It s horrible!We shall not go to the party without you. N o t e sYou can shorten shall and will as ll when you use these words with pronouns:full formcontraction I shall, I willI llwe shall, we willwe llyou willyou llhe willhe llshe willshe llit willit llthey willthey ll Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense 78To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense. Tomorrow is Sunday. Summer vacation ends on Friday. The new library opens next week. We fly to Paris on Wednesday. You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings by using be going to and another verb. Remember to: n Use am and was with the pronoun I. n Use is and was with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns like my mom and the teacher . N Use are and were with the pronouns we, you and they, and with plural nouns like my friends and John and Sally . I am going to visit my cousin tomorrow. I am going to see the new Star Wars movie next week. My friend John is going to move to Chicago next year. Dad is going to buy me a skateboard. Aunt Jane is going to have another baby soon. It is going to be windy tomorrow. I hope someone is going to fix the television soon. You are going to help me, aren t you?My friends are going to teach me how to play chess. Mom and Dad are going to buy a new computer. Your books are going to fall off the shelf if you re not careful. Are you going to read your book now?Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense Decide whether shall and will are used correctly in each sentence. Put a checkmark in the box for a correct use and an x in the box for an incorrect use. 1. My dad will be home later. 2. I will never forget my days at school. 3. Tom and Kumar shall come with us. 4. The weather report says that it shall be sunny again tomorrow. 5. We will miss my cousins when they leave. 6. Raj and I shall feel happier when the exams are over. 7. It will be late when we arrive in London. 8. I shall stay awake all night and watch for Santa Claus. 9.


8. I shall stay awake all night and watch for Santa Claus. 9. My grandparents shall enjoy coming to our house for Christmas. 10. The winter holidays shall give us all a good rest. Exercise 19Read the pairs of subjects and verbs below. Then write sentences about future events using the correct form of be going to. For example, for the first sentence you could write:My friend Tom is going to sleep at my house tonight.subjectverb 1. My friend Tomsleep 2. Weride 3. The dogcatch 4. Uncle Andy come 5. Itrain 6. Weeat 7. Jamal and Ihave 8. The teachersread 7980do, does and did The verb do is used to talk about actions. The words do and does are the simple present forms of the verb do. N Use do with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as my parents and Tom and Susan . N Use does with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as my dad and the teacher .I always do my homework after dinner. I do drawings with colored pencils. We do our shopping at the supermarket. You do magic tricks very well. They do their housework on the weekend. Mom and Dad do the cooking together. Jim and Alan always do well in math tests. The artist does beautiful paintings. She does very interesting work. He does the washing and she does the cooking. Julie always does her exercises before breakfast. My friend Hannah does karate at a local gym. The vacuum cleaner does a better job than the broom. Here is a table to help you remember how to use do and does.singularplural first personI dowe dosecond personyou doyou dothird personhe doesthey doshe doesthey doit doesthey do Verbs and Tenses: do, does and did81full formshort form I we did notI we didn tyou did notyou didn tthey did notthey didn the she it did nothe she it didn t The simple past form of do is did. I did my homework but forgot to take it to school. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. The boys did very badly in their spelling test. Paul and Roger did some magic tricks for us. The children did the housework while their parents relaxed.


Julie always does her exercises before breakfast. My friend Hannah does karate at a local gym. The vacuum cleaner does a better job than the broom. Here is a table to help you remember how to use do and does.singularplural first personI dowe dosecond personyou doyou dothird personhe doesthey doshe doesthey doit doesthey do Verbs and Tenses: do, does and did81full formshort form I we did notI we didn tyou did notyou didn tthey did notthey didn the she it did nothe she it didn t The simple past form of do is did. I did my homework but forgot to take it to school. Sally did her hair in front of the mirror. The boys did very badly in their spelling test. Paul and Roger did some magic tricks for us. The children did the housework while their parents relaxed. To make the negative form of verbs in the simple present tense, use do and does with not. I do not have any brothers or sisters. We do not want any more bread, thank you. My brother and I do not like football. You see beautiful mountains in Scotland but you do not see much sunshine. Mom does not buy our food at that supermarket. Jenny does not eat lunch at school because she does not like the food. My cat does not make as much noise as your dog. The simple past tense of does not and do not is did not. The contraction is didn t. Maggie did not have long hair when I first met her. I got sunburned because I did not wear my hat. The teacher didn t give us any homework. Mom and Dad didn t buy me a cell phone for my birthday. You didn t take the dog for a walk last night. N o t e sHere are the contractions you can use when do, does and did are used with not.full formshort form I we do notI we don tyou do notyou don tthey do notthey don the she it does nothe she it doesn tVerbs and Tenses: do, does and did Complete the following sentences with do, does or did. 1. I always my homework in my room. 2. Mom and Dad usually the laundry together. 3. You the same math problems last week. 4. We always our shopping at the farmers' market. 5. The children their work quietly while the teacher looks at their homework. 6.


5. The children their work quietly while the teacher looks at their homework. 6. Uncle David magic tricks when he comes to visit. 7. Last night, Mom her exercises before bedtime. 8. Anna played the piano and Rachel a lively dance. 9. Kamal always well in math tests.10. If John the cooking, will you the dishes? Exercise 21Complete the following sentences with the contractions don t, doesn t or didn t. 1. Katy go to school on the bus. 2. I like chocolate ice cream. 3. If the weather improve, we ll have the party indoors. 4. Worry about the mess. It does not matter. 5. I answer all the questions on the math test. 6. Mom and Dad work on weekends. 7. My sister and I visit Grandma last Sunday. 8. My friend John finish his homework yesterday. 9. Our neighbors like dogs very much.10. Our teacher speak Japanese.8283The InfinitiveThe infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is often preceded by the word to. Infinitives often appear after other verbs. The rain began to fall. Sally and I agreed to meet this afternoon. I ve arranged to see the doctor at 3 o clock. I hope to visit Disneyland someday. I like to ride my bike in the street. My parents have decided to buy a new car. Paul is learning to swim. I didn t mean to upset you. Some verbs have an object before the infinitive. In these examples the objects are printed in color. Simon asked me to help him. The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team. The manager allowed the staff to leave early. Infinitives often appear after adjectives.


In these examples the objects are printed in color. Simon asked me to help him. The teacher told us not to run in the corridor. Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team. The manager allowed the staff to leave early. Infinitives often appear after adjectives. In these examples the adjectives are printed in color. The boys were afraid to cross the busy road. I m very pleased to see you again. This problem will be difficult to solve. The shelf is too high to reach. Don t you think it s rude to ignore the new girl in class?The experiment was interesting to watch. You re welcome to come with me. Verbs and Tenses: The Infinitive 84 You can also use infinitives after some nouns and pronouns to say what you are using something for. Take a book to read. I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport. Has everyone got something to drink?I ve got lots of nice clothes to wear. Find a space on the floor to sit in. Infinitives sometimes follow words like how, what, which and where. My brother is learning how to cook. I can t decide which to choose the ice cream or the pudding. I don t know what to say. Sally can t remember where to hang her coat. Infinitives are also used after helping verbs such as will, can, should, may and must. After these helping verbs use infinitives without the word to. I can swim. We think she will win the race. You must try harder. Do you think we should wait?May I come in?The Imperative Form of Verbs When you give an order or command, use the base form of a verb, such as give, read or come. This base form is called the imperative. Open your books to page 25.Stop and look before you cross the road. Come to the front of the class. Show me your homework. Read the first sentence out loud. Choose a partner and stand in a circle. N o t e sThe helping verbs will, can, should, may and must are called auxiliary verbs. Verbs and Tenses: The Infinitive; The Imperative Form of Verbs 85 Imperatives are very direct. To be more polite, you can use please before the imperative. Please show me your homework. Please read the first sentence out loud. Please come to the front of the class.


9. It was embarrassing . 10. The sea was warm and wonderful .Exercise 23Decide whether or not each sentence uses the infinitive correctly. Mark a correct use with a checkmark and an incorrect use with an x . 1. She likes play in the park. 2. The sun was beginning to shine. 3. I decided to help Dad with the dinner. 4. Mom asked me close the window. 5. The teacher warned me to be quiet. 6. I didn t know which tool use. 7. We couldn t decide how many cakes to buy. 8. Can I to watch the TV, Mom? 9. Do you think I should help him?10. I think I shall to go home now.86 Study the following pairs of verbs and nouns. Then write a sentence using each pair with the verb as an imperative. Try to use negatives in some of your sentences. For the first pair, you could write:Show him the picture. Or Don t show him the picture. Verbnoun 1. Showpicture 2. Bringbike 3. Eatsandwiches 4. Washhands 5. Listenparents 6. Waitname 7. Sleepclassroom 8. MakenoiseExercise 25Make a gerund from each verb below. Then write a sentence using that gerund. For example, the gerund you can make from the first verb is cycling. You could write the sentence: She loves cycling in the countryside. Verbgerund 1. Cycle 2. Paint 3. Eat 4. Sleep 5. Watch 6. Bake 7. Fly 8. Cookcycling87886 Auxiliary Verbs6 Auxiliary VerbsAuxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning. For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:n that someone is able to do something,n that someone is allowed to do something, or n that someone has to do something. The hellping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must. Can and couldUse can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike?Can you help me with my homework?She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early.


For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say:n that someone is able to do something,n that someone is allowed to do something, or n that someone has to do something. The hellping verbs are can, could, would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must. Can and couldUse can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures. Philip can run faster than Matt. Can you ride a bike?Can you help me with my homework?She could already read before she started school. Our teacher said we could go home early. I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill. You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can t walk to school on my own. You can t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn t go in. N o t e sn Could is the simple past tense form of can.n When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home.n The contraction of cannot is can t, and the contraction of could not is couldn t.They can t find their way home. I m full.


I ran as fast as I could. Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill. You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do something. My mom says you can come to our house for dinner. Dad says I can t walk to school on my own. You can t go in there without a ticket. Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner. The big sign on the gate said PRIVATE, so we couldn t go in. N o t e sn Could is the simple past tense form of can.n When you put not after can, write it as one word: cannot. They cannot find their way home.n The contraction of cannot is can t, and the contraction of could not is couldn t.They can t find their way home. I m full. I can t eat any more. Sarah couldn t come to the party because she was ill. 89Can and could are also used for asking for information or help, for offering something, and for suggesting something. Can you tell me if this train goes to Topeka?Could you show me where the accident happened?Could you open that window, please?You can borrow my pen, if you like. Your sister could come with us, if she wanted to. I could lend you my football. We can go to the library instead. You could ask your dad to help us. John can borrow his brother s skates.will and wouldUse will and would when you are asking someone to do something. Will you please stop making that noise?Would you pass me that book, please?Please, will you close the door?You can also use will and would to offer something or to suggest something. Will I hold this end of the rope?Will I carry the bag for you?Would you like another drink?Which cake would you like?shall and shouldYou can use shall and should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest something. Should I bring waterproof clothes?Shall I go by car, or will it be better to walk?Should I phone the police?Shall I help you with that heavy bag?Shall we go home now?You should try that new French restaurant. Auxiliary Verbs: will and would; shall and should N o t e sThe contraction of will not is won t and the contraction of would not is wouldn t:Won t you stay and eat with us?Wouldn t it be better to wait?


The preposition gives the verb a special meaning. Here are some sentences that contain phrasal verbs. Read the meanings in parentheses. Who looks after takes care of the baby when your parents are at work?Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after looks like his mother. Dad bumped into met by chance an old friend at the station. My sister is getting into is starting to be interested in pop music. Is your mom getting over recovering from her illness?Some health inspectors came to look over inspect the factory. We hoped that the thieves wouldn t get away with escape punishment for their crime. I m going to the store because we ve run out of rice used all our rice .Exercise 1Complete the sentences below by writing can or can t on the blanks. 1. You borrow my book, if you want to. 2. Sam looked everywhere but he find his pencil. 3. Don t help me. I do it by myself. 4. Sandy open the window. She s not tall enough to reach it. 5. Why John come out to play? Because he s ill. 6. This is a film for adults only. Children watch it. 7. You help me with this heavy bag? 8. They ve lost the map and find their way back to the hotel. Auxiliary Verbs: Verb Phrases91 N o t e sSome verb phrases have three parts:get away withrun out of92would beComplete the sentences using would or wouldn t with a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.stopworkhelptakelikewaitbuybemoveenjoy 1. We hoped it sunny for our picnic. 2. I pushed the horse hard but it . 3. I asked Dad if he me some ice cream. 4. You some more orange juice? 5. Sally switched on her computer but it . 6. Mom and Dad said they me to the zoo as a treat. 7. We sat in the house and wished the rain . 8. Uncle David said he me with my homework. 9. The man said he until the doctor was free.10. I knew you playing my new video game. Exercise 3Tell whether each sentence below uses may or may not correctly. Show a correct use with a checkmark or an incorrect use with an x . 1. Andrew may not go out to play now because he has finished his homework. 2.


1. Andrew may not go out to play now because he has finished his homework. 2. Take an umbrella. It may not rain. 3. Please may we not watch television now? 4. You may not hurt yourself with that sharp knife. 5. I may come out to play later if I m feeling better. 6. They are late. The bus may not have broken down. 7. May I read the story you have written? Yes, you may not. 8. May Andrew stay for dinner? Yes, he may. 9393should stopExercise 4Complete the sentences using should or shouldn t and a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.goeatstopbelievethinkwaittryreadletlisten 1. They making all that noise. It s disturbing people. 2. Mom says I more vegetables. 3. We everything we see on television. 4. You more about other people and less about yourself. 5. It s getting late. I home now. 6. You your best. 7. You letters that are addressed to other people. 8. Parents their children go out after dark. 9. Students outside the door until the teacher tells them to come in.10. Children to the advice their parents give them. Exercise 5Now rewrite the sentences from Exercise 4 above, using ought to or ought not to. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 94 6. 7. 8. 9.10.Exercise 6Complete the sentences using must or mustn t with a verb from the list below. The first one has been done for you.goeatstopbelievetellstealbereadparklisten 1. You at the curb and look before you cross the street. 2. Children to the teacher if they want to learn. 3. You everything your friends tell you. 4. You the question carefully before you write the answer. 5. If you want to be healthy, you a lot of fruits and vegetables. 6. You out on your own at night. 7. We because it is wrong. 8. Drivers their cars in the middle of the road. 9. If you want people to be nice to you, you nasty to them.10. You always the truth.must stop94957 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases7 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.


9. If you want people to be nice to you, you nasty to them.10. You always the truth.must stop94957 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases7 Adverbs and Adverb Phrases Adverbs are words that tell you more about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. Many adverbs end in ly. You make these adverbs by adding ly to adjectives. She writes neatly. The traffic was moving slowly. We waited patiently to see the doctor. They waved goodbye sadly. David sings beautifully. The children walked quickly into the classroom. Adverb phrases are groups of words that functions as single adverbs to describe the action of the verb. Are you sitting in a comfortable chair?Mr. Dickson always dresses in fashionable clothes. He draws cartoons like a real cartoonist. The train arrived on time. Adverbs of Manner Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things. They answer the question How? The girls answered all the questions correctly. He was driving carelessly. The plane landed safely. Katy plays the piano skillfully. Sam is behaving like a baby. Please speak in a clear voice. She writes in a very grown-up way. You can buy fruit very cheaply in this shop. They sell everything at very low prices. David sings like a professional singer. N o t e sSome words that end in ly are not adverbs. Some adjectives end in ly too. For example:Sam was feeling very lonely. She was wearing a lovely dress. It was a very lively party. 96Adverbs of TimeSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question when? They are called adverbs of time. I m going to my new school tomorrow. The train has already left. We moved into our new house last week. My big brother goes to college in the autumn. Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o clock. It rained heavily last night. We re going on a trip in a few days time. We ll leave as soon as possible. My shoes will be too small for me next year. I haven t seen Mom this morning. Is she working today?Adverbs of PlaceSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question where? They are called adverbs of place. It s very sunny but cold outside.


I m going to my new school tomorrow. The train has already left. We moved into our new house last week. My big brother goes to college in the autumn. Our favorite TV program starts at 6 o clock. It rained heavily last night. We re going on a trip in a few days time. We ll leave as soon as possible. My shoes will be too small for me next year. I haven t seen Mom this morning. Is she working today?Adverbs of PlaceSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question where? They are called adverbs of place. It s very sunny but cold outside. The boys are playing upstairs. That s our ball there. I couldn t find my book anywhere. They live in a house nearby. The dog is in the garden. Flowers like these grow in the park. We re going to New York City on our school trip. My brother is studying at an English university. They live on the northern side of the island. Adverbs of Time and Place97The library is closed today and tomorrow 10 11 May . It will be reopened on 12 May. LibrarianAdverbs of FrequencySome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question how often? They are called adverbs of frequency. Katy practices the piano regularly. The children always go to school on the bus. I ll never make that mistake again. Have you ever been to Japan?We ve been to Disneyland twice. The shops are often very busy. The newspaper is delivered daily. We walk home from school every day. I clean my bedroom every week. Have you forgotten my name? I ve told you three times already. Dad polishes his shoes twice a week. You should go to the dentist once every six months. Adverbs of DurationSome adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question how long? They are called adverbs of duration. The library is temporarily closed. We re staying in a hotel overnight. The teacher left the classroom briefly. The snow lasted for three days. Mom was away a very long time. Stand still for a moment while I comb your hair. He talked to his girlfriend for over an hour. We waited for ages for a bus. I haven t seen my cousins for two years. We stayed up all night talking. Adverbs of Frequency and Duration98Adverbs of EmphasisWe have seen that most adverbs describe verbs, but remember that some adverbs also describe adjectives or other adverbs. They are usually used to add emphasis. Here are some examples. The emphasizing adverbs are printed in bold.


They are usually used to add emphasis. Here are some examples. The emphasizing adverbs are printed in bold. The adjectives or adverbs they describe are printed in color. Anna can run really fast. That s a very good drawing. My rice is too hot. The film was just terrible. Your excuses are completely unbelievable. These old tools are totally useless. She sings quite beautifully. Exercise 1Choose an adjective from the box and turn it into an adverb to complete the sentences below. The first one has been done for you.closefirmbrightneatcarefulquicksadregularquietclear 1. She writes very . 2. You have to talk when you re in the library. 3. Carry the glass so you don t drop it. 4. You should exercise if you want to stay fit. 5. Goodbye. I m going to miss you, she said . 6. The sky was blue and the sun was shining . 7. If you follow us , you won t get lost. 8. I can t understand you. Please speak more . 9. Let s walk so we get home before it starts to rain. 10. Attach the sign to the wall.neatly98Adverbs: Adverbs of Emphasis99Are the bold words in the following sentences adverbs or adjectives? Write adverb or adjective on the line after each sentence. 1. The teacher smiled kindly. 2. She has a lovely smile. 3. The children in my class are very friendly. 4. John had no friends and felt very lonely. 5. It was raining, so they wisely decided to stay in. 6. My dad buys a daily newspaper. 7. Some snakes are deadly. 8. I ve nearly finished my homework. 9. I shook hands politely with the head teacher. 10. They played some very lively games. Exercise 3Circle the verb in each sentence below. Then underline the adverb or adverb phrase that describes the verb. What kind of adverb is it? Write M for manner, T for time, P for place, F for frequency or D for duration in the box after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. 1. Kent did his homework carelessly. 2. We start our vacation next week. 3. Farah read the poem in a very clear voice. 4. The accident happened during the afternoon. 5. The man walked very slowly. 6. My cousin arrived yesterday. 7. I left my schoolbag in the car. 8.


7. I left my schoolbag in the car. 8. It stopped raining for a few minutes. 9. Dad goes jogging regularly. 10. We eat our meals in the dining room. MComplete the sentences with an adverb or adverb phrase from the box. The kind of adverb you will need is in parentheses after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. Outsidethis morning everon the busclearlyall dayin old clothesfor a weekalreadyevery day 1. His face was dirty and he was dressed . Manner 2. Have you been in a plane? Frequency 3. She was so ill that she missed school . Duration 4. I did some homework last night and finished it . Time 5. We went to play. Place 6. Dad takes the dog for a walk . Frequency 7. Sally left her pencil case . Place 8. Speak so everyone can hear you. Manner 9. It was a fine day and the children played in the garden . Duration 10. Go and do your homework. I ve done it. Time in old clothes1001018 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases8 Prepositions and Prepositional PhrasesPrepositions are words that show a connection between other words. Most prepositions are little words like at, in and on. Prepositional phrases are groups of words, such as out of and on top of. Preposition or Adverb?Some words can be used either as prepositions or as adverbs. If the word is followed by a noun or a pronoun, it is a preposition. Look at these pairs of examples. In each of the sentences marked preposition, there is a noun or pronoun after the preposition. This noun or pronoun is called the object of the preposition. Notice that objects are printed in color. She put her hand inside my bag. It was raining, so they decided to stay inside. His friends walked past him without speaking. A car drove past at high speed. John s house is across the street. They got into the boat and rowed across. Water was running down the walls. He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down.


They got into the boat and rowed across. Water was running down the walls. He tripped over his shoelaces and fell down. Preposition noun adverb preposition noun adverb preposition nounadverb adverb preposition noun102Prepositions of PlaceSome prepositions show where something happens. They are called prepositions of place. Sally was sitting under a tree. There s a wooden floor underneath the carpet. Some geese flew over their house. John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe. There was a tree beside the river. I have a friend who lives in Wyoming. A big truck parked in front of their car. The cat jumped on top of the cupboard. One girl sits in the middle of the playground and the others dance round her. Prepositions of TimeSome prepositions show when something happens. They are called prepositions of time. School starts at nine o clock. I brush my teeth in the morning and at night. We re going to the zoo on Saturday. No, you can t watch a video. It s past your bedtime already. I visited my grandparents during the summer. You must finish the work by Friday. I ll do my homework before dinner. Mom, can you help me with my homework? Not now. You ll have to wait until this afternoon. Prepositions of Place and Time103Prepositions of DirectionSome prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. The boys chased after each other. The football rolled down the hill. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. The freeway goes right through the city. We were travelling towards Miami. A girl went past them on a bike. This road leads away from the stadium. They watched the train pull out of the station. Prepositions with Special UsesMany prepositions are used in other ways.


You ll have to wait until this afternoon. Prepositions of Place and Time103Prepositions of DirectionSome prepositions show where something is going. They are called prepositions of direction. The boys chased after each other. The football rolled down the hill. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank. The freeway goes right through the city. We were travelling towards Miami. A girl went past them on a bike. This road leads away from the stadium. They watched the train pull out of the station. Prepositions with Special UsesMany prepositions are used in other ways. Here are some of them.of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk. Would you like a glass of orange juice?Kathleen is a member of the chess club. I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like school. There are several ways of cooking meat.for I made this bookmark for Mom. Is there room for me on this seat?I d like a new computer for Christmas. We re going downtown for a meeting. What s this bag for?This word is too difficult for me to spell. Prepositions of Direction and with Special Uses104withHe pounds nails in with a hammer. Mix the flour with water. She painted the picture with her new paints. Would you like to come with us to the arcade? I can do difficult problems with help from Mom. Who is the man with the beard?Michael came home with dirty hands. Cross the busy street with care.except and instead ofI like all kinds of food except pasta. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. You should eat fruit instead of candy. Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.like, as and thanThe words like, as and than are used to compare things. Kathleen looks like her dad. Andrew smiles like his mother. Peter sings like a professional singer. Are these shoes the same as those?Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher. My backpack is bigger than John s.Dad is taller than all of us. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets. Prepositions with Special Uses105Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions are used with some adjectives.


Here are some of them.of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk. Would you like a glass of orange juice?Kathleen is a member of the chess club. I need three pieces of paper. Most of the children in my class like school. There are several ways of cooking meat.for I made this bookmark for Mom. Is there room for me on this seat?I d like a new computer for Christmas. We re going downtown for a meeting. What s this bag for?This word is too difficult for me to spell. Prepositions of Direction and with Special Uses104withHe pounds nails in with a hammer. Mix the flour with water. She painted the picture with her new paints. Would you like to come with us to the arcade? I can do difficult problems with help from Mom. Who is the man with the beard?Michael came home with dirty hands. Cross the busy street with care.except and instead ofI like all kinds of food except pasta. Everyone likes chocolate except Tom. We go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday. You should eat fruit instead of candy. Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of Mom. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.like, as and thanThe words like, as and than are used to compare things. Kathleen looks like her dad. Andrew smiles like his mother. Peter sings like a professional singer. Are these shoes the same as those?Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher. My backpack is bigger than John s.Dad is taller than all of us. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The neighborhood streets are less busy than downtown streets. Prepositions with Special Uses105Prepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions with Adjectives, Verbs or NounsPrepositions are used with some adjectives. The adjectives in these examples are printed in color. Dad was angry with us. We were afraid of the big dog. She s not very interested in sports. John is very good at drawing. Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color. I m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?Can you think of another word for pleased ? Does this book belong to you?We re listening to CDs. I agree with you. I lent my skateboard to Sue. Tell me about the show you saw. Cut the cake into five pieces. They borrowed money from the bank. Prepositions are used with some nouns.


The adjectives in these examples are printed in color. Dad was angry with us. We were afraid of the big dog. She s not very interested in sports. John is very good at drawing. Prepositions are used with some verbs. The verbs in these examples are printed in color. I m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?Can you think of another word for pleased ? Does this book belong to you?We re listening to CDs. I agree with you. I lent my skateboard to Sue. Tell me about the show you saw. Cut the cake into five pieces. They borrowed money from the bank. Prepositions are used with some nouns. The nouns in these examples are printed in color. What s the answer to this question?Is there a reason for this delay?What s the matter with you?Here s an example of good behavior. Congratulations on winning the competition! Traffic can cause damage to the environment. Mr. Lee is pleased with our work. The teachers are always kind to us. What s wrong with the computer? Underline the prepositions in the following sentences. 1. There was a sign above the door. 2. The ball rolled under a car. 3. She put the letter in her pocket. 4. Sam hid behind the fence. 5. Tuesday comes after Monday. 6. Mr. Shin is from Korea. 7. The train went through the station without stopping. 8. I left the book on the table. 9. My favorite TV program starts at 6:00 o clock.10. There s a path between the two houses. Exercise 2Complete the following sentences with the prepositions from the box. The type of preposition you need is in parentheses. The first sentence has been done for you. Afterundertowardduringoninbeforeataway fromacross 1. A cat was sitting the roof of my car. Place 2. Some people were talking the movie. Time 3. A man was coming us on his bike. Direction 4. The party starts six o clock. Time 5. She put the book her bag. Place 6. We walked the street to the park. Place 7. I ll be late for school! It s nine o clock already! Time 8. She keeps her slippers her bed. Place 9. We always wash our hands meals. Time 10. She ran the dog because she was frightened.


We always wash our hands meals. Time 10. She ran the dog because she was frightened. Direction on106107Circle the preposition in each sentence. Then underline the noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition. The first one has been done for you. 1. There is a new bookstore across the street. 2. Which letter comes after D? 3. She found the missing ticket under the carpet. 4. We opened the cupboard and found nothing in it. 5. Mom keeps a family photograph on her desk. 6. Students mustn t talk during the exam. 7. Our vacation starts on Friday. 8. You can play outside after lunch. 9. We ran inside the house when it started to rain.10. A plane flew over their heads. Exercise 4Complete each sentence by using a preposition from the box.offorwithexceptinstead of 1. We baked a cake Mom s birthday. 2. All the boys went swimming Tom. 3. Can I come you to the beach? 4. Most the children in my class like computer games. 5. Stir the sauce a wooden spoon. 6. Would you like rice pasta? 7. How many pounds hamburger did you buy? 8. Dad is good at everything cooking. 9. Children, what would you like dinner?10. Who s the lady the long blonde hair? Read the following sentences. Then tell whether like, as and than are used correctly in each sentence. Put a checkmark in the box for a correct use and put an x in the box for an incorrect use. If the wrong preposition is used, write the correct preposition on the line. The first one has been done for you. 1. John is nearly as tall than his dad. 2. Our house is smaller than David s. 3. That car isn t the same like this one. 4. Sally plays tennis like a professional player. 5. This video is longer than the one we watched last night. 6. Whales look as dolphins but they re much bigger. 7. The wind sometimes sounds like a howling dog. 8. This ring is more expensive as that one. 9. The sea was as calm as a swimming pool. 10. Mom is a few months younger than Dad. 108as 1099 Conjunctions9 ConjunctionsConjunctions are words used to link words, phrases or clauses. Some common conjunctions are and, but and or.


Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away. Before you leave the house, be sure that you ve got your backpack. I usually do my homework after I have my dinner. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs. We ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you. Since the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more. You can t watch TV until you ve done your homework. Until the rice is cooked, we can t eat dinner. I ll call you when I get home. When the wind blows, the branches on the tree bend. Dad watches TV while he does his exercises. While we re waiting for the bus, let s play a game. People stand back as the train goes through the station. As the president s car goes past, everybody waves. We went inside as soon as it started to rain. As soon as you ve finished your homework, let me see it. Conjunctions of PlaceThe conjunctions where and wherever are used to talk about places. They are called conjunctions of place. Does anybody know where Mr. Carter lives?Where the road is narrow, big trucks can t get through. The dog follows Andrew wherever he goes. Wherever there are mountains, you will also find streams. Conjunctions of Time and Place114Conjunctions of ReasonThe conjunctions because, since, as and in case tell why someone does something. They are called conjunctions of reason. I sat down because I was feeling tired. Because we arrived late, we missed the beginning of the play. I took an apple since it was the only fruit in the bowl. Since you have finished your homework, you can help me make dinner. Mom switched off the TV as it was past my bedtime. As you re my best friend, I ll lend you my new bike. Take an umbrella in case it rains. In case you forget the number, I ve written it on this piece of paper. Conjunctions of PurposeThe conjunctions so, so that and in order to tell what the purpose of something is. They are called conjunctions of purpose. The children are wearing hats so they won t get sunburned. John finished his homework before dinner so he could watch his favorite TV program. Let s write down the address so we don t forget it. We left early so that we wouldn t be late. John took a map so that he wouldn t get lost.


The children are playing. They are singing. Four Kinds of SentenceA declarative sentence makes a statement. It is raining. Tom likes football. The school bell was ringing. The children are playing with the dog. Topeka is in Kansas. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are my keys?Why is the sky blue?Who is talking to the teacher?Is this the way to the ice skating rink?An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an exclamation. It shows a strong feeling such as surprise or anger. What a kind thing to do!How beautiful she is! The silly boy! N o t e sAn interrogative sentence ends with a question mark ? Instead of a period. N o t e sAn exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point ! Instead of a period. N o t e sA declarative sentence ends with a period. 119An imperative sentence gives an order. Ask Tom to come and see me. Don t tell me lies. Please leave. Go to your room!Speak up!Sentences with ObjectsThe subject of a sentence often does something to another person or thing. The person or thing that receives the action of the subject is called the object of the verb. Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. Subject transitive verb object Dad is reading a book. I am cooking dinner. You have broken my new toy. Mom likes her new car. She has forgotten her backpack. The dog licked my face. Our ball hit a window. They visited the museum. Anna is sewing a dress for her doll. Uncle Ben sent a package to his friend. Sentences: Sentences with Objects N o t e sAn imperative sentence can end with an exclamation point ! If the order is very firm. 120Verbs with Two ObjectsSome verbs have two objects. Look at the sentence below. Sam gave Anna a present. The thing that Sam gives is a present , so a present is the direct object of the verb. But there is another object: Anna . Anna is the person that receives the present, so Anna is the indirect object of the verb. Many verbs have both direct and indirect objects. Here are some examples.subject verb indirect object direct object Dad is reading the children a story. Grandma is baking me a cake. A kind man showed us the way. We have brought you some new magazines to read. Mr.


A kind man showed us the way. We have brought you some new magazines to read. Mr. Berg is teaching the children French. Jack asked the teacher a question. I am writing my friend a letter. She sent her cousin an email. John has found us a secret place to play. Uncle Andy told them the good news. Verbs with No ObjectSome verbs don t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs. Mr. Park usually walks to work. Anna talks a lot in class. The sun is shining. It is snowing. I don t know. We have already eaten. The man smiled. Dad always drives carefully. Miss Lee always dresses very smartly. Can your little brother read?Sentences: Verbs with Two Objects; Verbs with No Object indirect object direct objectTell whether each sentence below is a declarative sentence, an interrogative sentence, an exclamatory sentence or an imperative sentence. The first one has been done for you. 1. The girls were playing volleyball. 2. Where is my bike? 3. What a lovely dog! 4. It s snowing again today. 5. Please show me that pair of black shoes. 6. Can Anna come out to play? 7. Do your homework now. 8. What time is it? 9. Pass me the orange juice, please. 10. On weekends, I often go fishing with Dad. 11. Can your little brother read? 12. Speak in a loud, clear voice. 13. That was a fantastic game! 14. What fun this is! 15. Jamal really likes horses. Exercise 2Underline the verbs in these sentences. Then tell whether each verb is transitive or intransitive. Put a checkmark in the correct box. Transitive verb intransitive verb 1. Dad is baking bread. 2. We buy our food at the supermarket. 3. We are learning Latin. 4. Come with me now. 5. The children went to bed. 121declarative sentence122 I DUnderline the objects in the following sentences. Write D for direct object or I for indirect object above each one. The first one has been done for you. 1. Uncle Bill gave Michael some money. 2. Mom is baking us a chocolate cake for Christmas. 3. The children crossed the road safely. 4. Please pass me that pencil. 5.


4. Please pass me that pencil. 5. Henry sent Sam a letter from Japan. 6. I ve forgotten your name. 7. She s always giving her students advice. 8. We gave Dad a watch for his birthday. Exercise 4All the following sentences have verbs with direct objects. Rewrite each sentence, adding an indirect object to it. For example, for the first sentence you could write: Dad bought Mom some flowers. 1. Dad bought some flowers. 2. The teacher found an empty seat. 3. The police officer showed her badge. 4. Rudy sent a postcard. 5. Will you buy some bread at the supermarket ? 6. I ll bring my stamp collection. 123Simple SentencesA clause is a group of words that contains one subject and one verb. A sentence that consists of one clause is called a simple sentence. Here are some examples. The subjects are printed in bold and the verbs are printed in color. The girls are playing baseball. Sally found a good hiding place. I am eating my breakfast. Tom is wearing his new shoes today. Will you help me?The sky was very cloudy. I can hear the birds. Everyone was happy. Is it raining again?Compound SentencesA compound sentence contains two clauses joined by a conjunction such as and, or, but or so. Look at these examples. The verbs in the clauses are printed in color. Notice that there are two verbs, one on each side of the conjunction. Some people are always happy and some people are always sad. She opened the bag and took out a book. Do you want coffee or would you prefer lemonade?Is that a bird or is it a plane?John is good at English but he s not very good at math. Michael wants to see Star Wars but his friends have already seen it. Tom dropped his sandwich so I gave him mine. It started to rain so we went inside. Sentences: Simple Sentences; Compound Sentences124 Conditional SentencesTo talk about things that are possible, you often use if in a sentence. A sentence with if is called a conditional sentence. Here is an example of a conditional sentence with the if-clause printed in color. If it rains tomorrow, we shall not go to the beach. In the if-clause, use a verb in the simple present tense. In the main clause, use shall or will and an infinitive. Here are some more examples.


9. Our new teacher is a young man. 10. Switch off the light and go to sleep. 125and Sentences: Positive and Negative SentencesMatch the if-clauses in the box with the main clauses below. Write two sentences for each pair of clauses. The first one has already been done for you. If they get no water if you don t write neatlyif we all work together if we don t leave nowif you let me explain if I need helpif you don t want to see this movie if you work hard 1. You ll do well in your exams 2. We ll be late 3. I won t be able to read your story 4. We ll choose a different movie 5. The plants will die 6. We ll finish the job more quickly If you work hard, you ll do well in your exams. You ll do well in your exams if you work hard.126127 7. I ll tell you what happened 8. I ll ask Mom and Dad Exercise 7Rewrite the following sentences to make them negative. Use negative words such as no, not and never. Use contractions in some of your sentences. The first one has been done for you. 1. Children like chocolate. 2. John is my best friend. 3. I ve got a new bike. 4. Everybody knows where I live. 5. There s some food in the refrigerator. 6. I saw the boy throw the stone. 7. We want to go to the ballgame. 8. Sam always tells the truth. Children don t like chocolate.127128 QuestionsThere are two kinds of questions: yes or no questions and question-word questions.yes or no questionsWhen you ask a yes or no question, you want the answer yes or the answer no. Use the verbs be, have and do along with helping verbs such as can, will and should when you ask these questions. Here are some examples of yes or no questions, with answers. Is this your seat? May I sit here?Yes. Yes. Can you ride a bike? Don t you like pizza?No. No. Do you like swimming? Are we late?Yes. No. In questions, the helping verb comes before the subject. The other verb comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them.


The other verb comes after the subject. The verb be also comes before the subject when it is an ordinary verb rather than a helping verb. Here are some examples of statements and the questions you can make from them. Notice that the helping verbs are printed in bold and the subjects are in color. Statement question Dad is ill today. Is Dad ill today? She has finished her homework. Has she finished her homework? The cat doesn t like noise. Doesn t the cat like noise? Michael can ride a bike. Can Michael ride a bike? Sally could borrow your pencil. Could Sally borrow your pencil? You may leave now. May I leave now? I think it will rain tomorrow. Do you think it will rain tomorrow? I saw Tom at the football game. Did you see Tom at the football game? Miss Lee sang a song. Did Miss Lee sing a song? The computer needs to be repaired. Does the computer need to be repaired? Sentences: Questions129 Question-word questionsUse the question words what, which, who sometimes whom , whose, when, where and how to ask for information. The verbs be, have and do, and helping verbs such as can, will and should are also used in questions. The helping verb comes before the subject, as it does in yes or no questions. Here are some examples. Again, the helping verb is printed in bold and the subject is printed in color. What is your name?What date is it today?Which boy is your brother?Which house do you live in?Who is the boy next to Alan?Who or Whom did he ask?Whose book is this?When can I come to visit you?When does the spring vacation start?Where is the pencil that I left on my desk?Where do the birds go when they fly away in winter?How can Grandma read without her glasses?How does a plane stay in the sky? Sometimes the wh-word itself is the subject of the sentence. In this case, don t use do to form questions. Who wants to come with me?What caused the accident?Which is the fastest car?I ve got my coat. Whose is this? Sentences: Question-word questions130Question TagsSometimes people finish what they are saying with a short question. Why do they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag.


Why do they do this? Because they want to know if the person they are speaking to agrees with them. This short question is called a question tag. Look at the following sentence. The weather is lovely today, isn t it?The main part of the sentence is positive, but the question tag is negative. You expect the answer to a negative question tag to be yes. For example: The weather is lovely today, isn t it? Yes, it is. Use a helping verb and the subject of the sentence to make the question tag. Notice that the subject has been replaced by a pronoun in the example sentences. The pronoun in the question tag refers to the subject printed in color. Tom is older than you, isn t he?Sally has got a dog, hasn t she?Anna and I can go by train, can t we?Peter and David should leave now, shouldn t they?If the main part of the sentence has I am in it, use aren t I in the question tag. I m your best friend, aren t I?I m taller than Sumiko, aren t I?If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive. You expect the answer to a positive question tag to be no. These questions aren t very difficult, are they?You haven t read this book, have you?Peter isn t as tall as I am, is he?She isn t eight yet, is she?There aren t many clouds in the sky, are there?There isn t much wind today, is there?There weren t any emails for me, were there? Sentences: Question TagsRewrite the following statements as yes or no questions. The first one has already been done for you. 1. It is raining again. 2. She can speak Japanese. 3. Margaret is at home. 4. My mom works in an office. 5. The teacher told the children a story. 6. Philip has got a new bike. 7. She is Sumiko s best friend. 8. Tom could sit with David. 9. Dad will help Jennifer with her homework. 10. We will be late. Is it raining again?131Choose one of the question words from the box to complete the sentences below. You may use some of the words more than once. The first one has been done for you.what who when why which whose where how 1. Are my keys? 2.


The first one has been done for you.what who when why which whose where how 1. Are my keys? 2. Is the tall boy at the back of the class? 3. Time did they arrive? 4. Is the problem? 5. Are we going to the zoo? Tomorrow. 6. Do you know the answer? 7. Do the stars twinkle? 8. Coat is this? 9. Would you like for dinner? 10. Did you open the door without a key? 11. Is your favorite singer? 12. Does this train leave? 13. Bike is that over there? 14. Cafe do you prefer? 15. Can we find a restaurant?Where132Complete the following sentences by adding a question tag. Remember that a positive sentence needs a negative question tag, and a negative sentence needs a positive question tag. The first one has been done for you. 1. This is your house, ? 2. That isn t the right answer, ? 3. Your sister is very pretty, ? 4. Andrew can t ride a bike, ? 5. You ve already seen that movie, ? 6. I m lucky to have a friend like Alice, ? 7. The tunnel was very dark, ? 8. They didn t play very well, ? 9. We shouldn t look at the answers first, ? 10. Aunt Sarah could come to our house for dinner, ? 11. There was a bag in the car, ? 12. Sally hasn t got a dog, ? 13. We mustn t be late, ? 14. There is a post office nearby, ? 15. There were some people in the park, ? 16. We can stay an extra day, ? 17. The journey won t take long, ? 18. I m your best friend, ? 19. Andrew and Susan are your neighbors, ? 20. You didn t see the dog in the garden, ? Isn t it13313411 Direct and Indirect Speech11 Direct and Indirect SpeechDirect SpeechThe exact words that someone says are called direct speech. Quotation marks are used to set off direct speech. Mom said, Where are my keys? This ice cream is delicious, said Tom. Have you boys washed your hands? Asked Dad. Please get out of the car, the police officer ordered. What a beautiful dress! Said Sally. Indirect SpeechYou can report what someone says without using their exact words.


You didn t see the dog in the garden, ? Isn t it13313411 Direct and Indirect Speech11 Direct and Indirect SpeechDirect SpeechThe exact words that someone says are called direct speech. Quotation marks are used to set off direct speech. Mom said, Where are my keys? This ice cream is delicious, said Tom. Have you boys washed your hands? Asked Dad. Please get out of the car, the police officer ordered. What a beautiful dress! Said Sally. Indirect SpeechYou can report what someone says without using their exact words. To do this, use a verb like say, ask or tell, followed by that. This is called indirect speech. There are several differences between a sentence with direct speech and a sentence with indirect speech. N You don t use quotation marks with indirect speech.n You change the tense of the verb.n You change the pronouns and determiners. Here are some examples. The verb tenses that change are printed in bold and the pronouns and determiners that change are printed in color. Remember that the past tense of can is could and the past tense of will is would.direct speechindirect speech Maggie said, I feel ill. Maggie said that she felt ill. Sumiko said, It s time to leave. Sumiko said that it was time to leave. I can t find my book, said Alice. Alice said that she couldn t find her book. John is hitting me, said Peter. Peter said that John was hitting him. Dad said, I haven t had my Dad said that he hadn t had his breakfast yet. Breakfast yet. My car won t start, said Mom. Mom said that her car wouldn t start. 135In indirect speech people often leave out the conjunction that. Maggie said that she felt ill. Sumiko said that it was time to leave. Alice said that she couldn t find her book. Peter said that John was hitting him. Dad said that he hadn t had his breakfast yet. When you are using indirect speech to report a statement that is still true now, you don t change the tense of the verb. Direct speechindirect speech John said, My mom doesn t like John said that his mom doesn t like fish. Fish. I live in a house by the sea, said Anna said that she lives in a house Anna.by the sea. Dad said, Paris is a beautiful city. Dad said Paris is a beautiful city.


To report a question-word question, use the same question word in direct speech.direct speech indirect speech Mom said, Where are your shoes? Mom asked where my shoes were. Maggie said, Who has taken my Maggie asked who had taken her pen. Pen? What time does the show start? Sue asked what time the show started. Asked Sue. Peter said, Why did you leave Peter asked why I left before the end of before the end of the movie? The movie. Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Questions 137137When you are reporting yes or no questions, use if or whether after the verb.direct speech indirect speech Is it raining? Asked Tom. Tom asked if it was raining. Alice said, Can you help us? Alice asked whether I could help them. Dad said, Is the train on time? Dad asked if the train was on time. Exercise 1Fill in the blank spaces with a verb in the correct tense. The first one has been done for you.direct speechindirect speech 1. I am very tired, said Dad. Dad said that he very tired. 2. You look very handsome, Mike, Mom told Mike that he said Mom.very handsome. 3. The teacher said, Sam has not The teacher said that Sam made any mistakes. Not made any mistakes. 4. I am losing my patience, said Mr. Carter said that he losing Mr. Carter.his patience. 5. You can come to my house for Maggie told Jason that he dinner, Maggie told Jason.come to her house for dinner. 6. Dad said, Hurry up or we will be Dad told us to hurry up or we late. Be late. 7. The train is coming, said Peter. Peter said that the train coming. 8. I have cleaned up my room, said Kathleen said that she cleaned Kathleen.up her room. 9. The teacher said, It is time to stop The teacher said that it time writing. To stop writing.10. I don t want to watch TV, said John said that he want to John. Watch TV.Direct and Indirect Speech: Indirect Commandswas Exercise 2Complete these indirect speech sentences with the correct pronoun or determiner. The first one has been done for you.direct speechindirect Speech 1. My head is aching, said Sarah. Sarah said that head was aching. 2.


9. Write your name at the top of the page, everyone, said Miss Lee.10. Does the ball belong to you boys? The woman asked. Mom asked if I was feeling ill.13914012 Punctuation12 PunctuationPunctuation Marks Punctuation marks are signs such as periods, commas and question marks. They are used in sentences to make the meaning clear.period Put a period at the end of a sentence. Tim lent me his skateboard. The children are playing in the garden. The train arrived late. It s not a very sunny day.comma Put a comma between items in a list. You need paper, scissors and glue. She likes reading, swimming, playing basketball and going to the movies. Tom, May Ling, Sue and Christopher all went shopping together. Put a comma after yes and no. Do you like football? Yes, I like it very much. Is this your house? Yes, it is. Is it still snowing? No, it s stopped. Has Sarah had breakfast yet? No, she hasn t. You also put a comma before or after the name of the person you are speaking to. Hello, Mr. Carter. Miss Lee, can I borrow a pencil, please?Goodbye, Andrew.., 141Commas are used before please and thank you. Could you pass me that pencil, please? Would you like some more orange juice, David? Yes, please. I ve had enough to eat, thank you. Would you like another cupcake, Sally? No, thank you. A comma is also used between the parts of a place name. Chicago, IllinoisTower Bridge, LondonAthens, Georgiathe Lincoln Memorial, Washington DCquestion mark Write a question mark at the end of a question, instead of a period. Can you hear me, children? Didn t you read the sign?Who is that man talking to Dad? Where is my schoolbag? Is there someone knocking at the door? How many apples are left?exclamation point Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence that shows a strong feeling such as surprise or fear. An exclamation point is used instead of a period. What a silly thing to do! Help! A monster!You re completely wrong!What a shame!I told you not to go out on your own!How sad!You can also use exclamation points with strong orders. Sit down! Don t touch that knife!Be quiet!


Help! A monster!You re completely wrong!What a shame!I told you not to go out on your own!How sad!You can also use exclamation points with strong orders. Sit down! Don t touch that knife!Be quiet! Give me that ball!Leave that computer alone!Do it now!!?Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 142Exclamation points are usually used after interjections. People often use just one or two words to express a sudden feeling such as fear, happiness, surprise or anger, or in greeting somebody. These short expressions are called interjections. Here are some examples:Hello! Ouch! Good morning! Hurray! Good night! Help! Well done! Look out! Oh dear! Happy Birthday! Apostrophe Use an apostrophe with s to show who something belongs to. This is Michael s room. This is my Dad s desk. Are you Kathleen s mom?This dog s tail is very long. The teacher collects everyone s books at the end of the class. Jack is going to his friend s house for lunch. You also use an apostrophe to show where one or more letters are missing in a contraction. I m am the boy who lives next door. She s is my best friend. He s has been to Europe twice. We re are going to the zoo today. You re are my favorite uncle. I d had better go home now. You ve have got dirt on your new shoes. He ll will lend you his bike. Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 143quotation marks Use quotation marks around the exact words that someone says. You put the mark at the beginning of the words, and the mark at the end. Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the rest of the sentence. This bike is mine, said Susan. I would like some apple juice, please, said the little boy. Let s play computer games, said James. Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the sentence.


You put the mark at the beginning of the words, and the mark at the end. Use a comma before the last quotation mark, to separate the words from the rest of the sentence. This bike is mine, said Susan. I would like some apple juice, please, said the little boy. Let s play computer games, said James. Suppose the exact words that someone says come after the rest of the sentence. In this case put a period before the last quotation mark. Dad said, Come inside and have lunch. John, said Mom, please turn your music down. Put question marks and exclamation points in the same place as periods, before the last quotation mark. Is this the way to the station? The man asked. Sam said, Can I borrow your pencil? Don t do that! Said Mom. John said, What a great movie! Colon When you are reading a playscript, notice the colon between the name of a character and the words that they speak. Jack: What have you got in the bag?Maggie: My swimming suit. Jack: When are you going swimming?Maggie: This afternoon. Would you like to come?:Punctuation: Punctuation Marks 144Capital LetterUse a capital letter as the first letter of the first word in a sentence. Dogs have wet noses. Where is my ball?That isn t fair!This is my brother. You need a racket if you re going to play tennis. You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct speech. Sam said, This is my brother. Where is my ball? Tom asked. Alice shouted, That isn t fair! You ll need a racket if you re going to play tennis, said Dad. The word I is always written as a capital letter. I m really pleased with your work. Do you know what I got for my birthday?Paul and I asked if we could help. Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places. JohnAustraliathe SphinxMay LingGermanythe Taj MahalDavid Beckhamthe United States of Americathe Grand CanyonDr. RajMexico Citythe Great Wall of ChinaMiss LeeBeijingthe Pacific OceanGrandadBuckingham PalaceMount FujiUncle Davidthe Statue of Libertythe Rio GrandeProfessor Parkthe Erie Canalthe Himalayas Punctuation: Capital Letter 145You also use capital letters after the initials in someone s name.


You also use a capital letter for the first letter of the first word in direct speech. Sam said, This is my brother. Where is my ball? Tom asked. Alice shouted, That isn t fair! You ll need a racket if you re going to play tennis, said Dad. The word I is always written as a capital letter. I m really pleased with your work. Do you know what I got for my birthday?Paul and I asked if we could help. Use a capital letter to begin the names of people and places. JohnAustraliathe SphinxMay LingGermanythe Taj MahalDavid Beckhamthe United States of Americathe Grand CanyonDr. RajMexico Citythe Great Wall of ChinaMiss LeeBeijingthe Pacific OceanGrandadBuckingham PalaceMount FujiUncle Davidthe Statue of Libertythe Rio GrandeProfessor Parkthe Erie Canalthe Himalayas Punctuation: Capital Letter 145You also use capital letters after the initials in someone s name. T.K. LeeJ.K. RowlingJ.R.R. TolkienM.C. Hammer The days of the week and months of the year begin with a capital letter. MondayJanuaryJulyTuesdayFebruaryAugustWednesdayMarchSeptemberThursdayAprilOctoberFridayMayNovemberSaturdayJuneDecemberSundayThe names of holidays and special celebrations also begin with a capital letter. Valentine s DayVeterans DayYom KippurHalloweenChristmasIndependence DayMemorial DayThanksgivingCapital letters are also used in the titles of books, films and plays. The Lady and the Tramp Star WarsHarry Potter and the Sorcerer s StoneThe Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Alice in WonderlandThe Sword in the StoneHamlet, Prince of DenmarkCats and DogsUniversal World AtlasPunctuation: Capital Letter 146Nationalities and languages also begin with a capital letter. AustralianGermanIndonesianKoreanSpanishFrenchEgyptianRussianHinduJapaneseSouth AfricanChineseBritishEnglishPakistaniCantoneseYou also use a capital letter for the first letter in words and phrases that you use for saying hello and goodbye. Good morning. Have a nice day. Bye. Hi. See you later. Take it easy. Punctuation: Capital LetterPut the correct punctuation mark at the end of each sentence. 1. Sally is my sister s friend 2. What time is it 3. Don t speak to your mother like that 4.


Sally is my sister s friend 2. What time is it 3. Don t speak to your mother like that 4. Good morning Did you sleep well 5. Oh dear Did he hurt himself Exercise 2Rewrite the following sentences by putting commas and apostrophes in the correct places. 1. This food is delicious isnt it? 2. Hello David. Have you seen Toms new bike? 3. Good morning children said Miss Lee. 4. I cant speak French very well. 5. Excuse me Mr. Chen. Could you help me with this question please. 6. Sams mom bought rice eggs and flour. 7. Yes thank you. Ive had a lovely day. 8. Shes my big brothers girlfriend.147 6. Mom asked if I had cleaned my room 7. Help I m falling 8. Could you open a window, please 9. He s very handsome, isn t he10. What a lovely dayPut capital letters in the correct places as you rewrite these sentences. 1. Have you seen mr. Chen? 2. Can I help with the cooking, mom? 3. We went to paris for a holiday. 4. Do you like my new car? Asked uncle david. 5. We visited new york and saw the statue of liberty. 6. My friend doesn t speak english. 7. They spent christmas in london. 8. We went to the library on thursday. 9. Were you born in june or july?10. Have you read the lord of the rings by j.r.r. Tolkien? 11. They re going to italy next summer. 12. Have a good day, mrs.


They re going to italy next summer. 12. Have a good day, mrs. Park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics.


12. Have a good day, mrs. Park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners.


Have a good day, mrs.park.148149A List of Irregular VerbsA List of Irregular VerbsHere is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs. Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlebeam, is, arebeingwasbeenbeatbeatsbeatingbeatbeatenbecomebecomesbecomingbecamebecomebeginbeginsbeginningbeganbegunbendbendsbendingbent bentbitebitesbitingbitbittenblowblowsblowingblewblownbreakbreaksbreakingbrokebrokenbringbringsbringingbroughtbroughtbuildbuildsbuildingbuiltbuiltburnburnsburningburnedburnedburstburstsburstingburstburstbuybuysbuyingboughtboughtcatchcatchescatchingcaughtcaughtchoosechooseschoosingchosechosencomecomescomingcamecomecreepcreepscreepingcreptcreptcutcutscuttingcutcutdigdigsdiggingdugdugdodoesdoingdiddonedrawdrawsdrawingdrewdrawn150Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participledrinkdrinksdrinkingdrankdrunkdrivedrivesdrivingdrovedriveneateatseatingateeatenfallfallsfallingfellfallenfeedfeedsfeedingfedfedfeelfeelsfeelingfeltfeltfightfightsfightingfoughtfoughtfindfindsfindingfoundfoundflyfliesflyingflewflownforgetforgetsforgettingforgotforgottenfreezefreezesfreezingfrozefrozengetgetsgettinggotgotgivegivesgivinggavegivengogoesgoingwentgonegrowgrowsgrowinggrewgrownhavehashavinghadhadhearhearshearingheardheardhidehideshidinghidhiddenhithitshittinghithitholdholdsholdingheldheldhurthurtshurtinghurthurtkeepkeepskeepingkeptkeptkneelkneelskneelingkneltkneltknowknowsknowingknewknownlaylayslayinglaidlaidleadleadsleadingledled151Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlelearnlearnslearninglearnedlearnedleaveleavesleavingleftleftlendlendslendinglentlentletletslettingletletlielieslyinglaylainlightlightslightinglit lightedlit lightedloseloseslosinglostlostmakemakesmakingmademademeetmeetsmeetingmetmetpaypayspayingpaidpaidputputsputtingputputreadreadsreadingreadreadrideridesridingroderiddenringringsringingrangrungriserisesrisingroserisenrunrunsrunningranrunsaysayssayingsaidsaidseeseesseeingsawseensellsellssellingsoldsoldsendsendssendingsentsentshakeshakesshakingshookshakenshineshinesshiningshoneshoneshootshootsshootingshotshotshowshowsshowingshowedshownshutshutsshuttingshutshutsingsingssingingsangsung152Simple Third Person Present Simple PastPresent Singular Participle Past Participlesinksinkssinkingsanksunksitsitssittingsatsatsleepsleepssleepingsleptsleptsmellsmellssmellingsmelledsmelledspeakspeaksspeakingspokespokenspendspendsspendingspentspentspreadspreadsspreadingspreadspreadstealstealsstealingstolestolensticksticksstickingstuckstucksweep sweepssweepingsweptsweptswellswellsswellingswelledswollenswimswimsswimmingswamswumswingswingsswingingswungswungtaketakestakingtooktakenteachteachesteachingtaughttaughtteartearstearingtoretorntelltellstellingtoldtoldthinkthinksthinkingthoughtthoughtthrowthrowsthrowingthrewthrownunderstandunderstandsunderstandingunderstoodunderstoodwakewakeswakingwokewokenwearwearswearingworewornweepweepsweepingweptweptwinwinswinningwon wonwritewriteswritingwrotewritten Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar More than 80 practice exercises are included for readyreinforcement A wealth of examples are provided on every topic Concise explanations are bolstered by extra grammartips and useful language notesBeginning to intermediate students of all ages will greatlybenefit from a clear understanding of English grammarbasics. This is the ideal supplement to your language artsprogram whether your students are native English speakers orbeginning English language learners. Skill-specific lessonsmake it easy to locate and prescribe instant reinforcementor intervention. BASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBook.


Table of ContentsUnit 1InfinitivesPart A Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form6B To-infinitives as Subjects10C To-infinitives in Predicates14D To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order18E Review GerundsPart A Gerunds and Common Verbs with Gerunds 24B Infinitives vs. Gerunds 28C Gerunds after Prepositions 32D Special Expressions with Gerunds 36E Review ParticiplesPart A Present and Past Participles 42B Perfect Participle Clauses46C Review Perfect TensesPart A Simple Past vs. Present Perfect 52B Past Perfect 56C Present Perfect Progressive 60D Past Perfect Progressive 64E Adverbs with Perfect Tenses 68F Review Modal AuxiliariesPart A Expressing Ability74B Polite Requests 78C Necessity and Obligation 82D Advice and Suggestion86E Expectation90F Review 94Unit 6Noun ClausesPart A Noun Clauses with Question Words96B Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether100C Noun Clauses vs. Noun Phrases 104D Review Relative ClausesPart A Restrictive Clauses 110B Non-restrictive Clauses 114C Review Direct and Indirect SpeechPart A Direct Speech 120B Indirect Speech 124C Review Active and Passive VoicesPart A Active and Passive Voices 130B Active and Passive Forms 134C Stative Passives 138D Review 142Unit 10 Prepositions with NounsPart A Nouns Followed by Prepositions 144B Prepositions Followed by Nouns 148C Review Index155Transcripts Answer Key6 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewDear Diary,I was so happy today because I overcame my fearof speaking in front of the class. My friend Emilywas so helpful because she helped me realizethat standing and speaking in front of others wasnot a big deal. After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking.


After class was over, Emily had mestand on a desk. Then, she made me give myspeech over and over until I became comfortablein front of her. She convinced me to speakconfidently with a loud voice and also forced meto stand up straight while speaking. I am sograteful for all of her help. Claire A causative verb is a verb that enables, causes, or allows a person to do something to another person. For help, both to-infinitives and bare infinitives are acceptable. I helped them to move the sofa. I helped them move the sofa. Causative Verbswith To-infinitivesGet, force, allow, encourage, persuade,convince, and help are followed by an objectand the to-infinitive form of a verb. Let, make, have, and help are followed by anobject and the bare infinitive form of a verb. They persuaded us to join their group. She convinced me to leave early. My parents did not let me go to the rock concert. That food made my stomach feel sick. The teacher had me do the sum on the board. Causative Verbs and Infinitive FormPart AUnit 1 Infinitiveswith Bare InfinitivesPart A 71. My teacher forces me do chores around her house.2. I always help my grandmother to do my homework.3. Mark s brother had his friend help him with his homework.4. Jenny encourages others do the dishes after dinner.5. Allen hates it when his mom makes him to try new things. Exercise 2Match the sentence parts.1. My violin teacher made convinced me to practice for two hours every night.2. Are you sure I can t convince make you to come with us? 3. Sometimes late at night, my father gets lets me drive the car.4. Emily and Claire are always having persuading us to go shopping with them.5. My teacher is going to get have me take a special math class next month. 6. Even though Peter doesn t like it, his father always forces has him to go to musiclessons after school. Exercise 3Choose the correct causative verb.1. After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3.


After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow hislaptop. 2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.3. My mother has me make my bed every morning. 4. My desire to get into a good university forces me to study hard every day. 5. They convinced me to go to the shop for them.6. Hopefully, she can persuade her father to let her stay out late on Friday. Exercise 1Circle the causative verbs in the sentences. Some sentences havemore than one causative verb. Practice 1Practice 28 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Underline the mistakes. Write the corrections on the lines. If there are nomistakes, write OK on the line.1. Yesterday, Peter and Allen let Jenny to beat them in the race. 2. The woman convinced the filthy boy to take a shower after he had been playing inthe mud. 3. Every day, my friend convinces me eat the same thing for lunch. 4. Yesterday, Allen s father had him to go to the hair stylist with his little sister. 5. After-school academies help children reinforce topics that they learn in school. 6. Tomorrow, we will get his friend help us move the giant sofa. Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences with causative verbs.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions. Track 21. What is the client s name? 2. What does the lawyer want the jury to do? 3. What does not guilty mean? 4. What was Mr. Pearson forced to do? Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Circle the four mistakes in the passage.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 8Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly. Bruce,I can t believe what happened to me yesterday! I was walking with Joe, andhe persuaded me play a joke on Michelle. We took her backpack. Then wetold her it was stolen. But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter.


But we made a mistakeand took the wrong bag. The one we tookbelonged to the teacher s daughter. Theteacher made us to say sorry to herdaughter. Then she forced us tell Michelleabout the joke. It was really embarrassing. I ll never let myself to listen to Joe again!BrianPart B To-infinitives as Subjects10 Unit 1 InfinitivesA to-infinitive phrase may be used as the subject ofa sentence. When the to-infinitive phrase is long,the sentence begins with it and the to-infinitivephrase comes at the end of the sentence. For an object preceding an infinitive gives thatinfinitive a specific subject. An indirect object may follow take and cost. A to-infinitive can begin a sentence. This is usuallydone with short infinitive phrases or to give thesentence a more formal feeling. It is unusual to see an owl during the day. It takes time to learn a new language. It is worthwhile for people to invest their savings. It is unusual for owls to come out during the day. How long did it take her to do her homework?It cost her a lot of money to get a good tutor. To ski takes strong legs and good balance. To be kind to others is important. To-infinitives as SubjectsGrammar ExplanationPreviewLeadershipTo lead requires good organization and a clear set of goals. It takes good communication skillsto pass the vision of the goals to others, and it isalways important for the leader to inspire hisfollowers to work hard for that goal. Practice 1Part B 111. To do that again. For me would be It awful 2. Eighty years the championship. To win took the team It 3. Dollars lunch. To buy It four costs 4. Everyone to fail Not to do requires job. Their Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. Necessary - adults 2. Important - president 3. Unfortunate - a child 4. Rude - teenagers Exercise 3Make sentences using it and the words given.1. It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4.


It cost her three hundred dollars repair her computer.2. To respect your parents is very important.3. Every morning, it takes him one hour to fix his hair.4. It is bad for business to too many customer complaints.5. When did it occur to you to ask for directions?6. How long does take you to finish a pint of ice cream?Exercise 1Check the sentences that are correct. Practice 212 Unit 1 Infinitives1. For me to help do chores around the house.2. To never do your homework.3. One dollar to take the bus.4. To stand up for what you believe.5. To hear my friend sing. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with your own information. Begin each sentencewith it.1. It costs about eight dollars to see a movie. 2. It takes a while to get to school in the morning. 3. It takes a lot of studying to do well in school. 4. It is strange for our boss to take us out for dinner. 5. It is quite common for Peter to forget his homework. Exercise 5Rewrite each sentence into a more formal sentence beginning with aninfinitive. Exercise 4Look at the pictures and answer the questions you hear.1. 2. 3. 4. Track 3Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the conversation with words from the box.1. To find my house is .2. It takes around .3. It is important for .4. It is also important for .5. Finally, .Exercise 8Give directions to your house using the prompts. Man:OK, how do we get to your house?Woman: Well, 1. My house is pretty easy. It takes abouttwenty minutes 2. There from here. Start bytaking Orchard Road for about fifteen minutes. It is important foryou 3. Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5.


Slowly because there is a school nearby. It is unusual for there 4. Children playing in thestreet, but be careful. It is also important for you 5. To the big grey wall on your leftbecause you must turn right onthe street after the wall. Afterturning, go to the end of the streetand look for the big blue house. Man:OK, let s go!to pay attention to drive to find to be to getPart C To-infinitives in Predicates14 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewQ: Why should you be admitted to Tiger College?Even though there are many other opportunitiesfor me, I want to attend Tiger College. Eversince I was a small child, my father expected meto work my hardest, so I could go to the bestcollege. I did well on my tests and refused tosettle for number two in my class, and I hope to study under the guidance of Tiger sworld-renowned faculty. I will be delighted tostart classes this fall, and I promise tomaintain my high work ethic. The to-infinitive comes after a verb. The to-infinitive comes after an object. The to-infinitive comes after an adjective. A to-infinitive can be placed at several different positions within a sentence. They wanted to stay for a few extra days. We asked to see the menu. I asked her to stay for a few more hours. I lifted the heavy box to impress the girls. He will be disappointed not to see you. It will be strange to meet her after so many years. To-infinitives in PredicatesPractice 11. Me to give my teacher less My mother persuaded homework. 2. Information allows to get The Internet us anywhere. From 3. Off forgot to Peter oven. The turn 4. Embarrassed are going the play. We to be to act in 5. To travel the world. Around Jenny s planning sister is Part C 15Exercise 2Unscramble the sentences.1. The President promised the citizens something. He listened to their problems. 2. After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous.


After not eating all day, my brother will need food. He will eat a big dinner. 3. She was very nervous. She flew for the first time. 4. I expect to have a good job when I grow up. I am going to be a doctor. 5. After the airplane landed, I was so excited. I saw my grandparents. Exercise 3Combine the two clauses using an infinitive. Exercise 1Write A if the infinitive comes after an adjective, O if it comes after anobject, or V if it is after a verb.1. I will be happy to finish this essay.2. My grandmother plans to give me a diamond ring when I get married.3. The skier appeared to injure his leg after the girl ran into him.4. When will your father ask Peter to finish building the dresser?5. Claire and Emily were very sad to leave Italy and return home. Practice 216 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 5Choose the correct answer for each sentence. Exercise 4Listen and answer the questions.1. She really to like her new boyfriend.a. Prefers b. seems c. agrees d. decides2. I am sorry, I can t to ignore it any longer. You have food on your face. A. wish b. deserve c. attempts d. pretend3. My father always reminds me that he me to lose every time we playbasketball against each other.a. Expects b. plans c. determines d. agrees4. Hollywood actors are always eager for the camera.a. To fly b. to sneeze c. to smile d. to sleep1. What is the speaker s profession? 2. Which city are they in? 3. What does he want everybody to do? 4. What is he going to show the audience how to do? Exercise 6Use the pictures to write sentences using infinitives. Track 41. 2. 3. 4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring.


4. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the passage with words from the box.wake up seems try excited home in the middleMy daily life 1. To be pretty boring. Every day, I go to school tolisten to my teachers talk about the same thing. After school, Iget 2. To meet my friends so we can go playsoccer. I then go 3. To eat dinner. After that I 4. To finish myhomework, but I usually stop 5. To take a nap. I then 6. Tofinish my homework before going back tosleep for the night. Exercise 8Complete the sentences with information about your daily life.1. After I come home from school, I want .2. Every day, I am happy .3. Every day, my parents require me .4. Every day, I am amazed . To-infinitives with Too,Enough, and In OrderPart D18 Unit 1 InfinitivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewMy parents are always telling me that their liveswere so much harder when they were kids. When Iwant to get a ride to go to a friend s house, they saythey had to walk in a meter of snow to get toschool. Or if I don t like my dinner, they say thatthey never had enough to eat. When I need newclothes because mine are too old to wear, theytell me that they always wore clothes that were toosmall to wear because their family never hadenough money to buy new ones. I don t believeeverything they say. I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work.


I think they tell me this inorder to make me feel guilty. Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive for a certain purpose. I.e., that there is more than a person would wantor like Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient for a certain thing. I.e., that a person does not need any more of thatthing In order to is used to show purpose. It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used. Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma. To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In OrderI was too tired to do any work. Too adjective adverb to-infinitiveI have too much work to do today. Too much uncountable noun to-infinitiveI have too many presents to buy. Too many plural countable noun to-infinitiveWe had enough time to finish the project. Enough noun to-infinitiveHe s not fast enough to play for the team. Adjective adverb enough to-infinitiveI studied hard in order to pass the test. I studiedhard to pass the test. My father drove down Oak Street in order toavoid traffic. In order to avoid traffic, my fatherdrove down Oak Street. Practice 1Part D 191. Emily doesn t have time to go to all her after-school classes andfinish her homework.2. My parents sent me chocolate to finish before I leave.3. There are cars on the road to drive home quickly.4. With forty students and only twenty-five desks, there are studentsto place in desks.5. Jenny feels that there is pressure on her to perform well in school. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.1. I must have creativity. I want to write novels. 2. After doing poorly on my exam, I must have a good interview. I want to get into agood college. 3. You want to see all of France. You must climb to the top of the Eiffel Tower. 4. Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5.


Peter kept his brother from telling their parents that he broke the vase. Peter cleanedhis brother s room for a week. 5. Allen wants to buy his girlfriend a bracelet. Allen will need to get a job. Exercise 3Combine the two sentences to form one sentence using in order to-infinitive.1. In order to fly a kite, in order to get my work done.2. My friend doesn t practice enough to become a great pianist.3. He weighs too much to fly to America.4. I need to wake up early tomorrow to make sure I don t get thirsty.5. It usually costs a thousand dollars it must be a windy day.6. When hiking, I always take enough water to sit on the baby s swing. Exercise 1Match the sentence parts. Practice 220 Unit 1 InfinitivesExercise 4Listen and choose the best responses.1. He brought enough candy to share with everyone. Did ? 2. We have too much work to do it properly. Do ? 3. You must always watch the ball in order to hit a baseball. What ? 4. I take cooking lessons to impress Jenny. Why ? 5. Allen wants to be taller in order to be a good basketball player. Why ? Exercise 6Rewrite the sentences in question form.1. 2. 3. 4. Exercise 5Use the pictures to write sentences using too, enough, and in order to. Track 51. A.b.c.2. A.b.c.3. A.b.c.4. A.b.c. Part D 21Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with too, enough, or in order to.1. Make the best ChocolateChip cookies, follow these easy steps.2. Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4.


Get your flour, baking soda, and salt andmix them together. Be sure to add baking soda or yourcookies will look like crackers.3. Next, make sure to add sugar and vanilla to make your cookiessweet, and mix them together along with the flour and a couple of eggs.4. After that, stir in the chocolate chips evenly avoid somecookies having many chips and some cookies with too few.5. Then, put your dough in the refrigerator for ten minutes let the baking soda rise so your cookies aren t flat like cardboard.6. Next, preheat your oven to 350 degrees, and put spoonfuls of cookie doughonto a cookie sheet. Don t make your cookies thick or themiddle will never bake.7. Finally, put your cookies into the oven for ten minutes. Be sure to allow time for the oven to preheat ensurethat your cookies are baked properly.8. Now you can take the cookies out of the oven and enjoy them!1. In order to make cookies, what ingredients do you need? 2. Why must you put the dough in the refrigerator? 3. Why shouldn t you make your cookies too thick? Exercise 8Answer questions about the reading. 22 Unit 1 InfinitivesReviewPart EA: I bought a new English book inorder to study harder. A: Yes, but sometimes I don t haveenough time to study. A: Yes, I will just do my best!B: Cool. It s a good idea to learn a newlanguage. B: Well, don t study too much. It takestime to learn a new language. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1.2.3.bought a new English book joined a new gym got a canoestudy harder get fit take up a sportto learn a new language get in shape learn a new sportstudy exercise practice1. My mother promised the author to finish his book.2. Because he misbehaved, the teacher had we need to have tickets.3. It took three years for Allen stand outside of the classroom.4. In order to get into the stadium, to buy me new shoes for my birthday.5. I never agreed to allow my cousin to stay in my room.1. Successful.