Natela Abashwili s weakness on adoring things. She forgets her child at the time of war and takes clothes and boots instead, pg 25 The maid escapes with the child to save his life but Natella later goes for the child because she wants to inherit the governor s estate. She loses both the child and the estate. WII The fat prince greed and hunger for powerEliminates his brother to get his power,WIII The governor s lack for concern for his subjects.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.8428857}
{"text": "She forgets her child at the time of war and takes clothes and boots instead, pg 25 The maid escapes with the child to save his life but Natella later goes for the child because she wants to inherit the governor s estate. She loses both the child and the estate. WII The fat prince greed and hunger for powerEliminates his brother to get his power,WIII The governor s lack for concern for his subjects. He oppresses his subjects forcing people to go to war, charging high taxation. He loses his life and power. WIV- Lavrenti and his wife undermines family values. Fails to give Grusha a warm welcome though she comes from town where war has broken out tired and sickWV The self righteous nature of Aniko shown through her hypocritical actionsWVI. Natella s hatred for the poor. She undermines Grusha during the court case feeling that Grusha is too poor to keep the child. She finally loses the child to the poor Grusha due to her arrogance. ConclusionIn conclusion, people should learn to appreciate others and avoid putting their interests first. Q10. What there is a hall go to those who are good for it . With illustrations from the play The Caucasian Chalk Circle, write an essay in support of this statement. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionThe statement means that if someone has to be given something, it should be on the basis that they are best suited for it or must have shown similar ability Accept any other relevant introduction, general or contextualized, making reference to the textc. I in the prologue, the valley is given to the fruit governorsThey have plans to build their fruits culture to ten times its original sizeThey have prepared a plan for an irrigation projectThe farm will not only grow more fruits but could also support vineyardsThey even present calculations for the projectii Michael is given to Grusha because of her motherly natureShe rescuers him on the Easter Sunday when his mother leaves him behindGrusha takes to a risky journey to the Northern Mountains amid pursuit by the IronshirtsShe marries a man on his death bed in order to give legitimacy to MichaelIn the chalk circle test ,she does not pull Michael from the circleiii.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.8357844}
{"text": "20 marks Ans. IntroductionThe statement means that if someone has to be given something, it should be on the basis that they are best suited for it or must have shown similar ability Accept any other relevant introduction, general or contextualized, making reference to the textc. I in the prologue, the valley is given to the fruit governorsThey have plans to build their fruits culture to ten times its original sizeThey have prepared a plan for an irrigation projectThe farm will not only grow more fruits but could also support vineyardsThey even present calculations for the projectii Michael is given to Grusha because of her motherly natureShe rescuers him on the Easter Sunday when his mother leaves him behindGrusha takes to a risky journey to the Northern Mountains amid pursuit by the IronshirtsShe marries a man on his death bed in order to give legitimacy to MichaelIn the chalk circle test ,she does not pull Michael from the circleiii. Azdak is made judge by the iron shirts and later on the Grand DukeIn the mock could scene be displays better knowledge of the law in comparison to prince Kazbeki s nephewHis reign as judge is described as a brief golden age, almost an age of justice .In making his rulings the look from the rich and gave to the poorHe is late reappointed as judge by the Grand Duke as a show of gratitude for saving his lifeiv. Azdak divorces Grusha and Jussup instead of the old coupleThe divorce paves way for Grusha s marriage to SimonSimon had stood by Grusha in court claiming to be Michael s fatherThe union between Grusha and Jessup wars for convenienceSimon trulyDeserved Grusha for he came back to lack for her after the warConclusionIt is clear from above that those who emerged victories deserved the victory Accept any other relevant conclusion Q11. Drawing illustrations from what Grusha goes through in order to save and adopt Michael, write an essay on the challenges of being a good person in a rotten society. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionEven in a rotten society, it is possible to come across a good person. In the Caucasian Chalk Circle, such a person is Grusha. Grusha goes through many challenges in order to save and adopt Michael. Some of these challenges are discusses below.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.812927}
{"text": "In the Caucasian Chalk Circle, such a person is Grusha. Grusha goes through many challenges in order to save and adopt Michael. Some of these challenges are discusses below. Accept any other relevant introductionContent C i She sacrifices the little she has in order to sustain Michael. She buys milk expensively. Ii She is forced to come up with a ingenuine way of eluding the iron shirts who are after him. She knocks one of them down with a piece of wood, enduring her life in the process. Iii She crosses of dangerous bridge, endangering her life and Michael s iv She has to contend with a society that frowns upon single motherhood. She is forced to accept marriage to an invalid called Jussup in order to normalize her status vi Her relationship with her fianc e, Simon , is endangered. Vi She is force to go through a court processes in order to gain custody of Michael. ConclusionAccept any valid conclusion. Q12. True motherhood is not necessarily biological Write an essay illustrating this statement using Bertloit Brecht s, The Caucasian Chalk Circle . 20 marks Ans. IntroductionYou need not be a biological mother to become motherly. Strangers can act more responsibly than real mothers. This is clearly illustrated by Grusha, a kitchen maid, in the play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle as shown below;Body- Natella Abashwili, the biological mother of Michael abandons the child as she flees the city .She is more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriagesIt takes the motherly instinct of the kitchen maid Grusha to retrieve the body and fide with it offering protection and nourishmentGrusha adopts the body and risks being captured by the soldiers and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge to save the life of Michael from the iron shirtsThe mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael does not affect her affection for the young boyVashnadze endures an arranged and difficult marriage on paper to a dying man, Jussup: for the sake of the childA mere kitchen Grusha fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to tear him up.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.880142}
{"text": "IntroductionYou need not be a biological mother to become motherly. Strangers can act more responsibly than real mothers. This is clearly illustrated by Grusha, a kitchen maid, in the play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle as shown below;Body- Natella Abashwili, the biological mother of Michael abandons the child as she flees the city .She is more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriagesIt takes the motherly instinct of the kitchen maid Grusha to retrieve the body and fide with it offering protection and nourishmentGrusha adopts the body and risks being captured by the soldiers and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge to save the life of Michael from the iron shirtsThe mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael does not affect her affection for the young boyVashnadze endures an arranged and difficult marriage on paper to a dying man, Jussup: for the sake of the childA mere kitchen Grusha fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to tear him up. She fears to destroy the boy she has nurtured and brought up expensively as a real mother. ConclusionGenerally, mothers are supposed to be motherly for one to be accredited a real mother of a child .This world mean not all the biological mothers are a sincere parents as to claim the ownership, however the soul that would nurture brings up responsibly deserves the ownership as portrays in Grusha Vashnadze.", "metadata": {"source": "The-Caucasian-Chalk-Circle-essay.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.8988633}
{"text": "2014walterakach gmail.comTable of ContentsThe guilt, Rayda Jacobs 2 When The Sun Goes Down, Goro wa Kamau .8Leaving, Moyez G. Vassanji ...15The War of the Ears, Moses Isegawa 21The Mirror, Haruki Murakami .30Diamond Dust, Anita Desai 35Arrested Development, Sandisile Tshuma 42Sandra Street, Michael Anthony ...48Twilight Trek, Sefi Atta ..52I Stand Here Ironing, Tillie Olsen ..........65The Retraction, Stanley Onjezani Kenani .....77The Bamboo Hut, Grace Ogot 85Tuesday Siesta, Gabriel Garcia Marquez ..91 Two Stories of a House, Leila Abouzeid 100Law of the Grazing Fields, Cyprian Ekwensi..106White Hands, Jane Katjavivi .112The Guilt, Rayda Jacobs South Africa 21. PlotIntroductionWe meet Mrs. Lilian Thurgood at the side of her house picking guavas. Her two dogs: Tembi and Tor alert her of somebody s presence at her gate. She is not a very strong woman; she walks with the aid of a cane. Flowers are everywhere sprouting in her compound and this gives her pleasure. B.Narrative HookShe engage s the man at the gate in a conversationc. Rising ActionWilliam Sidlay has a letter to prove that he is collecting money for some organization. He is looking for handouts donations if he can t find work. Lilian doubts the authenticity of the letter. Even as she rummages for change in her purse, she knew she was making a mistake to empathize with William. People like William took advantage of people like Lilian or murdered them. Lilian, like the rest of the whites, was filled with guilt of having gained her privileged position because of her race. She gives him the five rand, even though she could ill afford it. ClimaxWilliam offers to work for the money. He says it s too much. She opens the gate for him to clean her garden, despite doubts.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.9426067}
{"text": "ClimaxWilliam offers to work for the money. He says it s too much. She opens the gate for him to clean her garden, despite doubts. He however refuses to stop working when she Lilian makes the request. She had to go into the3house for the phone was ringing. William followed her there. Falling ActionLilian bids him to leave but he declines. He demands 10 rand for his effort. When she threatens to call her husband, William tells her that she lives alone. He insists on ten rand besides the 5 he d been given. D nouementFeeling threatened she sets the dogs on him. She gets a gun from her bedroom. She gets back her five rand before seeing him off. Although she comes out of the episode unscathed, she does not boast about it to her friends, may be still consumes with guilt. Where there was guilt there was opportunity. Write an essay to confirm this usingRayda Jacob s The Guilt for your illustrations. SettingThe story is set in s white suburb in South Africa. Mrs. Lilian a pensioner Thurgood s home is a fortress, 10 foot high wall fence, and has a large compound in which she has fruit trees: guavas and lemons. She also has flowers in her garden: geraniums, basil and oregano. She lives alone. The incident with William takes place in the morning. Conflict. The Guilt has both external and internal conflict. Internal conflictsFirst Mrs. Lilian Thurgood experiences internal conflict. She did not have to answer the call at the gate. She says she had ignored many such calls. 4She also suffers from internal conflict when confronted with the forged letter William Sidlay presents. She takes it anyway. She is faced with another instance of internal conflict when she discovers that she has 5 rand 23 cents. The five rand she thinks is too much and the 23 cents too little. She gives him the five rand in spite of herself. Another instance of internal conflict is on the night it was raining and she had to get the door. She wonders whether it is racist to it one were afraid to open doors to strangers. She does it anyway to make for the guilt of benefitting from the old regime. External ConflictWilliam Sidlay threatens Lilian physically.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.9919536}
{"text": "She wonders whether it is racist to it one were afraid to open doors to strangers. She does it anyway to make for the guilt of benefitting from the old regime. External ConflictWilliam Sidlay threatens Lilian physically. She gives Tembi Tor the first command which allowed them to terrorise but not draw blood. She wonders what they might do if she gave the second signal she doesn t use it. Next, she goes for the gun which she uses to drive William out of her compound and survives a potentially murderous situation. CharactersAlthough several characters are mentioned in thisstory, the action focuses on Lilian and William. LilianPhysical attributesShe is a white woman over sixty-six years old and walks with a limp owing to a painful leg for which she takes medicine. Assign character traits to Mrs. Lilian Thurgood based on the following situations. 5 Can I help you? Lilian asked. Respectful courteousShe handed the letter back to him and said, wait here, kindBased on the incidents with the African woman who d knocked her door at night, the woman who d seen her sitting in the stoep , the man who rung persistently at her gate, you would say that Lilian is generous? Her sudden anger when confronted with five rand 23 cents and she longs for her husband s presence he would have ordered the man off the grounds. InsecureShe would not lock the door behind her, she told herself. She trusted him. Naive trustingHe came forward. Sa! Lilian commanded the dogs. DecisiveThe fact that she did not give the last command to the Alsatians nor pull the trigger of the gun. HumaneThe fact that she did not tell the truth to Margaret, Ruth and Ethel May. ModestAssign character traits to William Sidlay based on the following situations. The fact that he did not panic when confronted by Tembi Tor. Calm courageous brave6The fact that he forged a letter to gain entry into white homes dishonestThe fact that he wanted the five rand besides demanding for 10 rand. GreedyThe fact that he knew Lilian lived alone and that no one was going to come to her aid. SchemingThe fact that he moved towards Lilian when she threatened to call the police.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406308.9860163}
{"text": "Calm courageous brave6The fact that he forged a letter to gain entry into white homes dishonestThe fact that he wanted the five rand besides demanding for 10 rand. GreedyThe fact that he knew Lilian lived alone and that no one was going to come to her aid. SchemingThe fact that he moved towards Lilian when she threatened to call the police. MenacingSidlay producing a letter allowing him to beg after being told by Lilian that she had no work. PersistentPOVThe story is told from the omniscient narrator perspective. ThemeGuiltAll the generous actions of Mrs. Thurgood are driven by guilt-she says that it was making good on the guilt, the guilt they were accused of having. DeceptionWilliam Sidlay forges a letter that he purports allows him to collect funds for an organisation. It is a plan to gain entry into white people s homes and either take advantage of their guilt or murder them. The woman who d seen Lilian sitting on the stoep deceives her that she will sell7her eight plants for four rand and plant them. She asks for water to wet the ground when Lilian returns with the hose she finds 30 plants planted and a bill of 12 rand which she had to pay. Race relationsThe blacks do anything in their power to take advantage of the whites. On their part, the whites feel inclined to help the blacks because of the guilt they have that their privileged position was a benefit of the previous white regime. QuestionShow that people pay dearly for showing their weaknesses. Using Rayda Jacob s The Guilt show that this is true. 8When the Sun Goes Down by Goro wa KamauThe PlotWe meet Steve, a successful businessman, walking down the streets of his home town. He receives questioning stares from the people standing along the streets who pretend to be going on with their businesses while in truth they are discussing Steve. He runs into his boyhood friends, Kanja. He invites Kanja to his home for a chat. He asks Kanja to tell him of the rumours about him doing rounds in the town. Kanja informs him that it is rumoured that he is marrying Maureen. We learn that people suspect that Maureen is infected with the HIV virus. Steve confirms it is true.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.049813}
{"text": "Kanja informs him that it is rumoured that he is marrying Maureen. We learn that people suspect that Maureen is infected with the HIV virus. Steve confirms it is true. Steve then relates the sad circumstances of Maureen s marriage to an abusive and promiscuous soldier. When Kanja meets Maureen, she unashamedly opens up and tells him how she learned that she was infected with HIV. It was long after she had struck friendship with Steve and was carrying his child. It is at this point that Steve also took an HIV test and it turned out that he too was positive. Maureen serves Kanja with juice he declines to take and finally Steve shares it with his son. This stigmatisation discrimination hurts Maureen and sends her into a depression. Despite Steve s appeal to her that they fight the disease together, she is unable to overcome her depressive mood. One evening while asleep, Maureen becomes delirious and starts mumbling bible verses. Tom, a sympathetic neighbor, helps Steve to take her to hospital. When Maureen realizes where she is, she stages a protest demanding to be taken home to die. She does not recover from her depression. 9She is buried a week later. She leaves Steve and Kanja and Kimotho to continue the struggle. The TitleThe title, When the Sun Goes Down , is made in reference to Maureen s feelings of depression, hopelessness and guilt to the point of giving up on life. It creates the impression that for her, all is lost. SettingThe story is set in a rural town in Central Kenya. The villagers know each other by age, name and family. This explains the concerns of each other s welfare. It also explains how this familiarity results into interference in the private lives of one another. The story is set in the modern times. HIV is a reality and so are ARV s. ConflictWe shall approach conflict from two perspectives: conflict developed by Maureen. A Conflict developed by Steve. Steve largely develops external conflictIn the introductory part of the plot Steve is confronted with external conflict: between him and the villagers. He has made a decision that has not gone down well with the villagers. They believe that he deserves better than marrying Maureen. This is because10Maureen is HIV positive.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.104344}
{"text": "He has made a decision that has not gone down well with the villagers. They believe that he deserves better than marrying Maureen. This is because10Maureen is HIV positive. However, no one is ready to seek his opinion on the matter but they all talk behind his back about his affair with Maureen. His decision to marry Maureen therefore alienates him from the people who looked up to him. His mind is however made up and he doesn t care what they think or say about him He; has no friends but KanjaThe second external conflict he develops is between him and Kanja, his boyhood friend. Kanja has heard rumours about Steve s intentions to marry Maureen; however he is afraid for Stevebecause rumour also has it that she is HIV positive. Steve feels that Kanja, his only remaining friend, should not be part of the rumour mill. He has no control over this and it turns out that his friend indeed has come fishing for information based on the rumours he s heard. What is more, his friend had also made advances to Maureen but was unsuccessful. Further, his friend brings the HIV stigma right into their house when he refuses to drink the juice Maureen serves him. It is this conflict with Kanja that is central to the story and is responsible for the ultimate death of Maureen. The other external conflict Steve develops is between him and Maureen. Pp19 Maureen explains to Kanja how Steve came to learn that he had HIV. This was her way of taking responsibility for pass the virus to him; this was her way of making him a victim and Steve resented it. He forbids her to reason like that but will not stop. 11Pp22 Maureen is hurt by Kanja s refusal to take the juice she serves him. She says it s worthless to live if people cruelly discriminate against you. Steve would have none of this and implores her not to think like that to no avail. Pp25-26 Steve not only buys the most nutritious foods for her but also cooks them but Maureen wouldn t eat. She suffers from nausea after a few bites, what is more she yearns for death. Despite his remonstrations with her that she banishes such thoughts of death from her head she wouldn t stop. Pp26-27 Maureen s sense of guilt finally gets the better of Steve.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.123078}
{"text": "She suffers from nausea after a few bites, what is more she yearns for death. Despite his remonstrations with her that she banishes such thoughts of death from her head she wouldn t stop. Pp26-27 Maureen s sense of guilt finally gets the better of Steve. Her deep seated sense of guilt reinforced by the careless talk of the neighbours finally gets Steve to contemplate the terrible possibility of her death. Steve also develops external conflict between him and HIV AIDS. He tries to have good mental health by making Maureen avoid negative talk, this is a battle he loses for her but does not succumb to. He continues to live positively He talks of counting their blessings. He stops smoking at the urging of his doctor. This too is a battle that he is winning. He buys nutritious foods and takes his drugs. He tells Maureen that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. Although Maureen loses this battle Steve does not he is in it for the long haul. He is determined to stay alive. 12Even Maureen acknowledges this pp20 she says that she has no doubt he will live. Maureen develops external conflict as well as internal. Internal conflictMaureen blames herself for passing the virus on to Steve. Pp19 She protests that she was faithful both to her husband and to Steve. She tells the story of how Steve found out he was positive to assuage herself lessen her guiltPp26 As she gets delirious she mumbles that she was faithful both to her husband and to Steve. External ConflictShe develops a conflict between her and HIVThis is another conflict central to the story. From the time we meet Maureen there is no doubt she is losing the battle against HIV. When we first meet her we are told that she looked somewhat weary. When Kanja refuses to take the juice she serves him, she is devastated. Pp21 she asks Steve why people must be so cruel. She refuses to forgive herself for bringing this cruelty on Steve. Subsequently she refuses to eat and it is hinted that she may have stopped taking her drugs- pp26 Steve reminds her that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. When forced to eat pp26 she develops nausea and says that she longs to rest euphemism for die. At the hospital, she tells the nurse that she is dying.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.1383834}
{"text": "Subsequently she refuses to eat and it is hinted that she may have stopped taking her drugs- pp26 Steve reminds her that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. When forced to eat pp26 she develops nausea and says that she longs to rest euphemism for die. At the hospital, she tells the nurse that she is dying. Pp28 pp21 tears flow down her face as she thinks of Kanja s action and wishes people were more compassionate. Pp26 she declares that she is a living deadIn short, Maureen s sun went down the day she discovered she d passed on HIV to Steve. She also develops a conflict between her and theKanja s of this world. When Kanja refuses to take her13juice, she is devastated and asks Steve why people are so cruel. She feels that her family is discriminated against because she brought AIDS into it. She hardly goes out for fear of what people will say. Pp 26 Steve laments that her sense of guilt was the product of listening to lose speaking tongues. ThemesTwo of the best developed themes in this story are fear and guilt. They are both developed by Maureen. Kanja develops the theme of hypocrisy friendship cracks at mention of AIDS. HIV AIDS is developed by both Steve and Maureen. The author uses Steve to show how people can live positively with AIDS. Maureen on the other hand serves to illustrate how hopelessness and not AIDS kills people infected with HIV. Ignorance is developed by:Kanja not taking the juice Maureen servesThe town s folk in general not knowing that their negative talk kills worse than AIDS. Mr. Kabia- fears contracting AIDS if an AIDS sufferer is carried in his car. Loneliness is developed by both Steve and Maureen. CharacterisationSteve: determined, loving, realistic, open, sociable, hardworkingKanja: hypocritical, ignorant, lustfulMaureen: hopeless, faithful, loving, religious, hospitable, stoic14Essay QuestionLife is worth living even if one is suffering from HIV. Using Goro wa Kamau s When the Sun Goes Down for your illustrations show that this is true. 15Leaving by Moyez G. VassanjiSettingThe story is set in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.1858675}
{"text": "Using Goro wa Kamau s When the Sun Goes Down for your illustrations show that this is true. 15Leaving by Moyez G. VassanjiSettingThe story is set in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. We first meet the family leaving on Uhuru Street where the Narrator s mother runs a shop. Later they move to the residential area of Upanga, upon her selling her shop. PlotThe story opens with the concept of leaving. The girls are getting married. Mehroon marries a former school mate who leaves in Dar. Razia marries a wealthy man who leaves in Tanga. Then there is Firoz who drops out of school and gets employed. The narrator s mother then sells her shop and moves from Uhuru Street to Upanga residential area. The narrator informs us their mother laid hopes on he Aloo. This is because they both excel at school. The narrator joins the local University. Meanwhile, in his last year at school, he proves to be exceptionally bright in his studies. Mr. Datoo, a farmer student and teacher at the boys school, visits the town from U.S.A. the similarity ofDatoo s and Aloo s background makes Aloo feels that he too could study in the USA. He starts writing applications to various universities in America. His ambition is to study medicine. When the results are out, he has straight A s. However, the local varsity gives him a place to study Agriculture. This is what makes the offer from CIT more appealing. They not only offer him a place at the university but also give him a scholarship. His determination to study in16America intensifies; however, the money required for transport and upkeep as well as his mother s fear of losing her son stands in his way. After seeking Mr. Velji s opinion, and some reflection, his mother is ready to let go. She bids Aloo not to smoke nor drink and not to marry a white woman. Her fears allayed, she sends Aloo to America for further studiesConflictThis story is about Aloo s determination to study medicineThe first conflict he faces is bureaucracy and corruption. On pp 35 the narrator hints at this:But some bureaucratic hand, probably corrupt, dealt out a future prospect for him that came as a shock.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.2346425}
{"text": "She bids Aloo not to smoke nor drink and not to marry a white woman. Her fears allayed, she sends Aloo to America for further studiesConflictThis story is about Aloo s determination to study medicineThe first conflict he faces is bureaucracy and corruption. On pp 35 the narrator hints at this:But some bureaucratic hand, probably corrupt, dealt out a future prospect for him that came as a shock. This explains why the family does not want to question the university about Aloo s placement. Clearly, with his straight A s deserved a place in the medicine class. However, the family does not even think about arguing his case with the varsity would be an exercise in futility. Nothing would come out of it. The second conflict is developed by Velji andAloo s mother on pp 3 he tells Aloo s mother, But if you send him, you will lose your son. It s a far place, America, It is his mother, however, who fully develops this conflict on page 35, after Aloo has overcome his shock of getting CIT placement and scholarship, we are told:But first he had to contend with mother. 17She does not believe it and thinks that he is teasing her. Next she raises issue with the money required. 3000 shillings is required for pocket money. She further questions where they d raise his air fare from- it was not a little money that needed. She concludes that no one in Dar would help himPp 36 she gets angry at him and asks him why he wants to go away, so far from them and wonders whether they mean so little to him. Further, she is worried that something might happen to him. Her final resistance to his leaving is on page 39- she asks him to promise that he will not marry a white woman, nor will smoke nor drink. At this point we now understand her fear at telling him go: she would lose him to a different culture that all the values she d taught him would be in vain. Characters and Characterisation. Aloo a intelligent scores straight A s in his final examrespectful -pp 36 He had raised hisvoice to her, the first time I saw him that. -pp 37, they stood up whenVelji came in.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.2536511}
{"text": "Characters and Characterisation. Aloo a intelligent scores straight A s in his final examrespectful -pp 36 He had raised hisvoice to her, the first time I saw him that. -pp 37, they stood up whenVelji came in. C determined: - studied hard in order to study medicine- wrote many applications with the aim of getting a varsity in America. Mother18-hardworking raised the children as a single parent upon the death of her husband-Cautious sought Mr. Velji s opinion on Aloo s case. -loving - feared to lose her son. 5.ThemesFamily family valuesThe narrator s mom has raised her children well. Marriage therefore is an important institution for them. It is not important that they marry into riches although Razia does. What is important is that they get married. The family is also supportive. Firoz was not good at school but they encouraged him to go far as he would. What is more, he has been taught the importance of work ethic. So after dropping out of school he is gainfully employed as an assistant bookkeeper. The narrator and Aloo are morally upright young men. They respect their mother and the people who come into their lives. First, they do not raise their voice at their mother. Second, the boys stand up when Mr. Velji comes into the room. Finally, although they disagree with Mr. Velji, they do not raise any objections when he says it s a bad thing to send Aloo to a foreign country: they respect his opinion. Finally her children neither drink nor smoke. 19Education. The two sisters are taken to school. Firoz is encouraged to go as far as he possibly would at school subsequently he got employed The narrator and Aloo go to university. It is instructive to know that their mom laid her hopes on them. This shows that she understands that through education her children would improve their lot. FearThe main conflict in this story is Aloo s mother s reluctance to let him go study in a foreign country. This conflict is borne of fearThat her son doesn t care much for the familyThat something could happen to himThat he could start smoking and drinkingThat he could marry a white womanPOVThis story is told from the 1st person pov.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.2789538}
{"text": "This shows that she understands that through education her children would improve their lot. FearThe main conflict in this story is Aloo s mother s reluctance to let him go study in a foreign country. This conflict is borne of fearThat her son doesn t care much for the familyThat something could happen to himThat he could start smoking and drinkingThat he could marry a white womanPOVThis story is told from the 1st person pov. The narrator is the 2nd last born child in a family of 3 boys and 2 girls. It is an inspirational story of how upbringing influences the destinies of he and his siblings in general but Aloo in particular. He reports objectively the factors that influenceAloo s destiny. We trust his judgment because he is not only an adult but he is at the university. He wished his brother well from the start and in the end it comes to pass. In the end we do not just read a story for entertainment value. Stories also have information value. For us to exploit this fully we need to answer 3 questions. Is the title appropriate? 20Yes, all the 5 siblings and their mother are involved in leavings of sorts. What is the significant event? Mr. Datoo s visit is. He inspires Aloo to be all that he can be. This is so important because schools are yet to find a place for alumni. Without a doubt they influence the destinies of students and they should therefore be incorporated in career guidance activities. What is the author s intention? First of all the author s main audience are parents. Parents should learn that the way they bring up their children determines how positively they live life and how successful that life is. The author s second audience is the youth: although the environment in which you are brought up matters; ultimately, there is no success without input. The contrast between Firoz and Aloo exemplifies this. 21The War of the Ears by Moses IsegawaSettingThe story is set in a rural Uganda during a period of civil strife. A rebel group, God s Victorious Brigades, is fighting to stamp corruption out of the country in the light of their interpretation of the Ten Commandments. The ultimate sufferers are civilians. The story s main setting is Nandere Primary School with episodes in Ma Beeda s home and the forest.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.3686926}
{"text": "A rebel group, God s Victorious Brigades, is fighting to stamp corruption out of the country in the light of their interpretation of the Ten Commandments. The ultimate sufferers are civilians. The story s main setting is Nandere Primary School with episodes in Ma Beeda s home and the forest. Most of the activities take place in the night. Darkness symbolizes the evil that has befallen the country at large and is about to befall Ma Beeda s village in particular. PlotThe story opens at the close of day at Nandere Primary School. Beeda is confronted with a problem: the world outside school is full of questions he couldn t answer and things he couldn t control. This drives him into a panic that it is possible that these events beyond his control could stop the children from coming back to school. Indeed, his fears are fanned by the letter that arrives in the school that day. The rebel group, God s VictoriousBrigades, says it is the last letter they send to warn Ma Beeda of dire consequences should she fail to close the school. She however swears to defy them and believes that they have government protection. Beeda, however, is clearly terrified and feels helpless because he does not believe the government s promise would come to much. We learn that his father had died when he was four, and now as a secondary school student, he doubles up as a teacher at his Mother s school. 22To prove their point, the rebel group has dispatched four child soldiers to Nandere Primary School, the only surviving school in the region. They are led by Major Azizima who is 14. The other 3 boys are his juniors. His immediate superior, Colonel Kalo, is 17. Upon reaching the school, Azizima awaits instructions from Kalo to burn it down. We learn that the supreme leader of the rebels is Generalissimo who is revered because he spoke with God. All the rules and guidelines come from him. This involves indoctrinating the child soldiers with his interpretation of the Ten Commandments and heavy doses of barbaric punishment for offences against his rules. Similarly, the soldiers mete out barbaric punishment like chopping off the ears of those who do not support the course of the rebels.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.3511918}
{"text": "All the rules and guidelines come from him. This involves indoctrinating the child soldiers with his interpretation of the Ten Commandments and heavy doses of barbaric punishment for offences against his rules. Similarly, the soldiers mete out barbaric punishment like chopping off the ears of those who do not support the course of the rebels. The arrival of these rebels in Beeda s village brings to his door step those things he d feared he has no control over. At school first they are confronted with the pane Azizima had broken the previous night, Next, Miss Bengi informs them that a man s ear had been cut off the previous night and because of this insecurity, she intends to leave the village for the city. The gunfire later that night is the last piece of evidence that the war of the ears had finally come to their village. ConflictExternalThe first conflict we meet is between Ma Beeda and the rebels. They have been sending her letters telling her that she is a government agent and that she should close her school. The final letter is23signed by Colonel Kalo. It tells her that her punishment for defying them will be both heavy and harsh. She continues to defy them in the hope that the government s security apparatus will protect her and her investment. Secondly, we learn that the teachers too are in direct conflict with the rebels. We are told that Beeda s is filling in for a teacher who had fled weeks ago. Further, Ma Beeda s says that she spoke to the teachers and 2 or 3 want to run away pp 46 . Then there is Miss Bengi who announces her desire to leave for the city after a man s ear was cut off pp 59 The major conflict is between the government and the rebels pp 46 A war was going on in the forest and hills where government forces occasionally clashed with the rebels. This is also confirmed in the letter sent to Ma Beeda in which she is called a government agent. Their professed goal is to stamp corruption of out of the country. The conflict between the rebels and the government has also brought on conflict between the civilians and government on one hand and civilians and rebels on the other. Major Azizima s father died in the hands of the government security apparatus.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.3880076}
{"text": "Their professed goal is to stamp corruption of out of the country. The conflict between the rebels and the government has also brought on conflict between the civilians and government on one hand and civilians and rebels on the other. Major Azizima s father died in the hands of the government security apparatus. They had alleged that he was collaborating with the rebels pp 51 We are also told that in between engagements with rebels, government forces looked for rebel collaborators pp 46 . 24Then there is the conflict between rebels and civilians in general. We are told that in the period between engagements with government forces the rebels attacked civilians pp46 Major Azizima tells us that his mother was killed by the rebels. What is more, he d been asked to cut off her ears pp 51 . Major Azizima also cuts off the ear of a villager who was looking for medicine for his sick wife. Pp53 . Further, after this act, they trained their rifles on the shops in case people confronted them. No one did. In the letter to Ma Beeda the rebels state that the war of ears had begun. This is in reference to cutting off the ears of civilians who defied them pp 45 . Finally the village is awakened deep in the night by gunfire. Pp61 The other conflict developed in the story is internalBeedaIn front of the class he knew everything and there was nothing he could not do. However, the world outside was full of questions he could not answer and things he could not control pp43 it is a flash-forward in the problems the villagers face from the government and rebels AzizimaHe thinks of escaping from the rebel base but if caught by the government soldiers he would be tortured or killed or both. If caught by the comrades he would be killed. Either way he would die but he wanted to live to25avenge his parents. Besides he wanted to find out what had happened to his siblings who had disappeared. Further, at school Nandere he felt a yearning to return to school, to study and get a certificate but he hated having to take orders from teachers. Moreover it would mean surrendering his power something he knew he would not do freely. Characters and Characterisation. Ma BeedaA widow, entrepreneur and a single parent, she has a son, BeedaHardworking started her school under a mango tree but is now a full-fledged learning centre.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.4360538}
{"text": "Moreover it would mean surrendering his power something he knew he would not do freely. Characters and Characterisation. Ma BeedaA widow, entrepreneur and a single parent, she has a son, BeedaHardworking started her school under a mango tree but is now a full-fledged learning centre. Determined ResoluteHers is the last operational school. All the other schools have shut down at the behest of the rebels. Despite the numerous letters by the rebels that she shuts down her school, she defies them. OptimisticDespite the war going on around her, she is hopeful that it will not touch her school. She says that the rebels have no chance of victory and that they don t have the people s support. She also tells us that the government would hunt down all the criminals and punish them pp57 26SecretiveShe had a journal in which she entered the Nightcrawler s reports. Beeda was not allowed to look in the book. Pp 59 CuriuosHas set the Nightcrawler to find out details of what several people had heard and seen the night before. Perceptive pp 47 She had the ability to guess what her son was thinking and at times he disliked it intensely. BeedaHardworking stays at school teaching until late-plans his lessons in good timeConcerned pp 46 asks his mom whether shespoke to the teachers i.e. ask them to stay. -Wants to know the response of the regional commander in relation to their insecurity. Azizima -ambitious violent reflective determinedThemesHuman rights abuse crimes against humanity. Children are denied the right to education. Ma Beeda tells us that hers is the only school opening in the area, and even this is threatened to be short27lived by the rebels who have served her with a final notice to close the school. People are killed both by the rebels and the government. Azizima tells us that government forces killed his father for allegedly collaborating with the rebels. The rebels too killed his mother for an unspecified reason. People suffer mutilation in the hands of the rebels. The letter sent to Ma Beeda warns her that ears that don t listen to their master get chopped off and hers would be next. Azizima tells us thatBlue Beast forced him to chop off his mother s ears.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.4838626}
{"text": "People suffer mutilation in the hands of the rebels. The letter sent to Ma Beeda warns her that ears that don t listen to their master get chopped off and hers would be next. Azizima tells us thatBlue Beast forced him to chop off his mother s ears. Azizima chops of the ear of a villager and keeps it as a trophy and proof to his superiors that he is loyal. Miss Bengi threatens to leave for the city saying she does not want her ear chopped off. DisplacementPeople are fleeing the village on account of insecurity arising from the war of the ears. Ma Beeda tells us that two or 3 teachers have expressed their intention to leave for the city. Beeda is filling in for a teacher who had fled several weeks before. Miss Bengi is thinking of going to the city to avoid the atrocities of the rebels. Enlisting of Child Soldiers. Major Azizima is only14 years old and is a soldier trained and armed by the rebels. The three soldiers he is sent to Nandere Primary school with are younger than he is. His superior, colonel Kalo28is only 17 years. These children are first abducted and then forced into fighting. Barbaric treatment of the soldiers at the base. Sex was forbidden at the base except for the four people in high command. Anyone who broke this rule got one hundred strokes of the hippo-hide whip. Rape was punished with amputation of the left hand. Dissention and theft were punished with death. There is no appeal against the words of the spies. They were made to chant Generalissimos hatred for the Ugandagovernment for hours on end. B Family relationsMaBeeda trains her son on the work ethic; he not only knows his house hold chores but loves his teaching job. Beeda is very respectful of his mother and she too of him. When his mother summons him, he drops what he is doing and goes to her for example when he was talking to Miss Bengi and his mother summons him he goes to her despite the fact he would have liked to continue talking to her. She too is respectful of him when he burns their supper; she resists the urge to raise her voice at him. Further, although she d lost her appetite, she respectfully eatssome of the food he serves her.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.495824}
{"text": "When his mother summons him, he drops what he is doing and goes to her for example when he was talking to Miss Bengi and his mother summons him he goes to her despite the fact he would have liked to continue talking to her. She too is respectful of him when he burns their supper; she resists the urge to raise her voice at him. Further, although she d lost her appetite, she respectfully eatssome of the food he serves her. ViolenceWar going on between government and rebelsGovernment torturing and killing rebel collaborators death of Azizima s father29Rebels mutilating or killing government sympathisers death of another chopping of the ears of a man. -breaking of a window pane at the school and its imminent burning down. Killing and mutilation of soldiers who break rules at the camp. Fear. Pp46 Beeda is afraid that teachers will desert the school; further, he is afraid that the promise of their safety by the regional commander may not hold water. He is afraid that something might have happened to uncle ModoPp 54 Most people went home early and were barricaded inside their house by nightfall. Pp 51 Azizimo is afraid that if he runs away from the base he ll be executed by the rebels upon capture. Further if he does escape he ll be tortured or killed by government agents upon capture. Pp 53 After Azizimo had chopped off the ear of a villager, the train their rifles on the shops- Nobody came out to confront them for fear of being killed or mutilated by the rebels. Pp 54-6 MaBeeda wakes up feeling that a messenger was at the door, waiting to break the news that her school was no more. It was a daily ordeal which reached its peak every morning. 30The Mirror by Haruki MurakamiSettingThe story is set in the narrator s house in the night. He is seated with some friends and they are relating scary stories or those of premonitions. There is however, another setting in which the narrator rebels a frightful moment in his life. This is at a school junior high school in which he was employed as a lone night watchman at the age of 18 or 19. The night was windy and hot. Mosquitoes buzzed all over amidst the noise of the wind.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.5102713}
{"text": "This is at a school junior high school in which he was employed as a lone night watchman at the age of 18 or 19. The night was windy and hot. Mosquitoes buzzed all over amidst the noise of the wind. The broken gate of the swimming pool made banging rhythmic banging noises in the dark night. This description creates a scary mood which is consistent with his frightening experience. PlotThe narrator is hosting a number of friends and they pass time relating scary experiences or those of premonitions. The narrator says that there is a force linking the world of the living with that of the dead giving rise to the narrator of stories being related. These forces he says restrict people to either group those people who see ghosts are unable to have premonition and vice versa. The forces don t give people the ability to do both that is, they are mutually exclusive The narrator then distances himself from these experiences. He says that in his 30yrs he has neither seen a ghost nor had a premonition. However, he admits that he has had a scary experience which he narrates for the first time. He had kept it secret for fear that if he spoke of it then it might happen all over again. 31He relates how in his 2 am round on a scary night, he thinks he notices something in the hallway. Upon closer inspection it turns out that a mirror, which had previously not been there, gave his reflection. The mirror has him spell bound until he forcefully tears himself from it and shatters it rashes back to the janitor s room to sleep. In the morning, he goes back to inspect the scene of the incident. He finds the cigarette butt and his kendo that he dropped. However, that shattered mirror is not there. ConflictThe first conflict is about the nature of these supernormal experiences. The narrator tells his friends that all their experiences fall into two broad categories. The repetition of the phrase all your stories , suggests that his friends were not in agreement with him. The second conflict is that the narrator is immune to verse experiences. He describes an incident in an elevator with two friends who swear they could see a woman standing next to the narrator. He insists it was only the three of them in the lift. The third conflict is between the narrator and his parents. At seventeen they expected him to proceed to college after high school. He declines, and instead wonders all over Japan working at various manual jobs.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.5527923}
{"text": "The third conflict is between the narrator and his parents. At seventeen they expected him to proceed to college after high school. He declines, and instead wonders all over Japan working at various manual jobs. The last conflict is internal. He believes that he is immune to the supernormal experiences. Yet he has this encounter with a non-existent mirror that32holds him captive and seems to control him. He keeps this event secret for over 12 years, but finally he relates it. What is more, he keeps away from mirrors. He is afraid the scary incident would happen again yet he swears he does not believe in supernormal forces. Character and characterisation. NarratorproudThinks that people that have encountered ghosts or have had premonition are not normal and that he is unique because he s never had those experiences. FearfulFeels apprehensive about mirrors and does not keep them around him. He was too scared to fix the broken gate because of the dark night. Terrified by the mirror incident he runs back to the janitor s room. RebelliousRefuses to go to college and chooses to do manual work. HospitableHosts his friends and having been entertained by their stories he too narrates one that he has kept secret in order to further entertain them. AnalyticalUpon listening to his friend s stories he separates them into two categories: those of ghosts and premonitions; further, he says a force links people to these things. He goes a step further and says the33impression he gets is that these experiences are mutually exclusive. 5.ThemesIdentity CrisisAt 17 when the narrator should be proceeding to college, he chooses to wander all over Japan doing manual work. This is a typical teenage problem as they try to identify who they really are, different from what their parents want them to be. What is disturbing though is that at 30, more experienced with life, he says he d do it all over again. This rebellious streak is stuck with him. He also believes that he is different from other people. Other people see ghosts; he doesn t. Other people have premonitions; he doesn t. Yet he is very much like them because of the encounter he had with an imaginary mirror that still controls his life. Appearances vs realityIt appears to him that the supernormal operates at two levels: ghosts and premonitions.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.5983372}
{"text": "35Diamond Dust by Anita Desai1.SettingThe story is set in Bharti Nagar, an urban civil servants residential area in India. The events take us from Mr. Das house, to the streets of Bharti Nagar, into the Lodi Gardens and down the alleys of the town. 2.PlotWe are introduced to Mr. and Mrs. Das and Diamond, Mr. Das problematic dog. It is not only a nuisance toMrs. Das but to service providers and children as well. To Mr. Das, he is a lovable pet hence the name Diamond. As a result of Diamond s nature C.P. Biswas asks Das why he named the dog Diamond and not the more probable coal after its black colour. Das wouldn t hear of this neither does he have an explanation for Mr. Biswas. What is more, Das outs his dog before family; on return from work he greets Diamond then the family members. Mrs. Das has a premonition that all this is not going to end well. But Das is unstoppable. He even frolics with Diamond in public something that displeases his colleagues. His friendsBiswas and Base see Das behavior as bringing shame to them before their superiors:- the undersecretary and the retired Joined Secretary. Mrs. Das too disapproves of this attachment to Diamond. Over the years she has had to clean after Diamond: its urine, smell and fur from floor rugs and seats. She has even sacrificed a cooking pot has to move out of the house for one hour as Diamond s36meat cooks. Her protests do not yield any change. Ironically, Das complains that an animal s nature can t be changed by domestication. Children, though they approved of Diamond, teased him when Das wasn t around. He cautions them against using sticks or stones against Diamond or running away from him. They protest that they d be bitten the way Ranu was if they don t run. However, the real problems begin when Diamond matures into a full grown god. He moves from a nuisance to a menace. First, there is his phobia for uniform. He bellows at the postman, chases him and tears his trousers. The result is Mrs. Das doesn t get her mail regularly for it is thrown at the hedge.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.5710087}
{"text": "He bellows at the postman, chases him and tears his trousers. The result is Mrs. Das doesn t get her mail regularly for it is thrown at the hedge. Then there are the other service providers: electricity meter readers telephone repair men, and garbage collectors who do not render their services to the Das family because Diamond attacks them when they do. Finally there are the school children who cannot get to the bus stop without adult protection. Neighbours however do not report him to the police out of both propriety and pity. In the end, Diamond becomes a pain to Das during mating seasons. He disappears for long stretches and during this period Das spends days and nights in search of him. What is more, his behavior when he catches Diamond mating alarms parents. Mrs. Das too wouldn t have Diamond back in the house until he s been cleaned. Further, Diamond is a threat to his job. He spends time looking for him instead of going to work or when he does go to work he is distracted. 37Diamond s final escapade ends badly for both of them. Diamond is caught by the dog catchers and he faces certain death. Das sees him in the moving van jumps onto it and plunges to death. ConflictA conflict arising from Diamond s actionsDiamond Mrs. DasDiamond generally upsets Mrs. Diamond. He upsets the table, when she sets Das food. He knocks her down. He gets more attention than her children do. She had to mop after him when he was a puppy and constantly urinated on the floor. She had to put up with the smell of the dog in her next house. Diamonds further had to be constantly removed from rugs, sofas and armchairs. Her letters got lost or never reached her because Diamond attacked the postman when he made deliveries. She had to nurse Mr. Das when he caught flu in the cold nights in search of Diamond. Finally, her husband dies when he tries to save Diamond from the moving fog catcher s van. Diamond and the neighboursThe children would throw stones or sticks at Diamond, then he d break loose and run after them nipping at their heels or stopping when they fell in the dust. When his phobia for uniform grew he would chase children on their way to or from school. The result was that they could38neither go to the bus-stop nor come from it, without adult protection.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.6131928}
{"text": "Diamond and the neighboursThe children would throw stones or sticks at Diamond, then he d break loose and run after them nipping at their heels or stopping when they fell in the dust. When his phobia for uniform grew he would chase children on their way to or from school. The result was that they could38neither go to the bus-stop nor come from it, without adult protection. During the badmashi days, Diamond would howl so loudly keeping the neighbours awake. This would go on until hesnapped his collar. B Conflicts arising from Mr. Das actions:-i Das and Mrs. DasMrs. Das complained that he gave more attention to Diamond than he did to his children or grandchildren pp 3 Not even about our children not even your first-born son or your grandchildren, have you made so much of us that dog. She also complains that on his return from work Das greeted the dog Diamond, my friend before greeting Mrs. Das, his grandchildren or anyone at all. She refuses to go to the butcher s for buffalo meat for Diamond nor would she cook the meat when Das brought it he had to do it himself. Further, she asks him to substitute milk and bread for Diamond s meat but Das would hear none of this. She complains that her letters don t reach her because Diamond attacks the postman when he makes deliveries. Das instead accuses the postman of being cowardly. When Diamond goes out on his last escapade in Nov. the night chill made Das sick and she39had to nurse him every time he came back empty handed. Further, she pleaded with him to give up Diamond before the search kills him to no avail. Das and his colleagues neighboursC.P.Biswas is convinced the name Diamond is too good for the dog and wonders when it was given such a name. He d rather it be named coal after its black coat. Das says he d never do such a thing to Diamond. His colleagues had caught him frolicking withDiamond in public like a child. They feel he s taken leave of his senses and this worries them. Further, they feel that his behavior embarrasses them before their superiors, the under-Secretary and the retired Joint Secretary. When Diamond starts running after school children, many parents went to complain to Das but he remained deaf to their pleas.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.6291578}
{"text": "They feel he s taken leave of his senses and this worries them. Further, they feel that his behavior embarrasses them before their superiors, the under-Secretary and the retired Joint Secretary. When Diamond starts running after school children, many parents went to complain to Das but he remained deaf to their pleas. Parents also took offence too when he led the children in search of Diamond upon his first disappearance. What annoyed them was Das separating Diamond from his partner beforethe children. Das and DiamondDiamond, following his animal instinct would go out in search of mating partners. Das feared the dog catchers would catch up with him and kill him. So, he would go out in search of Diamond40every time he disappeared. Ultimately, it is the arrest of Diamond that leads to Das death. Diamond and Service providersThe postman suffers the worst attack of the service providers. Diamond bellows at him, chases him and tears a strip off his trousers leg. After this he delivers the Das letters at the hedge. The other service providers who decline to serve the Das indene officials of the BOE, telephone lines repairman and garbage collectors. Characters and CharacterisationMrs. DasTolerant tireless cleans after DiamondDoes not give up living with Das on account of Diamond Neat cleaned the puddles and fur Diamond left behind her own pet, a cat, fed neatly off its bowl. Mr. DasInconsiderateAlthough his pet makes many people suffer, he d not give it up. UnrealisticHe expects animals to remain true to their nature but nothis Diamond. ThemesObsessionDas obsessive nature towards his dog disrupts the lives of his family, neighbours colleagues and service providers41Animals natureWe should not expect animals to change their nature just because we have domesticated them. This is illustrated by Diamonds disruptive behaviour in Das life as well as that of his family and neighbours. POVThird person point of view. Appropriate because the first person would have been very biased. We are therefore able to experience Diamond s disruptive behavior in all spheres of Bharti Nagar. A Is the title appropriate? Dictionary .com defines diamond dust as pulverized diamonds uses as an abrasive. Diamonds abrasive nature rubs everyone the wrong way including its owner. What is the significant event? Mr. Das obsessive behavior towards Diamond.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.670124}
{"text": "What is the significant event? Mr. Das obsessive behavior towards Diamond. What is the aim of the author? The author cautions against obsessive behavior Mr. Das does because of the excessive love he has for his dog. Besides, he is oblivious to the pain it causes other people. The author also cautions against the danger pets pose to both their owners and society in general. An animal nature can t be changed simply because it is domesticated. Diamond stays true to this statement which ironically is made by Mr. Das. The other irony in relation to this statement is that Mr. 42Das personality does not change despite the many pleas from friends and family. Task: One person s pleasure can be a terrible displeasure to someone else. Write an essay that is in support of this statement with illustrations from Anita Desai s story Diamond Dust 43Arrested Development by Sandisile TshumaSettingThe story is set on a road trip from Zimbabwe s capitalBulawayo, to Beitbridge, a town bordering South Africa. The setting moves from Max s garage, to a contraband ferrying vehicle and ultimately to Beitbridge. This is at a time when Zimbabwe is experiencing hyperinflation. PlotThe narrator and tens of travelers are writing at Max s garage for vehicles to take them to their various destinations. The narrator is an academic researcher in search of data on order jumping. There is no public transport and so the travelers are at the mercy of private vehicle owners. As a result of the collapse of public service provision, the people of Zimbabwe have developed infinite patience in order to get anything they want. After three days of waiting, the narrator struggles with other passengers to get onto the back of a pick-up that has stopped next to her. They are charged an exorbitant fare. Though they pay up, the driver takes them back to Max s alleging that his costs will not be covered. Presently she is directed by a tout to a vehicle ready to leave for Beitbridge. She finds herself travelling in the company of two contraband dealers, the driver and the woman in mid-thirties. She learns that the police take bribes to ignore the contraband. She learns that the lot of the cross-border traders is way better than that of highly educated Zimbabweans. For example she and her friend Lihile who has despaired of her lot ever improving.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.6836307}
{"text": "She learns that the police take bribes to ignore the contraband. She learns that the lot of the cross-border traders is way better than that of highly educated Zimbabweans. For example she and her friend Lihile who has despaired of her lot ever improving. From the44passenger who joins them at Gwanda, she learns that ignorance is preyed upon in a very cruel way. This cruelty on one another wises up victims. Survival for con-artists therefore is a daily struggle. Zimbabweans are filled with loneliness and despair. Even for the cross-border traders, the risks are many. The best everyone can do is resign themselves to their fate like Lihile who now fetches water and easily contends with blackoutsThe narrator s research however offers a ray of hope that might salvage the youth from their endless troubles in search of a livelihood. 3.Conflicti Poor public service provision. The public looks to the government for the provision of public service. These have either broken down completely, like transport, or are not efficiently provided like electricity, water etc. The public is powerless to bring on any improvement and have resigned themselves to waiting. Ii Private transportWith the collapse of public transport, private vehicle owners have moved in to fill the gap. They charge fares that the public can bear. They even use unscrupulous means, like taking them back to the pickup stations, to Max on fares. 45iii The PublicThe public is its own worst enemy. They have perfected vigoroni: the art of getting ahead of the crowd and on top of the pile. A tiny old woman painfully elbows the narrator to earn her place on the vehicle to Beitbridge. The narrator in return scales the sides of the pick-up without regards to the less athletic woman. The passenger who joins them at Gwanda is conned of 780 rand. Payment defaulters in the cross-border trade are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburg . The traders are mugged by bandits who strip search them. They pay off every government officer they come in contact with for their businesses to continue. They pay off border officials, highway police, magistrates even farmers. For example, Gloria pays a border official in order to cross the border without a pass. The driver buys a ticket from the police to avoid paying more bribes on the way.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.6949208}
{"text": "They pay off border officials, highway police, magistrates even farmers. For example, Gloria pays a border official in order to cross the border without a pass. The driver buys a ticket from the police to avoid paying more bribes on the way. Characters and Characetrisation i Narratora Observant-vividly describes the boarding of the twin-cab pickup -places the Gwanda passenger as a Tshumab Intelligent-an academician carrying out a research project46c FocusedThe wealth made by the cross-border traders does not make her give up the quest of improving the lot of the youth in return for quick riches in business. Cross-border traders: -opportunists-cunning-daring- crossing of the LimpopoGeneral populace-impotent powerless to bring about change not every via ballot -Greedy change exorbitant fees for services transport and products fuel - Police govt. Officials take bribes Government officials swindle cash meant fordevelopment projects like the Matabeleland Zambezi Water Pipeline. -con one another e.g. the Tshuma boys conned by the money changers. -Resigned- Lihile now fetches water and contends with the blackouts despite her education and exposure at the U.K. -Generous there who have found work in S.A send cash and groceries to their relatives in Zimbabwe. Themes. The best developed theme in this story is suffering. There are many other themes but not well developed. I Sufferinga No public service or they are inefficient. 47-the narrator waits for 3 hours before she gets transport. The Tshuma man had waited 18 hours for the mini-bus to Bulawayo to fill. The narrator had waited for 2 hours at the bank to withdraw money. Black -outs are common place and house taps are drypayment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburgtraders sometimes have to cross the crocodile infested river Limpopo. At times they are attacked by banditsThe practice of Vigoroni has robbed them of etiquette. The narrator is elbowed painfully by a tiny old woman as they scramble for space on a pick-upii Impotence-In the first two paragraphs, the word wait has been used five times and waiting once.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.7064013}
{"text": "Black -outs are common place and house taps are drypayment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburgtraders sometimes have to cross the crocodile infested river Limpopo. At times they are attacked by banditsThe practice of Vigoroni has robbed them of etiquette. The narrator is elbowed painfully by a tiny old woman as they scramble for space on a pick-upii Impotence-In the first two paragraphs, the word wait has been used five times and waiting once. This apparent patience is actually the collective weakness not strength of Zimbabweans . But it is not in the nature of a Zimbabwean to question or complain. Pp 88-the educated like Lihile have despaired and put her life expectancy at 40 or just below . What is more, she has adapted to the dry taps and blackouts. Iii Corruption-pp 93 There is no palm that cannot be greased, apparently border officials, highway police, magistrates all take bribes -pp 87 people in high office swindle project funds-Matebeleland Zambezi Water Pipeline has never taken off. 48iv Human rights violationspp 93 payment defaulters are sold off to Nigerians in Johannesburg, traders are subjected to strip searchers by banditsv Insecuritytraders are mugged by bandits in the farmlands of Limpopo Province. Vi Lonelinesspp 93 I am struck by a loneliness that I have noticed in everyone lately. On page 93 Gloria tells us that: Trust no one, not even relatives. This lack of trust seems to be the source of the loneliness. POV1st person narrator makes the story more credible because of her high academic status and the fact that she is the only person doing something to bring about change. A Is the title appropriate? Yes. Arrested development, though a contradiction, points to the fact that the impotence of 12million people has ensured their quality of life does not improve. B What is the significant event? The discovery of the patience of Zimbabweans c What is the aim of the author? Unless people do something about their circumstances, their lot will never change. 49Sandra Street by Michael AnthonySettingThe story is set in a suburb street called Sandra. It is no ordinary street. It houses a residential area, a school and it leads into a forested hill.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.7439232}
{"text": "49Sandra Street by Michael AnthonySettingThe story is set in a suburb street called Sandra. It is no ordinary street. It houses a residential area, a school and it leads into a forested hill. Sandra Street maintains a somewhat natural environment: there are no fences or gates, a few houses, a small population and its people live in harmony. Neighbouring residential areas are a little way off. PlotWe are introduced to Steve, the narrator; Mr. Blades, his new teacher who is a nature lover and Sandra Street. We learn about the natural environment of Sandra Street through a composition by Kenneth, a boy from the other side of town. His story leads t a conflict between boys from the other side of the town and those from Sandra Street. The Sandra Street boys feel that their town has been described negatively. Mr. Blades reads a few more stories, some of which say very nice things about Sandra Street. His delight at these did not appease most of the boys from Sandra Street. In a desperate attempt to calm them, he asks the class to write a composition on the other side of town. This only fuels the conflict between the boys. However, the narrator does an objective assessment ofKenneth s composition and finds that it was a truthful description of Sandra Street. He even begins to appreciate its beauty. He is so caught up in his reflections he does not realise the break bell has gone. It takes Mr. Blades to bring him back to the present. 50The following Tuesday the boys fight again as a result of what they wrote about the other side of town. More compositions are written on other subjects yet Sandra Street did not go away. Mr. Blades, who is new to Sandra Street, is waiting for the mango season to find out whether the boys had given an accurate description of Sandra Street during that season. What is more, Mr. Blades takes an interest in Steven s writing. The two of them appear at the window several times looking out at Sandra Street. With every discussion they have at the window, Steven s observation ability grows so does this love of nature. His interest in nature takes him to the hills where he explores the river, mango and banana groves and even gets to put away green bananas in the immortelle roots to ripen. In his last encounter with Mr. Blades at the window, Steven invites him to the hills to inspect his bananas. At the hills, Mr.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.822791}
{"text": "In his last encounter with Mr. Blades at the window, Steven invites him to the hills to inspect his bananas. At the hills, Mr. Blades, who had thought the trip was a nature trail walk, is disappointed that Steven only focuses on the ripening bananas and not the view of Sandra Street the hill affords them. ConflictThe main conflict revolves around Mr. Blades and Steven. Mr. Blades is a nature lover. He sees in Steven a similar spirit which is however latent. There is an uneasy relationship in which the master trains the pupil to appreciate his environment. The challenge is in showing Steve the beauty of his environment without telling him what stands out as beautiful. So it is a journey in which Steven awakens to the beauty that is his environment with Mr. Blades as his hands-off guide. 51NB: This journey is made up of a series of conflicts between Blades and Steven. Identify all of them. B Kenneth s work and StevenThis is one in the series of conflicts mentioned in a above. However it stands out because it runs through the entire story. Mr. Blades contrasts Kenneth s writing with that of Steve. Kenneth seems to have well developed observation powers Steve does not. It is Kenneth s composition on Sandra Street that Mr. Blades uses to arouse Steven s passion for nature. Although it is unprofessional, Mr. Blades uses Kenneth s work to criticize Steven s pp 103,106 . Further, conflict develops between the boys from Sandra Street and those from the other side of town. Each writes disparagingly about the other s residential area resulting in two bruising battles. What is the import of these fights? Steven gives us the answer. He had written in anger what I thought of now in joy pp 99. Each of these pupils has a latent love of the environment in them. It however is not well directed. Mr. Blades tries to direct Steven s love of nature and remove the juvenile jealousy and hatred he possesses. Steven experiences internal conflict. First, although he likes to hear the steel band they do not have one in Sandra Street he puts it in his composition to disparage the other side of town he describes its sound as horrible pp98 . As Steven begins to appreciate the beauty of Sandra Street, it also fills him with a sense of sadness.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.8152587}
{"text": "Steven experiences internal conflict. First, although he likes to hear the steel band they do not have one in Sandra Street he puts it in his composition to disparage the other side of town he describes its sound as horrible pp98 . As Steven begins to appreciate the beauty of Sandra Street, it also fills him with a sense of sadness. He says52that certain sadness came over him as he looked over the houses across to the hills pp 100 . Iii Steven writes in his compositions about his experiences at the hills but hopes that Mr. Blades will not see the reality in it. He wonders how Mr. Blades had found out about the bananas; he put out to ripen in the roots of the immortelle pp104-105 . E Mr. Blades suffers internal conflictHis dilemma is how to make the pupils appreciate SandraStreets beauty without telling them what is beautiful. Thus, when he reads Kenneth s work class and appreciates it, he is misunderstood by the boys from Sandra Street. His attempts to placate them by reading stories that said nice things about Sandra Street fall through. Instead of telling them what to look out for, he gives them an assignment to write about the other side of town. His teaching style is allowing learners to discover. He makes a compromise by guiding one. 53TWILIGHT TREK by SEFFI ATTASettingThe story is set in Gao, Mali. It then moves through Mali and Algeria upto Tangier, a Moroccan coastal town. This is desert country ant the travelers suffer the heat of the scorching sun and constant sand storms. The trek itself must take place in the night- it covers two nights. The travelers stop at a camp on a mountain just outside Tangier. It is a stinking mess. PlotThe story opens with the narrator receiving a fake passport in the name of Jean Luc from an agent in Gao, Mali. He narrates how he sold marijuana to raise his fare. Impatient that the money was not coming in quickly enough, he steals from his employer. He threatens to send a gang to sodomise him then slit his throat. The narrator scales up his immigration time-table and starts his illegal immigration journey. At the start of the journey he meets Patience, a girl he travels with to the Tangier camp. During the journey they face a lot of suffering.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.7557428}
{"text": "The narrator scales up his immigration time-table and starts his illegal immigration journey. At the start of the journey he meets Patience, a girl he travels with to the Tangier camp. During the journey they face a lot of suffering. It is a bumpy ride and the sandstorms drive sand everywhere. In the day, they have to hide under the truck from the scorching sun. What is more, their guide increases the fare by 100 or he abandons them in the desert. They pay up and the second leg of their journey starts. Even this leg is disappointing. Their guide drops them at54the foot of the mountain and they complete their journey on foot. When they reach the camp the narrator is shocked by the insalubrious conditions. Men, women and children all live under plastic sheets and there are no sanitation facilities in sight. Further, they are warned to be wary of thieves, Moroccan security forces, conmen and plagues. Their final destination, Cueta, presents a challenge to get to. Obazee says that he s been trying for six years but keeps getting caught by the police who beat him up. The narrator finds out from Obazee how to cross the sea and what dangers each mode of transport presents and the cost. This information excites him and he shares it with Patience who has resorted to reading the bible for solace. He is ready to meet her crossing fee. She wonders where he would get the money from. He shows her where his money is hidden. They wake up in the morning to find that Obazee is moving the camp further away from the security forces. The narrator wouldn t move because he is still waiting for Patience who had gone to Tangier to find a samsara . He also discovers that she has taken his money. He waits to no avail. He has to start all over again. ConflictThe story raises conflicts at different levels. External conflict develops at two levels. First there is conflict55between people. Second, there is conflict between man and nature. The other level of conflict is internal. The narrator through his dreams understands that his mother s advice was worth taking yet he can t or wouldn t take it. We will now examine conflict in the chronological order that they are developed.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.8488905}
{"text": "The other level of conflict is internal. The narrator through his dreams understands that his mother s advice was worth taking yet he can t or wouldn t take it. We will now examine conflict in the chronological order that they are developed. Illegal immigrant and foreign embassies pp109 The foreign embassies will not grant visas to illegal African immigrants effectively denying them an opportunity to move to Europe. The Africans believe they can still get to Europe. They will cross the Sahara and get to Morocco then cross the Mediterranean Sea into Spain. The narrator and drug seller pp 109 The narrator disagrees with his mother and runs away from home. To survive he sells marijuana. Dissatisfied with how much he was making, he steals from his employer. His employer in return promises to send a gang to sodomise him then slit his throat. To avoid this treatment he starts his journey to Europe. The narrator and his motherWhen the narrator was little his mother would dress him up like a girl. He would struggle during such treatment pp109 . When he got older, she tried to pimp him to a Lebanese man who liked light skinned boys. He runs away from home to avoid such treatment pp110 . Further, we learn that his dreams enhance this mother and56child conflict. His mother tries to dissuade him from making the trip by narrating to him horror stories of illegal immigration attempts. He is still in Gao and would have turned back but he doesn t pp110 . In the second dream, she alludes to the Promised Land, a story from the bible. However, the people who seek the Promised Land end up us taxi drivers, night guards, cleaners of plates and toilets and some become homeless sleeping in the cold of ghettos and streets. Yet others go on to become sex slaves or cultural slaves pp113 4 . In his penultimate dream, his mother uses strong images of death to hint at Jeans imminent failure. He still does not take her advice. In the final dream she dismisses Patience as a common prostitute and that her reading of the bible was of no value. She gives him more stories of frustrated immigrants. He does not heed his mother s advice that he stays away from Patience and the trip. Illegal immigrants and natureWhen the trek gets underway, the travelers find out that they can only travel in the night and the winds are very cold then. The sand too presents a problem.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.8388898}
{"text": "He does not heed his mother s advice that he stays away from Patience and the trip. Illegal immigrants and natureWhen the trek gets underway, the travelers find out that they can only travel in the night and the winds are very cold then. The sand too presents a problem. It hurts their eyes, stings their nostrils and mats their chests. It is also in their food and57water. Their tongues swell so badly they cannot converse. Their legs are cramped. Others suffer from piles and wheezing chests. The conflict with nature continues when they stop in the day. They suffer the scorching sun and hide underneath the truck to avoid the heat. There is however no escaping the sand which is all over them including in their underpants pp112 113 . Travellers and Tuareg guideAt the start of the second leg of their journey, the travellers get blackmailed by their Tuareg guide. They are deep in the Sahara desert and the guide tells them to pay an extra 100 each or he abandons them. They pay up pp114 5 Illegal immigrants and environmentThe camp is insalubriousThe narrator describes it as an open sewer pp115 . There is lack of privacy. Men, women and children all sleep under plastic sheets. The environment is a health hazard. They suffer constant bites from fleas. Many are coughing. They are warned that even the air that they breathe may carry plagues pp115 6 . At the camp they are told to beware of thieves, Moroccan security forces and con men. 58The narrator and PatienceShe steals his money and heads for Tangier and the world beyond. Character and characterisationThe narrator Independent mindedWhen he was little his mother dressed him up as a girl and he d resist this. When she tried to pimp him out to a homosexual, he ran away from home. GiftedHe plays football very well. This is the main reason why he wants to travel to Europe where he hopes to develop his talent further. FriendlyBefriends Patience and helps her through the difficult times. He is willing to pay part of her fare. Na veTrusts Patience and tells her where his money is hidden. She steals it and abandons him at the camp.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.9127314}
{"text": "He is willing to pay part of her fare. Na veTrusts Patience and tells her where his money is hidden. She steals it and abandons him at the camp. BraggartHe brags to Patience about his football skills and how he was going to make a career out of playing football in Europe. IrreligiousHis mother has not taught him religion. She says that Africans too can compile their stories in a holy book. 59When he reads about God promising the Israelites food, he says that he was tired and that the fairy wasn t going to help them. ThemesSufferingThis is the best developed theme in the story. Identify all the instances of suffering that the travellers go through. PovertyThis is the real cause of the trek. The narrator s mother earns a living as a prostitute. The money she earns barely covers expenses. She sells ground nuts to supplement. What is more, she is ready to pimp her son to homosexuals to augment her earnings. The Muslim women in Gao cannot afford to share their meal with strangers. There just isn t enough to go round. The highways are full of potholes and the taxis are in a state of disrepair. OpportunismThe narrator takes advantage of the trust his boss has in him and steals his money. His mother is happy to have a child of mixed race. His light skin is particularly favoured by homosexuals and she had been grooming him to earn money from the trade. 60The Tuareg guide blackmails the travellers in the desert. He raises the fare by 100 at a time he knows they can t default. Patience takes advantage of Jean. He trusts her enough to tell her where his money is hidden. She steals it and does not care about his plight. StyleSatireSatire is made up of three literary devices: irony, wit and humour. It objective is to expose the vices and follies of individuals or societies in such a way that they appear ridiculous. It is the heavy presence of irony in this story that directs our attention to satire. Let us now consider some of the outstanding instances of irony. IronyThe most important instance of irony comes at the start of the story and it s concluded at the end. The narrator dupes his master and steals his cash. During the trek he befriends Patience.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.933939}
{"text": "IronyThe most important instance of irony comes at the start of the story and it s concluded at the end. The narrator dupes his master and steals his cash. During the trek he befriends Patience. He builds a tent at the camp which he shares with her; he promises to meet the cost of her crossing the sea and to prove that he can he shows her the where the money is. She steals it and abandons him at the camp. It is the same money that he had stolen from his employer. Another instance of irony that runs through the story plays out between the narrator and his mother. She raised him with only one purpose in mind: to pimp him61out to homosexuals. He flees from home because of this. However, throughout the trek she remains the only voice of reason through his dreams. She constantly impresses upon him the folly of his action. Obazee is also an ironic figure. He holds a degree. His knowledge and skills ought to be used in the service of the people of his country. He is however portrayed as lacking in imagination. For six years he is stuck in the camp described as an open sewer. All his attempts to get to Cueta have been thwarted by the Guardia Civil. He fancies himself as the leader of the camp. This is a complete waste of university education. NB: Find more instances of irony. Notice that each of these ironic situations points to a human weakness. That is satire. Now let us examine the things that have been satirised in this story. Opportunism callousness of human nature andgreed The writer satirises the callousness of human nature in taking advantage of those around them for personal gain. The opportunists satirised in this story include: The narratorAt the time Patience steals from him he has 1000. This means that he stole a lot of money from his employer. The money has not brought him any benefit. First, the journey through the desert has been a very difficult one. Now far away from home he is not only destitute but he has no way of salvaging himself. Further, his inexperience has made him prey to the older Patience. 62 The narrator s employerHe deals in marijuana. This drug corrupts the youth. What is more is that he uses the young Jean to peddle his drugs and pays him peanuts.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.903934}
{"text": "62 The narrator s employerHe deals in marijuana. This drug corrupts the youth. What is more is that he uses the young Jean to peddle his drugs and pays him peanuts. The result is that Jean steals from him. The narrator s motherShe raises Jean with the intention of pimping him out to homosexuals. This is child abuse. She lamely tells him about the Lebanese: He ll only touch you . Her son runs away from home because he does not wish to be a homosexual. The Tuareg guideHis greed is satirised. Deep in the desert he takes advantage of the travellers and asks them for more money or he abandons them. The poor souls would die in the desert. They pay up. PatienceHer greed too is satirised. Jean was ready to share his loot with her so that they cross the sea into Spain together. She however steals his money and leaves him destitute. Brutality violenceThe policeThe last time Obazee tries to get into Cueta illegally, the Guardia Civil catch him and beat him up severely. It is the Medecins Sans Frontieres that saves his life. Pp119 BanditsThere is talk that travellers are sometimes attacked by bearded moslems and bandits when their trucks break down in the desert. There is no63guarantee that the police would arrive in time to rescue them. Such stories make some women turn back at the last moment pp111 . SamsaraIn his fourth dream, his mother narrates the story of the Senegalese girl who couldn t swim. The Samsara who carries her in his dhingy refuses to get close to the shore. He orders her to jump out of the dhingy into the sea and find her way somehow. Pp 121 Collective folly of illegal of illegal immigrationAt the end of the first dream, the narrator s mother tells him that the lesson to be learned from the deportation story is that the world is round and that means if one ran too fast, one might end up chasing the very homeland one is running from. In his second dream she tells him the story of disillusionment. Those who finally reached The Promised Land wonder what they were chasing.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.926031}
{"text": "Pp 121 Collective folly of illegal of illegal immigrationAt the end of the first dream, the narrator s mother tells him that the lesson to be learned from the deportation story is that the world is round and that means if one ran too fast, one might end up chasing the very homeland one is running from. In his second dream she tells him the story of disillusionment. Those who finally reached The Promised Land wonder what they were chasing. They end up driving taxis,, washing plates and toilets, guarding buildings at night, sleeping in the streets, serving as sex slaves and enslaving themselves to the West through marriage pp113-4 The illegal immigrants have neither clear plans nor the money to get them to Spain from the camp. The narrator says of the people in the camp: These people here are not like any64villagers; they are like refugees on television, squatting under plastic sheets: men, women and children. The implication is that they choose to lead a squalid life yet nobody sent them away from their villages which are more comfortable than the camps. Obazee gives a very poor show for an educated man. He lives a squalid life and fancies himself the camp leader demanding to be addressed with respect. How can a man who doesn t respect himself be respected by others. He should be using his university education to improve the lot of his people back at home. Six years have gone by with nothing achieved and many more will go by because he can neither go forward nor turn back. POVThe story is told from the first person point of view. It makes the story credible. We would not believe that people can be so wicked or so stupid unless we hear it from the horse s mouth. A Appropriateness of the titleHarrap s Essential English Dictionary defines a trek as a long journey usually on foot. Twighlight, on the other hand is the period immediately after sunset. Indeed the trek for the two days begins after sunset. In the day they rest to avoid the patrolling police. The journey is undoubtedly long although very little of it is done on foot. 65Figuratively too, the sun is not yet up for this would be immigrants. They are not realistic in their ambition to immigrate. B Significant eventThe notice of revenge on Jean by the drug baron is the significant event in this story.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.9948807}
{"text": "65Figuratively too, the sun is not yet up for this would be immigrants. They are not realistic in their ambition to immigrate. B Significant eventThe notice of revenge on Jean by the drug baron is the significant event in this story. He says that he could not afford to be sodomised against his will so he flees pp109 . Aim of the authorShow the ridiculous lengths to which people will go to try and improve their lot. Show human suffering occasioned by poor decision making. Q. 1What are some of the elements that Sefi Atta exposes as ridiculous in Twilight Trek? Q. 2Discuss the suffering the illegal immigrants undergo in Twilight Trek by Sefi Atta. 66I STAND HERE IRONING BY TILLIE OLSENSettingThe story is set in USA after the depression and WWII but before the economy had fully recovered. The narrator is ironing the family s clothes on an ironing board in her house. The plotThe narrator, a mother of five in her late 30 s, stands ironing her family s clothes. She reflects on a question asked her by somebody handling her daughter, probably a teacher at school. The unnamed person wants her to visit and give information that could be used to help her withdrawn daughter, Emily. She doesn t think she should go because she believes she doesn t have an answer. She believes her 19 year old daughter has lived through experiences that have altered her life in ways a mother cannot understand. Through her reflections, we however get the picture. Emily, very beautiful at birth, is her first born. Her husband abandons them when she is only eight months. The narrator, a working class mother, could not afford to employ a nanny. At first she left the baby with an inconsiderate neighbour. Later she took her to her grandparents. A year goes by before Emily reunites with her mother. Two reasons are given for this long period of separation. First, the narrator could not raise the fare. Second, Emily suffered an attack of chicken pox. 67When she returns, their lot has not improved. She is shipped to school where she suffers in the hands of nasty children because of the scars left by chicken pox. She also suffers in the hands of inconsiderate teachers who sent her back to the bullies.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406309.968766}
{"text": "67When she returns, their lot has not improved. She is shipped to school where she suffers in the hands of nasty children because of the scars left by chicken pox. She also suffers in the hands of inconsiderate teachers who sent her back to the bullies. What is more, the economic hardship makes her mother send her back to her grandparents. When she returns, she finds that she has a new father. Things get worse for Emily when her siblings start coming: four in total. Her mother barely has time to smile at her, let alone comfort her in the nights when she has nightmares. She therefore feels rejected and unwanted. The only saving grace is that her condition, we are not told what it is, impairs her growth. She therefore looks much younger than her age. Inconsiderate children tease her because she does not fit the picture of the stereotype beauty. Her younger sister does not help much. She too bullies Emily. In the end, the narrator is less harassed by the task of parenting. The children have grown older and don t require much attention. She begins to pay more attention to Emily. At first these moments are rejected. Gradually, communication does begin to take place but only on Emily s terms. The narrator is therefore hopeful that ho intervention is requires and that her daughter will end up well. 68ConflictAll the conflicts in this story centre on Emily and the challenges she goes through from infancy to young adulthood. She is born to young parents who have no means of raising her. Her mother is only 19 and America is going through its worst economic crisis: the great depression. Clearly not ready for the sacrifices of parenthood, her father abandons them when she is only eight months old. She lacks a father s love throughout her life. Her new daddy does not fare any better. In the night when her mother is tired and cannot comfort her when she has nightmares, he does not step in. Her mother s love is not forthcoming either. At eight months she has to be with a neighbour during the day as her mother earns her keep. When the financial crisis deepens, she has to go and live with her grandparents for one year. During this period there is absolutely no contact between mother and daughter. This movement to her grandparents happens twice. When she reunites with her mother at the age of 2, she has to go to school. This is the only way her mother could go to work.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.0224547}
{"text": "This movement to her grandparents happens twice. When she reunites with her mother at the age of 2, she has to go to school. This is the only way her mother could go to work. School exposes her to more loneliness. She is tormented by both pupils and teachers pp129-30 . Emily s conflict with her mother worsens when the clinic persuades her to send Emily away to the convalescent home in the country. For the first six weeks the narrator was not allowed to see her daughter. When she was finally allowed, she69could only speak to her daughter from a distance. The situation was made worse because Emily was not allowed to hold or keep the many letters her parents wrote her. They were only read to her once. Emily s mother also remembers a time when an old man living in the back told her that she should smile at Emily a little more when she looked at her. This was a t a time when Emily was an only child. The narrator remembers this when the other children had come and they were receiving the smiles but it was too late for Emily pp130 The other conflict develops between Emily and her siblings. When Susan was born, her mother was away in hospital for one week. Upon her return, Emily was not allowed near her mother or the baby for another week. She had to endure two weeks of loneliness. As a result, she became delirious with fever pp131 . What is more is that she didn t get better, and suffered nightmares. When she called out to her mother, she d ask her to go back to sleep because it was just a dream. She was too exhausted looking after Susan there was no energy left to look after Emily. There are more problems with Susan. The narrator refers to the relationship between them as poisonous. Their mother acknowledges that she solved the conflicts between the two very badly. She blamed Emily for them. She says that Emily had a corroding resentment towards Susan. 70Then there is the social contest between the siblings. Susan had the good looks that Emily lacked. Further, she was more confident and articulate than Emily. She stole Emily s jokes and riddles and the audience lived her. The most cruel thing was losing or breaking Emily s precious things without apology and getting away with it pp133-4 The instance between Emily and a boy she loved Emily loved a boy painfully through two semesters.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.0108027}
{"text": "Further, she was more confident and articulate than Emily. She stole Emily s jokes and riddles and the audience lived her. The most cruel thing was losing or breaking Emily s precious things without apology and getting away with it pp133-4 The instance between Emily and a boy she loved Emily loved a boy painfully through two semesters. Months later she reported to her mother how she d stolen money from her purse to buy the boy his favourite candy. He however showed her no affection but liked another girl, Jennifer, better. She pleaded with her mother to tell her why this happened but she had no answer pp133 . SchoolSchool too presents a challenge; she was neither glib nor quick. To her teachers, she was a slow learner who kept trying to catch up. What is more, she was chronically absent. This was in part because of her illness and because her mother just wanted to have her children together, so she made her stay at home with her siblings who not of school going age yet pp133 . Susan too did contribute to her problems with school. She sometimes mislaid Emily s homework. Subsequently, Emily would go to school her homework not done. Her mother says71she d suffer over the unpreparedness, stammering and unsure in her classes pp135 . As a result Emily develops this attitude that there is more to life than school. On the eve of her mid- term exams, she tells her mother not to wake her early with the rest in the morning. She reasons cynically that there might be another atomic bomb in a couple of years that would kill all of them and that it would not matter that somebody had excelled at school pp136 . Emily and povertyAll though all of Emily s problems stem from poverty, there is one event that stands out: her ability to imitate. Her mother had suggested that she one day try it out in the school amateur show. She did and she won. She got invites to perform to thrilled audiences. However, because there was no money to develop her talent, it eddied, clogged and clotted in her pp135 . Character and characterisationThe main character in this story is well developed. She is brought out as a very ordinary woman who has both weaknesses and strengths. StrengthsDeterminedShe looks after her family despite the economic strain.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.048739}
{"text": "Character and characterisationThe main character in this story is well developed. She is brought out as a very ordinary woman who has both weaknesses and strengths. StrengthsDeterminedShe looks after her family despite the economic strain. She says that she d go out to work or go out to look for work pp128 . 72ResponsibleLooked after Emily as best as she could. When she couldn t be there, she left her with a neighbour or took her to her grandparents. ReflectiveAt the beginning of the story, someone has asked her to visit and give insights that might help improve Emily s lot. The rest of the story is her reflection on what her achievements and failures have been in bringing up Emily. HonestShe admits her mistakes in the upbringing of Emily. She was distracted both by poverty and the sheer amount of work involved in raising five children almost single handedly. She says that the first six years of Emily s life, she was either away working or Emily was away with her grandparents pp136 . When Susan was born she was too exhausted in the nights to comfort Emily when she had nightmares pp 131 . WeaknessesFearfulShe is afraid that she may not raise her child right. Emily is brought up by the book. She is fed when the book says she should and not a minute too soon pp127 . She fears to raise the child alone and often sends her back to her paternal grandparents home although her husband had deserted her pp128 . 73She is afraid of going to talk to the person who wants insights into Emily s life. In fact, she will not go. She says, Let her daughter be; the only thing that Emily needs to know is that she is not helpless pp136 . She sends her child to the convalescence home for fear she would be taken away from her. The child only returns when the social worker says so even though it was clear to her long ago that the home was not improving Emily. BiasedShe was more lenient with Susan than she was with Emily. She says that when it came to balancing the hurts and the needs between Emily and Susan, she did badly in the earlier years. This was because she felt that Emily had a corroding resentment towards Susan. She did not smile as readily with Emily as she did with the other children.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.0980587}
{"text": "She says that when it came to balancing the hurts and the needs between Emily and Susan, she did badly in the earlier years. This was because she felt that Emily had a corroding resentment towards Susan. She did not smile as readily with Emily as she did with the other children. She remembers the old neighbour s admonition that she smiles more readily with Emily. This face of joy she admits she started wearing too late for Emily. She therefore does not smile as easily as the others pp130 . She readily made Emily miss school but is very strict with her siblings school attendance pp133 . 74ResignedShe is resigned to the fact that Emily is different from the other children. When she went to school to watch Emily s performance, she only recognized the Emily that nearly drowned into the curtains. She however cannot come to terms with the Emily that is spell binding and exuding control, command and confidence. Little wonder that she does nothing to nurture Emily s talent pp135 . That is to say that according to her Emily is a misfit and that is how things should stay. ThemesPovertyThe narrator is a working class mother. She says that she worked or was out looking for work pp128 . The long hours she spent ironing are indicative that she could not afford to employ somebody to do it. Her daughter asks her: Aren t you ever going to finish the ironing, mother? Pp135 . Of Emily s condition, she says: We were poor and could not afford for her the soil of easy growth pp136 . The goodbye note that Emily s father writes is another indication that they are poor. He writes: He could no longer endure sharing want with them pp128 . Want as a noun means a state of extreme poverty. SufferingEmily s life is one of suffering right form birth. 75Being a first born, her mother brought her up by the book. This meant that she had to endure hours of hunger because her mother only fed her when the book said that she should. At eight months her father walks out on them. She has to be left with a neighbour, who didn t like her very much, when her mother went out to work or look for work. Later she is sent to her father s relatives because her mother could not afford to raise her.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.109767}
{"text": "At eight months her father walks out on them. She has to be left with a neighbour, who didn t like her very much, when her mother went out to work or look for work. Later she is sent to her father s relatives because her mother could not afford to raise her. At her grandparents she comes down with small pox which scars her face for life. Then there was her stay at the convalescent home. For the first six weeks she is not allowed to see he mother. When she if finally allowed to visit, they can only see on another from a distance lest the children are contaminated. Further, the only friend that Emily makes, a little girl, is taken away from her. Emily laments that: They don t want like you to love anybody here pp132 . There is someone else Emily loved. This is the boy at school. She even stole money fromher mother s purse to buy him his favourite candy. He however liked Jennifer better. NB: There are many more instances of Emily s suffering. Identify and illustrate all of them. Do you think the narrator too undergoes suffering? Explain your answer. 76Family relationshipsTry to find answers to the following issues raised about Emily s family. Trace the development of the relationship between Emily and her mother. Give illustrations to show that the relationship between Emily and Susan is a sour one. Supply evidence to show that Emily s four siblings got preferential treatment. POVThis story is told by the first person. The events are made more credible through the use of stream of consciousness. The narrator s reflections and the memories jump from one thought to another as she gives us insights on why Emily turned out the way she did. 7. A Appropriateness of title The title is symbolicIt is a symbol of the poverty of the narrator and the general harsh economic period in which Emily was born and raised. Besides putting in long hours for the people who employ her, the narrator had to put up even longer hours to take care of her own household chores. It is also a symbol of the tortured thoughts and memories that go through the narrator s mind as she tries to understand why Emily turned out the way she did. Finally it is a symbol of hope.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.1165516}
{"text": "Besides putting in long hours for the people who employ her, the narrator had to put up even longer hours to take care of her own household chores. It is also a symbol of the tortured thoughts and memories that go through the narrator s mind as she tries to understand why Emily turned out the way she did. Finally it is a symbol of hope. At the end of the story the narrator says that Emily should know that she is77not as helpless as the dress on the ironing board before the iron. Significant eventThe significant event in this story is Emily s father deserting his wife and daughter when Emily is only eight months old . Aim of the authorThe writer depicts the suffering endured by the working class families in America during the great depression. QuestionWrite an essay to show the suffering that Emily has endured in her 19 years. 78THE RETRACTION BY STANLEY O. KENANISettingThe story is set in three countries. First, there is the narrator s home country, Zambia. Part of it is set in his village and part of it in the capital, Lusaka. Secondly, it is set in Lilongwe, Malawi. The final setting is Johannesburg, South Africa. The movement between Botolo and Lusaka dominates the story. Another important aspect of the setting is the contrived setting. The contrast in the two contrived settings brings out the futility of the complaint letter against Tatha. The plotThe narrator receives an email from Tatha, a former airline hostess, with Malawi Air. She complains that she loses her job on account of a complaint letter that the narrator writes. Through a series of flashbacks, we learn exactly how he came to write the complaint. The airline served alcoholic drinks on the plane. However, the hostesses were under strict instructions to give additional drinks to passengers only after they had finished what they had been served. This was the only limitation. The narrator however comes from a culture in which pride at a drinking place depends on the number of bottles that one places on the table. Every time he rings for a hostess, it is Tatha that appears and politely declines to serve him an extra drink unless he has finished what he s been served. Towards the end of the journey, another hostess asks the passengers to write down their comments on slips of79paper that she provides.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.1407423}
{"text": "The narrator however comes from a culture in which pride at a drinking place depends on the number of bottles that one places on the table. Every time he rings for a hostess, it is Tatha that appears and politely declines to serve him an extra drink unless he has finished what he s been served. Towards the end of the journey, another hostess asks the passengers to write down their comments on slips of79paper that she provides. The narrator confesses he was drunk having been drinking for two hours but still gives his comments. He alleges that Tatha had been rude to him throughout the flight. Tatha s email touches him so much that he sells most of the things that he d bought with the prize money and travels by road to Malawi, a 1000km journey, to retract his complaints and to personally apologise to Tatha. He does not get the responses he had expected and travels back home crestfallen but happy with what he had done. Years later, he sees Tatha in a magazine crowned the hostess of the year at Kenya Airways. 3.ConflictTatha and ZgamboThis is the main conflict in the story. Tatha s dream from childhood has been to work for Air Malawi. This she has achieved and wishes to develop her career. What brings her and Zgambo together is fate. Fate would have it that Zgambo would win an air ticket at a raffle draw courtesy of the Lundazi District council. Fate would have it that he boards the plane on which Tatha was on duty. Fate would have it that at drinks time, the less sophisticated Zgambo, would wish to invoke his tribal pride of beer drinking. Fate would have it that airline drink policy allowed for only one drink at a time and Tatha would politely advice him so. However, there was no upper limit. Fate would have it that Zgambo would take advantage of the upper limit policy and get drank. Finally, fate would have it that the airline, in a bid to offer world class services, had resorted to seeking passengers views on the flight and that the drunken Zgambo would80make his comments that Tatha had been rude to him throughout the flight. That s it. A man s ego took advantage of company policy and ruined ta fledgling career.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.1785185}
{"text": "Finally, fate would have it that the airline, in a bid to offer world class services, had resorted to seeking passengers views on the flight and that the drunken Zgambo would80make his comments that Tatha had been rude to him throughout the flight. That s it. A man s ego took advantage of company policy and ruined ta fledgling career. This conflict is further developed when Zgambo visitsBlantyre to retract his comments. He goes to Tatha s home and she bluntly refuses to welcome him despite the rain. She claims that the apology would do her no good, nor will the retraction amount to anything. Finally, he turns to leave and she runs up to him to ask him in until the rains die down. She adds that she was confused by the whole event. He declines to go in with her. Zgambo and the airline s CEOZgambo gets to Blantyre and visits the Malawi Air office. His intention is to meet the CEO and retract his comments. He does meet the CEO but finds out that the retraction is not a one man affair. The CEO has to present the matter to the disciplinary committee. There was nothing more for Zgambo to o but leave. Zgambo and other service providers. Zgambo and the caf receptionistShe was downright rude to him. He says there was a trace of irritation, sarcasm or both in her voice. Further, she does not wait for his full name but fills the entire space with his surname in block letters and in very poor handwriting. She then tears off the receipt before he finishes spelling his name and hands it to him. This is because she was in a hurry to close. 81Zgambo and bus service to BlantyreThe buses were small and jam packed with sweating humanity. The bus industry sacrificed human comfort for the sole purpose of maximising revenue. What is more, they did not entertain comments on the services they provided. Zgambo and Malawi Air receptionistThe receptionist spoke endlessly on the phone as she served Zgambo. She dismisses his pleas the he sees the CEO sooner just so that she can get back to her telephone conversation. Hardly a world class service. The call was not a business one.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.1897774}
{"text": "She dismisses his pleas the he sees the CEO sooner just so that she can get back to her telephone conversation. Hardly a world class service. The call was not a business one. Character and characterisationZgamboCareless irresponsibleHe made disparaging comments about Tatha s work to take revenge on an employee who had declined to soothe his ego because what he demanded was against company policy. As a result, she lost her job. ReflectiveUpon receiving Tatha s email about the consequences of his actions, he reviews the events on the plane and says that he had not acted judiciously. He seeks to correct his actions by retracting the comments he d written. DeterminedHe seeks the most effective way to make the retraction. It turns out emails are not taken seriously and the Zambian postal system is ineffective. He is left with only one option: travelling to Malawi. To achieve this he has to sell most of the things that he d82bought using the gift shopping voucher from the raffle. He sold most of the things at a fraction of their cost. Further, he endured the discomfort of the buses and inns to make the retraction in person. Finally, he patiently waits for several hours to meet the CEO and makes his retraction. ConcernedHe is bothered that his comments resulted in Tatha losing her job. After meeting the CEO he walks out feeling assured that Tatha would be reinstated. He is relieved when he finds out a couple of years later that Tatha got a new job and was excelling at it. ThemesIntegrityThis is the main theme of the story. Many characters display a lot of dishonesty in this story. For example, the narrator only learns that his actions on the plane lacked integrity after they had caused Tatha her job. Most of the service providers he meets lack integrity and are merely concerned about themselves. Therefore the services they offer are poor at best. Malawi Air too is a prisoner of its own policies. They were quick to dismiss Tatha on account of a comment from a solitary passenger who was drunk. The claims were not verifiable. What is more, they were at pains to rescind an unfair decision that they had made even after a personal retraction by the complainant.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.1998382}
{"text": "They were quick to dismiss Tatha on account of a comment from a solitary passenger who was drunk. The claims were not verifiable. What is more, they were at pains to rescind an unfair decision that they had made even after a personal retraction by the complainant. They also have double standards: passengers on their planes are asked to make comments on the quality of service but visitors to their offices are given such an opportunity. As a result,83the receptionist uses company resources, time and phone, for personal benefit without fear of retribution. Finally and most importantly, Tatha acted with integrity but lost her job on account of bureaucracy. However, because of her integrity she lands a similar job in a different company and is soon crowned Employee of the Year. Integrity pays. SufferingAnother theme worth examining is suffering. Find out all the characters that undergo suffering in this story. Name them and illustrate the suffering they go through. 6.StyleIronyThe chief device that the author uses in this story is irony. The narrator had complained about Tatha s alleged rudeness on the flight to South Africa. Her behaviour is contrasted with the other service providers who are downright rude to him. This makes Tatha s integrity stand out. SymbolismThe rain is a symbol of suffering. We encounter rain in the evening the evening that Zgambo went to visit Tatha. We are told that it was raining when the taxi they were in pulled over in front of Tatha s house. The narrator steps out of the cab and into the rain. In the seconds that it takes him to reach the door, he was heavily soaked. His entire conversation with Tatha is held with the rain hitting him hard. He pleads with Tatha to let him in because it was freezing cold in the rain. After Tatha dismissed him and shut the door in84his face, he stands facing the door for a long time oblivious of the rain. When he chooses to walk away, Tatha calls him back but he walks on. She joins him in the rain and tries to convince him to stay in the house until the rain stops. She says that her actions were as a result of the pain she was filled with. The rain therefore symbolises the suffering that the two undergo. POVThe story is told from the first person point of view. The narrator makes a mistake for which he wishes to make amends.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.2335277}
{"text": "The rain therefore symbolises the suffering that the two undergo. POVThe story is told from the first person point of view. The narrator makes a mistake for which he wishes to make amends. The story is about the challenges he faces in his attempt to retract his comment on Tatha s conduct on the flight to South Africa. Coming from the horses mouth, the story is credible. The honest remorse of the narrator is evident. 8. Appropriateness of titleThe retraction is an appropriate title because the narrator made a comment on Tatha s conduct that he should not have made. He tells the Malawi Air CEO exactly that. But the real story is in the lessons he learns as he tries to make the retraction. He learns that most people discharge their duties completely devoid of integrity and that he had judged the one person who served him with integrity wrong. Above all, he learns that his efforts to make the retraction did not go to waste. Tatha did get a job at a new company and continued to excel. 85Significant eventThe significant event in this story is Tatha writing a email to complain to Zgambo that he has hurt her career. Without this email he would never have known that he had wronged Tatha. It is responsible for his making the retraction. Aim of the authorThis is a morality story. The writer cautions us against doing things just because we can. There is a need to reflect upon the possible outcomes of our actions on the people we deal with. People should behave with integrity whether or not they are being watched. The message in short is that integrity pays. TASKWe like to cause suffering to ourselves and those around us. Write an essay to show the validity of this statement using The Retraction by Stanley O. Kenani for your illustrations86The Bamboo Hut by Grace OgotSettingThe story is set among the people who live on the shores of Lake Victoria. It is a rural setting in the era of the African chieftaincy. The story is completely devoid of Western influence and examines the shortcomings of the inherited chieftaincy and how this affects the chief s family. Further, it examines the morality of the decisions these people make owing to the pressure of the inherited chieftaincy. The PlotChief Mboga goes to the foot of the Ramogi Hills to pray for a son.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.2586317}
{"text": "The story is completely devoid of Western influence and examines the shortcomings of the inherited chieftaincy and how this affects the chief s family. Further, it examines the morality of the decisions these people make owing to the pressure of the inherited chieftaincy. The PlotChief Mboga goes to the foot of the Ramogi Hills to pray for a son. He is a man both stressed and depressed because none of his many wives have borne him a son to inherit his throne. This is the final plea he is making on this sacred spot. His wife, Achieng is pregnant and due to give birth soon. Unknown to anybody, she is carrying twins. Two months after Mboga s visit to the sacred hill she gives birth alone at the river bank where she had gone to fetch water. She is disappointed when she gives birth to a baby girl. Her disappointment is not long lived though because she goes into labour again and this time the twin is a boy. Overjoyed and desiring to please her husband, she abandons the girl child by the bank and takes the boy back home to the happy chief. Her secret tears at her heart but when she goes back to the river bank after staying indoors for the mandatory 4 days, the baby is not there. 87Many years later the chief encounters a girl that impresses him with her bravery and he wishes that his son marries her. His son, Owiny, too is impressed by the girl and vows to marry none other. However, the protocol of marriage in a chief s home has to be followed. It turns out that nobody knows the girl s father because her foster mother had found her abandoned by the river bank soon after birth. The right decision is reached at the chief s home: his son cannot marry a woman of unknown parentage. Owiny would have none of this. He had set his eyes on Awiti and no substitute would appease him. Achieng is a tortured mother. Awiti s story fits that of the child she had abandoned by the river bank. She has no choice but to tell the truth. The chief has a moral obligation to punish her for the wrong that she had done. It was taboo to throw away a new born child and she was therefore not worthy of being the chief s wife He chooses not to and instead organises a celebration and keeps his family together.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.2902968}
{"text": "She has no choice but to tell the truth. The chief has a moral obligation to punish her for the wrong that she had done. It was taboo to throw away a new born child and she was therefore not worthy of being the chief s wife He chooses not to and instead organises a celebration and keeps his family together. ConflictMboga and the godsChief Mboga feels that the gods have denied him happiness. For many years he had beseeched Ramogi, the ancestor of the Luo people, to intercede on his behalf for a son. He is not happy because he hasn t a son to inherit his chieftaincy. Achieng She badly wanted to please her husband by being the first wife to bear him a son. So focused is she88that when she gives birth to twins se abandons the girl child by the river bank for she argues that she will spoil the fun. She soon finds out that this decision comes back to haunt her. She can neither find the child she had abandoned nor the peace of mind that should have come naturally to her for bearing the heir to the chief s throne. Owiny and MbogaOwiny is very disappointed when he finds out that he cannot marry Awiti. He tells his father that he has chosen Awiti over the beaded stool. Achieng and MbogaAchieng realises that she is the only one who can resolve the conflict between her husband and son. However, this comes with a risk to her personal safety. If she reveals that she had abandoned a new born baby, then the rules demanded that she be sent away. She chooses to tell the truth despite the consequences. The chief too has a problem because he risks breaking his family. He makes up his mind to keep Achieng despite the mistake that she had committed because losing her would break his heart. Further, he argues that she had borne a lot of pain when she lost the opportunity of seeing her child. Character and characterisationMboga: traditional, merciful, strict, authoritarian Owiny: resolute stubborn,Achieng : decisive89ThemesTraditionA number of Luo traditional practices are brought out in this story:Marriage, child naming, chieftaincy, religionClemency forgivenessAchieng had gone against the rules of the community.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.2659962}
{"text": "He makes up his mind to keep Achieng despite the mistake that she had committed because losing her would break his heart. Further, he argues that she had borne a lot of pain when she lost the opportunity of seeing her child. Character and characterisationMboga: traditional, merciful, strict, authoritarian Owiny: resolute stubborn,Achieng : decisive89ThemesTraditionA number of Luo traditional practices are brought out in this story:Marriage, child naming, chieftaincy, religionClemency forgivenessAchieng had gone against the rules of the community. As a result, she was supposed to be sent away. The chief gives two extenuating circumstances against effecting this decision. The first is the heartache it was going to cause him to lose the woman he loved; secondly, he pitied her for the pain she had lived with upon losing her daughter. The third reason is a very interesting revelation: people have secrets and he does not know the extent of these secrets. But it makes him learn that though he was a powerful chief, he was still human and his own family kept secrets from him. Power authorityChief Mboga although considered a mighty leader understands his limitations. If the chieftaincy is to remain in his lineage he has to sire a son. There is nothing he can do about this. Besides, he needs a son to look after him because he has no authority to keep his daughters from going away upon attaining marriage age. Further, he follows all the laid down procedures to prepare for the marriage of his son. When it turns out that his son cannot marry Awiti, he does90not use his office unjustly to influence the marriage although he risks losing his son for he is determined to marry Awiti. The import of this is that leadership is a challenge and that the use of power authority for the common good is its sole object. This the mighty chief achieves. The only time he uses his office to suit his purposes is the time he refuses to send Awiti away but chooses to celebrate the return of his daughter. POVThis story is told from a third person point of view. This is appropriate because it is a controlled admiration of a leader by his subjects. Any other point of view would have been subjective.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.3105578}
{"text": "POVThis story is told from a third person point of view. This is appropriate because it is a controlled admiration of a leader by his subjects. Any other point of view would have been subjective. The audience is able to find reason to admire the leadership of Mboga as he deals with a difficult period in his tenure involving personal matters. He comes out us a leader who makes judicious decisions. Certainly leadership is not a bed of roses. A Aptness of titleThe title is symbolic. The bamboo hut in Mboga s home was beautifully built and well kept, however it was reserved for the woman who would bear the chief a son. Achieng does and she is treated with the respect that the hut was. When the chief learns of the mistake she had committed in order to please him, she is forgiven her sins. That decision too is symbolic because it brings out the gentler side of the chief or the human face of leadership. The bamboo plant is a delicate one just like the decision the chief had to take on this issue. 91Significant eventThe significant event is the arrival of the twins; in particular their being born by the river bank away from prying eyes. This allows Achieng to make a personal decision that allows the story to develop. The aim of the authorThe author is concerned with the pressures that people in position of authority have to deal with as they conduct their business. Mboga is called a great chief; some also call him a mighty chief. This is because he applies the rules even when his family is affected and all this to the common good. This therefore should be the goal of any leader. TaskLeadership is not a bed of roses. Discuss this assertion in light of the events in this story. 92TUESDAY SIESTA by GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ COLOMBIA SettingThe story is set in Colombia. Part of the setting is the train and the other is the banana growing plantations of Colombia. The train affords us an opportunity to get a closer look at the mother and her daughter. One thing that is very clear is their poverty. But we also get a great insight into their self-esteem. The banana plantations they pass on their way to their destination depict the monotony of life which is made worse by the hot weather that brings life to a standstill for a couple of hours every day.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.335246}
{"text": "One thing that is very clear is their poverty. But we also get a great insight into their self-esteem. The banana plantations they pass on their way to their destination depict the monotony of life which is made worse by the hot weather that brings life to a standstill for a couple of hours every day. This stifling heat is a very important component of the setting. It helps to develop the oppressive nature of relationships among these people. The plotWe meet a bereaved family, mother and daughter, on a train. They are on their way to mourn her only son who had been shot allegedly in the act of stealing. The town they are going to is far away necessitating the train ride which the deceased s sister is taking for the first time. Upon disembarking from the train, they walk straight to the church and demand to see the deceased s grave. It turns out that the deceased was not known even by the priest. He hears his name for the first time from the mother of the deceased. He begs her to wait until the sun goes down before she goes to the cemetery but she insists she has a train to catch at three. He93gives her the key to the cemetery and follows it up with a question on poor upbringing. The deceased s mother protests that she raised her son as a morally upright person but he was only a victim of their poverty. By this time word has done the rounds about their presence and a sizeable crowd of curious onlookers has already gathered outside the church to catch a glimpse of mother and daughter. The priests best efforts to dissuade her from walking into the crowd fail. ConflictThe most noticeable conflict is between the peopleand the weather. The heat is extreme. On the train the oppressive nature of the weather is described in a number of ways. The air became humid and they could not feel the sea breeze any more. Pp165 By twelve the heat had begun. Pp166 The band was playing a lively tune under the oppressive sun. Pp166 A dry burning wind came in the window pp168 When they get off the train we get more descriptions ofthe heat:The town was floating in the heat. Pp168 The woman and the girl walked over to the shady side of the street. Pp168 It was two. At that time, weighed down by the drowsiness, the town was taking a siesta.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.3498118}
{"text": "Pp168 The woman and the girl walked over to the shady side of the street. Pp168 It was two. At that time, weighed down by the drowsiness, the town was taking a siesta. Pp168 94In some houses, it was so hot that the residents ate lunch in the patio. Pp168 At the parish house we are told, An electric fan was humming inside . Pp168 The priest asks the mother why she has to go to the cemetery in the heat and pleads with her to wait until the sun goes down. Pp170 The priests sister tells her that she will melt in the hotstreets. Pp173 b The mourners and timeWhen the story opens we are told that it was 11:00am. On that train trip we are continually reminded of the passage of time. By twelve, the heat had begun. Pp166 It was almost two. Pp168 This is the time they disembark from the train. At the priests house she is told to go back after three and she replies that the train leaves at three-thirty. Hers therefore is a race against time. Ironically, in her hosts town, time is of no importance, it comes to a standstill at eleven and wakes a little before four. Pp168 c The mourners and povertyThe narrator tells us that the woman and her child were both in severe and poor mourning clothes. Pp165 Further, we are told that they were the only passengers in the lone third-class car. Pp165 The woman we are told bore the conscientious serenity of someone accustomed to poverty. Pp166 95Character and characterisationBereaved motherDignified Having or showing self-esteem She does not allow her poverty to result in low self-esteem. On the train she sits upright and we are told that she bore the conscientious serenity of someone accustomed to poverty. She is concerned about their looks. As they are about to disembark from the train she gives her a comb and asks her to comb her hair. She too dries the sweat from her neck and wiped the oil from her face. At the priests house she shows calm determination as she insists that she has an emergency and needs to be served. When the priest does not understand who Carlos is, she tells him that he was the thief that was killed a week ago and that she was his mother.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.3786259}
{"text": "She too dries the sweat from her neck and wiped the oil from her face. At the priests house she shows calm determination as she insists that she has an emergency and needs to be served. When the priest does not understand who Carlos is, she tells him that he was the thief that was killed a week ago and that she was his mother. Asked why she did raise a morally upright son, she says that she did and that he was a very good man. He however had no work and may have moved to the plantations in search of better pasture, having lost all his teeth to boxing. The crowds that gather to stare at her make the priest and his sister very uncomfortable but not her. She tells them that she is all right and walks right into the crowd. 96Themesa Human relationsThis is the major theme of this story. The young man died an unnecessary death. There is no hint of insecurity in the area. For 28 years she had lived alone and had never had to fire the gun. His death was not looked at as tragic because no one knew him. When the priest asks her to identify herself, she does so confidently and in precise details. This makes the priest uncomfortable he blushes . We can only infer that owing to her circumstances he had not expected her to be so dignified. The members of this community break from their languid siesta routine and move out into the streets to catch a glimpse of the mother of a thief. The priest and his sister are so scared by the scene they try to dissuade her from going out but in vain. She does not lose her self-esteem and walks out into the streets filling up with crowds of people. The bereaved mother is therefore a symbol of people who life has treated badly but do not succumb to the labels that society ascribes them. They are strong willed and dignified. SufferingThis is the other theme developed in the story. The bereaved mother shows a lot of stoicism as she mourns the death of her son. We are told that the priest looks at them in amazement when he realises that they were not going to cry. Pp171 97Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in which no one knows her family and against her son s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks her whether she ever tried to get him on the right track. The priest is evidently find fault with her parenting ability.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.414572}
{"text": "Pp171 97Further, she is faced with a difficult situation in which no one knows her family and against her son s alleged crime she is judged. The priest asks her whether she ever tried to get him on the right track. The priest is evidently find fault with her parenting ability. Pp171 This family cannot afford good clothing. We are told that mother and daughter were dressed in severe mourning clothes. Further, the deceased we are told used a rope for a belt and was barefoot. This family also faces discrimination. The crowds break from their routine siesta just to catch a glimpse of the deceased man s family. The priests sister is so scared she tells them that they were going to melt. The mother stoically endures the questioning stares of the people who want to see what the mother of a thief looks like. The members of this community too have their own problems. The heat is evidently one of the things that cause them untold suffering. They have to close down public schools, offices, and stores everyday at 11:00am and open just before 4:00pm on account of the heat. The priest too has his moment of suffering. When he asks the woman to identify herself, she does so with so much confidence that the he blushes and breaks into a sweat. His suffering stems from the fact that he had judged the woman98badly and her sense of self-esteem is what puts him under undue pressure. StyleThe chief style in this story is symbolism. The heatIn its tedium, that is monotony, the heat represents the deceased s mother s life. It is very oppressive and has few choices if any. She has raised her children well telling them what is wrong and what is right. This does not however save her son from the harsh realities of life. He has to eat. He takes to boxing which to say the least only hurts her son. When he abandons this, he moves further afield only to die in search of food. She has to face the curious crowd outside the church. If she stays until the sun goes down then she will miss the 3:30pm train and she does not have the means to lodge in the townfor the night. NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. The heat controls how their day is run.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.4236188}
{"text": "NB: What do you think the heat symbolises in the lives of the banana plantation farmers? It symbolises the loss of control of their lives. The heat controls how their day is run. They routinely break at eleven and resume work at four. Nothing exciting happens nor do they create avenues for entertainment. This is why the diversion presented from their routine by the arrival of the mourners stirs them from their routine. 99The death of her son symbolises fate. The nature of his death is such that nobody could save him. He had just arrived in the town, no one knew him but he was hungry and was ignorant of the risk of knocking on people s doors in the night as a stranger. His mother accepts this reality stoically. She tells the priest that she is the mother of the thief that was killed there the previous week. She also does not question the reason for her poverty. She takes it for a fact and lives in it with dignity. She pays for third class car because that is what they can afford; it is instructive that they are the only ones in the car- it means most people can afford to pay for better transportation. It does not bother her that they are the only passengers on it. However, before they disembark she makes sure that she and her daughter are as presentable as they can be. POVThe story is told from a third person point of view. It is however omniscient objective. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. We have to interpret the events on our own. This is good for the story because the author wants us to see things as they are. He does not wish to unduly influence our thinking. However, the details offered are sufficient to convince us that human beings are very quick to judge one another and often with very wrong conclusions being jumped to. 1008 a Appropriateness of titleThe title of this story is appropriate. It is the Tuesday of August. It is a typical hot day in the calendar of the banana plantation people. They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta. This unfortunately will not be an ordinary siesta because an event happens that wakes them from their mid-day sleep: the mother of the slain thief is in town and everyone wants to catch a glimpse of her. So it is for them a story about a Tuesday that their siesta was interfered with.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.410462}
{"text": "They have all taken a break from the heat at 11:00am as usual and are having their siesta. This unfortunately will not be an ordinary siesta because an event happens that wakes them from their mid-day sleep: the mother of the slain thief is in town and everyone wants to catch a glimpse of her. So it is for them a story about a Tuesday that their siesta was interfered with. B Significant eventThe significant event in this story is the decision of the mother of the slain thief to visit her slain sons grave. Her trip necessitates that we learn about her economic background and why the slaying of her son was fated. C Aim of the author. The author picks a sad event in the life of a poor mother to show us how strong we can be both in adversity and grinding poverty. No one can therefore take your self-esteem from you but yourself. First we must view ourselves with pride then those around us will see our dignity. 101Two Stories of a House by Leila Abouzeid Morocco SettingThis is story is set in a Moroccan town. It is told in two parts. The first part is set in a courthouse while the second part is set in the roof house of an old woman. The first setting is a very formal one with a government officer presiding and passing judgment. The second one is very informal and the two old women pass their own judgment. The plotKhadija Bent Ahmed has lost the house she has lived in for over thirty years and has therefore taken the matter to court. The defendant is Meeluda Bent Al-bacheer, her land lady. Khadija feels that she has paid rent all those years and been of help socially to the defendant and this ought to give her ownership of the house. Meeluda on the other hand thinks that the rent was insignificant and it does not make Khadija an owner. She therefore convinced Khadija to vacate the house for renovation upon which she would return. This was not to be. Khadija s house was the first floor and to get there she had to use the stairs. Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down. The judge s verdict: Khadija should go and take her belongings and cease to lay any claim on the property.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.4821894}
{"text": "Meeluda gets the repair man to destroy the stairs and the landing. Subsequently she says they cannot be repaired and that the whole house is coming down. The judge s verdict: Khadija should go and take her belongings and cease to lay any claim on the property. In her devastated mood, Khadija learns of an old woman with a story similar to hers. She goes there to share her story. The woman tells her about her own tribulations which she feels are even more devastating102than Khadija s. Her husband of over forty years had divorced her and married a girl below twenty years old. What annoys her is that she was the girl s benefactor. The girl was pregnant out of wedlock and was hiding from her brothers. Since the old woman was barren she gets into a deal with the girl that she will hide her shame and in return she would leave the child she was carrying to her. Her husband takes to the girl and marries her and then divorces the old woman. Although she keeps the two children twins their mother secretly meets them every day when the old woman is out of the house. ConflictThe first conflict is between Khadija and Meeluda Kahdija feels that she should own the property she has lived in for over thirty years. Her claim does not make sense. She has been a tenant and therefore she was paying for a service. This is Meeluda s argument which the judge upholds. This conflict however reveals some very important facts. Khadija also had a conflict with her husband. She feels that her husband squandered the family wealth through his generosity. He was hospitable at the expense of his family. This also brings us to another very important fact: women have no right to own property. It appears that it is the men who handle family finances. So even though Khadija knew how best to spend the family s103resources in order to secure her future, she was not allowed to make financial decisions. This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorceeShe is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.5167542}
{"text": "This can be confirmed through the second case in which the old woman is thrown out of the house she says her sweat is in and now has nowhere to go. The second conflict is developed by the divorceeShe is in conflict both with her husband and his new wife. She feels that the new wife has ruined her marriage. They had made a deal and the girl swore on the saint s tomb that she would only give birth in the old woman s house and then leave for her the child. Instead she made herself comfortable as a wife. The other conflict she develops is with her husband. She acknowledges that she has not been able to bear any children for him. However, during the period she was married to him she worked hard and they got to own a house. Now he has thrown her out of it and she is destitute. What is more is that she is in her sunshine years and does not have the strength to start all over again. Therefore she feels that her husband has treated her very unfairly. Both women develop conflict with religion. Khadija says that Meeluda swore to Mecca, and the divorcee says that the young girl swore on the saint s tomb. None of these people honoured their pledges. In khadija s case, she tells the judge that the reason she has taken long before bringing the case to his court is that she had still left the case with the saints. 104It therefore means that her disillusionment with her religion is what finally makes her bring the case before the judge. She feels that her faith was misplaced. This is the same reaction that we get from the divorcee. She had hoped for God s reward for helping the girl but suffers a divorce instead. This makes her a very cynical woman: she says that there is no good neighbour in this world, no grateful people, and no faithful husbands. Character and characterisation Khadija- unrealistic, religious Meeluda cruelDivorcee-hard working, religiousPlease supply illustrations that confirm these traits. ThemesPlace of the woman in societyThis is the major theme in this story. This is brought to us through the experiences of two women. Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.5004106}
{"text": "Khadija has a husband who is pleasure loving. She dutifully serves him as a wife but when he dies her future is not secure and there is no law to protect her from the harsh reality of life. This is why the urban setting is extremely important. Men cannot hope to carry on as if they are in the village and forget their obligation to their families. The divorcee too develops this theme. She swears that she worked hard as a wife and attributes the house she and her husband lived in and all the good105things in it to her efforts, at least partly. Now in her sunshine years she is thrown out and becomes destitute. She seems to understand that justice will not be served anywhere so unlike Khadija, she does not report the matter for arbitration to any authority but simply becomes cynical of human nature. So for both women society has failed to protect them from the ill wind of the world despite their devotion to their religion and men. PovThe story is told from a third person point of view. This is appropriate because it gives us an objective view of the goings on in women s lives in this society. A Appropriateness of titleTwo Stories of a House is an interesting title. It leads us to believe that we are going to look at one house and hear two stories about it. This however is not what obtains. There are actually two houses and two stories. So why is the house in the title singular? The pains and the resulting misery to the women is the same. The author implies that take any two women in this society and you will find that they identify with each other s suffering. The title is therefore appropriate in the cry for equity. Significant eventKhadija s going to court and the divorcee becoming the village girls benefactor. 106Aim of the authorThe author is appealing for gender parity. This is a patriarchic community in which women have little or no say about their own affairs. The author thinks that this state of affairs should change. 107THE LAW OF THE GRAZING FIELDS BY CYPRIAN EKWENSISettingThis story is set among the nomadic people of West Africa. It is most likely Nigeria. What is more important though is the time. The story is set in pristine Africa before the influence of the west. It is a typical short story with the events taking place in a very short time.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.4730422}
{"text": "Pp183 Amina and her brothersModio was suspicious of her behaviour and therefore set a trap for her. Jama had not paid the full bride price and therefore could not yet take her. This intervening period presented Yalla with an opportunity to steal Amina. That evening Modio lays in wait with a pack of wild cattle dogs which he sets on Yalla and then grabs Amina. He takes her back to the hut swearing that she was going nowhere butJama s. Her elder brother disturbed by this incident begins to plan how they were to escort her when the time finally came. He says he would ride behind her because she could not be trusted after what she had been through with Modio. Amina and JamaShe is averse to marrying him because he does not fit the stereotype male of the community. This is supposed to be the masculine type that would protect their families from attack by wild animals. According to her he is weak-kneed and109effeminate. He had failed the flogging test. She says that he had wept and begged as they flogged him at the sharo. She would be an embarrassment to her if she married him. Her brothers and YallaThey knew he was planning to elope with Amina. This is why Modio kept vigil. When he finally gets the girl they run after them and the brothers are not afraid to use poisoned arrows if only to get their sister back and take her to Jama. When he finally beats them to his hut, they tell him that their father will know no rest until Yalla will have compensated for his cattle. Pp189 Finally they acknowledge defeat. One of the brothers says that Yalla is a man. He set fire to their camp, stole their sister and then called them thieves for taking back their horse that they had saddled for another bridegroom. Character and characterisation Amina-strong willed, determined, proud Yalla-courageous, determined, humorous, loving Get your illustrations to prove the above traits. ThemesTraditionThis is the most important theme in this story. We learn about the culture of these pastoralists in relation to marriage. First there is the law of the grazing fields. A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.5418713}
{"text": "First there is the law of the grazing fields. A man may elope with a woman of his choice as long as he is not caught. A man must complete the payment of dowry before he could take his wife. They were waiting for Jama to110deliver the last instalment of his dowry before they could hand Amina over to him. Men had to be tested to determine their suitability for marriage. The stage for doing this was a ceremony called sharo in which the man would be flogged in public to determine how well he bore pain. Those who wept and begged during the flogging lost favour in the eyes of potential brides. Parents arranged marriage for their daughters. Amina s father had first accepted the bride price then told her about it. She was not expected to have a say and that is why her brothers were trying to enforce the will of their father. LoveAnother theme developed in this story is love. This is a story of passion. Nothing would stop Yalla from marrying the woman he loved. She says that he was strong enough to break stubborn bulls but when he smiled and held her in his hands his face was so gentle and sweet. When they are in Yalla s settlement and he points his hut out to her, she says: Our hut you mean . She tells Modio when he stops her from eloping: This night I will be with Yalla. He s the husband I ve chosen. Yalla on his part has suffered to get this woman to be his wife. He endured the pack of wild cattle dogs and later a poisoned arrow. Despite the poison he takes time to acknowledge Amina when he gets them to his house: My wife! He moaned. Mine at last. 111StyleFlashbackIt is through flashback that we learn why Amina is opposed to marrying Jama. He had wept and begged when flogged. We also learn of how they had set to elope through a flashback. Yalla was to make scratching sounds to indicate his presence. It is also thorough flashback that we learn of the huge dowry that Jama is paying. ImageThe image of a hawk has been used twice in this story. The first time it is used with reference to Modio. He crouches before her with hands curved like the claws of a hawk about to strike. In this instance the hawk is playing a protective role.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.5688848}
{"text": "The resulting strikes bring about violence and unemployment. Another important factor worth mentioning is the contrast in the weather. The Namibia she leaves is hot and dry which agrees with the political heat created by the oppressive regime. The England she visits is in the middle of winter and is therefore equally oppressive. 2.The plotThe story opens with Angelika s visit to Birmingham. We are told that it was the town of her liberation. We learn that she is in the UK courtesy of her church. She has been sent there to learn English. So bad is the situation at home that it is only churches that are setting up projects to improve the lot of the people. It is in one such project the Angelica and her husband work. It is a day care centre for children whose mothers have to go to work but have nobody to leave them with. Besides studying English, she hopes to take a course in Community Studies that would help her run the day care centre. 114Her friend Tembi, a Namibian nurse studying in UK, encourages her to avail herself of the medical expertise in theUK to find out why she can t have children and perhaps even have the problem remedied. Her visit to the hospital reveals that she had been stirilised. She says this was done without her knowledge by the military doctors who had removed her appendix. The sympathetic doctors in Birmingham tell her that although the operation is considered permanent they had carried out a few reversals successfully. They are cautious though and tell her that there are no guarantees that her case too would be a success. She consents to the operation nonetheless. Again the church bears the cost of the operation. Naturally she has to travel back home to meet with her husband to determine the success of the operation. Here too the church meets the cost. She returns to Birmingham and anxiously waits for her to find out whether she is lucky. Her periods do not come and this is a good sign. She shares this news only with Tembi for fear of raising people s expectations too high. Her luck holds out and finally it was evident to all that she was pregnant. It is only then that she informs her husband. She continued with her studies as she carried the pregnancy to term. Six months after her baby was born she bids farewell to her benefactors and heads back home. 3.ConflictThe conflict with weather is very important. It develops the theme of suffering in the story.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.5838246}
{"text": "She tells that it is God who helped her as always. This is in reference to the surgery that she undergoes to correct her sterilisation. B. HardworkingEvery day she looked after 80 preschoolers at the children s centre that she ran. Their mothers dropped them in the early hours and collected them when it began to turn dark. C.RealisticWhen it became obvious that she was not going to have children of her own, she adopted three girls from her husband s family. D. ForgivingWhen it became clear that she had been sterilised by white doctors without her consent, her friends wished to write letters to the newspapers and contact the UN to object to the malicious behaviour of the white doctors. She objected to this approach. Clearly she117felt no bitterness towards the people who had wronged her. E.SecretiveUpon missing her periods, she did not readily tell the people around her. Further, she only went to the doctor s after 7 weeks. What is more, she did not dare tell her husband for fear that something might go wrong. The only person she told was Tembi whom she asked not to tell anyone. Themesa. Human rights abusesForced sterilisationA number of women are sterilised by white doctors without their consent. Angelika is one such woman. Further, she says that she thought of the other women it must have happened to who neither knew nor had the chance to reverse their enforced childlessness. OppressionPolitical leaders were detained, tortured or forced into exile. Forced resettlementThe natives had been resettled into remote reserves. The narrator says that the village had been pushed into the rocky hills by colonial settlement. FriendshipChurchThe church is responsible for a number of humanitarian assistance. The narrator says that as the South African rule oppressed the118people of Namibia, it is only the churches that could set up projects to help the people. Further, the church met the cost of Angelika s education, treatment and travel expenses. We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. The people of NamibiaThe narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.6037154}
{"text": "Further, the church met the cost of Angelika s education, treatment and travel expenses. We are told that they offered assistance from an emergency fund so she could give birth in Birmingham and continue her studies afterwards. The people of NamibiaThe narrator tells us that the people survived the traumatising experiences because of their solidarity. She says that survival came through mutual support, through solidarity within the communities and within the families: helping people who did not have enough food, caring for those who were sick, looking out for each other s children. TembiWe are told that it was Tembi who began to show Angelika around to ensure that she did not spend too much time alone in her room. Further, she is the one who suggested that Angelika seeks proper treatment. As a result, Angelika found out that she had been sterilised without her consent, but what is more the doctors were able to reverse her condition which was thought to be permanent. The people of EnglandAngelika visits England at a time they were facing labour unrest. The administration was119harsh and the police charged on protestors. She says that the people sent parcels of food across the country to the places that the strike held out the longest. 6. A.Appropriateness of titleThe title is appropriate. The white hands that are talked about were responsible for both the suffering and joy of the protagonist. It is the malicious white doctors in South Africa who sterilised her without her consent. This was a supremacist statement. If they could stop the blacks from reproducing, then the superior white race would have the country to themselves. Ironically, it is the white doctors in England who identify the reason why she cannot conceive and correct the problem through surgery. B. Significant eventThe significant event in this story is the sterilisation of Angelika by the white doctors in Windhoek. C.Aim of the authorThis is a sad story that uses contrast to show that both evil and well-meaning people exist. A group of people should therefore not be condemned because one of them has acted out of line, rather we should judge individuals by their strengths and weaknesses. The strong120message is therefore one of tolerance and building friendships. TaskQ 1Friendship helps overcome adversity. UsingAngelica s experiences both in Namibia and England show that this is true. Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.6288924}
{"text": "The strong120message is therefore one of tolerance and building friendships. TaskQ 1Friendship helps overcome adversity. UsingAngelica s experiences both in Namibia and England show that this is true. Give illustrations from Jame Katjavivi s White Hands.121Thank you very much for the purchase of this eBook. I hope enjoyed reading it and that it did add value to your teaching learning. Walter AkachPS: If there ever is a need to wish to share your thoughts about this work feel free to drop me a word at walterakach gmail.com122.", "metadata": {"source": "A-DEFINITIVE-GUIDE-TO-WHEN-THE-SUN-GOES-DOWN-A.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.6133132}
{"text": "THE RIVER AND THE SOURCEESSAY QUESTIONS ENGLISH1. The River and the Source: Margaret A. Ogolla. In the traditional Africa Society, women suffer the effects of gender discrimination. Using illustrations from, The River and The Source, validate the statement. 20marks Answer: Gender discrimination occurs when men show bias against members of the opposite sex. Women heroes in the novel have to struggle since the society treats them as lesser beings. Male chauvinism is seen when chief Odero Gogni contemplates another rock for his sling since Akoko cried with a lot of gusto. Men do not recognize girls because they are passers-by unlike boys who stand for family continuity. Chief Odero Gogni has to disguise his love for Akoko because such love is unseemly. The society has low attitude towards girls. It does not consider important to seek for their opinion on their own marriages. Chief Odero with his sons turns away many suitors before they settle on chief Kembo. Details on marriage, bride price are settled in bride s absence .She is only called in when the most critical issues have been dispensed with. She leaves soon after she has been introduced to her husband. Akoko chooses a husband for Nyabera. A man owns a woman s body and soul. Akoko is scandalized when threatens to leave her husband. Otieno is bitter that his brother chief Kembo had never beaten his wife .Akoko describes relationship between husbands and their wives like that of cats and dogs or like the one between ravens and chicken. Akoko is grateful for her husband since he treated her well. Otieno grabs Akoko s wealth soon after her husband dies. Believes that a woman does not deserve any wealth. Akoko felt the weight of injustice that women had felt in a male dominated world. It is a waste of time a girl to become educated. Her sole objective of existence being married and bringing up of children. Awiti ploughs her way through school despite difficulties encountered. All other girls drop out of school. When Pilipo is converted to Christianity, he thinks that catechism is too difficult for a woman to understand. The society expects a female to hide her intelligence.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.6996782}
{"text": "Pg 167 .This clear demonstration of loyalty helps the two to remain together right into their sunset days. F iii . The Sigus have instilled a sense of hard work in the family. Mark keeps on studying to get promotions so that he can have his children live a decent life. Pg 166, 172 . Mark felt very lucky about his hard working children. Vera had seven unbeatable records in school, Becky was not doing so badly, Aoro had maintained a continuous lead in school and Tony followed suit. Pg 185, 186 . Hard work defines the Sigus. F iv Children in their growing up must be brought up with high level of discipline. Mark and Elizabeth were firm on their children s discipline and they never spared them any time they misbehaved. When Tony and Aoro almost made their twin drown they are heavily punished. Pgs 176-179 . When Aoro is suspended from school, he is denied food and asked to start fending for himself. Pgs 187-191 .This firm discipline instills hard work in the children. F v A strong family is also built up on mutual respect. The parents extend a measure of respect to the children and vice versa. This is seen on various instances: on serious matters concerning the family, Mark and his wife consult before a favorable decision is made. When Vera wants to go out with Tommy Muhambe she requests for permission the father. Pg 206 208 . This too builds a strong family. Mark any 4 well developed points 3: 3: 3: 3 12 marks Conclusion:In conclusion, looking at the Sigu family, one would say that the foundation of a strong family guided by good ethics depends on the husband and the wife, how close they are to their Children and how they develop acceptable values systems. Accept any other valid conclusion. 2 mks Grammar and Presentation 1-3 on the body award 1 mark4-5 on the body award 2 marks6-8 on the body award 3 marks9-12 on the body award 4 mark3. Drawing illustrations from Margaret Ogola s The River and The Source, write an essay proving that Akoko is at the centre of the change process in the society of the River and The Source. Answer:INTRODUCTION:Change is inevitable and cannot be preserved. In the River and the Source, Akoko becomes instrumental in spearheading the change.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.684655}
{"text": "Conclusion:Clearly, Akoko is among the few African women who embraced change without demur. She seems to understand that change is mandatory and people must keep pace with it. 4. A strong household is founded on strong family values. Making reference to Mark Sigu s family in Margaret Ogola s The River and the Source, write an essay to justify the above statement. Answer:Introduction:In The River and the Source, Mark Sigu meets, woos and marries Elizabeth Awiti in the right and traditionally expected way. They start and develop a strong household that is ruled with strong values like love, respect and discipline among others accept any other relevant introduction. 2mks I. Mark Sigu had the devoted love of his wife and the affection of all his children. Pg192 . He did things for Elizabeth that would never have even crossed the mind of a full blooded African ma. He knew she was over-worked both at home and in school and in spite the house-help they had, he throw a helping hand round the house especially in taking the kids off the hands of his wife. Pg 173 II. Ii There is protection offered to family by the Sigus. When he realizes that promiscuity would ruin his marriage he so forcefully dumps the girl and asks for leave to go and bring back his family from Aluor. Pg 169-170 He tells his mother off when the latter feels he is over protective to the wife. Pg 167 III. The Sigus have instilled a sense of hard work in the family. Mark keeps on studying to get promotions so that he can have his children live a decent life. Pg 166, 172 . Mark felt very lucky in his hard working children. Vera had seven unbeatable records in school, Becky was not doing so badly, Aoro had maintained a continuous lead in school and Tony followed suit. Pg 185, 186 V. Mark and Elizabeth were always concerned about the welfare of their children. Tony falls sick at night on the groin. The whole family is concerned. Pg 179-182 . Elizabeth also falls sick in pregnancy. Pgs 192-194 VI. Children in their growing up must be brought up with high level of discipline. Mark was firm on his children s discipline and they never spared them any time they misbehaved. When Tony and Aoro almost made their twin drown they are heavily punished. Pgs 176-179 .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.6707625}
{"text": "Mark was firm on his children s discipline and they never spared them any time they misbehaved. When Tony and Aoro almost made their twin drown they are heavily punished. Pgs 176-179 . Aoro is suspended from school. He is denied food and asked to start fending for himself. Pgs 187-191 VII. On heavy matters concerning the family Mark and his wife consult before a favourable decision is made. Vera decides to forgo her chance at a national school and join Becky s. pg 175 . When Elizabeth falls sick 192-194 . Vera wants to go out with Tommy Muhambe pg 206-208 VIII. The Sigus let their children follow their own paths in life, marriage and career. Vera joins Opus Dei Aoro becomes a doctor and marries from another tribe. And Tony joins the priesthood. Mark any 4 well developed points 3: 3: 3: 3 12mks Conclusion:In conclusion, looking at the Sigu family, one would say that the foundation of a strong family guided by good ethics depends on the husband and the wife, how close they are to their children and how they develop acceptable values systems. Accept any other valid conclusion. 2mks 5. The River and the Source is an exploration of African traditions as was bombarded by irresistible winds of change. Using the novel for your illustrations, write an essay to show the truth of this statement. Answer. Introduction:The River and the Source presents African cultures that are in conflict clashes with the White man values that are unavoidableThe community clings to traditions until Europeans make their first contact with the community. The whiteman with his new form of government and Christianity present alternatives for the harsh community s culture as dictated by Chik e.g. Otieno vs Akoko. Institution of wife inheritance with all its social high sounding reasons does not really cater for the widow. Nyabera rebels and joins Christianity God which made meaning out of sorrow and suffering of the orphan, poor and widow e.g. Nyabera Akoko. 101 1,101 2,101 3 English Top grade predictor publishers Page 66 Society s obsession with the continuity of the family and clan through children. Women who are unable to conceive are neglected. They, however, get solace from Christian mission in Aluor e.g. Nyabera, the barren woman.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.714439}
{"text": "Women who are unable to conceive are neglected. They, however, get solace from Christian mission in Aluor e.g. Nyabera, the barren woman. Traditionally, in marriage, one had to dig as much about one s partner s relatives. Change comes and marriage becomes a bond between two people e.g. Akoko, Nyabera vs. Awiti and Mark Sigu. Bride price previously seemed as a source of wealth is reduced to a mere token of Awiti s time e.g. Awiti, Mark vs. Oyange Silwal, Mark Sigu s relatives. Traditionally, marriages across the boundaries of religion, race or tribe were disapproeved. Later the resistance changes e.g. Rebecca vs Courtney, Aoro vs. Wandia. For a woman to remain unmarried was unheard of. However, Vera joins the opus dei as a single woman. At death, a woman was traditionally buried in her husband s ancestral home. Akoko is however buried in a Christian way. Strictly defined role and place of the woman at home changes though with resitance e.g. Mark Sigu assists Elizabeth. Conclusion: The traditions are gradually overwhelmed by the Whiteman s values and taken up by this community. 6. A woman is the driving force in the society. Prove the validity of this statement basing your argument on the text The River and the source by Margaret Ogolla. Answer. Introduction: Should be able to tell that the student had understood the question and he knows what he is going to write . 2 mks Sample:The driving force in the text The River and the Source is the woman kind. The woman is a source of inspiration, influence and power in the society. This is exhibited in the following ways. From the moment Akoko is born, she is a big influence in her surrounding. She becomes the focal point of her family. Her father and brothers are stolen by her charm. She changes her father s attitude towards the girl child when he says A home without a daughter is like a river without a source. Akoko affects her generation. She is a source of inspiration for her daughter Nyabera, her grand daughter Elizabeth and Elizabeth s children notably Aoro. Wandia says that Aoro keeps saying that he is not a great grandson of Akoko for nothing. This is to mean that even after her death, she is still influenced.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.7492144}
{"text": "She is a source of inspiration for her daughter Nyabera, her grand daughter Elizabeth and Elizabeth s children notably Aoro. Wandia says that Aoro keeps saying that he is not a great grandson of Akoko for nothing. This is to mean that even after her death, she is still influenced. She allows Nyabera to join Christianity and Peter to become a priest. She is influenced in the lives of the people she interacts with. Vera takes after her great grandmother. She is an influence. She is so determined to become an electric engineer and she becomes. She chooses to become celibate and joins the Opus Dei. After Becky s death she takes over her children though they stay with Aoro and Wandia. Nyabera was a source of inspiration to her children and grandchildren. She takes charge of Peter after the death of her brother Owing Sino. She is embodiment of strength, determined and patience. She goes through a lot of pain as a woman and she becomes the focal point from where Elizabeth gets her strength. She is a big influence to her generation. Wandia is another source of inspiration for her society. She beats Aoro in an anatomy class and that is the beginning of what they share later in life. She is a source of inspiration for her husband and children. She later becomes a pediatrician. This is because of Daniel s condition. Any other well explained capturing the character and the role of the woman in the text.3 x 4 12 mksConclusion:This must summarize the prints above. A relevant conclusion. 2 mks Marks distribution 2 marks- introduction 12 marks the content the prints 2 marks conclusion 4 marks - - language use. 7. The River and the Source highlights the virtue of courage. Using Akoko, justify this statement . Answer. Introduction:The River and the Source portrays Akoko as a woman of courage which helps her overcome some of the various challenges she faces. I Akoko draws the attention of the village and defends herself against her mother-in-law Nyar Alego and brother-in-law Otieno Kembo s allegations for using witchcraft to prevent Owuor Kembo her husband from marrying other wives. She leaves her matrimonial home regardless of the absence of her husband, to show that she could not take the accusations anymore. This helps her to protect the image of her family which had been questioned and to stamp her position so that her in-laws would respect her.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.7989256}
{"text": "I Akoko draws the attention of the village and defends herself against her mother-in-law Nyar Alego and brother-in-law Otieno Kembo s allegations for using witchcraft to prevent Owuor Kembo her husband from marrying other wives. She leaves her matrimonial home regardless of the absence of her husband, to show that she could not take the accusations anymore. This helps her to protect the image of her family which had been questioned and to stamp her position so that her in-laws would respect her. Ii Akoko shows courage when she makes the legendary journey to Kisuna to go and report Otieno Kembo to the D.O. She faces the DO and later the DC as she lodges her suit against Otieno and wins the case. She has the courage to take the long journey, whose virtue lies in the fact that Otieno is ousted from being the chief and with it comes the end to oppression and heavy-handedness Otieno had visited on the people for the short time he was chief. Iii Akoko confronts Otieno when he threatens to whip her because of reporting him to the sirkal . She tells him you may be twice my size, but I have three times your courage. This stops Otieno from continuing to insult her at that moment since he does not proceed. It also prevents him from physically beating her up. Iv Akoko leaves Yimbo for Aluor when she decides to join her daughter, Nyabera, in pursuing the new way of life Christianity . She agrees to take on a completely new culture; thereby, abandoning what she has always knownto be the way of life. This helps her, together with her daughter, to find peace which eventually paves way for the success of her grandchildren. Conclusion: Expect the candidate to briefly summarize the topic of discussion. They may also give a proverb summarizing the content. 8. Despite good parenting, children can sometimes be a disappointment . Using Elizabeth and Mark children, write an essay in support of this statement. Answer. Introduction:Can be general specific, general and specific Don t accept mere definition. Must be the first paragraph Example Sometimes parent may bring up children according to the books. They have very clear vision of what their children should become in adult life but they end up deviating. Though not always painfully the parents feel disappointed. Elizabeth and Mark are such parents.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.7839878}
{"text": "They have very clear vision of what their children should become in adult life but they end up deviating. Though not always painfully the parents feel disappointed. Elizabeth and Mark are such parents. Content:D i Vera a promising girl, very educated, infact an electrical engineer. Her parents especially the father had hopes settle as a family but she ends up being a non-marrying member of Opus Dei. Ii Becky though pretty shows she will be a problem when she is a child. She is lazy, only an average student. At one time, she doesn t want to proceed with education were it not for responsible father. Later she disappears from home to become an air hostess. She lives a promiscuous life and is an irresponsible mother. She painfully dies of HIV and Aids great disappointment to both parents. Iii Aoro is a mad genius. At form one, he catches the attention of the headboy for being indisciplined. He is sent home and only goes back because of a disciplinarian father. Later he marries Wandia a Kikuyu though a good the father had hoped he marry a nice Luo girl and even tries to advice him against the idea. Iv Tony is attracted to the church even when a boy. He is always in the company of his uncle who is a catholic priest. Though Mark admires Peter, he could not imagine his son becoming a catholic priest. This is because he would become a celibate. Tony becomes a catholic priest. V Odongo is the first child to fail class seven. He wants to be taken to secondary school The father stand his ground and is made to repeat class. He later becomes a successful farm manager. Expect four well illustrated points Mark 3 : 3 : 3 : 3 12 marksConclusion:Must be the last paragraph Expect a recap of the content or a candidate s opinion. Language 4 marks. 9. Akoko is the embodiment of change. Discuss the validity of this statement, using illustrations from The River and The Source. Answer. Introduction:It is true that Akoko is a true embodiment of change. This is shown by the following illustrations:- E i When Maria Nyabera goes through several misfortunes including the loss of her children, she is at the point of despair, and she decides to seek a new way to console her. She consults Akoko who encourages her to join Christianity.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.8102355}
{"text": "Introduction:It is true that Akoko is a true embodiment of change. This is shown by the following illustrations:- E i When Maria Nyabera goes through several misfortunes including the loss of her children, she is at the point of despair, and she decides to seek a new way to console her. She consults Akoko who encourages her to join Christianity. She tells her as for you it is better that you seek this new way. It may give you hope and rescue you from bitterness pg. 103. Again, after Nyabera is converted to Christianity, she still feels a vacuum for she does not have a son. Consequently, she goes to seek for a son from Ogoma Kwach, when things do not work between them, she comes back to the mission devastated and heart broken. The caring Akoko encourages her to seek forgiveness from God. Nyabera spends the whole night at the tabernacle praying after which she feels consoled. Go to the church and talk to him there . Pg. 123. It is after this experience that Nyabera realizes that when she was away looking for a son, there was one Peter Owuor who loved her dearly. From then she reconciles herself to the fact that she would live with only one child. E ii Elizabeth Awiti excels in Primary school and she is offered a place at a Teacher s Training College. Nyabera is so worried of releasing her child to the world there was a vice-like band around her head and she thought she would faint a sword shall pierce thy soul pg. 130 131. Reasonable Akoko brings her back to her senses and tells her you re not wise my child, learn wisdom, don t you see the world is changing pg. 132.Later, when Elizabeth informs her parents that her fianc Mark Sigu, would be coming to seek for her hand in marriage, Nyabera wonders how Elizabeth can think of getting married to a man whose antecedents she doesn t know. Akoko brings her back to her senses and tells her, Accept it Maria, the world is changing pg. 143. Also during betrothal, Mark Sigu s light complexion causes fear among the hosts because they feared Elizabeth could have chosen to get married to a jamwa foreigner .", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.8408394}
{"text": "132.Later, when Elizabeth informs her parents that her fianc Mark Sigu, would be coming to seek for her hand in marriage, Nyabera wonders how Elizabeth can think of getting married to a man whose antecedents she doesn t know. Akoko brings her back to her senses and tells her, Accept it Maria, the world is changing pg. 143. Also during betrothal, Mark Sigu s light complexion causes fear among the hosts because they feared Elizabeth could have chosen to get married to a jamwa foreigner . Apart from Akoko who must have left her mother s womb with a broad outlook all of them were strictly parochial a catastrophe. Pg.146. Meaning that it is only Akoko who would not have minded if Elizabeth had chosen a non-Luo. This change is reflected in Aoro and Becky who chose to marry spouses from a different race and tribe. E iii Traditionally, women do not own wealth, Akoko has accumulated so much wealth, for by now her mother s wealth was staggering even by the standards of today pg. 68 After her husband s death, her brother-in-law, Otieno Kembo, misappropriates her husband s wealth and threatens to grab Akoko. She takes a drastic step and heads to Kisuma to seek redress from the sirikal. The D.O and the D.C . Traditionally this case would have been dealt with at the clan level. She knew that as a woman, a widow and a sonless mother she was greatly disadvantaged. Pg. 73. E iv Owuor Kembo on meeting Akoko, falls irrevocably in love. Owuor experienced an indescribable sensation pg. 24. It should be noted that traditionally, love was not a prerequisite to marriage. Consequently, Owuor Kembo remains strangely monogamous. Even the pressure to marry another wife, from his mother and the council of Jodongo can t deter him long have we pleaded with you to take another wife adamantly refused pg. 38. Traditionally, a chief should be polygamous the fact that the chief remains monogamous is change that is attributed to Akoko s admirable personality. Owuor Kembo treats his wife like a queen pg. Owuor Kembo pays more than double the normal bride price that is thirty head of cattle.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.8845968}
{"text": "Traditionally, a chief should be polygamous the fact that the chief remains monogamous is change that is attributed to Akoko s admirable personality. Owuor Kembo treats his wife like a queen pg. Owuor Kembo pays more than double the normal bride price that is thirty head of cattle. Traditionally he should have bargained to bring this number down but he doesn t. Let us shock them by accepting their offer without bargaining your name will be repeated from mouth to mouth for years to come. Pg. 23. Conclusion:From the above illustrations, it is clear that Akoko is truly an embodiment of change. 10. The Western culture has totally changed the African traditions. With reference to the River and the Source, show the validity of this statement. Answer. Introduction: i Candidate should bring out the general understanding of the erosion transformation of the African traditions. Candidate should also demonstrate that the meaning is applicable in the novel. Traditionally, spying ensured there was no consanguinity, the spouse was of good character as seen in the marriage of Akoko and chief Owuor Kembo. In Mark Sigu s case there was to spying to the influence of formal education. Polygamous to monogamous, singlehood. Initiation opened doors to marriage e.g. Akoko s vis- -vis Wandia s, Becky s, Awiti s. Tero wife inheritance ensured morality and continuation of family line. Gradually it was abandoned. Funeral and burial rites and ceremonies have also undergone transformation e.g. chief Owuor Kembo s followed the traditions while Akoko s was Christian. Political leadership administrative systems change from chieftaincy helped by Council of Jodongo shifted to a colonial system sirikal eventually to an African Multi-party system. Naming system. Education system from informal to formal. Any other relevant Any 4 well illustrated points 4 x 3 12mks Conclusion Candidate should tag their conclusion to the body of the answer. 2:3:3:3:3:2 20 marks. 11. Widowhood pushes women to a disadvantaged position in society. Write an essay in support of this statement basing your answer on The River and The Source by Margret Ogolla. Answer.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.8962631}
{"text": "Widowhood pushes women to a disadvantaged position in society. Write an essay in support of this statement basing your answer on The River and The Source by Margret Ogolla. Answer. Introduction Can either be general or textual giving allusion to the suffering widow undergo in the society Content Soon after her husband s death ,Akoko finds it difficult to sustain her fight with her in-laws. Otieno ,in particular ,plunders her wealth deliberately because she is defenseless widow. Otieno sits on the chief s stool with heavy arrogance secure in the knowledge that Akoko, a widow, cannot fight for it on behalf of Owour sino, her grandson. Her refusal to be inherited makes her vulnerable to abuse and despise .She flees Yimbo. In Oloo s homestead, Akoko, now widowed, is derided by her sister in law who are looking for every opportunity to push her away. Nyabera s firm hold on Ogoma Kwach her inheritor provokes a protest from his wife and the council of Jodongo. Her re-union later with Ogoma Kwach does not last and the man is set on marrying a second wife. Owang sino s wife Alando nyar uyoma, as a widow cannot defend her son and heir to the chieftaincy against Otieno .The son is taken from her by Akoko for protection in Yimbo.", "metadata": {"source": "THE-RIVERAND-THE-SOURCE-ESSAYS-MOCKS.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.8667827}
{"text": "AGRICULTURE FORM III NOTES17.0.0 Livestock Production Selecting and Breeding 12 Lessons 18.0.0 Livestock Production Livestock Rearing 10 Lessons 19.0.0 Farm Structures 18 Lessons 20.0.0 Agricultural Economics II Land Tenure and Land Reform 20 Lessons 21.0.0 Soil and Water Conservation 19 Lessons 22.0.0 Weeds and Weed Control 15 Lessons 23.0.0 Crop Pests and Diseases 14 Lessons 24.0.0 Crop Productivity VI Field Practices II 17 Lessons 25.0.0 Forage Crops 9 Lessons 26.0.0 Livestock Health III Diseases 20 Lessons Livestock Production III Selection and Breeding IntroductionThe breeding of animals is under human control, and the breeders decide which individuals shall produce the next generation. The breeder makes a choice. The breeding of animals is based upon the fact that certain qualities are genetic ,hence valuable qualities are passed on from parents to off -springs. The qualities can be maintained or improved in the next generation. The performance of an animal is influenced by two major factors;Genetic potentialThe environment, which includes:Feeding,Health,CareThe ecological conditions. The genetic potential of an animal is inherited from its parents. In selection and breeding animals with superior characteristics are selected and allowed to mate. In the process they transmit the superior characteristics to their offspring. When this is done over a long period of time, it results in livestock improvement. Reproduction and Reproductive SystemsReproduction is the process by which off-springs are produced. All farm animals multiply by means of sexual reproduction. It begins with fertilization which is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. Fertilization takes place internally in the body of the female. The embryo zygote formed develops inside body of mother, fed and protected until end of gestation period. In poultry, the process is different in that eggs are fertilized internally but laid and development of the chick takes place outside during incubation. In both male and female, certain organs are specialized for the process of reproduction.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.92373}
{"text": "The ovum travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The release and movement of the ovum down to the uterus is called ovulation. If mating is done at this time, fertilization will take place. The fertilized egg implants itself onto the endometrium walls of uterus and develops into foetus. Fallopian tubes:Fertilization takes place here. Also a passage for the egg from the ovary to the uterus. The uterus:Embryo develops here. The cervix: Closes the uterus. The vagina and Vulva:Vulva is the external opening of female reproductive system. It allows mating to take place so that sperms are deposited into the vagina. The foetus and urine are removed through the vulva. PregnancyIs period between fertilization of ova and the expulsion of the foetus through the vulva. Also called gestation period. In cattle gestation period is 270-285 days. Ends with the birth of a calf. The reproductive tract undergoes a period of rest during which it is repaired and returns to normal. During pregnancy, hormone called progesterone is produced by the placenta to maintain the foetus in the uterus. Parturition giving birth Act of giving birth called parturition. This time the foetus expelled through the birth canal. When an animal is about to give birth, it shows signs;-Distended udder which produces thick milky fluid called colostrums. Swollen vulva producing thick mucus. Loose and slackened pelvic girdle. Visible pin bones. General restlessness. Animal parturates within 2-3 hours after this signs. The correct presentation is with the front feet first ,and the head outstretched and resting in between the fee. Any other presentation called mal-presentation or breech presentation and requires assistance. Reproduction in PoultryThe cock has no penis but a small opening near the vent through which sperms are emitted. Cock has testes within the body. The hen has elongated oviduct for formation of an egg. Fertilization occurs internally. During mating the cloaca of the hen and the vent of the cock fit into each other and then semen is poured into the cloaca ,then sucked to the oviducts. The Reproductive System of a HenOvaryHen has two ovaries but one functional. Ova formed in ovaries.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.949067}
{"text": "During mating the cloaca of the hen and the vent of the cock fit into each other and then semen is poured into the cloaca ,then sucked to the oviducts. The Reproductive System of a HenOvaryHen has two ovaries but one functional. Ova formed in ovaries. 3500-4000 ova present inside ovary held by follicle. Mature ovum released via rapture of follicle. It moves into oviduct received by the funnel. Funnel infundibulum Fertilization occurs here. Chalazae also added to yolk. Time here is 15 minutes. It is 11.6cm long. MagnumThick albumen is added. Stays for 3hrs.its 33cm long. IsthmusIts 10.6cm long. Shell membranes added. Determines shape of egg. Water, mineral salts and vitamins added. Takes 15 minutes. Uterus shell gland Calcium deposited 9ie.shell added around the egg. Pigments added. Addition of albumin finished. Stays here for 18-22hours. VaginaShort, 6.9cm long. For temporal storage of egg before layingCloacaEgg moves out of cloaca through the vent. The cloaca extents out to prevent the egg from breaking. NB;Egg formation not depended on fertilization. Egg formation takes 24-26hours. The components of egg are obtained from body reserves of the hens body. Selection of a Breeding StockSelection is used as a tool for livestock improvement. A breeding stock is a group of males and females which act as parents of future generations. Selection is the process of allowing certain animals to be parents of future generations while culling others. Culling is the removal of animals which do not perform to the desired level, from the herd. The animals retained have certain desirable characteristics which make them produce more. Selected animals make up the breeding stock. The breeding stock should pass the good qualities to their offsprings for better performance, to improve the livestock. Selection process repeated for many generations increases chances of formation of desirable qualities in an animal. Genetically termed as gene frequency occurrence of the genes that carry desirable characteristics. Selection increases occurrence of desirable genes and decreases occurance of undesirable genes.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.9669993}
{"text": "The breeding stock should pass the good qualities to their offsprings for better performance, to improve the livestock. Selection process repeated for many generations increases chances of formation of desirable qualities in an animal. Genetically termed as gene frequency occurrence of the genes that carry desirable characteristics. Selection increases occurrence of desirable genes and decreases occurance of undesirable genes. During selection, the characteristics to be selected for are first studied closely to ascertain that it is not influenced by the environment, but mainly by the genetic make-up. Selection helps improve characteristics which are highly heritable. Heritability means the likelihood of a particular trait to be transmitted to the offspring and they are strongly inherited. A character like milk yield is lowly heritable, i.e. it is weakly inherited and a bigger percentage of the character is affected by the environment. The degree to which selection affects a character depends on the following factors;The heritability of the characterThe intensity with which the selection is doneThe interval between generations and kind of selection being practiced. Factors To Consider When Selecting A Breeding Stock. AgeLevel of performancePhysical FitnessHealthBody ConformationTemperament or BehaviourQuality of productsMothering AbilityAdaptabilityProliferationAgeYoung animals,Those that have not parturated for more than 3-times, should be selected. They have a longer productive life. Old animals are poor breeders and low producers. Production and breeding efficiency decline with age. Level of performanceAnimals with highest production level selected. Performance best indicated by records. Good performance of animal indicated by;High milk, wool and egg production,Good mothering abilityHigh prepotency which is the ability of a parent to pass good qualities to their offsprings. The animals with poor performance should be culled. Good records kept and used by the farmer for this purpose. Physical FitnessAnimals selected should be free from any physical defecte.g. Mono-eyed,limping,irregular number of teats,scrotal hernia,defective and weak backlineHealthSick animals do not breed well and are expensive to keep. Animals that are resistant to diseases pass these characteristics to their offspringsBody ConformationAnimals for breeding to be selected according to proper body conformation. A dairy cow should be wedge-shaped with a large udder, thin legs, long neck.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406310.980854}
{"text": "Mono-eyed,limping,irregular number of teats,scrotal hernia,defective and weak backlineHealthSick animals do not breed well and are expensive to keep. Animals that are resistant to diseases pass these characteristics to their offspringsBody ConformationAnimals for breeding to be selected according to proper body conformation. A dairy cow should be wedge-shaped with a large udder, thin legs, long neck. Temperament or BehaviourAnimals with bad behaviors should be culled.egCannibalism, egg eating, aggressiveness, kickingQuality of productsSelect animals that give products of high quality. Mothering AbilityAnimals selected should have a good mothering ability,That is animals with good natural instinct towards their young ones. This will enable them to rear the young ones up to weaning. AdaptabilityAnimals selected should be well adapted to the prevailing climatic condition in the area. ProlificacyAnimals selected should be highly prolific. That is, animals with the ability to give birth to many offsprings at a time larger litter . This is a quality that should be considered when selecting pigs and rabbits. Selection in cattle, and sheep,Selection in cattleConsider the following;Level Of Performance Which Include;Milk Yield Buter Content. Length Of Lactation Period. Calving Intervals. Age Of The Animal,Fertility,Physical Fitness,Health Of The Animal,Body Conformation,Suitability Of The Enterprise-Milk Or BeefSelection in sheepConsider the following;Level of performance which includes;Mothering abilityGrowth rateWool qualityCarcass qualityTwining rateAgeSuitability to the enterprise-wool or muttonFlocking instinctHealth of the animalPhysical fitnessInheritable defectsFertilityInheritable defects. Fertility. Selection in GoatsConsider the following:Fertility. Mothering ability. Growth rate. Twining rateCarcass quality dressing percentage. Growth rate. Suitability to the enterprise - milk or mutton. Health of the animal. Age. Selection in PigsConsider the following:Carcass quality dressing percentage. Suitability to the enterprise bacon or pork Growth rate. Health of the animal. Mothering ability. Prolificacy. Number of teats. Temperament. Body formation. Age.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.0310981}
{"text": "Temperament. Body formation. Age. Heredity defectsSelection in CamelsHealth of the animal. Age. Temperament. Foraging ability. Fertility. Level of performance-milk, meat, fur and transport. Method of SelectionThese include:Mass selection - Animals with superior characteristics are selected from a herd and then allowed to mate among each other. Progeny testing - assessing on the breeding value of an animal on the basis of performance of its offsprings. Contemporary comparison -comparison of performance between heifers of the same age and sexual maturity. BreedingProcess of mating selected males and females to produce offspring with the desired characteristics. Reasons:To expand the inherited potential of the animal. To improve production. To overcome production problems created by the environment. To satisfy consumers taste. For economic reasons. Terms Used in BreedingInheritanceGenetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offsprings. The mechanism of inheritance is carried by the sex cells gametes and is controlled by genes found in the chromosomes. Genes are very tiny units of inheritance carrying particular characteristics, such as colour, body shape and amount of milk production. Chromosomes are genetic materials which carry genes. They exist in pairs paternal and maternal in the nucleus f the body cells. They are always constant in number. Dominant and Recessive CharacteristicsA dominant gene is one that suppresses the other. It produces a dominant characteristic. A recessive gene is one that is suppressed by the other. It produces a recessive characteristic. Hybrid and Hybrid VigourA hybrid is an animal which is the product of crossing animals of two different breeds. Hybrid vigour or heterosis is increased vigour and performance resulting from crossing two superior breeds. EpistasisThis is the masking of the effect of one gene by another gene which is non-allelic, that is situated on different locus. Breeding SystemsInbreedingMating of animals which are related. Reasons:To increase genetic uniformity in a herd. Used to fix the required characteristics in new breeds. To increase phenotypic uniformity. To get proven sires. LimitationsIt can bring about loss of hybrid vigour. It may lead to decline in fertility. It may lead to high rate of pre-natal mortality. Systems of InbreedingClose Breeding: mating between very closely related animals, for example sib-mating and parents sib-mating.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.0218854}
{"text": "It may lead to decline in fertility. It may lead to high rate of pre-natal mortality. Systems of InbreedingClose Breeding: mating between very closely related animals, for example sib-mating and parents sib-mating. Line Breeding: mating of distantly related animals that had a common ancestor for example cousins. OutbreedingMating of animals which are not related. Reasons:To introduce new genes in an existing breeding herd. To exploit heterosis resulting from a cross between two breeds. To develop a new breed or a grade animal. LimitationsLack of uniformity in animals that result from outbreeding. Desirable characteristics may be lost due to variation. Systems of OutbreedingCross-breedingMating of animals from two different pure breeds. Out-CrossingMating of unrelated animals from the same breed. Upgrading Grading upMating where the female of a cow grade stock locals is mated with a pure breed sire. The resultant animal is referred to as a high grade. Mating in LivestockMating in CattleHeat signs occur every 21 days. The heat period last for 18-30 hours on average 24 hours. Cow should be served 12-18 hours after showing the first heat signs. Heat SignsRestlessness. Mounting on others and when mounted on she stands still. Rise in body temperature. Drop in milk production in lactating cows. Vulva swells and becomes reddish. Clear or slimy mucus from the vulva. Bellowing or mooing frequently. Mating in PigsHeat signs in pigs occur after every 21 days. The heat lasts about 72 hours. Sows or gilts should be served in 18- 36 hours of the heat period. Signs of HeatRestlessness. Frequent urination. Swelling and reddening of the vulva. Clear or slimy discharge from the vulva. Frequent mounting on others. It responds very well to the 'riding test'. Mating in RabbitsDoes are ready for mating 6-7 months of age. Heat signs occur every 14 days. The doe should be taken to the buck and not vice versa. Signs of HeatRestlessness. Frequent urination. Swollen vulva. The doe throws herself on the side. The doe rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.046267}
{"text": "Swollen vulva. The doe throws herself on the side. The doe rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object. The doe tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch by peeping. Methods of Service in LivestockNatural MatingAdvantages:It is more accurate. It is less laborious. Useful when heat signs of females cannot be easily detected. DisadvantagesInbreeding is not easily controlled. Transmission of breeding diseases. Extra feed for the male is required. Large males can injure small females. Wastage of semen. It is cumbersome and expensive to transport a bull to remote areas. Artificial inseminationIntroduction of semen into the female reproductive tract by artificial means. AdvantagesThere is economical use of semen. It controls transmission of breeding diseases. Sires that are unable to serve cows due to heavy weight or injury can produce semen to serve cows. It prevents large bulls from injuring small cows. It reduces the expenses of keeping a male animal. A small scale farmer who cannot afford to buy a superior bull can have the cows served at a low cost. Semen can be stored for long. It helps to control inbreeding. It eliminates the threat of keeping dangerous bulls from the farm. It makes research work easier. DisadvantagesHarmful characteristics can be spread quickly by one bull to the offsprings. It requires skilled labour. Low chance of conception due to death of semen during storage. It is laborious:Embryo TransplantIt is the implantation of an embryo fertilized ova from a high quality female donor in the uterus of a low grade female recipient . AdvantagesFaster multiplication of an animal with superior characteristics . It is easier to transport embryos than the whole animal. Embryos can be stored for a long period awaiting the availability by recipient females. It stimulates milk production in a female recipient that was not ready to produce milk. Low grade animals can be used in production and rearing of high quality animals. Offsprings of a superior female can spread quickly in an area. DisadvantagesIt is expensive. It requires skilled personnel. It requires special equipment for fertilization and storage of embryos. Signs of Parturition in LivestockParturition is the act of giving birth in female animals. Parturition in CattleThe gestation period in cattle is 270-285 days averaging 280days.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.07021}
{"text": "It requires special equipment for fertilization and storage of embryos. Signs of Parturition in LivestockParturition is the act of giving birth in female animals. Parturition in CattleThe gestation period in cattle is 270-285 days averaging 280days. Signs of ParturitionRestlessnessEnlarged or swollen vulva. Clear mucus discharge from the vulva. Slackening of the pelvic muscles. Full and distended udder. Thick milky fluid from the teats. A water bag appears and bursts just before calving. Parturition in PigsThe gestation period in pigs is about 4 months or 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days. Signs of ParturitionRestlessness. The vulva turns red and swells. The udder becomes full with a milky fluid the sow starts to prepare a nest by collecting some beddings at one comer of the pen. Parturition in RabbitsThe gestation period in rabbits is 28-32 days. Signs of ParturitionPreparing a nest by plucking off hair from her belly. Goes off feedingRestlessness. The udder distends. Livestock Production IV Livestock Rearing Practice IntroductionIn the management of livestock there are many activities that are carried out on animals to enhance production. They require care in feeding, health, breeding. Specific management also important in bee and fish farming. Routing livestock rearing practices. A routine is a fixed regular way of doing something. Done repeatedly after a certain period of timeFeeding PracticeAnimals are fed to cater for both maintenance and production requirements. These are special types of feeding carried out on certain animals to cater for specific needs. These include:FlushingThe practice of giving extra quality feed to an animal around service time. In sheep it is done 2-3 weeks before tupping and 3 weeks after tupping. In pigs it is done 3-4 weeks before service. Importance of FlushingIt increases conception rates. It enhances implantation of the zygote. In sheep it increases twinning percentage by 15-20 . Steaming UpGiving extra quality feed to an animal during the last weeks of gestation. In cattle it is done 6-8 weeks before calving. Importance Steaming UpIt provides nutrients for maximum foetal growth.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.094827}
{"text": "Steaming UpGiving extra quality feed to an animal during the last weeks of gestation. In cattle it is done 6-8 weeks before calving. Importance Steaming UpIt provides nutrients for maximum foetal growth. It helps in the build up of energy for parturition. It ensures the birth of a healthy animal. It promotes good health of the mother. It increases and maintains high milk yield after birth. Creep FeedingFeeding of young animals from birth to weaning. Piglets10 days old - introduced to creep pellets. 5 weeks old - creep pellets mixed with sow and weaner meals. 8 weeks old - weaning. LambsRun with their mothers for natural suckling. Bucks - introduced to succulent feeds and concentrates. KidsMeat goats kids suckle naturally. Dairy goats, fed on milk artificially,Given 0.5-1.25 litres up to the third week. Introduced to concentrates at 3-4 months. Weaned at 6-8 weeks of age. Parasite and Disease Control PracticesVaccinationIntroducing active disease organsms which are reduced in strength or virulent into the animals' body to induce immunity. Administration of Vaccination done through:By injection. Orally through the mouth. By inhalation through the nose. Eye drops. DewormingPractice of killing removing internal parasites by administering drugs known as dewormers antihelmitics. Hoof TrimmingCutting back overgrown hooves with the help of a hoof trimming knife, a hoof cutter or a hoof rasp. ImportanceFacilitate easy movement. Control of foot rot disease. Facilitate mating - prevent the ram from injuring the ewe during tupping. Docking tailingThis is the removal cutting oft of tails in sheep during the first week after birth. ImportanceEven distribution of body fat. Facilitate easy mating in adult life. Minimise fouling of the wool with faeces. Reduce incidences of blowfly infestation. Methods of Docking tailingCutting with sharp knife or scalpel. Use of elastrator and rubber ring. Dipping and SprayingThese are methods of applying acaricides on the animals to control external parasites. DustingIt is the application of chemical powders on the animal body or on the walls of the animal house to control external parasites.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.112347}
{"text": "Use of elastrator and rubber ring. Dipping and SprayingThese are methods of applying acaricides on the animals to control external parasites. DustingIt is the application of chemical powders on the animal body or on the walls of the animal house to control external parasites. It is used to control stick-fast parasites and fleas in poultry. Breeding PracticesThese are practices carried out to enhance successful breeding. Crutching and RingingCrutching - cutting of wool around the external reproductive organs of female sheep. Ringing - trimming wool around the sheath of the penis of the rams to facilitate mating. Tupping and ServingTupping refers to mating in sheep and goats. Serving refers to mating in cattle and pigs. RaddlingThis is the practice of fitting the rams with breeding chutes which are painted in different colours during matingto identify mated ewes and to indicate the active rams hence help in culling of the weak rams. IdentificationThe practice of putting identification marks on animal. Branding - burning marks on the animals skin. Ear tagging - placing marked plastic or metallic tags on the animals ears. Ear notching - cutting different shapes bearing different values on the ear lobes. Tattooing - use of permanent ink or dye to mark animals with light skin. Neck strap or chain - Fixing of tags round the animals neck with a chain or a strap. Importance purpose of Identificationrecord keepingSetting disputes in case animals get mixed up in the pasture. DebeakingCutting about 1 3 of the upper beak with a knife, scissors or hot iron. ImportanceControl egg eating. Control cannibalism. Tooth ClippingThe removal clipping of the needle canine teeth in piglets 24 hours after birth. CullingRemoval of undesirable animals from a herd. DehorningRemoval of horns or horn buds from an animal. ImportanceIt prevents animals from injuring each other. It makes the animal docile and therefore easy to handle. For easy transportation and feeding. Prevents destruction of farm structures. ShearingThe practice of cutting wool from all over the body of a sheep. It starts at the age of 8 months and then done once a year. Should be done during the dry season. Tools used: wool shears.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.1396759}
{"text": "It starts at the age of 8 months and then done once a year. Should be done during the dry season. Tools used: wool shears. Care must be taken not to cut the skin, testicles, udder, vulva and penis. CastrationIt is the rendering unserviceable the testicles of a male animal. ImportanceTo control breeding diseases. To control breeding. For faster growth rates. Increase quality of meat by removing unpleasant smell especially in goats. Methods Used:Closed bloodless methodinvolves use of burdizzo or rubber ring and elastrator. Animals do not bleed but may not be 100 effective. Open methodA surgical method used for castrating cocks, piglets and rabbits whose testes are internal. Also used for lambs, kids and calves. Animals bleed a lot. However, it is 100 effective. It is not recommended for mature adults. CaponisationIt is the practice of making male birds lose their male characteristics by use of hormones. Hormones used include stilboestrol which is injected into the birds when they are one day old and female hormones implanted beneath the skin at the neck. Birds which have lost their male characteristics in this way are referred to as capons. Management During ParturitionParturition is the act of giving birth to fully grown foetus. Parturition in CattleIt is referred to as calving. Gestation period lasts 270-285 days after conception. When the signs of parturition are observed the cow should be separated from the rest of the herd. Normal calving should take 2 hours and the normal presentation is the muzzle, face or fore head on top of the forelegs first. In case of other presentations the mother should be assisted. Provide the mother with plenty of water and feed after parturition. If the after birth does not come out within 48 hours a veterinarian should be called to remove it. Parturition in SheepIt is referred to as lambing. Gestation lasts 21 weeks 150 days after conception. The ewe lamb naturally without any problem. If complications arise the ewes should be assisted. Signs of Parturition in SheepUdder becomes full. Teats are bright red in colour. Restlessness and bleating. Slackening of the hip muscles. After these signs 'are seen the ewes should be separated from the others.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.1780152}
{"text": "Restlessness and bleating. Slackening of the hip muscles. After these signs 'are seen the ewes should be separated from the others. The normal presentation is forelegs and head first. After birth the mother should be allowed to lick the lamb to ensure the coat is dry. Parturition in GoatsIt is referred to as kidding. It takes place 150 days after conception. Nannies carrying twins, kid a few days earlier. Kidding nannies should be kept in a clean dry place which should be well sheltered. Signs of parturition are similar to those of ewes. Kidding nannies should be kept with another female for company. Parturition in PigsIt is referred to as farrowing. Gestation period 113-117 days 4 months . Signs of FarrowingThe sow becomes restless. There is enlargement of the vulva . Muscles on each side of the tail slacken. There is loss of appetite. The udder and the teats become enlarged. The sow collects bedding material in one comer to build a nest. Milk present in the teats 24 hours before farrowing. After the signs are seen;Farrowing takes about 2-6 hours under normal condition. An attendant should be there to assist the mother and piglets. Ensure the removal of the after birth to prevent the sow from eating it. The sow should be fed well and given plenty of clean water. Parturition in RabbitsIt is referred to as kindling. It takes place 28-32 days after conception. Provide a nesting box and plenty of dry soft beddings in the hutch towards the fourth week of gestation . Signs of ParturitionThe doe plucks off the fur from her body. Uses the fur to build a nest about 3-10 days earlier. Bee Keeping Apiculture Bees are insects which live in very well organised colonies. Each colony consists of:Queens - fertile females that breed to ensure the continuity of the species. Drones - fertile males that mate with the queen for reproduction process. Workers - non-fertile or sterile females that maintain the colony. Duties of WorkersThey rear and nurse the brood eggs, larvae and pupae , queen and drones. They collect nectar and make honey. They make the honey combs. They protect the hives. They clean the hive.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.192514}
{"text": "They make the honey combs. They protect the hives. They clean the hive. Importance of BeesCollect nectar from flowers. Make honey - a nutritious product used by man as food. Helps in crops pollination of plants. Bees produce wax used to make candles. They make propolis - a bee product which is medicinal. Routine ManagementSiting locating of an ApiaryFactors to consider;Nearness or accessibility to nectar or flower-producing vegetation. Areas with shade. Bees are sensitive to the sun's heat and require some shade to protect them. Safe distance from human residence and other livestock. Bees are stinging insects and can be a hazard to humans or other animals. Nearness to a source of water for use in their nutrition. A good distance from source of noise and other disturbances. Safety from predators for example honey badgers, ants safari ants , birds and other parasites such as wax moths. FeedingNormally bees are self-sufficient in providing their food from the honey they make. However, during the dry season, their feeding should be supplemented by providing a solution syrup of sugar water or giving molasses. This should be placed strategically so that it is easily accessible to the bees. ParasitesAntsWax mothsBee louseHoney badgerControl of ParasitesUse of physical barriers such as Vaseline grease to control ants. Smoke the hive to control bee louse. Suspend the hive to control honey badgers. Burn infected combs to control wax moths. Diseases and ControlAfrican bees are seldom attacked by diseases. Harvesting HoneyFactors to consider;Stage of ripening: Honey must be harvested when it is fully mature. Season of the year: Harvested at the end of the rainy season. ProcedureBlow light smoke through the hole. This makes bees suck honey and become engorged and docile. Lower the hive to the ground. Open the hive to expose honey combs. Brush the bees off the honey combs. Cut the honey combs, leaving a small margin on the bars and keep them in a closed container. Honey ProcessingUsing heat in a water bath to melt the honey. Crushing and straining. Using a centrifugal extractor. Precautions When Handling BeesAvoid excessive smoking. This kills the brood and lowers quality of the honey.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.1685758}
{"text": "Using a centrifugal extractor. Precautions When Handling BeesAvoid excessive smoking. This kills the brood and lowers quality of the honey. Use protective clothing to avoid sting. Protect the hive from rain water. Use clean equipment and containers to avoid contamination of the honey. Use recommended method of extracting honey. Use recommended type of hive such as Kenya top bar hive. Fish Keeping Aquaculture IntroductionThe rearing or keeping of fish is called fish farming and is normally carried out in specially prepared ponds. A good fish-pond should have the following features:Site should be on a fairly level ground with a permanent supply or source of water. The area should have clayey soil to avoid loss of water through seepage. Water must be free from any pollutants such as chemicals and other wastes. Construction should provide for:an inlet for fresh supply of water,a spill way channel to take off overflow or excess water,an outlet to drain off the water when it is necessary to replace pond water,a fence to keep off predators and other intruders. Feeding FishFish naturally feed on worms, insects and algae in the ponds. These sources of food must be supplemented by throwing in the pond ;kitchen wastes,chopped vegetable materials such as cabbage leaves,cereal bransbrewers' grain . Management Practices to Ensure Maximum Harvest of FishControl of stocking rate, that is to, have the recommended population of fish in a pond at anyone time. Harvest at the correct maturity stage. This is done by using the fishing net with correct mesh sizes to avoid catching the fingerlings. Avoid water pollution in the ponds which may poison fish. Ensure adequate supply of food in the pond. Water in the ponds should be kept in motion to facilitate aeration. Maintain appropriate depth level of water. Control predators and or thieves. Drain and refill ponds with fresh water as necessary. Harvesting FishHarvesting or extracting fish from the fish ponds for consumptionTwo main methods:Hook-and-line method:This is slow, injures small fish and is inefficient. It is only suitable for small-scale fishing. Use of fishing nets:This is the most efficient method as long as a net with the correct mesh sizes is used. Harvesting may be done 6-8 months after the introduction of fingerlings into the fish pond. Maintenance of the Fish PondRepairing the dyke or any structure on it. Cleaning the pond and removing foreign materials.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.2220674}
{"text": "Harvesting may be done 6-8 months after the introduction of fingerlings into the fish pond. Maintenance of the Fish PondRepairing the dyke or any structure on it. Cleaning the pond and removing foreign materials. Planting grass where necessary. Removing un desirable vegetation. Removing the silt. Fish PreservationPractices before preservation:Clean the fish to remove mud and any worms. Removing scales and slime. Opening the fish on the side to remove the gut and the intestines referred to as gutting. . Cleaning the abdominal cavity thoroughly. Keeping fish in open containers. Methods of PreservationFreezingSaltingSun dryingSmokingAppropriate Handling of Livestock During ManagementPhysical beating should be avoided. Structures which help in restraining animals should be used whenever applicable. The correct methods of securing and casting animals should be used. Use as little force as possible. Equipment such as ropes, halters, lead stick and bull rings are used to handle animals appropriately. Farm StructuresIntroductionFarm structures are physical constructions on the farm used to increase efficiency in production. Construction of Farm StructuresInvolves:Planning for farm structures ;Consider;Farm activities. Size of the enterprise. Future of the enterprise. Accessibility. Soil type. Siting farm structures;Consider:The location of the homestead. Accessibility. Security. Drainage topography. Wind direction. Relationship between the structures. Proximity to social amenities. Farmer's taste and preference. Materials for ConstructionStructural Materials and UseFactors which determine the type of materials to use are;durability,strength,labour,availability,workability,serviceability,costsanitation. Stones and BricksAdvantagesStones and bricks are durable, easy to disinfect, resistant to weather and insects decay and are easily available. DisadvantagesThey are bulky and require skilled labour to make them. Plastic and Synthetic MaterialsThese include;glass,asbestos fibrepolythene materials. AdvantagesLight,cheep depending on quality,easy to disinfect,can be moulded into any shape,are durable,cannot be destroyed by insects and fungusare water-proof. DisadvantagesAre easily destroyed,fragile,very expensiverequire skilled labour. Wood Timber AdvantagesThey are workable,cheap,can be re-usedare fairly strong.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.2473822}
{"text": "AdvantagesLight,cheep depending on quality,easy to disinfect,can be moulded into any shape,are durable,cannot be destroyed by insects and fungusare water-proof. DisadvantagesAre easily destroyed,fragile,very expensiverequire skilled labour. Wood Timber AdvantagesThey are workable,cheap,can be re-usedare fairly strong. DisadvantagesThey can catch fire easily,decay if exposed to waterare affected by fungus and insects. ConcreteIs a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and watere.g. In making blocks the ratio is 1:2:3; one part cement, two parts sand and three parts aggregate. UsesMaking posts for fencing. Making walls and floor of buildings. Making gabions and water channels to prevent erosion. Making water troughs. AdvantagesThese materials are;durable, workable,easy to disinfect,cheap to maintain,fire resistantDisadvantagesThese materials are ;expensive,require skilled labour,bulky,cannot be reusedAnimal handling structuresThe crush used when doing following activities;Spraying livestock to control ticks,milking,examining sick animals,artificial insemination,treating animals, eg drenching, vaccination,dong routine jobs such as dehorning, identification marks,The spray race-used in the control of ticks by spraying livestock with acaricidesThe dip- machakos type, and the pludge dip. This is used in the control of ticks by dipping livestockFarm BuildingsFactors to be considered in site selection;SecurityNearness to a source of waterTopographyDirection of the prevailing windDirection of the sunPersonal whims tastes and preferenceNearness to means of communication. Types of farm buildingsHouses for farm animals. Stores for farm produce. Stores for equipment, tools and supplies. Buildings for growing crops e.g green house. Building for processing plant e.g milk plant. Parts of a buildingThe foundation,The walls,The roofInclude;kingpost,rafters,struts,tie beam,rafter battenInclude;concrete floor,foundation wall,PVC sheet damp-proof course the compacted fill hard core . FencesImportance of Fence in a FarmKeep out intruders to the farm,Define the boundary lines of the farm. Paddocking of fields to make rotational grazing possible.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.2623005}
{"text": "Parts of a buildingThe foundation,The walls,The roofInclude;kingpost,rafters,struts,tie beam,rafter battenInclude;concrete floor,foundation wall,PVC sheet damp-proof course the compacted fill hard core . FencesImportance of Fence in a FarmKeep out intruders to the farm,Define the boundary lines of the farm. Paddocking of fields to make rotational grazing possible. Live fences serve as windbreaks. Fences are used in mixed farming to protect crops from. Damage by livestock. Fences add aesthetic values to the farm. It is easy to control breeding. It is easy to isolate sick animals from the rest of the herd. Types of FencesDead fences. Barbed wire fences. Electric fence. Concrete fence. Chicken wire fence mesh wire fence . Woven wire fence chain link . Wooden fence. Fencing PracticeMaterials include;wires,staples,nails,posts,droppersconcrete materials. Size of posts:General purpose 2.5m by 25cm in diameterStrainer units and corner posts 3m by 30cm in diameter:Distance between the posts:3m between posts, 10m if droppers are to be used. 200m between strainer units. Depth of holes - 60cm. Gate Posts, Gates and Strainer UnitsGates should be hung on posts separate from the fence. Mechanical implements for example tractors require 4.0-4.5m width of gate. Entrance gates for pedestrians can be accommodated within the fence. Steps in FencingLocate the cornersClear the fencing area. Mark gates, strainers, pass places and standards by pegging. Dig holes to proper depths. Fix the standard posts. Firm around posts or apply concrete. Fix wires on posts. Fix the droppers. Agricultural Economics II Land Tenure and Land Reforms IntroductionLand is an important factor of production. Without land it is impossible to practice the agricultural business. However the efficiency of utilization of land is influenced to a large extent by the condition of holding the land. Land TenureLand tenure is defined as the possession of the legal rights to the use of land. Various kinds of rights to the use of land give rise to different tenure systems.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.28455}
{"text": "However the efficiency of utilization of land is influenced to a large extent by the condition of holding the land. Land TenureLand tenure is defined as the possession of the legal rights to the use of land. Various kinds of rights to the use of land give rise to different tenure systems. Land Tenure SystemAll land tenure systems fall into two major classes, namely:Collective Tenure SystemsThis includes:Communal Tenure SystemsThis involves the possession of rights over land by the whole community. It works quite well under conditions of unlimited, land resources. Advantages of Communal TenureLandless problem does not exist. Land is not fragmented. Allows for free movement of animals in search of better pastures and water. Promotes community spirit among the members. Disadvantages of Communal TenureNo incentive among the users to conserve the land resources. Everybody strives to maximize returns from the land without the drive to invest, for example, in terms of soil conservation and maintenance of soil fertility. There is a tendency of overstocking and continuous cropping; which leads to soil erosion and loss of land productivity. As a result of communal grazing of livestock, it is impossible to improve livestock through;controlled breeding,proper feeding,disease and parasite control. Since there is no title deed, certificate of ownership it is virtually impossible to secure loans to develop the land. Co-operative Tenure SystemThis category includes various collective arrangements under the government or other authorities. Farmers voluntarily group together and buy land which they subsequently operate on co-operative basis. Examples are co-operative ranches. Advantages of Co-operative TenureNo land disputes. Labour is well utilized. Profit is distributed according to the number of shares. Resource use is enhanced for high production. Disadvantages of co-operative tenure. Incase of poor management everybody will loose. No individual title deed hence cannot secure loans. State ownershipLand is owned by the whole state and is refered to as government land. Examples in Kenya;Areas not allocated to individualsLand under local county councils cities and townsLand under forest, game reserve and parks, land for infra-structure and public utilityAdvantages of state ownershipGeneration of income for the stateAll the citizens benefit from whatever comes out of the land. DisadvantagesNon-competitive in terms of productionNo individual motivation when working on the land.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.3169181}
{"text": "State ownershipLand is owned by the whole state and is refered to as government land. Examples in Kenya;Areas not allocated to individualsLand under local county councils cities and townsLand under forest, game reserve and parks, land for infra-structure and public utilityAdvantages of state ownershipGeneration of income for the stateAll the citizens benefit from whatever comes out of the land. DisadvantagesNon-competitive in terms of productionNo individual motivation when working on the land. Individual Tenure systemThe various forms of individual land tenure are;Owner operator,Plantation and Concestion,Land-lordism TenancyOwner operatorThis category includes all persons who operate on land to which they have absolute individual rights. Examples are the majority of individual land owners in areas where demarcation and registration of land has taken place and title deeds issued. AdvantagesThe owner is free to make permanent production plans. The owner can pledge the land title deed to secure loans credit from lending agencies for further developmentAn individual is motivated to work harder than when under communal arrangementManagerial failures usually affect small units of production and are therefore negligible. It is easy for the owner to get agricultural advice. DisadvantagesCost such as machinery for processing may be too high for the individual ownerInnovation may be inadequate due to low levels of education. Lack of capital to invest. Plantation and concessionIn this form of land tenure, the individual is usually a company or a corporation. Most of them engage in the production of only one commodityThey are rigid in their production plans and in most cases labour is hired on wage basis. Example are coffee, tea, sugarcane, sisal estates in . AdvantagesHigh production from the land hence high economic gainsAllows foreigners to use and develop landNo land disputesCreate employment for the local peopleGenerate government revenue through taxation. DisadvantagesIndividuals own large pieces of land while others are landlessLarge areas of land may be left underdeveloped. Foreigners may repatriate profit to their countries. Landlordism and tenancyThe arrangement here involves the ownership of land by one individual or group of individuals landlord who lease it to another individual tenant . A legal lease specifies the length of time during which the tenure is operative;and that serves as a security of tenure to the tenant.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.3330097}
{"text": "Foreigners may repatriate profit to their countries. Landlordism and tenancyThe arrangement here involves the ownership of land by one individual or group of individuals landlord who lease it to another individual tenant . A legal lease specifies the length of time during which the tenure is operative;and that serves as a security of tenure to the tenant. The efficiency of production in this arrangement is greatly affected by the length of lease, its legal backing and rent payable. AdvantagesA person without land can get a chance to use land. A landlord who cannot operate the land, for any reason, can still earn income by leasing it to a needy tenant. It is a flexible arrangement; that is, it allows room for change of production plans should need arise. Security of tenure gives the tenant incentive to invest depending on the length of tenure. DisadvantagesPoor land use and low production if the tenant does not have enough funds to improve on land. Tenants cannot produce long term crops,Landlords can exploit the tenants by overcharging. Lack of incentives to improve land by the tenants since it does not belong to them. Land ReformsDefinitionLand reform is any organized action designed to improve the structure of land tenure and land use. Forms of Land ReformLand ConsolidationThis means bringing or putting together, into one piece; fragmented parcels or pieces of land scattered over a large area. The objective of land consolidation are :To save on time spent while moving from one piece of land to another. To facilitate effective and efficient farm planning. To create an incentive among land operators to invest on and develop land. To facilitate mechanization and improve production through efficiency. To improve level of production through effective supervision of the labour force and sound farming methods,Land Fragmentation and Sub-divisionThis is the subdividing of a large piece of land into smaller portions. Sometimes it becomes necessary to sub-divide land for the following reasons:To sell part of the land. The parent may wish to subdivide and distribute his land among the sons, daughters and other dependants. The government may decide to subdivide large farms in order to settle landless citizens. Land Adjudication and RegistrationLand adjudication involves;Establishing the legitimate ownership,Measurements to make permanent boundaries Recording of land details. Once land has been adjudicated, and any disputes concerning the same land are settled,It is then registered in the \"Register of Land\".", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.3424115}
{"text": "The government may decide to subdivide large farms in order to settle landless citizens. Land Adjudication and RegistrationLand adjudication involves;Establishing the legitimate ownership,Measurements to make permanent boundaries Recording of land details. Once land has been adjudicated, and any disputes concerning the same land are settled,It is then registered in the \"Register of Land\". And the owner is issued with a land title deed or certificate of legal ownership. Importance of land title deedThe legal owner of the land has security of tenure and hence an incentive to invest and improve productivity. A farmer can mortgage the land by offering land title certificate as a security to loaning agencies to secure capital to finance development projects. If a farmer who cannot operate the farm, he can still earn income from it by leasing it. Disputes concerning land boundaries and or land ownership no longer arise. Land Settlement and ResettlementDefinitionLand settlement means the occupation of land which was previously uninhabited. Land resettlement, on the other hand, is the transfer of people from an already densely populated area to a sparsely populated one. ObjectivesTo settle the landless citizens. To relieve population pressure in densely populated areas. To increase or promote agricultural productivity by farming on land that was previously unused or lying idle. To create self-employment thus improving the living standards. Land reclamation, especially by creating tsetse fly-barriers. Soil and Water ConservationIntroductionSoil and water are two very important natural resources in farming. They should therefore be well maintained and used without wastage to sustain continuous production. Water loss during the rainy season should be prevented and excess water conserved for use during scarcity. Soil erosion must be controlled at whatever cost if soil is to be conserved. Soil ErosionIt is the removal and carrying away of the top soil by the action of water or wind. Factors Influencing Soil ErosionAmount and intensity of rainfall. The steeper the land the higher the velocity of surface runoff. The higher the velocity of surface runoff the greater is its erosive power effect. Type of soil for example sandy soils are more easily detached and carried away than clayey soils. Soil depth;The deeper the soil, the longer it takes to be saturated with water. Land use:Overstocking leads to bareness of the land and looseness of the soil. Deforestation - indiscriminate removal of trees leads to exposure of soil to heavy rainfall and high temperatures.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.368181}
{"text": "Soil depth;The deeper the soil, the longer it takes to be saturated with water. Land use:Overstocking leads to bareness of the land and looseness of the soil. Deforestation - indiscriminate removal of trees leads to exposure of soil to heavy rainfall and high temperatures. Indiscriminate burning of vegetation exposes the soil to erosive agents. Clean weeding leaves the soil bare. Ploughing along the slope. Monoculture or continuous cultivation. Ground coverTrees act as windbreakers. Roots of vegetation cover hold the soil particles together. Leaf fall act as mulch which reduces erosion. Leaves of vegetation cover intercepts raindrops reducing their erosive power. Agents of ErosionWater - moving water has erosive power. Wind - wind carries away soil. Human beings - through man's activities such as cultivation and mining. Animals - through overgrazing and creating footpaths where soil erosion takes place. Types of ErosionRaindrop splash - displacement of the soil caused by raindrops. Sheet - uniform removal of soil in thin layers from flat or gently sloping areas. Rill - removal of soil from small bur well defined channels or rills. Gulley - removal of soil from channels which become progressively deeper and wider. Riverbank Erosion - removal of soil along river banks by the river water. Solifluction - gravitational flow of soil saturated with water. Land slides - mass movement of rock debris and soil down a slope,For example;Slip movement of earth or rock masses for a short distance. Debris slide - materials move at a greater speed. Debris fall - movement of materials debris along vertical cliff. Rock fall - movement of rock down a very steep slope. Rock slides - mass of rock materials that slide along a bedding plate, a joint or a fault face. Soil Erosion Control MeasuresSoil conservation measures can be classified into:Biological or cultural controlPhysical or structural controlBiological or Cultural Control MeasuresThese measures are applicable where land slope is between 2-12 . Grass strips filter strips;These are narrow uncultivated strips along the contour left between cultivated strips. Cover cropping ;The establishment of a crop that spreads out over the surface of the soil to provide it with a cover. Contour farming ;Carrying out all land operations along the contour. Mulching ;Covering of the soil with either organic or synthetic materials.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.3972516}
{"text": "Cover cropping ;The establishment of a crop that spreads out over the surface of the soil to provide it with a cover. Contour farming ;Carrying out all land operations along the contour. Mulching ;Covering of the soil with either organic or synthetic materials. Proper cropping systems such as:Crop rotationCorrect spacingInter-croppingRidging furrowingStrip croppingControlled grazing;Proper stocking rate, rotational grazing. Strip cropping;Growing crops which give little ground cover in alternate strips with crops such as beans which have a good ground cover. Afforestation re-afforestation. Afforestation - growing of trees where non-existed. Re-afforestation - growing of trees where they have been cut down. Agroforestry - land use that involves the growing of trees in combination with crops and pastures on the same piece of land. Physical or Structural Control MeasuresThese are soil and water conservation measures which involve mechanical constructions on the earth. They are used in areas of moderate slope between 13-55 . They include:Trash or stone lines;These are rows of heaped crop' residues or stones made along the contours. Filter strips;It involves the growing of an open crop in the upper side of the slope followed by a dense crop to reduce speed of water. This increases infiltration. Terraces;Are structures constructed across a slope to reduce the length of a slope thus reducing run-off. Bench terraces;Are constructed where the slope is 35-55 . Tree crops are suitable for such areas. Importance of a Bench Terrace: -Reduces slope of the land. Conserves soil moisture. Better retention of soil fertility. Narrow based terraces Cannot allow cultivation by machines. Broad based terraces - Is wide enough to allow cultivation by machines. Graded terraces:Have a drainage channel to lead off excess water to a vegetated place. They should be about 100m in length. Level terraces:Have no outlet channels,The aim is to have water infiltrating,Hence no water can flow from the ends of the terrace. Fanya juu:A ridge made by digging a channel and throwing the soil uphill. Fanya chini:In this case the soil is heaped on the lower side of the channel. Bunds: heaps of soil earth made along the contour. Cutoff drains:An open trench with an embankment on the lower side into which water from the farm drains.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.4147875}
{"text": "Fanya chini:In this case the soil is heaped on the lower side of the channel. Bunds: heaps of soil earth made along the contour. Cutoff drains:An open trench with an embankment on the lower side into which water from the farm drains. Water from the trench should be discharged into;Natural waterways,Artificial waterways,Rocky groundGrasslandGabion Porous dams:Galvanized wire mesh boxes filled with stones which are built across slopes and gullies. Dams and reservoirs ;Dams - barriers built across a river waterway to hold and store water. It reduces speed of runoff. Reservoirs - these are large storage tanks. Ridging - heaps of soil to reduce the speed of water,They retain the water for some time. Water Harvesting MethodsWater harvesting and storage should be done during the rainy seasons to avoid wastage. This should be done using the following methods:Roof catchment - trapping and collection of rain water from roof tops. Rock catchment - water is harvested by constructing a barrier on the lower side of a large impervious rock to trap surface runoff from the rock. Weirs and dams. Dam - a barrier constructed across a river or a dry valley so that it can hold water. Weirs - barriers constructed across a river or a stream to raise the water level and still allow water to flow over it. Ponds - water retention excavations' made to hold excess surface water. Retention ditches level terraces.-These are terraces constructed with blocked ends to retain water. Micro-CatchmentsA system of harvesting limited rainfall and storing the water in the ground for use by the planted crops. Types of Microcatchments;Triangular V-shaped Negarims;V-shaped bunds measuring 25cmAre built with soil from the excavated planting holes to direct runoff water towards the basin area around the base of each plantSemi-circular bunds;Formed around the growing plant to hold water around the plant. Trapezoidal bunds;Trapezoidal shaped bunds, which enclose a large area where the crops are grown. Contour bunds furrows ;These are furrows made along the contours between the rows of crops where agroforestry trees are intercropped with annual crops. Planting holes pits ;These are extra large planting holes made and filled with dry plant materials before filling in with soil.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.4454572}
{"text": "Trapezoidal bunds;Trapezoidal shaped bunds, which enclose a large area where the crops are grown. Contour bunds furrows ;These are furrows made along the contours between the rows of crops where agroforestry trees are intercropped with annual crops. Planting holes pits ;These are extra large planting holes made and filled with dry plant materials before filling in with soil. Use of Micro-CatchmentsSlow down the speed of surface runoff. Used during landscaping of the compound, parks and roadside nest areas. Reclamation of land for food crop in dry areas. Water collected and stored can be used for irrigationAfforestation in dry areas. Weeds and Weed ControlIntroductionWeeds cause heavy crop losses if not controlled. Their control is important so as to maintain high quality and quantity produce. Definition:A weed is any plant growing where it is not required. And whose economic disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Harmful Effects of WeedsWeeds compete with crops for nutrients, space, light and soil moisture. Some weeds, for example, Striga spp are parasitic to cultivated crops such as maize. Some weeds lower the quality of agricultural produce for example:Mexican marigold gives undesirable flavour to milk if dairy cows feed on it. Devils horsewhip, black jack, bristly fox-tail and others get attached to sheep wool thus lowering its quality. Some weeds are poisonous to human beings and livestock for example:Thorn apple Datura stramonium Sodom apple Solanum incanum Some weeds have allelopathic effects to cultivated crops. Water weeds block irrigation channels. Aquatic weeds such as Salvinia in Lake Naivasha and water hyacinth in Lake Victoria affect fishing. Some weeds are alternate hosts for insects, pests and disease causing organisms for example:Wild oat avena fatua is an alternate host for rusts. Mallow malva verticillata is an alternate host for cotton stainers.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.4367876}
{"text": "Aquatic weeds such as Salvinia in Lake Naivasha and water hyacinth in Lake Victoria affect fishing. Some weeds are alternate hosts for insects, pests and disease causing organisms for example:Wild oat avena fatua is an alternate host for rusts. Mallow malva verticillata is an alternate host for cotton stainers. Weeds lower the quality of pasture for example:Tickberry Lantana camara Nut grass Cyperus rotundus ,Manyatta grass Eleusine jaegeri Some weeds irritate workers thus reducing the efficiency in which they are controlled for example:Double thorn Oxygonum sinuatum ,Stinging nettle Urtica massaica ,Devil's horse whip Achyranthes aspera . Factors Contributing to the Competitive Ability of WeedsThey produce large quantities of seeds for example pigweed and black jack. Their seeds remain viable in the soil for a long time awaiting conducive germination conditions. They have effective seed dispersal mechanisms. Some weeds propagate by means of elaborate underground storage structures. They are efficient in utilizing little moisture, nutrients and sunlight. Some have short life cycles. They have elaborate root systems for supporting the plant and absorbing nutrients and water. Weed ClassificationIt is based on:Life cycles for example:Annuals - complete their life cycle in only one season. Biennuals - complete their life cycles in two seasons only. Perennials - complete their life cycle in more than two seasons. Morphology - leaf formation such as size, shape and venation. Broad leaved weeds for example black jack, lantana, pig weed, oxalis and others. Narrow leaved weeds for example couch grass, setaria, nut-grass, manyatta grass and others. Habitat - some weeds are terrestrial grow on land while others are aquatic grow on aquatic marine conditions . Weed IdentificationWeeds are identified by their common individual names and botanical names. They are named according to specific features or according to person who identified them. Common Name Botanical NameBlack Jack Bidens pilosaMexican marigold Tagetes minuta0xalislsorrel ..Oxalis spp.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.4792154}
{"text": "Weed IdentificationWeeds are identified by their common individual names and botanical names. They are named according to specific features or according to person who identified them. Common Name Botanical NameBlack Jack Bidens pilosaMexican marigold Tagetes minuta0xalislsorrel ..Oxalis spp. Double thorn Oxygonum sinuatumThorn apple ..Datura stramoniumCouch grass ..Digitaria scalarumNut grass ..Cyperus rotundusWandering Jew Commelina bengalensisSow thistle Sonchus ole race usDevil's horsewhip .Achyranthes asperaMacdonald's eye Gallant soldier. Gallinsoga parvifloraSodom apple .Solanum incanumBlack night shade ..Solanum nigrumChinese lantern . Nicandra physalodesBracken fern ..Pteridium aquilliumLove grass Bristly foxtail .Setaria verticillataCleavers Gallium spuriumStinging Nettle ..Urtica massaicaFat hen Goose foot ...Chenopodium spp. Rape weed Brassica nap usWild oats ...Avena fatuaLantana Tick berry Lantana camaraWater hyacinth .Eichhornia crassipesStriga Witch weed Striga hermonthecaCreeping indigo .Indigofera spicataWeed Control MethodsThe methods of weed control determined by:The weed being controlled. Weather conditions. Capital availability. Effect on environment. METHODS OF WEED CONTROL INCLUDE:Chemical Weed Control The use of chemicals known as herbicides to control weeds. Classification of HerbicidesBased on:Formulation - the physical form of the herbicides for example:LiquidsWettable powdersEmulsionDustTime of ApplicationPre-emergence - applied before the planted crop germinates. Post emergence - applied after the planted crop germinates.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.4695418}
{"text": "METHODS OF WEED CONTROL INCLUDE:Chemical Weed Control The use of chemicals known as herbicides to control weeds. Classification of HerbicidesBased on:Formulation - the physical form of the herbicides for example:LiquidsWettable powdersEmulsionDustTime of ApplicationPre-emergence - applied before the planted crop germinates. Post emergence - applied after the planted crop germinates. SelectivitySelective. Non selective. Mode of ActionContact - herbicides that kill only the parts of the plant which it comes into contact. Translocated systemic herbicides that will kill the whole plant even if it comes into contact with only a small part of it. Methods of Herbicide ApplicationSpraying - application of solutions. Dusting - application of dusts. Fumigation - application of fumigants into the soil. Safety Measures in the Use of ChemicalsRead manufacturer's instructions and follow them. Wear protective clothing such as overalls, breathing mask, gloves and boots. Avoid inhaling the herbicides. Wash thoroughly after handling chemicals. Do not blow or such blocked nozzles. Avoid herbicide drift to unintended crops and other plants. Avoid herbicide drift to livestock feed and water. Avoid spilling herbicides in pastures and fodder crops. Dispose off the empty containers properly for example burying them in the soil. Do not wash spraying equipment in water sources used by animals and human beings. Store chemicals in a safe place. Wash the spraying equipment thoroughly. Sink left over chemicals into the soil after the day's work. Advantages of Chemical Weed ControlIt is less laborious. Effective in the control of difficult weeds such as couch grass and sedges. It does not disturb crop roots and other underground structures. It makes the control of weeds in certain crop easier. It is efficient in both wet and dry conditions. It does not destroy soil structure. Cheaper in large scale production than the use of manual or mechanical cultivation. Disadvantages of Chemical Weed ControlIt requires skilled labour in mixing and application. Cause environmental pollution. Herbicides have long residual effects which may interfere with future crops. It is very expensive. Mechanical Weed ControlIt involves the following operations:Tillage CultivationThis is the opening and loosening up of the soil. It can be done by hand tools or tractor drawn implements. AdvantagesCheap in small scale production. Increases water and air infiltration into the soil.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.51406}
{"text": "It can be done by hand tools or tractor drawn implements. AdvantagesCheap in small scale production. Increases water and air infiltration into the soil. Incorporates crops residues into the soil. The earthing-up done during tillage encourages root growth. DisadvantagesIf done repeatedly it destroys soil structure. It is laborious and expensive in large scale production. It may not effectively control weeds. It may lead to soil erosion and loss of soil moisture. Damage crop roots. Slashing Mowing Mechanical removal of shoots from weeds. It is effective in the control of annual weeds. UprootingIt is done when the crops are too closeTo allow mechanical cultivation or where weeds are scattered. Cultural Weed ControlIt involves the following practices:Mulching. Cover cropping. Crop rotation. Timely planting. Use of clean seed planting materials. Proper spacing. Proper seedbed preparation. Flooding. Biological Weed ControlThe use of living organisms to control weeds. Examples are:Use of livestock to graze and control growth of weeds especially in plantations. Use of weed eating fish to control aquatic weeds. Use of moths to control cactus. Limitations: the method is not reliable. Legislative Weed Control QuarantineIt involves government laws and regulations which prevent the introduction and spread of foreign weeds in a country or an area. Done by KEPHIS. Limitations: Only samples are checked while the bulk of the materials may have some weed seeds. Crop Pests and DiseasesIntroductionCrop pests and diseases lead to high losses in crop production hence efficient control measures are needed. Proper control measures require the farmers to be able to;Identify these organisms,Know their life cycles, feeding habitsThe damage they cause to crops. Crop PestsDefinition of a Pest:It is a living organism that destroys crops trees either directly or indirectly by introducing pathogens disease causing germs . Classification of PestsPests are classified according to the following:Mode of FeedingPests with biting and chewing mouth parts - they cause physical damage and reduce the photosynthetic area of the plant. Pests with piercing and sucking mouth parts - they suck out the nutritious plant sap and in the process may introduce disease causing organisms. Crops AttackedSome crop pests attack specific crops for example, stem borers prefer cereal crops.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.5241957}
{"text": "Classification of PestsPests are classified according to the following:Mode of FeedingPests with biting and chewing mouth parts - they cause physical damage and reduce the photosynthetic area of the plant. Pests with piercing and sucking mouth parts - they suck out the nutritious plant sap and in the process may introduce disease causing organisms. Crops AttackedSome crop pests attack specific crops for example, stem borers prefer cereal crops. Stage of Growth of Crops AttackedThere are pests of seedlings attack when the crop is young, for example cutworms. Pests of fruits - attack the crops at fruiting stage. Pests of grains attack the crops when the grains are formed. Field and Storage PestsSome pests attack the crops while in the field. Other pests attack the produce after it has been harvested and stored. Identification of Common PestsOther Crop Pests Include:Mealy bugs - coffeeThrips - coffeeBeetles - field and storage pests. Birds - field pests - cereals and fruits. Rodents - field and storage pests ,cereals and tubers. Nematodes - soil borne pests - tomatoes, potatoes, sunflower, beans. Harmful Effects of Crop PestsPests such as squirrels and rodents, unearth planted seeds, resulting in poor germination. Some pests like nematodes, termites and moles damage crop roots causing wilting and death of the crops. They lower the quality and quantity of farm produce. They increase the cost of production since farmers will incur expenses in purchasing chemicals to control them. They transmit diseases to crops for example, aphids transmit streak virus disease in maize. Chemicals used to control the pests cause pollution to the environment. They exterminate the crop by feeding on them for example eating embryo of the seed. Control of PestsIf pest population causes damage beyond tolerance then it is said to have reached economic injury level EIL hence control measures should be effected before this level. Before any control measure is effected ,the following should be considered:Know the life cycle of the pest. Correct identification of the pest. Correct assessment of the damage. The weather conditions. The value of the crop in question. The cost factor of the control method. Methods of Controlling the PestsCultural methods. Physical mechanical measuresBiological methods. Chemical methods. Integrated pest management.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.571685}
{"text": "Physical mechanical measuresBiological methods. Chemical methods. Integrated pest management. Cultural Methods:These are farming practices which aim at reducing the pest population by destroying the life cycle of the pests either by exposing them to adverse conditions or denying them food. These include:Timely planting to escape pest attack. Timely harvesting. Proper tillage. Close season: this is the period when a susceptible crop is not grown in order to control a certain pest. Trap cropping: These are crops which attract pests diverting them from the main crop. The trap crop is grown together with the main crop. Crop rotation: It breaks the life cycle of the pest. Planting resistant varieties: These are plants with natural protective mechanisms against pest for example hairy cotton against jassid bugs, goose necked sorghum against birds, high tillering in sorghum against shoot fly. Field hygiene: This includes rogueing and removal of crop residues which harbour pests from field. Alterations of environmental conditions, such as, creating a microclimate which is not conducive to pests for example open pruning in coffee. Crop nutrition: application of fertilizers and manures to make the crop strong and able to escape pest attacks. Destruction of alternate hosts, for example, weeds like mallow which harbour cotton stainers. Use of clean planting materials. This helps to prevent introduction of crop pests. Proper spacing: if well spaced some pests find it difficult to move from one plant to another. Use of organic manure, for example, farmyard manure discourages eel worms nematodes . Chemical ControlChemicals used to control pests are known as pesticides. Pesticides are administered through dusting, spraying or fumigating. Classification of Pesticides:Pesticides are classified on the basis of:Mode of EntryStomach - ingested by the pest together with the crop materials. Contact - absorbed through the body tissues. Fumigants - through the breathing mechanism. Systemic - translocated to all parts. Mode of ActionRespiratory poisons - interfere with breathing mechanisms. Coagulants - cause the blood of the pest to coagulate. Neurotoxins - act on the nervous system. Protoplasmic poisons - cause the cells to disintegrate. Target PestsInsecticides - kill insect pestsMolluscicides - kill snails and slugs. Rodenticides - kill rodents.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.5519626}
{"text": "Protoplasmic poisons - cause the cells to disintegrate. Target PestsInsecticides - kill insect pestsMolluscicides - kill snails and slugs. Rodenticides - kill rodents. Nematocides - kill nematodes. Formulation . Dusts, granules and powdersEmulsifiable concentrates. Miscible liquids. Wettable powders. Fumigants. Factors That Affect the Efficiency of PesticidesConcentration of the pesticides. Weather conditions at the time of application. Timing of application - efficiency is high if applied when the pest is most susceptible. Persistence of the pesticide having long residual effect in the soil. Resistance of the pests. Advantages of Chemical Pest ControlFasterImmediate results are achieved. Low labour requirements. Disadvantages of Chemical Pest ControlExpensive to buy. Cause pollution to the environment. Require skilled labour to apply. Some pesticides may kill beneficial organisms and predators. Some target pests may build up resistance. Mechanical Pest Control PhysicalThis involves the killing of the pests using physical methods. Or creating physical barriers to prevent pests from getting into contact with the crops . Example:Flooding irrigation; for example, moles are suffocated through flooding. Use of lethal temperatures: either too cold or too hot. Suffocation; commonly used in grain storage bins by being made air tight. Trapping and killing, for example, rats. Creation of physical barriers, such as, rat bafflers, sticky materials on tree trunks. Proper drying: this makes them too hard to be destroyed by pests. Scaring devices especially in rice plantations to control birds. Use of explosives thrown at breeding places of birds to kill or scare them away. Biological Pest ControlIt involves the use of living organisms to reduce the pest population. Predator Target PestParasitic wasp-------------------White fly in citrus, boll worms, stalk borersBirds--------------------------------- Crickets, locusts, caterpillar llars.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.6048357}
{"text": "Use of explosives thrown at breeding places of birds to kill or scare them away. Biological Pest ControlIt involves the use of living organisms to reduce the pest population. Predator Target PestParasitic wasp-------------------White fly in citrus, boll worms, stalk borersBirds--------------------------------- Crickets, locusts, caterpillar llars. Lady Bird --------------------------AphidsTrachnid flies -------------------cotton stainerPraying mantis-----------------giant loppersMajimoto ants -----------------scalesCats ----------------------------------moles,rats,miceBrachonid wasps-------------mealy bugsChicken ---------------cotton stainer, larvae of beetles, grasshoppers, cricketsAdvantagesCheapNo environmental pollutionSaves on labour. DisadvantagesTakes too long to get the correct agentDifficult to control the pest effectively. Integrated Pest ManagementIt is a new method which involves the combination of the methods mentioned above. The aim is to have least hazards to the user and to the environment. Example, attractant-pheromones are used to attract pests to one place where they are sprayed and eradicated. Legislative Method QuarantineLegislative mearsures of pest control are effected by the Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service KEPHIS through seed inspection. Crop Disease And Their ControlA disease is any deviation from the normal performance or functions. A plant disease is any harmful physiological disorder in a plant caused by pathogenic agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi. The study of plant disease is called plant pathology. Economic importance of crop diseasesThey lower crop yieldThey reduce the quality of the produce thus reducing their market valueThey cause food poisoning. E.g ergot in wheat, afflatoxin in grain crops by fungus. They reduce photosynthetic area of the plant. Classification and identification of plant diseasePlant disease are classified according to their causal agents;Fungal diseases;Fungi are non-green plant-like. Some are parasitic and others are saprophytic. Parasitic fungi divided into;Obligate parasites- those that depend on other living organisms for food. Falcultative parasites-those that are able to live on both the living and dead tissues.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.5832562}
{"text": "Some are parasitic and others are saprophytic. Parasitic fungi divided into;Obligate parasites- those that depend on other living organisms for food. Falcultative parasites-those that are able to live on both the living and dead tissues. Examples of fungal diseasePanama disease Fusarium oxysperium bananas Cigar-end rot Verticilium theobromae -bananasDie back attack the tips of shoots and rootsMildews-foliar disease of several cropsArmillaria root rot Armillaria mellea -coffee and teaDamping off-disease of seedlings in the nurseryAnthracnose Colletotrichum spp -coffee,beans,tomatoes. Fungus also cause damage to stored grains which are not properly dried or if the store is damp. Fungus cause food poisoning and lower seed viability for example Aspergillus flavus which produces a highly toxic compound called afflatoxin. Examples of fungal diseaseBacterial DiseasesBacteria are microscopic single-celled organisms which reproduce by binary fissionTransmission; Through irrigation water, seeds, fertilizers, manures, wind ,raindrop splash, insects, soil and mechanical means. Symptoms of Bacterial DiseasesWiltingCankers necrotic tissues localized necrosisGall formation in infected tissues. Examples of bacterial diseasesViral DiseasesViruses are small living organisms which can only be seen under a very powerful electronic microscope. Viruses interfere with photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and nitrogen utilizationSymptoms of Viral InfectionLeaf chlorosis. Leaf curling. Mosaic light green or yellow patches . Malformation distortion of plant parts. Rosettes; Development of abnormally short internode. TransmissionThrough the use of infected vegetative materials and insect vectors like aphids, mealybugs and leafhoppers. Viral diseasesOther Causes of Crop DiseasesFlooding forming ammonia which is poisonous to the crops causing a burning effect on leaves. Chemicals: some may be toxic. Poor weather: Extremes of day and night temperatures. Stress: such as irregular watering as in tomato blossom end rot. Control of Crop DiseasesCultural method: This involves use ofHealthy planting materials. Practicing field hygiene. Proper seedbed preparation. Proper spacing. Heat treatment of the planting materials for example sugar cane.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.6336515}
{"text": "Proper seedbed preparation. Proper spacing. Heat treatment of the planting materials for example sugar cane. Proper drying of cereals and pulses to 13 M.C. Growing disease resistant varieties. Legislative MethodInvolves the imposing of regulations and laws especially in case of disease outbreaks to prevent the introduction and spread of diseases. Chemical ControlUsed as a last resort. Chemical control measures include:Seed dressing before planting. Soil fumigation to control soil borne diseases. Spraying: application of fungicides. Crop Production VI Field Practices II IntroductionThere are many crops cultivated in Kenya. These crops are grown for various uses and require different ecological conditions. Definitions:Hybrids - These are crop varieties developed by crossing two pure lines. Composites - These are crop varieties developed through repeated mass selection. Cultivars - these are varieties of crops which are cultivated in a given area. MaizeMain growing areas: Trans-Nzoia, Nakuru, Uasin Gishu, Laikipia districts and others. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: Upto 2000m above sea level. Temperature: About 25 CSoils: Freely draining, fertile loam soils. Rainfall: 750-12S0rnm critical at silking and pollination stage. VarietiesHigh altitude areas: Hybrids 611, 613 and 614C. Medium altitude areas: 511,512,622 and 632. Marginal rainfall areas: Katumani composite and Makueni composite. Coast regions: Coast composite and Katumani composite. Seedbed PreparationPloughing should be deep and done during the dry season to eradicate weeds. Require medium tilth. Plant spacing 75-90cm x 20-30cm. Planting done at the onset of the rains. This helps to reduce pest attack. Dry planting in areas with inadequate rainfall is necessary. Field Maintenance:Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting at a rate of 120kg ha P2O5Also nitrogenous fertilizers as top dress at the rate of 200kg of ASN or CAN. Control weeds by cultivation, use of appropriate herbicides, uprooting, slashing and mulching. Pest ControlMaize Stalk Borer:Nature of damage: Boring the leaves causing windowing effect, boring the stems and cobs.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.673416}
{"text": "Field Maintenance:Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting at a rate of 120kg ha P2O5Also nitrogenous fertilizers as top dress at the rate of 200kg of ASN or CAN. Control weeds by cultivation, use of appropriate herbicides, uprooting, slashing and mulching. Pest ControlMaize Stalk Borer:Nature of damage: Boring the leaves causing windowing effect, boring the stems and cobs. Control: Destruction of previous years crop residue, closed season and apply chemicalsMaize Weevils:it is a storage pest. Damage: Bores holes into the maize grains, eating the contents. Control: Proper hygiene and sanitation in the stores. Use of chemicals such as Actellic Super. Disease Control:RustCause: Fungus. Symptoms: Red or brown pustules on the. Leaves. Control: Plant resistant varieties and crop rotation. SmutsCause: FungusSymptoms: Black sooty mass of spores on maize heads or cobs ear . Control: Crop rotation, growing resistant varieties and destruction of affected plant parts. Maize Streak VirusCause: VirusSymptoms: Yellow longitudinal stripes parallel to the midrib. Control: Certified seed, early planting and rogueing. HarvestingHarvest the crop 3-9 months after planting depending on variety. Maize stalks are cut and stocked in the field. Cobs removed by hand. For large scale harvesting, combined harvesters are used. Yields about 3,OOOkg and 4500kg ha. Bulrush MilletAreas where grown:Lower areas of Kirinyaga,Embu,Meru,Parts of MachakosKerio Valley. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: Does well in areas below 1200m. Rainfall: 500-600mrn per annum. Soils: Light sandy soils. Varieties: Serere 2A, 3A, 6A, 17, 16 9Seed Bed PreparationsPloughing of land during the dry season. Soil should be of fine tilth since the seeds are small. Planting:Done at the onset of the rains. Planted by broadcasting and row planting at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm. Field Maintenance:Weeding is done until tillering.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.6554825}
{"text": "Planting:Done at the onset of the rains. Planted by broadcasting and row planting at a spacing of 60cm x 15cm. Field Maintenance:Weeding is done until tillering. Top-dressing is done by use of sulphate of ammonia. Pest ControlBirdsNature of Damage: Eats the seeds at milky stage. Control: Bird scaring devices. Disease ControlErgotCause: Fungus. Symptoms: Heads become sticky. Control: Use of certified seeds, crop rotation and destruction of affected crops. Downy MildewCause: Fungus. Symptoms: Long, whitish lines on the leaves. Control: Crop rotation and field hygiene. HarvestingDone by cutting off the heads. Drying of the heads. Threshing and winnowing of the grains. Stored under well ventilated dry conditions. Yields about 1000kg ha with good management. Finger MilletAreas where grown: Western Kenya and Uganda. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 0-2400m above sea level. Rainfall: 900mm, drought resistant in the early stages. Soils: Free draining fertile soils. Varieties:Serere varieties developed at Serere in Uganda. Ultra lupin5.18 oats. Land PreparationsThe seedbed should be thoroughly prepared to a fine tilth due to the small size of the seeds. It also helps to control weeds. Field OperationsPlantingFinger millet should be planted as early as possible in the season. It is usually broadcasted by hand. If planted in rows, the furrows should be 30-33cm apart and the plants should be thinned to 5cm apart within the rows. Fertilizer ApplicationSulphate of ammonia at the rate of 125kg ha is recommended for topdressing finger millet. Weed ControlClean seedbed preparationUprootingPest Control:Birds are controlled through scaring. Disease ControlHead blast:Cause: FungusSymptoms: Brown spots with grey centres on the leaves and stems below the inflorescence. Control: Use of resistant varieties. HarvestingIndividual heads are cut with knives. Heads are dried, threshed and winnowed. Yields 1650kg ha with good management.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.665408}
{"text": "HarvestingIndividual heads are cut with knives. Heads are dried, threshed and winnowed. Yields 1650kg ha with good management. SorghumIt is grown in Western, northern, Rift Valley, Eastern and some parts of Central Province. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 0-1500m above sea level. Rainfall: 420-630mm. It is drought resistant. Soils: Fairly fertile and well drained soils. VarietiesDobbs variety. Serena variety. Field OperationsPlantingBroadcasting the seeds on the firmly prepared seedbed. Intercropped with other crops especially maize and beans. Can be planted in pure stands at a spacing of 60cm x 15cmFertilizer ApplicationResponds well to farmyard manure FYM . Inorganic fertilizers are not commonly used in growing sorghum. Pest ControlBird pests: They are the most common sorghum pests. They includequelea,aethiopica Sudan Dioch ,weaver birds,starling birdbishop's bird. They are controlled through;killing them using explosives,poison spraying in their breeding placesuse of flame throwers. Sorghum shoot-fly controlled by early planting, closed season and application of insecticides. Stem borer - control by use of insecticides and field hygiene. Disease ControlCommon sorghum diseases include:Leaf blightAnthracnose. Sooty stripe. Loose smutHead smutSmuts are controlled by seed dressing-while the other diseases are controlled by growing resistant varieties. HarvestingSorghum is ready for harvesting 3-4 months after planting. Heads are cut off using a sharp knife after which they are sun-dried, threshed, winnowed and stored. Up to 3000kg hectare can be obtained with good management. BeansGrown in all provinces where maize is grown. Ecological RequirementsAltitude: 10.00-2100 metres above sea level. Rainfall: Average of 62Smm per annum. Soils: Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. VarietiesVarieties for dry beans:Rose Coco,Mwezi Moja,Canadian Wonder,Wairimu,Haricot,Mwitemania. Variety for canning: Mexican 142.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.6989865}
{"text": "Soils: Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter. VarietiesVarieties for dry beans:Rose Coco,Mwezi Moja,Canadian Wonder,Wairimu,Haricot,Mwitemania. Variety for canning: Mexican 142. Varieties for French Beans:Primeur,Long Tom,Saza,Master PieceMonel. Seedbed PreparationLand should be prepared early. Primary and secondary cultivation done to control perennial weeds. Seed Selection and TreatmentSelect wholesome seeds free from damage and wrinkles. Seeds are dressed against bean fly. Seeds should be inoculated with appropriate bacteria none dressed seeds PlantingPlanted at the onset of the rains. Spacing 30-45cm x 15cm. Apply phosphatic fertilizer during planting time. Plant 2-4 seeds per hole. Field MaintenanceProvide sticks for the climbing varieties. Control of weeds through shallow cultivation. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer for example CAN. PestControlBean-FlyNature of damage: Feeds on the stems causing swelling at the roots. This results in wilting and death. Control: Dressing of seeds, early planting and spraying with insecticides. Bean Bruchid Storage Pest Nature of damage: Make dark circular windows on the grains. Control: Clean stores, fumigation, and seed dressing. Diseases ControlBean AnthracnoseCause' FungusSymptoms: Brown or black lesions on the underside of the leaves, pods and stems. Control: Growing resistant varieties, crop rotation, destruction of crop residues and spraying with fungicides. Bean RustCause: FungusSymptoms: Red brown pustules on the leaves. Control: Planting resistant varieties and spraying copper fungicides. HarvestingDone during the dry season for dry beans and when the pods are dry. Threshing and winnowing done. Sorting of rotten, off types and damaged ones. Sold to National Cereals and Produce Board when dry. For French beans, pick the pods when soft and green. Market immediately to avoid shrivelling. Rice ProductionAreas where grown;Mwea Tabere Irrigation SchemeAhero Pilot Scheme in Kano plains. Bunyala in Busia. Bura in Tana River. Land PreparationPlots of 0.4 hectare are made with bunds constructed around them. Plots are flooded for four days.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.731848}
{"text": "Bura in Tana River. Land PreparationPlots of 0.4 hectare are made with bunds constructed around them. Plots are flooded for four days. Rotavators jembes are used to work the flooded fields on the fifth day. The land is then levelled and allowed to drain. Water ControlDuring land preparation, water level should be about 7.5-10cm. During levelling water level should be 5cmWater is drained off completely for direct sowing. For transplanted rice, water level should be 5cm at transplanting. Water level should be maintained at 1 3 the height of plant until maturity. Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the fields. Old water should be changed every 2- 3 weeks if the flow of water is not possible. Water introduced should always be warm to ensure pollination. Fertilizer ApplicationS.A applied in the nursery. Rate of 25kg SA for every nursery unit of 18.5m x 18.5m. Phosphatic fertilizers broadcasted in the field. Rate of 120kg ha DSP before planting. S.A applied in the field in two splits before and after transplanting at a rate of 250kg haFlooding in RiceFlood water in rice production is important for the following reasons;It provides good conditions for growth such as high humidity. Kills soil organisms. Prevents denitrification. Weed ControlControlled through flooding. Appropriate herbicides such as propanil and butachlor are also used. Harvesting of Industrial Cropscotton, pyrethrum, sugarcane, coffee and tea. Harvesting of CottonStage of harvestingTakes 4 months to mature. Harvest when bolls are dry and fully opened. Method and ProcedureIn Kenya cotton is picked manually. Sort out grade AR safi from grade BR fifi into separate containers. PrecautionsHarvest during dry conditions to prevent dirtifying the lint. Avoid use of gunny bags to prevent contamination. Avoid picking leaves. Harvest on weekly basis. Harvesting of PyrethrumStage of harvestingTakes 3-4 months to mature. Harvest the flowers with disc florets which have assumed a horizontal position. Methods and ProcedurePyrethrum is picked manually.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.7585492}
{"text": "Harvesting of PyrethrumStage of harvestingTakes 3-4 months to mature. Harvest the flowers with disc florets which have assumed a horizontal position. Methods and ProcedurePyrethrum is picked manually. Flowers are picked by twisting the heads so that no stem is attached. PrecautionClean harvesting should be done. Avoid picking leaves. Flowers are placed in woven baskets. Overblown flowers are picked and thrown off. Pick the flowers when the dew is dry. Harvested flowers should be taken to the factory the same day. Avoid compaction of flowers in the basket. Harvesting interval, once in two weeks during the wet season and once in a month during the dry season. Harvesting SugarcaneStage of harvesting;Take 14-20 months for the plant crop to mature and 12-16 months for the ratoon crop. Sampling of cane is done before harvesting to ascertain the correct sugar content. Methods and ProceduresCut the cane at the ground level to avoid yield loss. The green tops are removed from the canes. Harvesting matchet is used for cutting the cane. PrecautionCane should be harvested immediately at maturity to avoid lowering quality. The green tops should be removed immediately after cutting to avoid reduction of sugar content by enzyme invertase. Burnt cane should be harvested immediately after burning to prevent rapid inversion to monosaccharides. The cane should be processed within 48 hours. Harvesting of CoffeeStage of harvesting;Takes 2-4 years depending on the pruning system. Harvest only ripe berries. Methods and Procedures;Hand picking is done so that ripe berries can be selected. During picking hooked sticks can be used to bend the tall trees. PrecautionsOnly the uniformly ripe berries should be picked. Over-ripe and under-ripe berries should be dried and sold as buni. Ripe cherries should be processed on the same day they are picked. Harvesting TeaStage of harvestingIt takes 2-4 years for tea to mature depending on the method of bringing young tea into bearing. Method and ProceduresTea harvesting is known as plucking. Fine plucking - 2 leaves and a bud are removed. Coarse plucking - 3 leaves and a bud are removed. A straight fitto straight stick is used to guide the plucker on the plucking table.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.7490618}
{"text": "Fine plucking - 2 leaves and a bud are removed. Coarse plucking - 3 leaves and a bud are removed. A straight fitto straight stick is used to guide the plucker on the plucking table. Tipping is done by cutting off shoots that appear above the fitto. PrecautionsPlucked tea is placed in woven well ventilated baskets to prevent fermenting before it reaches the factory. The plucked tea should be kept in a cool place awaiting transport. It should be processed within the same day of harvesting. Harvesting is done on a weekly basis under wet conditions and once after every two weeks under dry conditions. Forage CropsIntroductionThese are plants which either grow naturally or are cultivated by man to be used for feeding livestock. The term forage crops include pasture and fodder crops. Fodder crops are purposely grown for feeding livestock. They are cut or uprooted when readyPasture is a ground cover of grass or a mixture of grass and legumes grazed directly or cut and fed to livestock. Classification of PasturesAccording to type of stand. Either pureMixed stands. According to ecological zones . Low altitude,Medium altitude,High altitude pasturesAccording to the establishment . NaturalArtificial pastures. Examples of grassesNapier,Rhodes,Setaria,Molasses,Congo signal,kikuyu,star,Guatemala,SudanGuinea. Examples of legumes;Lucern,Clover,Desmodium,Glycine,Stylo,Centrio,Pasture EstablishmentSeedbed PreparationThis involves clearing the land, primary and secondary cultivation to a fine tilth because the seeds are small. This is done during the dry season. Selection of planting materialsSelect seeds of high germination percentage,Free from impurities or buy certified seeds. If vegetative materials are used, select from high yielding, vigorous-growing and healthy plants. Treatment of legume seedsLegume seeds are inoculated with the correct strain of bacteria which fix nitrogen for the crop. PlantingThis is done at the beginning of the rainsMethods of sowing are;Direct sowing,Under sowing,Over-sowingOversowingThis is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. UndersowingThe establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.7922983}
{"text": "Treatment of legume seedsLegume seeds are inoculated with the correct strain of bacteria which fix nitrogen for the crop. PlantingThis is done at the beginning of the rainsMethods of sowing are;Direct sowing,Under sowing,Over-sowingOversowingThis is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture. UndersowingThe establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop. Seeds rate depend;On purity of seeds,Pasture speciesWhether pure or mixed stand. Apply phosphatic fertilizer when planting and later top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizer. Pasture managementRe-seeding or gapping; Re-seeding is done if the grass is completely denudated. But if partially, gapping can be doneControl of weeds by slashing, uprooting and mowingFertilization of pastures-done by use of manures and nitrogenous fertilizer. Topping;This is the removal of stemmy fibrous material left behind after grazing. It allows new growth after the rainsControl of pests-done by trapping of moles, use of pesticides and biological means. Pasture UtilizationPastures should be utilized at maturity when nutritive value is high. It is utilized through the following methods:Direct grazing - this can be done through rotational grazing or herding. Zero grazing - this is where the pasture is cut and fed to the animals in the stalls. Common fodder CropsEdible CanaAltitude: 1500 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Young tubers or bulbs are used. Spacing: 1m x 1m. Management: Does well with application of farmyard manure and requires fertile land. Utilization: Tops and tubers are sliced and fed to livestock. Conservation: Bulbs or tubers are sliced and stored. Napier GrassAltitude: 0 - 2000m above sea level. Establishment: Stem cuttings or splits. Spacing: 1 m x 50cm. Management:Apply phosphatic fertilizers during planting time. Top-dress with nitrogenous fertilizers in split application. Clean weeding when young. Cut when 6-8 weeks or 1m-1.5m in height. Utilization: Cut stem is fed to livestock. Conservation: Ensiled when in plenty.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.8219078}
{"text": "Bale the dry materials for storage. Store under shed or shelter. Factors Determining Quality of HayStage of growth at which forage is harvested. Leaf content of the forage material. Method of handling and curing the hay. Form in which material is fed to livestock. Species of forage used. Amount of foreign materials in forage. Silage MakingThis is a feed produced by conserving forage in succulent form through the process of fermentation by anaerobic bacteria. Steps in silage making:Cut the crop and transport it to the silo,Material with a high moisture content is wilted in the sun for 4-48 hours before ensiling . Material is chopped to reasonable size pieces before filling in the silo. Spread the chopped material evenly. Check temperature if below 31 C, needs further filling; if above 31 C compaction is necessary. Filling should be complete by the end of the third or fourth day. The silo is covered with 15cm of straw, sawdust then 15cm of soil to make it air and water tight. A trench is dug round the silo to keep off surface water. Factors Affecting the Quality of SilageMaturity stage of the crop when cut. Type of crop. Moisture content of the materialAdditives such as molasses. Degree of compaction. Size of pieces ensiled. Amount of foreign materials included in the silage. Amount of leaf of the ensiled material. Standing ForageThis is forage left in the field to be used during the dry season. Livestock Health III: Diseases IntroductionLivestock diseases are classified according to causative agents as follows:Protozoan diseases -caused by protozoans. Bacterial diseases - caused by bacteria:VIral diseases - cause by virus. Nutritional diseases - brought about by nutritional disorders. Protozoan DiseasesEast coast Fever ECF . Anaplasmosis gall sickness CoccidiosisTrypanosomiasis Nagana East coast FeverAnimals attacked: CattleCause: Protozoan. Theileria parva It is a tick-borne disease transmitted by red-legged tick and brown ear tick. SymptomsRise in body temperature. Swelling of lymph glands below the ear. Difficulties in breathing. Dullness. Control and PreventionControl of vectors through dipping and fencing.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.840041}
{"text": "Difficulties in breathing. Dullness. Control and PreventionControl of vectors through dipping and fencing. Treatment by use of clexon in the early stages. Anaplasmosis gall sickness Animals attacked:Cattle between 2 months and 2 years. Poultry. Lambs and kids. Rabbits. Cause: Protozoan Anaplasma marginale Transmitted by the blue tickcontaminated surgical instruments and hypodermic needles. SymptomsFever rise in body temperature. Constipation or hard dung. Paleness in the gums, eyes and lips. Drop in milk production. ControlTick control. Intramuscular injection of antibiotics and iron giving injections. CoccidiosisCoccidiosis of PoultryCause: Protozoan Eimeria spp. SymptomsSudden death of chicks. Whitish, yellow and blood stained diarrhoea. Ruffled feathers. Chicks become paralysed before dying. Chicks become anaemic and dull. ControlDisinfection of chick house. Prevention of contamination of food and water with droppings. Use of prophylatic drugs for example, Coccidiostats. Trypanosomiasis Nagana Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. Cause: Protozoan of the trypanosome species,Vector-tsetse flies. SymptomsFever. Dullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Loss of body condition emaciation. Swollen lymph nodes. Lachrimation which leads to blindness. DiarrhoeaRough coat and sometimes without hair and may be cracked. Swelling in parts of the belly. Drop in milk production in lactating cows. '. Loss of hair at tail end. Anaemia. Abortion may occur in pregnant females. ControlTreating animals with trypanocidal drugs. Effective vector Tsetse flies controlConfinement of wild animals in game parks. Bacterial DiseasesFowl typhoidFoot rot. Contagious abortion. Scours. Blackquarter. Mastitis. Anthrax. Pneumonia. Fowl TyphoidAnimals attacked: All domestic birds which include chicken, turkey and ducks. Causes: Bacteria Salmonella gallinarum SymptomsDepression appearing very sick. Respiratory distress. Dullness.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.8113937}
{"text": "Causes: Bacteria Salmonella gallinarum SymptomsDepression appearing very sick. Respiratory distress. Dullness. Drooping wings. Sleepy eyes. Anaemia resulting in pale and shrunkencombs and wattles. Greenish yellow diarrhoea. ControlKilling all affected birds and proper disposal of the carcasses. Maintaining hygiene in the poultry house. Ensuring that the house is dry and well ventilated. Obtaining chicks from reliable sources. Treatment using sulphur drugs which are mixed in drinking water or mash. For example: application of Furazolidone Furazol at the rate of 0.04 in mash for 10 continuous days treats the disease effectively. Foot RotIt is also referred to as foul-in-the foot. Animals attacked: cattle, sheep and goats. However, it is most serious in sheep. Cause: Bacteria Fusiformis necrophorus and Fusiformis nodosus . SymptomsAnimal's foot becomes swollen. Lameness is observed. Pus and rotten smell come out of the hoof. Sheep are found kneeling while grazing when the front feet are affected. Animals spend most of their time lying down when the hind feet are affected. Emaciation due to lack of feeding. ControlHygiene in the living places. Regular foot examination and hoof trimming. Use of a foot bath of copper sulphate solution at 5-10 solution or formalin at 2-5 solution. Treating wounds on the feet with antiseptics. Affected animals should be given antibiotic injections. Isolation of sick animals from healthy ones. Avoid dampness and muddy conditions. Contagious Abortion Brucellosis Bang's Disease Animals attacked: cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. It also affects man. Cause: BacteriaBrucella abortus in cattle,Brucella suis in pigsBrucella malitensis in goats and sheep. SymptomsSpontaneous abortion or premature birth. Retained placenta if abortion occurs during the later stages of pregnancy. Infertility in cows while bulls have low libido and inflamed testis also known as orchitis. A yellowish brown, slimy, odourless discharge from the vulva may occur after the abortion. ControlUse of artificial insemination. Slaughtering affected animals followed by proper disposal of their carcasses.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.8974977}
{"text": "A yellowish brown, slimy, odourless discharge from the vulva may occur after the abortion. ControlUse of artificial insemination. Slaughtering affected animals followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. The attendant to the animals should avoid contact with the aborted foetus. A blood test should be carried out for all breeding animals to detect the infected ones. Hygiene in the animals' houses. Scours white Scours Animals atacked: calves, piglets, lambs and kids. Cause: A bacterium which attacks young animals in the first week of life. SymptomsWhite or yellowish diarrhoea. Pungent smelling faeces. Fever. Anorexia loss of appetite. Listlessness. Sunken eyes. Undigested milk and mucus with blood spots observed in the faeces. Faecal matter sticks to the hind quarters. Sudden death if no treatment is given. ControlMaintaining hygiene in the young animal housing units. Avoiding dampness on the floor of the house. Fingers of the attendant training calves to drink milk from a bucket must be disinfected. Calving should be carried out in a clean area. Have separate attendants for the infected calves to prevent disease spread. Replacing milk with warm water mixture. Treating affected animals with antibiotics. Black QuarterIt is also known as black leg. Animals attacked: All ruminants aged between 8 - 18 months. Cause: Bacteria Clostridium chauvei and Chauvei septicum SymptomsLameness. Fever. Fast and heavy breathing. Cracking on the swollen parts if touched. Swelling of the affected parts usually the hindquarters, shoulders and chest or back. Dullness. Anorexia. Grunting and grinding of teeth. Animal stops chewing cud. ControlTreating with recommended antibiotics. Vaccinating using black quarter vaccine known as blanthax. Burying the carcass deep or burning it completely. MastitisIs an inflammation of the udder. Animals attacked: Goats, cows, pigs and human beings. Cause: Bacteria Streptococcus spp. Or Staphylococcus spp. Pre-disposing Factors:Incomplete milking. Injuries on the udder and teats. Weak sphincter muscles of the teats allowing free flow of milk.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.9129848}
{"text": "Or Staphylococcus spp. Pre-disposing Factors:Incomplete milking. Injuries on the udder and teats. Weak sphincter muscles of the teats allowing free flow of milk. SymptomsMilk is watery, blood stained or clotted. Swollen udderControlProper milking techniques. Treatment by use of antibiotics. Culling of animals which are often attacked. AnthraxAttacks all domestic animals. Cause: Bacteria Bacillus anthracis SymptomsSudden death. High fever. Grinding of the teeth. PneumoniaIt is an inflammation of the lungs. Animals attacked: Calves, kids, lambs, piglets and poultry. Cause:Bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides dustworms in the lungs. SymptomsDullness. Anorexia loss of appetite. Staring coat. Emaciation. Breathing rapidly. Abnormal lung sounds when breathing. Coughing if the chest is pressed. Fluctuating body temperature. Nasal discharge. ControlKeeping young animals in warm pens. Proper sanitation. Isolation of the affected animals. Treating using antibiotics. Viral DiseasesRinderpest. Foot and mouth disease FMD . New CastleFowl poxGumboroAfrican swine feverRinderpestAnimal attacked: Cattle and wild game. Cause: virus. SymptomsHarsh staring coat. Rise in temperature. Eye discharge Lachrimation Diarrhoea and dysentery. Ulcers in the mouth. Foot and Mouth DiseaseAnimals attacked: Cattle, sheep, goats and pigs. Cause: Virus . SymptomsSharp rise in temperature. Blisters in the mouth, hooves, udder and teats. Loss of appetite. ControlVaccination. Quarantinenursing wounds with disinfectant. New CastleAnimals attacked: Poultry. Cause: Virus. SymptomsDifficulties in breathing. Beaks remain wide open and necks are strained. Birds become dull. The birds stand with eyes closed all the time. Anorexia loss of appetite. Nasal discharges which force the birds to shake their heads to clear it. Birds walk with a staggering motion. Paralysis of wings and legs may occur.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.896494}
{"text": "Nasal discharges which force the birds to shake their heads to clear it. Birds walk with a staggering motion. Paralysis of wings and legs may occur. Birds have their beaks and wings down. Birds produce watery greenish diarrhoea. Birds lay soft shelled eggs. ControlKilling all birds and burning them followed by cleaning and disinfecting the houses before bringing in new stock. Vaccination should be done during the first 6 weeks and then 2-3 months later. Quarantine. FowlPoxAnimals affected: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as avian fox. SymptomsTwo types of fowl pox with different symptoms. Cutaneous typeDiptheritic typeThe cutaneous type affects the skin and has the following signs:Injuries on the combs and wattles, legs, vent and under the wings. Loss appetite. The diptheritic type affects internal membranes and has the following symptoms:Injuries in the inside of the throat and mouth membranes resulting in difficult breathing and swallowing. Eyes and nose produces a watery liquid. Loss of appetite. Dullness. Emaciation. ControlKilling all affected birds followed by proper disposal of their carcasses. Vaccinating remaining healthy birds. GumboroIt is also referred to as poultry AIDS. Animals attacked: Poultry. Cause: A virus known as Birma virus. SymptomsThe glands above the vent bursa become swollen. Drop in egg production. Birds develop respiratory distress. Loss of appetite. Low water intake by birds. Loss of immunity making the birds more susceptible to opportunistic diseases. ControlVaccination. Administering vitamins and especially B12. African Swine FeverAnimals attacked: All domesticated pigs. Cause: A virus known as Irido virus. SymptomsFever. Loss of appetite. Depression dullness. Emaciation. Coughing. Nasal discharge. Diarrhoea in serious conditions. ControlVaccination. Quarantine. Killing all affected animals and proper disposal of their carcasses. Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases DisordersMilk FeverIt is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.931192}
{"text": "Double fencing to keep wild animals away. Nutritional Diseases DisordersMilk FeverIt is a non-infectious disease brought about by calcium deficiency in animals which have recently given birth. Animals attacked: Cows, goats and pigs that have recently given birth. Causes:Due to low calcium levels in the blood. Which leads to an increase in the magnesium and sugar level in the blood. Mostly occurs in high producing cows in the first few months of lactation. This is because these animals loose more calcium through milk secretion than they are getting from the diet. SymptomsDullness. Muscular twitching causing the animal to tremble. Staggering as the animals move. Animal falls down ands becomes unconscious. The animal lies down on its side and the whole body stiffens. Body functions such as urination, defecation and milk secretion stops. Stomach contents are drawn into the mouth which later cause lung fever when breathing in. Loss of appetite. TreatmentIntravenous injection of soluble calcium salt in form of calcium boro-gluconate ,60gms dissolved in 500cc of water. Keeping the animal in a comfortable position on its sternum. Giving fresh water. Note: The animals suffering from milk fever should not be given medicine orally for the following reasons:It will not be able to swallow medicine. The medicine may get into the lungs thereby promoting lung fever. ControlPartial milking for the first 10 days. High yielding cows should be given rations containing phosphorus and calcium. Giving high doses of Vitamin D.BloatAnimals attacked: Cattle and sheep. Cause: Accumulation of gases as a result of fermentation in the rumen. SymptomsThe left side is blown up. Sudden death. ControlRelieve by use of trocar and cannula. Chasing the animal around if noticed early. Drenching by use of stop bloat. Feeding ruminants with dry roughages during the wet season before grazing on lush pastures.", "metadata": {"source": "AGRICULTURE-FORM-3-NOTES.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.9622343}
{"text": "SET BOOKS STUDY GUIDE NOTESBETRAYAL IN THE CITYTHE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLETHE RIVER BETWEENCOPYRIGHT: www.teachers4teacherskenya.bravehost.com Keep visiting for other materials and for updated versions of these notes YOU MAY USE THESE NOTES FOR PERSONAL STUDY OR FORTEACHING PURPOSES BUT THOU SHALT NOT REDISTRIBUTE THEMOR RESELL THEM IN ANY FORMAT. YOU MAY ALSO EDIT THEM FOR THE SAME PURPOSES. GOD BLESS YOU AND THANKS FOR YOUR SUPPORT! BETRAYAL IN THE CITY BY FRANCIS IMBUGATHE AUTHORFrancis David Imbuga 1947- November 2013 was one of the greatest literary giants. For three decades, he taught at Kenyatta University where he was the Director of quality Assurance, Chairman of the Department of Literature and the Dean of the Faculty of Arts. Francis Imbuga studied at Alliance High School in the 1960 s where he wrote and acted a play, which won the National Beat Actor s Award. Professor Imbuga published several plays including Betrayal in the City 1976, The Successor1979, Man of Kafira 1984, Aminata 1988, and The Return of Mgofu 2011. He has also authored two novels, Shrine of Tears, 1993 and Miracle of Remera 2005. In his works he addresses the problems of independent and post colonial African states, family relations, tradition, religion, change among other issues affecting our society today. Imbuga passed on in the year 2013. THE TITLEThe title, Betrayal in the City, fits the events of the play as this is what the people of Kafira have to live with daily. Betrayal in the City reflects the political, cultural and personal betrayal witnessed in the fictitious state of Kafira. Boss the head of state works alongside other strong cronies and sycophants like Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito, and Nicodemo to let down their citizens through ;abuse of power, negligence of duty, senseless killings, and inefficiency to create a nation of hopelessness, corruption and disregard to the local citizens hence betrayal in the nation ofKafira.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.9766428}
{"text": "THE TITLEThe title, Betrayal in the City, fits the events of the play as this is what the people of Kafira have to live with daily. Betrayal in the City reflects the political, cultural and personal betrayal witnessed in the fictitious state of Kafira. Boss the head of state works alongside other strong cronies and sycophants like Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito, and Nicodemo to let down their citizens through ;abuse of power, negligence of duty, senseless killings, and inefficiency to create a nation of hopelessness, corruption and disregard to the local citizens hence betrayal in the nation ofKafira. The government is run by scandalous and corrupt leaders and under whose leadership the hopes of independence for the people of Kafira are dashed. Betrayal in the City is characterized by all sorts of ills in society,namely: murder, misrule, tribalism, Nepotism, corruption, highhandedness, inefficiency, incompetence and a general atmosphere of rebellion and defiance. As the title suggests, betrayal breeds suspicion and intolerance and this creates a highly unstable environment for decent and safe living. One cannot safely determine who to trust with information hence the general feeling of betrayal among the people. THE SETTINGBetrayal in the City was first published in 1976 at a time when African states had attained their independence and were undergoing serious problems in adjusting to self-rule. The play set in the fictional country of Kafira, ruled by Boss, who surrounds himself with kinsmen like Mulili and the sharing-the-pie government officials, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo. Betrayal in the city is a perfect example of many failed states in the third world, and especially in Africa. SYNOPSISBetrayal in the City is a political play. The writer examines the problems of independence and freedom in post-colonial states in Africa. The play talks about military regimes that were common on the African continent after independence. Many of such regimes were later overthrown by coup de tats. Francis Imbuga s major concern is betrayal at two levels, both at a personal and government level. Betrayal in the City shows a decay in morals, greed for power. Doga and Nina lament as they mourn their dead son, Adika and wishes to perform a ritual for their dead son.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406311.994627}
{"text": "Many of such regimes were later overthrown by coup de tats. Francis Imbuga s major concern is betrayal at two levels, both at a personal and government level. Betrayal in the City shows a decay in morals, greed for power. Doga and Nina lament as they mourn their dead son, Adika and wishes to perform a ritual for their dead son. This effort is hampered by express directions from the government brought by Mulili and Jere claiming that the ritual should not go on in the interest of peace; but Doga and Nina are adamant. Their only remaining son, Jusper, is imprisoned. This showsus what is happening in Kafira - the corruption, injustice and oppression of the people. Critics of the government are not tolerated. Jere and Mosese are henceforth put into prison over false charges. They both suffer the pain of the government s betrayal. Government officials make use of any opportunity to make money through unfair means. Tumbo for instance declares Jusper the winner of the play writing competition and awards him the winner s prize money. One third of the six hundred pounds to------- finance the playwriting competition is given to Jusper and his girl friend, Regina; and the remaining two thirds to put records straight emphasizing that everything is being done in strict confidence. Despite all this Jusper vows to revenge someday even if it means going it alone since he knows that a University student is not a very welcome person in Kafira and is looked at as anuisance. Government officials first think of what they are going to benefit before deliberating on matters of state. What first preoccupies their mind is how much they are going to gain. Being a relative to Boss gives Mulili a chance to despise his colleagues in service. Mulili falsely accuses Kabito knowing that Boss will believe what he says since he has been made to be his eyes and ears on the ground as he puts it. He is also favoured by Boss in many ways. The semi-illiterate Mulili sometimes completely misunderstands and distorts what is said to him and yet threatens to act basing on the strength of that misunderstanding. Boss trust of those who advise him especially Mulili makes him give unbearable directives to silence those presumably against his government including the simple old couple who were innocent. Boss also tries to take advantage of Regina forcefully. Such scandals speak unfavorably of the Head of State.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.0270746}
{"text": "Boss trust of those who advise him especially Mulili makes him give unbearable directives to silence those presumably against his government including the simple old couple who were innocent. Boss also tries to take advantage of Regina forcefully. Such scandals speak unfavorably of the Head of State. Nicodemo and Tumbo discuss the state of affairs and how people are being killed: We have no choice. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. It has become infectious-the desire to eliminate others This clearly implies that there are serious consequences of criticizing the government s plans. The play within the play, Betrayal in the City, brings about the desired change that everybody has been waiting for. The rehearsal for the play intended to entertain the visiting Head of state becomes a real confrontation arrived at effortlessly by Jusper, Mosese, and Jere; takingeveryone by surprise. ACT SUMMARIESACT ONESCENE ONEThe scene is at grave surrounded by dry thorny branches. It is early morning. Doga and Nina are next to the grave of their late son, Adika who was murdered. Doga suspects that their son s murderer still lives among them. His suspicion arises from the smell of petrol at the site and the fact that the grave has a crack, an indicationthat the murderer s intention was to burn Adika s body to rid himself of Adika s ghost hunting him in future. Their only, living son, Jusper, was to guard the grave but this morning he cannot be traced. Nina is fearful for her son, who, according to them is not of sound mind. Her fears are heightened when she is made to notice that there seems to have been a struggle at the grave. Doga wants to cover up the crack on the grave so that the shaving ceremony planned to take place later in the day goes on but Nina will hear none of this. After much persuasion from the husband, she gives in and goes for soil to cover up the crack. From Doga s speech, we hear that Adika was shot four times during a demonstration by Kafira University students who were protesting that most of the Kafira university lectures are expatriates. During Adika s burial, his brother, Jusper, was taken away by government agents for being a threat to peace-loving people and after returning three months later, he is never the same. Jusper enters, dressed in a red gown. He is obviously disturbed by his brother s death.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.0630195}
{"text": "5. What are we told about Jusper s condition and why is it so? 6. Who killed Adika and what is his relationship with the sub chief? 7. What led to the death of Adika and how was he killed? 8. According to Jusper what is the difference between the sun Jupiter and Jusper and what does it represent9. Jusper tells Nina that he is going to address the rally, which rally is he talking about and what does he want to tell them. 10. Why does Mulili and Jere come to the grave side and what is their mission11. Mulili speaks poor non-standard English , what does this tell us about him12. What does Mulili and Jere reveal to Doga and Nina about Jusper13. Why does Jere support the old couple s continuing with the ceremony14. Mulili had allowed Mustafa to escape, what does this tell us about justice in Kafira. 15. Identify at least two character traits of Mulili, Doga, Nina, Jere and Jusper f rom this scene. 16. Identify the aspects of style used in this scene: identify the proverbs, instances of irony, use of cross purpose, monologue, and puns among others. 17. What are some of the themes brought out in this scene? 18. Identify the instances of Betrayal brought out in this sceneSCENE TWOACTION TAKES PLACE IN A PRISON CELLJere is pushed by an askari into a cell where he finds Mosese. Askari is fed up with Jere s inquisitive nature. He tells him that he is mad and that his inquisitive nature will not beentertained in prison and that it would make his life unbearable in prison. Jere is later informed that all inmates have to go through rehabilitation in order to be re-integrated in the society. He does not have any mental illness that would make him need any rehabilitation therefore he sarcastically tells askari that he is truly grateful and that he didn t know they took such pains. It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities do not entertain prisoners asking questions.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.0509846}
{"text": "He does not have any mental illness that would make him need any rehabilitation therefore he sarcastically tells askari that he is truly grateful and that he didn t know they took such pains. It is apparent that Mosese has decided to remain silent because silence can as well be a weapon but should he be so, the prisons authorities will demand an explanation as to what is he keeping quiet about. It is not surprising that the prison authorities do not entertain prisoners asking questions. Askari informs Mosese that Jusper has been released from jail but has nothing to go back to since his parents were found dead in their hut. When Jere and Mosese are left alone, Jere informs Mosese of the events of the previous night where he and his cellmate decided to playPilate and Jesus. According to Jere, Pilate had humiliated Jesus by stripping him and caning him on the buttocks. Jere s co-actor cried out after receiving the canes, alerting the prison authorities who moved Jere to the cell where Mosese was after stripping him and caning him. The two cellmates Jere and Mosese take time to know each other. Mosese tells Jere how he ended up in prison. He had attended Adika s funeral where he saw firsthand the oppression by the political elite. He couldn t keep quiet, so after telling the politicians his mind, he was arrested and charged with trumped up charges of possessingdrugs. He changes his name because the person who implicated him with the drugs shared a name with him. We learn of the regime s way of silencing dissenting voices, through the experiences of inmates. Mosese has been informed by askari to cooperate in the performance of a play organized for a visiting head of state and in return he might be among the six hundred prisoners who are to be released. He doesn t want to do this as acting in the play means kneeling in front of boss andpleading for mercy yet he is not guilty. Prisoners are also denied foodand only the ones who show signs of cooperating with prison authorities are allowed privileges. This is evident when askari brings a mug of tea. The citizens of Kafira had been waiting for the kingdom for years and at last they were told it had come. According to Mosese, it was an illusion. He wonders how many people had seen the kingdom and what colour it is. Mosese is disillusioned.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.074131}
{"text": "According to Mosese, it was an illusion. He wonders how many people had seen the kingdom and what colour it is. Mosese is disillusioned. He says they have killed their past and were busy killing the future. He laments about the oppressive nature of boss regime. For instance, soldiers had beaten up Regina and had forced her to give false evidence against her brother, Mosese. Mosese violently wriggles and as if in a trance rises and addresses the imaginary audience. His words portray his confused state of mind. On one hand he is faced with the choice of participating in the play, a sacrificial act that will lead to the release of 600 prisoners or on the other hand hold on to his principles and reject the request to participate inthe play. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE TWO1. Where do the events of this scene take place? 2. Why do you think Jere has been brought into the cell? 3. How would you describe the treatment by the askari on Jere4. Jere says that the outside of this cell may well be the inside of another what does this tell about the situation in Kafira5. Link Pilate s situation to Jere like he puts it on page 236. Why does Mosese keep staring at the wall even when Jere and the askari are talking7. Give the reasons why Mosese is in prison8. Mosese says words have lost meaning to him and asks for the meaning of Africanisation what does this tell about the people s situation in the country9. To what level has the askari learnt and why is he doing such a job10. Why is Jusper being released and hat has just happened to his parents? 11. Why did Jere carry a bible to the cells and how does it bring him trouble12. Apart from being a police officer, which are the other two professions that Jere was in before? 13. Which is item number three in the development plan and what is ironical about it? 14. Mosese says he saw betrayal in Regina s eyes why is this so15. Why is the foreign dignitary visiting and why are the prisoners supposed to perform a play for him16. The askari talks of selective breeding and says you need a tall relative to get anything in the country what does this tell about Kafira17. Mosese says it was better while we waited.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.152826}
{"text": "Why is the foreign dignitary visiting and why are the prisoners supposed to perform a play for him16. The askari talks of selective breeding and says you need a tall relative to get anything in the country what does this tell about Kafira17. Mosese says it was better while we waited. Now we have nothing to look forward to what were they waiting for that they don t have and why has he lost hope? 18. Mosese sleeps and talks and in his dream. What does this tell about him and what message do we get from his conversation with an imaginary person. 19. Jere says when the madness of an entire nation enters a solitary mind then its not enough to say that person is mad what does Jere mean by this20. Identify the character traits of ;Jere, Askari and Mosese in this scene21. Identify the themes brought out in this scene22. Identify and illustrate the stylistic devices used in this scene23. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREEJusper stealthily enters Regina s room without her notice and scares her. He is in his red academic gown and this heightens Regina s anger at him. She requests him to rest but he sayshe can t rest because the death of his whole family is in his mind. Apart from Adika, Nina and Doga were murdered in exchange for Jusper s release. He says that he will get his revenge someday. Jusper was among the university students who protested on the streets andas they did this, people shouted abusive words at them in addition to telling that they were wasting time with the protests, it is also apparent that the government will not allow Adika s photograph to be printed in the newspapers. Regina would be happy if Jusper was to keep off from trouble with the authorities. She tells him that she has only him and Mosese left in the world and if anything went wrong, they would all be wiped out. Jusper insists that they have to talk of the masses that have no voices. Regina tells Jusper of the scheduled visits to Kafira by a certain head of state. If this is to happen, then, there will be three days holiday for all in addition to the prisoners being released to mark the occasion. She has a letter from Tumbo, who is boss right-hand man.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.16775}
{"text": "Regina tells Jusper of the scheduled visits to Kafira by a certain head of state. If this is to happen, then, there will be three days holiday for all in addition to the prisoners being released to mark the occasion. She has a letter from Tumbo, who is boss right-hand man. In it, boss has promised to facilitate the release of Mosese. This does not go down well with Jusper who can read mischief in the act but who nevertheless promises to beat him at his own game. Tumbo, a fat, overconfident man, enters the house. He notices through Jusper s dressing that he is among the university students who were being known for rioting. Tumbo is already familiar with Jusper s name which was signed against a student s prayer that was all aboutasking God to help them drop their Christian names. Tumbo warns him that if the prayer by any chances suggested changing names, Jusper would be behind bars. Jusper sarcastically wonders why this would be the case yet since change of names was item number three in thenew development plan. Furthermore, boss himself has substituted his Christian name to something that no one could pronounce. Tumbo defends boss by saying that a leader requiresa mysterious name that the common tongues will bleed trying to pronounce. This is pointer to Tumbo s sycophantic nature. Tumbo revisits the issue of the visit by a certain head of state to Kafira. He learns from Regina that Jusper writes plays and since they require a one-act play for the entertainment, he concludes that Jusper can write one for the occasion. Tumbo says that he would have written one himself, but being a socialist, he thought of extending the opportunity to others to show them light, to eat and let eat : from their talk, we learn that boss is a fearful and insecure man who has let advisers rule Kafira while pretending to be tough, he is hated by his own guards who will not talk about it. The worst of his advisers is his cousin Mulili who has been rewarded with a large farm for his services to the nation Boss is said to be of short temperand has a weakness for women.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.1198244}
{"text": "He learns from Regina that Jusper writes plays and since they require a one-act play for the entertainment, he concludes that Jusper can write one for the occasion. Tumbo says that he would have written one himself, but being a socialist, he thought of extending the opportunity to others to show them light, to eat and let eat : from their talk, we learn that boss is a fearful and insecure man who has let advisers rule Kafira while pretending to be tough, he is hated by his own guards who will not talk about it. The worst of his advisers is his cousin Mulili who has been rewarded with a large farm for his services to the nation Boss is said to be of short temperand has a weakness for women. When Jusper is back from buying drinks, the three talked about the idea of writing a play for the entertainment of the visiting head of state, Tumbo would be glad if Jusper wrote the intended play that would highlight the achievements the country has made. Money has beenset aside for a play-writing competition, now that he knows what play ought to be organized. He declares Jusper the winner of that competition and informs him that he and his sister would be given a third of the money that was to finance the competition and that Jusper would be given his prize money once the results of the competition are made public. Jusper is to write the play and ensure that the words progress and achievements appear on every other page. After Tumbo and Regina leave, Jusper reminds the audience what he holds, the fruits of independence. We get them second hand. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREE1. Where is this scene set? 2. Why does Jusper imitate the ricocheting of guns as he enters? 3. Why is Regina uneasy about Jusper s dressing in the red gown? 4. What does the red gown symbolise5. For what does Jusper criticize Regina and even the beggars in the streets? 6. For what does Jusper criticize the media? 7. According to Jusper why was Adika killed and why is Mosese and Jere in prison8. Why is Regina critical about people voicing their concerns against the government? 9. What do we deduce learn from Jusper and Reginas conversation about the intended visit by the foreign head of state10.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.140691}
{"text": "Why is Regina critical about people voicing their concerns against the government? 9. What do we deduce learn from Jusper and Reginas conversation about the intended visit by the foreign head of state10. Why does Jusper pretend to be Regina s cousin when Tumbo calls in? 11. Jusper asks Regina are you sure this is not a trick-some sort of a trap? Why is Jusper critical about Tumbo s helping her and what do you think the trap is? 12. Whats wrong with Christian names and why does Jusper criticize them13. Why does Tumbo call the university students red guards? 14. Jusper is said to have written an interesting prayer, what was it about? 15. Tumbo says a leader should have a mysterious name that the common people will bleed trying to pronounce. What does this tell about the kind of leaders in Kafira16. When asked about his university days Tumbo mumble, rumbles and stutters almost confusing himself, what do we deduce from this behavior17. Tumbo says that education doesn t matter and that there are opportunities only that they do not come on a silver platter. What does this reveal about Kafira18. Regina reveals to Tumbo that Jusper can write plays; why is Tumbo happy about thisand says that there is a good potato in it. What does ths mean19. How much money has been allocated for the play and how much will Jusper remain with. What happens to the remaining amount20. What aspects does Tumbo insist that shoud be covered in the play21. Why does Tumbo want Regina to visit Boss and what is the visit about22. Why have many publishers rejected Jusper s works? What does this say about them? 23. How does Tumbo plan to cover up not having conducted a play writing competition? 24. Identify the main themes brought out in this scene25. Identify the aspects of style in this scene26. What do we learn about the character traits of Jusper, Regina and Tumbo from this scene27. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneACT TWO:SCENE ONEThe scene begins with two members of a committee formed to plan for the entertainment of a visiting head of state are conversing.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.2050912}
{"text": "Tumbo disagrees with the suggestion that the head of stat e visits upcountry to see the projects he supported. Kabito and Mulili disagree on the issue of forcing the drama department of the university to act in the play. Mulili accuses Kabito of calling him primarykid and when Kabito refuses to apologize, Tumbo recommends a one hour break for the members to let off steam. Nicodemo had suggested a three hours break! As the scene ends,Mulili swears at Kabito and issues a chilling threat to him. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE ONE1. Kabito is the first to arrive and sleeps in one of the chairs , what does this symbolize? 2. Where does this scene take place3. Why is kabito asleep and why is he in foul mood4. Why was Mulili given the tender5. Why is Nicodemo against the use of prisoners to entertain the guests? 6. Why is mulili part of this committee7. According to Tumbo what is the role of the committee8. From the set up of the committee explain the theme of cronism9. From the discussion on their payment, what do we learn about the members of this committee10. Mulili says he used Boss to get the tender at the university, what does this tell about leadership in Kafira11. Why are the university students not willing to participate in the entertainment program12. What brings about the conflict between Mulili and Kabito13. Why does the committee go for a break and for how long is the break14. Identify the aspects of style evident in this scene15. Identify the themes in this scene16. Identify and illustrate the character traits of Tumbo, Nicodemo, Mulili and Kabito from this scene17. Identify the elements of betrayal from this scene. SCENE TWODuring the one hour break, Mulili rushes to boss to inform him about Kabito s ill deeds. He finds boss puling grey strands of hair from his head.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.2129734}
{"text": "Identify and illustrate the character traits of Tumbo, Nicodemo, Mulili and Kabito from this scene17. Identify the elements of betrayal from this scene. SCENE TWODuring the one hour break, Mulili rushes to boss to inform him about Kabito s ill deeds. He finds boss puling grey strands of hair from his head. He maligns Kabito to boss by telling him that Kabito is a green snake in the grass, has coloured boss name in blood in front of the committee, came to the meeting drunk, was shouting to everybody that boss has denied him the milk tender, says that boss has ruined Kafira s economy by hiding millions in a foreign country and that boss had tried to get Regina by force. This irks boss who accuses Kabito ofsowing seeds of discord among the people. He orders Mulili to do what must be done; to silence Kabito. Mulili is only too glad to do it. In fact, he tells him it is a small matte r having silenced the old couple Nina and Doga REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENE11 P a g eSCENE TWO1. Where is this scene set? 2. Why does Boss boast about his grey hair3. Why has Mulili come to see Boss4. What five allegations does Mulili present against Kabito5. From Mulili s allegation what ills on leadership do we learn about Boss6. Who is Mercedes and what makes her rude to Boss7. What does Boss decide shoud be done against Kabito8. Mulili says that be small. You remember that old couple ? What did Mulili do to the old couple, on whose instructions and for what reason? 9. Identify the themes evident in this scene? 10. Identify the aspects of style evident in this scene11. What are the character traits of Mulili and Kabito from this scene? 12. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREENews about boss attempt to rape Regina has reached Jusper who now feels he can t go on with the play as he had earlier on promised Tumbo. The latter warns Jusper that this would be deemed as sabotage, hence would be too dangerous. He is warned that if he makes any mistake, he could end his university studies even after he has already lost one year.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.2441657}
{"text": "Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneSCENE THREENews about boss attempt to rape Regina has reached Jusper who now feels he can t go on with the play as he had earlier on promised Tumbo. The latter warns Jusper that this would be deemed as sabotage, hence would be too dangerous. He is warned that if he makes any mistake, he could end his university studies even after he has already lost one year. Jusperleaves but he doesn t promise boss that he is going to hide the truth. When Tumbo and Nicodemo meet to continue with the meeting after the break they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are aware of Kabito s murder but they dare not say anything. Tumbo says they are like caged animals who move but only inside the cage. They pretend not to know anything about the death when Mulili enters. He pretends to be shocked and saddened by Kabito s death which he says was as result of Kabito being under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo wonders how one can get drunk in the space of one hour and Mulili foolishly says that people said that his breath smelled of spirits. When presses further by Nicodemo who wonders about the mention of breath yet Kabito was dead, Mulili retorts that he didn t say breath but his body smelled whiskies. He goes ahead to say that boss wept when he heard of the death and has already declared one road to be called Kabito road. Nicodemo suggests that they should call off the meeting and wonders whether the day would be counted. Despite thesolemnness of the occasion, the members of the committee seem to be more pre-occupiedwith concerns of seeking avenues of making money. This is a pointer to their greed and materialistic nature. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE THREE1. Where is this scene set? 2. What had happened to Regina, why was it necessary for Regina to meet Boss and what transpired after that3. Why is Boss s wife locked up after the incident? 4. Why does Jusper want to pull out of the programme5. What does Jusper stand to lose if he withdraws from the directing of the play? 6. Why does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justice7. What has happened to Kabito during the break8.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.2553205}
{"text": "6. Why does Tumbo caution Jusper against standing for truth and justice7. What has happened to Kabito during the break8. What is the cause of Kabito s death according to Mulili9. What do you gather from Mulili s incoherent and apparent confused explanation of Kabito s death10. Explain Tumbo s assertion that like caged animals , we move,but only inside the cage 11. Why is the meeting called off? 12. How do the other committee members express their respet for the dead Kabito13. Nicodemo asks whether they will be paid for that day, what does that tellus about hischaracter14. Identify the themes evident in this scene15. Identify the aspects of style used in this scene16. Identify the character traits of Jusper, Tumbo, Mulili and Nicodemo from this scene17. Identify the elements of betrayal from this sceneSCENE FOURTHE REHEARSALThe stage is set for the final rehearsal of the play meant to entertain the visiting head of state. Tumbo wants everything to go on well as he fears to disappoint boss who is already in a foul mood. Boss, has, as a result of his bad temper, locked up his wife in the palace cell. Jusper informs Tumbo that all will go on well and that Mosese was cooperative during the previous night s rehearsal. Jusper says that he is in the play because he realized that the problems of kafira cannot be solved by isolation. According to him, if the play succeeds, he will have demonstrated that determination is greater in worth than numbers. Tumbo would prefer thatboss doesn t know that the play is written by Jusper who hopes that the release of a few prisoners, after the success of the play, will change Kafira. Jusper is able to see the hypocrisy of the ruling elite. The release of a few prisoners is meant to improve the image of Kafira to the eyes of the world. This according to him is only the truth. Boss joins them in the preparation of the rehearsal and Jusper tells him the play is about an army cadet who is promoted to the rank of captain within six months of enrolment. Duringthe pass-out parade he shoots his colleague accidentally because he doesn t know how to handle a gun.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.2747102}
{"text": "This according to him is only the truth. Boss joins them in the preparation of the rehearsal and Jusper tells him the play is about an army cadet who is promoted to the rank of captain within six months of enrolment. Duringthe pass-out parade he shoots his colleague accidentally because he doesn t know how to handle a gun. It is later realised that he is not a relative of the army commander as it had been thought. As the rehearsal starts, Boss volunteers to read the part of the chief of staff since the prisoner who had been allocated the role could not be present as he had stomach troubles. He also orders askari to untie the hands of Jere and Mosese so that they can join the rehearsal, Mosese the junior soldier argues with Jere the captain over which gun is shorter than the other; a. 32 or a 28. They go to their chief of staff boss to help unravel the mystery. He tells them to each take a gun and show it to him. The guns are now in the hands of Jere and Mosese! Their plan has succeeded. On realizing that he has been tricked, boss shouts to the guards but Jere tells him he has no guards. Jusper thinks that boss is dead and is about to go and design a coffin but is stopped by Mosese who tell boss to see what he had done to Jusper. Because of fear, Mulili betrays boss. He says that boss ought to be killed because he has taken everything in his hands, has spoiled Kafira s economy, and has ruled for too long and killed Kabito. Boss cannot stand the betrayal so he tells Jere to shoot him. Jere tells boss that their interest is not to see human blood but to provide a mirror for Kafira to reflect the real faces of Kafira s front men. He says that they must also learn to sacrifice themselves for a better future. Mosese says that their achievement is largely because of the inefficiency of Tumbo. Jere gives boss the gun that he can shoot him Jere but boss declines. Jusper then takes the gun and shoots Mulili dead. He says that he did it for Kafira. Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage. Mulili s death seems to have appeased Doga and Nina. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE FOUR1.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.3009312}
{"text": "Before the play ends, the ghosts of Doga and Nina enter the stage. Mulili s death seems to have appeased Doga and Nina. REVISION QUESTIONS FOR THE SCENESCENE FOUR1. Where is this scene set2. Why is Boss s wife locked up? 3. What is the level of preparedness for the presentation of the play4. Tumbo doesn t know what the play is even about, what does this tell us about him5. Why was Jusper thown out of his position as student leader why does Tumbo suggest that they keep the fact that Jusper is the writer of the play a secret? 6. Jusper says that he doesn t want the prisoners to come from the prison into another prison, what does this tell us about the society of Kafira7. What warning does Boss give to Jusper for the university students8. Why is Boss scornful of the university students9. What did Boss do as a reaction to the students protest on employment of expatriates10. According to Jusper s explanation to Boss what is the play the prisoners are going to present about? 11. Jusper s play within a play exposes the character traits of several characters. Identify and explain them12. Why does Boss offer himself for the position of chief of staff and what happened to the one supposed to take that role13. Why are the prisoners given real guns and what does this tell us about the state officials14. Give a synopsis of the play the prisoners enact15. How do the prisoners manage to take over the government16. Why does Mulili try to escape17. How does Mulili betray Boss and what allegations does he present against Boss18. Why is Boss spared and Mulili killed19. After killing Mulili, Jusper says I did it for Kafira, I did it for all of you people what is the meaning of this statement20. What is the significance of the reappearance of Doga and Nina and their freezing as they point at Mulili s body at the end of the play. 21. Identify the stylistic devices used in this scene22. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.3259223}
{"text": "Identify the stylistic devices used in this scene22. Identify the elements of betrayal in this sceneTHEMESBETRAYALBetrayal is the act of being disloyal or being deceitful towards someone. Its about going against the trust that someone has on another. The head of state in Kafira Boss has betrayed the people s trust in him. He is supposed to protect the country s sovereignty by creating job opportunities for his subjects, but instead hehas facilitated the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. When the university students protest he deliberately sends in an order for three hundred more expatriate personnel. Under his rule , sycophancy, cronyism, corruption, nepotism, and persecution of perceived opponents have become the order of the day. He orders the killing of Kabito. He is also responsible for the death of Doga and Nina as well as the arrest of Mosese, Askari says .....we calculated that two mature strokes would ease the tension. It worked perfectly. This is where the research stations come in, pg 19 Appointments are not based on merit. According to Tumbo, membership of the entertainment committee is based on the appointees unflinching loyalty to Boss who buys loyalty by handsomely rewarding individuals. For instance, Mulili is rewarded with acres of land and grade cattle. Another incident of betrayal is when Kabito, a fellow member of the entertainment committee is betrayed to Boss by Mulili. Mulili comes up with fictitious reasons for getting rid of Kabito. The allegations are outrageous to say the least. He says that Kabito has complained that Boss has robbed him of the milk tender, he has ruined the economy, he hides millions in foreign countries, and that he tried to get Regina by force. In fact, Mulili should be the green snake on the grass that her refers to. By having Kabito killed, he betrays both men. Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.342045}
{"text": "Mulili betrays his colleague, Jere who gets arrested because he opposed the farmer s brutality towards Doga and Nina, A part from his name-calling and callous nature; he gets Jere into trouble when all he wanted to do was to assist the old couple. Boss betrays the trust Regina has for him. Regina honours her meeting with Boss since she believes hw the only one who can secure the release of her brother Mosese. Unfortunately,Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is forced to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window. Mosese thinks that it would be an act of betrayal for Regina to plead for his release. Pleading to Boss for mercy would mean that he is guilty yet he is not. According to Mosese acting is tantamount to betraying their cause. He further argues that they are out to cause chang e inKafira and even silence to him is a weapon. REVENGEMany characters are seen to be involved in various actions against each other in an attempt to avenge wrongs done against themJusper avenges the death of his brother Adika by killing Chagaga the sub chief s brother the man who had apparently killed Adika by shooting him four times. Jere tells Jusper s parents that people had seen him drag the body to the river pg 12Jere pleads with Mulili to allow the old couple continue with the ceremony. Mulilivehemently refuses and even imitates a priest s burial liturgy an action that infuriates Jere who chases him away and even threatens to shot him. Mulili threatens him that he shall pay for his actions and true to his words Jere s put behind bars. After killing Chagaga and being put behind bars, Jusper s parents are found dead an indication that someone had further avenged the killing of Chagaga. Jusper further says, I will revenge someday pg 33 to which we see him killing Mulli at the end of the play who must have been involved in the killings. During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding betweenKabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.3741605}
{"text": "During the meeting by the committee organizing for the entertainment for the visiting dignitary, there is a quarrel and bitter exchange over an apparent misunderstanding betweenKabito and Mulili. Muili reports Kabito to Boss with many false allegations and this leads to the killing of Kabito. At the end of the play Jusper is seen shooting Mulili dead. His is because Mulili is a symbol of the ills that have affected the state of Kafira. In fact Jusper says on p74 that I did it for Kafira THE ROLE OF THE ELITESThe elites in any society should be actively involved in emancipating their societies from downfall especially occasioned by poor leadership. The same happens in the state of Kafira through various characters. The university students led by Adika are seen demonstrating against the influx of expatriates in the country. This is because this has been the leading cause of unemployment. This however leads to the death of Adika but it s important to notice that they had expressed their misgivings against the government. Through Mosese we also find that the elites are almost giving up on the government and even turning their backs to the going ons in the state. This is seen in Mosese s words when askedwhy he is showing his back to Jere and the askari to which he answers I have no front. However, we see him speaking out his mind against the oppression I the state which leads to his imprisonment on trumped up charges. Mosese in his trance dream agrees to participate in the play together with Jere another elite. It is evident that it is through their role in the play that they manage to bring order to the state of Kafira by ousting and killing the evil element in government in Mulili. Jusper an elite is actively involved in ousting the oppressive regime it is he who writes the controversial play through which they overthrow the government. It is him still who shoots Mulili the evil element and hence hope for Kafira as he says at the end of the play that, I did it for Kafira. I did it for all of you people. Pg 74CORRUPTIONThe government officials are corrupt through and through. The head of state boss putsMulili, a cousin of jis, in a senior government position so that he can inform him on every intricate detail in the government.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.3644564}
{"text": "You need a tall relative to get anything these days pg 27 only those with relatives working in the government can survive in this state. While the entertainment committee meets Nicodemo tries to find out about what they will make out of it. He asks..... what size of potato per hour? He is also interested in finding out how many days they would use. How many working days..... Kabito suggest that they should meet every day until the visiting head of state arrives and even after the visit. Government officials are corrupt. Each is thinking of how to amass wealth. Mulili is granted the milk tender because he is boss cousin. It is not given to those that qualified. Kabito is corrupt. He spends the whole night trying to bribe the tendering committee yet he lost the tender. He says .....I spent the whole of last night being nice to people. To get money in this state in this state one doesn t have to be educated, One must have brains to this of unscrupulous ways of getting money. Tumbo tells Jusper on pg 50 ..........you need a different kind of this. LACK OF TRUTH AND JUSTICEThere is an inherent fear of speaking the truth a-in the entire play thus leading to miscarriage of Justice. Those who have spoken the truth have not lived to see their tomorrow but have been brutally exterminated like vermin. A case in point is Adika, a student leader who is shot dead to silence the students who are protesting about the influx of expatriate personnel into the country. A Young man s life is sobrutally brought to an abrupt end because he chooses to purse the truth in order to attain justice for the greater good of Kafira state. The student s lecturer decides to speak the truth during the burial by telling the politicians off when they decide to place restrictions on the mourners. But because speaking one s mind is not a crime, they plant a drug, one kilogram of opium in his car and get him imprisoned, This is a serious case of intolerance and miscarriage of justice. Doga and Nina are murdered in their own hut because they dared challenge one of Boss; closest advisers, Mulili, who is also his relative. They intended to carry out a simple shaving ceremony by the graveside of their murdered son but Mulili declared it a government property.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.4133005}
{"text": "Individuals are forced to take law into their hands since justice favours those connected to those in power. Jusper kills Chagaga in order to avenge the killing if his brother Adika. Chagaga happens to be the sub-chief s brother. Mulili says All small murders get arrested. Like Jusper faces the full brunt of the law while big murderers like Mulili get away scot free due to political patronage. The fact that Boss relies on the likes of Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo to render good and sustainable opinion and advice to the government tells the extent of the rot in this system. Mulili is barely coherent and there are lots of inconsistencies in his utterances. He is a liar and a cheat, a fraud who any right thinking leader should distance himself from. Tumbo,Kabito and Nicodemo only think about their daily allowances and are determined to meet as long as it takes in order to reap as much. Tumbo s remark at the end of the play puts what ails the state in plain terms, I am truly sorry, but I am not entirely to blame, I was trained, but given the wrong job . Pg 74 This remark points an accusing finger at the appointing authority. The likes of Mulili should not be in government. Mulili uses his relationship with Boss to secure tenders and amass wealth. He manages to reverse the termination of his tender by soliciting assistance from boss. Nicodemo says thatMulili bullied his way into securing the university tender pg 51 Appointments to government positions are based on one s closeness to Boss. Tumbo tells members of the entertainment committee, I trust gentlemen that you know why you sit on this committee. You were nominated for one reason: Your unflinching support for our government pg 52-53 It is evident that Mulili, Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo are Boss sycophants. Mulili s unflinching support for Boss is rewarded with farm land and grade cattle. Tumbo is mandated to organize a play writing competition but instead declares Jusper the winner of proposed play writing competition one third would go to Jusper and Regina and the other two thirds will be used to put the records straight. FEAR SUSPICIONFear is the unpleasant feeling caused by the possibility of danger or evil.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.430488}
{"text": "Regina fears going to see Boss to plead for Mosese s release because she is afraid of him. She fears that something will go wrong if he see her. Regina fears for Juspers safety. She pleads with him to stop clashing with the authorities. She tells him, Jusper, no good will come out of this struggle. Like you I only have two close friends left in this world. You and my brother, but my brother is inside. If anything should go wrong, we ll be wiped out. Pg 34 Mulili is threatened by Jusper and Mosese at the end of the play to a point of denying having any close relationship with Boss. He is fearful that he might he killed but sure enough he is shot dead. Earlier he had intended to sneak out purportedly to go for a call of nature. The head of state is shocked by the turn of events and fears that all evils will be exposed by the prisoners. He begs to be killed. He would rather face death than the consequences of his deeds. When Nicodemo suggests that Kabito should report the issue of losing his tender, Kabito remarks that reporting Mulili to Boss is tantamount to digging one s own grave. When Kabito questions Mulili s presence on the committee, Tumbo says that Kabito should know better than that and in any case, the question was not in the agenda. Tumbo and Nicodemo know that Mulili is responsible for Kabito s death but they cannot dare say anything. Like caged animals, we move, but only inside the cage. Pg 62 HYPOCRISYHypocrisy refers to pretence that one has qualities, beliefs or feelings that they do not really have. Prisoners are taking part in the play to entertain the visiting head of state to show national unity. The government is trying to show the impression that prisoners are actively involved in nation building. This may have not been the case earlier since Nicodemo says they are now being treated as if they do not belong to this world. The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.4683871}
{"text": "The main reason for Boss decision to have the prisoners take part in the play is to potray the country in positive light to ensure foreign investment. A successful visit will make it possible for the role of the negotiators to be heard. Mulili pretends to be shocked by the news that Kabito is dead. He informs Tumbo and Nicodemo that Kabito has been involved in a fatal accident during the one hour break. He pretends to be saddened by the news. He claims that the accident was caused by the victim driving under the influence of alcohol. He further claims that Boss was in tears when he heard of Kabito s death and that he had declared that a road be named after Kabito. Pg 63 By criticizing the excesses of Boss, Tumbo is being hypocritical since he is a beneficiary of Boss and his government. Tumbo seems to be making an attempt to distance himself from Boss when he says, Things will change; Boss is not at all bad at heart. His main problem isthat he gets scared off too easily. Pg 44 As a result of his loyalty he is made the chairman of the committee mandated to organize for the entertainment of a visiting head of state. He also owns apartments courtesy of Boss. Tumbo pretends to be doing Regina a favour by introducing her to Boss yet he knows his Boss ridiculous weakness for women. When she gets into trouble and jumps out of a tenfeet high window, he belatedly says he will apologize to her. He pretends to be sorry forRegina while all along he had known what Boss was up to. Tumbo claims to be a socialist at heart and says he could have written the play for the entertainment of the visiting Head of State himself but decides to extend this opportunity to someone else. Tumbo, you have not done badly, why don t you lead the pack of them ..show them light, eat and let eat. Pg 44 Boss claims to understand truth and justice, while in fact, he least does. He alleges that the rioting students and the dissenting lecturers have no idea what truth and justice are all about. This hypocrisy is self-serving in the sense that he intends to suppress their freedom of expression to create an opportunity to gain from foreign governments. Mulili misreports Kabito to Boss for allegedly maligning Boss reputation yet his real intention is to have Kabito punished for opposing him during the meeting.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.4470947}
{"text": "She feels that they are fighting stones. Pg 34 Doga and Nina have lost hope in life after their son; Adika is shot dead during the university riots. Their son Jusper seems to have lost his mind after his brother s death and is currently considered as good as dead. Nina concludes that the authorities have robbed them all they had and blinded them. After Kabito s murder, Tumbo and Nicodemo realize that their tenures as government officials hang in the balance. Tumbo says, We have no choice, like caged animals, we move but only inside the cage. Pg 62 He says the elimination of citizens has become so rampant that one is not sure of seeing the next day. Jere argues with Askari over the issue of freedom. He tells him that the outside of his cell may be well the inside of another, which implies there is no freedom in Kafira and even those who think they are free are not. Jusper bemoans the fact that Regina too has been affected by the street disease, that is giving up. It is even pointed out that the beggars in the streets laugh at the university students because they believe that they could achieve nothing for Kafira. OPPRESSION SOCIAL INJUSTICEThe leadership of Kafira is dictatorial. It is oppressive. The government in a bid to perpetuate its continued stay in power has resulted in silencing its critics. The educated elite i n particular pay the heaviest price for being at the fore front of criticizing the excess of Boss regime. Assasinations, arrests, imprisonments and torture of prisoners are the order of the day. Boss must always have his way and will eliminate anyone who appears to be a stumbling block to his schemes. He does not entertain any freedom of expression of whatever kind. For example, the academic staff members should not weep in public for whatever reason, and if they do, they end up in prison like Mosese. Freedom of expression is curtailed. Jere says the outside of this cell may be the inside of another pg 21 Prisoners are not allowed to ask questions. It only makes one s life more unbearable. When one asks questions he is subjected to beating as in the case of Jere. Prisoners are denied food only those who co-operate with authorities enjoy certain privileges. Jere is denied tea then Mosese is presented with a cup of tea.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.4897368}
{"text": "When one asks questions he is subjected to beating as in the case of Jere. Prisoners are denied food only those who co-operate with authorities enjoy certain privileges. Jere is denied tea then Mosese is presented with a cup of tea. During Adika s funeral Mosese says of the orders room the government. The funeral would not take more than ten minutes, the coffin could not be carried by students and weeping in public was illegal for the academic staff. When Mosese protested against this high handedness, he is arrested and imprisoned on trumped up charges of possessing illegal drugs. Prisoners are denied food and only those who co-operate with prison authorities. In a bid to secure conviction for Mosese, his sister Regina is subjected to beating by soldiers as people watch, forcing her to give evidence against him. As a result the beating she loses hearing in one ear. Doga and Niana lose their lives after protesting the government s decision to prevent them from conducting the shaving ceremony for their late son Adika. Tumbo and Nicodemo know that Mulili killed Kabito but they cannot say anything about it. Like caged animals we move, but inside the cage pg 62 Boss regime has established research stations meant to rehabilitate perceived opponents of the state before they are re-integrated into the society. Askari tells Jere , You see we have research stations dotted all over the countryside. Pg 17 Boss tells Jusper that when he goes back to the University he should tell the leaders that it is his Boss duty to decide on the magnitude of Kaira s africanization programme and that they have no right to chant about it. When the students demonstrate against the influx ofexpatriate personnel, Boss warns that the result will always be the same, deaths and imprisonment. Jere protests the mistreatment of Nina and Doga by the government. He successfully tries to convince Mulili to allow them to conduct the shaving ceremony for their son Adika. An altercation ensues between him and Mulili when he insists that the ceremony will go on as planned resulting in his arrest and imprisonment. Jusper s unstable state of mind can be attributed to the physical as well as psychologicalsuffering he has undergone. He has been arrested twice, first during the burial of his brotherAdika and seconds the murder of Chagaga who killed his brother.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.52585}
{"text": "They quickly find that they have a lot to talk about because they are like minded as far as the administration of Kafira is concerned. He empathizes with the old couple and wishes to allow them to carry out their shaving ceremony. Secretive cautiousHe does not let out the secret that Mulili allowed Mustafa to escape across the border. When Mosese tells him about the circumstances that brought him to prison, the events of Adika s funeral, Jere does not let Mosese know that he knows Jusper. DaringHe is unperturbed by the threats directed to him by Askari. When Askari tells him, I have killed a man once in this very cell, he replies, congratulations! How did you manage? Pg 30 Intelligent Cunning clever tactfulHe and Mosese clearly carry out a palace coup to expose the villains like Mulili in the government. He says they have no intentions of getting rid of Boss because they want the act to be a mirror that will reflect the real faces of Kafira s front men. He compares the prison department with Meteorological Department which confuses the public by giving contradictory information. PhilosophicalAfter observing Mosese s reverie, Jere aptly summarizes the state of the society thus, When the madness o an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Mosese s behavior is a result of what the authority has put its citizen through-that is, oppression to the point of madness. Rolesi He plays a significant role in the development of the plot of the story. Ii He enhances the character of other characters in the play. For instance, through him, the Askari is portrayed as brutal and intimidating. Iii Several themes have been brought out using him, for instance the themes of selfsacrifice and oppression. Iv He is used by the writer to highlight several stylistic devices such as play within a play, suspense and biblical allusion. JUSPER WENDOHe is a philosophy student at the university. He is the son of Doga and Nina. His brother Adika was shot dead during a demonstration held by the university students. He can bedescribed as;Arrogant disrespectfulJusper talks arrogantly to people who do not make sense to him. He talks back at Tumbo regardless of his powerful office.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.5125353}
{"text": "His brother Adika was shot dead during a demonstration held by the university students. He can bedescribed as;Arrogant disrespectfulJusper talks arrogantly to people who do not make sense to him. He talks back at Tumbo regardless of his powerful office. He openly shows his disrespect by talking negatively about the evils of the government. At some point, Tumbo thinks he is drunk. Vengeful vindictiveHe kills Chagaga, the sub-chief s brother who also killed Adika, his brother. He shoots Mulili for having caused all the pain and suffering in the society. He is over -excited that they have successfully carried out the coup. He vows to avenge the killing of his brother Adika. He tells Regina, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means doing it alone. Pg 33 SarcasticWhen asked by Tumbo what achievement he is going to highlight in the play meant for entertaining the visiting head of state, he says, the number of expatriate professionals had steadily increased over the year, signifying the full extent of our potential progress . Pg 48 On the issue of name changing, he says, but there is nothing wrong with that. Changing names is item number three in the new development plan, isn t it? In fact, Boss himself gaveus a fine example when he substituted his Christian name with something none of us can pronounce. Pg 40 After being told by Tumbo that he has won the nonexistent play writing competition, heremarks that out of ten plays submitted, his came first and that the other entries have of course been returned to their authors. Pg 49 Open Outspoken candidJusper speaks his mind when he finds his parents at the graveside; he openly confesses having killed someone. Nina thinks he is drunk and only to find out later that he actually killed Chagaga. When asked by Tumbo how much beer he drinks he retorts that it is as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days. He talks to the president candidly as he gives him a summary of his play. He is not afraid to reveal to him that he has written the play. Intelligent creativeJusper is a university student. He is also a playwright who depicts the society so clearly that publishers dread publishing his work.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.5717895}
{"text": "He is not afraid to reveal to him that he has written the play. Intelligent creativeJusper is a university student. He is also a playwright who depicts the society so clearly that publishers dread publishing his work. He is able to trick the president to provide real guns so that he can find a chance to avenge the deaths of his parents and brother. He also succeeds intricking Tumbo and taking advantage of inefficiency. He writes an ingenious play that deceives Tumbo completely. StubbornJusper refuses to remove his red gown despite his girlfriend s nagging. She says it makes him appear dangerous. Students are always treated suspiciously whenever they put them on but he is ready to face the consequences. He is unapologetic to Tumbo for wearing it. Rolesi Major events in the play revolve around himii His experiences expose the Boss regime. Iii His brother Adika is brutally murdered during a student s demonstration. He is arrested when he revenges his brother s killing and is released in exchange for his parent s murder. Iv His unstable state of mind points to an individual who has undergone both physical and emotional trauma. V He highlights the themes of suffering, disillusionment, betrayal and self-sacrifice. Thewriter has used Jusper to highlight aspects of style such as play within a play, allusion and satire. MULILIMulili is an ex-soldier and now a farmer. He is cousin to Boss and is a member of the visitor s entertainment committee. Unfeeling inhuman CallousHe makes fun of Doga and Nina s sorrow due to the loss of their son and forbids them to carry out the shaving ceremony at the graveside. Even when Nina threatens to strip naked in protest , a traditional curse, Mulili asks, ....How many naked body I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Pg 9 He is insensitive to Doga s feelings that Doga finally tells him, .....may you die the way Adika did. Pg 10 He has Doga, Nina and Kabito killed in cold-blood. He declares that there is no reason why Boss should not be killed. DisrespectfulHe shows disrespect for the elder couple Doga and Nina when he dares Nina to go ahead and strip after she had threatened to do so.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.5827212}
{"text": "Even when Nina threatens to strip naked in protest , a traditional curse, Mulili asks, ....How many naked body I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Pg 9 He is insensitive to Doga s feelings that Doga finally tells him, .....may you die the way Adika did. Pg 10 He has Doga, Nina and Kabito killed in cold-blood. He declares that there is no reason why Boss should not be killed. DisrespectfulHe shows disrespect for the elder couple Doga and Nina when he dares Nina to go ahead and strip after she had threatened to do so. He says he has seen many naked bodies and he is still Mulili with two eyes, natural. Pg 9 Vengeful VindictiveHe bears a grudge against Kabito because he feels belittled by Kabito whom he alleges has called him a primary school kid. As if that is not enough, he goes ahead to tell lies about Kabito to Boss leading to his elimination. He threatens Jere for failing to enforce the instructions they had to prevent Doga and Nina from carrying out their late son s shaving ceremony. This act lands Jere in prisonCorruptBeing Boss cousin he is promised many acres of land and grade cattle. He will therefore do anything to ensure he gets this. When the tender for the supply of milk to the university is awarded to somebody else Kabito , Mulili reports to Boss who revokes it and gives it to him. Mulili goes on to haveKabito killed after lying to Boss that Kabito had maligned his name. He allows a fugitive, Mustafa, to escape across the border. Comical funnyHis ungrammatical English makes him a funny character provoking laughter in the reader every time he speaks. For example, in reference to Doga s statement that an innocent man is in prison because of Adika, Mulili says, That no matter, he go against law and order, tell us new thing or make clear out of here. You are trespasser. Pg 10 When Nina says that they do not want to be shown letter because their hope has been killed, Mulili tells them, Your people full of primitive; instead going to find how the other is, they come and get stick with dead one. Pg 10 He mixes up simple sayings.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.5972185}
{"text": "Comical funnyHis ungrammatical English makes him a funny character provoking laughter in the reader every time he speaks. For example, in reference to Doga s statement that an innocent man is in prison because of Adika, Mulili says, That no matter, he go against law and order, tell us new thing or make clear out of here. You are trespasser. Pg 10 When Nina says that they do not want to be shown letter because their hope has been killed, Mulili tells them, Your people full of primitive; instead going to find how the other is, they come and get stick with dead one. Pg 10 He mixes up simple sayings. For example, when he comes late for the meeting of the entertainment committee that is preparing for the head of state, he tells the other, Gentlemen, I am very sorrowful, but I always say, better never than late pg 54 Whentelling Boss about Kabito, he says, The one, he be a green grass in the snake. Pg 59 He quickly changes things he had said to suit himself. For instance, he reports that Kabito died in an accident because he was driving while under the influence of alcohol. Nicodemo asks, His breath did you say? He retreats, who said breath I said his body smelledwhiskies? Pg 63 Short tempered temperamentalMulili falls out with people on many occasions because of his short temper. For example, when Doga pleads with him to let him carry on with the shaving ceremony, he loses his temper. Nina gets angry with him and threatens to strip naked, but he is not moved. Doga curses him to die like Adika but he responds, .....you tell him me I am a man with action not words, come on tell...... pg 10 Mulili abuses Kabito a goat when the latter refuses to apologise to him pg 57 Sycophant fanaticalHe does all he can to please the authority Boss . For example, he does not agree with Jere to let Doga and Nina perform the shaving ceremony for their late son even w hen Jere feels they can allow the couple to do it under supervision. He is very proud of having undeservingly won the milk tender. This is because he is Boss cousin.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.620844}
{"text": "For example, he does not agree with Jere to let Doga and Nina perform the shaving ceremony for their late son even w hen Jere feels they can allow the couple to do it under supervision. He is very proud of having undeservingly won the milk tender. This is because he is Boss cousin. He is impressed by the way he got the tender. What happen to Mr. Mulili tender supply for milk?......You knows, who is speaking! I it s me, Boss himself and no bloody vicedeputy. Pg 54 He does everything to impress Boss and make him think he is loyal. He even suggests that people should go on holiday during the visit by the foreign head of state, so that everyone can line up along the road to receive him. This is against logic because, according to Kabito, thisis the final term and most school children will be sitting their exams and cannot afford to line up along the road. He was a soldier and now a farmer but still insist on being part of the authority. For example, he has the audacity to criticize university lecturers for allegedly going against policy. He also says that university students should co-operate with the government because, We pays fortheir fees, we pays for their luxury, we give them all necessary, who are they? Pg 56 When he goes for the rehearsal, he tells Boss, Yes, your excellent. I say myself: go and be with cousin as he sees the final one. Pg 69 Roles Mulili symbolizes the excesses of Boss;- He is portrayed as cruel, greedy, vengeful and dictatorial. Tumbo says of him, the most of the advisers is that of his, Mulili. Pg 44 Through him the character of Jere is brought out a principled when the latter amidst Mulili s objections insists that Adika s shaving ceremony will proceed as scheduled. He enhances the themes of misuse of power, corruption and self-preservation. The writer has effectively employed use of humour through Mulili. TUMBOTumbo is a government official and a confidant of Boss, the Head of state. He is Regina s landlord and chairman of the committee charged with the responsibility of organizing entertainment for the visiting of head of state. Despite his limited education, he has managed to acquire wealth and enjoys immense influence owing to his close association to the Boss.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.6598103}
{"text": "TUMBOTumbo is a government official and a confidant of Boss, the Head of state. He is Regina s landlord and chairman of the committee charged with the responsibility of organizing entertainment for the visiting of head of state. Despite his limited education, he has managed to acquire wealth and enjoys immense influence owing to his close association to the Boss. Hypocritical insincereHe is a beneficiary of Boss government yet given an opportunity he criticizes his regime and those working for it. About Mulili he says, That is why he retired from the army. Until people like him are out, it is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 CorruptHe says that he would not have acquired the blocks of buildings he has if he had depended on empty talk like the university students who he feels talk too much. He says, you were born alone and when you die, you will die alone.... This implies that he has used fraudulent means to acquire property. He pretends to be a socialist when he offers Jusper the chance to write the play to entertain the visiting head of state. He says, You see, the whole program has cost the government some quarter of a million shillings. In fact, I had a mind of writing the play myself, but I thought better of it......eat and let eat. Pg 44 He says a sum of money has been allocated for a play-writing completion but he does not organise the competition. Instead he gives the opportunity to Jusper, of the six hundred pounds meant to finance the competition, he gives one third to Jusper and Regina and says the rest will be used to put records straight pg 49 SycophanticHe has secured his place in the entertainment committee by virtue of his unflinching support for the government. He tells the other committee members, I trust, gentlemen, that you know why you are in this committee. You were nominated for one reason, your unflinching support of our government pg 52-53 CowardlyHe does not live up to what he believes in.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.6417916}
{"text": "Instead he gives the opportunity to Jusper, of the six hundred pounds meant to finance the competition, he gives one third to Jusper and Regina and says the rest will be used to put records straight pg 49 SycophanticHe has secured his place in the entertainment committee by virtue of his unflinching support for the government. He tells the other committee members, I trust, gentlemen, that you know why you are in this committee. You were nominated for one reason, your unflinching support of our government pg 52-53 CowardlyHe does not live up to what he believes in. He strongly believes that until people like Mulili are out of the government, It is dangerous to seem to do things differently in Kafira. Pg 44-45 He convinces Regina to go and see Boss even though he knows well Boss weakness for women. When Regina is hesitant, he tells her, We can t afford to make him angry at this stage. Pg 46 When Kabito is eliminated and Jusper insists on standing for truth and justice even if it will cost him another year at the university, Tumbo tells him. If you knew what has happened to one of us at the committee, I am sure you would postpone your eagerness to stand by truth and justice. Pg 62 Ignorant inefficient carelessHe does not know who Soyinka is. He thinks he is a prime minister of a certain country he purports to have forgotten. He even insists he is a politician. He does not realize that the achievement Jusper says will he highlighted in the play is meant to portray the government that Tumbo serves in bad light. Mosese says that it is out of his inefficiency that they are able to carry out the palace coupsGullibleHe played along to Mosese, Jere and Jusper s plot to bring down Boss. Mosese says that it was largely through his inefficiency that they achieved their objective. Pg 74 Jusper is able to convince him that he is Regina s cousin.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.68778}
{"text": "Mosese says that it is out of his inefficiency that they are able to carry out the palace coupsGullibleHe played along to Mosese, Jere and Jusper s plot to bring down Boss. Mosese says that it was largely through his inefficiency that they achieved their objective. Pg 74 Jusper is able to convince him that he is Regina s cousin. IlliterateWhen Jusper tells him that he drinks as much as he Tumbo drank off the pocket money he got during his university days, a visibly embarrassed Tumbo attempts to justify his limitededucation by claiming that though he qualified for university admission, he sold the scholarship since his family was poor pg 41 RolesTumbo contributes significantly to the development of the plot of the play;i Being Boss confidant he comes out as a major beneficiary of Boss regime. Ii Towards the end of the play, he confesses that he was trained but given the wrong job. This aspect portrays him as sycophantic. Iii It is through his inefficiency that the plot by Mosese, Jusper and Jere to topple Boss succeeds. Iv Through him, we get to know Jusper s character as daring and outspoken and Regina as trusting. V He also highlights the themes of fear, self-preservation and misuse of power. Vi Through him several aspects of style have been effectively used by the writer. They include foreshadow, satire, play within a play and suspense. BOSSHe is the president of Kafira and cousin to Mulili. He plays the role of the chief of staff in the rehearsal. His wife is called Mercedes. Authoritative over-strictBoss leads the country with an iron fist. He wants everything to go his way and cannot stand anyone who appears to block his orders and decisions and he cannot brook dissent. He has signed the death warrants of very many innocent people including Kabito, Adika, Doga and Nina. He warns Jusper against students protests during the rehearsal. He even brags of having given three hundred jobs to expatriates just to prove a point to the protesters. CorruptAccording to Mulili, Boss has acquired a lot of wealth and banked the money in foreign accounts.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.70671}
{"text": "He warns Jusper against students protests during the rehearsal. He even brags of having given three hundred jobs to expatriates just to prove a point to the protesters. CorruptAccording to Mulili, Boss has acquired a lot of wealth and banked the money in foreign accounts. When Mulili tells him that Kabito was spreading such allegations he shouts, who gave him that information, just how much does Kabito know about me? Pg 59 . This seems to confirm his corrupt nature. He orders that the tender awarded to Kabito be revoked and goven to Mulili. Boss is also notorious for nepotism. He assigns powerful positions to his uneducated and inexperienced kinsmen in order to secure his interests. He also gives jobs to expatriates in return for foreign donations and funding. He demands that prisoners stage a play for the guest president in order to portray national unity and the involvement of prisoners in national matters. He does this to make an impression that would attract funding. Through Mulili we get to learn that he has stashed huge amounts of money in foreign accounts which has brought down the economy of Kafira. Temperamental impatient cruel brutalRegina says that boss is reported to have a short temper. Tumbo says that Boss is known to make hasty decisions and stand by them. When instructing Mulili to get rid of Kabito, he impatiently orders Mulili out of the palace. Tumbo says that when Boss is angry he does not differentiate between a human being and a rat. He also refers to him as an animal. Proud conceitedHe says that students do not understand what truth and justice is. He says that their protest against foreign expatriates led to the death of a student leader and the imprisonment of a lecturer. To put them in their place, he brings in three hundred more expatriate personnel just to prove his point. He says that five of them are his own personal appointments. Immoral amorousHe has a ridiculous weakness for women according to Tumbo. He also attempts to rape Regina who is forced to escape by jumping a ten foot high window. Incompetent inefficientHe relies on hearsay and propaganda to run the affairs of the state. He admits that Kabito has been one of his loyal servants. He allows prisoners to handle fire arms during the rehearsal which they use to stage the palace coup.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.71648}
{"text": "Incompetent inefficientHe relies on hearsay and propaganda to run the affairs of the state. He admits that Kabito has been one of his loyal servants. He allows prisoners to handle fire arms during the rehearsal which they use to stage the palace coup. Vengeful VindictiveHe is averse to criticism. He orders the killing of Kabito since it is alleged that he Kabito raised serious allegations about his integrity. He tells Jusper that since the university students questioned his appointment of expatriate personnel, just to put them in their place, he orders three hundred more expatriate personnel. GullibleHe falls for Mosese, Jere, and Jusper s trick and orders the guards to surrender their guns to be used as props. SuspiciousHe has deliberately put Mulili on the entertainment committee to report directly to him if something should seem to be going wrong. He suspects Tumbo of being behind Kabito saction to discredit him. Tumbo must have a hand in this pg 59 ROLESi. Boss is the architect of the misrule in Kafira. Ii. He has allowed his advisers such as Mulili to unleash terror to innocent civilians. Iii. He is a central character since the events in the story centre around his misrule. Iv. He brings out the character of Mulili as vindictive when Mulili convinces him on the need to eliminate Kabito. He also helps brings out the character of Tumbo as sycophantic. V. Though him several themes are highlighted such as misuse of power, betrayal, and social injustice. Vi. He enhances several stylistic devices such as play within a play, suspense, satire and symbolism. ASKARIHe is a prison warder and is mandated to keep watch over Jere and Mosese. Cruel intimidatingEven though Jere was once a soldier like him, he threatens to teach him a lesson or two if Jere calls him his friend again. He also warns Jere that he has once killed a man in that very cellHypocriticalHe tells Jere that they are giving consideration to his future despite his contribution to the national headache. He pretends to be doing Jere a favour and says he should be filling in forms for his rehabilitation.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.7310045}
{"text": "ASKARIHe is a prison warder and is mandated to keep watch over Jere and Mosese. Cruel intimidatingEven though Jere was once a soldier like him, he threatens to teach him a lesson or two if Jere calls him his friend again. He also warns Jere that he has once killed a man in that very cellHypocriticalHe tells Jere that they are giving consideration to his future despite his contribution to the national headache. He pretends to be doing Jere a favour and says he should be filling in forms for his rehabilitation. He says that experts have to be called in to give meaning to data collected in the various research centres that the government has put up and which show that rehabilitation ofprisoners is invaluable. He goes ahead to say that this is not the type of work any of these local pretenders would handle. Pg 17 MOSESEHe is a former university lecturer who is later imprisoned for criticizing the ruling elite. Friendly sociableHe easily makes friends with Jere in prison. He also shares his views with Jere . For example, when Jere tells him that he was a soldier before he came to face to face with reality, Mosese tells him that fire has always been there. Pg 22 He explains to Jere the reason he had changed his name an illegal drug was planted on him by a man bearing the same name as him Nicodemus leading to his imprisonment. Intelligent observantHe was a university lecturer. He is also able to see through the scheme that the authorities have. They intend to use prisoners to act a play to entertain a visiting Head of state to symbolize national unity and therefore build confidence in the visitor to encourage him toinvest more in Kafira. Together with Jere and Jusper, he intelligently carries out a palace coup. PrincipledInitially, he refuses to participate in a play to be performed for the visiting head of state. I will not bend so low. Pg 26 . I cannot do it. Among my friends, that would be equivalent to kneeling in front of Boss and pleading for mercy. Pg 27 His change of name was influenced by Boss decision to change his.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.7642345}
{"text": "I will not bend so low. Pg 26 . I cannot do it. Among my friends, that would be equivalent to kneeling in front of Boss and pleading for mercy. Pg 27 His change of name was influenced by Boss decision to change his. He changed his name since the man who planted a drug on him to implicate him shared a name with him Nicodemus pg 25 SelflessEven though he is not related to Adika who is just one among his many students, he protests his killing and fights injustice but the reward for his effort was imprisonment. DaringTogether with Jusper and Jere he agrees to take part in a potentially dangerous plot to bring down Boss through a play meant for entertaining the visiting head of state. The plan may not work hence they may be labelled traitors. Sceptical Hopeless pessimisticAfter being sent to prison on trumped up charges, he loses faith in the freedom of Kafira. When told that the release of six hundred prisoners will depend on his participation in the play to entertain the visiting head of state, it only makes him feel like he is betraying what he believes in. He feels it would be like kneeling down in front of Boss and pleading for mercy for something he has not done. Pg 28 He does not believe in the Bible teachings that Jere seems to believe in. For example, he says, That is why I don t believe in such crap as the last shall be first, and blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven!..... Pg 28 When Jere tells him that things will change, he says, ......that is why I prefer to wait and see. I will stay here and remain loyal to my principles. Pg 28 Rolesi. Mosese helps highlight the plight of the educated elite in Kafira. Ii. Boss regime seems to deliberately persecute university lectures like Mosese and university student s whom he perceives as his most potent critics. Mosese is arrested and imprisoned for protesting the mistreatment of the family of his late student Adika during the funeral, weeping in public is made illegal for the academic staff. Iii. Through him, the character of Askari is brought out as brutal and inhuman. Iv. He helps develop among other themes the themes of selflessness and misuse of power. V.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.786361}
{"text": "Iv. He helps develop among other themes the themes of selflessness and misuse of power. V. He also highlights play within a play, satire and suspense among other stylistic devices. REGINAShe is sister of Mosese and Jusper Wendo s girlfriend. Her concern for her brother and boyfriend is responsible for her confrontational nature. She pleads with Jusper as well as Mosese to co-opertate with the authorities. Fearful cowardlyShe is so afraid of the laid down rules that she demands that Jusper removes the red gown as it makes him appear dangerous. She fears that he might be killed for being a red guard She pleads with Jusper not to talk of revenge for the death of his parents and brother. She says, Jusper, you promised. You promised to be a good boy. Do you now talk of revenge? Pg 33 Jusper tells her that she seems to have lost her fighting spirit like everyone else in the street. PrincipledShe refuses to succumb to Boss compromising demands and escapes by jumping from a ten foot high window. TrustingShe believes that Tumbo will speak to Boss on her behalf. She is convinced that boss will replace the political prisoners to mark the visit of foreign head of state. When Jusper asks her, do you think he means it? She responds, he does. He says he will be in charge of the whole thing himself. And don t forget he is Boss right hand man. Pg 37 ROLESi. Regina highlights major problems affecting Kafira, which is a disillusioned citizenry. Ii. She berates her boyfriend Jusper for being critical of Boss, According to her, nothing good will come out of Jusper s continued antagonism towards the government. She iswilling to allow the status quo to remain out of fear for the well-being of her loved ones. Iii. She pleads with Jusper to stop his agitation, pointing out that Jusper and her brotherMosese are the only people she has in this world, but Mosese was in and that left Jusper to either build or destroy her. Pg 32 iv. She brings the character of as traitorous. Out pd good will she agrees to meet him only for Boss to try to rape her. V.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.7855172}
{"text": "She brings the character of as traitorous. Out pd good will she agrees to meet him only for Boss to try to rape her. V. She also brings put the portrayal of Jusper as principled and selfless. Through her, the author successfully brings out the themes of betrayal, sexual immorality and misuseof power. The author s effective use of stylistic devices such as satire and humour can also be attributed to her. DOGAHe is Nina s husband and father to Jusper and the later Adika. SuspiciousDoga believes that the individual responsible for the death of their son Adika lives among them. His suspicion is raised by evidence on Adika s grave. Pg 1 Forthright open candidHe tells his wife to calm down when she acts nervous about the violation of their late son s grave and says, What sort of a mother are you? He also disagrees with his wife about informing the sub-chief about the crack on the grave. He can t imagine informing the sub-chief because it is his brother who killed his son. He would rather cheat the ancestors than follow protocol of a wicked government. He also curse Mulili when he proves adamant about allowing them to carry on with the shaving ceremony. He tells him, May you die the way Adika did. Pg 10 OptimisticHe believes that Jusper is Okay where he is. Jusper is alright where he is. Pg 2 PerceptiveHe is able to identify Jere as Kaleka s son despite the later wearing a cap. Pg 9 DishonestHe is determined to cover up any evil on his son s grave by filling the crack on the grave with soil so that the shaving ceremony can go on. Stubborn determinedHe is determined to have his late son s shaving ceremony go on despite the pleas from his wife that people might boycott the ceremony if they knew about the crack in the grave. Grateful appreciativeHe is grateful to Jere for informing them about the whereabouts of Jusper. As a form of gratitude he offers him a pocket bible. Kaleka s son, I have nothing to give you, handinghim a pocket bible take this. Pg 12 Rational realisticHe tells his wife that they need not to cry since tears are for the young and their own wells are dry.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.834756}
{"text": "Grateful appreciativeHe is grateful to Jere for informing them about the whereabouts of Jusper. As a form of gratitude he offers him a pocket bible. Kaleka s son, I have nothing to give you, handinghim a pocket bible take this. Pg 12 Rational realisticHe tells his wife that they need not to cry since tears are for the young and their own wells are dry. Devoted religiousHis devotion id depicted by the song he sings with his wife and the prayer he says with her. Later on, he gives Jere a bible. NINAShe is Doga s wife and mother to Jusper and the late Adika. Motherly concernedShe mourns the death of her son and wonders why people would kill him. She is heart broken by the people who come to interfere with his grave and she cannot stand it. The death of her son sends her into mourning. She begs Mulili to allow them to allow them to carry on with the shaving ceremony. She is concerned about the whereabouts of Jusper when she finds that he is not guarding the grave. EmotionalShe weeps besides her son s graveDetermined daringWhen Mulili refuses to allow her to carry out the shaving ceremony, she threatens to strip naked and cause him blindness. HonestShe feels that the evil done to her son;s grave should not be hidden. According to her, one cannot outwit their ancestors. She suggests to her husband that they report the evil to the subchief. It would be wrong for us to sit on this evil. Pg 3 ReligiousShe tells her husband that they need to commit the day on God s hands. They sing and later she invokes a prayer. FearfulShe is concerned about her son Jusper s safety when they fail to find him at Adika s grave. But where is he now? Doga, my heart fails me. Pg 2 STYLE AND LANGUAGESATIRESatire is a form of writing where an individual or society is ridiculed or where the foolishness of an idea, practice or custom is shown. It s a form of criticism of vices through or by use of humour. The writer portrays the evils of the society in a rather humorous way. From the beginning of the play, he depicts the government as insensitive to the needs of its own people.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.8463814}
{"text": "It s a form of criticism of vices through or by use of humour. The writer portrays the evils of the society in a rather humorous way. From the beginning of the play, he depicts the government as insensitive to the needs of its own people. Adika is shot dead by the sub-chief s brother for leading a demonstration against the employment of many expatriates. Chagaga is jailed and later released because he shot Adika in self-defence other than listen to the protest of the people and consider their demands; the government executes those who oppose its ideas. Government officials such as Askari and Mulili are satirised for their cruelty. They have little regard for human life. Askari mistreats prisoners under his watch such as Jere. He repeatedly threatens Jere and even informs him that he has killed a man in the very cell Jere is in. Mulili has no qualms taking away human life. Mulili and Boss have been satirized for being traitorous. Boss betrays the trust bestowed on him by his subjects. Instead of being a servant leader, he has become a tyrant. A peaceful demonstration by university students is violently dispersed leading to the death of a student;Adika. Instead of securing jobs for the citizens of his country he has resorted to importation of expatriates. His leadership is also characterized by intimidation, assassination and corruption. Mulili is a beneficiary of Boss misrule. Ironically, when tables are turned on Boss by Jere, Jusper and Mosese, he betrays Boss and blames him for the ills in Kafira as well as for killing Kabito. He urges Jere to Kill Boss. Tumbo a government official sinefficiency is satirized. He uses his position to benefit himself. He claims that the reason he never got proper education is that his parents were poor and so he sold his scholarship. He fails in his duty to set up a writing competition, feigns ignorance that it took place and gives the opportunity to Jusper who grabs it to turn against the president and his cronies. When he visits Regina, Tumbo sends Jusper for beer claiming that it is tough being a government official. When we do not quite see what is tough in his line of duty. Tumbo is happy when Jusper highlights in the play the influx of expatriate is a sign of potential progress. Mulili is satirised for being insensitive to the rights of children.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.8700798}
{"text": "When we do not quite see what is tough in his line of duty. Tumbo is happy when Jusper highlights in the play the influx of expatriate is a sign of potential progress. Mulili is satirised for being insensitive to the rights of children. He suggests that during the head of state s visit, all children and adults should line up on the road to welcome the visitor despite the fact that it s the final term and most of the children will be sitting for exams. IRONYSITUATIONAL IRONYAfter the death of Adika, Jusper went wild singing songs of vengeance and as a result he is taken away by agents of the government to be cooled down. He was said to be dangerous to peace loving people. It is ironical that when he was brought back after three months, he has instead worsened and people said he was mad. Pg 4-5 In prison, one is not allowed to talk too much. It doesn t pay to talk a lot. It is ironical that askari takes great exception to Mosese s silence and tries to force him to talk. Due to the fact that the prison authorities know Mosese as being talkative they will not allow him to keep quiet and demand that he explains what he is keeping quiet about. It is ironical that though while in prison one is expected to show consistency of character and a market improvement, one cannot afford to stick to one s principles otherwise he will never leave jail. According to Jere, the character in the Pilate story his fellow inmate did not want to be Pilate and instead insisted on being Jesus. The said character did not know that being Jesusmeant receiving canes and when Jere caned him, he wailed and Jere was subsequently punished it was an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth pg 23 It is ironical that it will take a state visitor to have political prisoners released in Kafira. Jere tells askari that innocence can be an offence. This statement is given credence by the fact that Jere and Mosese are in prison, not because of committing an offence but standing for the truth. Tumbo says that a sum of money has been allocated for a play-writing competition and adds that the democratic part of it is that anyone has to participate yet in actual sense, there is no competition. He goes ahead to pronounce Jusper as the winner of the non-existence competition.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.8572145}
{"text": "This statement is given credence by the fact that Jere and Mosese are in prison, not because of committing an offence but standing for the truth. Tumbo says that a sum of money has been allocated for a play-writing competition and adds that the democratic part of it is that anyone has to participate yet in actual sense, there is no competition. He goes ahead to pronounce Jusper as the winner of the non-existence competition. News of Jusper s wim will be in the papers the following week. It s ironical that Tumbo will not accept the suggestion that the visiting head of state visits the upcountry to see the progress in agriculture despite the fact that the head of state offered technicians for the said progress. Kabito s attack on the government that Mulili and his likes choke Kafira is ironical since he is a major beneficiary of the system. His appointment to the entertainment committee is reward for his loyalty to Boss. It is also ironical that by pointing out the truth, he is accused of sowing seeds of discord among the other people. According to Boss, grey hair symbolizes wisdom. It is therefore ironic that he is determined to remove all strands of grey hair, claiming that a leader should have grey hair. Pg 58 DRAMATIC IRONYAs Jusper enters, Doga hides behind the bush. The audience as well as Nina is awake of Doga s whereabouts but Jusper is not. Jusper asks Tumbo if he had come to see his Jusper s cousin, The readers as well as Jusper know that Regina is the girlfriend to Jusper and not his cousin but Tumbo doesn t. Mulili is not aware that Tumbo and Nicodemo are already aware of Kabito s death. Tumbo tells Nicodemo, Here he comes. Remember we know nothing. Enter Mulili pg 62 Boss, Tumbo and Mulili are not aware of the plot by Mosese, Jere, and Jusper to topple Boss who is duped into ordering the guards to surrender their guns to be used during the final rehearsal of the play. The readers on the other hand are awake of the plot by the three. IMAGERYThe writer has employed the use of figurative language in the play. Metaphors and similes have been used as follows;I.Similes He was slaughtered like a goat. This show how Adika was killed mercilessly.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.9403768}
{"text": "The readers on the other hand are awake of the plot by the three. IMAGERYThe writer has employed the use of figurative language in the play. Metaphors and similes have been used as follows;I.Similes He was slaughtered like a goat. This show how Adika was killed mercilessly. While referring to this co-actor in the Pilate story, Jere says of him. He wailed like a woman in a death home pg 23 This is a pointer of the cowardice of the individual. While referring to the terror inflicted on the citizens by Boss and his henchmen, Jusper tells Regina, they come quietly when you are least expecting and before you realize it, they have pounced on you like hungry leopards. Pg 32 Jusper goes on to say, I defended his remains like a man. Pg34 This shows his determination and bravery in ensuring that his brother s grave was not desecrated. II.MetaphorMulili tells Jere, Big coward Jere, you a woman pg 10 The implication here is that Jere is a coward for sympathising with Nina and Doga. Jusper tells Regina, Adika died for the truth......he was killed for asking whether or not we were on the right train pg 34 . Jusper here is adverting that Adika died for questioning how the country was being governed. Tumbo tells Jusper that there is a good potato in the work they are about to do in reference to money. Mulili refers to Jere as chicken hearted pg 44 ALLUSIONAllusion refers to reference to something or someone else without the context of a given text. The writer makes several allusions in reference to the Bible. When Jere canes his cell mate as they act out the part of Jesus Christ and Pilate, he finds himself in trouble when the cell mate cries out. He is stripped naked and caned. He tells them it was a case of an eye for an eye anda tooth for a tooth. This is a verse in the Bible. The above story is an allusion to the Biblical crucification of Jesus. Many citizens of Kafira have been crucified innocently just like Jesus and many others are the pilates that beat upChrist. Doga, Nina and Kabito are among those who die needless deaths.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.9249198}
{"text": "The above story is an allusion to the Biblical crucification of Jesus. Many citizens of Kafira have been crucified innocently just like Jesus and many others are the pilates that beat upChrist. Doga, Nina and Kabito are among those who die needless deaths. The pilates are exemplified by the likes of Boss and Mulili. Mosese alludes to the biblical inheritance of the Kingdom of heaven in reference to their high expectations after independence. When they are told that their kingdom independence has come, it turns out to be an allusion. Mosese also alluded to the bible when he says ......the last shall be first and blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the kingdom of heaven. Pg 27 Mosese questions the validity of this bible verse by pointing out the disappointment of the masses. He is disillusioned that people had placed their hope in Boss regime, only to be disappointed by the turn of events. Boss tells Jusper that when he was acting, he used to be given bad roles. He would die for mistakes that were not his. Jusper tells him, I would say it s sacrifice A kind of death for a future. The sort of role Christ played pg 66 While referring to this mother, Mosese tells Jere, once every year she slaughtered a cock to mark the birth of Christ pg 28 Christmas is alluded here. SYMBOLISMAfter Adika s burial following his killing Nina says that his death has made them blind and left them in blindness. This words blind and blindness symbolize the state of hopelessness or disillusionment of Doga and Nina. Reference is made to the word potato . Nicodemo asks Kabito did you get the potato? Potato refers to the university tender. Kabito insists on knowing their terms of service and Nicodemo proceeds to ask the size of potato per hour they are entitled to pg 53 This is in reference to allowanced due to them. Potato symbolizes corruption that is rampant in Kafira. Boss orders an Askari to untie the hands of Mosese and Jere pg 70 The act of untying the two symbolizes their freedom and by extension salvation or the citizens of Kafira. Askari is a symbol of oppression. Political prisoners like Jere and Mosese are mistreated while in prison.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.952861}
{"text": "Boss orders an Askari to untie the hands of Mosese and Jere pg 70 The act of untying the two symbolizes their freedom and by extension salvation or the citizens of Kafira. Askari is a symbol of oppression. Political prisoners like Jere and Mosese are mistreated while in prison. The brutality of the regime is evident when askari says of Mosese ......whenthey brought him in last night , he was all questions. We calculated that two mature strokes would ease the tension pg 19 He informs Jere that he has once killed a man in that very cell. Pg 30 The gun is a symbol of power. The moment the askaris surrender their guns to Jere, Mosese and Jusper, power shifts from Boss to the three. Mulili, Boss and Tumbo are at the mercy of the three. The reappearance od Doga and Nina at the end of theplay after the killing of Mulili is a symbol of change in Kafira, their reappearance at the graveside which now is for Mulili shows that the social order of injustice and misrule exemplified by poor advisors like Mulili has been done away with and now they expect a new Kafira with better leadership and justice. HUMOURThe writer has employed humour in his play. He portrays Mulili humorously. His broken English and barely comprehensible talks ease the tense moments that keep building in the play. Some of the funny statements he makes include;The green grass in the snake instead of the green snake in the grass to refer to hypocrites. Sometimes I wonder why you possession that thing between your legsYou must apology to me this, now pg 57 You play with fire you goat! Mulili s attempt to communicate in English is laughable. Who you call child eeh? Jere you tell him. Tell him what I does with stubborn old mens pg 8 Big coward. Why you doesn t let her get on with it. How many I have seen and I am still Mulili with my two eyes, natural? Look, no goggles pg 9 Mulili s disjointed English is a pointer to his limited education. This is an indication of Boss leadership which regards individuals not on the basis of their qualifications but on the basis of blood relationship and perceived loyalty.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406312.9620051}
{"text": "Several instances of proverbs are evident in the text. The writer has used proverbs to illustrate the wisdom of Doga and his realistic nature. He says, a mouse does not share a bowl with a cat. Pg 3 which implies that they cannot share mutual relationship with the sub-chief whose brother, Chagaga, is responsible for the death of AdikaWhen Nina suggests that they should report to the sub-chief what has just happened to the grave, Doga uses a proverb to explain her failure to see the futility of her actions. Thus he says, ....when dry thunder tears the sky before our eyes, do we forget the storm of yesterday? Pg3 Doga insists that the shaving ceremony must go on regardless of the obstacles that they face. He uses a proverb. A cloudy sky does not always cry rain pg 3 Kabito tells Nicodemo, the tree climber begins from the bottom, not top pg 53 . Through this proverb, Kabito wishes to be informed the terms of service of the committee before their meeting. The potrayal of Kabito is that of a materialistic, greedy and self-centred individual. FORESHADOWA foreshadow is a premonition that something is going to happen. Authors use words, signs or events to prepare readers for something that is just to occur. Doga foreshadows Mulili s death when he says Empty words will be your downfall. May you die the way Adika did pg 10 His words come to pass when Jusper shoots Mulili. After his parents are murdered in exchange for his release, Jusper says, I will get my revenge someday, even if it means going alone pg 33 His words are fulfilled when he shoots Mulili dead. While reacting to Tumbo s insistence that she must personally see Boss to secure her brother s release , Regina says, I have this funny feeling that something will go wrong pg 45 Her fears are justified when later on Boss forcefully tries to get her and she is only able to escape by jumping out of a ten foot high window.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.0179477}
{"text": "This song and the subsequent prayer indicate that the couple can only turn to God for solace after all else has failed. Generally, it is their hope in life because under the Kafira government, they can only trust and obey. It portrays them as religious despite the challenges they are facing. They are seeking for answers through divine intervention. The song and the prayer summarize their total sense of loss and their deep religious devotionCROSS PURPOSEThis style is used in reference to individuals talking about different things in the course of their conversation without realizing it. The first incident of cross purpose is when Doga, Nina and Jusper appear not to communicate and their statements overlap. When Jusper is at cross purpose with Doga and Nina. Jusperappears not to communicate with his parents and their statements overlap. When Jusper is referring to a murder he committed at night, his mother thinks that he imagines killing his father. Doga tells Nina not to detain Jusper and instead allow him to go for he is a nuisance. Jusper responds, he can t go he is dead pg 6 Jusper is referring to Adika;s murderer Chagaga while his mother means that Doga is dead. Jusper and Nina also speak in cross purpose on pg 7 when Jusper asks ...shall I go and confess idid it? To which Nina answers, Yes my son, go and put on a clean shirt and then you can confess Nina thinks Jusper is talking about the ceremony whereas Jusper is talking about confessing that he had killed Chagaga. Mosese and Jere talk at cross purpose. Pg 30-31 While Mosese in his reverie, seems to be talking to imaginary persons. Jere s questions punctuate his reverie. In his attempt to understand Mosese s talk, he finally concludes,When the madness of an entire nation disturbs a solitary mind, it is not enough to say the man is mad. Pg 33 BETRAYAL IN THE CITY ESSAY QUESTIONS1. The Elites play a major role in salvaging countries marred by poor governance. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City2. The government of Kafira is a dictatorial regime that doesn t mind the suffering of themasses.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.0015626}
{"text": "The Elites play a major role in salvaging countries marred by poor governance. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City2. The government of Kafira is a dictatorial regime that doesn t mind the suffering of themasses. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City3. Revenge is a vicious cycle that needs to be stopped since it hinders development. Explain the veracity of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City4. Kafira is an epitome of corruption in the developing countries. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City5. Deceit reigns in situations of poor governance and with them comes conflict. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City6. A state can be brought down if its leadership thrives on cronism and poor advisors. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City7. Kafira s woes can be attributed to the inefficiency of its leadership. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City8. Betrayal in the city is a perfect satire of the ills in third world countries. . Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Francis Imbuga s Betrayal in the City9. Bad governance creates room for economic opportunism. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga10. Mulili is an embodiment of evil attributes. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga11. Many people in Kafira are traitorous. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga12. Strikes come with many adverse effects. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga13. Write an essay explaining the relevance of the title BETRAYAL IN THE CITY.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.0433905}
{"text": "Strikes come with many adverse effects. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga13. Write an essay explaining the relevance of the title BETRAYAL IN THE CITY. From the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga14. THE OUTSIDE OF THIS CELL MIGHT AS WELL BE THE INSIDE OF ANOTHER from instances in the play write as essay justifying Jere s assertion drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga15. Oppression breeds misery and conflict. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga16. The situation in Kafira has bred despondency amongst its citizens. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis Imbuga17. Many eventsand actions in Betrayal in the City are triggered by the need for revenge. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing illustrations from the play Betrayal in the City by Francis ImbugaTHE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE BY BERTOLT BRECHTTHE AUTHORBertolt Brecht was a German poet , playwright and theatrical reformer. He was born in 1898 and became one of the most prominent figures in the 20th -century theater. Bertolt Brecht was concerned with encouraging audiences to think rather than becoming too involved in the story line and to identify with the characters. Bertolt Brecht was born in Augsburg, the son of Beltold Brecht, the director of a paper company, and Sophie Brezing, the daughter of a civil servant. His father was a Catholic, and his mother a Protestant. Both parents hailed from Achern in the Black Forest. Brecht began to write poetry as a boy, and had his first poems published in 1914. Between 1919 and 1921 he wrote theatre criticisms for the left-wing Socialist paper Die Augsburger. After military service as a medical orderly, he returned to his studies, but abandoned them in 1921. During the Bavarian revolutionary turmoil of 1918, Brech wrote his first play, Baal. From this period also dates his poem, 'Legend of the Dead Soldier'.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.034135}
{"text": "After military service as a medical orderly, he returned to his studies, but abandoned them in 1921. During the Bavarian revolutionary turmoil of 1918, Brech wrote his first play, Baal. From this period also dates his poem, 'Legend of the Dead Soldier'. It was cited by the Nazis as one of their strong reasons to deprive him of German citizeship in 1935. Like several other poems, it was set to music by the author, and sung to the accompaniment of his guitar in a Berlin cabaret. Brecht's works have be en translated into 42 languages and sold over 70 volumes. The Caucasian Chalk Circle was written in 1944 inHollywood. Drawing on the Greek tradition, he wanted his theater to represent a forum for debate hall rather than a place of illusions. He aimed to take emotion out of the production, persuade the audience to distance from the make believe characters and urge actors to dissociate from their roles. Then the political truth would be more easy to comprehend. Oncehe said: \"Nothing is more important than learning to think crudely. Crude thinking is the thinking of great men.\". Brecht formulated his literary theories much in reaction to GeorgLuk cs 1885-1971 , a Hungarian philosopher and Marxist literary theoretician. He disapproved Luk cs attempt to distinguish between good realism and bad naturalism. He died in 1956. SETTINGThe Caucasus is a region that bridges Europe and Asia. The Caucasus is divided by the Caucasian mountain ranges into two regions:The northern slopes of the mountains reach into Chechnya and other border states of the former Soviet UnionOn the southern side of the mountains are the modern-day countries Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. Grusinia, where The Caucasian Chalk Circle takes place, is a fictionalized version of the modern day countries; Georgia and Azerbaijan towards the end of the WWII in 1944. The play was translated to English by Eric Bentley. The play is a comedy, with a happy ending. The play is based on communism i.e. whoever can make the best use of resources in order to provide for others deserves to get the best of the resources. Brecht shows communism through three stories;i The ownership of a piece of land between goat herders and fruit farmers. In the end througharbitrators, the fruit farmers get the valley because they will use the land better.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.0924695}
{"text": "Whoever can make the best use of resources in order to provide for others deserves to get the best of the resources. Brecht shows communism through three stories;i The ownership of a piece of land between goat herders and fruit farmers. In the end througharbitrators, the fruit farmers get the valley because they will use the land better. Ii The story about Grusha the kitchen maid, through the use of Solomonic law: Solomon and the baby from the bible . Grusha gets the baby because she deserves him. Iii The story about Judge Azdak. His fair judging in favour of the peasants made him very popular especially among the poor. THE TITLEThe Caucasian Chalk Circle is derived from a circle Judge Azdak orders Shauwa to draw, .............get a piece of chalk and draw a circle on the floor. Pg 97 . Its purpose is to determine Michael s real mother. Both Natella Abashwili and Grusha Vashnadze desire custodian of the child. Shauwa is directed to place the child in the circle and the mother to hold him by the hands and pull him out. Whoever pulls him out of the circle would retain him. It is ironical that Natella, Michael s biological mother, is denied custody of the child when she pulls him out. Grusha declines to tear the child and consequently ends with the child. The title symbolically signifies the possibility of surrendering what might be rightfully yours for better utilization. The play infers from both a Chinese play Circle of chalk written in 1300 AD and a biblical story The judgment of Solomon- 1 Kings 3: 16-28 In the Chinese story, a young girl, HAi-tang, bears a child as the second wife of a wealthy man. His first wife claims the child is her own. However, the second wife is judged the true mother when she refuses to pull the child apart in the test of the Chalk Circle. In the biblical story, two women live in the same house and both bear a child. One baby dies in the night and its mother swaps him for the living baby. Both claim the living child is their own. Solomon orders that the child be cut in two and each half be given to each mother. The real mother of the child gives up the child rather than see him harmed and is judged to be the true mother.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.1338704}
{"text": "Both claim the living child is their own. Solomon orders that the child be cut in two and each half be given to each mother. The real mother of the child gives up the child rather than see him harmed and is judged to be the true mother. The agriculturist and herders are seated in circles as they negotiate and in the end the herders agree to surrender their claim on the valley of Rosa Luxemburg since they would put it to better use. SYNOPSISThe Caucasian Chalk Circle begins with a prologue which captures a dispute between two communities; the fruit growing and the goat farming one. The clash is over who should own and manage the valley. The Goat Farm Commune Group is the original owner who had relocated due to the advancing Hitler s army. The fruit growing Commune has demonstrated interest in the piece of land. A delegate from Tiflis-the capital of the Soviet State of Georgia-has been sent to settle the dispute. The Fruit Growing Collective Farm has made elaborate arrangements of irrigating the valley so as to make it more productive. The delegate awards the land to the fruit growers because they have plans to use the resources better despite the land originally belonging to the goat farming group. Act one begins when the city of Grusinia has been taken over by the iron shirts and the governor, Georgi Abashwili, is beheaded in a coup that has been planned by his brother, the Fat Prince and his head fastened on a wall. The governor s wife Natella flees and in the process abandons her child, Michael. Fortunately, the kitchen maid Grusha salvages the child from the soldiers and the Fat Prince and escapes with him to her brother's place in the Northern Mountains, pursued by soldiers. She enduresgreat suffering in the way, including hostile and uncooperative people. She finally gets to her brother s place but he the brother insists that she must be married to an almost dying man by the name Jussup. Jussup has faked illness to avoid taking part in the war. When it is announced that the war is over, Jussup miraculously recovers. Grusha is stuck with a husband she did not want. When Simon Grusha s lover returns from the war, he discovers that Grusha is married and suspects that Michael is her child.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.1117797}
{"text": "When it is announced that the war is over, Jussup miraculously recovers. Grusha is stuck with a husband she did not want. When Simon Grusha s lover returns from the war, he discovers that Grusha is married and suspects that Michael is her child. Later, the child is taken away from her by some soldiers who claim that he belongs to Natella and he is taken back to the Caucasian village. Through a flashback, the writer explains how the Grand Duke is sheltered by Azdak, later to be judge, soon after he escapes the bloody coup. However, Azdak is not aware that he is hiding a dangerous fugitive and fearing he might be branded a traitor he presents himself to the soldiers to be tried and soon wins their favour and is installed as judge. Azdak judges four very weird cases, ruling in each case in favour of the poor. He soon gains reputation for supporting the poor. He serves for two years as a judge, befo re the return of the Grand Duke. He is arrested for being a traitor and as the soldiers are about to kill him, he is saved by the Grand Duke who recalls that he saved his life. He reappoints him to be the judge. The major case that Azdak handles is that of Grusha and the child. The governor s wife wants Michael back because without him, she cannot take over the former Governor s wealth. However,Grusha wants to keep the child because she has raised him for the past two years. Interestingly, even Simon offers to support her in the trial. When Azdak listens to the case, he orders a Chalk Circle tobe drawn, after he learns what Grusha has done to the child. The child is placed in the middle and orders the two women to pull saying that whoever can pull him out of the circle will get him. The governor s wife pulls whereas Grusha lets go. This is repeated and finally, AZDAK gives Michael to Grusha. The governor s wife is ordered to leave. Michael s wealth is taken and made intopublic gardens. The message the author is passing across is that resources should belong to those who make better use of them- the child to Grusha, just the same way the valley goes to those who will take care of it.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.1211581}
{"text": "The governor s wife is ordered to leave. Michael s wealth is taken and made intopublic gardens. The message the author is passing across is that resources should belong to those who make better use of them- the child to Grusha, just the same way the valley goes to those who will take care of it. In the end, Azdak divorces Grusha from Jussup, paving way for her to get married to Simon. Azdak disappears never to be seen again. PROLOGUESummer of 1945The play begins with a prologue an introduction to a play that captures a conflict between members of two collective farms both who claim a stake in a disputed valley. The two rivals are: Goat Farm Rosa Luxemburg and Fruit Farm Galinsk. The two are neighbours. The goat herding commune claims to be the original owners of the disputed land until Hitler s armies forced them to relocate. The fruit growing commune has laid down an elaborate plan to irrigate the valley for agricultural purposes. They intend to use a dam across the mountain lake and water seven hundred acres of infertile land and plan to plant vineyards and orchards thereA delegate from the State Reconstruction Commission from Tiflis-the capital city-has been sent to arbitrate on the dispute. He intimates that Goat Farm Rosa Luxemburg occupied the valley before moving East on orders from the government. The Goat herding commune is now dissatisfied with their new grazing land which they claim is not palatable to their animals. They claim that the valley belongs to them from eternity and the law attests to that. However, members from the Fruit Farm Galinsk explain the reason why they deserve to own the valley. An amicable solution is finally reached when the land is awarded to the Fruit growing commune and the two groups settle down to eat and drink. Entertainment soon follows when a legendary singer Arkadi- is invited to perform an old Chinese song entitled, The Chalk Circle. This song is about two stories which have a bearing on their resolved dispute. The prologue serves several functions; first, it gives the play a unique structure, secondly, enables the playwright to pass on his her key message and the moral of the play to the reader or audience beforehe or she watches or reads it. Bertolt roots for communism, that whoever can make good use of something should keep it.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.1692243}
{"text": "This song is about two stories which have a bearing on their resolved dispute. The prologue serves several functions; first, it gives the play a unique structure, secondly, enables the playwright to pass on his her key message and the moral of the play to the reader or audience beforehe or she watches or reads it. Bertolt roots for communism, that whoever can make good use of something should keep it. THE NOBLE CHILDThis part opens with Arkadi- the singer narrating a story about Georgi Abashwili, the governor in Grusinia and a rich man who owns numerous horses and soldiers. He is married to Natella and they have a son, Michael. On the morning of the Easter Sunday, the governor s family goes to church. At the gateway, he is confronted by many beggars and petitioners. Mothers hold emaciated children as people with clutches and petitions beg for money. They complain of high taxes, starvation and bribery. The governor ignores them and soldiers whip them with thick leather whips to keep them away. Michael-the governor s son and heir- is brought along and the crowd sees him for the first time. He is carried in a decorated carriage and is attended to by two doctors. Even the mighty Prince Kazbeki bows before him at the church door. Natella informs the prince about the Governor s plan of bringing down the slums to pave way for his garden. The governor has lost interest in the affairs of Grusinian people in spite of the raging war that is taking place. The governor even dismisses a messenger from the cit y bringing some confidential papers for him saying he can only attend to him after the service. Later the adjutant anofficer who acts as military assistant informs the messenger that the governor does not wish to receive military news before dinner. Grusha Vashnadze- governor s kitchen maid- does not attend the service as she has to get a goose for the family s banquet. She is seen talking to Simon Shashava, a soldier, who reveals that he oftenhides behind a bush to watch her dip her legs in the river as she washes her line. Before the awaited dinner and a talk with the architects can take place, the palace is surrounded and the Governor arrested. George Abashwili is executed and the city is in bloodshed. Natella s life is in danger. Servants rush out of the house trying to frantically salvage what they can.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.2031844}
{"text": "George Abashwili is executed and the city is in bloodshed. Natella s life is in danger. Servants rush out of the house trying to frantically salvage what they can. A scuffle erupts between the two family doctors over who should attend to the governor s wife who has fainted. Simon comes looking for Grusha. He aims at wooing her. The two have to part ways when Simon is ordered by the adjutant to guard Natella on her way to safety. He gives Grusha a silver chain that his mother had given him. She promises him that she would wait for him and remain faithful till their reunion. The adjutant is seen trying to save Natella from danger but she is reluctant to go without her most valued essentials. The adjutant forces her on a horse back amidst complaints that she has left her wine-coloured dress. She leaves her child Michael behind who falls into the custody of Grusha the kitchen maid. As everyone flees, Grusha decides to hide the child under a blanket and keeps the baby company throughout the night. The following day she flees with the child from the Ironshirts who together with the Fat Prince are looking for the baby, It s a pity they took the brat along, though, I need him urgently. Pg 28 THE FLIGHT TO THE MOUNTAINSThe Singer accounts Grusha escape from the city to the Northern Mountains to save Michael from the Fat Prince and his soldiers. She is carrying Michael in a sack. She journeys along the Grusinian highway on the Northern Mountains after singing The song of the Four Generals. As lunchtime approaches, she has to look for a meal to feed the child. She buys milk from a peasant at two piasters, an equivalent to a week s pay. Having spent most of her money Grusha keeps on moving towards the north as the Iron shirts who want to kill Michael pursue her. The singer tells us that she then arrives at the River Sirra and with the burden of the child weighing on her; she decides to keep him at the doorstep of a farmyard after realising that the peasant woman has some milk. She anticipates the peasant will feed him and goes to hide behind a tree in order to watch what would happen. When the peasant woman finds Michael at her door, she takes him into the house.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.2166152}
{"text": "The singer tells us that she then arrives at the River Sirra and with the burden of the child weighing on her; she decides to keep him at the doorstep of a farmyard after realising that the peasant woman has some milk. She anticipates the peasant will feed him and goes to hide behind a tree in order to watch what would happen. When the peasant woman finds Michael at her door, she takes him into the house. She suggests to her husband that they keep the child but her husband tells her to give him to the local priest. AsGrusha hurries off in the opposite direction she bumps on Ironshirts who demand to know where she is coming from. She lies that she is going to meet Simon Shashava. The ironshirts demand the whereabouts of Michael. Grusha gets scared and rushes back to the cottage where she had left the child and pleads with the peasant woman to hide it. Initially the woman agrees to hide Michael but is immediately frightened by the presence of the soldiers. She reveals to the corporal that Grusha left the child on her doorstep. In desperation, Grusha seizes a log and hits the corporal on the head until he loses consciousness. She then grabs Michael and runs away. In her flight from the Ironshirts, she finally reaches the foot of Janga-Tau Glacier after journeying for twenty-two days. She adopts Michael. She removes his silken shirt, throws it away and wraps him in rags. Finally, she arrives at the bridge on the glacier still pursed by the Ironshirts. One of the bridge s rope is broken and half of the bridge is hanging down the abyss. Despite the danger, Grusha is determined to cross the bridge. Luckily they get to the other side of the bridge despite fears and warning by the merchants on the impending danger. She laughs triumphantly to her freedom as theIronshirts pursuing her cannot cross the bridge. Finally, she sings The Song of the Child pg 41 IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINSAfter journeying across the glacier for another seven days, Grusha finally arrives at Lavrenti s her brother house. She expects to be welcomed warmly but this is not the case. Her bother has to cook up a story to convince his religious wife that his sister is on her way to her husband s place at the mountains.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.1901934}
{"text": "Finally, she sings The Song of the Child pg 41 IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINSAfter journeying across the glacier for another seven days, Grusha finally arrives at Lavrenti s her brother house. She expects to be welcomed warmly but this is not the case. Her bother has to cook up a story to convince his religious wife that his sister is on her way to her husband s place at the mountains. To have Grusha leave the house, Lavrenti comes up with an idea of getting her a husband. He Lavrenti organizes to get her married to a dying man - Jussup at a fee of 400 piasters. The mother-in-law realizing there is a child demands for an additional 200 piasters for the wedding to proceed. The mother-in-law has hired a cheap monk to unite the two. After the wedding, neighbours who came to witness the marriage ceremony are served with cakes as they gossip. From the gossiping visitors, news indicate that the Grand Duke has assembled an army to fight the princes that rebelled against him the previous year. When Grusha hears that the soldiers are coming back now that the war is over, she is in shock and drops a cake pan. Her worry being that Simon will come back and find she is married to another man. Once Jussup hears the war is over, he miraculously recovers. Jussup gets out of bed and the visitors are shocked to see him. He orders them out of the house before kicking them out. Grusha finds herself in a tight position as she discovers she has a husband yet the man she loves is on the way. Furthermore, Jussup demands that she becomes more intimate with him and accuses her of not performing her wifely duties. With time Simon face grows dimmer and his voice becomes fainter. In a play within a play, we see as Grusha washes linen by the stream accompanied by Michael, she advises him to go play with the other children. As they play they enact the beheading of thegovernor- Michael s father. However, instead of playing the part of the governor like the other children want him to do; he insists that he be allowed to behead the fat boy, who represents the fat prince. This foreshadows the beheading of the fat prince later.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.2823424}
{"text": "When he gets to the courtroom he sees the hanging bodies of authority figures and mistakenly interprets the revolution as a people s revolt. His shouts of joy are interrupted by a soldier who tells him he s got it all wrong: it s not a people s revolution but a military coup. An uprising by the rebellious carpet weavers resulted in all the hangings and the soldiers were brought in to suppress them. Azdak is nearly hanged by soldiers. The Fat Prince brings his nephew Bizergan Kazbeki to be installed as the new judge the old judge had been killed by the carpet weavers . Azdak suggest that the candidate s knowledge in law be tested. In a play within a play, Azdak plays the role of the defendant. The soldiers, after test ing the nephew in a mock trial in which Azdak accuses the Fat Prince of profiting from the Persian war, makes Azdak judge instead. Over two years Azdak, with his trusty assistant Shauva, travels the country turning justice on its head, accusing a rape victim of being a rapist herself, sympathising with an old woman clearly guilty of theft, doling out law as he sees fit. Finally the Grand Duke comes back, the Fat Prince is beheaded and Natella Abashvilli returns from exile. Frightened that his behaviour over the last couple of years will land him in trouble now that order is restored, Azdak promises to help Natella get her son back. THE CHALK CIRCLEThe Singer introduces us to the Act by saying it is the story of the trial. The trial is about determining who is the true mother to Michael and in this regard, Grusha has come back to the city to face the law for having taken the Governor s son. As they wait for the judge to come, Simon appears and swears he will say he is the father to the child. Then Grusha spots the Ironshirt whom she clobbered and this makes her regret why she came to Nuka. The corporal leaves cursing as he fears exposing Grusha because he would be admitting that he ran after the child to kill it. The governors wife, Natella, arrives, in her characteristic style, she cannot hide her contempt for the low class and the underprivileged: At least there are no common people here, thank God. I can t stand their smell.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.2743974}
{"text": "The corporal leaves cursing as he fears exposing Grusha because he would be admitting that he ran after the child to kill it. The governors wife, Natella, arrives, in her characteristic style, she cannot hide her contempt for the low class and the underprivileged: At least there are no common people here, thank God. I can t stand their smell. It always gives me migraine. Pg 88 Azdak having been declared an enemy of the new regime for having worked with the Fat Prince is stripped of his judge s robes. The Ironshirts and the farmers tear his gown and beat him. He is about to be hanged when a messenger arrives announcing the Grand Duke would like Azdak to remain asjudge, as a thank you for saving his life that Easter Sunday. Azdak presides over a trial in which he must judge who gets Michael Grusha, who has cared for him and put herself through hell for him; or his natural mother, Natella, who abandoned him. A heated debate ensues on who is the rightful owner of the child. The prosecutors explain that Grusha has stolen Natella s child and refuses to hand it over. They advance their case by saying that Grusha does not have any blood relations with the child. On the other hand, Grusha lays claim on the child by saying that she brought him up and always found him something to eat. Hearing both arguments, Azdak is unable to decide. He adjourns the court to hear the case of an old couple who want a divorce. He tells them he ll think about it. Returning to Michael s case, Azdak invokes the ancient wisdom of the Chalk Circle: Michael is placed in the centre of a circle and whoever is strong enough to pull him out must be the right mother. Grusha won t pull, she cannot hurt him. Azdak orders the women to repeat the trial. Grusha again cannot pull. Azdak judges that she must be the right mother. Natella faints. Simon and Grusha thank Azdak, who signs the divorce papers not the divorce of the old couple but Grusha s divorce from the man she married in the mountains. Everyone dances. Azdak disappears.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.2942693}
{"text": "Simon and Grusha thank Azdak, who signs the divorce papers not the divorce of the old couple but Grusha s divorce from the man she married in the mountains. Everyone dances. Azdak disappears. The Singer explains that the child has been given to the mother who will be best for it and, reminding us of the prologue, that the land should go to whoever is right for it. THEMESCORRUPTION GREED AND MATERIALISMCorruption mainly refers to lack of integrity or honesty and is mainly manifested by accepting bribes. Corrupt individuals use their privileged positions they have been entrusted with to make illegitimate gains, thus undermining their moral integrity. They are usually driven by greed. Forms of corruptionvary and can include bribery, extortion, nepotism, and general embezzlement of mainly of public funds. George Abashwili is materialistic. As he makes procession to enter the church fort Easter service, many beggars and petitioners try in vain to reach out to him. We learn through his wife Natella that the governor plans to tear down the slums to create room for the garden of the East Wing of palace. All those wretched slums are to be torn down to make room for the garden. Pg 15 After the coup and the beheading of the governor, we see Natella in a hurry to collect her dresses and shoes. She abandons her son Michael as she runs for her safety. Later we learn that the main reason she is claiming her son Michael from Grusha is to get inheritance of the vast governor s estates. The Ironshirts are corrupt. They use their privileged positions to execute others and in the process make illegitimate gains. One Ironshirt says, ...This morning they strung up the city judge. As for us we beat them to pulp. We are paid one hundred piasters per man, you understand? The iron shirts follow Grusha and Michael since a good price is offered. Azdak, the judge, is overly corrupt and his greed unstoppable. He openly takes bribes in the court before listening to a case. He begins by saying, I accept, meaning that he is willing to be bribed. As Azdak executes his duties, his deeds do not measure up to the expected standards. He makes controversial judgements that put his integrity into questions. He sits on the statue book when delivering justice. A pointer to his contempt for what is just.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.2660825}
{"text": "He makes controversial judgements that put his integrity into questions. He sits on the statue book when delivering justice. A pointer to his contempt for what is just. He also takes wine in public as he executes his duties. ABUSE OF POWERThe governor, George Abashwili, is said to be as rich as Croesus. He has so many horses in his stable and yet there are so many beggars on hisdoor step. This shows that he amasses so much wealth for himself at the expense of his subjects. They pile along the gate carrying thin children and holding petitions. They cry for mercy and reduction of the high taxes. Pg 14 . The governor has hired two doctors to look after his son Michael-the apple of his eyes. Pg 15 . This is in contrast to the starving and suffering common men who push and shove to see the governor s heir. The governor plans to tear down the slums to start building the East Wing garden for his sonMichael. It does not matter to him that those slums are people s homes. The soldiers also abuse power. ........... Soldiers push the crowd back lashing at them with thick whips. Pg 14 When the crowd pushes to have a peep at their heir-baby Michael- the crowd is pushed back by the iron shirts using thick whips. The Fat prince abuses power when he conspires and overthrows the governor from power. He The Fat prince then orders the governor to be beheaded and his head hanged at the entrance of the palace for all to see. He then orders the iron shirts to follow Grusha and get Michael back; he intends to kill him too. The fat prince also abuses power by practising nepotism, where he intends to have his nephew, Bizergan Kazbeki, to be bestowed as the new judge. ............. So I ve bought along my dear nephew Bizergan Kazbeki, He ll be the new judge, hm? Pg 71 The judge, Azdak abuses power openly by accepting bribes. Before considering any case he utters a short statement- I accept- to mean he is ready to take a bribe. All the cases he judges are in favour of the suffering poor. He fines the wealthy like the farmers heavily, in this way he abuses power to help the poor. LOVE COMPASSIONThe playwright explores the theme of love and friendship through various characters in the play.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.344198}
{"text": "All the cases he judges are in favour of the suffering poor. He fines the wealthy like the farmers heavily, in this way he abuses power to help the poor. LOVE COMPASSIONThe playwright explores the theme of love and friendship through various characters in the play. This is mainly portrayed through the parental love between the governor and his son Michael, Grusha, the kitchen maid and Michael, Grusha s romantic love with Simon Shashava and finally between Grusha and her brother Lavrenti Vashnadze. Michael does not experience the motherly love from his biological mother Natella Abashwili. Fortunately, his father, the governor of the Caucasian City bestows on Michael fatherly love. Michael is attended to by two doctors who never mover from his side to keep him in good health. The Fat prince also notices the child on their way to church and comments that, And little Michael is a governor from head to foot! Pg15 . Natella, Michael s biological mother, is jealous of the attention Michael is given by his father. She says it is impossible for them to live in the slum but her husband would build the East Wing for Michael since he is the apple of the governor s eye. .............. Will only build for little Michael...........Michael is all.......... pg 18-19 . Finally, she abandons him. Grusha loves Michael. She has to overcome a strong tide of opposition from the other servants before she rescues Michael. The groom tells her, Better put him down, I tell you. I d rather not thinkwhat d happen to anybody who was found with the baby. Pg 27 The older woman tells her, Grusha, you re a good soul, but you are not very bright, and you know it. I tell you, if he has plague he couldn t be more dangerous. Pg 27 . Grusha watches over Michael the whole night and by morning as the writer puts it, the seduction between Grusha and Michael i complete, .............till morning the seduction was complete.......she crept away, pg 29 . She also saves the child from being killed by several iron shirts. Just like a mother who loves her child, she makes several sacrifices. She is forced to buy him milk at an exorbitant price using her meagre weekly pay.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.3648112}
{"text": "She also saves the child from being killed by several iron shirts. Just like a mother who loves her child, she makes several sacrifices. She is forced to buy him milk at an exorbitant price using her meagre weekly pay. She risks her life to save Michael by hitting a corporal with a wooden log and crosses over to the Northern Mountains using a broken bridge. She has to marry a dying man - Jussup- for Michael s sake and thus risks her engagement with Simon Shashava. The climax of Grusha s love for Michael is shown at the trial scene. Grusha defends for her love towards Michael by saying that she brought him up and that she married because of Michael. When Azdak, the judge, asks for Michael so that he can choose his true mother, Michael s love for Grusha is seen when he smiles at her. After drawing the Chalk Circle, Azdak orders the two women to pull the child out of the circle. Meanwhile, Grusha refuses to pull portraying her motherly love and finally she says, I brought him up! Shall I also tear him to bits? I can t. pg 98 As Grusha flees to the north, she comes across a bridge on the glacier. She is determined to cross but the merchants caution her against risking her life and that of Michael, The merchant woman tells her, But you can t take the child on that bridge. It s sure to break. And look! Pg 41 The next man warns her to think of the baby, I think of the baby. Risk your life not a child s pg 41 . This shows theirlove and compassion for Michael. The love relationship between Grusha and Simon is romantic. It is already sealed through an engagement. They exchange intimate words and inquire about each other s background. Simonremoves a chain from his neck and tells Grusha, ...........my mother gave me this cross.....please wear it. Pg 22 . Grusha promises Simon that she would wait for him. She says, Simon Shashava.....it isjust as it was. Pg 23 . Grusha is introduced to the idea of getting married to Jussup due to the illegitimacy of the child.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.353857}
{"text": "Grusha promises Simon that she would wait for him. She says, Simon Shashava.....it isjust as it was. Pg 23 . Grusha is introduced to the idea of getting married to Jussup due to the illegitimacy of the child. However, deep within her, she loves Simon and wishes that the union would not last long so that she may re-unite with her fianc whom she thinks would willingly take care of Michael. This turns out to be true. True love unfolds when Simon testifies at the court that he is Michael s father. I am the father, your honour. Pg 93 . The climax of the sincere love for each other is portrayed when Grusha informs Simon that, Now I can tell you: I took him because on that Easter Sunday I got engaged to you. So he s a child of love. Michael, let s dance. Pg 99 . This she does after the judgement where she wins the child. When Grusha runs to the North and arrives at her brother s house, her brother sympathises with her and gives her a roof and even makes arrangements for her to get married to the dying man, Jussup. After the marriage, Jussup takes in both her and the child without asking questions, It is her compassion for Michael that makes her to agree to be married yet she is engaged to Simon. NEGLIGENCE OF DUTY IRRESPONSIBILITYNegligence refers to failure to give somebody or something enough care or attention. It also refers to failure to perform one s duty which impacts negatively on others. Georgi Abashwili is the Governor and therefore responsible for the welfare of those under him. Although he is rich, he has so many beggars from the gateway, holding up thin children, crutches and petitions. Although they have come for help, he does not attend to any. It is Easter and therefore onewould expect he would be compassionate enough to listen to their grievances. They complain of taxes being high. One petitioner laments: The child is starving in my arms pg 14 . Although thereis a servant collecting their grievances and another distributing coin s from a purse, none of their petitions is attended to and eventually they are driven back with whips.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.3837204}
{"text": "They complain of taxes being high. One petitioner laments: The child is starving in my arms pg 14 . Although thereis a servant collecting their grievances and another distributing coin s from a purse, none of their petitions is attended to and eventually they are driven back with whips. Despite being in a high position and being responsible for the welfare of the people, we are surprised to learn that, he knows nothing about the approaching war and therefore no safety measures have been put in place. When asked about the war, he indicates lack of interest. The Governor has ignored the plight of his subjects. There are so many of them in the slums. To make matters worse he has decided to tear down the slums to make room for a garden for the EastWing he is about to construct. People are complaining of hunger, yet his child has two doctors, The two doctors are also irresponsible in that none wants to take responsibility over the discomfort o f the child. They blame each other over luke warm bath water used to bath the child. The governor is informed by his Adjutant that an injured young rider has come as a messenger from the capital, bringing him confidential papers. He neglects his responsibility to see him and after waiting in vain the messenger mutters a curse and leaves. We are not surprised when we learn that the plotting against the Governor by The Fat Prince happened in the capital therefore we can guess that the messenger comes to warn him. Eventually, the governor loses his life. It is strange that the Governor refuses to talk to the wounded Rider when he appears again but prefers to confer with the architects. The Adjutant says of him, The governor does not wish to receivemilitary news before dinner- especially if it s depressing pg 19 . Because of his irresponsibility in choosing his priorities, he is caught unawares and is beheaded. That is why the singer laments overthe blindness of the great who, ...........go their ways like gods....sure of hired fists. Trusting in their power. But long is not forever. Pg 20 It is the height of irresponsibility when Natella Abashwili takes her time choosing the dresses and shoes to carry. She finally leaves and forgets her child whom she had directed to be laid on the floor. She is busy rummaging through clothing when the Adjutant is busy pleading that they should run for their lives.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.430738}
{"text": "But long is not forever. Pg 20 It is the height of irresponsibility when Natella Abashwili takes her time choosing the dresses and shoes to carry. She finally leaves and forgets her child whom she had directed to be laid on the floor. She is busy rummaging through clothing when the Adjutant is busy pleading that they should run for their lives. She does not care about the many people she is exposing to danger by her delay, Maro, aservant, realizes that, only beasts can leave children behind. She says, They left it behind, the beasts pg 26 Lavrenti, Grusha s brother, is irresponsible and neglects her when he fails to look after her. He marries her off to a total stranger and a dying man it becomes a double tragedy when Jussup does not die and Grusha does not know what to do with a total stranger who is unaware of her plight and yet she cannot marry her lover Simon. As an older brother of Grusha, Lavrenti fails in his responsibility to support her. The monk hired to officiate the wedding is irresponsible. He agrees to join a girl to a dying man. We are surprised that, the monk, a man who should be a role model is upholding morals in a society is called from a tavern. He is drunk. DECEIT, RELIGIOUSITY AND HYPOCRISYReligion refers to having or showing belief in and reverence for a deity on the other hand hypocrisy is deception by pretending to entertain on set of intentions while acting under the influence of another. In The Caucasian Chalk Circle cases of religious hypocrisy are common. Act one of the play begins with Governor Georgi Abashwili going for Easter mass. He is accompanied by his wife Natella, and Michael, their child. Although he would like to pass as a devoted Christian, his regime has oppressed the people it serves. As they enter the church, beggars and petitioners cry over all sorts of problems that bespeaks of a people who have been living in an oppressive regime. They lament, Mercy! Mercy, your Grace! The taxes are too high. I lost my leg in the Persian war....The child is starving in my arms....the water inspector takes bribes...... pg 14 As for the Fat Prince, hypocrisy reigns supreme.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.4401667}
{"text": "The taxes are too high. I lost my leg in the Persian war....The child is starving in my arms....the water inspector takes bribes...... pg 14 As for the Fat Prince, hypocrisy reigns supreme. He attends church, wishes the Governor a happy Easter Sunday and bows before Michael. He tickles the child after commenting, I love a gay sky.....little Michael is a Governor from head to foot! Pg 15 . He also tells the governor there is good news after so much bad. This is total deception that he is loyal to the Governor s family. Plans to behead the Governor and end Michael s life are already in place. While he directs the soldier to fasten the Governor s head in the middle, he displays his hypocrisy when he says, This morning at the church...Abashwili...I love a gay sky...prefer the lightning that comes out of a gay sky. Pg 28 The Monk who is supposed to be religiously inclined is portrayed as hypocritical. He presides over the wedding between Jussup and Grusha while drunk. He is found in the tavern perhaps taking alcohol by Grusha;s mother-in-law who threatens to expose him. He is also paid to do the same. Even when Jussup fails to take the vows and instead his mother does it on his behalf, he goes hiding and he has to be looked for by the mother-in-law. Being a religious person, his character should be beyond reproach. It smacks of religious hypocrisy for Jussup to go through the rigorous of a wedding, a much valued religious ceremony, yet he knows he is pretending to be a dying man. Grusha is hypocritical because she is not committed to the marriage as she does it for own expediency. The mourners are also hypocritical. They gobble down the cake without being seriously mournful. They seem to expectantly look forward to the death of Jussup. They are sincerely not sad, only greedily wolfing down the funeral cakes. Aniko pretends to have religious principles that she does not possess. In fact, her hypocritical nature is displayed in her meanness. Lavrenti says she is very sensitive, People need only mention ourfarm and she is worried. Pg 48 . Her servants seem to suffer under her as she shouts orders all over. The maid may not be well paid. She once goes to church with a hole in her stocking.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.4513786}
{"text": "Her servants seem to suffer under her as she shouts orders all over. The maid may not be well paid. She once goes to church with a hole in her stocking. Eversince, Aniko has worn two pairs of stockings in church. She is truly hypocritical, feigning to be concerned about Grusha yet she is not. She has false appearance as a devout woman. Lavrenti isafraid of her. He tells Grusha, You can t stay here long with the child. She id religious, you see. Pg 46 . Aniko id painted as really heartless. She is the exaggerated embodiment of certain aspects of religious opinions. Lavrenti is also hypocritical. He also makes Grusha who is honest to be dehumanized by leading her to engage in a fake wedding. He cannot stand up for his sister but sings to the w hims of Aniko, You need a place to go......because of the child.....have a husband, so people won t talk.....can find you a husband. Pg 48 The mother-in-law is hypocritical. She deceives the mourners that Grusha is a bride to Jussup. She pretends that Grusha came from the city to find Jussup alive. The first woman confidentially seemsto know Jussup is faking illess and near death to avoid conscription to the war. Another feels it would be a blessing if he does not suffer too long; so she wishes he dies especially now he is of no use as a farmer as the corn is ripe and there is no one to harvest. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL TURBULENCEBertolt Bretcht has profoundly raised the issue of political intolerance that has consequently resulted to social instability. The ruling class has no regard for the woes of the have- nots. Poor leadership has led to violence and suffering of both the nobles and the masses. First, we are presented with a desperate and deplorable Caucasian village due to war. It is described as war ravaged and is in ruins, That s where we stopped three Nazi tanks but the apple orchard was already destroyed......Our beautiful daily farm: a ruin. Pg 97 The number of villages have declined and people have relocated to other areas. We are told by a wounded soldier, Comrade, we haven t as many villages as we used to have.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.473521}
{"text": "First, we are presented with a desperate and deplorable Caucasian village due to war. It is described as war ravaged and is in ruins, That s where we stopped three Nazi tanks but the apple orchard was already destroyed......Our beautiful daily farm: a ruin. Pg 97 The number of villages have declined and people have relocated to other areas. We are told by a wounded soldier, Comrade, we haven t as many villages as we used to have. We haven t as many hands. Pg 8 The village has been ruined with almost everything being rationed. All pleasures have to be rationed. Tobacco is rationed and wine. Pg 8 People s normal lifestyle is affected as evident when the Goat Herding commune is forced to relocate on orders from the government. They fight to reclaim the land for they are not satisfied with their new grazing land. An old man comments, You can t live there. It doesn t even smell of morning in the morning. Pg 8 Political intolerance has brought fear and insecurity. The girl Tractorist notes that plans to rehabilitate the disputed valley had been conceived during days and nights when they have to take cover in the mountains. She says, Often we hadn t even enough ammunition for our half-dozen rifles. We could hardly lay our hands on a pencil. Pg 10 The effects of political and social turbulences are not restricted to the Caucasian village only. From Arkadi s performance, we learnt that the war in Persia has spilled to the Grusinian people. Under the leadership of the Grand Duke and Governor Georgi Abashwili majority of the poor people have been rendered beggars. The Governor is confronted by many petitioners who are not comfortable in the state of affairs, The children are emaciated. Some people are in clutches while others have been crippled due to the war. They complain about the high taxes and bribery from senior people like the water inspector. The same people cannot win the governor s eye and soldiers cause further suffering when they lash at them with thick whips. The state of the poor is deplorable as evident when the Governor contemplates bringing down their slums in order to create room for his gardens. The political class especially the nobles have no regard to the masses. Michael-The Governor s heir and son- is served by two doctors, He is the apple of the Governor s eye.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.506894}
{"text": "The state of the poor is deplorable as evident when the Governor contemplates bringing down their slums in order to create room for his gardens. The political class especially the nobles have no regard to the masses. Michael-The Governor s heir and son- is served by two doctors, He is the apple of the Governor s eye. The governor is not perturbed by the suffering of the people. He is contemptuous even to the people who have to provide him with security briefs from the capital. A rider with confidential papers has to wait until theGovernor attends the Easter Sunday service and the latter attends his visitors-architects- at dinner. It is this indifference that leads the princes to stage a coup and subsequently orders for his execution. The coup comes with numerous harrowing effects. The singer comments: when the house of a great one collapses many little ones are slain. Pg 20 . The servants panic and fear for their lives asillustrated when they ask, what about us? We ll be slaughtered like chickens. As always. ...... There is bloodshed in the city, they say? Pg21 Coup results to people being internally displaced as seen when the Grand Duke flees and seeks refuge at Azdak s place. The Governor s wife is also relocated to safer grounds while Grusha disappears to the Northern Mountains to protect Michael whom the soldiers desperately want to kill. Political instability has bred inhuman and sadistic characters. The soldiers who behead the governor also fasten his head on the wall with nails. Moral conscience is lost among people like the old man who cannot sympathize with Michael. Grusha has to plead to get milk for the baby. He tells her, milk? We have no milk. The soldiers from the city have our goats. Go to the soldiers if you want milk. Pg 31 Grusha is forced to pay two piasters for a drop. The peasant woman whom Grusha thinks will hide the baby from the Iron shirts betrays her by denouncing Michael. She tells the soldiers, Soldier, I didn t know a thing about it. Please don t burn the roof over our heads.....I had nothing to do with it. She left it on my doorstep. Pg 38 The fabric that holds the society together has therefore been dismantled by political instability.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.5448549}
{"text": "Please don t burn the roof over our heads.....I had nothing to do with it. She left it on my doorstep. Pg 38 The fabric that holds the society together has therefore been dismantled by political instability. ANTAGONISM CONFLICTS DISPUTESA conflict is a disagreement that arises when two or more parties dispute or fail to agree. The Caucasian Chalk Circle addresses a number of these disputes. In the prologue there is a conflict between two land owners over the valley-The Goat Herders Collective Farm and the Fruit Growing Commune. They are arguing over the ownership and usage of the valley. The Goat Herders claim they are the original owners of the valley but have been forced to flee by the government because of war. They have come back because the land they have relocated to is not favourable for their goats. Unfortunately the Fruit Growers have laid elaborate plans for the valley which they will irrigate. They purpose to establish fruit and vine orchards. The delegate from Tiflis helps settle the difference between the two communes. There is a conflict between the princes and the Grand Duke. The princess wants to take over power and leadership from the Duke and his Governors. The conflict leads to staging of a coup where the Grand Duke is exiled and the Governor of Nuka-George Abashwili- is beheaded. The judge of the Supreme Court is hanged and Azdak made the judge. There is conflict between Grusha-Governor s kitchen maid- and Natella Abashwili. They both claim motherhood rights to Michael. Natella claims that she is the biological mother while Grusha claims right over the child since she picked him and nurtured him for two years. The mother claims him out of greed for property. The conflict id resolved by judge Azdak who draws a circle round the child and asks the two to pull the child from the circle. Grusha hesitates twice and the judge rules in her favour. Another conflict develops between Grusha and Jussup. When Grusha gets to her brother s home in the Northern Mountains, Lavrenti- her brother schemes to have her married to a dying man ironically it turns out that Jussup has all along feigned illness to evade war and when news breaks out that the war is over he recovers and Grusha is horrified. She had engaged herself to Simon Shashava and cannot imagine cheating on him.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.5235126}
{"text": "Another conflict develops between Grusha and Jussup. When Grusha gets to her brother s home in the Northern Mountains, Lavrenti- her brother schemes to have her married to a dying man ironically it turns out that Jussup has all along feigned illness to evade war and when news breaks out that the war is over he recovers and Grusha is horrified. She had engaged herself to Simon Shashava and cannot imagine cheating on him. Jussup complains that she is not fulfilling her matrimonial duties. He argues, Can t the peasant do it herself? Get the brush.....you are my wife and you re not my wife......God has given you sex.. pg 56-57 . The dispute is settled when Azdak gives Grusha a divorce and then she is free to marry Simon. There is conflict between Grusha and Simon when the latter returns from war and finds her at the river washing lines. When he sees Michael, he thinks that she has been unfaithful to him. He gets emotional and walks away. He later on realizes that the baby belonged to Natella. He comes to help her acquire the child during the famous chalk circle. He even lies that he is the father to Michael. Other examples of conflict are between:I Azdak and ShauwaII Azdak and landownersIII The monk and Jussup s motherIV Grusha and the corporalSELF-SACRIFICE AND SELFLESSNESSThis is the act of giving up what one has or wants so that other people can have what they need. It is acting with less concern for yourself than for the welfare or success of others. One cares more about the needs and happiness of other people than their own. Grusha is the best example. When the governor s wife and her personal servant forget Michael, Grusha takes care of him. Other servants advise her to abandon the child for her own good. One old woman tells her, Grusha you re a good soul, but you are not very bright and you know it. Pg 27 Grusha tries to leave Michael but realizes she cannot.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.533158}
{"text": "Other servants advise her to abandon the child for her own good. One old woman tells her, Grusha you re a good soul, but you are not very bright and you know it. Pg 27 Grusha tries to leave Michael but realizes she cannot. The singer tells us that after looking at the baby, Grusha hears as if it is telling her, woman it said, Help me pg 28 Despite the danger in town, Grusha watches over the baby the whole night and the next day takeshim with her. On the way she has to buy the baby milk. When the old man sells to her the milk so expensively, she decides not to buy, but on realizing the baby needs it so badly and the journey is long she goes back and buys the milk. The baby s weight weighs on her back but she moves on. She decides to save the baby from starving by leaving it outside the door of a Fat peasant woman. She tells Michael, The peasant woman is kind, and can t you just smell milk pg 34 She hides behind the tree and observes the woman carry the baby into the house. She risks her life when she hits the corporal to save the baby. Again looking round in despair, she sees a log of wood, seizes it, and hits the corporal over the head from behind pg 39 . It is during her escape that she decides to adopt the baby. Grusha risks both their lives on order to get away from the Iron shirt. This is when she reaches Janga-Tau Glacier. No amount of warning can stop her and she crosses the dangerous bridge afterturning the offer by the merchant woman to hide the baby for her. I won t, we belong together.....live together, die together. Pg41 Grusha has to bear the discomfort of her brother s home. She makes another sacrifice as she has to live with a hard to please sister-in-law. To survive she has to be crafty. She tells Michael they have to be As small as cockroaches... the sister-in-law will forget we are in the house. Pg47 Grusha, who is alredy engaged to Simon and has promised to await his return ends up getting married to a dying man Jussup-to make Michael have a legitimate father.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.5924056}
{"text": "To survive she has to be crafty. She tells Michael they have to be As small as cockroaches... the sister-in-law will forget we are in the house. Pg47 Grusha, who is alredy engaged to Simon and has promised to await his return ends up getting married to a dying man Jussup-to make Michael have a legitimate father. This is another sacrifice that she makes. She endangers her life by following the Ironshirts who have taken Michael. She is a wanted person for having attacked and injured a corporal. What matters to her is Michael. She goes through the court procedure for Michael. It is out of her self-sacrifice that eventually Grusha wins the case. Other characters that make sacrifices for the welfare of other people are; Lavrenti who tries as much as he could to ensure that Grusha is comfortable in his house. Simon commitment to Grusha calls for sacrifice. He has been away for two years and remained loyal to her. Simon s big sacrifice to accompany the Governor s wife as her guard to Tiflis. Shalva the adjutant makes sacrifices when her helps Natella escape during the coup. He remains loyal to the governor s family despite the risks as the public has turned against the authority. SOCIAL CLASS INEQUALITYThere is existence of social classes in the society described in the Caucasian Chalk Circle. There is unfair difference between groups of people in this society. Some are wealthier than others and enjoy a high status or opportunities as opposed to others. The diverse lifestyle enjoyed by the governor and his family is in contrast to the object poverty the lowly citizen has to endure. Georgi Abashwili is rich as Croesus pg 13 had a healthy baby ...so many horses in his stable pg 13 -14 In sharp contrast so many beggars in his door step so many petitioners his courtyard.....He enjoyed his life pg 14 The governor and his beautiful wife go to church guarded by extremely many soldiers who are at his service. Beggars and petitioners pour from the church gateway with complains. They display thin children to the governor, others hold up crutches and petitions. They are a pitiful sight. The social difference is due to the poor governance. The governor s family is expensively dressed.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.6137593}
{"text": "They are a pitiful sight. The social difference is due to the poor governance. The governor s family is expensively dressed. Natelladerides the poor, For instance on page 18 she says It s impossible to live in such a slum.... When she enters the court, she is relieved that there are no common people: I can t stand their smell. It always gives me a migraine. Pg 88 From the onset, she dislikes Azdak and on pg 89 she says, I disliked that man from the moment I saw him Natella s behaviour is characterized by false pride and an exaggerated sense of self importance. She does not have time for the poor beggars and her servants and only identifies herself. Her contempt for the poor is seen in the court when he sees Michael and laments that he is in rags. The class of people conscripted to fight the Persian war have been maimed, yet they have not been compensated. The down trodden have suffered injustice while they are innocent, My brother is innocent, your Grace misunderstanding -worse still they suffer from hunger. BETRAYALTo betray is to hurt people who trust you especially by not being loyal or faithful to them. When the governor is being arrested, the iron shirts of the place guard who are supposed to guard the governor refuse to obey. They stare coldly and indifferently at the Adjutant and refuse to obey him when he commands them. The doctors betray the Abashwili family immediately they realize the governor has been arrested. Pg 21 on that little brat s account The Fat Prince is with the Governor at the church and even wishes him a happy Easter, yet he is the one who leads the iron shirts in arresting the Governor. Grusha is betrayed by the peasant woman whom she had trusted not to reveal presence of the child. She is also betrayed by her brother. She has been asked by Simon where she would hide and she confidently says she would run to her brother in the Northern Mountains. When she arrives there, her brother cannot host her with the child because he says his wife is religious and cannot host her. Instead of being given a warm welcome, Grusha stays like a fugitive in her brother s house.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.6299727}
{"text": "She has been asked by Simon where she would hide and she confidently says she would run to her brother in the Northern Mountains. When she arrives there, her brother cannot host her with the child because he says his wife is religious and cannot host her. Instead of being given a warm welcome, Grusha stays like a fugitive in her brother s house. In order to get her out of his house he gets her a dying husband and when he resurrects she finds herself with a husband she does not love. Jussup betrays his fellow young men, the government and his mother when he pretends to be seriously sick so that he doesn t get drafted to war. Simon feels betrayed by Grusha as she has promised to wait until he returns after giving company to Natella and guarding her on the way to the loyal guards. When he comes, she is apparently married and has a child. He does not know the circumstances that lead her to get married or the nature of the marriage. He feels so betrayed that he cannot even get his cross back but directs Grusha to throw it into the stream. Natella betrays her own child and her husband when she escapes leaving Michael in the courtyard. She orders a servant to put down the child in order for the servant to run for her little saffron coloured boots to match with a green dress. The baby is left behind. JUSTICE. In Caucasian Chalk Circle the writer explores on the beauty of fair and reasonable treatment of people. Through the legal system used to punish people is not perfect the people who have committed crimes are somehow brought to justice. Justice is a fundamental thematic concern in the prologue. The meeting between the Goat Herders and the Fruit Growers is meant to determine which people deserve to own the valley. The Goat Herders who formerly owned the land had vacated at the approach of Hitler s armies. Their intended resettlement encounters opposition from Collective Fruit Farmers. With their delegates they sit in a circle signalling their determination to negotiate between themselves in order to reach a fair and reasonable decision without perverting the cause of justice. A delegate from Tiflis presides over the case. Both sides present their arguments as to the reason why they are deserving owners of the valle y. They arrive at a consensus through the voice of reason rather that by the rule of law. The petitioners and beggars bitterly cry for justice. The governor demurs to heed to their pitiable calls for fair treatment.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.6152399}
{"text": "They arrive at a consensus through the voice of reason rather that by the rule of law. The petitioners and beggars bitterly cry for justice. The governor demurs to heed to their pitiable calls for fair treatment. However, reason does not prevail; the soldiers are guilty of abstracting justice by lashing at the pitiful petitioners. They are heavily taxed and expect the water inspector who takes bribes to be brought to justice. Due to the injustice the people suffer, they are somehow rewarded when the Fat Princes and soldiers plan a coup d tat. The grand Duke and hid governors are overthrown. Although the legal system use to punish people like the Governor and the Fat prince is crude, the people engage in administering justice are convicted that they are justified to put the criminals to the gallows for their heinous crimes. The singer voices the importance of acceptable and appropriate handling of fellow human beings. Although Azdak is a criminal, he argues that he should not be arrested for stealing only a rabbit. He expresses the opinion that Shauwa is a worse criminal for catching people and will be judged by God. Later Azdak denounced himself for committing an unpardonable crime of ignorantly letting the Grand Duke escape. He persuades Shauwa to chain him and take him to be judged in Nuka. He begs to be shred to pieces because he is conscience-stricken. This way justice will prevail. Azdak dispenses justice although not in a fastidious or meticulous manner. It is justice in his own fashion. He harbours a soft heart for the vulnerable and down trodden. He encounters no restrictions of the statute book which he seats on instead of making reference to it. The period of his judging is described as a brief golden age, almost an age of justice. Pg 99 . However, he does not acquaint himself with the legal system of the statute book. He carries not, the professional demeanour of a judge. He presides over a number of cases some are handled simultaneously; Most of the accused are acquitted though proved guilty. The plaintiffs are condemned and fined. Azdak rules in favour of the doctor who is guilty of professional negligence. Azdak turns justice upside down to the relief of the vulnerable. His ruling is controversial. He declares to the Doctor; you have perpetrated an unpardonable error in the practice of your profession; you are acquitted.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.6702378}
{"text": "Azdak turns justice upside down to the relief of the vulnerable. His ruling is controversial. He declares to the Doctor; you have perpetrated an unpardonable error in the practice of your profession; you are acquitted. Pg 77 Ludovica is accusedof committing an intentional assault yet she is the victim of rape by the stable man who is not sentenced. He acquits the old woman guilty of theft and drinks with the thief, bandit Irakli whom he addresses as pious man. He offers to sit on the floor and offers the judge s chair to the old woman. Shauwa s official designation is prosecutor, however he doubles up as a sweeper. This displays lack of seriousness in court. Sometimes the judge s chair is carried to the tavern where Azdak carries judgement while drinking wine. The singer comments Azdak broke rules to save them pg 82 . He renders verdict to save the poor The poor and the lowly. He dispenses justice in his fashion. When the landowners take law into their hands to get revenge for not getting justice from Azdak, it is his previous human treatment of the Duke that saves him from the gallows. Justices prevails to favour Azdak who is reappointed judge by the order and authority of the Grand Duke who has returned. This dramatic turn of events offers more room for Azdak to preside over other cases such as the famous Chalk Circle. The writer uses Grusha as a vehicle of justice. She fearlessly condemns Azdak for being corrupt. Azdak asks her, You want justice, but do not want to pay for it. Pg 94 . Grusha comments sarcastically, A fine kind of justice pg 94 I d tell you what I think of your justice, you drunken onion! Pg 95 . Grusha is rewarded for her human nature. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATIONA character is a person who takes part in the actions of a work of art. GRUSHA VASHNADZEShe is a kitchen maid in the governor s palace. She is a fianc to Simon Shashava and a sister to Lavrenti Vashnadze. She is the heroine in the play. She rescues Michael who is abandoned by her fleeing mother, Natella after the coup. To survive she makes several sacrifices and choices she stays with him for two years.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.707143}
{"text": "She is the heroine in the play. She rescues Michael who is abandoned by her fleeing mother, Natella after the coup. To survive she makes several sacrifices and choices she stays with him for two years. She is described as;a Loving Caring ConcernedShe is concerned about Simon s fate when he is delegated to be Natella s Abashwili s guard after the coup. She says, Isn t it dangerous to go with her. You are a man Simon Shashava what has that woman got to do with you pg 22 She is concerned about the plight of the Governor she asks What have they done with the governor pg 26 When Michael is left behind by his mother Natella. She picks him up to spare him from being killed by the soldiers who are looking for him. She does this despite the fact that other servants at the palace dissuade her to do so pg 27 . She has lain down all her life for the welfare of Michael. B Courageous Bold Daring BraveHer courage has been motivated by her will to defend Michael. She is not afraid even at the law courts. When told by judge Azdak that she would be fined ten piasters for contempt of court she responds, Even if it was thirty, I d tell you what I think of your justice, you drunken onion pg 95 She hits the corporal until he collapses and gets a chance to flee with the child. In a daring move, she crossses the broken bridge despite the impending danger and risks. In the court room, she confronts the Governor s wife and says, You want to hand the child over to her, she wouldn t even know how to keep it dry. She is so refined. Pg 94 Grusha knows how to fight for her rights. C MotherlyShe is more motherly to Michael than his biological mother. When people run to save their lives and forget the baby she sits with the child all through the night until dawn. Then she takes him away. She suckled Michael just like a mother, and realizing that he is not suckling anymore, she goes to the peasant and tells him, The baby must be fed pg 32 At the trial scene, Grusha cannot bring herself to pull Michael from the chalk circle. When asked why she is not participating she says, I brought him up!", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.6987848}
{"text": "Then she takes him away. She suckled Michael just like a mother, and realizing that he is not suckling anymore, she goes to the peasant and tells him, The baby must be fed pg 32 At the trial scene, Grusha cannot bring herself to pull Michael from the chalk circle. When asked why she is not participating she says, I brought him up! Shall I also tear him up to bits? I can t pg 98 This test makes judge Azdak choose the mother who is motherly. Grusha adopts Michael bringing out her deeper feelings as a mother would do. She says Since no one else will take you son....we ll see it through together. Pg 39 She does several selfless actions for the sake of Michael. First, she gives up her money for the child, paying two piasters for milk then goes back to save Michael after leaving him with the peasant woman. She even gets married breaking her promise to Simon. D Defensive AbusiveWhen the governor s wife remarks that Michael is in rags and He must have been in a pigsty pg 97 Grusha retorts, I m not a pig but there are some who are! In the court room when Azdak initially fines her ten piasters for contempt of court, she refers to him as a drunken onion pg 55 E Determined ResoluteShe is determined to keep Michael that when the corporal goes to take a look at Michael, she seizes a log and hits him in the head with it, knocking him down. Her determination is also exemplified when she succeeds in getting across the broken bridge thus risking her life and Michaels. At the court when she is asked by judge Azdak if she would want Michael to go back to her mother so that he can be rich and powerful she says, I won t give him up. I have raised him and he knows me. Pg 17 F PossessiveWhen asked by a cook why she must hold on to the baby at any price when the baby isn t hers she says, He s mine.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.7213302}
{"text": "Her determination is also exemplified when she succeeds in getting across the broken bridge thus risking her life and Michaels. At the court when she is asked by judge Azdak if she would want Michael to go back to her mother so that he can be rich and powerful she says, I won t give him up. I have raised him and he knows me. Pg 17 F PossessiveWhen asked by a cook why she must hold on to the baby at any price when the baby isn t hers she says, He s mine. I brought him up pg 87 G AppreciativeWhen Simon offers to help her by swearing that the child is his, she says to Simon, Thank You pg 87 H ObedientShe has to miss the Easter Sunday Service to attend to the master. I was dressed to go but they needed another gooses for the banquet. AZDAKInitially he is a village recorder clerk but after he is accidentally chosen to be the judge by the iron shirts. He represents the voice of reason and social justice as he takes from the rich and gives to the poor. He is in charge of determining who the mother will be in the chalk circle. During his initial appearance in stage he is in rags an indication that, he lives in abject poverty. Since he is the village recorder economic hardships triggered by an oppressive and unstable government must have contributed to his degradation. He is a dynamic character who despite his many faults one cannot fail to admire him. Azdak can be described as:-i Intelligent wise skilful knowledgeableHe has firsthand knowledge about political affairs in Persia. He narrates to the iron shirts about the political turbulence in the country, when consulted by the iron shirts about installation of a new judge; he portrays himself as intelligently reasonable and sensible. He proposes that the judge to be appointed should be vetted. Tested to the marrow pg 71 He skilfully sings the song of injustice in Persia in which he is used as a vehicle to highlight evils such as inhumanity, injustice, corruption, economic devastation and poverty. In the play within a play, he intelligently imitates the Grand Duke s accent. His defence is quite impressive. He displays knowledge about how the princes were corrupt and did not lose war because that corruptly made money out of it. War lost but not for the princes. Princes won their war.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.741452}
{"text": "He displays knowledge about how the princes were corrupt and did not lose war because that corruptly made money out of it. War lost but not for the princes. Princes won their war. Got 3,863,000 piasters for horses not delivered, 8,240, 000 piasters for food supplies not produced pg 74 The skilful and intelligent way in which he puts up his defence makes him he installed as the judge. As a judge he disguises his intentions well. He asks for payment from the prosecutors and Grusha. As the prosecutors are able to pay him well, they smile with relief thinking that he would be on their side, He seems to be hard on Grusha especially when he says he wants to be told the truth and especially when he tells her, we ll make it short and not listen to any more lies to Grusha especially not yours pg 93 We are surprised when he later rules the case in her favour. He is able to exchange a dialogue using proverbs with Simon to further his argument. When Simon implies that, since he has been given work by the ruling class he thinks he is of the same class, he answers Better a treasure in manure than a stone in a mountain stream pg 94 . He means although the nobility are corrupt, they are providing him with a means of livelihood, rather than when he would be starving with the morally upright people. The idea of the chalk circle is a sign of intelligence on Azdak part as it finally proves that motherhood is not just the biological process but also the emotional attachment one has towards the child. Ii Hospitable Accommodative welcomingHe accommodates an old man in his hut, who turns out to be the Grand Duke. Although he is in rags his generosity is seen when he offers a stranger cheese and a place to sleep. Iii Considerate Judicious SensibleHe listens to both sides giving them chances to explain their side of the story. After the first lawyer has presented his case, Azdak asks Grusha: What is your answer to all this and anything else the lawyer might have to say pg 91 When she just answers that the child is hers, he asks, Is that all? I hope you can prove it.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.80051}
{"text": "Iii Considerate Judicious SensibleHe listens to both sides giving them chances to explain their side of the story. After the first lawyer has presented his case, Azdak asks Grusha: What is your answer to all this and anything else the lawyer might have to say pg 91 When she just answers that the child is hers, he asks, Is that all? I hope you can prove it. Why should I assign the child to you in any case? Pg 91 He is sensible when he refuses to divorce a couple who have been married for the last forty years but wants to get divorce simply because they don t like each other. Justice is done when the circle is drawn and the mothers are asked to pull the child out of it. IV Cautious suspicious discerningHe is wary of the way the old beggar behaves and he discerns that the beggar may actually bedisguised do not lick your chops like a Grand Duke.......watching you gives me the most awful ideas.....flogger. Pg 64 When the old man offers to give some hundred thousand piasters, he cannot trust him when he says he does not have the money with him. He handles his guest and the people he interacts with a lot of caution. He does trust the old man, ...In short I don t trust you. Pg 66 v Remorseful contriteHe suffers from guilt conscience and reproachfully denounces himself when he realizes that he had harboured and let the Grand Duke escape. In the name of justice, I ask to be severely judged in public trial. I m contemptible, I am a traitor! A branded criminal. Pg 66 His conscience also pricks him for having treated people injudiciously. I ll have to pay for it. I let the...and ...outs get away with murder. I ll have to pay for it.... pg 84 vi HumorousHe makes a joke in court when it is explained that Grusha is engaged to Simon yet is married to a peasant in the mountain village. He asks whether she did so because Simon was not good in bed. Vii Abusive disrespectful insolentHe insults the old beggar when he discovers that he is not a beggar ...walking swindler!", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.7816849}
{"text": "I ll have to pay for it.... pg 84 vi HumorousHe makes a joke in court when it is explained that Grusha is engaged to Simon yet is married to a peasant in the mountain village. He asks whether she did so because Simon was not good in bed. Vii Abusive disrespectful insolentHe insults the old beggar when he discovers that he is not a beggar ...walking swindler! Peasant flogger and a leech. He tells the old beggar I couldn t hand over a bedbug to that animal pg 65 referring to Shauwa. He insults the iron shirts who have been beating him. He addresses then as dogs living in the dog world. Pg 89 Viii Corrupt unscrupulous undisciplinedHe is overly corrupt. Before he presides over any case he solicits for a bribe when he says, I accept on pg 77 the singer tells us that he is crooked. The way he handles the court cases leaves a lot to be desired. He sits in the judge s chair peeling an apple. He seems overwhelmed by the number of cases he has to handle and so he decides to handle two cases simultaneously. He sometimes presides over serious cases out of the court where the judge s chair has to be carried. He enters from the caravansary...carried pg 77 He presides over another case in the tavern while drinking wine. Instead of referring to the statute book, he sits on itHe sits on the floor and does some personal grooming in the courtroom. Azdak sits on the floor shaving...... pg 83 There isn t a standard way of charging clients and it seems all are charged differently. Grusha is first fined ten, then twenty, then thirty and finally forty. Viii ImmoralOn page 93 while addressing Grusha he says, Is he no good in bed? Tell the truth this is in reference to Simon. In the court, he admonishes Grusha for not, making eye.....and wiggling her backside a little to keep him.....in good temper. Pg 95 GEORGI ABASHWILIHe is the governor of the Grusinian people, Natella s husband and Michael s father.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.8131871}
{"text": "Viii ImmoralOn page 93 while addressing Grusha he says, Is he no good in bed? Tell the truth this is in reference to Simon. In the court, he admonishes Grusha for not, making eye.....and wiggling her backside a little to keep him.....in good temper. Pg 95 GEORGI ABASHWILIHe is the governor of the Grusinian people, Natella s husband and Michael s father. He is beheaded on Easter Sunday after his brother the Fat Prince successfully stages a coup. He is described as;I Irresponsible inhuman insensitiveHe lacks commitment to the people he is serving. He uses his position to mistreat the poor and the less fortunate in the city of Nuka. The deplorable nature of the beggars and petitioners shows that they have been neglected and are living in abject poverty. He is not interested in the state of war. He ignores a messenger rider from the capital who comes with confidential papers. He will not attend to this matter until after the service. This annoys the rider who, .....turns sharply round and, muttering a curse goes off pg 66 II Hypocritical selfish self-centredHe appears to be more interested in the Easter Sunday service than the people he serves. Christian values dictates that the weak and poor should be considered yet he ignores the many beggars and petitioners who flock the gateway. He is more concerned about his personal interests. He intends to bring down the slums to pave way for his garden. He engages two doctors to take care of his son yet the beggar s children are thin, with scarcely anything to eat. He has accumulated so much wealth around him that the singer compares his richness to Croesus a king of Lydia who was known for his riches His contempt for the poor masses is telling, when he ignores them as he enters the church. III LovingHe refers to his son as the apple of his eye. Two doctors are responsible for him. He is ready to build a whole wing which makes his wife Natella jealous of their son. NATELLA ABASHWILIShe is the wife to Governor Abashwili and biological mother to Michael. When the coup takes place,she leaves behind her child and later, she tries to reclaim him back from Grusha, the lady who salvaged him.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.8310986}
{"text": "He is ready to build a whole wing which makes his wife Natella jealous of their son. NATELLA ABASHWILIShe is the wife to Governor Abashwili and biological mother to Michael. When the coup takes place,she leaves behind her child and later, she tries to reclaim him back from Grusha, the lady who salvaged him. She is portrayed as;I Materialistic greedyShe is so much concerned with earthly things and wealth that she even forgets her child when she is fleeing. She cannot imagine leaving behind her personal possessions such as dresses. This is done oblivious of the danger she is exposing herself and the servants to. I ve got to take this silver dressit cost a thousand piasters...the wine coloured one? Pg25 She desperately rummages into the trunks looking for her most valuable essentials. She cannot even dream of escaping on a horse back despite prevailing danger. Such nonsense! I wouldn t dream of going on horseback! Pg 25 II Contemptuous Vain proud self-centredHer behaviour is characterised by false pride and an exaggerated sense of self-importance. She does not have time for beggars and her servants. She only identifies herself with people of class. She insults a young woman who already assured her that no harm has come to her dress. Nothing in your head, but making eyes at Shalva....I ll kill you, you bitch. She beats up the young woman. Pg 24 She is offensive by nature. She lacks respect for human beings. She refers to Azdak as a creature. What sort of a creature is that Shalva pg 85 she comments that Michael must have been in pigsty because he is dressed in rags. When she enters the courtroom, she sighs with relief that there is no common man around. She says she cannot stand their smell as it always gives her migraine. She looks at Grusha and asks contemptuously, Is that the creature pg 88 III Careless irresponsibleShe orders the woman holding Michael, Natella s own son to put him down so that she can get her little saffron coloured boots from the bedroom. She is not interested in the child. No wonder the child is left behind as she flees.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.854071}
{"text": "She looks at Grusha and asks contemptuously, Is that the creature pg 88 III Careless irresponsibleShe orders the woman holding Michael, Natella s own son to put him down so that she can get her little saffron coloured boots from the bedroom. She is not interested in the child. No wonder the child is left behind as she flees. IV Pretentious HypocriticalThe first lawyer cautions her against speaking disrespectfully about people until they have another judge, she retorts, But I didn t say anything.....I love the people with their simple straight forward minds. It s only that their smell brings on my migraine pg 92 At the courtroom, she pretends that she is very affected by the loss of her child. She describes her loss as, A most cruel fate, sir, forces me to describe to you the fortunes of a bereaved mother s soul, the anxiety, the sleepless nights the....... pg 92 V WickedWhen Azdak is lifted up and dragged under the noose. The governor s wife claps her hands hysterically and comments, I disliked that man from the moment I first saw him. Pg 89 SHAUWAHe is a policeman and a guard that accompanies Azdak to Nuka on request to a court trial. He doubles up as a prosecutor and a sweeper in court during Azdak s term as judge. He can be described as;I Compromising tolerant patientHe does not arrest Azdak for his criminal activity of stealing rabbits. Instead he tries to reason with him, ....When prince s rabbits are stolen......I m a policeman ....should I do with the offending party pg65 . Although Azdak remains stubborn and unwilling to change his behaviour Shauwa is tolerant and patient with this. He tells him, You caught another rabbit....you d promised me it wouldn t happen again. Azdak claims the rabbit should be exterminated. He is oblivious of the tricky circumstance he places Shauwa in. The latter is tolerant and persuasive instead, Azdak don t be hard on me. I ll lose my job if I don t arrest you. I know you re a good heart pg65 .", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.8971589}
{"text": "The latter is tolerant and persuasive instead, Azdak don t be hard on me. I ll lose my job if I don t arrest you. I know you re a good heart pg65 . Shauwa is a policeman with power to arrest Azdak but instead Azdak incriminates him and orders him to go home and repent which Shauwa does. II Obedient Submissive AccommodatingHe cooperates with Azdak who request him to take him to Nuka. He is forced to walk half the night with Azdak to clear the whole thing all by threat. All Shauwa says is, That wasn t nice of you Azdak pg 66 He takes orders from Azdak even in the circumstances when he has the right to rebel. Azdak shouts at him, shut your mouth Shauwa, shauwa does not respond to this angry outburst. Pg 67 He obediently agrees to tell the iron shirts how Azdak had shouted at shoemaker street when ordered to by Azdak. They confronted him in butcher street...Shoemaker Street. That s all pg 67 He is ordered by Azdak to sing with him as he holds the rope around Azdak. He sings. III Agreeable ResponsibleHe appears to be a pleasant person, quite easy to get along with. During the reign of Azdak as judge, he takes responsibility of the difficult duties as being prosecutor and at the same time sweeping and serving Azdak like a servant. He reports to Azdak and does what he is ordered to do. Public prosecutor drop your knife pg 78 Shauwa obeys. Shauwa reports all the cases to Azdak without influencing him and showing any bias. He serves Azdak wine in the tavern. Shauwa brings him wine pg 79 sometimes he reports the cases while sweeping busy sweeping Blackmail pg 76 IV Caring ConcernedWhen the Grand Duke returns and Azdak is scared that he will face the consequences of his actions, Shauwa warns him when he presumes there is danger someone s coming pg 84 SIMON SHASHAVAHe is a soldier of the palace guard who remains at the door when the Governor and his family enter the Church.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.8827608}
{"text": "Shauwa reports all the cases to Azdak without influencing him and showing any bias. He serves Azdak wine in the tavern. Shauwa brings him wine pg 79 sometimes he reports the cases while sweeping busy sweeping Blackmail pg 76 IV Caring ConcernedWhen the Grand Duke returns and Azdak is scared that he will face the consequences of his actions, Shauwa warns him when he presumes there is danger someone s coming pg 84 SIMON SHASHAVAHe is a soldier of the palace guard who remains at the door when the Governor and his family enter the Church. He is ordered to accompany the governor s wife, Natella Aba shwili as her guard. He isGrusha s betrothedHe is portrayed as:I Loyal obedientHe accepts to accompany the Governor s wife as her guard to Tiflis. He takes up the responsibility despite the risks involved in being identified with the Governor s family. Grusha warns him, isn t it dangerous to go with her pg 21 When ordered by the Adjutant to move, he stands attention and goes off. II Inquisitive CuriousIn his encounter with Grusha, he asks ceaseless questions. May I ask if the young lady still has parents -My second question is this, - is the young lady as healthy as a fish in water. When he comes back from the war and finds Grusha by the river, he wants to know whether she is sill faithful to him and whether the child is hers. III FaithfulFor the two years he is away for war, he remains faithful to Grusha. This explains why he is eager to know the relationship between Michael and Grusha. To show his commitment to Grusha he offers to assist her in the case and even says that Michael is his. IV HumorousHis conversation with Grusha on Pg 17-18 is full of humour. A goose He feigns suspicion I d like to see that goose. I only went for a fish. V Loving concerned responsibleWhen he returns from war, he goes to look for Grusha at the Northern Mountains. He asks her How are things here?", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.9063559}
{"text": "I only went for a fish. V Loving concerned responsibleWhen he returns from war, he goes to look for Grusha at the Northern Mountains. He asks her How are things here? Was the winter bearable? When the Governor is toppled and killed he comes to look for Grusha: Grusha! There you are at last! What are you going to do? Pg 21 When he is delegated to accompany Natella by the Adjutant and Grusha complains. He answers That woman has nothing to do with me. I have my orders and I go pg 22 He cares about the welfare of Grusha when he acquires about the parents, whether she is healthy and if she is impatient. He gives Grusha a silver chain to cement their relationship. He is always there for her. VI Impatient Hot temperedHe does not take time to listen to Grusha s explanation that she has been faithful to him. To him she is married and has a son. He tells her, Give me back the cross I gave you. Better still throw it in the stream. Pg 61 VII Wise PrudentHe makes use of several proverbs in answer to Azdak A fine day, lets go fishing said the angler to the warm pg 94 A well can t be filled with dew, they say pg 90 VIII AppreciativeWhen he realizes that Azdak has granted Grusha divorce, he is so grateful that he tells the judge that forty piasters are cheap when one considers what he has gained. Cheap at your price, your honour. And many thanks. LAVRENTI VASHNADZEHe is Grusha s brother and husband to Aniko. When Grusha flees to the mountains, he accommodates her and makes arrangement for her to get married to the dying man -Jussup. He is potrayed as;a Fearful cowardly timidThe manner in which he quietly and quickly inquires from Grusha whether there is a father to the child indicates that he is fearful. He is intimidated by his wife. Due to this Lavrenti anxiously says that they must think something up.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406313.9288568}
{"text": "He is potrayed as;a Fearful cowardly timidThe manner in which he quietly and quickly inquires from Grusha whether there is a father to the child indicates that he is fearful. He is intimidated by his wife. Due to this Lavrenti anxiously says that they must think something up. He fears that the priest had questioned Grusha about the child and only gets relieved to hear that Grusha did not tell him anything. He is fearful of the people who are already gossiping about the illegitimate child. Due to the fear of his wife and people he organizes for a fake marriage for Grusha so that people won t talk. So people won t talk pg 49 The singer comments, The cowardly brother.......giver of shelter pg47 b Hospital welcomingWhen Grusha flees to the mountains and finally lands at his home, he welcomes her cordially despite the initial fears he has on how his wife will react. C Deceitful dishonest untrustworthy untruthfulHe lies to Aniko that Grusha is on her way to her husband and Grusha says she got married to a man on the other side of the mountain. He plans to steal Aniko s milk money to use it for Grusha s wedding. To cover up his wife s weaknesses, he purports she is sensitive and religious. D Crafty cunning schemingIn order to get rid of Grusha, he plans for her marriage with a dying man. He does this secretly without informing his wife. He wants to ensure that they do not suffer shame so he makes people believe that Grusha actually had a husband on the other side of the mountain. People mustn t know anything pg 47 . He organizes the marriage without consulting Grusha initially, only to inform her later about the arrangement. He hides the baby from the monk and only brings out the baby when the ceremony is over for he knows very well that the vows cannot be reversed. ANIKOShe is Lavrenti s wife and a sister-in-law to Grusha. She is portrayed as;a Hypocritical pretentiousShe is portrayed as being religious but lacks religious qualities. Grusha arrives at their home worn out and tires, all she is concerned is about Grusha s single status.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.012334}
{"text": "ANIKOShe is Lavrenti s wife and a sister-in-law to Grusha. She is portrayed as;a Hypocritical pretentiousShe is portrayed as being religious but lacks religious qualities. Grusha arrives at their home worn out and tires, all she is concerned is about Grusha s single status. If your husband s not in the city, where is he....has your husband got a farm...but when will he come back if the war s broken out again as people say? Pg 46 Lavrenti explains to Grusha that she cannot stay for long with them because Aniko is religious. ... But you can t stay here long with child. She s religious; you see pg46 b Arrogant proudWhen Grusha faints she says, Heavens she s ill what are we going to do....as long....as its not scarlet fever.......if it s consumption we ll get it pg 45-46 She keeps on shouting to the servants Sosso! Where on earth are you? Sosso! Pg 46 c Cold UnwelcomingWhen she is introduced to Grusha instead of welcoming her, she asks I thought you were in service in Nuka....wasn t it a good job? We are told it was. Lavrenti has to defend her to Grusha She has a good heart. But wait till after supper pg 46 Grusha even has to tell Michael, Michael we must be clever, if we make ourselves as small as cockroaches. The sister-in-law will forget we re in the house and then we can stay till the snow melts pg 47 MOTHER-IN-LAWShe is the mother to Jussup. She makes arrangement with Lavrenti to have his sister married to her son Jussup on his deathbed She is portrayed as;a Materialistic greedyShe is to be paid by Lavrenti 400 piasters for having Grusha marry Jussup. When she discovers that there is a child, Lavrenti has to offer 200 piasters more and she readily agrees to have the marriagetake place My Jussup doesn t have to marry a girl with a child...all right make it another 200 piasters. Pg 50 .", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.0310652}
{"text": "She makes arrangement with Lavrenti to have his sister married to her son Jussup on his deathbed She is portrayed as;a Materialistic greedyShe is to be paid by Lavrenti 400 piasters for having Grusha marry Jussup. When she discovers that there is a child, Lavrenti has to offer 200 piasters more and she readily agrees to have the marriagetake place My Jussup doesn t have to marry a girl with a child...all right make it another 200 piasters. Pg 50 . She hires a cheap monk to perform the wedding in order to save. She saved on the priest the wretch. Hired a cheap monk pg 50 b OpportunisticTakes advantage of her son s illness to make money by marrying him off on his deathbed. The son of this peasant woman is going to die.... How much does the peasant want? Four hundred piasters pg 49 she also gets a chance to add more money when she discovers that the bride has a child Lavrenti has to add two hundred piasters more. C Hypocritical dishonestWhen she sees Grusha with the child, she weeps, saying that her people are honest and she does not want to live with the shame. She makes the monk accept that Jussup has accepted the marriage: Of course he is! Didn t you hear him say yes? Pg 51 d PretentiousWhen she arrives with the monk, she tells the guests I hope you won t mind waiting a few moments? My son s bride has just arrived from the city. An emergency wedding is about to becelebrated pg 51 . Grusha has not arrived from the city nor is she her sons beloved. When the monk and she enter the bedroom, she tells him, I might have known you couldn t keep your trap shut pg 51 . This means she is not amused by the arrival of the guests. When the monk inquires about the child, she tells him, Is there a child? I don t see a child...you understand? Pg 52 ARSEN KAZBEKIHe is referred to as the Fat Prince. He is a brother to the Governor. He plots and stages a coup, with the help of ironshirts that leads to the killing of his brother-The Governor.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.0352483}
{"text": "Pg 52 ARSEN KAZBEKIHe is referred to as the Fat Prince. He is a brother to the Governor. He plots and stages a coup, with the help of ironshirts that leads to the killing of his brother-The Governor. When the Grand Duke returns after two years he is deposed and beheaded. He is portrayed as;a Hypocritical insincereHe pretends to be so much pleased with the governor s family that he bows and remarks sarcastically that Michael is a governor from head to foot. He hypocritically terms George s intention of bringing down slums to pave room for the garden, good news. Good news after so much bad pg 5 He has instigated war against the Grand Duke and the Governor; He intends to overthrow the government. He then claims that the universally loved judge has been hanged. My friends, we need peace, peace in Grusinia! And justice! So I ve brought along my dear nephew Bizergan Kazbeki pg 71 He pretends that he wants the ironshirts to confer and democratically decide who should be judge yet at the same time informs his nephew, Don t worry my little fox. The job s yours pg 71 . More so he intends to ignore the Ironshirts once the Grand Duke is arrested. He tells his nephew and when we catch the Grand Duke, we won t have to please this rabble any longer. Pg 71 b Sadistic callous inhumanHe schemes for the murder of the Governor and once he is executed, he orders the drunken soldiers to fasten his head on the wall using nails. He desperately looks for Michael so that he can kill him. He comments, It s a pity they took the brat along though, I need him, urgently pg 28 c Crafty scheming cunningHe schemes to install his nephew as judge by influencing the Iron shirts but they stage a rehearsal with the nephew acting as judge. He tells the nephew. It isn t customary....who got there first. Pg 72 d CorruptHe fights for his nephew to be installed as judge. The iron shirts outwit him in his own game and the position goes to Azdak. E GreedyHis plan to overthrow the system run by the Grand Duke is motivated by greed for power.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.0514176}
{"text": "It isn t customary....who got there first. Pg 72 d CorruptHe fights for his nephew to be installed as judge. The iron shirts outwit him in his own game and the position goes to Azdak. E GreedyHis plan to overthrow the system run by the Grand Duke is motivated by greed for power. He evenkills the Governor, his brother, and act that shows the extent hunger for control and power can push one to. Since evil begets evil, he is executed the same way he killed his brother. LANGUAGE AND STYLEStyle in literature can be described as how the author uses literary elements such as words, sentence structure and figurative language to describe events, ideas and objects in their work. Stylistic devices refer to a variety of techniques used by writers. PLAY WITHIN A PLAYPlay within a play involves having another play within the main play. It is important as it helps in plot development, bringing out various themes and character traits. The play The Caucasian ChalkCircle is three stories presented in one; The story of the Goat Herders and Fruit farmers,The story of Grusha and Michael and The story of Azdak as the judge.these are thus presented as plays within the main play. The story of The Caucasian Chalk Circle , borrowed from a Chinese tale is presented as a play within a play. There is a meeting of the delegates who are trying to resolve the puzzle of who owns the piece of land between the fruit farmers and the goat keepers. When an agreement is reached, the peasant woman on the left invites Arkadi Tscheidse, the singer, to entertain them. There is also a play within a play when Michael and other children enact the beheading of the Governor. It is used to show the extent of evil in society as the children who are so innocent clearly portray it. Michael refusing to be the one to be beheaded shows he is the chip off the old block-the Governor s son. It is also a satire of criticism of the senseless and cruel behaviour in the society. The play within a play is used to bring out the self sacrificing nature of Grusha. As seen when she takes care of Michael as he own son, through it various stylistic techniques such as use of song, Irony and flash back are evident. Various themes such as hypocrisy, negligence of duty among others are also brought out.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.0963635}
{"text": "The play within a play is used to bring out the self sacrificing nature of Grusha. As seen when she takes care of Michael as he own son, through it various stylistic techniques such as use of song, Irony and flash back are evident. Various themes such as hypocrisy, negligence of duty among others are also brought out. The story of Azdak the judge is also a play within a play. It begins when Azdak helps the old beggar who late turns out to be the Grand Duke. It ends with Azdak judging Grusha s and Natella s case using The Caucassian Chalk Circle. This play within a play exemplifies the themes of justice, abuse of power and greed. Another play within a play is when the Fat Prince wishes to appoint his nephew Bizergan Kazbeki, as the judge. He requests the drunken Iron shirts to vet him. They perform a mock trial which involves Azdak who poses as the Grand Duke and the nephew poses as the judge. The Iron shirts takes up the roles of the people who have come to listen to the proceedings of the case. Azdak is blames of running the war badly but he instead blames the princes rather than himself. He is able to make several successful attacks on the prince s corruption. Here, we learn how the princes mismanaged the war and blamed it on the Grand Duke. The nephew fails to make a judgement sincehe is out-witted by Azdak and the ironshirts unanimously settle on Azdak as the judge. The first ironshirt tells him, Go to the judge s seat! Now sit in It! Pg 74 JUXTAPOSITION CONTRASTThis is a stylistic feature used by writers to put people or things side by side in order to show the contrast or their differences. This style has been used to enhance dramatic effect. The act of Governor George Abashwili entering the church is juxtaposed with the image of the soldiers pushing the common people out of the way. This contrast undermines the religious significance of going to church. This is exemplified when the soldier says, Get back! Clear the church door. Pg 14 Grusha buys milk for Michael and pays two piasters. This is her week s salary. This amount of money used is a sacrifice for Michael. This contrasts the 100,000 piasters offered to Azdak by the Duke for one night lodging ....persuasion!", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.1450808}
{"text": "This is her week s salary. This amount of money used is a sacrifice for Michael. This contrasts the 100,000 piasters offered to Azdak by the Duke for one night lodging ....persuasion! Pay hundred thousand piasters one night, I tell you...where are they? Pg 64 . This contrast is meant to bring to fore the glaring gap between the rich and the poor. This satirises the society that puts more value on money to show the difference in the levels of wealth in social classes. Consequently, Azdak uses his position to take from the rich and give the poor. Thus, he fines the rich invalid, The Blackmailer, the innkeeper, and the farmers all of whom are wealthy. During the wedding of Jussup and Grusha, the monk says, Dear wedding and funeral guests! Pg 53 . This depicts two contrasting life eventualities, one representing continuity and the other- end. There is also an instance of juxtaposition where the goat and fruit farmers are placed side by side to establish the deserving owners of the valley. Natella and Grusha are juxtaposed to establish the difference in level of love: true motherly love for a child and love for material wealth out of the peril of the child. Other characters that have been contrasted are Lavrenti with his wife Aniko, Simon and Grusha, Grusha and other peasants working for the Governor, among others. HUMOURDespite the occurrence of serious issues explored within the play, there are humorous incidents. We are presented with doctors; Mika Loladze and Mishiko Oboladze. They are in charge of Michael and quarrel over trivial issues. May I remind you...that I was against the lukewarm bath ....more likely a sight draft during the night. Your Grace...no cause for concern, your Grace. Pg 15-16 It is humorous that these two doctors described as dignified would quarrel over Michael s coughing. In another comic episode, the two argue over whom will take charge of Natellla now that she has fainted after chaos and death erupt in the palace. Niko Mikadze, it is your duty as a doctor to attend Natella Abashwili....you neglect your duty........ pg 21 It is humorous to find the two going to an extent of fighting in the middle of a catastrophe.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.129633}
{"text": "Your Grace...no cause for concern, your Grace. Pg 15-16 It is humorous that these two doctors described as dignified would quarrel over Michael s coughing. In another comic episode, the two argue over whom will take charge of Natellla now that she has fainted after chaos and death erupt in the palace. Niko Mikadze, it is your duty as a doctor to attend Natella Abashwili....you neglect your duty........ pg 21 It is humorous to find the two going to an extent of fighting in the middle of a catastrophe. This humour serves to lessen the tension that is created when George is assassinated. It also brings out the character of the two doctors as incompetent and irresponsible characters. When Simon encounters Grusha, there is humour when he says he watches over her as she washes linen by the willows, There s more. Your toes and more....your foot and a little more.... pg 18 There is humour when a drunken peasant sings, There was a young woman who said: I thought I d be happier, wed but my husband is old and remarkably cold so I sleep with a candle instead pg 54 When Shauwa knocks at the door, Azdak says that he is not in. Azdak explains himself to Shauwa possibly to escape the arrest. .... Shauwa don t talk about things you don t understand. The rabbit is dangerous and destructive beast. It feeds on plants especially on the species of plants known as weeds. It must therefore be exterminated, he adds, I...man is made in God s image. Not so a rabbit...I m a rabbit-eater, but you re a man eater...go home and repent. Pg 65 SATIRESatire refers to the way a writer ridicules an individual or the society in a humorous way, with an aim of bringing desirable change. The playwright exposes weakness of leaders who have been entrusted with power and fail to do what is expected of them. People are oppressed and live in misery. The beggars and petitioners are crying that they do not have enough to eat and they feel neglected. The policing administration is criticized for the inhuman treatment of the suffering lot. They lash them with whips to keep them away from the Governor and his family instead of sympathizing with their plight.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.1139474}
{"text": "The beggars and petitioners are crying that they do not have enough to eat and they feel neglected. The policing administration is criticized for the inhuman treatment of the suffering lot. They lash them with whips to keep them away from the Governor and his family instead of sympathizing with their plight. The governor and his wife pretend to be religious yet they display their contempt for the lowly class. The governor is a political leader but surprisingly, lacks interest in political matters. He ignores the rider who has confidential papers from the capital in preference to personal matters. Instead, he meets the architects to discuss building plans. The governor is ignorant of serious issues such as a meeting held by princes in the capital in which a coup was planned, ironically, one of the architects is fully aware of the plan to overthrow the Grand Duke and his Governors. Pg 15 . His political nature is being ridiculed because being in political position means he ought to accord political matters serious consideration. The police administration s brutality is criticized for the inhuman treatment of the suffering lot. They lash them with whips to keep them away from the Governor and his family instead of sympathizing with their plight. The Fat prince pretends to be so much pleased with the governor s family that he even bows and remarks sarcastically that Michael is a governor from head to foot and yet he had plan ned to kill the Governor that very day. When he tells the Governor he loves a gay sky, he is not sincere. Aniko, wife to Lavrenti and sister-in-law to Grusha claims to be religious, However, she is presented as mean, egocentric, selfish and inhospitable. She bullies around her husband and tries to throwGrusha out of the house as she fears what the neighbours will say for hosting an unmarried woman with a child. The monk s religious hypocrisy is also satirized. He is expected to be religiously inclined but he has many weaknesses. He oversees Grusha s marriage to Jussup while drank. He is actually paid to perform the ceremony but as a monk, he is expected to devote his life and time to religious matters, which he does not. The Governor s wife is satirized through her vain behaviour. She does not have time for the poor beggars and her servants and only identifies herself with people of class. After the coup her main concern is the clothes she is going to carry, only essential!.......the green one!", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.169187}
{"text": "The Governor s wife is satirized through her vain behaviour. She does not have time for the poor beggars and her servants and only identifies herself with people of class. After the coup her main concern is the clothes she is going to carry, only essential!.......the green one! And of course, the one with far trimming..... pg 24 On the same page she adds, ........get my little saffron-coloured boots..... I need them for green dress. In haste to save her dresses, she leaves her son Michael as she flees. When Michael coughs Natella s attention is drawn to him and she wants to know what is up. She even asks her husband whether he had heard the baby cough. She then givens a stern warning and advises the two doctors in charge of the child to be more careful. When he sees Michael after he is brought in by the ironshirts, she remarks that He s in rags pg 97 Natella has very low regard for the underprivileged. Pg 18 , she says, It s impossible to live in such a slum,,,, When she enters the court, she is relieved that there are no common people: I can t stand their smell. It always gives me migraine. Pg 88 From the onset, she dislikes Azdak and pg 89 she says, I disliked that man from the moment I first saw him. This foreshadows the fact that she may not get a fair judgement from him. IRONYIrony refers to an incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs or is. It is also the use of words that convey a meaning that is opposite of its literal meaning. There are different types of irony for example verbal irony where the speaker says direct opposite of what is meant. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows facts in a text which a character in the text is ignorant of. Other types of irony are situational, comic and tragic irony. The playwright has used this style in several areas in The Caucasian Chalk Circle. The irony of situation is that George Abashwili, the Governor plans to remodel and enlarge his palace. ... In the afternoon his Excellency will confer with prominent architects. Pg 19 He even proposes to pull down the peasant shacks on the estate.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.193813}
{"text": "Other types of irony are situational, comic and tragic irony. The playwright has used this style in several areas in The Caucasian Chalk Circle. The irony of situation is that George Abashwili, the Governor plans to remodel and enlarge his palace. ... In the afternoon his Excellency will confer with prominent architects. Pg 19 He even proposes to pull down the peasant shacks on the estate. Natella says, All those wretched slums are to be torn down to make room for a garden. Pg 15 . This is ironical in that this will be a garden for the privileged at the expense of the poor majority. Irony is further seen when this same estate is confiscated for the state at the court when Azdak declares it would be given to the people and made into a play ground for children. He says, ....your estates fall to the city...Azdak s gardens. Pg 98 Also the Governor s plans do not pull through because he is executed that afternoon. The Play Wright uses the noble child Michael, to bring out irony. Being the only son to the Governor, he has two doctors for his medical care. It is ironical when the coup takes place, the doctors Niko Mikadze and Nika Loladze abandon the child. Mika says, ...Do you really think ...little brat s account? Pg 21 . The situational irony is that the child has two doctors while the common people are suffering. The Governor s wife, who thinks that the Governor pays more attention to Michael than to her, is more concerned with her elegant dresses and forgets her baby. Ironically, Grusha a servant girl saves the child from being killed by the Fat Prince. She is more willing to be a guardian to the infant than her wealthy mistress. The biological mother of the child. The incident when Grusha plans to abandon Michael at the doorstep of a peasant woman s house has been developed through use of irony. Grusha s plans are well intentioned since she thinks the peasant will be kind enough to give Michael milk and she assumes that are far enough from the city. This is exemplified when she says, now you have wet yourself again...you can t ask that can you? Pg 34 . Irony is brought to the fore when her thoughts are displayed in the chorus, because I am single....someone who s newly poor. Pg 35 .", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.2217298}
{"text": "Grusha s plans are well intentioned since she thinks the peasant will be kind enough to give Michael milk and she assumes that are far enough from the city. This is exemplified when she says, now you have wet yourself again...you can t ask that can you? Pg 34 . Irony is brought to the fore when her thoughts are displayed in the chorus, because I am single....someone who s newly poor. Pg 35 . When she meets the ironshirts she runs back to save Michael. Ironically, her plan with the peasant woman betrays Grusha, who hits the corporal over the head with a log of wood just to save Michael. When Grusha manages to cross the rotten bridge, she laughs her way to freedom and shows the Ironshirts the child. Ironically, this freedom does not last for long as she suffers in her brother s house because of Michael. She is too weak to walk and her sister-in-law who is portrayed to be religious ironically does not apply the religious principles but uses religion as an excuse to kickGrusha out of her home. Lavrenti only allows Grusha to live in his house over winter. Due to the same reasons he has given to his religious wife over Grusha s marital status, Lavrenti forces Grusha to marry a dying man from the other side of the mountains. This is especially because of the presence of the illegitimate child. The irony of the situation is that the brotherly love that Grusha had expected from Lavrenti is not forthcoming; he ends up complicating Grusha s live when he organizes for the fake wedding. Jussup, Grusha s dying husband, illness is developed in an ironic manner. The peasants comment on Jussup s health status. They initially thought Jussup was faking illness in order to avoid being drafted in to war. They regret having felt that way because Jussup really appears about to die. When the guests continue to talk and eat, one of them remarks that the army can no longer draft anyone as the war is over. Jussup suddenly sits up in bed; the most ironic possible scenario of his death is no more. He is alive and kicking. Azdak s judgement at the court is presented in an ironic manner.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.2494173}
{"text": "Jussup suddenly sits up in bed; the most ironic possible scenario of his death is no more. He is alive and kicking. Azdak s judgement at the court is presented in an ironic manner. Brecht has used this style to point out that Azdak is a disappointed man and would not cause disappointment to others. The judgment pronounced on the cases in ironical. The doctor who operates a patient on the wrong leg is acquitted for perpetrating an unpardonable error on his practice. The farmer who accuses the old man for receiving his stolen animal is fined five hundred piasters and ironically the suspect is made to sit the same table with the judge ....you granny and you....and Azdak! Pg 82 Natella, the Governor s wife, is using the child Michael as a means of acquiring inheritance. Her claim that she is the mother of Michael is not due to her motherly love. The Chalk Circle brings out an ironic twist when Grusha does not pull Michael. Ironically, Natella the real mother rushes to pull the child but Grusha says, I brought him up! Shall I also tear him into bits? I can t! Pg 98 This determined the deserving mother as the one who is motherly. USE OF IMAGERYImagery refers to the use of figurative language to represent ideas, objects or actions. It can also be defined as the use of descriptive language that appeals to our senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. This is mainly done through metaphors and similes. A MetaphorsA metaphor is a figure of speech in which an expression word or phrase which ordinarily refers to one thing is used to denote another in order to suggest a similarity. It suggests the likeness between the two. The girls Tractorist says, I started the fire myself, This means she started the onslaught herself against the Nazis. Pg 97 There is also reference to a bloody time pg 13 . This denotes time of war characterized by violence and death. In the chorus pg 32 , the ironshirts pursuing Grusha are likened to bloodhounds , dogs that are known for their powerful sense of smell.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.2612321}
{"text": "Pg 97 There is also reference to a bloody time pg 13 . This denotes time of war characterized by violence and death. In the chorus pg 32 , the ironshirts pursuing Grusha are likened to bloodhounds , dogs that are known for their powerful sense of smell. On page 65, Azdak likens the old man grand prince to a bedbug to suggest he is a pest Azdak thinks it is Ludovika who assaults the stable man with a dangerous weapon which means she is provocative. The Fat prince refers to his nephew my little fox pg 71 to hint at his traits and to show how confident he is that he will be made the judge. B SimilesThis is a figure of speech that directly compares two things that are related using connective words such as like , as or resembles The Governor Georgi Abashwili is described thus: He was rich as Croesus, pg 7 this compares him to the king of Lydia who was defeated by Persians and was known for his immense wealth, his name is synonymous with wealth. The singer castigates the insensitive leaders thus: O blindness of the great! They go their way like gods..... pg 20 After the coup, the servants say among themselves, we ll be slaughtered like chickens, as always pg 21 . This suggests they are not safe. Simon asks Grusha, Is the lady as healthy as a fish in water? Pg 22 . Grusha is compared to a thief; probably for the reader to pass judgement on whether she is justifies to take Michael, we are told: As if she was a thief she crept away! Pg 29 When Grusha is sheltered at her brother s house, she tells Michael that they should make themselves as small as cockroaches pg 47 to escape the wrath of her sister-in-law.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.2712681}
{"text": "Simon asks Grusha, Is the lady as healthy as a fish in water? Pg 22 . Grusha is compared to a thief; probably for the reader to pass judgement on whether she is justifies to take Michael, we are told: As if she was a thief she crept away! Pg 29 When Grusha is sheltered at her brother s house, she tells Michael that they should make themselves as small as cockroaches pg 47 to escape the wrath of her sister-in-law. Indeed, Lavrenti remarks, why are you sitting there muffled up like coachmen.... pg 48 To suggest that she cannot run away from Michael, Grusha tells him, I came by you as the peat trees comes by sparrows pg 49 Azdak says law is a sensitive organ, .....like the spleen, in delivering justice, we are told by the singer he, Broke law like bread he gave them. Pg 82 SONGSMany songs have been sung by Arkadi and other characters in the play. Some are at the beginning of the scene, others within the scene and at the end of the scene. The governor is introduced through a song. Before we meet him, we are told about what king of a person he is as follows:- He was rich as CroesusHe had a beautiful wifeHe had a healthy baby pg 13 We learn that he has many beggars and petitioners whom he ignores. This song juxtaposes the rich governor with the majority poor folks who wait for hand outs in form of coins which are distributed by a servant. Simon Shashava, the soldier, and Grusha, a kitchen maid are also introduced to us before we meet them. We learn of their relationship. The song on pg 18 is summative. It summarizes the action. The Governor s palace foreshadows restlessness. The palace is said to be a fortress but is surrounded by soldiers. We anticipate the death of the Governor. ..... Noon was the hour to die. These words are followed by the appearance of the Fat Prince. The stage is set for the execution of the Governor by the Fat Prince. The tension surrounding the Governor s execution is found in the song on pg 20 , in the song, stage directions are given e.g.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.3161535}
{"text": "For instance it says, ...who had no bread at all have full granaries... pg 84PROVERBS AND WISE SAYINGSMany proverbs have been used by the playwright. The capability to use proverbs in one s conversation is interpreted as a sign of wisdom. It also shows masterly of one s own language sinceproverbs and wise sayings require comprehension of metaphors, similes and symbols in one s community. When Grusha points out to Simon that it must be dangerous for him to accompany Natella Abashwilias her guard on her flight, he replies with a wise saying- in Tiflis, they say: Isn t the stabbing dangerous for the knife? Pg 21 means as the knife stabs what it is supposed to, it is also in danger of breaking or bending but it still stabs anyway. Likewise, a soldier protects others despite the danger he exposes himself. When they meet in the courtyard and Grusha is rushing to collect her personal effects, She accepts Simon s proposal long before he even proposes. Simon feels embarrassed and responds, haste, theysay is the wind that blows down the scaffold a temporary building built for workers round a building that is being constructed, If they are blown away then the builders will not be able to buildthe permanent structure as they will have no where to stay just like Grusha and Simon will not have a marriage if she is not patient enough to listen to the information that will cement that relationship. When Michael and other boys are playing the game of cutting off the Governor s head, the other children want Michael to play the Governor s role of just bending and his head is cut off but Michael adamantly refuses and says he wants to be the person to cut off. The other children disagree but Michael is adamant so when they shout to Grusha that Michael won t play his part, Grusha laughsand says, Even the little duck is a swimmer, they say. Pg 58 Meaning even though Michael is young, you cannot command him since he is the son of a Governor and so others do what he demands and not vice versa. When Azdak discovers that the fleeing duke is not a peasant but a land owner he orders him out but the Duke make him a proposition.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.3051448}
{"text": "By Azdak replying that, I m my own master, said the servant; and cut off his foot, means one does not have to do outrageous activities to prove that one is independent minded. Simon replies by showing that, people are able to see through their tormentors hypocrisy when the latter professes to love the farmer and therefore still give them their due. This is proved when he says, I love you as a father said the Czar to the peasants, and had the Czarevitch s head chopped off. Azdak knows that despite the appearance, he is still on the poor people s side yet Simon does not realize this, so that is why he concludes the discussion by saying, A fool s worst enemy is himself. Pg 94 From all the above, it is important to note that, the cook, Grusha, Azdak and Simon are the only people who portray positive traits in the society. They portray a sense of wisom as seen when they are highlighted as the only characters that employ proverbs and wise sayings. ALLUSIONAllusion refers to a passing reference or indirect mention of something or someone the reader is expected to know. The playwright alludes to the king of Lydia 560 BC-547BC who was defeated by Persians and was known for his immense wealth on pg 7. We are told that the Governor Georgi Abashwili was, rich as Croesus. The girls tractorist also quotes the poet Vladimir Mayakovsy, pg 10, a Georgian born in 1883. He wrote the poems, The Cloud and I which are among the most popular during his time. Singer alludes to Jesus when he remarks, And now you don t need an architect, a carpenter will do, pg 20 . The Governor needs Jesus to save him from his predicament. The play infers from both a Chinese play Circle of chalk written in 1300 AD and a biblical story The judgement of Solomon- 1 Kings 3: 16-28 In the Chinese story, a young girl, Hai-tang, bears a child as the second wife of a wealthy man. His first wife claims the child is her own. However, the second wife is judged the true mother when she refuses to pull the child apart in the test of the Chalk Circle.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.3527193}
{"text": "The play infers from both a Chinese play Circle of chalk written in 1300 AD and a biblical story The judgement of Solomon- 1 Kings 3: 16-28 In the Chinese story, a young girl, Hai-tang, bears a child as the second wife of a wealthy man. His first wife claims the child is her own. However, the second wife is judged the true mother when she refuses to pull the child apart in the test of the Chalk Circle. In the biblical story, two women live in the same house and both bear a chil d. One baby dies in the night and its mother swaps him for the living baby. Both claim the living child is their own. Solomon orders that the child be cut in two and each half be given to each mother. The real mother of the child gives up the child rather than see him harmed and is judged to be the true mother. SARCASMThis is the use of humorous language to ridicule or to convey scorn, especially saying one thing but implying the opposite. The Fat Prince is sarcastic when he says, and little Michael is a governor from head to foot! Tititi! Pg 15 . Simon is sarcastic when he tells Grusha: Why shouldn t I wash the linen by the willows! That s good, really good! Pg 17 . On pg 18, the singer says, And the goose was plucked and roasted But the goose was not eaten this time. This refers to the killing of the Governor and draws an analogy to the goose Grusha kills for the Governor s family. When the singer says, And now you don t need an architect, a carpenter will do, pg 20 , the playwright is sarcastic towards religion as this alludes to the fact that the Governor needs Jesus, who was a carpenter to intervene on this Easter Sunday. This will of course not happen. The dying man refers to Grusha as, A nice thing you ve saddled me with! A simpleton for a wife! Pg 57 When Grusha is fined ten pisters for using indecent language in court, she sarcastically lambasts Azdak and his corrupt ways by saying, A fine kind of Justice!", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.3639386}
{"text": "The Christian church has been used as a tool to support the upper class and keep the lower classes in their places. The historical church subverts the original teaching of Christ who treated all humans with respect. The garden that Governor Abashwili want to establish for his son by knocking down slums for thepoor symbolises oppression and insensitivity of the rich towards the poor. Ironically, Azdak later rules that the Governor s estate should revert to the poorFORESHADOWINGForeshadowing is a situation where a writer gives a sign of something that will come later on a work of art, that which is important or appalling. When the Fat Prince greets his brother Governor Georgi Abashwili, this is quite unusual until the Governor remarks, .....But did you hear Brother Kazbeki wish me a happy Easter? Which is all very well, but I don t believe it did rain last night. Pg 16 . The relationship between the brothers is thus foreshadowed by the Governor s comment, in which he expresses surprise at being greeted by his brother. The brother later executes him. Natella, the governor s wife, seems to have an unstable mind and poses, I hardly know if my head s still on. Where is Michael? .......... Pg 24 . Later she forgets to carry his as she flees. Another important moment is when Natella, the governor s wife, tells, her adjutant how jealous of Michael she really is, She is desperate for attention from her husband. But Georgi, of course, will only build for his little Michael, Never for me! Michael is all! All for Michael! This jealousy of her child is important since she abandons him later in the act. Shortly before Azdak makes the ruling on who should take Michael between Natella and Grusha, the boy smiles at the latter. This foreshadows the ruling made by the judge as Grusha is finally given child. Azdak tells the old man Grand Duke to encircle the cheese on the plate like it might be snatched from him pg 65 This foreshadows the chalk circle that is drawn to choose a mother for the child,Michael. Pg 97 REVISION QUESTIONS AND EXPECTED POINTSQuestion 1Justice is an important institution in any well governed community.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.3769195}
{"text": "This foreshadows the ruling made by the judge as Grusha is finally given child. Azdak tells the old man Grand Duke to encircle the cheese on the plate like it might be snatched from him pg 65 This foreshadows the chalk circle that is drawn to choose a mother for the child,Michael. Pg 97 REVISION QUESTIONS AND EXPECTED POINTSQuestion 1Justice is an important institution in any well governed community. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Bertolt Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle 20mks i In the prologue there is the dispute over the ownership of the valley, presided over by the delegate from the capital, Tiflis. -. Emphasis is laid on fairness in order to avoid the reoccurrence of future disputes. -. The fruit farmers and the goat herders amicably discuss a resolution to the dispute. -. It is decided that the land goes to the fruit and vine growers amicably as they would make better use of the land. -. The agreement is followed by a party to seal the deal ii Justice is also portrayed by the test of the chalk circle- In the old story, the real mother is revealed by the test. -. Her feelings for the child are too deep to allow her to gain it by force that injures the child- The child is taken from the natural mother, Natella Abashwili who is only after the inheritance and given to the false mother Grusha Vashnadze who has the greatest feelings of love for the boy Michael Abashwili iii Justice is also shown in the way Azdak s good turn in protecting and giving shelter to the Grand Duke. -. Eventually he is rewarded when the Grand Duke appoints Judge just in time to save him from the hangman s noose- Azdak then proceeds to dispense justice to the poor and down trodden in a manner never witnessed before in the land. Iv Adzak s two year reign as Judge is treated as an era of rough justice especially for the poor and vulnerable in society. -. The singer says he broke the rules to save them- At long last the poor and the lowly had someone who was not too holy to be bribed by empty hands. QUESTION 2Human weaknesses affect characters negatively.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.397642}
{"text": "Iv Adzak s two year reign as Judge is treated as an era of rough justice especially for the poor and vulnerable in society. -. The singer says he broke the rules to save them- At long last the poor and the lowly had someone who was not too holy to be bribed by empty hands. QUESTION 2Human weaknesses affect characters negatively. Explain the truth of the above assertion with reference to Bertolt Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle 20mks Points of interpretationThe following must come out clearly;- Weakness of a character- Details of that weakness- How it affects that character negativelyW1. Natela Abashwili s weakness on adoring things. -. She forgets her child at the time of war and takes clothes and boots instead, pg 25 - The maid escapes with the child to save his life but Natela later goes for the child because she wants to inherit the governor s estate. -. She loses both the child and the estate. WII The fat prince greed and hunger for power- Eliminates his brother to get his power,WIII The governor s lack of concern for his subjects. -. He oppresses his subjects forcing people to go to war, charging high taxation. -. He loses his life and power. WIV- Lavrenti and his wife undermines family values. -. Fails to give Grusha a warm welcome though she comes from town where war has broken out tired and sickWV The self righteous nature of Aniko shown through her hypocritical actionsWVI- Natela s hatred for the poor. She undermines Grusha during the court case feeling thatGrusha is too poor to keep the child. -. She finally loses the child to the poor Grusha due to her arrogance. Question 3Discuss the consequences of Fighting and war in any society with evidence from Bertolt Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle. IntroductionFighting and war in any society has far reaching consequences. During war people s normal lifestyle way of living is disrupted and there is a lot of destruction of property and lives. Bertolt Bretch has shown how war affects people in his play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle. Body- During war, the innocent and the vulnerable suffer the most from the effects of war and fighting.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.4342737}
{"text": "During war people s normal lifestyle way of living is disrupted and there is a lot of destruction of property and lives. Bertolt Bretch has shown how war affects people in his play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle. Body- During war, the innocent and the vulnerable suffer the most from the effects of war and fighting. The servants say this about their employer, the Governor s family: They even have to have their weeping done for them p 26 . Michael is being hunted down to be killed yet he is not aware of the war, being only an infant. -. There is disruption of people s normal lifestyles as farms and homes are abandoned. Resettlement has to be negotiated afresh after the war. See p7 prologue . As a result of war, there are ruins of a war ravaged Caucasian village, the people orchard is already destroyed and the once beautiful dairy farm is a ruin. -. People s livelihoods are destroyed as the goat herders complain of the low quality of cheese they now produce from their new settlement. The old man whom Grusha requests to sell her some milk retorts: Go to the soldiers if you want milk. The soldiers of the Grand Duke burn the houses of innocent people and kill them making it difficult for them to live peacefully. -. War creates internal refugees. The farmers and the goat herders have been displaced from their homes having been uprooted by the Germans. Grusha and her fellow workers flee into the Northern Mountains as a result of fighting in the city. -. Fighting and war breeds civil wars and counter coups as warring groups fight for supremacy. The grand Duke is overthrown by the princes who murder his governor but they are in turn rounded up and killed when the Grand Duke takes back powers. -. There is rampant landlessness during the war and fighting as seen in the cases presented before Azkak. He has been a thief as Shauwa says. The soldiers and policemen also break the law they are meant to uphold. The two farming groups goat herders and the fruit growers are landless. -. War results in exploitation and oppression. For instance, in The song of injustice in Persia. It is stated that the kings are driven by greed in their quest to acquire new territories by impoverishing peasants. Their sense of imperialism drives them into unrealistic adventures that Azdak refers to as the roof of the world ironically, as the soldiers kill each other, the marshals assault each other.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.4697902}
{"text": "For instance, in The song of injustice in Persia. It is stated that the kings are driven by greed in their quest to acquire new territories by impoverishing peasants. Their sense of imperialism drives them into unrealistic adventures that Azdak refers to as the roof of the world ironically, as the soldiers kill each other, the marshals assault each other. -. There is fear and apprehensions which are direct effects of this war. Jussup feigns illness and lies in bed for a long time for fear of being drafted into the war. He only recovers when he hears that the war has ended. The song of the centre clearly portrays the fear among the soldiers at the front line. It says that if one wants to survive the war and come back home one has to remain at the center p47. The peasant woman at whose door Grusha leaves Michael shows extreme fear and apprehension at the sight of the soldiers. She disowns Grusha s agreement with her to claims that the child is hers and instead falls down on her knees begging for mercy. Grusha has to flee again with Michael. Accept any other relevant point. Expect 4 well developed illustrated points. Question 4. The society depicted in The Caucasian Chalk Circle is one that ignores important issues and gives priority to less serious ones leading often with disastrous consequences. Discuss the validity of the statement with illustrations from the play. Introduction: May be General or SpecificMany people ignore the important things that matter in their lives and instead pay attention to useless things that don t add value to their lives often leading to dire consequences. This is true of characters in the play like Natella Abashwili, the governor and others as discussed below. The governor- Immensely rich yet has many beggars, petitioners etc at his door. -. Refuses to hear the message from the wounded rider before the mass and ever after leading to his tragic death. Page 16 -19Natella Abashwili- Concerned about the dresses to pack leading to her abandoning her baby. -. In the court she is interested in getting Michael back only because of the estates left by her husband. -. She ends up losing the baby to GrushaAniko and Lavrenti- Can t stand Grusha with her baby . Aniko is so religious to accept Grusha- Lavrenti forces Grusha to marry a dying man whom she does not love.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.4599285}
{"text": "- In the court she is interested in getting Michael back only because of the estates left by her husband. -. She ends up losing the baby to GrushaAniko and Lavrenti- Can t stand Grusha with her baby . Aniko is so religious to accept Grusha- Lavrenti forces Grusha to marry a dying man whom she does not love. He pays the mother of the man a huge sum and later the marriage is dissolved by Azdak. Jussup s mother- Interested in marrying her son before he dies and no attempts to treat him- She has to feed the guests at the wedding, hiring a monk and later her son is divorced. Black Mailer. -. Interested in knowing whether a certain land owner raped his niece or not and not the plight of the niece. -. Heavily fined. Invalid- Gets a stroke when he hears the doctor he paid fees to train is treating free- Heavily fined. Prince Kazbeki- One of the princes who ran down the war- Wants his unqualified nephew appointed the judge- Embarrassed by Azdak in the mock trial and later killed on the return of the dukeQuestion 5Bertolt Bretch; The Caucasian Chalk Circle What there is shall go to those who are good for it . With illustrations from the play the caucasian chalk circle, write an essay in support of this statement.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.4420328}
{"text": "In the Caucasian Chalk circle, such a person is Grusha. Grusha goes through many challenges in order to save and adopt Michael. Some of these challenges are discusses belowAccept any other relevant introductionCONTENT i She sacrifices the little she has in order to sustain Michael. She buys milk exorbitantly ii She is forced to come up with ingenuinenes way of eluding the red shirts who are after him. She knocks one of them down with a piece of wood, enduring her life in the process. Iii She crosses of dangerous bridge, endangering her life and Michael s iv She has to contend with a society that frowns upon single motherhood. She is forced to accept marriage to an invalid called Jussup in order to normalize her status vi Her relationship with her fianc e, Simon , is endangered. Vi She is force to go through a court processes in order to gain custody of MichaelQuestion 7 True mother hood is not necessarily biological Write an essay illustrating this statement using Bertolt Brecht s , The Caucasian chalk Circle . NatellaAbashiwili, the biological mother of Michael abandons the child as she feels the city .She is more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriages- It takes the motherly instinct of the kitchen maid Grusha to retrieve the baby and fend for it offering protection and nourishment- Grusha adopts the body and risks being captured by the soldiers and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge to save the life of Michael from the iron shirts- The mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael does not affect her affection for the young boy- Vashnadze endures an arranged and difficult marriage on paper to a dying man, Jussup: for the sake of the child- A mere kitchen help Grusha fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to tear him up. She fears to destroy the boy she has nurtured and brought up expensively as a real mother.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.5120983}
{"text": "This is seen as she was the best student in Thompson Falls High School; she then went to Alliance high school and later earned a degree in medicine from the University of Nairobi in 1984 and later a master s degree in pediatrics in the year 1990. In addition to her writing career she worked at the Kenyatta National Hospital until 19994 before she ventured into private sector. As a woman of high position she held various prestigious positions. This is seen as she was the medical director of Cottolengo Hospice for orphans with AIDS. She also held the position of the Executive director of the Family Life Counseling Association of Kenya. She was also the director of the institute of HEALTH Care Management at Strathmore Business School. Apart from The River and the Source she has authored; I swear by Apollo, A Place of Destiny, Mandate of the People, she also co-authored Educating in Human Love with her husband Dr. George OgollaOf her first novel Ogolla says The inspiration for this book came from my mother who handed down to me the wisdom and lives of her own mother and grandmother. This strength and support that is found in the African family is the most important part of our culture and should be preserved and nurtured at all costs. INTRODUCTIONThe River and the Source follows four generations of Kenyan women in a rapidly changing society. It belongs to a growing body of literary works that follows the feminist literary criticism of literature. They address themselves to issues pertaining to the welfare of women in African societies that are seemingly so patriarchal male dominated . It captures the Kenyan soul of the future and the need to bring freedom, equality and gender consciousness across ethnic, religious and racial lines. The River and the Source is a presentation of women seeking liberation from the oppressive male dominated society. Just like a river which originates from a spring; a source of an underground water, the birth of Akoko daughter to chief Gogni of Yimbo signifies thebeginning of the river. The river is threatened to drying up by hardships after hardship but the river flows on. The novel won the Kenyatta prize for fiction in 1995 and also the Commonwealth Writers Prize for best first book in Africa in 1995. THE TITLET he title The River and the Source suggests the flow of a river from some point to the sea.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.5263486}
{"text": "The river is threatened to drying up by hardships after hardship but the river flows on. The novel won the Kenyatta prize for fiction in 1995 and also the Commonwealth Writers Prize for best first book in Africa in 1995. THE TITLET he title The River and the Source suggests the flow of a river from some point to the sea. The novel traces the symbolic journey of women from patriarchal invisibility where women are ignored and in the background to autonomous existence where women chart their own destiny . The river starts as a spring which is Obanda Akoko-the girl child. Akoko is the source of this river. The river refers to the efforts that Akoko establishes of trying to liberate women from a patriarchal society that looks down upon them. Akoko faces challenges as a woman in a male dominated society. She overcomes them and the river continues to flow through Nyabera. Akoko is the source of the liberating force that flows from this oppressive and demeaning social system. In literature, the river symbolically refers to continuity hence life is a continuum and the struggle for liberation is therefore a continuous process. Therefore, from Akoko the river gains momentum at every stage through capable and competent women like Nyabera, Awiti, and finally Wandia. The river and the source therefore refers to the journey of women empowerment that was begun or whose source is Akoko and the continued efforts of other women like Nyabera, Awiti and Wandia in ensuring that women remain empowered hence the river s continued flow. The novel is thus a message of empowerment and hope for women who must rise up and take up their rightful equal position in society. This is summarized by Chief Odero Gogni s statement, A home without daughters is like a spring without a source. SETTINGSetting refers to the historical moment in time or the geographical location in which the story takes place i.e. the location and time in which a narrative takes place. The story begins 30 years before the Kenya-Uganda railway reached Kisumu. The story ends in the 1990s at the advent of multiparty politics in Kenya. The plot covers a number of generations that oscillates betweenYimbo and Sakwa Akoko s birthplace and marital home respectively in today s Nyanza Province in Kenya. It later spread to Gem, Kisumu,Nakuru and Nairobi in succeeding generations of Akoko s family tree.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.538673}
{"text": "The story ends in the 1990s at the advent of multiparty politics in Kenya. The plot covers a number of generations that oscillates betweenYimbo and Sakwa Akoko s birthplace and marital home respectively in today s Nyanza Province in Kenya. It later spread to Gem, Kisumu,Nakuru and Nairobi in succeeding generations of Akoko s family tree. PLOT SUMMARYPART 1: THE GIRL CHILDThis part of the novel introduces us to a vibrant Akoko who is vibrant, beautiful and hardworking. This part focus on the Luo cultural practices. The naming traditions, the duties expected to be performed by the different genders, and the preference of the boy child to the girl child. Her father s expectation that a boy will be born and the view that girls ill be married to go and cook in another mans house are evidence of this. The writer uses this partto highlight the importance of the girl child as we not that Akoko manages to gain her father s love and attention, something that was not usual among the luo. Tradition is further highlighted in the Nak ceremony, that is performed before Akoko s suitor are welcomed to present their suits. Her father s love for her is shown when Akoko s father turns down 12 suitors. He purposely did so because, in the men who flocked his compound, none reached the standards he had set. He wants the best for his daughter thus wants her to get married to a chief as a mikai. It is for this reason he readily accept Owuor Kembo s proposal. The Girl Child surprises us with the immense strength of a woman. Akoko Obanda is an epitome of wealth. She works hard to set a pedestal that was previously unimagined. ,. Akoko provided for herself and built her own family wealth. She encouraged and trained her children to be hardworking and disciplined. She promoted self reliance and mutual relationships with her subjects. CHAPTER 1 AKOKO'S BIRTHThe chapter begins with the birth of Akoko Adoyo Akelo Obanda. Her father, Chief Odero Goggin expected a son because of the value placed by society in boys over girls. The naming of Akoko is done according to tradition and she ends up having four names. Adoyo born during the weeding season. Obanda- according to dreams by the father and grandmother. Akelo after a step grandmother who had died.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.5526612}
{"text": "Adoyo born during the weeding season. Obanda- according to dreams by the father and grandmother. Akelo after a step grandmother who had died. Akoko is given to her as she is noisy. The traditional values of the community like polygamy and preference for the male children are also brought out in the fathers desire to have a son. There is insight in to the naming rituals of the community as Akoko is given several names. The belief in superstition is also reflected on in the way Akoko's illness is dealt with and results in Akoko s final name, Akello. Akoko proves to be uniquely determined as she is able to compete with her numerous brothers. This earns her the admiration of both her father and elder brother, Oloo. By the end of the chapter Akoko is grown and of marriageable age and known for her diligence and hard work. CHAPTER 2: BETROTHAL OF AKOKOThis chapter focuses on the betrothal and marriage of Akoko. We are introduced to the young chief Owuor Kembo, a man of Nyadhi or style, who arrives at Yimbo with his delegation from Sakwa. They are warmly received and all the ways of chik are observed. Chief odero is quite pleased as the daughter is going to be the first wife to chief owuor. According to chik one cannot be chief unless he is married hence necessitating the arrival of the delegation from Sakwa to ask for Akoko's hand in marriage. Negotiations for the bride price are carried out through their spokes people. Chief odero asks for a high bride price out of jealousy for the number of daughter to sons his daughter's suitors had compared to him. Chief owuor Kembo described as a man of style agrees to pay the bride price without bargaining, much to the protest of his brother and delegation. The negotiations are concluded by the presentation of Akoko to her future husband. CHAPTER 3; AKOKO S MOVE TO SAKWAA group of young warriors drive the cattle that had being agreed on as the bride price during the negotiations. They are warmly welcome and well fed according to chik. On the morning of the next day the warriors take off with Akoko after having engaged in mock battles with her brothers before they ran off with Akoko. Akoko herself is also meant to resist so that it may not be said that she went willingly.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.5885246}
{"text": "They are warmly welcome and well fed according to chik. On the morning of the next day the warriors take off with Akoko after having engaged in mock battles with her brothers before they ran off with Akoko. Akoko herself is also meant to resist so that it may not be said that she went willingly. They rest for a short while before Akoko is delivered to Sakwa. The people of Sakwa admire her and agree that she was worth the thirty head of cattle. Akoko settles in to marriage life and is well accepted by the community. She soon becomes pregnant with her first child. The community is highly superstitious and do not say anything about it. Though the pregnancy is uneventful but the delivery is harrowing. The child is named Obura. However Akoko is under pressure to bear more children as the society expects her to bear as many children as her bride price. Her mother in law even urges Owuor to marry another wife. Later Akoko gets pregnant with Nyabera and then has difficulty during the birth. CHAPTER 4 AKOKO'S CONFLICT WITH NYAR ASEMBOAs a result of Owuor''s refusal to marry another with and Akoko s low birth rate, conflict arises between Akoko and her mother in law. Her mother in law is also offended by the monogamous state of her son and his refusal to take a second wife. They compare him to his younger brother who already had two wives and many more children. One day as she is in the fields, she hears that her mother in law Nyar Asembo accused her of bewitching owuor Kembo so that he would not marry another wife. Akoko who is deeply offended by the accusations stays the night and on the morning of the next day calls for the people s attention to state her case. She defends herself by emphasizing that she has always been hard -working and a good wife. After this she leaves for Yimbo. Owuor returns and is angered by the events that took place when he was away. He throttles his brother and almost hits his mother. He then starts a reconciliatory mission. CHAPTER 5 RESOLUTION OF THE CONFLICTThe delegation from Sakwa arrives in Yimbo and is coolly received. Being accused of witchcraft was no light matter and the people of Yimbo were not pleased. The elders are gathered and Akoko is asked to give her version of events.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.5984118}
{"text": "CHAPTER 5 RESOLUTION OF THE CONFLICTThe delegation from Sakwa arrives in Yimbo and is coolly received. Being accused of witchcraft was no light matter and the people of Yimbo were not pleased. The elders are gathered and Akoko is asked to give her version of events. She presents the accusations made against her that include witchcraft, standing in the way of her husband s marriage to other women, and having given birth at a slow rate. After the presentation of her case, Owuordefends himself stating that he had not been around when theunfortunate event happened and had dealt with those responsible. The Jodongo agree to resolve the issue and warn Akoko against making rush decisions in future. An appeasement of a goat was to be given to the maro. CHAPTER 6 FAMILY LIFEAfter Akoko s return to Sakwa she is soon pregnant again with a son, the delivery of the child is difficult. The child is named Owang Sino. Owang Sino is drawn to his father and they are quite fond of each other. There is a contrast between owuor and Otieno. Owuor who is monogamous has a happy wife who he treats like a queen. Otieno on the other hand has four wives who he treated like sluts and they obliged him. There are rumours of white men jorochere and the establishment of a colonial government. Obura gets intrigued andsuggests that his mother allow him to tour the world. She reprimands for the thought and advises him to seek a wife. She also reminds him of his role as the first born son Both his father and mother are alarmed at this new development. Chief Owuor forbids Obura from seeing Nyaroche and Ambere and has the later sent away. CHAPTER 7 OBURA'S DISAPPEARANCEObura disappears from his hut, and Akoko is disturbed by the disappearance. Chief owuor sends out scouts to try and track them. They return and inform the chief that he had left in the company of Nyaroche and Ambere. Akoko prays earnestly that no harm should come to her son. The chief organises for search parties to follow them. Unfortunately they return two days later and report that the three were picked up by white men and could not be traced farther.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.6189053}
{"text": "Akoko prays earnestly that no harm should come to her son. The chief organises for search parties to follow them. Unfortunately they return two days later and report that the three were picked up by white men and could not be traced farther. Akoko who was devastated by her son s disappearance has a sense of foreboding and believes Obura might as well be dead. CHAPTER 8 DEATH OF OBURAIt has been a while since Obura disappeared. News of the white man and the colonial government continue. One day two strangely dressed men come to deliver news about Obura. They draw the attention of the entire community as they make their way to chief Owuor's compound. They inform the chief of the war between jo-ingreza and jojerman. They inform the chief of the death of Obura and Ambere as they inform him that Nyaroche is crippled. The chief is furious and throws away the bracelet that he was given. Nyabera picks it up as the community begins to mourn. A mock funeral is performed and a banana trunk is buried in place of Obura's body. CHAPTER 9 DEATHS OF OWUOR AND OWANGAkoko then goes about helping Nyabera overcome her grief and continue with her life. She takes to wearing the bracelet she had picked when the white men came. Akoko works hard and instils the same value in Nyabera. Thus her herd grows so large that she has to get her own watering hole. Nyabera is now a girl of marriageable age. Suitors come in large numbers and Akoko helps her husband pick an appropriate suitor for their daughter. Okumu Angolo is picked as he comes from a neighbouring village. Their first three children live for a short time and then die. Owang Sino also comes of age and jowangyo are dispatched to look for a suitable wife for him. A suitable girl was found from Uyoma. However, Chief owuor who had been ailing for a long time dies and the marriage negotiations are postpone for the burial. Akoko takes her husband s spear and shield and mourns him in great song and style. Owang Sino who had done his best to make his mother happy dies son after the birth of his son, owuor Sino. Alando does not stay to defend her son but chooses to get inherited soon after.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.6529462}
{"text": "Akoko takes her husband s spear and shield and mourns him in great song and style. Owang Sino who had done his best to make his mother happy dies son after the birth of his son, owuor Sino. Alando does not stay to defend her son but chooses to get inherited soon after. The chief stool is passed to Otieno Kembo as the young owuor Sino is still a toddler and cannot rule until he is married. Akoko is devastated and Nyabera comes to her side to aid her. CHAPTER 10 OTIENO BECOMES CHIEFOtieno takes over the chief stool with greed and arrogance. He squanders the wealth left behind by owuor and even attempts to usurp Akoko's personal wealth. Akoko feels greatly disadvantaged, as she has no male sons or relatives who are of age and would come to her aid. Otieno is unwilling to relinquish the seat. He dispenses with the council of Jodongo and snatches Akoko's wealth. Akoko perceives the challenge and decides to seek help from thejorochere. She takes her grandchild, owuor, to her brother, Oloo. She then visits her daughter, Nyabera who had lost a number of children before she goes on her journey to Kisumu. She reveals her plans to her daughter. CHAPTER 11 AKOKO'S JOURNEY TO KISUMAHer nephews Opiyo and Odongo accompany her. Akoko had earlier tried to send them away but to no avail. They start the journey early in the morning and Akoko takes the opportunity to educate them on the history of the community through stories. They finally arrive in thetown of kisuma and are struck by the difference in structures and dressing of the people. There, they meet Otuoma, who helps them in by hosting them for the night as it was a Sunday and the court was closed. He also informs them that citizens were no longer allowed to carry weapons. They finally present their case to the .DO. And the tribunal. CHAPTER 12 AKOKO'S JUSTICE AND DEPATURE FROM SAKWAAkoko present her case to the D.O. and the tribunal. The D.O. Ask s that the case be postpone for three months so that the claims may be investigated. The twins embellish the story that they tell to the future generations.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.6711326}
{"text": "The D.O. Ask s that the case be postpone for three months so that the claims may be investigated. The twins embellish the story that they tell to the future generations. Akoko returns to Sakwa to find Otieno's greed having grown a great deal and her wealth significantly reduced. Investigators come to Sakwa, and the disgruntled people are only too willing to help. Akoko is summoned soon after and the case is reopened before the D.C. The D.C. Rules that Otieno Kembo be forcefully removed from the chief stool and he council of Jodongo rule. Otieno was also made to pay all that he had grabbed. Akoko then returned to Sakwa and took the reminder of her wealth. She returned to Yimbo to live as a migogo in her brother Oloo's house. PART TWO: THE ART OF GIVINGThe Art of Giving is Self sacrifice. It is putting away all you believed in and embracing the others needs. Akoko in this chapter gives more than she receives. The part I ends when she has lost all that she could have held to in her matrimonial home. She forsakes her happy life as a married woman and goes home to lead a desolate life as a migogo. A migogo meant that, she will be looked down upon by her brothers wife. She would be ridiculed and if we remember well; Akoko did not take lightly ridicule or sneer. There was a time she shouted down her mother-in-law maro for accusing her of being a witch juok . Akoko knew very well what she was getting into when she settled down in her brother Oloo s house. She was ready to live with them as long as her grandson Owuor Sino found comfort other than being molested in Otieno s household. She left the wealth she had built in years in Sakwa to live among her paternal household. Giving involves denial of one s comfort for the sake of others. Nyabera tries in earnest to get and raise children for her and her husband Okumu. When Okumu dies, she tries it with Ogoma Kwach but all fails. In despair and with only one child, she joins Christianity. Sheleaves her mother, daughter and nephew in Aluor to satisfy her quest but returns having failed. She learns the hard way that, it s better to be content than trying to find happiness where there is none.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.6811705}
{"text": "In despair and with only one child, she joins Christianity. Sheleaves her mother, daughter and nephew in Aluor to satisfy her quest but returns having failed. She learns the hard way that, it s better to be content than trying to find happiness where there is none. The biggest sacrifice ever in part II however is when Akoko blesses her grandson Petro Owuor Sino Peter Owuor Kembo to take on his vocation. In accepting to this outrageous decision, Akoko loses her right to reclaim her matrimonial home and the continuity of her and her husband s lineage- given that most African communities were patrilineal. In letting Peter become a vicar, she made him and those of her keen lose the chief stool to the younger family in Sakwa. Therefore Giving is an art since few people are ready to go to such extremes as Akoko, Nyabera and those around her, to let those they love enjoy their life to the fullestCHAPTER 1 OKUMU'S DEATHNyabera suffers the deaths of her children. She gets pregnant and gives birth to a baby girl. A ritual is performed to aid in the survival of the child. She is left by the entrance to the homestead and an old lady passing by picked her up and brought her to them. She is therefore named Awiti. Okumu falls ill and dies when Awiti is three years old. Nyabera is inherited by a close relative, Ogoma Kwach. He is drawn to Nyabera's wealth and hard work and foregoes his duty to his first wife. As a result he is reported to e council of Jodongo and reprimanded. Nyabera is hurt by their decision and seeks an alternate source of comfort. She has heard a lot about Christianity and seeks out Pillipo to give her more information. Nyabera gives out her wealth then travels to Yimbo to inform her mother of her decision. She leaves Awiti with Akoko then departs for Gem to start her new life. CHPTER 2. NYABERA IS BAPTISEDNyabera travels from Yimbo to gem and arrives very late. She spends the night in the catechist s house. She explains herself to the catechist on the morning of the next day. He takes her to the chapel and she is inducted in to Christianity. She learns the ways of the new religion quickly and thirstily.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.7208672}
{"text": "She explains herself to the catechist on the morning of the next day. He takes her to the chapel and she is inducted in to Christianity. She learns the ways of the new religion quickly and thirstily. She is then baptised Maria. CHAPTER 3 NYABERA'S RETURNNyabera returns from Gem and goes to her mother in Yimbo. Though Akoko can tell that she is pleased with the new religion and her new name, she is able to tell that her daughter is uneasy. Nyabera opens up and admits that she felt that something was lacking as she was alone in Aluor. She asks her mother to accompany her to gem. Akoko agrees and together with her grandchildren travel to Gem. CHAPTER 4 LIFE IN GEMOn arrival in Aluor the children are enrolled in catechism classes and reading classes where they show determination and zeal in their study. They are baptised into Christianity and they receive new names. Owuor is renamed Peter, Awiti is named Elizabeth and Akoko is named veronica. Soon after, news reaches Maria that Ogoma Kwach's wife had died. The desire to have children drives her to return to her matrimonial home without an explanation to her mother. Meanwhile peter develops an interest in priesthood and confides in Awiti. He is afraid to tell Akoko as he does not want to disappoint her. The two decide to wait for Nyabera to return so that they seek her assistance. CHAPTER 5 THE VOCATIONAfter a few years, Nyabera returns to Aluor, dejected and beaten by life. She confesses to her mother Akoko, before proceeding to spend the night in church. Owuor proves to be quite helpful to her and she loves him like a son. Owuor takes to reading bible verses to Nyaberawhich she finds quite comforting. He then informs her about his desire to take up the vocation. They then proceed to talk to Akoko. Akoko agrees on the condition that he changes his name to peter owuor Kembo. Owuor is able to pursue priesthood. CHAPTER 6 AWITI'S EDUCATIONOwuor joins the seminary and his cousin is enrolled into primary school. There are very few girls as the society does not value the education of the girl child. Also a lot of girls get married at a young age. Elizabeth proves to be diligent and tops the class all through.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.7431488}
{"text": "There are very few girls as the society does not value the education of the girl child. Also a lot of girls get married at a young age. Elizabeth proves to be diligent and tops the class all through. By the time she sits for the final exam she is the only girl in the class. She excels and is invited to a teachers' training college. Nyabera fears that she might lose her and is unwilling to accept the news. Akoko reprimands Nyabera for her behaviour and urges her to allow her daughter to pursue her dreams. Akoko misses her husband and wishes he were present to helm with the decision. CHAPTER 7 LIFE IN COLLEGEAwiti work hard in college and unlike the other students, she does not engage in relationships like the other students. She turns down overtures from several men and is therefore feared. This is made worse when it is learnt that herb brother is in the seminary and both her mother and grandmother live at the mission. She finally meets Mark Antony Oloo Sigu during an exeat. Mark inquires about her and informs her about himself. He mentions that he was in the army and has been called to work in Nakuru. They part when she agrees to reply to his letters when he writes. CHAPTER 8 AWITI'S BETROTHALAwiti and mark interact through the letters they send each other. They talk about their lives, families and each other. After a few months of the engagements, mark states that he would like to meet her parents. Awiti goes to Aluor to deliver the exciting piece of news. Her mother, Maria is a bit opposed but Akoko wins her over and preparations are made. Male relatives are sent for from Yimbo and Sakwa. Peter owuor Kembo is also sent for from the seminary. They make preparations for the day and kong is brewed and several delicacies made. The day arrives and mark Antony arrives with his delegation. He is dressed in military fatigues a monkey head dress and bears a shield. They are warmly welcome and introductions done. To the surprise of mark and his delegation, the bride price is set at a token bull, two cows and six goats. There is much celebration after the negotiations are completed. Akoko is hard laughing with her grandson in law.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.7396142}
{"text": "To the surprise of mark and his delegation, the bride price is set at a token bull, two cows and six goats. There is much celebration after the negotiations are completed. Akoko is hard laughing with her grandson in law. She dies peacefully in her sleep later in the nightCHAPTER 9 AKOKO IS LAID TO RESTAkoko is buried in Aluor in where she had spent most of life. Peter owuor Kembo is among the deacons who conduct the mass. Her death is hard to accept as she seemed to be full of life. Awiti is so devastated that she almost calls of the wedding. Nyabera comforts her by telling the life story of Akoko. She finally calms down and apologises to Mark, who had been with peter owuor. CHAPTER 10 AWITI'S MARRIAGEAfter the mourning period, peter goes to Rome to complete his studies. He is later ordained a priest and his first duty was to preside over the wedding between Elizabeth and mark. The newly wedded couple moves from Aluor to live in Nakuru. Shortly afterwards, Elizabeth becomes pregnant. Unfortunately she and mark misdiagnose the symptoms for malaria thus leading to the loss of the twins. It takes a long time before she can conceive again. Her mother in law start to complain about the lack of grandchildren but mark stops her from prying. Elizabeth gets pregnant again and this time the couple are happy and cautious to ensure nothing goes wrong. PART 3 LOVE AND LIFELove and Life yanks us from the painful oppression of death into a new realm of love and understanding. Mark Sigu, we can now imagine what they talked about with Akoko, steers his family away from tradition into the new sphere of the evolving world. He is blessed with 7 children 4 boys and three girls. Each child has different personality. We see Mark and Elizabeth as capable parents who administer discipline and love to their children. The two parents provide education food and shelter to their new life and work best to establish family unity. Despite her love for her children, Elizabeth keeps a straight head and clear vision not to spoil her kids. She stands behind when Aoro is punished by his father, though she knew the punishment was punitive and way above discipline, she took a back step until it was time for her intervention.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.76562}
{"text": "The two parents provide education food and shelter to their new life and work best to establish family unity. Despite her love for her children, Elizabeth keeps a straight head and clear vision not to spoil her kids. She stands behind when Aoro is punished by his father, though she knew the punishment was punitive and way above discipline, she took a back step until it was time for her intervention. She also steps back when Mark pours his love over their last born Mary but does her best to reign him in so that Mary does not end up too spoilt. On the other hand, we silently follow the children as they grow into adulthood. From the brave and confident Vera to her timid and self possessed twin sister. The relationship of the two girls sours as they take on different personalities in life. Aoro and Antony also come outstrongly shaping their destinies different ways though the show unrivalled level of competence. Aoro takes medicine while Anthoy joins the seminary. The twins Opiyo and Odongo also manifest differently. CHAPTER 1 THE YOUNG COUPLEElizabeth delivers twins, veronica and Rebecca. The two girls have varying personalities. Vera is independent, intelligent and protective of her sister. Rebecca on the other hand, is quite attractive and self -centred. When they are two years old, Elizabeth gave birth to another child, a boy Aoro. Due to the state of emergency, mark opts to move his family back to Aluor. His mother is quite unhappy about this but he does not change his stand. Mark gets lonely while Elizabeth is away and engages in extramarital affairs. A certain girl stays with him for some time and later claims that she is pregnant. This brings mark back to his sense and he sends her away. He then goes to Aluor to get his family. Elizabeth hears rumours of the infidelity but says nothing about it. CHAPTER 2: VERA AND BECKY S EDUCATION. Kenya gains independence and the citizens celebrate. The country is faced with numerous challenges but equally numerous opportunities. Mark gets promoted and moves to a bigger house as his family has grown. He now has seven children that include Vera, Becky, Aoro, Antony, Opiyo Odongo and Mary. Vera is an excellent student in school. Becky on the other hand does not give her studies much effort.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.7899365}
{"text": "He now has seven children that include Vera, Becky, Aoro, Antony, Opiyo Odongo and Mary. Vera is an excellent student in school. Becky on the other hand does not give her studies much effort. Vera excels in her primary level exam and is called to a national school which she declines as she wanted that to go to her sister s school. Her parents are concerned but later agree to let her go to a school of her choice. CHAPTER 3 AORO'S ADVENTURESAoro is compared to Obura who was swift bright confident and curious. The company of his younger brothers makes him more adventurous than usual. One day they go fishing at a nearby river. As he and tony are busy one of the twins, Odongo, almost drowns. Opiyo screams alerting the older brothers who come to his rescue. They go back home wet, and shaken. The younger boys blame the older ones for the event and Aoro and tony are punished. The older boys decide to never take their smaller brothers anywhere after the incident. Tony later develops acute appendicitis and is rushed to hospital in the night. Aoro is worried and informs his older sisters. The later receive news that their brother will be well after the operation. CHAPTER 4: AORO'S EPIPHANYAoro is fascinated by Tony s stitches and gains an interest in medicine. He operates on a frog successfully. Uncle peter comes to visit them and though every child warms u to hi, tony is particularly curious about priesthood and has a lot of questions. Mark is a bit apprehensive as he notices that tony is eyeing priesthood. Most parents are not comfortable with their children joining priesthood. Peter is getting a promotion to bishop. He stays a while then visits his aunt Maria in Aluor. It is later on decided that Opiyo and Odongo should go to Aluor to keep their grandmother company and attend the school their mother went to. Aoro excels in his studies and is called to the best school in the country. This inspires tony to work hard so that he can join him. Aoro has difficulty in school and is suspended for indiscipline. Mark deals with him by telling to seek his own food and shelter. Aoro is remorseful and fears his father. He returns to school and does his best.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.8341005}
{"text": "Mark deals with him by telling to seek his own food and shelter. Aoro is remorseful and fears his father. He returns to school and does his best. CHAPTER 5 MARY'S BIRTHThe chapter takes us back to the birth the pregnancy was difficult for Elizabeth. She developed high blood pressure and threatened miscarriage on several occasion. The doctors feared for both mother and child and they have to be admitted. Mary's birth had to be induced and she is named after her grandmother. Mark loves Mary deeply and gives her all the best. He sends her to private school and makes an effort to personally pick and drop her. This draws envy Becky who was used to being the centre of attention. Becky tries to complain and gets a scathing response from her sister Vera. This results is an argument that leads the sisters to drift apart. CHAPTER 6 MARIA'S DEATHExamination results are announced and Vera has done exceptionally well. Becky attains a second division which she is well pleased with. Antony gets 36 points in his primary certificate examinations and is delighted as he had earned a spot in Aoro's school. Beckysuggests that she would like to get a job but Mark insists that she must continue with her education. A telegram is sent from Aluor informing them that Maria is unwell. Elizabeth is picked from the school by Mark as she is beside herself. Mark does his best to leave everything in order before they leave for Aluor. Elizabeth is beside Maria when he dies in hospital later on that day. CHAPTER 7 BECKY RUNS AWAYOpiyo and Odongo return to Nakuru after the burial of Maria. Education is of importance to the Sigu family as examinations approach and everyone is tense as there are 5 candidates in the house. Aoro was sitting for his O- level, Vera and Becky are sitting for their A-level andOpiyo and Odongo for the certificate of primary education. Vera and Becky are now are in their prime and boys begin to pay a lot of attention to them. Vera meets Tommy Muhambe who is particularly persistent. She brings up the question on whether she can go to a movie with Tommy to her father during dinner. When the results are announced, Aoro excels with 6 distinctions, Vera got two A's and a B, Becky flunked.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.854679}
{"text": "Vera meets Tommy Muhambe who is particularly persistent. She brings up the question on whether she can go to a movie with Tommy to her father during dinner. When the results are announced, Aoro excels with 6 distinctions, Vera got two A's and a B, Becky flunked. After the result Becky runs away from home and leaves a note stating that she had gone to try to be an air hostess. Vera tries to explain to her parents that they should let her be. CHAPTER 8 CAMPUS LIFEVera goes to campus and is struck by the new found freedom. Most campus girls are dating rich affluent men or other campus students. Vera maintains her relationship with Tommy butwhen he proposes to her she declines ending their 3 year relationship. Vera leaves with a heavy heart and decide to try and find her sister Becky. She accidentally bumps into her at the airport and leave for Becky apartments. CHAPTER 9 BECKY'S RELATIONSHIP WITH JOHNBecky takes Vera to an affluent block of apartments. She introduces Vera to her fianc , John Courtney, a Canadian national who was a pilot. She tells Vera about her plans to get married, but Vera insists that he must first meet their parents. Vera tries to convince Becky to go back home. On john's persistence she finally agrees to visit her parents. CHAPTER 10 VERA JOINS OPUS DEIVera goes back to her room on campus and tells the day s events to her roommate MaryAnne Ngugi. Vera mentions the heartbreak with Tommy and about her twin sister. The conversation extends to the larger family. Mary Anne then invites her to attend a recollection at Parkview college, which she readily agrees. After mass on Sunday Vera begins to question her religious beliefs. She watches a lay, and goes on with her studies as exams are approaching. When the day comes, Mary -Anne and Vera board a matatu and head for the recollection. Vera is introduced to the members of Opus Dei who had different views about the church, and work challenges. She got out of the church puzzled and Mary-Anne offered to give her books which will help her understand better. PART 4: VARIABLE WINDSVariable winds suggest the changing course of the lives that the family experiences. There are the ups and downs that characterize their lives.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.8371227}
{"text": "She got out of the church puzzled and Mary-Anne offered to give her books which will help her understand better. PART 4: VARIABLE WINDSVariable winds suggest the changing course of the lives that the family experiences. There are the ups and downs that characterize their lives. Their lives diverge on different paths thatbring with them sweet victories like Aoro s marriage, Wandia s doctorate, happy families among other events. There are also the difficulties like Daniel s down syndrome, Becky s death among other challenges that they encounter. There I also the frosting in the relationship between Becky and the rest of her family. The change in the way her children relate to her and the marked improvement they make under the care of Aoro and Wandia. CHAPTER ONE: AORO TAKES MEDICINEAoro starts medicine at the university. The study of Anatomy Biochemistry and Psychology among other subjects. Anatomy happens to be the most of the competitive subjects. In the laboratory, the students are told to the group themselves into groups of six. Group s ix had Aoro, Wandia, Makau Kithinji, Jeremy Kizingo, Paul Omondi Rakula, and Simon Onyancha. The competition is narrowed to two members of group six. After exams, Wandia beat Aoro with a single point. Aoro takes it in good grace and invites her to have a drink. This signifies the start of a long relationship. CHAPTER 2: AORO'S INTERNSHIPThe internship is hard for Aoro. He has to work around the clock while at the mercy of the residents and doctors. His rounds include the theatre, round in the wards and filling patient information as well as taking laboratory sample. He rarely gets enough sleep. Wandia is also an intern at Machakos general hospital. They are unable to meet for long periods of time as the rarely have time to meet. Aoro is taking a break to rest when Wandia visits him. They talk about marriage and Wandia proposes to Aoro. Wandia informs Aoro thatshe was on her wayto visit her mother who was sick. CHAPTER 3 WANDIAS FAMILYWandia had been raised by a single mother after her father had died while she was young. Her mother had raised money to educate them by working on her coffee farm. Her siblings were all grown up and engaged in different professions.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.887497}
{"text": "CHAPTER 3 WANDIAS FAMILYWandia had been raised by a single mother after her father had died while she was young. Her mother had raised money to educate them by working on her coffee farm. Her siblings were all grown up and engaged in different professions. Her sister Esther is a teacher who is married to the headmaster, Michael. Her brother Michael was a business man in Nairobi, Wandia is a doctor and timothy is described as being a good time boy. Wandia's mother suffers from diabetes and has an ulcer on her leg. Wandia's mother is still worried about her farm even though Wandia tells her that she does not need to work so hard. She spends time with her mother and even talks about Aoro. She then goes to spend the night with her sister Esther. She enjoys the company of her nieces and nephews. Later that evening they get time to talk and the topic of Aoro is brought up again. The rest of her family is concern about the different tribes but Wandia is not bothered. CHAPTER 4 WANDIA'S INTRODUCTIONAoro takes Wandia to his parent s farm in Njoro. After the visit to Wandia's family, Aoro wrote his parent a letter informing them that he would be bringing his bride to be home. Elizabeth is eager to meet them and is the one who receives them when they arrive. After the introductions, Elizabeth asks Wandia to help herb in the kitchen, giving mark and Aoro sometime to talk. Mark is concern that Aoro might have made a wrong decision by choosing to marry a kikuyu. Elizabeth and Wandia get along well and become good friends. They return with tea after they feel that the men had enough time to sort out their differences. CHAPTER 5 AORO WEDS WANDIAAoro and Wandia's wedding pulls the family together as that try to make it a success. Becky provides a car and Vera helps them get one of the company houses in Malindi. For the honeymoon. Vera and Wandia grow very close to each other. Becky is separated from john Courtney after he discovered that she was cheating on him. She had custody of their two children, Johnny, and Alicia. Becky lived a promiscuous life and insults Vera when she was confronted about it. Wandia is pregnant with twins and had been asked to stay home due to a cough.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.9219723}
{"text": "She had custody of their two children, Johnny, and Alicia. Becky lived a promiscuous life and insults Vera when she was confronted about it. Wandia is pregnant with twins and had been asked to stay home due to a cough. Vera visits Wandia and voices her concerns about her sister. They discuss Becky s health which seemed to be on the decline and her children's welfare. Wandia goes into labour. CHAPTER 6 DANIEL'S DOWN S SYNDROMEWandia gets twins, Lisa and Daniel. Daniel has Down syndrome and grows at a slow rate. Lisa grows rapidly and makes the contrast between her and her twin brother so much more glaring. Wandia is devastated by his condition while Aoro feel like he had failed. Daniel is a loving child despite his condition and draws love from all around him. Becky dies of AIDSand Wandia and Aoro take in Alicia and Johnny since Vera, who had been appointed their guardian, cannot as her calling does not allow her to have a home. Becky lives behind a sizeable estate to ensure that they are well provided for. Daniel develops leukaemia as children with Down s syndrome are prone to it. Wandia is shocked by the turn of events. Daniel is taken to hospital and the doctor set about treating him as it is not one of the aggressive forms. Wandia visits church and asks God to save her son and promises to visit church more frequently. CHAPTER 7 FAMILY REUNIONWandia pursues her passion in haematology after the recovery of her son Daniel. She receives a scholarship to study in John Hopkins hospital in Baltimore, USA. She is however worried of living Aoro with the task of looking after their now large family. Alicia andJohnny loved them like their biological parents. At the end of the term all the children wanted to show how well they were doing in school, even Daniel who had Down s Syndrome was doing pretty well. The Aoro's take measure to ensure that the family is well tended whileWandia is away. The plan was to call Mary, Aoro s sister, to stay with the children besides hiring another house help. The family goes to Njoro to visit mark and Elizabeth. Odongo is the farm manager while his twin brother Opiyo is a manager at marks former farm. Opiyo visits with his family too, Edna his wife and their two children. Father tony also drops in.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.9444954}
{"text": "Odongo is the farm manager while his twin brother Opiyo is a manager at marks former farm. Opiyo visits with his family too, Edna his wife and their two children. Father tony also drops in. Wandia tells Elizabeth about the scholarship and she readily agrees, meanwhile Aoro and tony reminisce about their childhood. CHAPTER 8 WANDIA'S GRADUATIONBoth Mugo's and Sigu's families gather to celebrate Wandia s achievement as the first Kenyan woman to get a doctorate degree in medicine. There is a large gathering at the Aoro's home as relatives and friends join them in the celebration. Alicia, a student of design and music at Kenyatta university shadows her aunt Vera. Johnny and Daniel hover around Aoro and Wandia. Johnny faces an identity crisis and wishes to change his name to Aoro's name. He keeps African friends, speaks, Swahili and eats African dishes. Wandia tries to talk to him and afterwards ask Vera to write to John Courtney. Elizabeth wakes up to check on the children who are still up; she looks in on her grandchildren. She gets an attack of dizziness as she tries to adjust them. The following day Aoro receives a call from Opiyo informing him that their mother had died. She is buried next to her daughter as a large crowd comes to bid her farewell. THE RIVER AND THE SOURCETHEMESThemes refer to the general ideas, messages or lessons the writer has portrayed in his her literary piece of work. Therefore, under the study of themes, we particularly narrow our perspective to the main ideas in which the story if founded and on whose axis it revolves, and offers an avenue of continuity. It is important to note that while discussing themes, it is imperative for identification and illustration of the theme to be done, to promote understanding. A theme can simply be said to be the concern of the writer. It is simply what the writer says. FAMILY RELATIONSThe novel addresses various issues revolving around family members, their closeness and their interactions. This is seen through various instances as follows;Chief Odero Gogni loves his daughter Akoko so much as seen through his over protectiveness. He wants the best for his daughter hence turns down 13 suitors he even mentions that a home without daughters is like a spring without a source. Akoko s brother Oloo too is seen to be so close to Akoko and loves her so much.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.914669}
{"text": "This is seen through various instances as follows;Chief Odero Gogni loves his daughter Akoko so much as seen through his over protectiveness. He wants the best for his daughter hence turns down 13 suitors he even mentions that a home without daughters is like a spring without a source. Akoko s brother Oloo too is seen to be so close to Akoko and loves her so much. When travelling to Kisuma he sends his sons Opiyo and Oloo to accompany her for protection. Oloofurther does the unthinkable when he welcomes Akoko back when she is a widow and suffering. Owuor kembo and Akoko s marriage is a closely knit union. On marrying Akoko Owuornever marries any other wife despite pressure from his mother. On Owuor s death Akoko mourns him with so much dignity and with songs of praise recounting their life together and his greatness. Nyabera on settling at the new mission picks her mum her daughter and nephew Owuor to stay with them since they were so close to each other. They stay together so happily. Mark Sigu is a hardworking man who loves and fully provides for his family. They are all well educated and trained on responsibility. Mark is concerned when Vera asks for permission to go out with a man and fears for her. When Becky runs away to the city he is so concerned and almost follows her to the city. Aoro s and wandia s family are seen to co-exist and thrive in love and friendship. They even adopt Becky s children Alicia and Johny and even consider them their own. The Courtneychildren had become so much part of the family that Wandia never dreamed of excluding them from her calculations pg 291 GENDER RELATIONSThe society in The River and the Source is seen to be patriarchal. We are told that: If it was hard for a boy to get an education it was well nigh impossible for a girl. The purpose of female existence was marriage and child bearing. P 129 this shows a disregard for women in society and points out to their expectation in society which is pointer to their lowly stature in society. Akoko is born in a family that is dominated by men and encounters many challenges. In fact the expression the girl child points to her oppressed and exploited and threatened Akoko who is growing up as a girl child.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.9768162}
{"text": "The purpose of female existence was marriage and child bearing. P 129 this shows a disregard for women in society and points out to their expectation in society which is pointer to their lowly stature in society. Akoko is born in a family that is dominated by men and encounters many challenges. In fact the expression the girl child points to her oppressed and exploited and threatened Akoko who is growing up as a girl child. Her struggles are seen even in her assertive and aggressive stance in her first words dwaro mara want mine! Pg 15 Women are expected to be submissive in this society and it is unheard of for a woman to challenge a man. This is however seen in Akoko s resistance against Otieno her brother inlaw who even gets to fear her. When Otieno threatens to assault her she looks him in the eyes and says, just you die! Pg 37 Further when Otieno takes over the chieftaincy and rules with an iron fist, Akoko seeks the intervention of the new administration to protect her wealth. She wins in this and in fact opens new vistas and opportunities for the oppressed especially the women. Gender inequality is seen further in the sense that out of a class of thirty four, there were only two girls one of whom was Awiti and even so she later got married off at the age of sixteen. It s only through Akoko s determination that Awiti is saved from such fate. Awiti is further seen to be exceptional as she maintains first position hence bringing out the success of women despite all odds. She thus wins the envy, admiration and even disapproval by some. As a teacher Awiti manages the children back at Aluor during the emergency without Mark bringing her out as a strong woman. Furthermore, from Awiti s experience we learn of the important role of women in upbringingin that Awiti is saved from the traditional practices of marriage at seventeen through the pioneering and daring spirit of her grandmother and mother. Pg 129 they regarded her as their future and hoped to enhance the continuity of the family through her and this comes to fruition. Akoko and Nyabera thus overcome the obstacles that tend to degrade and suppress women. Wandia s mother is further brought out as a strong woman. Though single she does not become destitute and vulnerable. This is further seen through Wandia who is an epitome of great upbringing through her courage and determination and profession as a doctor.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.000806}
{"text": "Wandia s mother is further brought out as a strong woman. Though single she does not become destitute and vulnerable. This is further seen through Wandia who is an epitome of great upbringing through her courage and determination and profession as a doctor. She even undertakes further studies to even acquire the role of professor. The continuity of the river of women empowerment is thus seen through the generationsthrough Akoko, Nyabera, Awiti and Wandia. This is despite the challenges they faced and disregard by society where even for Awiti s case it is said A girl! To be so clever no man would marry her pg 130 despite all these she keeps excelling. CONFLICT IN MARRIAGEThere are several instances of conflict in marriage pointed out in the novel. They are brought either from misunderstanding between the couple or sometimes from external influence. There is a conflict in the marriage between Owuor Kembo and Akoko. This is brought out by the allegations by Nyar Asembo that Akoko has bewitched her son and cast a spell on him so that he doesn t take another wife. Further she complains of her inability to conceive regularly despite the huge bride price. Akoko decides to severe their relationship and goes back to Yimbo but not before summoning a crowd and clearing her name against the allegations. It takes the intervention of the Jodongo to bring her back. Conflict is also seen in the marriage between Elizabeth Awiti and Mark Sigu. This is over her inability to conceive after the miscarriage. She even accuses mark of having given her chloroquin to deliberately make her sterile. The issue is compounded by Mark s mother who demands an explanation for Elizabeth s lack of children. This creates so much tension and mark has to take Elizabeth s side to salvage the situation. Becky s promiscuity leads to the break-up of their marriage with John Courtney. It is said that she exchanged men at will prompting John to divorce her. It is even the reason she gets infected with HIV. There was also conflict in the marriage between Aoro and Wandia over their son Daniel s disease Leukemia. Wandia accuses Aoro of spending too much time outside working when they have children to bring up and take care of. Hi explanations are not heard and she even retorts angrily, Don t honey me. Go to hell. Pg288 RELIGIONThere are aspects of both traditional religion and Christianity in the novel.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406314.9943871}
{"text": "Wandia accuses Aoro of spending too much time outside working when they have children to bring up and take care of. Hi explanations are not heard and she even retorts angrily, Don t honey me. Go to hell. Pg288 RELIGIONThere are aspects of both traditional religion and Christianity in the novel. In the traditional religion, we are told that the people believed in Were the god of the eye of the rising sun and ancestral spirits. They made sacrifices and poured libations. Akoko even mentions that it is Were who forms children in ones womb. They even believed that the spirits of the departed influenced the living so much. They could cause dreams to pregnant mothers or relatives to guide in the naming of the young ones. With the coming of missionaries, Christianity is introduced Nyabera is attracted to this new religion and is further fascinated by various characters in the bible, the suffering of Jesus and baptism through which she is named Maria. Akoko later joins Maria in the new religion with the children too where Awiti becomes Sacristan assisting nuns and Owuor becoming an altar boy. Owuor later becomes a priest and ascends to bishop. This even influences Tony Sigu who becomes a priest. Awiti raises her family in religious grounds. This even sees her daughter Vera becoming a non-marrying member of the Opus Dei. Religion impacts on the traditional aspects of life for the people and we see so much changing. Traditionally Akoko was supposed to be buried in her husband s ancestral home at the left of the entrance but due to her change to Christianity she is buried as a Christian in a church cemetery. Furthermore, marriage rites change and with the advent of Christianity has introduced church weddings as seen in the Christian church wedding between Mark andElizabeth presided by father Peter. Vera further becomes an unmarried member of Opus Dei which would not have been accepted traditionally. DEATHThroughout the plot of the book, the writer has eliminated many characters through death some of who never even get a chance to live one ay. Akoko s son Obura Kembo, died at war in Tanganyika. He as well as Ambere K ongoro died in the First World War between the Jo-Ingereza and Jo-jerman. The village went into mourning for the chief s son. The mourning was worsened by the fact that there was no body to morn over and to bury.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.0478933}
{"text": "She sang his famous courtship of her, the great honour he had accorded her throughout their life together, the friendship that existed between them. Akoko instilled in her children and grandchildren a strong sense of loyalty to the family. This value of love and loyalty in the family is seen in Sigu s family. They Mark and Elizabeth work in unison to bring up their seven children. There also exists a relationship of love and care between Mark and Elizabeth. This is evident from the courtship the two has at the beginning of a period of six months. Pg 132.....Their courtship went on in this gentle offhand manner, but at the end of six months, they knew each other pretty well, at least she knew she liked him and he who impetuous knew that he was he was in love and wanted to get married. It is also indicated in the book that Sigu family was a family full of love. Pg 162 All in all, the Sigu family was a happy one. There was money, but not too much and plenty o f lovesimple and unpretentious. There is also love between Wandia and her brothers and sisters. She and her brother and sisters had always been very close, a closeness born of not just blood ties, but of many hardships faced together. Wandia also enjoys a warm relationship with her two nephews and niece. The other children arrived from school and Wandia was lost in hug and demands for sweets and chocolates. Pg 263 In a show of family unity, Wandia and Aoro adopt two children who were Becky s. These are Alicia and Jonny following Becky s death. CHANGEIn the novel, The River and the Source nothing remains the same. The continous cyclic pattern of human life and nature bedecked by numerous changes of both conscious and unconscious orientation. Through these changes, life continous or events continue at different levels affected by changes. Consider these illustrations:-Akoko is way ahead of her time and is appreciative of the need to embrace change early enough. The author says that the clarity of vision and strength of character of Akoko could have been a discomfiture to all men of all ages and she was therefore never really have fitted in that, this or any other century pg142 The coming of the Jorochere whitemen marked the first real threat to the formely tranquil and cohesive traditional African society.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.0747888}
{"text": "Through these changes, life continous or events continue at different levels affected by changes. Consider these illustrations:-Akoko is way ahead of her time and is appreciative of the need to embrace change early enough. The author says that the clarity of vision and strength of character of Akoko could have been a discomfiture to all men of all ages and she was therefore never really have fitted in that, this or any other century pg142 The coming of the Jorochere whitemen marked the first real threat to the formely tranquil and cohesive traditional African society. A footloose wanderer called Ambere K Ongoso brought stories of the white skinned people pg 48 . Similarly Nyaroche came back withstories about pesa money pg 49. The effect of the coming of the white man in relation to administration of justice, enforcement of law and order, mode of dressing and language is now evident especially in Kisumu. The clerk at the D.O. s office could speak the language of the White man as well as his own. He wore a dazzling white shirt, a thin black tie and white shoes. Opiyo and Odongo while accompanying their aunt Akoko to kisuma were dressed in skins covering only their loins and Akoko was dressed in the tradition skin called chieno. This mode of dressing is contrasted with that of a passer-by they met on their arrival in Kisumu who wore a pair of long shorts and a singlet. The said passer-by had also attended mission school for one year. While in Kisuma, Akoko, Opiyo and Odongo are informed that Kisuma had been renamed Kisumu by the whiteman. The house belonging to Akoko s host is an indicator of changes taking place in the society. His house was a variation of the traditional hut since it had square windows made of wood and a neat wooden door, all painted bright green. Also the buildings in Kisumu looked large and most had white walls and red roofs. Others had tin wall. Akoko s host in Kisumu asvises Opiyo and Odongo to leave their weapons at home since people were now prohibited from carrying weapons since the Sirikal had askaris who offered protection to everyone and kept the peace. The white DC in Kisuma listens to Akoko s position and rules in her favour.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.0985134}
{"text": "Others had tin wall. Akoko s host in Kisumu asvises Opiyo and Odongo to leave their weapons at home since people were now prohibited from carrying weapons since the Sirikal had askaris who offered protection to everyone and kept the peace. The white DC in Kisuma listens to Akoko s position and rules in her favour. A contingent of Askaris is dispatched to the village to forcibly remove Otieno from his position as chief. He is also made to return all property he had grabbed form his sister-in-law and his grand nephew. This episode shows that the influence of the Jodongo in the administration of justice is gradually waning and in its place is the white man s admin istrative structures. In fact the author acknowledges this reality when she says In spite of the DC s decision, it was only a matter of time before the hereditary chiefdoms were done away with totally. It was a changing world. Pg 93 Christianity is gradually taking root. After being baptized, Nyabera acquires a new name, Maria. Pg 110 By agreeing to accompany Nyabera to Gem mission of Aluor, AKoko has made the decision to move from one life to another. Her pioneering and daring spirit enabled her daughter Awiti to acquire education. By acquiring formal education, Awiti is able to disentangle herself from the yoke of traditions and customs of her people pertaining to the role of women. This conservative mind set of Awiti s people is evident in the statement, The purpose of female existence was marriage and child bearing. According to the community, it was superfluous to educate girls. Awiti s desire to acquire education was made possible through the pioneering and daring spirit her grandmother and mother had pg 129 The impact of formal education is evident in Mark Sigu s ability to speak fluently in perfect English. During his encounter with Elizabeth he tells her that he went to school in St. Mary s Yala and was conscripted into the army while job hunting in Nairobi. The advent of formal employment is a result of formal education. Pg 137 While conversing with Elizabeth, Mark Sigu switches to a combination of English and vernacular-a common manner of speech is an emerging bilingual and tri-lingual Africa. Money was replacing barter trade as a tool of exchange of goods and services.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.0869486}
{"text": "The advent of formal employment is a result of formal education. Pg 137 While conversing with Elizabeth, Mark Sigu switches to a combination of English and vernacular-a common manner of speech is an emerging bilingual and tri-lingual Africa. Money was replacing barter trade as a tool of exchange of goods and services. Awiti successfully sat her examination at the teacher training college and received her teacher s certificate. She is then posted back to her old school. She earns a salary of fifty shillings a month. Maria initially opposes the idea of her daughter accepting the invitation to join the teacher training college but Akoko prevails upon her. When Awiti informs her mother that she does not know the names of Mark s parents, an appaled Maria laments, What do you mean you don t know! How can you even consider having friendship with a man whose roots and antecedents you don t know? Contrary to dictates of Chik , Elizabeth s re;atives did not send a Jawangyo spy to check out Mark Sigu s background. Akoko reasons with Maria by telling her, Accept it Maria, the world is changing. Pg 143 Akoko has changed the concept of bride price. Contray to the expectations of Elizabeth s suitors from Seme that a heavy bride price was going to ne demanded for Elizabeth, no price is asked except for a token bull, two cows and six goats. Pg 148 In a break from traditions, Akoko was not buried in her husband s ancestral home to the left of the entrance to her house but on the burial ground which the church had prepared. Mixed inter-tribal marriages have started to take root. Elizabeth s flexibility and accommodating nature is evident when she convinces her husband to allow their daughter Vera to accompany Tommy Muhambe, a twenty one year old young Luhya man studying veterinary medicine to the movies. Becky s husband John Courtney is a white man. Wandia s sister Esther points out some of the challenges of inter tribal marriages that Wandia and Aoro may experience. For example few in-laws are endearing, but I can t imagine anything more annoying than their talking to their son, and your children in a language you cannot understand. Aoro a Luo marries Wandia a Kikuyu . Prior to their marriage each introduces his her would be spouse to his her parents.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.1728861}
{"text": "Wandia s sister Esther points out some of the challenges of inter tribal marriages that Wandia and Aoro may experience. For example few in-laws are endearing, but I can t imagine anything more annoying than their talking to their son, and your children in a language you cannot understand. Aoro a Luo marries Wandia a Kikuyu . Prior to their marriage each introduces his her would be spouse to his her parents. Change is also experienced in the arena of politics. Mention is made of the recently concluded multi-party elections 1992 which marked the end of the single party rule. People hope that the new political dispensation would usher in a new era. Instead it is characterized by confusion and cries of foul by the opposition and declarations of total transparency by the winners. Pg 304 Vera also changes form unbelieving Christian to a member of Opus Dei during her encounter with Maryanne. The two epic journeys Akoko makes are quite significant as far as change is concerned. The first one is her journey to Kisuma accompanied by Opiyo and Odongo. This story elevatedAkoko too heroine and legendary status. It was to be passed down from generation togeneration. The second one is Akoko and Nyabera s journey to Aluor. The children were the future and the future had to be protected. The writer seems to suggest the merging of the past and the present, Akoko told them stories of the heroes of old and the history of Baby Jesus. Father Tony, AKoko s grandson says of Akoko, To her life was like a river, flowing from eternity to eternity. TRADITION AND CUSTOMS Chik traditions governed every aspect of the life of the people. It was the glue which heldthe people together thus preventing disintegration of the fabric of the society and chaos. The naming system in the community is quite elaborate. The children are given more than one name. For instance, Chief Odero Gogni s newly born child is first called Adoyo since she was born during the weeding and hoeing season. The ancestral spirits usually send vivid dreams to the new born baby s parents and in Adoyo s case the child s great uncle, recently dead, a medicine man of great renown sent dreams to both the father and grandmother of the child, resulting in the baby being named Obanda.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.1763623}
{"text": "The children are given more than one name. For instance, Chief Odero Gogni s newly born child is first called Adoyo since she was born during the weeding and hoeing season. The ancestral spirits usually send vivid dreams to the new born baby s parents and in Adoyo s case the child s great uncle, recently dead, a medicine man of great renown sent dreams to both the father and grandmother of the child, resulting in the baby being named Obanda. Since the baby had an extremely powerful set of lungs she was given the third name, Akoko. Pg 14 Akoko s son is first named Obura the wise one . On the second night after birth the child s father dreamt that Kembo K Agina the late chief was handing him a baby boy from his right hand side; therefore the child was named Obura Kembo. When Adoyo was two weeks old, she suffered a prolonged bout of colic and screaming that went on all night. A reason and solution is sought to the baby s crying. Grandmother- Nyar Alego implores were to spare the child s life. She pleads with her departed mother Achieng to intercede. She also seems to imply that the child s condition may be attri buted to Akelo, her departed sister who died childless. Pg 12 and 13 It was a common practice for potential suitors to send spies jowang yo to check out the background of a would be bride. In the case of AKoko, they reported that she had impeccable antecedents. Chik tradition dictates that a chief must be married. This is what prompted Owuor Kembo having inherited the chieftainship to get married at a relatively young age of twenty years. Pg 19 Marriage negotiations are conducted by elders, Chief Gogni chooses Aloo K Olima an accomplished negotiator as their spokesman. They set a high bride price at thirty head which to everyone s surprise Owuor Kembo promptly accepts without bargaining. Pg 20 The first wife s house Mikai s house holds the centre stage directly facing the gate. Chief Odero Gogni welcomes the visitors prospective suitors and offers them brew Kong o to be sipped through a long reed like straw after libations are first offered to Were.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.1514864}
{"text": "They set a high bride price at thirty head which to everyone s surprise Owuor Kembo promptly accepts without bargaining. Pg 20 The first wife s house Mikai s house holds the centre stage directly facing the gate. Chief Odero Gogni welcomes the visitors prospective suitors and offers them brew Kong o to be sipped through a long reed like straw after libations are first offered to Were. Pg 19 Kong o is once again drank after libations are poured to Were to signify the culmination of successful marriage negotiations. Feasting then goes on into the late afternoon. Pg 25 Traditions dictate that a woman should present a picture of demure shyness when she encountered her future husband for the first time, but Akoko defied this practice by walking in measured steps, heald held high, hands at her side. Pg 24 Chik traditions did not allow suitors to spend the night at their in-laws homestead as witnessed in Akoko s case. The suitors had to leave when evening came. Pg 25 A mock wrestling duel ensures between the young men from Sakwa and those who resit the efforts to spirit her away. Eventually the men form Sakwa succed in grabbing Akoko and taking her to her matrimonial home. Pg 27 Chik also dictated that men sent on a mission to deliver bride price must be granted hospitality without question. As a result when the young men from Sakwa stopped for rest and food at the nearest homestead they were warmly received. Pg 27 According to Chik , if a man dies, his body lies in his mikai s hut first wife s hut before he is buried on the right hand side of the hut. Pg38 In order to pave way for elders to go to Yimbo following Akoko s decision to go back to her parent s home, four young men are dispatched with a cow and an ox, a he-goat and two nanny goats. Chik , also dictates that whatever the circumstances, a messenger should not be victimized hence the young men are only received coldly. Pg 40 The traditions of the community dictated that during deliberations centering around marriage disputes, both sides of the story had to be heard before a decision a decision was arrived at.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.187018}
{"text": "Pg38 In order to pave way for elders to go to Yimbo following Akoko s decision to go back to her parent s home, four young men are dispatched with a cow and an ox, a he-goat and two nanny goats. Chik , also dictates that whatever the circumstances, a messenger should not be victimized hence the young men are only received coldly. Pg 40 The traditions of the community dictated that during deliberations centering around marriage disputes, both sides of the story had to be heard before a decision a decision was arrived at. When the Jodongo elders of Seme went to Yimbo to negotiate the return of Akoko their wife , being a grave matter, kong o was not allowed unless until an agreement was reached. Chiefdom is hereditary, Owuor tells his son, do not take your duty practically my son, for the chiefdom has been in my family for generations. The role of the chief is well outlined. His main job was to lead the council of Jodongo elders in their arbitration and his final word was law. He was also a sort od priest who led the whole community in sacrifice and libation on public worshipping days. He also led his people to battle, and if he is too old, his eldest son. Pg 57 The community abhorred bloodshed. To them, bloodshed even in battle was a great taboo and required much cleansing. Pg 58 In compliance with the dicates of Chik upon dleievering of the message that Obura had died at war in Tanganyika, his mother Akoko came out of her son s hut with his spear in her right and his colourful ox-hide skilled in her left- the traditional salute of the fallen warrior. For four days the villagers wailed, sang dirges and the young men staged mock battles. A banana trunk was symbolically buried in the absence of Obura s body. Pg 62 Suicide was considered a great taboo and would bring a great curse among the people. Pg 62 Upon the death of chief Odero Gogni, the clan went into sixty days mourning mandatory for a chief. AKoko also mourned her husband, She sang dirges while donning his monkey skin headdress and brandishing his spear in one hand and his shield in the other.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.2411306}
{"text": "Pg 62 Suicide was considered a great taboo and would bring a great curse among the people. Pg 62 Upon the death of chief Odero Gogni, the clan went into sixty days mourning mandatory for a chief. AKoko also mourned her husband, She sang dirges while donning his monkey skin headdress and brandishing his spear in one hand and his shield in the other. Chik did not allow a mother to spend the night in her married daughter s house. When Akoko visits her daughter Nyabera before she leaves for Kisuma, Nyabera conducts her to her mother-in-law s house. Pg 78 Akoko presents a petition to the white D.O. in Kisumu about her oppression in the hands of Otieno. Thereafter the D.O sends his messengers to discreetly carry out investigations to ascertain the allegations. AKoko is summoned back to Kisumu to appear before the D.C. The messenger informs the D.C that the chiefdom is hereditary and passes from father to his eldest son. In the absence of a son, the closest male relative takes over. In case the son is not yet of the age of marriage, the chiefdom is held in custody by the closest male relative with the council of elders. When the rightful heir comes of age, he ransoms his seat with twelve head of cattle, the price of a bride, payable to the custodian. In the event that he cannot raise the ransom his seat within two years of getting married, then the council of elders may decide that the seat remains with the custodian. Pg 92 Having already lost three children, a little ceremony id preformed to confuse evil spirits and enhance Nyabera s son s chances of survival. Pg 92 Chik dictated that a husband had to be found from close relatives of the dead man for the widow. His job being that of siring children to maintain the dead man s name and to keep his widow from wandering from man to man. Pg 99 this is called tero . Therefore, Otieno,chief Owuor Kembo s brother should have married his brother s widow, Akoko and become a guardian of the grandson and custodian not owner of the chief s stool. Pg 87 DETERMINATION AND HARDWORKThroughout the novel, instances have been vividly brought to life of determined personalities trying to acheve on thing or the other.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.2224822}
{"text": "Pg 92 Chik dictated that a husband had to be found from close relatives of the dead man for the widow. His job being that of siring children to maintain the dead man s name and to keep his widow from wandering from man to man. Pg 99 this is called tero . Therefore, Otieno,chief Owuor Kembo s brother should have married his brother s widow, Akoko and become a guardian of the grandson and custodian not owner of the chief s stool. Pg 87 DETERMINATION AND HARDWORKThroughout the novel, instances have been vividly brought to life of determined personalities trying to acheve on thing or the other. For example:-Obura is determined to leave home and explore a whole new life outside that no amount of persuasion not to do so deters him. He finally flees home to unknown destinations. Akoko is determined to find intervention of the white man s government in a bid to alleviate the atrocities committed by her brother-in-law. To an unknown place, she sets off with hope that one day her people will be liberated. Akoko is depicted as a hardworking and determined woman. AS a young woman she is known to rise early and till her lands and uses the left over to barter in exchange for cattle, sheep and goats. Pg 35 Her herds are impressive and her granaries were always full. Pg 66 Akoko also tells her daughter that laziness opens the door for evil to rule one s mind and body. She also tells her to work tirelessly and that it is shame for an able bodied person to feed on sweat of others. Pg86 Nyabera is also determined to join the new faith. To the catechist at the mission, she says, ......teacher, I have come a long way for this, I doubt there will be a going back. I have nothing to go back to. Pg 97 She leaves behind her daughter and mother to the unknown....Nyabera left the two dearest people to her with a heavy heart but determined feet....... pg 103 When they Akoko and Nyabera together with the children arrived at the mission, we are told that Akoko started working hard to form some kind of base for the children.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.2796168}
{"text": "Pg86 Nyabera is also determined to join the new faith. To the catechist at the mission, she says, ......teacher, I have come a long way for this, I doubt there will be a going back. I have nothing to go back to. Pg 97 She leaves behind her daughter and mother to the unknown....Nyabera left the two dearest people to her with a heavy heart but determined feet....... pg 103 When they Akoko and Nyabera together with the children arrived at the mission, we are told that Akoko started working hard to form some kind of base for the children. ........ She had never begged for food and she was not about to begin......she was untiring and unsparing of herself. Pg 117 Awiti also worked hard in school. She is given an admission to college. ...... This letter comes from a head teacher of a school called a college, where they teach teachers how to teach children. He says he is happy to offer me a place in his college so that I an also learn how to be a teacher. Pg123 Peter Owuor also worked very hard. Things in the seminary were not that east. It is said, ......And so he entered the vigour and splendour life in the seminary. Sometimes when things were particularly tough, he would wonder whether mere flesh and blood would survive it, but it never entered in his mind to leave.....he was no quitter. He would survive. He would see it through. Pg 127 Peter had learnt from his grandmother that once a job begun it had to be completed. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATIONCHARACTER-Are people, animals or objects taking a specific role in artistic work like a story, play, novel narrative. CHARACTERIZATION- Is the author s presentation and development of the characters. Explaining character traits of characters is what characterization entails. How to determine a character What the character says or does What the author says about him What other characters say about him her We describe a character using an adjective There also MUST be an illustration to the character identifiede.g. Akoko is determined and courageous, she challenges Otieno and dares him to strike her. Determined and courageous are adjectives, and Akoko s character traits.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.2660823}
{"text": "How to determine a character What the character says or does What the author says about him What other characters say about him her We describe a character using an adjective There also MUST be an illustration to the character identifiede.g. Akoko is determined and courageous, she challenges Otieno and dares him to strike her. Determined and courageous are adjectives, and Akoko s character traits. AKOKOS FAMILY TREETony- veraGogni MbojiMariaOpiyoOdongoBecky- marries Owuor Peter- Bishop Awiti- Marries Mark SiguOwang Sino- Marries Alando Nyabera-marries Okumu OburaAkoko- married to Owuor kemboChief Odero-marries Aketch as 2nd wifeAKOKOShe is the wife of Chief Owuor Kembo. She is the most prominent character. She is portrayed as the source of the river and the source of great successful future generation. Akoko s character can be illustrated as follows;1 DeterminedShe amazes everybody when she utters her first words dwara mara want mine . The author comments, Akoko grew fairly slow but she made up for her lack of height .a determination that would be the hallmark of her entire life .everybody ..she would be a very determined person someday. Pg 14-15 Despite the many challenges that Akoko faces she is not weighed down by the she over obstacles but she overcomes them and moves forward. 2 Hardworking industrious enterprisingAkoko believes in hardwork and learns that the way to make a husband happy is by the work of her hands.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.2694361}
{"text": "Akoko s character can be illustrated as follows;1 DeterminedShe amazes everybody when she utters her first words dwara mara want mine . The author comments, Akoko grew fairly slow but she made up for her lack of height .a determination that would be the hallmark of her entire life .everybody ..she would be a very determined person someday. Pg 14-15 Despite the many challenges that Akoko faces she is not weighed down by the she over obstacles but she overcomes them and moves forward. 2 Hardworking industrious enterprisingAkoko believes in hardwork and learns that the way to make a husband happy is by the work of her hands. She tells Nyabera, My daughter, should it ever be said that you are as lazy as your mother, I will tun in my grave. Pg 66 Her herds at Sakwa is said to have been so vast that a special dam separate from the rest is built, It was said of the herds that should you get to the water to drink before you drew your water then you had to wait for almost two hours before they drunk their fill. Pg 66 Akoko s granaries are full to bursting so that during the lean season, ..people coming to barter their cattle in exchange for food were rested and fed. Pg 66 When Akoko returns to Yimbo with all her property she has salvaged . It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Pg93-94 She advices Nyabera that laziness opens the door for evil to rule ones mind and body. She says, It is a shame for able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others. Pg 93 When Akoko moves to Aluor mission with daughter and grand children, she continues to work hard. The writer says, She had never begged for food and she was not about to begin pg 117 God has no time for the lazy, but the devil has ,was a favorite saying of hers. Pg 145 3 Daring bold courageousShe faces her brother head on when he takes something she is playing with at a very tender age.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.3089497}
{"text": "She says, It is a shame for able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others. Pg 93 When Akoko moves to Aluor mission with daughter and grand children, she continues to work hard. The writer says, She had never begged for food and she was not about to begin pg 117 God has no time for the lazy, but the devil has ,was a favorite saying of hers. Pg 145 3 Daring bold courageousShe faces her brother head on when he takes something she is playing with at a very tender age. During the marriage negotiations she stares straight into the eyes of the husband to be and Otieno wonders at her courage. Pg 24 In another incident when Otieno Kembo gets wind of some people nosing around with his affairs and confronts Akoko, she responds courageously , Go away you fool ..Are you the village chief or the village fool? Pg 90 It is out of courage that she dares trek to Kisuma. She is not scared of the hazards of the journey that has wild animals and worse still the killing and maiming Lang o tribesmen. 4 Understanding supportive concernedAkoko is responsible and supportive as a mother; she understands Nyabera s suffering after the loss of her brother Obura. She snaps out of her personal grief and pays attention to her. She understands that people are different and accomodates Alando Nyar Uyoma s weakness. She leaned over backwards to accommodate her weakness some of which she found irritating like her tendency to idleness. Pg 70 She lets Owuor Sino join priesthood even though she has hopes that one day he would sit on the chief s stool, she consents him to take the new path. She tells him, I will not stand in your way ..Do whatever the spirit bids you. She stands by Nyabera during her trying moments and ensures that her grandchild Awiti is well taken care of. 5 Decisive Independent mindedWhen her mother-in-law accuses her of witchcraft, Akoko takes her and Otieno head-on in front of the village. She makes a hasty decision to go back to her people in Yimbo.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.339472}
{"text": "She tells him, I will not stand in your way ..Do whatever the spirit bids you. She stands by Nyabera during her trying moments and ensures that her grandchild Awiti is well taken care of. 5 Decisive Independent mindedWhen her mother-in-law accuses her of witchcraft, Akoko takes her and Otieno head-on in front of the village. She makes a hasty decision to go back to her people in Yimbo. Soon after Otieno Kembo takes over the chief s stool with glee and arrogance, Akoko decides that, .the time had come for battle lines to be clearly drawn. Pg 73 She treks to kisuma to seek justice from the sirikal. 6 Intelligent wiseShe grows up as an intelligent woman and is full of wisdom. She believed that a young woman had to be intelligent .. pg 65 She offers wise counsel to her daughter who is mourning the loss of her sons through an outbreak of measles. She tells her, cry my child, for one does not bury a child without burying a part of ones s soul with it, Yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow foreach day rises fresh from the hands of Were . Pg 75 Her wisdom is further illustrated during her visit to Kisuma to appeal against her brother-inlaw. Wherelse the twins are dissatisfied with the verdict of the D.O, Akoko tells them, Do not decide the wisdom of a man by the brevity of his quiet or the multitude of his words ..A fool knows everything. Pg88 . She discovers that s she cannot physically confront Otieno Kembo who has reduced her head of cattle and decides to wait for the D.O s intervention. She says, There was no advantage in knocking one s head against a tree trunk if you want to cut a tree, take time to sharpen an axe. Pg 89 She encourages Nyabera to seek a new life at the mission in Aluor with these words, Bitterness is poison to the spirit ..if you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is wise to try other path. Pg 103 She plays the voice of reason when a conflict arises between Nyabera and Awiti over her fianc whose background she has not investigated.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.34941}
{"text": "Wherelse the twins are dissatisfied with the verdict of the D.O, Akoko tells them, Do not decide the wisdom of a man by the brevity of his quiet or the multitude of his words ..A fool knows everything. Pg88 . She discovers that s she cannot physically confront Otieno Kembo who has reduced her head of cattle and decides to wait for the D.O s intervention. She says, There was no advantage in knocking one s head against a tree trunk if you want to cut a tree, take time to sharpen an axe. Pg 89 She encourages Nyabera to seek a new life at the mission in Aluor with these words, Bitterness is poison to the spirit ..if you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it is wise to try other path. Pg 103 She plays the voice of reason when a conflict arises between Nyabera and Awiti over her fianc whose background she has not investigated. Akoko tells Nyabera, Accept it Maria, the world is changing. Pg 143 She supports Peter Owuor s decision to become a priest despite the fact that he is the chief in waiting. She says, Things have changed and people are turning to different things. Pg126 7 Kind and generousThe people who come to barter their animals are rested and fully fed before they being dispatched to their homes. Nyabera, in lamenting her mother s misfortunes, describes her as one who had never looked at any one with an evil eye, never denied anyone food, had been quite generous in sacrifice and libation8 Rash impatient short-temperedDespite her positive personality, Akoko at times behaves in a rash manner. She reacts with temper when her mother-in-law accuses her of withcraft and does not wait for her husband to return. She goes home to her people in Yimbo. Chief Kembo comments, I know all yourvirtues, but your weakest point is your temper andimpatience ..you must exercise selfcontrol. Pg 44-55 AKOKO S ROLES1. She is the main character in the story. Without her there would be no story2. She is symbolically referred to as the source of the river. She is also a symbol of change, wisdom, determination, hardwork and focused people. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.3624814}
{"text": "She is symbolically referred to as the source of the river. She is also a symbol of change, wisdom, determination, hardwork and focused people. 3. Through Akoko several themes are highlighted; Tradition, change, education, religion and death. 4. She helps develop other characters e.g. through her Owuor Kembo is brought out as loving, committed, wise. Through her Otieno kembo is potrayed as abusive, cowardly, selfish, greedy and chauvinist. 5. Through her, several aspects of style such as proverbs, similes, vivid description, songs, myths and legends are brought out. MARIA NYABERAShe is the second born of Akoko, born three and a half years after Obura. She is the only daughter of Akoko and Owuor Kembo; the only surviving among the three born. She is always merry and always meets people with a sunny smile. This is how she earns her nameNyabera-meaning the good one. She can be described as;1 HardworkingHer husband confesses that, she never neglects her duty to go traipsing off to her home for she is industrious. In Aluor, she would always accompany her mother to till the land and together they have granaries of food and a big herd of cattle. The two women became some sort of a fixture on the green sloping countryside, and the locals, not as motivated as they were made endless jokes about their iron backs and caked feet. Pg 117 Even when she is told how hard it is to master Christian concepts, she does not hesitate to go to Aluor. She memorizes all the stories which she later recounts to her daughter, nephew and mother, After she mastered the basics of religion she started attending mass every morning before class. Pg 107 2 Likeable Loveable adorableDue to her jovial nature, she is easily likeable. She has, .a personally to charm the birds off the trees. Pg 33 Right from a tender age, her mother does not have to worry about baby sitters for young girls line up to hold the baby. Obura was very jealous for he would have liked to have more of his sister to himself. Pg 33 3 Preserving enduringShe undergoes a lot of suffering. Her first child dies at the age of two.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.3932164}
{"text": "She has, .a personally to charm the birds off the trees. Pg 33 Right from a tender age, her mother does not have to worry about baby sitters for young girls line up to hold the baby. Obura was very jealous for he would have liked to have more of his sister to himself. Pg 33 3 Preserving enduringShe undergoes a lot of suffering. Her first child dies at the age of two. The child suffers from fever, jaundice and swelling of the tummy. She loses her two sons to a ferocious outbreak of measles. She loses her father, and miscarries when Awiti is three years and soon after her husband dies. She is inherited by Ogoma Kwach and they have two children, but they both die. When in Aluor, she hears that Ogoma s wife has dies so she goes back to him. They have another child who dies soon after. The man also start to court a younger girl and feeling rejected, she goes back to Aluor. 4 Loving caringAs a sister, she loves her loves her brother, Obura, that his death devastates her. She becomes a loner wandering away by herself, mute and quite for days. After she settles in Aluor she remembers to go for her daughter, nephew and mother whom she loves in a special way. She loves Owuor like her own son .formed such a solid wall of love around the children. Pg116 She supports Owuor in his decision to join priesthood. She leaves some of her cattle with her mother-in-law since she has been her friend. 5 Humble modestAlthough she marries a poor man, Okumu, and brought with her a sizeable herd of cattle, sheep and goats, she respects her husband and shows him humility although he could hardly raise the bride price. She treats him with the utmost respect and politely seeks his permission to go visiting her old home. 6 Secretive DiscreetWhen she decides to go back to her matrimonial home Aluor, she offers no explanation and her mother looking into her eyes, lets her go without demanding one.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.4470353}
{"text": "She emerges top of her class and is invited to join the first teacher s college near Aluor. 2 Industrious hardworking determinedShe inherits her grandmother s industry and determination. While so many girls drop out of school, she reaches the top class at eighteen. She receives a certificate on passing a tough examination at the end of the year. She works hard on mathematics which she dislikes and passes well. Amongst ten boys, she is the only girl who holds top position in class. She does so well at school and gets admitted to a teachers training college. Upon graduation she becomes a teacher. 3 Loving passionate caringShe her mother at least once every two months, but still she feels that she has not done enough. She also sends her two sons, Opiyo and Odongo to keep her company. She loves her grandmother Akoko and writes about her to Mark. She had loved her grandmother desperately .Had admired her unreservedly. Pg 151 When Aoro and Tony are punished by being denied food at night, after risking the life of the twins, Elizabeth hears them in the kitchen trying to steal food. However, she goes and gives them chapatis and dengu smiling at them. 4 Firm Decisive ResoluteWhen she gives birth to Mary, she decisively asks the nurse for water and baptizes the child in hospital, I baptize you Mary .. pg 194 She decides she is going to get admitted in hospital. She asks Mark to go back to the children and only come to visit her at the weekend or whenever she can. Elizabeth ensures Mary does not get spoilt mother kept her head prevented the young lady from being completely spoilt. Pg 195 5 Principled dignified self-controlledAlthough many of the male students at the Teachers Training College are attracted to her and go to great lengths including throwing love notes wrapped around stones to her room to win her over, she does not yield. She remains the odd one out when all the other girls have paired up, either from within college outside. She is variously referred to as the nun, Virgin Mary and church mouse. She is shunned by both men and women for being a non-conformist.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.4211204}
{"text": "She remains the odd one out when all the other girls have paired up, either from within college outside. She is variously referred to as the nun, Virgin Mary and church mouse. She is shunned by both men and women for being a non-conformist. She is so cold towards men that when Mark talks to her asking her why she is always alone she retorts, What is that to you. Pg137 6 Motherly responsible compassionateWhen Mark feels so guilty for having been so ignorant as to give her anti-malaria drugs that makes her abort, Elizabeth comforts him. Don t worry, God will give us another. She didn t bother telling him they had been twins. The poor man had suffered enough. Pg 160 As a mother, she sleeps without sleeping. Aoro s scream when Tony falls sick at night gets her out of bed even before Aoro reaches her bedroom to report his brother s ailment. Tony is taken to hospital .. Held on his mother s lap .. pg 180 When Aoro faints for not having eaten for long, which is a punishment for his being undisciplined, Elizabeth, was watching secretly rushed out to her son. Pg 190 ELIZABETH S ROLES1. She helps in development of plotShe moves with her mother and grandmother to Aluor mission, gets educated, marries Sigu and together they have seven children. 2. Through her we see change- She acquires the white man s education and gets employed. 3. She helps highlight several aspects of style; dialogue and humuor. 4. Through her, Akoko s river continues to flow5. Helps develop other characters e.g. through her we see Maria Nyabera as loving, Mark Sigu is portrayed as loving, caring and naiveVERAShe is Becky s twin sister . The two are Elizabeth and Sigu s first children. She is the first born of the two twins. She is a lady with many positive points, a replica of her mother and great grandmother, Akoko. She can be described as;1 Brilliant IntelligentShe carries off trophy after trophy. She is into everything like debate and sports. After primary national exam, she gets an almost perfect score and wins a place at a top national school. In her secondary national school. In her secondary national exams, she gets distinction in Math, Biology, Physics and Geography.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.4316335}
{"text": "After primary national exam, she gets an almost perfect score and wins a place at a top national school. In her secondary national school. In her secondary national exams, she gets distinction in Math, Biology, Physics and Geography. In her A-level, she gets As in Mathematics and Physics and a B in chemistry. She opts to go for engineering. 2 Loving friendlyShe has a great capacity for love. She has a passionate nature and is completely loyal and her sister is the object of her love and protection. She was willing and ready to do battle with anyone who crossed Becky s path and was a fearless fighter. Pg 166 At five, she almost tears a playmate apart before anyone realizes what is happening, because she is screaming while pummeling him. She loves her sister and shows her off to all. She opts to go to her sister s school rather than a top national school. She still goes to look for Becky at the airport even when she thinks that Becky might not want to see her. She confesses to Becky that she actually loved Tommy only that she cannot marry him. She and Wandia become automatic friends. 3 ResponsibleShe is made a captain in class seven, a position only held before by boys. Her mother allows her to join Becky s secondary school so that she can look after her twin sister. She talks to Becky until she agrees to go and inform her parents about her impending marriage. Although she is not married and does not have children, Becky entrusts the care and future of her children to her. 4 Hardworking industriousAfter form six, when Becky decides just to stay at home, Vera gets a job as a teacher in a nearby harambee school. Her excellent grades are always due to brilliance and hardwork. With her tremendous energy, she participates in many school activities and carries trophy after trophy. She chooses engineering because she thinks it is more challenging than architecture. 5 EmotionalHer tears are ready to fall at the slightest provocation. She is about to cry when her mother tries to persuade her to consider refusing to go to a national school. When she has an argument with her sister, tears well in her eyes and she dashes them away angrily with her fist. She almost engages in a physical fight with her sister. 6 ReligiousAlthough she treats church going as a formality, and is a good Christian thought her childhood, she becomes very religious while in college after Mary-Anne introduces her to a recollection .", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.4682782}
{"text": "When she has an argument with her sister, tears well in her eyes and she dashes them away angrily with her fist. She almost engages in a physical fight with her sister. 6 ReligiousAlthough she treats church going as a formality, and is a good Christian thought her childhood, she becomes very religious while in college after Mary-Anne introduces her to a recollection . She starts a hungry search for religious enlightenment and dedicates her life to God as an unmarried member of the Opus Dei. Vera s Roles1. She is used to develop themes such as; change, education, women empowerment, conflict and religion. 2. Through her Becky is portrayed as jealous and hateful, while Wandia is portrayed as loving and concerned. BECKYShe is one of the twin daughters of Mark Sigu and Elizabeth Awiti. They are the eldest. Becky is brought out as follows;1 Loveable AdorableShe draws love from one and all from a vey early stage, just plain irresistible. She has very many admires from her childhood up to almost the time she dies. She even marries a white man. 2 Selfish EgocentricShe is utterly selfish. Even after being informed of Tony s illness, she continues lie in bed. Few things bored her much as sickness, suffering and death. She just stretched luxurious in bed enjoying the feel of her young lithe body. Pg 181 After her a-levels, she disappears to Nairobi without informing her parents. She just leaves a note and leaves Vera to do the explanation. 3 Jealous EnviousShe is jealous of the attention Mary is given and wonders whether the latter has to murder to be punished. When Vera turns from a gawky faced teenager into a striking young woman and boys start noticing her, Becky notices this and becomes jealous. When Vera goes to visit her at the airport and she takes her to her home, she confesses that she has been jealous of Vera all her life4 Unfaithful Promiscuous immoralBecky has an illicit love affair while her husband, John, is out of the country. This leads to their divorce when John finds out. Vera complains about her changing of men frequently as she changed clothes! She throws herself at every man as if she hates herself. This distances her from her children and she ends up dying of AIDS.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.5027916}
{"text": "Vera complains about her changing of men frequently as she changed clothes! She throws herself at every man as if she hates herself. This distances her from her children and she ends up dying of AIDS. 5 MaterialisticBecky loves the things of this world. She loves money and what it can buy. 6 Responsible organizedEven if she lives an irresponsible life, she financially caters for her death; the family is surprised to find that she has left her own children very well financially off. She has left a hefty insurance, a string of mansions two bungalows in Spring Valley and a block of offices and shops in west lands. She has also left clear documents and things legally tied up. She had appointed a firm of trustees to run her affairs on behalf of the children and of their benefit. Her sister Vera has been appointed guardian of the children and is allowed to choose which family member they would live with. Becky s Roles1. She is used to develop themes such as; Education, relationships, change, immorality, conflict and materialism. 2. Through her interaction with other characters, their character traits are brought out. For instance Vera is portrayed as loving, concerned and hardworking. Her father is depicted as strict and concerned while Wandia is portrayed as concerned and selfless. WANDIAWandia is Aoro s wife, she is a doctor. She comes from a different community from her husband. The writer uses her to demystify inter-tribal marriages. She is developed as a character that is;1 IntelligentThe battle for the top position in the anatomy class is between her and Aoro, and she finally beats him. The writer says, But Wandia had beaten him ..she had 78 points. Pg 127 2 Hardworking ambitious pioneeringShe portrays several incidences of determination and ambition in life, at her early age that she wants to be a doctor. She later achieves this through her determination when after her second degree; she gets a scholarship to study haematology at John Hopkins Hospital in BaltimoreMaryland. 3 Bold courageousAt the school of medicine, when told to stand in groups before the cavader, she is the first person to gather courage to move towards it. She courageously asks the group members to make introduction which helps them to ease the tension. Her boldness is also shown when she takes the first step towards cementing their relationship.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.529186}
{"text": "3 Bold courageousAt the school of medicine, when told to stand in groups before the cavader, she is the first person to gather courage to move towards it. She courageously asks the group members to make introduction which helps them to ease the tension. Her boldness is also shown when she takes the first step towards cementing their relationship. She goes ahead and proposes to him. She, When are you going to propose if at all .. pg 256 4 Loving caring understandingHer mother, to whom she has always been close, means a lot to her. She has fond memories of her childhood with her mother. When she learns that her mother is admitted in hospital, she asks her friends to cover for her at Machakos Hospital where she is an intern so that she can visit her. Her love, care and understanding are exhibited when she adopts Becky s children: Alicia and Johnny. She handles them better than their real mother. Though she is a doctor with a tight schedule her love and care for her children and husband are not affected. She finds that she has time for them and understands them well and their academic potentials. She loves her mother-in-law, Elizabeth, and always consults her. The relationship between her and her mother was a constant source of amusement other s guts? Pg 294-295 5 WiseThough Wandia is younger than Vera, Vera seeks advice from her due to their mutual understanding. This is seen when Vera seeks advice on Becky s behavior towards her children after divorcing John. She cautions Aoro, her husband, that though they have busy schedules as doctors, they have children and should not forget they need them. 6 Observant KeenShe has observed that Becky has lost significant weight and advises Vera that they have more cause to worry due to Becky s promiscuity. She is the first to realize that their son Daniel, though a happy child, has a problem because at the age of four he still drools a little. He has down syndrome. Later through close observation and keenness as a mother she realizes that Daniel has Leukemia. The writer says, But today her keen eyes watched him frantically .. pg 286 Wandia s Role1. She is used by the writer to portray the theme of change, Education and relationships2. Through her Aoro is portrayed as determined and supportive. 3.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.550538}
{"text": "She is used by the writer to portray the theme of change, Education and relationships2. Through her Aoro is portrayed as determined and supportive. 3. She is also used to bring out humour and dialogue as a feature of style. Mark SiguMark Sigu is Elizabeth s husband and an Ex-soldier. He studied at St. Mary s Yala. He works as a manager in a firm in Nakuru. He is portrayed as a determined father who is ready to work hard and provide, bringing up his family in the best way possible. 1 Loving CaringHis life revolves around his wife and seven children. Every time he attains promotion he gathers his family protectively under his wing and resettles them to a bigger house. He also takes a helping hand in the house since, though they have a house help, his wife is overworked with seven children at home and others in school. He loves his wife and when he realizes he has been unfaithful to her, he weeps. 2 Firm strictWhen Becky leaves home, she writes a note because she is scared of facing him. She also follows his father s instructions of going back to school for her A levels without much questioning. She is also afraid to introduce her white fianc to his father for she feared him. When Aoro is sent away from school, Oloo does not only deny him food, but also gives him a month s notice to get himself a place of his own. Aoro grows up knowing that his father is a man to be respected and feared. 3 Respectful Liberal JustHis family loves him because he is just and fair, firm but understanding. This is evidenced when he accepts Vera s vocation to the Opus Dei and Tony s vocation to priesthood. He also accepts with respect Aoro s and Becky s wish to marry out of their tribe. 4 Promiscuous UnfaithfulAt the peak of the State of Emergency that brings insecurity in Nakuru, Elizabeth and the children leave Oloo in Nakuru and go back to Aluor for safety. Left alone in Nakuru, Mark develops an illicit love affair with another woman and ignores his family for some time. He gets so involved in the affair that he does not reply to his wife s letters including those that inform him of the children s illness.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.539683}
{"text": "4 Promiscuous UnfaithfulAt the peak of the State of Emergency that brings insecurity in Nakuru, Elizabeth and the children leave Oloo in Nakuru and go back to Aluor for safety. Left alone in Nakuru, Mark develops an illicit love affair with another woman and ignores his family for some time. He gets so involved in the affair that he does not reply to his wife s letters including those that inform him of the children s illness. 5 Na veTogether with his wife Elizabeth, they wrongly diagnosis her attacks of nausea and dizziness as malaria and he proceeds to buy her anti-malaria tablets which end up causing an abortion to their twins. Sigu s Roles1. Marries Elizabeth and together they have seven children thus he develops the plot. 2. Helps develop themes such as family relationships, change, education, sexual immorality and conflict. 3. Helps develop other characters like through him Elizabeth is brought out as emotional, wise, caring and lovingOWOUR KEMBO1. Admirable lovable impressive2. Loving caring faithful devoted3. Responsible protective4. Wise authoritativeOTIENO KEMBO1. Greedy jealous selfish2. Contemptuous hateful3. Lazy dependent opportunistic4. Arrogant harsh5. Cowardly timid fearfulOBURA KEMBO1. Admirable lovable2. Pleasant cheerful3. Loving4. Protective5. Industrious hardworking6. Decisive resolute7. Adventurous outgoingAORO SIGU1. Responsible2. Intelligent bright3. Remorseful repentant4. Admirable5. Caring loving6. Determined resilientLANGUAGE AND STYLEThese are techniques through which a writer communicates his her themes. Style involves the use of artistic language or feature in a literary work for effective communication of feelings, opinions and ideas. The novel is divived into four parts y that describe the life of Akoko and the genenrations that follow her. The language used at each historical time is unique to that period.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.5901527}
{"text": "Style involves the use of artistic language or feature in a literary work for effective communication of feelings, opinions and ideas. The novel is divived into four parts y that describe the life of Akoko and the genenrations that follow her. The language used at each historical time is unique to that period. Part I and II make reference to Luo expression, proverbs and words while in part III and IV there is use of modern expressions, Kiswahili words, modrn way of naming , academic terms, Christian religious allusions as change is already felt in the land in different areas of life. DREAM MOTIFVarious dreams are presented and which carry with them various messages and implications. It is through dreams that the livings are connected to the dead. This is seen for instance through Akoko s great uncle, Obanda who sends a dream through her father and grandmotherand the child is given a name. Dreams also bring hope from the spirit world. This is seen through Maria s dream where she dreams that Obura comes to her with a beetle which turns into a beautiful bird, the colour of the sky. This is interpreted that the dead brother wants the unborn baby named after him. Dreams have also seen to influence characters action and hence build the plot. This is seen in Vera s dream after breaking up with Tommy where she feels herself moving so fast towards the horizon and hangs at the edge which falls into a bottomless abyss. Perhaps an indication that she needs to take a grip over her life. She feels empty and hence accepts to join Anne to the recollection to fill the emptiness in her life. CONTRASTContrasting characters and incidents are used severally in the novel. There is a contrast between Owuor and Otieno. Owuor was hardworking whereas Otieno was very lazy. Otieno married many wives i.e. six whereas his brother Owuor only had one. We are further told that Otieno treated his wives like sluts and they did not fail him whereas Owuor treated his wife like a queen. There is also a contrast in Akoko s sons. Obura was an active and inquisitive son while his brother Owang Sino was very quiet and reserved. There is also a contrast between Vera and Becky. Vera is generous, loving and caring whereas Becky is egocentric and jealous. For instance Vera is concerned that she is not woken up when Aoro is taken ill but for Becky these are boring stories.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.61991}
{"text": "There is also a contrast between Vera and Becky. Vera is generous, loving and caring whereas Becky is egocentric and jealous. For instance Vera is concerned that she is not woken up when Aoro is taken ill but for Becky these are boring stories. The marriage between Akoko and Owuor is contrasted to that between Mark and Elizabeth. In Akoko s so much bride price was paid but in Elizabeth s she is given out almost for free. A LOCAL DIALECTThe author uses this style to give authenticity to the story. Examples of local dialect are;1. Jorochere- The white people2. Were- The god of Ramogi3. Chik- The way of the people. The laws which govern behavior4. Dwaro mara- want mine5. Dak- neighbourliness6. Wat- brotherhood7. Nak- inititation, removal of six lowerteeth8. Juok- witchcraft9. Nyadhi- style10. Sirikal- government11. Turudi mashambani12. Uhuru13. Ruguru- man from the west refers toa non-kikuyu, or a person outside the central province 14. Daktari15. Mwalimu16. Muthoni- to mean in-law17. Mikai- first wifeb FORESHADOWThis is a feeling or sign of an event set to happen in future. .he did an unheard of thing by taking her, a widow, beaten and bruised by life back into his house. Pg 15 This heightens suspense as one would want to read on and find out what made Akoko go back to her brother s home after being widowed. Obura s disappearance and death marks the beginning of a series of misfortunes that will haunt Akoko and her children.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.582895}
{"text": "Mikai- first wifeb FORESHADOWThis is a feeling or sign of an event set to happen in future. .he did an unheard of thing by taking her, a widow, beaten and bruised by life back into his house. Pg 15 This heightens suspense as one would want to read on and find out what made Akoko go back to her brother s home after being widowed. Obura s disappearance and death marks the beginning of a series of misfortunes that will haunt Akoko and her children. The family had been touched by tragedy and tragedy cansometimes be a habitual drunk who keeps coming back for more. After Oburas s death,others in Akoko family who follow mot so long later are;a Nyabera s first born child at only two yearsb Chief Owuor Kemboc Akoko s other son, Owang Sinod Nyabera s two sonse Nyabera s husband, Okumu Angolof Nyabera s two other children she had with Ogoma Kwachg Nyabera s Other childWhile Elizabeth and Mark Sigu are being weeded by Peter Owuor, it is said, ..she was a radiant a bride as only that had ever walked up the aisle to begin a marriage that would last forty six years. Pg 157 When Obura disappears to go and know about the white man, it is said of the mother, A low moan from the direction of the main hut was heard, the first sound in three days The fearful premonition of doom that only a mother, closely connected as she is to the child, can sense , was in the air. Pg 57 . The premonition eventually fluids to fulfillment in the death of Obura. The family later receives the news that Obura died in the white man s war. When Nyabera tells Akoko of her dream about Obura, Akoko tells her I think your brother is trying to tell you something, to bring a message of hope from the spirit world .May Were find it in his heart to fill our hearts with laughter again. Pg 76 . This later becomes true or is fulfilled when Akoko and Nyabera head to the mission in Aluor together with Elizabeth and Peter. Their lives are improved and they become happy again.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.63261}
{"text": "She was the most beautiful girl in the whole village and the eldest daughter of the great chief Odero Gogni and the apple of his eye. Twelve suitors came he was a young chief and single and his name was Owuor Kembo . Pg 154 Another instance of flashback focuses on the difficult birth of Mark and Elizabeth s last born child, Mary. Mark was more attached to this particular child than the others because it was as if she was grabbed from the jaws of death. This last one had come unexpectedly and has threatened miscarriage after miscarriage needing frequent hospitalization of the mother .. pg 192 Wandia during a visit to Aoro when he was an Intern, remembers her childhood. She was lost in thoughts of her childhood, running bare foot in the red fertile volcanic soil, after her mother- going home after a hard days work. She and her mother had always been very close and having been named after her maternal grandmother, her mother had never referred to her as anything but mami . Pg 255 There she was a very little girl, clothed in nothing but the love of Were-the god of the rising sun; then she was sitting in the shadow of grandfather. Oloo s largest bull missing her mother who had gone away to seek the new way . Pg 305-306 d ALLUSIONThis is making reference to a statement, person, place, event or thing that is well known from literature, history, religion, myth, sports or politics. The bible has been alluded to on several occasions. For example, when Nyabera goes to the mission at Aluor to seek the new religion, she wants to go back and get her mother to as well join it. It offered such consolation for one could identify oneself easily with the desolation ofMary a sword shall pierce your heart , with the joy of Elizabeth whose barrenness was removed by God , the warm love of weak Peter Lord you know everything, you know that I love you! Pg 108 Maria gets baptized and during baptism it is said, I baptize you Maria in the name of the father, and of the son and of the Holy Spirit. There is mention of Misri Egypt and the bad King Herodes, plus birth of Yesu Kristo.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.6868658}
{"text": "The bible has been alluded to on several occasions. For example, when Nyabera goes to the mission at Aluor to seek the new religion, she wants to go back and get her mother to as well join it. It offered such consolation for one could identify oneself easily with the desolation ofMary a sword shall pierce your heart , with the joy of Elizabeth whose barrenness was removed by God , the warm love of weak Peter Lord you know everything, you know that I love you! Pg 108 Maria gets baptized and during baptism it is said, I baptize you Maria in the name of the father, and of the son and of the Holy Spirit. There is mention of Misri Egypt and the bad King Herodes, plus birth of Yesu Kristo. Pg 109-110 Akoko and Nyabera s leaving their homes to go to the mission center at Aluor is compared tothe Biblical epic journey of Israelites from Egypt to Canaan, Like the children of Israel, they left the fresh pot of Egypt for uncertainties of Canaan, pg 113 Maria alludes to the story of Daniel and the lions, Elias, the man who went to heaven on a bicycle of fire and great friendship of Daudi and Jonathan pg 113 Other quotations from the bible and the catholic belief are; This is my body which will be given up for you. The story of the prodigal son is also alluded by Aoro when his father punished him he says, Father I have sinned before you and God. Pg 190 ,When MaryAnne and Vera attend a mass at the recollection the priest says, The mass has ended go in peace to love Lord and serve one another. Pg 132 The students studying medicine together with Aoro are said, appeared to have been turned into Pillars of salt of the Mrs. Lot variety. Pg 244 Another example of allusion is a statement used during graduation. By the powers conferred to me by the University of Nairobi I give you the powers to do all that appertains to this degree. Pg 300 . This statement is made by the chancellor of the university when conferring a doctor in medicine degree on Wandia. In the novel, historical allusion comes out. For example, the First World War has been alluded to.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.65812}
{"text": "This statement is made by the chancellor of the university when conferring a doctor in medicine degree on Wandia. In the novel, historical allusion comes out. For example, the First World War has been alluded to. The year is 1918 and the Jo-ingresa the English are at War with the Jo-Jerman the German for the last four seasons. The three young men from sakwa go to fight the Jo Jerman The Germans in a place called Tanganyika Tanzania of a country of black people ruled by Jo-Jerman. Pg 60-61 e SYMBOLISMSymbolism is the use of a person, an object, an event to represent or stand for an idea. The title, The River and The Source is symbolic. Akoko represents the source of this river, as Chief Odero comments, ..that a home without daughters is like a spring without a source. Pg 11 She is symbolic of the beginning of a new generation of women in society. She is a pioneer of women s position and change in the society. Among the many positive qualities found in her and in the women she inspires are; intelligence, hardwork, courage and determination. In the course of her life the river is threatened by obstacles among them deaths causing it to meander. However, the stream continues to flow and gains momentum. The writer comments, She it was who had been the source of this river which at on time tricked to a mere rivulet in danger of petering out ..momentum. Pg 204 She is indeed a source of inspiration in the family for through her guidance and wisdom she counters all most all the obstacles that come her way and that of her children and grandchildren. Akoko s name which means noisy one implies that the female gender should not keep quiet whenthey are denied what is rightfully theirs. Her first words dwara mara means want mine signifies that women should stand out to what is theirs. Otieno Kembo is symbolic of male chauvinism. He is also symbol of greed, opportunism and arrogance of men who cling to tradition in the name of defending male interests. Pg 73 The journey by Akoko, Nyabera, Awiti and Owuor to Aluor mission, is symbolic of a new way of life and severance from the old way of life. They now live far away from their matrimonial homes.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.713526}
{"text": "He does not keep it in custody but instead usurps his nephews chieftainship. He even grabs his brother s as well as Akoko s wealth. When Obura and two other men are killed in a war against the Germans on Tanganyika, the white man s messenger .... presented the chief with a bracelet which they said was sent by the white people as a thank you and in memory of the fallen men It is ironical that after a selfless struggle by Obura on behalf of the whites, through which he loses his life, they can exchange life with a bracelet. When we study the character of Vera, we discover yet another irony. She had been brought up embracing all the basic Christian values and beliefs and we expect that she can find it quite simple to comprehend and understand the existence of God. But when she becomes opposed to this belief and fails to understand the being of God given such a background, it becomes ironical. H VIVID DESCRIPTIONOwour Kembo is vividly described; Even without his black and white Columbus monkey headdress, he stood head and shoulders above most men. He was obviously a man of nyadhi.....he has a spear in one hand, a shield in the other and splashes of white war paint across his body. His face was virtually tattooed, his head set proudly on his shoulders and he wore only a tiny piece of leopard skin..... pg 18 Akoko s beauty is brought out through vivid description; her eyes were set apart and neither too small nor too big, her teeth were white and even with a bewitching gap at the centre of the upper set. Her ears with earrings dangling from tiny holes were perfectly shaped standing just at the right angle from her head. And that neck! It was fit to inspire praise songs from nyatiti players! And were those two whole rings on her navel? ...... As for her legs, Were must have curved them out personally rather than one of his apprentices. Pg 28 i ORAL LITERATURE DEVICESThe writer had used some oral literature in The River and the Source. These include: Proverbs Songs Myth Legendsa PROVERBS WISE SAYINGAkoko s father said of her birth, A home without daughters is like a spring without a source pg 11 . This indicates the chief s flexibility.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.7052503}
{"text": "And were those two whole rings on her navel? ...... As for her legs, Were must have curved them out personally rather than one of his apprentices. Pg 28 i ORAL LITERATURE DEVICESThe writer had used some oral literature in The River and the Source. These include: Proverbs Songs Myth Legendsa PROVERBS WISE SAYINGAkoko s father said of her birth, A home without daughters is like a spring without a source pg 11 . This indicates the chief s flexibility. He hears the baby cry and thinks it is a boy, another rock for my sling. The fact that the baby is a girl does not dampen his spirit whatsoever. Akoko s family spokesman, Oloo, convinces the audience about a woman s worth to her husband during the dispute between Akoko and her mother-in-law and brother-in-law ........who knows the goodness of a tree but he who sits under its shade and eats its fruits? Pg 44 Other examples of proverbs found in the story are-; Good manners is the fabric that holds the community together used in respect to the search parties to mean that even if they did not find Obura, it was a sign of respect to the search parties to mean that even if they dis not findObura, it was a sign of respect to go and report to the chief. Yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow. Pg 75 This proverb is used by Akoko to encourage her daughter Nyabera who had suffered greatly by losing her children. It was disquieting to have all one s eggs in this one tiny frail basket. Pg 74 . This is in reference to Akoko s family s hopes of that long over the chiefdom which has now been placed in the hands of the little boy, her grandson. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pg 103 Akoko uses this proverb to encourage Nyabera to try new religion so that all bitterness in her can end. ...... Beggars cannot be choosers. Pg 107 Nyabera had to make do with the place shown to her to put a house at Aluor mission.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.7378845}
{"text": "This is in reference to Akoko s family s hopes of that long over the chiefdom which has now been placed in the hands of the little boy, her grandson. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but vipers some of which might consume your very self. Pg 103 Akoko uses this proverb to encourage Nyabera to try new religion so that all bitterness in her can end. ...... Beggars cannot be choosers. Pg 107 Nyabera had to make do with the place shown to her to put a house at Aluor mission. ......... You don t have to be good, all you have to be is lucky. Pg 281 . Vera uses this saying in reference to his brother who is lucky to have a good girl like Wandia. Laziness opens the door for evil to rule one s mind and body. Pg 93 . Akoko uses this proverb to chide her brother-in-law Otieno, who because of his laziness, ends up grabbing her wealth and inheritance. B SONGSThe young men who come to escort Akoko from Yimbo to her husband s home in Sakwa compose chants to praise certain qualities in themselves. The song also creates humour. It also breaks monotony of narration. Pg 26 quote the song in page 26 Akoko sings a dirge full of praise for her husband as she morns him pg69 . Quote the dirgein page 69 The song breaks monotony of narration, makes the story interesting and also indicates how the two; Akoko and Owuor Kembo loved each other. C MYTHA myth is story that talks about the origin of a group of people or a phenomenon. AKoko narrates the story of the origin of the Luo to her grandson twins, Opiyo and Odongo as they embark in their epic journey. In the beginning, Were was alone in the world which was beautiful. Were is a spirit and a spirit is like a flame.....so he created Ramogi and his brothers who were men......... pg 81-82 This myth highlights the role of elders in this community, which is to impact knowledge on the history of the tribe to all young ones.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.7700794}
{"text": "AKoko narrates the story of the origin of the Luo to her grandson twins, Opiyo and Odongo as they embark in their epic journey. In the beginning, Were was alone in the world which was beautiful. Were is a spirit and a spirit is like a flame.....so he created Ramogi and his brothers who were men......... pg 81-82 This myth highlights the role of elders in this community, which is to impact knowledge on the history of the tribe to all young ones. ....... How can you know where you are coming from? Pg 81 d LEGENDSA legend is a story that talks about a heroic historical character. Of the children of Ramogi many great brave men have arisen. They are called, thuondi the brave ones. These men of renown include Lwanda Magere. So strong and brave a warrior was he that it is rumoured that sharp spears of Lang o warriors could not pierce his skin. Then there was Gor Mahia, the wily one who could change hid form into anything at all....... pg 82 THE RIVER AND THE SOURCE: SAMPLEDPOSSIBLE EXCERPT QUESTIONS AND RESPONSES1. Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow. Akoko returned to her village having won more than a victory for her infant grandson. She had opened new vistas for her family, which showed another world and the possibility of a different way. She talked about her journey to her daughter Nyabera, who sat on a mat nursing her newborn daughter; she drank in her mother s every word. You know my child, human beings are all the same the world over, with good ones and bad ones. The bad ones serve to high light the goodness of the good ones. To allow oneself to sink unresistingly into evil is a bad thing. Take those white people, they are not of my colour, or of my blood but they are just, but your uncle is ruled by his stomach and directed by his loins. He forgot everything that his brother had ever done for him and his greed turned into vindictive hatred. It would have been something if he had worked to support his appetites, but he is lazy. Laziness opens the door to evil to rule one s mind and body. Work tirelessly my child. It is a shame for an able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.818786}
{"text": "Laziness opens the door to evil to rule one s mind and body. Work tirelessly my child. It is a shame for an able bodied person to feed off the sweat of others. It becomes like a sickness of the blood which transmits itself to generations and becomes a curse forever. Akoko left the clan of her husband Owuor and returned to Yimbo with all the property she had salvaged from her brother-in-law, Otieno. It was a mighty herd which moved in three cohorts. Of the three children she had borne, there survived only one; of the grand children only two still lived; and the she dwelt in the household of her brother Oloo. She was fifty seasons of age, a middle aged woman. Sometimes she remembered how it had been and this was painful, for now she, a migogo, was reduced to living with her brother. She wondered how long it would be before his wives started making insinuations, but she did not allow herself to descend to bitterness; for yesterday is not today and today is not tomorrow. Each day rises from the hands of were and brings with it whatsoever it will. A Outline events immediately before the extract. 4mks b In what two ways is Akoko s journey important? 2mks c How does Otieno s weakness serve to highlight Akoko s strength? 2mks d Name Akoko s children not mentioned in this passage. How did they die? 4mks e Comment on ONE feature of style evident in the extract. 2mks f Explain ONE theme coming out in this extract. 2mks g State and explain lesson you learn from the passage. 2mks h What does the last paragraph tell us about Akoko? Explain 2mks i Explain the meaning of the following expressions as used in the passage. 3mks .she drank in her mother s every word ..feed off the sweat of others .. ..cohortsj He forgot everything that his brother had ever done for him . What is it that Otieno forgot? 3 mks Possible Responsesa - Akoko is escorted to Kisuma by the messanger and two askaris the DO has sent. -. She makes her appeal before the DC who bears the petition.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.7835815}
{"text": "What is it that Otieno forgot? 3 mks Possible Responsesa - Akoko is escorted to Kisuma by the messanger and two askaris the DO has sent. -. She makes her appeal before the DC who bears the petition. 1mk- The DC makes judgment in which Otieno Kembo is made to relinquish the stool and return that entire he had grabbed from Akoko. 1mk Marking points- Journey to Kisuma 1mk- Appeal before the DC 1mk- Judgement by the DC verdict 1mk- Justice 1mkb - It has opened way for a newness e.g leadership- It serves to enhance the reservation of human right irrespective of gender. E.g right to ownership- It serves to reduce wrong doing while upholding morality e.g Otieno is punishedc - His injustice 1mk greed, etc makes Akoko s decisive and pioneering 1mk characters to come out. D - Obura Kembo 1mk who died in the world war 1mk- Oway Sino 1mk who died chocking with 1mk a fish bone. E - Dialogue 1mk Akoko talking to her daughter Nyabera 1mk who is listening You know my child . Comment : - Reveals Akoko s character of being wise-Reveals the themes of justice and equality- Reveals Otieno e character lazy and greedyf - Justice The DC gives Akoko justice by punishing wrong doing. -. Equality The DC provides justice irrespective of gender or race. G - We should work hard Akoko tells Nyabera that laziness is a disease .. - We should fight for our right justice. Akoko looks for justice and gets it. -. We should have hope and determination and live for have a better future noSituation is permanent.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.7974422}
{"text": "- We should fight for our right justice. Akoko looks for justice and gets it. -. We should have hope and determination and live for have a better future noSituation is permanent. H - She is determined enduring- She is optimistic- Despite the challenges she expects to meet in her brothers household, she bracesherself and hopes that all will end one day. Yesterday is not today i - She understood all that her mother told her- Depending on other people for survival- Large groupsj - He forgot that it is his brother the late Owuor Kembo who supported him by feeding 1mk his entire household. 1mk2. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Mother, I have decided to seek the new religion which you have heard about. Youknow my life is a painful wound to me and much as I try my heart fills with bitternessfor me and for you . My child, do not feel bitterness for me for I am an old woman who has lived her life. As for you it is better that you seek this new way. It might give you hope and rescueyou from bitterness. Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breeds nothing but viperssome of which might consume your very self. Pain and sorrow all human being feel;but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes- causing it to wither. I give you my blessingmy child. If you are walking along and you find your path leading nowhere, then it isonly wise to try some other path. Thank you mother. I will bring you news as soon as I can. May Were protect you. Questions. I Place the above extract to its immediate context. Ii You know my life is painful wound. What made Nyabera regard her life as apainful wound? Iii In what way was Nyabera s life similar to that of Akoko according to the rest of thenovel. Iv Identify and illustrate one characters trait of Akoko and Nyabera as brought out inthis extract. I. Akoko ii. Nyabera150 P a g e v Identify two features of style used in this extract vi Pain and sorrow all human being feel. Rewrite this sentences making human thesubject of the sentence.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.852633}
{"text": "Akoko ii. Nyabera150 P a g e v Identify two features of style used in this extract vi Pain and sorrow all human being feel. Rewrite this sentences making human thesubject of the sentence. Vii Briefly explain one theme that is brought out in this extract. Possible Responsesi. BeforeNyabera had gone to philipo to inquire about the new religion. She had then gatheredher things and decided to leave her daughter with her mother n Yimbo. Shei informsher mother of her decision to seek the new religion .Her mother encourage her to goahead and join the new religion and forget her bitters .Immediately after this Nyaberat ravel s to Aluor mission and join the new religion . Ii. Nyabera had suffered a lot in her life because her children had died mysteriously leavingher with only a girlchild Awiti . Her husband had died .Ogoma Kwach who had inheritedher had back gone to his family. Iii . I . Both had lost their husbands through death ii . Their children had died iii . They were both sonless iv . I Akoko philosophical Reasoning Bitterness is poison to the spirit for it breedsnothing but viper ii . Nyabera- Bitter You know my wife a painful wound and much as my heart fills withbitterness - Religious Decides to seek solace n the new religion May Never protect you v . Dialogue Mother I have decided .. Nyabera-Thank you motherSimile but bitterness drops on the spirit like aloes .. Use of Local dialect- Were vi . Religion Nyabera decides to seek new religion . Death and suffering - You know my life is a painful wound3. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Good. Very good. How about this marriage business-don t you think it is too soon? Imean you re only worked for a year do you really have anything to offer a wife? Things like language to be spoken at home, the religion to be practised and by the way towhat faith does she belong?", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.8424304}
{"text": "After Aoro s father is skeptical about Aoro s marriage to Wandia He cites religion as one of the problems likely to arise if the two get married Aoro tells his father they will sort out issues like religious differences andlanguage to be spoken as Wandia is a rational person. B ThemesReligion - Aoro s father wanted to know Aoro and Wandia s religious differencescould cause them problems. Tribalism Aoro s father asked Aoro why he could not get a nice Luo girl to marryinstead of Wandia who is a Kikuyu c Dialogue Mark Sigu and Aoro are conversing concerning Aoro s intention to marryWandia. Mark Sigu: How about the marriage businessAoro : I guess not Comment dialogue makes the conversation interesting and livelyUse of dashes-She is a Kikuyu after all they have a thing about moneyComment to indicate pause or deep thoughts creates suspense d Mark Sigu s character Prejudicial stereotyping tribalistic-He regards all Kikuyus as money lovers Loving -He told Aoro that he loved him and was proud of him Caring-He told his son Aoro that he was trying to forestall any possible miserywhich may arise in future. E When Aoro and his brothers went to swim and his young twin brother almostdrowned. When Aoro was suspended from school for being rude to the prefects in hisschool. His father denied him food for 36 hours and he passed out. F Aoro says he doubts that Wandia, irrespective of being a Kikuyu, is materialistic;that he has feelings for Wandia which he could not transfer to any other person;everyone, irrespective of the tribe, was the same beneath the skin. 4. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:152 P a g e Brothers, we greet you and bring you many greetings from the people of seme. My nephew,Oloo, son of my late brother Sigu, came to me and said: Father, I have found a girl and Iwant to get married.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.8792806}
{"text": "4. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:152 P a g e Brothers, we greet you and bring you many greetings from the people of seme. My nephew,Oloo, son of my late brother Sigu, came to me and said: Father, I have found a girl and Iwant to get married. Now I am a reasonable man and I know the ways of chik,so I asked him: Son I asked him one does not just find a girl in the air. One sends ajwanyoto go and spy agirl and find out her antecedents and character. Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy orshiftless? Might there be consanguinity between you and her? Who is her mother and father? I tell you my brothers that I was flabbergasted to hear that none of these things had crossedhis mind. He knew that her mother s name was Maria and her grandmother s name wasAkoko and that was all. You will therefore forgive us because we do not know you and youdo not know us. We only came because we have faith in our son who has always been areasonable man. We therefore wish to introduce ourselves before we go on. Iam SemoRakulaof Seme,our village is near that strange rock- upon-a-rock,Kit-Mikai. We are the descendantsof that wear warrior, NyagudiKogambi. Oloo and these young men are my sons and nephew. Oloo is a man of learning and what is more a soldier who has fought for the white man indistant landa Now he is a clerk with a big kambi company inNakuru, where he gets a goodsalary. So should this suit be acceptable to all you need have no fear that your daughter willstarve. I tell you these things because there are things jawang yowould havefound out foryou. Thank you brothers. A pot of kong owas moved near him and he drew a long refreshingdraught. Some things never change-a spokesman needs to irrigate his throat. Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girlAwiti is the only child of mylate brother Okumu.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.8997445}
{"text": "Some things never change-a spokesman needs to irrigate his throat. Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girlAwiti is the only child of mylate brother Okumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe, The girl has group inGem because her mother being a widow and having converted to Christianity decided tosettle here which a good thing is because now she is like light for the rest of us. She is highlyeducated and a teacher of children. A Place this excerpt in its immediate context. 4marks b Identify and illustrate any three thematic concerns evident in this excerpt. 6marks c Describe the character of Awiti as brought out in this excerpt, 2marks d Apart from the case in this excerpt, explain where again there is a compromise in thebrideprice later on in the novel. 2marks e In one sentence,paraphrase the statements below 2marks Brothers, people of Seme. My name is OyangeSilwal The girl Awiti is the only child of mylate brother153 P a g eOkumu. We are from Sakwa from the village of Gombe. F You will therefore forgive us brothers because we do not know you and you do not knowus. In light of what happens in the novel, why is the speaker begging for forgiveness. 2marks g Identify and illustrate any two stylistic devices evidently used in this excerpt. 4marks h Give the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the excerpt. 2marks Consanguinity;irrigate his throat;Possible Responsesa. Awiti Elizabeth begins a relationship with Mark Sigu; she introduces the matter to Akoko andNyabera; Akoko invites her relations and negotiation is fixed .Mark Sigu comes also withhis relations. They meet, talk and are entertained. They agree on just a token as a brideprice. The talks are concluded and akoko calls Mark for a close talk, they joyously talk. Later on in the night Akoko dies.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.9161057}
{"text": "They agree on just a token as a brideprice. The talks are concluded and akoko calls Mark for a close talk, they joyously talk. Later on in the night Akoko dies. B.Love and friendship: Awiti and mark fall in love and marry; Family ties and relations:Akoko s close relatives must be invited for the negotiation so is the family of MarkSigu. Changes; mark and Awiti want to marry yet they do not know one another s familybackground; religion: Awiti s mother is said to be converted to Christianity and went to livein the mission; Eduaction: Awiti is said to be an educated girl and is a teacher. C Hardworking; she studies very hard and becomes a teacherd. Wandia s mother does not demand any bride price but only asks Aoro to stay in peace withher daughter. E. Oyange Silwal tells the people of Seme that Awiti is the only child of his late brotherOkumu and that they are from Sakwa from the clan of Gombef. Because it is not customary to get into marriage negotiations without full knowledge of oneanother s background. G. Rhetoric questions: Is she a thief or a witch? Is she lazy or shiftless? Might there beconsanguinity between you and her? Direct address Brothers we greet you and bring you man greetings. H. Consanguinity;- close relationship To irrigate his throat to take a drink to so as to talkwith ease. 5. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:My fathers, It is a shameful thing for my wife to leave her husbands house and return to herfather s house. This outrageous thing had occurred only because I was not here to prevent it. Our chief, we are saddened by this unfortunate state of affairs, but you must admit that yourmother has a point or two. Long have we pleaded with you to take another wife for two. Longhave we pleaded with you to take another wife for yourself and you have adamantly refused. Now she has left you, you are like a misumba, a bachelor which would not have been the caseif you had another wife. We beg you take another wife for yourself. This was from Oyier, agrizzled old man who had been his mother s greatest champion in her quest for a wife forOwuor.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.933488}
{"text": "Longhave we pleaded with you to take another wife for yourself and you have adamantly refused. Now she has left you, you are like a misumba, a bachelor which would not have been the caseif you had another wife. We beg you take another wife for yourself. This was from Oyier, agrizzled old man who had been his mother s greatest champion in her quest for a wife forOwuor. He realized that the old geezrs were going to give him a hard time of it, so he changedhis tactics. 154 P a g e Fathers, you are the wise men of this community. That is why you sit in the council. Is itthat you have forgotten the ways of chik or that your determination to get me to marry otherwives has clouded your judgement? Do you not know that a man s mikai is the greatest jewelthat adorns his compound? That her position in maintained and protected by taboos imposedby the ways of chik? That if I die, Were forbid, my body can only lie of her hut? And thiswould do so even if she herself were dead? To lose one s mikai is to lose one s right hand. The Jodongo nodded sagaciously at the wisdom uttered by the chief. It is true that the mikaiis the centre post that holds up a man s hut. Without her, or if she were stupid, only Werecould rescue such a man from being blown away from among the people like so much chaff. She it is who saves a young man from the follies and stupidities of youth. Indeed the people ofRamogi has a saying which declared that The medicine for stupidity in marriage . Yes, thechief had spoken wisely. But Oyier would not give up so easily a Explain what happens just before this excerpt 3mks b What is the bone of contention between Akoko and her mother-in-law, Nyar Asembo 3mks c The girl child brieflt explain the relevance of this sub-heading to the whole novel 2mks d Oyier sounds sarcastic in his speech.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.9419968}
{"text": "Indeed the people ofRamogi has a saying which declared that The medicine for stupidity in marriage . Yes, thechief had spoken wisely. But Oyier would not give up so easily a Explain what happens just before this excerpt 3mks b What is the bone of contention between Akoko and her mother-in-law, Nyar Asembo 3mks c The girl child brieflt explain the relevance of this sub-heading to the whole novel 2mks d Oyier sounds sarcastic in his speech. Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man shut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the communityrepresented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt. Give two examples and explain its significances 2mks k Discuss the mood that is prevalent in this extract 1mk Possible Responses a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation isslowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women bycasting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera,Elizabeth and her great grandchildren. Akoko is the source of life.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.9735951}
{"text": "Identify and explain the sarcasm 2mks e From the excerpt, contrast the character of Owuor with that of his brother Otieno 4mks f Explain the meaning of It is true that Mikai is the centre post that hold up a man shut 2mks g Identify parenthisis in the last paragraph of this excerpt 1mk h Explain the main theme that comes out in this excerpt 2mks i From your knowledge of the novel, describe the role of Jodongo in the communityrepresented in this novel Write your answer in note farm 3mks i Local language is used in this exerpt. Give two examples and explain its significances 2mks k Discuss the mood that is prevalent in this extract 1mk Possible Responses a Owuor returns his journey only to find an empty houseHe tries to inquire from neighbours and from his children what had happenedHe gets very angry locks himself up in his simba He sermons the council; jodongo to convene the following day 3mks b Nyar Asembo alleges that Akoko is unable to conceive regularly her rate of procreation isslowShe accuses Akoko of practicing witchcraft against her sonShe also acuses Akoko of standing between Owuor and his marriage to other women bycasting a spell on himc The Girl child This refers to AKokoShe is the source of the family tree river that extends for many generations for her, Nyabera,Elizabeth and her great grandchildren. Akoko is the source of life. She represents women asnatia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAs a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity ofvision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daringactions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense hecapitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor 155 P a g emarry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba .", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.0007288}
{"text": "Akoko is the source of life. She represents women asnatia, Awiti, Vera and WandiaAs a source, her family survives due to he determination wisdom, hardwork and clarity ofvision as a girl-childShe plays a role of those who have been wise in their time, pioneers through whose daringactions bring progress to the whole society 2mks d Oyier says that they are saddened by the disappearance of Akoko but in the real sense hecapitalizes or this opportunity to advance Owuor s mother s quest of getting him Owuor 155 P a g emarry another wife. Oyier calls him a misumba . This is meant to hurt and humiliate Owuorso that he can marry another wife e Look for the following pointsOwuor Otieno i wise Foolish ii Reasoning Irrational iii Faithful Immoral iv Responsible Irresponsible v Generous greedy vi Tactical tactless 4mks NB- Contrasting words and phrases must be used. One character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno fromelsewhere in the novel f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a centralpost holds up a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports herhusband and gives dignity.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406315.9810617}
{"text": "One character trait of Owuor must come from the excerpt but that of Otieno fromelsewhere in the novel f It expresses the importance of the first wife Akoko0 to Owuor Kembo. Just like a centralpost holds up a hut, the Mikai prevents a homestead from falling apart. Akoko supports herhusband and gives dignity. G Without her, or if she were stupid only Were could rescue suh a man from being blownaway from among the people like so much chaff 1mk h Tradition-If a man dies, his body lies in his house before burial in the right hand side ofMikai s houseThe council of Jodongo arbitrates in marriage desputesPosition of Mikai is protected by taboosLosing a mikai is like loosing one s right hand mikai refered as a jewel The society is polygamousIt was a taboo for a man and such a chief to be a misumba bachelor 2mks i Involved in marriage negotiations solved marriage disputesArbitrate in social matters judges casesAssists the chief in running the affairs of the communityAssists in the removal of a bad chief 3mks NB- Notes are shown through letters, arrows, a star, a dash, a dot and use ofincomplete sentences. J : Mikai , Chik , Misumba,Has aesthetic valueGives the story its local flavor thus providing varietyAdd colour and flavor to the novelIt authenticates and pin points the setting of the novel as KenyanIt injects life in the narration thus making the story enjoyableIt provides a social and geographical setting 2mks k Solemn serious grave somber melancholic mood. My fathers..it is a shameful thing fromy wife to leave ..prevent it 1mk 6. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: wolololoyaye Mama yoo! Biuru une! Come and see! 156 P a g eThe strangers were taken to the chief s house and the older people saw that their faceswere solemn .they couldn t be bearers of good news.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.010191}
{"text": "My fathers..it is a shameful thing fromy wife to leave ..prevent it 1mk 6. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: wolololoyaye Mama yoo! Biuru une! Come and see! 156 P a g eThe strangers were taken to the chief s house and the older people saw that their faceswere solemn .they couldn t be bearers of good news. We greet you, o chief Owour .We are people sent by sirikal, the government, with amessage for you. The white garbed one who was obviously the spokesman declared. And who, may I ask, is this sirikal? I ve never heard of him. Said the chief baffled. You may have heard that the country is being ruled by white people now .They, with thehelp of some black people, have formed something like the council of jodongo, onlymuch bigger, to make sure that everyone lives in peace according to the new law .This issirikal. Is that so? A Explain what had caused the outburst at the beginning of the extra? 2marks b What is strange about the chief s question? 2marks c Comment on the use of local dialect in this excerpt. 4 marks d Describe the different moods depicted in the excerpt. 4 marks e Identify with illustrations one theme from the excerpt. 2 marks f Illustrate a character trait of the strangers and of the older men. 4 marks g In note form state what the messengers had to say to the chief in this excerpt. 5 marks h Explain the meaning of the following words as used in the excerpt: 2marks i solemn ii garbedPossible Responsesa Strange men in strange dresses .Long garb reaching his ankles and a skull cap hadarrived in the village .The children, who were naked, thought this was funny. B The chief thinks sirikal is a person the chief is part of the sirikal but he does not know it . C The local dialect Wolololoyaye! Mama yoo ! Biuru une! -. Injects life into the narration making it enjoyable. -. It adds local flavour and provides variety. -. It provides social and geographical setting.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.084305}
{"text": "C The local dialect Wolololoyaye! Mama yoo ! Biuru une! -. Injects life into the narration making it enjoyable. -. It adds local flavour and provides variety. -. It provides social and geographical setting. D First there is excitement when people see strangers dressed in a funny attire .Then there istenseness as the elders notice the strangers look sad solemn They conclude that theycannot be bearers of good news. E Theme of change anew form of government is in place. F Strange men respectful courteous they greet the chief in a respectful mannerWise they first give background information before breaking the bad news. Older men-observant discerning they notice that faces of the strangers are sad andconclude that they cannot be bearers of good news. G The message is that:- A clan of Jo-jerman and Jo-ingreza had been hard at war against each other. -. Young people had joined to help and from the chief s village, Obura, Ambere Kongosoand Nyaroche Siwal, had gone. -. They went to fight Jo-jerman in a place called Tanganyika- Only Nyaroche survived and is a beggar at Kisumu. -. The government the white people had given a bracelet as a thank you in memory of thefallen menh Solemn-sad serious157 P a g eGarbed dressed adorned7. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:The envelope had been addressed to mark who opened it, read the letter and passed it toher. At least she is from the country, he said sounding a bit odd. She looked at him and then lowered her eyes to the letter. It was characteristicallyAoro brief and to the point. She felt kind of sorry to Mark. First there had been Beckywho had left home unceremoniously only to return with a white man in tow. A very niceman but apparently not nice enough for Becky. He had found out that she was having anaffair during his trips abroad and had sued for divorce. Now she was living alone with thechildren, financially well off, but unhappy.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.04588}
{"text": "A very niceman but apparently not nice enough for Becky. He had found out that she was having anaffair during his trips abroad and had sued for divorce. Now she was living alone with thechildren, financially well off, but unhappy. It was one thing to enjoy the thrills of anaffair, but a different thing altogether to have a carte blanche to do exactly as you pleased. John had been terribly hurt of course and mark had been furious with her. Then Tony had joined priesthood Mark resisted it at first but recently, duringTony s ordination he had been full of pride for his son whose face had shone with joyand youthful dedication. Vera s case had been the hardest to accept. Mark thought of theworld of Vera, and deferred to her in everything. Then she had arrived home one day anddeclared that she wanted to join the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marryingmember. But he had eventually accepted because he loved her. Because she looked soradiant. Anything that could bring such joy and serenity could not be that bad. It was apity though that she did not wear a veil or a habit. That way he could at least havebragged about her a little to his friends. His children were a source of great envy to hisless lucky friends. Vera for one was a fully qualified electronics expert and had alucrative job in the city with large salary and all sorts of benefits. Women like that tendedto marry the most amazing wimps and Mark had held his breath in fear. But in the end allVera wanted was to dedicate her life and her work to God, and there was no turning herback. So Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl naturally aLuo like himself who would proceed to have many children all a nice, ordinary blackcolour. A Briefly state the contents of the letter mentioned. 3marks b In point form summarize why Elizabeth pities Mark in this excerpt. 4marks c Discuss the irony brought out in this excerpt 4marks d Identify and illustrate three character traits of Mark evident in this excerpt. 6 marks e Comment on the thematic concerns that are depicted in this extract. 4 marks f His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.0960164}
{"text": "4marks c Discuss the irony brought out in this excerpt 4marks d Identify and illustrate three character traits of Mark evident in this excerpt. 6 marks e Comment on the thematic concerns that are depicted in this extract. 4 marks f His children were a source of great envy to his less lucky friends. Rewrite as an interrogative statement 1mark g Elizabeth secretly hoped that Aoro would bring home a nice girl .,. Does he? Discuss with illustrations from elsewhere in the novel. 3 marks Possible Responsesa - Aoro has finished his internship successfully 1- He has one month leave 1 and will visit home on 28th 1- He will bring along wandia, 1 a doctor the girl he intends to marry b - Becky leaves home unceremoniously and marries a white man 1- She Becky gets into an affair and is divorced 1158 P a g e- Vera joins the Opus - Dei as a non marrying member 1- Tony joins priesthood 1- Aoro intends to marry a girl from another ethnic tribe 1c - Mark expects Vera and tony to marry but they don t - It is ironical that John ,Becky s husband is a good husband yet she gets into anaffair that leads to divorce - It is ironical that Becky is financially well off yet she is unhappy. -. It is ironical that well educated women with good jobs end up marrying themost amazing wimps instead of men like them. Men who are well educated d i Accommodating 1 Mark resisted it at first .. He had been full of pridefor his son but he had eventually accepted .. He eventually accepts Tony sand Vera s choices 1ii Concerned women were like that .. Mark held his breath in fear, - He fears that Vera might marry a wimp like the other educatedwomen. Iii Supportive anything that could bring such joy and serenity couldnot be that bad He allows Vera to join the Opus Dei because she is happythere.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.0873249}
{"text": "He had been full of pridefor his son but he had eventually accepted .. He eventually accepts Tony sand Vera s choices 1ii Concerned women were like that .. Mark held his breath in fear, - He fears that Vera might marry a wimp like the other educatedwomen. Iii Supportive anything that could bring such joy and serenity couldnot be that bad He allows Vera to join the Opus Dei because she is happythere. Iv Loving caring - ...he had eventually accepted because he loved her, v Boastful That way he could at least have bragged about her a littleto his friends, e i Religion - Vera joint the catholic prelature of Opus Dei as a non marryingmember. -. Tony had joined priesthoodii Betrayal unfaithfulness immorality Becky moves around with other menwhen herhusband is not around. Iii Gender parity equity Vera is a fully qualified electronics expert works in amale dominated career - Vera does not marry. Iv Love Mark loves his children and wants the best for them, which makes himaccept thechoices they make in life. F Were his children a source of great envy to his less lucky friends? G Yes, 1 Aoro brings home a nice girl for Wandia is:i Respectful - during her first visit, she interacts with both mark and Elizabethwith lots of respect 1ii Dependable Takes care of Becky s children after her death. 1iii Friendly she becomes very good friends with Elizabeth and Vera. 1iv Loving caring She takes good care of her large family despite being a careerwoman 18. Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow: Thirty head! Exclaimed Aloo in disbelief. Yes, thirty head! Declared the uncompromising chief. But that is two and half times the usual bride price. Even for Akoko, it was too much. Let them show us that my daughter is not going to starve in that wasteland they call ahome . 159 P a g eThey trooped back into the hut and the negotiations began in earnest.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.1400619}
{"text": "But that is two and half times the usual bride price. Even for Akoko, it was too much. Let them show us that my daughter is not going to starve in that wasteland they call ahome . 159 P a g eThey trooped back into the hut and the negotiations began in earnest. Brothers, people of Sakwa, we are pleased to welcome you to Yimbo. It is customary,because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughters and we yours. Weare therefore more than neighbours, we have great wat between us because of theintermingling of blood though this has not occurred between our two lines so there is nodanger of brother marrying sister - great taboo. Since you are our brother, we will notmake things difficult for you. Here he stopped to take a sip of kong o and you couldhave heard the ants talk, so great was the silence. However, nobody was fooled by hissweet words. He continued, enjoying immensely the tension he was creating. Our daughter, AdoyoObanda is a great beauty whose assets have been praised and sung by many a nyatitisinger from here to Chumbu Kombit, from Sakwa to Loka Nam. She is as fleet as agazelle and her flying feet have been incorporated into the saying of our village so thatmothers sending their daughters on errand tell them to run like Adoyo of the flying feet. She has been carefully brought up and has been taught all the requirements of chik. She isa very apt pupil and will therefore not bring shame and ruin to her husband by improperconduct. Her antecedents are peerless for she can trace her blood line clear to Ramogi our greatfather and her blood is pure for we have always taken care to marry correctly .She is alsothe eldest daughter of our great chief, a man of whose fame is known throughout thisland. After careful consultation, we have therefore decided that thirty head of cattleshould be the proper bride price. Was that an inaudible gasp from someone at the back? Chief Owuor Kembo signaled to his uncle and the old man spoke. A Explain briefly what happens first before this excerpt.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.1666975}
{"text": "After careful consultation, we have therefore decided that thirty head of cattleshould be the proper bride price. Was that an inaudible gasp from someone at the back? Chief Owuor Kembo signaled to his uncle and the old man spoke. A Explain briefly what happens first before this excerpt. 2Marks b State briefly what happens after this excerpt 2Marks c Briefly describe the nature of the ceremony going on in this excerpt 3Marks d Identify and illustrate two character traits of Aloo K olima in this excerpt. 4Marks e Identify and illustrate any two themes evident in this excerpt. 4Marks f Make notes on the qualities of Adoyo Obanda as revealed in this excerpt. 5Marks g Identify and illustrate any two features of style used in this excerpt. 4Marks Possible Responsesa Chief Odera Gogni calls the councils of Jodongo from Sakwa outside his house forconsultation about Akoko s betrothal Chief Odero Gogni discloses to the council of Jodongo that he has already sent away12 suitors Chief Odero Gogni discloses that he likes this group of suitors because the bride is ofa good stock and his uncle a good spokesman Chief Odero Gogni tells Aloo K Olina to set Akoko s bride price at thirty headb Elders from Sakwa ask to be allowed to consult with each other outside chief Odero shouse160 P a g e Akoko watches what is going on from her mother s kitchen, asks to be given a pieceof land to settle for she feels she might never get married Otieno Kembo argues against the high bride price Owuor Kembo accepts to pay the thirty head of cattle as bride pricec Formal negotiations of Akoko s bride price between the people of Sakwa and thepeople of Yimbo The bride price has to be set depending on Akoko s outstanding attributesd i Tradition Akoko has been taught all the requirements of chick tradition Traditionally a brother marrying a sister is a great taboo Traditionally elders drink Kong o during marriage negations.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.1513677}
{"text": "4Marks f Make notes on the qualities of Adoyo Obanda as revealed in this excerpt. 5Marks g Identify and illustrate any two features of style used in this excerpt. 4Marks Possible Responsesa Chief Odera Gogni calls the councils of Jodongo from Sakwa outside his house forconsultation about Akoko s betrothal Chief Odero Gogni discloses to the council of Jodongo that he has already sent away12 suitors Chief Odero Gogni discloses that he likes this group of suitors because the bride is ofa good stock and his uncle a good spokesman Chief Odero Gogni tells Aloo K Olina to set Akoko s bride price at thirty headb Elders from Sakwa ask to be allowed to consult with each other outside chief Odero shouse160 P a g e Akoko watches what is going on from her mother s kitchen, asks to be given a pieceof land to settle for she feels she might never get married Otieno Kembo argues against the high bride price Owuor Kembo accepts to pay the thirty head of cattle as bride pricec Formal negotiations of Akoko s bride price between the people of Sakwa and thepeople of Yimbo The bride price has to be set depending on Akoko s outstanding attributesd i Tradition Akoko has been taught all the requirements of chick tradition Traditionally a brother marrying a sister is a great taboo Traditionally elders drink Kong o during marriage negations. Alo K Olima stopped totake a sip of Kong oii Role of elders The council of Jodongo elders from Sakwa and that from Yimbo negotiates forOwuor Kembo s and Akoko s marriage Chief Owuor Kembo s uncle an elder is the spokesman for the council of Jodongofrom Sakwa . Aloo K Olima an elder is chief Odero s spokesman.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.1598716}
{"text": "4Marks Possible Responsesa Chief Odera Gogni calls the councils of Jodongo from Sakwa outside his house forconsultation about Akoko s betrothal Chief Odero Gogni discloses to the council of Jodongo that he has already sent away12 suitors Chief Odero Gogni discloses that he likes this group of suitors because the bride is ofa good stock and his uncle a good spokesman Chief Odero Gogni tells Aloo K Olina to set Akoko s bride price at thirty headb Elders from Sakwa ask to be allowed to consult with each other outside chief Odero shouse160 P a g e Akoko watches what is going on from her mother s kitchen, asks to be given a pieceof land to settle for she feels she might never get married Otieno Kembo argues against the high bride price Owuor Kembo accepts to pay the thirty head of cattle as bride pricec Formal negotiations of Akoko s bride price between the people of Sakwa and thepeople of Yimbo The bride price has to be set depending on Akoko s outstanding attributesd i Tradition Akoko has been taught all the requirements of chick tradition Traditionally a brother marrying a sister is a great taboo Traditionally elders drink Kong o during marriage negations. Alo K Olima stopped totake a sip of Kong oii Role of elders The council of Jodongo elders from Sakwa and that from Yimbo negotiates forOwuor Kembo s and Akoko s marriage Chief Owuor Kembo s uncle an elder is the spokesman for the council of Jodongofrom Sakwa . Aloo K Olima an elder is chief Odero s spokesman. Iii Marriage Akoko s marriage negotiations begin in earnest Aloo K Olima sets Akoko s bride price at thirty head of cattle It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughtersand we yours There is no danger of brother.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.1927495}
{"text": "Alo K Olima stopped totake a sip of Kong oii Role of elders The council of Jodongo elders from Sakwa and that from Yimbo negotiates forOwuor Kembo s and Akoko s marriage Chief Owuor Kembo s uncle an elder is the spokesman for the council of Jodongofrom Sakwa . Aloo K Olima an elder is chief Odero s spokesman.iii Marriage Akoko s marriage negotiations begin in earnest Aloo K Olima sets Akoko s bride price at thirty head of cattle It is customary, because of the good dak between us, for you to marry our daughtersand we yours There is no danger of brother. Marrying a sister a great taboo.e Aloo K Olima Considerate exclaims at the high bride price thirty head chief Odero wants set forAkoko Respectful Address the people of Sakwa as; Brothers, people of Sakwa Informed - quotes from Chik that brother marrying a brother is a great taboo andAkoko has been taught all the requirements of chik. Intelligent skillful skillfully addresses the people of Sakwa using sweet words.- Skillfully describes Akoko s attributes to the people of Sakwa.f A great beauty is praised by many Nyatiti singers Fast swift she is as fleet as a gazelle A good role model mothers sending their daughters on errands tell them to run likeAkoko Apt she is very apt pupil Pure her blood is pre .g Direct address brothers - Local dialect da, k wat, kong o, nyatiti, chik- Suspense .So great was the silence- Simile ..as fleet as a gazelle- Personification you could have heard the ants talk ..- Metaphor her flying fleet.", "metadata": {"source": "ENGLISH-SETBOOKS-BOOKLET.docx", "file_type": "docx", "language": "en", "ocr_used": false, "status": "processed"}, "cleaned_at": 1750406316.188938}