B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination. Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock. Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection. Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian.


Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock. Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection. Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian. C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service.


Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection. Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian. C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service. Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother.


Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian. C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service. Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother. Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own.


C Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service. Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother. Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own. E What is zero grazing?


Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary Cut and disinfect umbilical cord Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days Keep records on the performance of the calf Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4 th day Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing Provide adequate clean water from the third week Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week Provide mineral supplements Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months Spray or dip the calf against external parasites Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases Release the calf occasionally for exercise Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks Dehorn the calf using appropriate method Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding Remove extra teats if necessary Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight Treat against disease when sick Weigh the calf regularly d Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother. Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own. E What is zero grazing? The practice of rearing animals under confinement in stalls whereby food and water are brought to the animals.


Put 3 4 fingers in the calf s mouth Let the calf suck the fingers 62Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own. E What is zero grazing? The practice of rearing animals under confinement in stalls whereby food and water are brought to the animals. Ii State the advantages of zero grazing Easy to control livestock diseases High production per unit area of land Proper utilization of pasture i.e no trampling or fouling Animals do not waste a lot of energy in walking Good method of accumulation and collection of farm yard manure for plant and dung for biogas Possible to keep livestock where there is bad terrain eg. Swampy, stony or steep slopes.


E What is zero grazing? The practice of rearing animals under confinement in stalls whereby food and water are brought to the animals. Ii State the advantages of zero grazing Easy to control livestock diseases High production per unit area of land Proper utilization of pasture i.e no trampling or fouling Animals do not waste a lot of energy in walking Good method of accumulation and collection of farm yard manure for plant and dung for biogas Possible to keep livestock where there is bad terrain eg. Swampy, stony or steep slopes. Possible to keep livestock where land is limited High level of stocking rate achieved. Iii List the limitation of zero grazing Expensive as it requires high initial capital Labour intensive i.e a lot of labour required May not be possible where there is in adequate water Requires a lot of technical sills to manage well. 2.Discuss the management of beef cattle from birth until it is ready to be sold as steer.


633.a Describe the preparations one would make before the arrival of day old chicks on the farm. A poultry house should be constructed The house should be well ventilated and should not allow draught inside A brooder should be ready 2-3 days before chicks arrive A coccidiostat should be bought ready for use in case acoccidiosis attacks chicks Put newspapers on the floor of the brooder to prevent chicks from eating litter e.g saw dust. Spread food on the newspapers and some on feeders Avail proteins DCP and vitamins A and B. The protein and vitamin A encourage faster growth rate provide chick starter mash Provide feeders and waterers The farmer should ensure that the poultry house has a door to keep of predators like wild cats, jackals and foxes The door also keeps of cold wind entering the house. B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding.


Spread food on the newspapers and some on feeders Avail proteins DCP and vitamins A and B. The protein and vitamin A encourage faster growth rate provide chick starter mash Provide feeders and waterers The farmer should ensure that the poultry house has a door to keep of predators like wild cats, jackals and foxes The door also keeps of cold wind entering the house. B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding. This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age.


The protein and vitamin A encourage faster growth rate provide chick starter mash Provide feeders and waterers The farmer should ensure that the poultry house has a door to keep of predators like wild cats, jackals and foxes The door also keeps of cold wind entering the house. B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding. This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age. Control diseases using appropriate methods e.g vaccination against Newcastle, fowl pox and marcocks diseases.


B Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding. This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age. Control diseases using appropriate methods e.g vaccination against Newcastle, fowl pox and marcocks diseases. Isolate and treat the sick chicks immediately Keep proper records Debeaking should be done 8 10 days towards the end of breeding c i What are growers?


This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old Ensure brooder corners are rounded Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks Clean and disinfect the brooder and house Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks Temperature during the first week should be 32 35 o C then reduce accordingly Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age. Control diseases using appropriate methods e.g vaccination against Newcastle, fowl pox and marcocks diseases. Isolate and treat the sick chicks immediately Keep proper records Debeaking should be done 8 10 days towards the end of breeding c i What are growers? These are chicks that are between 9 22 weeks old ii Discuss briefly the rearing of growers upto the point of lay Provide adequate floor space i.e 18 20 cm sq per 100 birds Provide enough space at water and feed throughs and at roosts The house should be disinfected Provide enough clean litter on the floor Provide growers mash 16 17 protein Provide insoluble grit for digestion Hang green vegetables e.g cabbage leaves to keep birds busy Provide plenty of clean water Vaccinate against fowl typhoid, newcastle diseases when necessary Keep a high level of hygiene Keep litter dry to avoid disease out break and change as necessary Control external parasites 64d Describe the management of layers in deep litter system starting from the point of lay.


Collect eggs frequently, atleast twice a day Provide atleast 20g of layers mash per bird per day Ensure the birds have enough calcium by providing oyster shell Supply some grits to help in digestion Ensure enough supply of grits or vitamins Cull poor layers and diseased birds Debeak birds to prevent cannibalism or egg eating if necessary Vaccinate birds regularly against predominant diseases or give prophylactic drugs Check birds for disease symptoms Check for occurrence of pests and apply appropriate pesticides. Avoid stress factors e.g noise, disturbance, etc Discourage broodiness among a the layers Maintain and repair the house and equipment as the need arises Provide enough feed throughs Provide grains in the litter to keep birds busy Isolate and treat sick birds Keep appropriate records Dispose off the dead birds by burying or burning and also dispose off broken eggs or shells Maintain correct concentration of disinfectant at foot bath. 4.a State the tests that should be carried out to determine the quality of fresh eggs. Candling Physical observation Floatation Shaking lightly.


Avoid stress factors e.g noise, disturbance, etc Discourage broodiness among a the layers Maintain and repair the house and equipment as the need arises Provide enough feed throughs Provide grains in the litter to keep birds busy Isolate and treat sick birds Keep appropriate records Dispose off the dead birds by burying or burning and also dispose off broken eggs or shells Maintain correct concentration of disinfectant at foot bath. 4.a State the tests that should be carried out to determine the quality of fresh eggs. Candling Physical observation Floatation Shaking lightly. B List the factors that should be considered when grading eggs for marketing . Size, weight or volume of egg Colour Shell quality e.g rough or broken Shape of egg c i What is candling? Examining an egg for abnormalities by looking at it against a strong source of light.


B List the factors that should be considered when grading eggs for marketing . Size, weight or volume of egg Colour Shell quality e.g rough or broken Shape of egg c i What is candling? Examining an egg for abnormalities by looking at it against a strong source of light. Ii Describe how to candle an egg 65Put a strong light under the egg and look at it contents Look at the external and internal contents If abnormalities are seen discord the egg iii State the reasons for candling an egg To check for fertility To confirm presence of chick during incubation d Explain the occurrence of double yolked eggs A yolk delays in the infindibulum and is joined by the next yolk The two yolks travel together to the magnum They are then enclosed by one albumen and one shell 5.a What is milk? The white substance secreted in the mammary system of female mammals. B Draw a well labelled diagram of a mammary glad.


Ii Describe how to candle an egg 65Put a strong light under the egg and look at it contents Look at the external and internal contents If abnormalities are seen discord the egg iii State the reasons for candling an egg To check for fertility To confirm presence of chick during incubation d Explain the occurrence of double yolked eggs A yolk delays in the infindibulum and is joined by the next yolk The two yolks travel together to the magnum They are then enclosed by one albumen and one shell 5.a What is milk? The white substance secreted in the mammary system of female mammals. B Draw a well labelled diagram of a mammary glad. C What is milk let-down? The flow of milk from the upper region of the udder alveolar region to the gland and test cistern. Ii State the essentials of clean milk production.


C What is milk let-down? The flow of milk from the upper region of the udder alveolar region to the gland and test cistern. Ii State the essentials of clean milk production. The milkmen should be clean Test for mastitis before milking Ensure clean milking utensils and equipment Have a clean milking parlour i.e shed Ensure the cows are free from diseases e.g T.B. Cows with mastitis should be milked last Clean the udder Sieve the milk iii Explain the procedure of hand milking Collect all milking equipment around so that you do not need to move unnecessarily once milking has started Restrain the cow Give some feeds Clean the udder with a clean towel Squeeze test to extract milk within 7 8 minutes Strip the udder dry Apply milking jelly 66Dip the test in anti-mastitis solution Release the cow Weigh the milk Filtering and sieving Cooling or storage in cool place. E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow.


The milkmen should be clean Test for mastitis before milking Ensure clean milking utensils and equipment Have a clean milking parlour i.e shed Ensure the cows are free from diseases e.g T.B. Cows with mastitis should be milked last Clean the udder Sieve the milk iii Explain the procedure of hand milking Collect all milking equipment around so that you do not need to move unnecessarily once milking has started Restrain the cow Give some feeds Clean the udder with a clean towel Squeeze test to extract milk within 7 8 minutes Strip the udder dry Apply milking jelly 66Dip the test in anti-mastitis solution Release the cow Weigh the milk Filtering and sieving Cooling or storage in cool place. E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow. Breed of animal Age of animal Period of lactation Health of the animal Temperament of the cow Feed and water supply Season of the year Animal handling during milking 6.Discuss the field production of the following crops.


Cows with mastitis should be milked last Clean the udder Sieve the milk iii Explain the procedure of hand milking Collect all milking equipment around so that you do not need to move unnecessarily once milking has started Restrain the cow Give some feeds Clean the udder with a clean towel Squeeze test to extract milk within 7 8 minutes Strip the udder dry Apply milking jelly 66Dip the test in anti-mastitis solution Release the cow Weigh the milk Filtering and sieving Cooling or storage in cool place. E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow. Breed of animal Age of animal Period of lactation Health of the animal Temperament of the cow Feed and water supply Season of the year Animal handling during milking 6.Discuss the field production of the following crops. A Tea i Biological requirements At least 1400mm rainfall per annum Altitude of 1900 2200m Soils should be well drained, fertile, deep slighly acidic.


E State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow. Breed of animal Age of animal Period of lactation Health of the animal Temperament of the cow Feed and water supply Season of the year Animal handling during milking 6.Discuss the field production of the following crops. A Tea i Biological requirements At least 1400mm rainfall per annum Altitude of 1900 2200m Soils should be well drained, fertile, deep slighly acidic. Ii Land preparation Clear land well Remove all tree stumps to prevent almillaria Remove all parannial weeds Make cut off drains to divert storm water Terrace where land is steep Ring back trees six months before cutting iii Transplanting Dig holes 30 x 45cm Spacing of 1.2 x 0.9 m or 1.5 x 0.75m or 1.2 x 0.7m Plant when there is enough moisture in soil Apply phosphatic fertilizer in planting hole Apply shade when necessary Water when necessary Avoid planting in unusual places. Iv Field management.


B Cotton i Ecological requirements Requires 500 100mm, well distributed rainfall Altitude of 0-1500m Temperature above 15.5c o but below 30 o c Soils well drained with PH above 5 i.e alkalinic Black cotton soil or clay soil preferable ii Land preparation Clear the site of vegetation Remove all stumps and roots Remove all perennial or grass weeds Planting holes spaced at 30 x 90cm or 45 x 90cm- iii Planting. Plant early in the main rainy season Put one seed in spacing of 30 x 90 cm or two seeds in a spacing of 45 x 90 cm Apply DAP fertilizer at planting time at the recommended rate Initially plant 20 seeds per hole. Iv Field management Keep field weed free Thin out plants not required v Pests include cotton stainers, American Bellworm, pink bellworms and cotton lygus. They are controlled by using insecticides Control bacterial blight by using cultural means and jusarium with disease by using appropriate fungicides. Vi Harvesting.


Iv Field management Keep field weed free Thin out plants not required v Pests include cotton stainers, American Bellworm, pink bellworms and cotton lygus. They are controlled by using insecticides Control bacterial blight by using cultural means and jusarium with disease by using appropriate fungicides. Vi Harvesting. Pick cotton in dry season when lint is dry Sort out into grade A and B Use clean hands when harvesting Pick only clean cotton Avoid sisal bags and any form of contamination. C Coffee. Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation.


Pick cotton in dry season when lint is dry Sort out into grade A and B Use clean hands when harvesting Pick only clean cotton Avoid sisal bags and any form of contamination. C Coffee. Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation. Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade.


C Coffee. Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation. Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade. Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds.


Ecological requirements Rainfall of 1500 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 6.0 PH Altitude of 1400 2000m Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees ii Land Preparation. Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade. Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds. V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties.


Prepare land six months early Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing Holes dug 3 months early Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety 68iii Transplanting Coffee is first planted in nurseries Transplant at onset of rains Holes reopened immediately before transplanting Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves Apply mulch and fertilizers Water well after planting Provide shade. Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds. V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting.


Iv Field management Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die back of roots and lateral buds. V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting. Done by hand Pick only crops berries or cherries Deliver to factory some day Harvest early to avoid loss of fruit through pests and over-ripening overripe as MBUNI d Phyrethrum.


V Pests and diseases Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease CBD and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting. Done by hand Pick only crops berries or cherries Deliver to factory some day Harvest early to avoid loss of fruit through pests and over-ripening overripe as MBUNI d Phyrethrum. I Biological factors At least 1000mm rainfall yearly Short period of dry weather for high quality Altitude of 1500 3000m Temperature of 15.5 o C Fertile, well drained soils with good water retention and PH of 5.6 ii Land preparation Early land preparation Eradication of perennial weeds e.g grasses Dig deep Make ridges 60 90cm apart Spacing of 90 x 60cm on ridges iii Selection of planting materials From high yielding mother plant Pest free Disease free Vigorous Use splits instead of roots 69iv Transplanting At the onset of the rains Dig holes 10 15 cm deep Add 1 teaspoonful of TSP i.e 15gm or 30g DSP Mix fertiliser with soil Place splits as they were in the nursery Fill soil bit by bit Firm the soil around the roots v Field practices.


Coveid bug attacks young nuts and has no effective control 70Termites controlled by applying insecticides v Harvesting Matures from 5 10 years after transplanting Nuts picked 7 10 months after flowering f Citrus i Ecology Altitude of 0 2000m Atleast 900mm, well distributed rainfall annually Deep, well drained soils with PH 5.0 7.0 ii Land preparation and planting Plant by budding Buds mature early, are less thorny, seedless Rough lemon commonly used as root stock Nursery managed for 12 18 months before transplanting Holes are 60 x 60 x 60cm Refill holes with top soil, farm yard manure, and add phosphate fertilizer Spacing is 6 x 4 m iii Field Management Control weeds by mulching, chemicals, mechanically Apply compound fertilizers at recommended rate Mulch young plants Remove any flower appearing upto 2 yars After transplanting Remove suckers. Iv Pests and Diseases Citrus aphids, false codling moth, fruit flies, scale, insects and mites are controlled using appropriate chemicals Gummosis and citrus tristeza controlled by use of resistant rootstock v Harvesting Harvest by picking the fruits by hand Harvesting starts after 2 years Avoid damage by bruising Pack fruits well. 7.a What do the following terms mean? I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed.


Iv Pests and Diseases Citrus aphids, false codling moth, fruit flies, scale, insects and mites are controlled using appropriate chemicals Gummosis and citrus tristeza controlled by use of resistant rootstock v Harvesting Harvest by picking the fruits by hand Harvesting starts after 2 years Avoid damage by bruising Pack fruits well. 7.a What do the following terms mean? I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed. Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics.


7.a What do the following terms mean? I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed. Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics. D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg.


I Total digestible nutrients T.D.N The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed. Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics. D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg. 8.a i What is agricultural economics?


Ii Starch Equivalent S.E Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed iii Digestible crude protein DCP Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed iv Dry matter DM Also called digestible matter 71This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed v Crude fibre Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis b State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc Amount of food an animal has eaten Rate of feeding Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein more energy loss digestibility c State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock Weight of the animals Age of the animal Level of production Availability of various food components Species of animals Cost of food Physical and processing characteristics. D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg. 8.a i What is agricultural economics? The art and science of organising limited resources to achieve maximum returns ii Explain the meaning of scarcity and chice Productive resources are scarce in relation to demand i.e goods and services produced are not enough to satisfy human wants Therefore, a choice has to be made on which goods and services should be produced using the limited resources.


D A foodstuff contains 7 digestible crude protein DCP while another contains 62 D.C.P. Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20 D.C.P by using the pearson square method 7 42 62 13 55 Quantity of first foodstuff 42 55 x 100 76.4kg Quantity of second foodstuff 13 55 x 100 23.6 kg Total 76.4 23.6 100kg. 8.a i What is agricultural economics? The art and science of organising limited resources to achieve maximum returns ii Explain the meaning of scarcity and chice Productive resources are scarce in relation to demand i.e goods and services produced are not enough to satisfy human wants Therefore, a choice has to be made on which goods and services should be produced using the limited resources. 72b Explain how the house hold and firm are both producers and consumers .


The relationship generates money to both sides therefore both are producers and consumers. C What do the following terms mean? I Gross domestic product G.D.P The sum total of goods and services produced by a country within one year. Ii Gross national product GNP Total output from resources owned by the nationals of a country both within and outside the country within a year. Iii Per capital income Gross national income divided by total population d i What does the term opportunity cost in farming mean? Cost of the foregone alternative when we make a choice. Example is choosing to grow maize instead of wheat. Opportunity cost is the value of wheat Opportunity cost only exists where there are alternatives. Ii State the main implications of opportunity cost in farming. Poor decision leads to losses Correct decision leads to good profits iii When is opportunity cost nil or zero? When supply is unlimited When goods are free When there are no alternatives 9.a i What is production?


Ii State the main implications of opportunity cost in farming. Poor decision leads to losses Correct decision leads to good profits iii When is opportunity cost nil or zero? When supply is unlimited When goods are free When there are no alternatives 9.a i What is production? The process of transforming productive resources e.g land, labour and capital into consumption resources e.g potatoes, maize and milk over a period of time. Ii State the factors of production. Land provides space for production Labour human effort Capital man made to assist other factors Management organises other factors b i Name the sources of capital for farming. Leading a genoies Personal savings and earnings Inherited property. Ii How is labour classified?


Land provides space for production Labour human effort Capital man made to assist other factors Management organises other factors b i Name the sources of capital for farming. Leading a genoies Personal savings and earnings Inherited property. Ii How is labour classified? Permanent Casual 73Family iii State the functions of farm manager Planning Gathering information Comparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farms Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them Keeping up to date farm records Implementing farm management decisions Taking responsibilities c i State the law of diminishing returns In a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines. Ii State agricultural examples of this law.


Ii How is labour classified? Permanent Casual 73Family iii State the functions of farm manager Planning Gathering information Comparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farms Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them Keeping up to date farm records Implementing farm management decisions Taking responsibilities c i State the law of diminishing returns In a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines. Ii State agricultural examples of this law. Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of land Feeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk production Using varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given crop d i What is production function?


Permanent Casual 73Family iii State the functions of farm manager Planning Gathering information Comparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farms Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them Keeping up to date farm records Implementing farm management decisions Taking responsibilities c i State the law of diminishing returns In a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines. Ii State agricultural examples of this law. Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of land Feeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk production Using varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given crop d i What is production function? The relationship between the units of input that a farmer employs in production and the corresponding units of output The out put depends on inputs hence output is a function inputs.


Ii State agricultural examples of this law. Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of land Feeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk production Using varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given crop d i What is production function? The relationship between the units of input that a farmer employs in production and the corresponding units of output The out put depends on inputs hence output is a function inputs. Ii Name the types of production function? Increasing returns Constant returns Decreasing returns iii What is a decreasing returns to a production function? A production function where each additional unit of input results into a smaller increase in output than the proceeding unit of input. E State the ways in which farmers may improve the production efficiency in farming.


Increasing returns Constant returns Decreasing returns iii What is a decreasing returns to a production function? A production function where each additional unit of input results into a smaller increase in output than the proceeding unit of input. E State the ways in which farmers may improve the production efficiency in farming. Following proper livestock production practices Efficient use of labour Following proper crop rotation practices e.g spacing and control of pests and diseases Mechanization of farm operations Adoption of new techniques and methods of production Organising marketing activities to realize high prices as possible Revising farm plans when necessary Proper enterprise selection f i State the risks and uncertainties in farming Weather changes Disease and pest outbreaks Natural calamities e.g earthquakes 74Obsolescence becoming out of date e.g farm machinery New production techniques Changing prices of commodities Low or high yields of production Theft cases Change in government policy Fire outbreaks Sickness, injury or death. Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties .


E State the ways in which farmers may improve the production efficiency in farming. Following proper livestock production practices Efficient use of labour Following proper crop rotation practices e.g spacing and control of pests and diseases Mechanization of farm operations Adoption of new techniques and methods of production Organising marketing activities to realize high prices as possible Revising farm plans when necessary Proper enterprise selection f i State the risks and uncertainties in farming Weather changes Disease and pest outbreaks Natural calamities e.g earthquakes 74Obsolescence becoming out of date e.g farm machinery New production techniques Changing prices of commodities Low or high yields of production Theft cases Change in government policy Fire outbreaks Sickness, injury or death. Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties . Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin?


Following proper livestock production practices Efficient use of labour Following proper crop rotation practices e.g spacing and control of pests and diseases Mechanization of farm operations Adoption of new techniques and methods of production Organising marketing activities to realize high prices as possible Revising farm plans when necessary Proper enterprise selection f i State the risks and uncertainties in farming Weather changes Disease and pest outbreaks Natural calamities e.g earthquakes 74Obsolescence becoming out of date e.g farm machinery New production techniques Changing prices of commodities Low or high yields of production Theft cases Change in government policy Fire outbreaks Sickness, injury or death. Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties . Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin? Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare.


Ii Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties . Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin? Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare. -. Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis?


Diversification Selecting a more certain promising enterprise Contracting giving contracts Insurance e.g crops and livestock Input rationing Adopting modern methods of production Flexibility in production methods iii State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties Weather forecasts Providing extension services and advice Adjusting future commodity prices Giving farmers loans Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation Research in crops and livestock Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs g i What is gross margin? Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare. -. Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis? To compare performance of one farm and another To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another in the same farm To act as a measure of profit in a farm.


Total output income less variable costs ii Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare. -. Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis? To compare performance of one farm and another To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another in the same farm To act as a measure of profit in a farm. H i What is budgeting?


- Crop yields 20 bags - Price per bag Shs. 2000 - Casual labour Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of seeds Shs. 3,000 - Purchase of fertilizers Shs. 1,200 - Ploughing Shs. 1,000 - Purchase of gunny bags Shs. 300 Gross margin gross output variable costs Gross output yield x price 20 bags x shs. 2000 shs. 40,000 75Total variable costs shs. 1000 3000 1200 1000 300 6,500 Gross margin shs. 40,000 6,500 33,500 iii What are the uses of gross margin analysis? To compare performance of one farm and another To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another in the same farm To act as a measure of profit in a farm. H i What is budgeting? The estimation of inputs and outputs both physically and financially, in a production process. Ii Name the types of farm budgets.


H i What is budgeting? The estimation of inputs and outputs both physically and financially, in a production process. Ii Name the types of farm budgets. Complete budget prepared for each enterprise on the farm Partial budget prepared for specific enterprises when there is a minor change required. Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise?


Ii Name the types of farm budgets. Complete budget prepared for each enterprise on the farm Partial budget prepared for specific enterprises when there is a minor change required. Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise? Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors.


Complete budget prepared for each enterprise on the farm Partial budget prepared for specific enterprises when there is a minor change required. Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise? Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors. I Name the sources of agricultural support services available to farmers .


Iii State the importance of budgeting in farming Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses iv What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise? Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors. I Name the sources of agricultural support services available to farmers . Extension services Research services Training services Veterinary services Artificial insemination services bull camps Credit services Marketing services Tractor hire services Banking Farm input supplies Insurance services J i What is agricultural credit?


Availability of market for the produce Prevailing climate Size of land available for the enterprise Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise Availability of enough security Suitability of soil to the enterprise Socio-cultural factors. I Name the sources of agricultural support services available to farmers . Extension services Research services Training services Veterinary services Artificial insemination services bull camps Credit services Marketing services Tractor hire services Banking Farm input supplies Insurance services J i What is agricultural credit? Borrowed capital resources to be invested in agricultural projects 76ii Name types of agricultural credit and state their uses. SHORT TERM A credit for seasonal purchases of seed, fertilizers, chemicals, livestock feeds, fuel, etc Usually repaid within one year. MEDIUM TERM.


Borrowed capital resources to be invested in agricultural projects 76ii Name types of agricultural credit and state their uses. SHORT TERM A credit for seasonal purchases of seed, fertilizers, chemicals, livestock feeds, fuel, etc Usually repaid within one year. MEDIUM TERM. Used for the purpose of minor land improvement e.g fencing and purchase of machinery Repaid in 2-5 years LONG TERM Used for long lasting projects like land purchase, and major improvement within the farm e.g soil conservation and irrigation. Repaid in 6-15 or more years. 10. A State the uses of the following financial documents i Invoices A document issued by a seller to a buyer for goods taken on credit ii Receipts A document issued as evidence when goods and services rendered are paid for iii Delivery notes A financial document given by the seller to the buyer as an evidence of goods supplied. Iv Purchase order A document issued for requesting for the supply of goods or services on credit.


10. A State the uses of the following financial documents i Invoices A document issued by a seller to a buyer for goods taken on credit ii Receipts A document issued as evidence when goods and services rendered are paid for iii Delivery notes A financial document given by the seller to the buyer as an evidence of goods supplied. Iv Purchase order A document issued for requesting for the supply of goods or services on credit. B What are the uses of the following financial books? I Ledger The principal book of account where all entries contained in other books are recorded. Ii Journal A financial book in which daily farm transactions are entered as they occur iii Inventory A financial book which shows all assets of the farm at a particular time It gives an estimated value of all farm assets and also enables him to know that is missing, stolen or lost iv Cash book A financial book where all transaction which involve cash receipts and payments are recorded.


B What are the uses of the following financial books? I Ledger The principal book of account where all entries contained in other books are recorded. Ii Journal A financial book in which daily farm transactions are entered as they occur iii Inventory A financial book which shows all assets of the farm at a particular time It gives an estimated value of all farm assets and also enables him to know that is missing, stolen or lost iv Cash book A financial book where all transaction which involve cash receipts and payments are recorded. C List the financial statements which are usually prepared on a farm. Balance sheet Profit and loss account or a training account Cash analysis d i What is a balance sheet? 77A statement which shows the financial position of the farm at a given date and is made at the end of the year.


C List the financial statements which are usually prepared on a farm. Balance sheet Profit and loss account or a training account Cash analysis d i What is a balance sheet? 77A statement which shows the financial position of the farm at a given date and is made at the end of the year. Ii State the uses of a balance sheet Shows farm assets and liabilities Shows farm network and can therefore be used to negotiate for a loan or for correct income tax assessment. Can be used for decision making concerning the farm e i State the uses of a profit and loss account It shows all purchases and receipts made during a particular accounting period ii What is opening valuation in profit and loss account? A financial statement showing the worth of all assets one has at the beginning of the accounting period. F Name the various columns that should be shown in a cash analysis.


Can be used for decision making concerning the farm e i State the uses of a profit and loss account It shows all purchases and receipts made during a particular accounting period ii What is opening valuation in profit and loss account? A financial statement showing the worth of all assets one has at the beginning of the accounting period. F Name the various columns that should be shown in a cash analysis. Sales and receipts Purchases and expenses Details or particulars Types of enterprises Money value g i What is a statement in financial accounts Document issued by a supplier to a buyer which summarises all transactions that have taken place and not yet paid for in a certain period e.g end of month. Ii Explain the meaning of solvent and insolvent in a farming situation Solvent means the farm is able to pay up all its debts Insolvent means the farm is unable to pay up all debts owed by it to other people or farms. 11.


Performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers and consumers. B State the following laws. I Law of demand States that as price increases quantity of a good bought declines and as price decreases the quantity of goods bought increases. Ii Law of supply At higher prices more quantity of goods are supplied and at lower prices less quantity is supplied. C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price?


I Law of demand States that as price increases quantity of a good bought declines and as price decreases the quantity of goods bought increases. Ii Law of supply At higher prices more quantity of goods are supplied and at lower prices less quantity is supplied. C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price? A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products.


Ii Law of supply At higher prices more quantity of goods are supplied and at lower prices less quantity is supplied. C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price? A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products. Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12.


C State the factors which affect price of goods Demand Cost of production Supply Government control policies 78Quality of the produce d What is equilibrium price? A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products. Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12. A i what is a cooperative?


A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply e State the various marketing functions Buying Selling Assembling by traders or middlemen Transportation i.e distribution Standardization by grading and sorting out Storage facilities Processing Packing or packaging Advertising i.e sales promotion Financing i.e provide credit to farmers Risk bearing Market research f List the problems of marketing agricultural goods Perishability of agricultural products Bulkiness hence storage problems Poor transport network Seasonality of production Difficulty in storage and handling g Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products. Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12. A i what is a cooperative? An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members.


Itinerant traders or middlemen Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers 12. A i what is a cooperative? An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members. Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies .


A i what is a cooperative? An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members. Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies . Open membership which voluntary Equal rights e.g one person, one vote 79Share buying is limited Dividends distributed according to contribution Withdrawal is voluntary Sale of produce only through cooperative Total loyalty of members to the cooperative Education to members Non-profit motive by cooperative Cooperation with other cooperative organizations Only cash sale of produce Continous expansion Neutrality e.g in religion, politics or language iv State the functions of cooperative societies Marketing facilities Provision of inputs on credits Provide expert advice Storage of inputs and produce Giving loans all credit to farmers Educating for fair prices of inputs and produce Keep proper records of all activities Provide banking services to members.


An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services ii Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss Meetings are held and interim committee formed Committee draws up a constitution Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer Minimum number is ten adult members. Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies . Open membership which voluntary Equal rights e.g one person, one vote 79Share buying is limited Dividends distributed according to contribution Withdrawal is voluntary Sale of produce only through cooperative Total loyalty of members to the cooperative Education to members Non-profit motive by cooperative Cooperation with other cooperative organizations Only cash sale of produce Continous expansion Neutrality e.g in religion, politics or language iv State the functions of cooperative societies Marketing facilities Provision of inputs on credits Provide expert advice Storage of inputs and produce Giving loans all credit to farmers Educating for fair prices of inputs and produce Keep proper records of all activities Provide banking services to members. V What problems are faced by cooperative societies?


Iii State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies . Open membership which voluntary Equal rights e.g one person, one vote 79Share buying is limited Dividends distributed according to contribution Withdrawal is voluntary Sale of produce only through cooperative Total loyalty of members to the cooperative Education to members Non-profit motive by cooperative Cooperation with other cooperative organizations Only cash sale of produce Continous expansion Neutrality e.g in religion, politics or language iv State the functions of cooperative societies Marketing facilities Provision of inputs on credits Provide expert advice Storage of inputs and produce Giving loans all credit to farmers Educating for fair prices of inputs and produce Keep proper records of all activities Provide banking services to members. V What problems are faced by cooperative societies? Poor management i.e administrative problems Shortage of capital Disloyalty of members Political interference. 13. I What is a statutory board?


Poor management i.e administrative problems Shortage of capital Disloyalty of members Political interference. 13. I What is a statutory board? An organisation established by an act of parliament to run or manage an industry e.g KTDA, NCPB, CBK, etc ii State the functions of statutory boards Promote and regulate production of crops Carry out research Provide bulk planting materials Marketing i.e selling crops for farmers Represents government in international issues Provide licences for crops and processing factories Provide inputs Regulate prices of farm produce Quality control e.g inspect and maintain quality Provide storage facilities Risk bearing by sharing overhead costs Provide market information Provide credit to farmers Process farm produce Grade and standardize farm produce Storage of farm produce 80Packaging function Invest profits for benefit of farmers Advertisement i.e sales promotion d State the functions of each of the following farmers organisations i Kenya farmers National Union KNFU Better prices of farm produce Adequate supply of farm inputs at reasonable prices Better terms of loans Good roads and infrastructure to improve farming Adequate control of livestock and crop pests and diseases Education to farmers ii Agricultural society of Kenya ASK Organise agricultural shows and exhibitions Assist in administration of milk records schemes Publishes Kenya Study book and the Kenya Farmers magazine Organise national ploughing completion.


13. I What is a statutory board? An organisation established by an act of parliament to run or manage an industry e.g KTDA, NCPB, CBK, etc ii State the functions of statutory boards Promote and regulate production of crops Carry out research Provide bulk planting materials Marketing i.e selling crops for farmers Represents government in international issues Provide licences for crops and processing factories Provide inputs Regulate prices of farm produce Quality control e.g inspect and maintain quality Provide storage facilities Risk bearing by sharing overhead costs Provide market information Provide credit to farmers Process farm produce Grade and standardize farm produce Storage of farm produce 80Packaging function Invest profits for benefit of farmers Advertisement i.e sales promotion d State the functions of each of the following farmers organisations i Kenya farmers National Union KNFU Better prices of farm produce Adequate supply of farm inputs at reasonable prices Better terms of loans Good roads and infrastructure to improve farming Adequate control of livestock and crop pests and diseases Education to farmers ii Agricultural society of Kenya ASK Organise agricultural shows and exhibitions Assist in administration of milk records schemes Publishes Kenya Study book and the Kenya Farmers magazine Organise national ploughing completion. Iii 4 K CLUBS Means Kuungana, Kuanya, Kusaidia Kenya Teaching youth to like agriculture Showing youth new techniques of farming Teaching youth on leadership qualities Participation in competitive shows iv Young farmers Clubs YFC Participating in shows and competitions Hold workshops and seminars in agriculture Organise youth exchange programmes Develop sense of self reliance and individual responsibility in the youth.


I What is a statutory board?An organisation established by an act of parliament to run or manage an industry e.g KTDA, NCPB, CBK, etc ii State the functions of statutory boards Promote and regulate production of crops Carry out research Provide bulk planting materials Marketing i.e selling crops for farmers Represents government in international issues Provide licences for crops and processing factories Provide inputs Regulate prices of farm produce Quality control e.g inspect and maintain quality Provide storage facilities Risk bearing by sharing overhead costs Provide market information Provide credit to farmers Process farm produce Grade and standardize farm produce Storage of farm produce 80Packaging function Invest profits for benefit of farmers Advertisement i.e sales promotion d State the functions of each of the following farmers organisations i Kenya farmers National Union KNFU Better prices of farm produce Adequate supply of farm inputs at reasonable prices Better terms of loans Good roads and infrastructure to improve farming Adequate control of livestock and crop pests and diseases Education to farmers ii Agricultural society of Kenya ASK Organise agricultural shows and exhibitions Assist in administration of milk records schemes Publishes Kenya Study book and the Kenya Farmers magazine Organise national ploughing completion.iii 4 K CLUBS Means Kuungana, Kuanya, Kusaidia Kenya Teaching youth to like agriculture Showing youth new techniques of farming Teaching youth on leadership qualities Participation in competitive shows iv Young farmers Clubs YFC Participating in shows and competitions Hold workshops and seminars in agriculture Organise youth exchange programmes Develop sense of self reliance and individual responsibility in the youth.81.


ThePearlGuideThePearlbyJohnSteinbeckBelowaretheEssentialQuestions,ThemeTopics Motifs ,ThematicQuestions,andKeyLiteraryTermsthatwewilluseforouranalysisofThePearl. Thesequestions,themetopics,andtermswillguideourdiscussionandanalysisduringthisunit,soitisimportantforyoutobefamiliarwiththemasyouread. Usethisoverviewtohelpguideyourannotationsandreadthroughthebackgroundinformationbeforeyoureadthenovel. EssentialQuestionsHowdoesparabletranscendtimeandplacetoemployauniversaltheme?Whatmakesathemeuniversal?Whyaresymbolsusefultowritersandtheiraudience?Howcanwritingbeusedtoeffectchangeinsociety?ThemeTopics Motifs fromThePearlDuringyourreadingandannotatingofThePearllookforandmarkpassagesthatmakeapointorstatementaboutthesepossiblethemetopics: Money,Possessions,Greed:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththequestformoneyandthedesireforthingsofthematerialworld,aswellasreferencestothestepswhichpeoplewilltaketoattainthosethings. Also,lookforpassages quotesthatimplythatmoneycanbuyhappiness. SocialOppression:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththeoppressionoftheMexicanIndiansintheportrayalofthedoctor,thepriest,thepearlbuyers,andthetrackers. WatchfordetailswhichshowhowKinoandhispeoplearetreateddisrespectfully,takenadvantageof,anddiscriminatedagainst. Manasapartofnature:Lookforpassages quoteswhichillustratesimilaritiesbetweenhumansandotherspeciesthroughcomparisons. NOTICEthefrequentimagesSteinbeckusesandthinkofhowthesepassagesreflectorforeshadow givehintsaboutfutureevents HUMANevents. Kino ssongs:Lookforpassages quoteswithreferencestothe music Kinohears thethreetypesofsongshehearsandtheirsignificance. PayparticularattentiontoWHENandUNDERWHATCIRCUMSTANCEShe hears aparticularsong. Goodvs. Evil:Lookforpassages quotesthatreflectimagesandideasofdarknesslight,good-evil,brightness-dimness,day-night,black-white,etc. Appearancevs. Reality:Lookforpassages quotesthatrefertothingsnotbeingwhattheyseem. Considerlookingforpassages quotesaboutvisions,haze,mirages,dreams,vagueness,ghostlygleams,illusions,etc. ThematicQuestionsHowdoesoppressionmanifestinboththecommunityandindividual?Howcansociety swrongsberighted?Howmuchcontroldoesanindividualhaveoverhis her success inlife?Howcanwedetermineifsomethingorsomeoneiswhatorwhotheyappeartobe?Canmoneyordesirechangeanindividual?Ismoneynecessarytobe successful inlife?Whatisthedifferencebetweengoodandevil?Arethereanyshadesofgray?HonorsEnglishIThePearl RememberthataLiteraryThemeis thecontrollingideaofastory anarguablecommentorstatementanauthormakesaboutthenatureofhumankindorsociety atruththatcanbetakenfromthespecificsofthestoryandappliedtosocietyingeneral somehumantruththattheauthorwantsthereadertounderstandaboutlife,thehumanexperience,orhumannatureKeyLiteraryTerms:theme,motif,characterization,conflict,symbolism,parable,allegory,setting,metaphor,simile,personification,figurativelanguage,imagery,Freytag sPlotPyramidThePearl BackgroundInformationAuthor:JohnSteinbeck 1902-1968 wasborninSalinas,Californiathesonofpoorparents. AlthoughhewaseducatedatStanfordUniversityandbecameacelebratedwriter,heneverforgothisorigins. Growingupinworkingclasstowns,hebecameanexcellentobserverofhumannatureandlaterwroteaboutthepeoplehelivedaround workersincludingMexican-Americanandmigrantworkers. Hediscoveredtheharshrealitythatthesepeoplewereoftentreatedpoorlyandwithoutrespectandhadlittlemeansofdefendingthemselves. Asaresult,manyofthecharactershewroteaboutweredownandout,isolatedandoppressed. Theyrepresentthe struggle themeofhisnovels principallythestrugglebetweenthepoorandthewealthy,theweakandthestrong,goodandevil,andbetweenculturesorcivilizations. ThesethemesareallevidentinThePearl. Origins:In1940,SteinbecksetoutonasailingexpeditiontostudymarinelifeintheGulfofCalifornia,hopingtofinduniversalpatternsinmarinespeciesthatwouldhelphimunderstandlifeingeneral. Duringthistrip,SteinbeckheardaboutthelegendofaMexicanfisherboywhohadfoundanenormouspearlthathadbroughthimmuchmisery. SteinbeckdevelopedthislegendintothenovelThePearl. AsyoureadThePearl,watchfordetailsabouttheplantandanimallifeintheGulfandthemanymetaphors comparisons ,imagesandthemesSteinbeckuseswhichareconnectedtothesedetails. Setting:TheeventsofThePearltakeplacesometimearoundthe1900onanestuary mouthoftheriver somewhereonthecoastofMexicointhetownofLaPaz. OnamapthelongpeninsulawhichdescendsfromCaliforniaiscalledBAJACALIFORNIA.ItispartofMexicoandisseparatedfromtherestofMexicobytheGulfofCalifornia,alsoknownastheSeaofCortez. HonorsEnglishIThePearlHistoricalBackgroundandSocialCulture:Atthetimethestorytakesplace,theIndiansofMexicohadalreadybeenunderthedominationofpeopleofSpanishdescentfor300years. ThegoverningclasswasprimarilymadeupofthoseofSpanishdescentandtheRomanCatholicChurchwho,together,kepttheMexicanIndiansatthebottomofthesocialhierarchyorsocialladder. Inmostcases,theIndianswerenotallowedtoattendschoolorownland. Keepingpeopleuneducatedanddependentkeepsthemoppressed .AlthoughSpanishcultureandCatholicritualswereforcedupontheIndians,theyfiercelyheldontomanyoftheirspiritualbeliefs,cultures,andcustomsoftheirvarioustribes. WATCHFOREVIDENCEOFTHISINTHENOVEL!Style:ThePearlisashortnovelornovellawhichistoldintheformofanallegoryorPARABLE ashort,simpleworkwithlittledialogueillustratingalessonoralargertruthoftenonthesubjectofgoodandevil. InaPARABLE,goodandevilareclearlydefined everythingisblackandwhite,therearenoshadesofgray. Forinstance,thegoodcharactershavenames,andthebadcharactershavenonames. Thecharactersandactionsymbolizecertainuniversalideasorconceptsandthereadersattachtheirownmeaningtothesesymbols. PointofView:ThePearlistoldbyanallknowingOMNISCIENTthird-personnarratorwhoisobservingthecharactersandtheiractionsfromoutsidethestory. Comment:Thereaderistoldinthepreface, Inthetowntheytellthestoryofthegreatpearl howitwasfoundandhowitwaslostagain Ifthisstoryisaparable,perhapseveryonetakeshisownmeaningfromitandreadshisownlifeintoit. ThusbeginsSteinbeck snovelofgoodandevil,ThePearl. ItisthetimelesstaleoftheMexican-IndianfishermanKino,hiswifeJuana,andtheirinfantson,Coyotito. IttellsofhowKinofindsthePearloftheWorldanddreamsofbreakingoutofthetrapofpovertyandignorancethatoppresseshimandhisfamily. Theviolencethatfollowshisdreams,butbringshimagreaterunderstandingofhimselfandtherealitiesoftheworldinwhichhelives. Asyouread,considerwhatmeaningyoutakefromKino sstory. OtherWell-KnownNovelsBySteinbeck:TortillaFlat 1935 TheRedPony 1937 OfMiceandMen 1937 TheGrapesofWrath 1939 CanneryRow 1945 EastofEden 1952 TheWinterofOurDiscontent 1961 TravelsWithCharley 1962 HonorsEnglishIThePearlThePearl LiteratureGuideAsyoureadThePearl,completethefollowingquestions. Thesequestionswillhelpyourememberandreflectonimportantplotandliteraryelements techniquesfromthereading,sothatyouranalysisismorein-depth. Thestoryissimple,butbecauseitisanallegory,thereisdeepermeaningateveryturn. Readbetweenthelinesandanalyzecharacters,setting,imagery,symbols,etc. ThePearlisashortnovellaandreadingitseveraltimesbeforethestartoftheschoolyearwillofferyouamorein-depthunderstanding. Chapter1 pg.3-13 1.


ThePearlGuideThePearlbyJohnSteinbeckBelowaretheEssentialQuestions,ThemeTopics Motifs ,ThematicQuestions,andKeyLiteraryTermsthatwewilluseforouranalysisofThePearl. Thesequestions,themetopics,andtermswillguideourdiscussionandanalysisduringthisunit,soitisimportantforyoutobefamiliarwiththemasyouread. Usethisoverviewtohelpguideyourannotationsandreadthroughthebackgroundinformationbeforeyoureadthenovel. EssentialQuestionsHowdoesparabletranscendtimeandplacetoemployauniversaltheme?Whatmakesathemeuniversal?Whyaresymbolsusefultowritersandtheiraudience?Howcanwritingbeusedtoeffectchangeinsociety?ThemeTopics Motifs fromThePearlDuringyourreadingandannotatingofThePearllookforandmarkpassagesthatmakeapointorstatementaboutthesepossiblethemetopics: Money,Possessions,Greed:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththequestformoneyandthedesireforthingsofthematerialworld,aswellasreferencestothestepswhichpeoplewilltaketoattainthosethings. Also,lookforpassages quotesthatimplythatmoneycanbuyhappiness. SocialOppression:Lookforpassages quotesdealingwiththeoppressionoftheMexicanIndiansintheportrayalofthedoctor,thepriest,thepearlbuyers,andthetrackers. WatchfordetailswhichshowhowKinoandhispeoplearetreateddisrespectfully,takenadvantageof,anddiscriminatedagainst. Manasapartofnature:Lookforpassages quoteswhichillustratesimilaritiesbetweenhumansandotherspeciesthroughcomparisons. NOTICEthefrequentimagesSteinbeckusesandthinkofhowthesepassagesreflectorforeshadow givehintsaboutfutureevents HUMANevents. Kino ssongs:Lookforpassages quoteswithreferencestothe music Kinohears thethreetypesofsongshehearsandtheirsignificance. PayparticularattentiontoWHENandUNDERWHATCIRCUMSTANCEShe hears aparticularsong. Goodvs. Evil:Lookforpassages quotesthatreflectimagesandideasofdarknesslight,good-evil,brightness-dimness,day-night,black-white,etc. Appearancevs. Reality:Lookforpassages quotesthatrefertothingsnotbeingwhattheyseem. Considerlookingforpassages quotesaboutvisions,haze,mirages,dreams,vagueness,ghostlygleams,illusions,etc. ThematicQuestionsHowdoesoppressionmanifestinboththecommunityandindividual?Howcansociety swrongsberighted?Howmuchcontroldoesanindividualhaveoverhis her success inlife?Howcanwedetermineifsomethingorsomeoneiswhatorwhotheyappeartobe?Canmoneyordesirechangeanindividual?Ismoneynecessarytobe successful inlife?Whatisthedifferencebetweengoodandevil?Arethereanyshadesofgray?HonorsEnglishIThePearl RememberthataLiteraryThemeis thecontrollingideaofastory anarguablecommentorstatementanauthormakesaboutthenatureofhumankindorsociety atruththatcanbetakenfromthespecificsofthestoryandappliedtosocietyingeneral somehumantruththattheauthorwantsthereadertounderstandaboutlife,thehumanexperience,orhumannatureKeyLiteraryTerms:theme,motif,characterization,conflict,symbolism,parable,allegory,setting,metaphor,simile,personification,figurativelanguage,imagery,Freytag sPlotPyramidThePearl BackgroundInformationAuthor:JohnSteinbeck 1902-1968 wasborninSalinas,Californiathesonofpoorparents. AlthoughhewaseducatedatStanfordUniversityandbecameacelebratedwriter,heneverforgothisorigins. Growingupinworkingclasstowns,hebecameanexcellentobserverofhumannatureandlaterwroteaboutthepeoplehelivedaround workersincludingMexican-Americanandmigrantworkers. Hediscoveredtheharshrealitythatthesepeoplewereoftentreatedpoorlyandwithoutrespectandhadlittlemeansofdefendingthemselves. Asaresult,manyofthecharactershewroteaboutweredownandout,isolatedandoppressed. Theyrepresentthe struggle themeofhisnovels principallythestrugglebetweenthepoorandthewealthy,theweakandthestrong,goodandevil,andbetweenculturesorcivilizations. ThesethemesareallevidentinThePearl. Origins:In1940,SteinbecksetoutonasailingexpeditiontostudymarinelifeintheGulfofCalifornia,hopingtofinduniversalpatternsinmarinespeciesthatwouldhelphimunderstandlifeingeneral. Duringthistrip,SteinbeckheardaboutthelegendofaMexicanfisherboywhohadfoundanenormouspearlthathadbroughthimmuchmisery. SteinbeckdevelopedthislegendintothenovelThePearl. AsyoureadThePearl,watchfordetailsabouttheplantandanimallifeintheGulfandthemanymetaphors comparisons ,imagesandthemesSteinbeckuseswhichareconnectedtothesedetails. Setting:TheeventsofThePearltakeplacesometimearoundthe1900onanestuary mouthoftheriver somewhereonthecoastofMexicointhetownofLaPaz. OnamapthelongpeninsulawhichdescendsfromCaliforniaiscalledBAJACALIFORNIA.ItispartofMexicoandisseparatedfromtherestofMexicobytheGulfofCalifornia,alsoknownastheSeaofCortez. HonorsEnglishIThePearlHistoricalBackgroundandSocialCulture:Atthetimethestorytakesplace,theIndiansofMexicohadalreadybeenunderthedominationofpeopleofSpanishdescentfor300years. ThegoverningclasswasprimarilymadeupofthoseofSpanishdescentandtheRomanCatholicChurchwho,together,kepttheMexicanIndiansatthebottomofthesocialhierarchyorsocialladder. Inmostcases,theIndianswerenotallowedtoattendschoolorownland. Keepingpeopleuneducatedanddependentkeepsthemoppressed .AlthoughSpanishcultureandCatholicritualswereforcedupontheIndians,theyfiercelyheldontomanyoftheirspiritualbeliefs,cultures,andcustomsoftheirvarioustribes. WATCHFOREVIDENCEOFTHISINTHENOVEL!Style:ThePearlisashortnovelornovellawhichistoldintheformofanallegoryorPARABLE ashort,simpleworkwithlittledialogueillustratingalessonoralargertruthoftenonthesubjectofgoodandevil. InaPARABLE,goodandevilareclearlydefined everythingisblackandwhite,therearenoshadesofgray. Forinstance,thegoodcharactershavenames,andthebadcharactershavenonames. Thecharactersandactionsymbolizecertainuniversalideasorconceptsandthereadersattachtheirownmeaningtothesesymbols. PointofView:ThePearlistoldbyanallknowingOMNISCIENTthird-personnarratorwhoisobservingthecharactersandtheiractionsfromoutsidethestory. Comment:Thereaderistoldinthepreface, Inthetowntheytellthestoryofthegreatpearl howitwasfoundandhowitwaslostagain Ifthisstoryisaparable,perhapseveryonetakeshisownmeaningfromitandreadshisownlifeintoit. ThusbeginsSteinbeck snovelofgoodandevil,ThePearl. ItisthetimelesstaleoftheMexican-IndianfishermanKino,hiswifeJuana,andtheirinfantson,Coyotito. IttellsofhowKinofindsthePearloftheWorldanddreamsofbreakingoutofthetrapofpovertyandignorancethatoppresseshimandhisfamily. Theviolencethatfollowshisdreams,butbringshimagreaterunderstandingofhimselfandtherealitiesoftheworldinwhichhelives. Asyouread,considerwhatmeaningyoutakefromKino sstory. OtherWell-KnownNovelsBySteinbeck:TortillaFlat 1935 TheRedPony 1937 OfMiceandMen 1937 TheGrapesofWrath 1939 CanneryRow 1945 EastofEden 1952 TheWinterofOurDiscontent 1961 TravelsWithCharley 1962 HonorsEnglishIThePearlThePearl LiteratureGuideAsyoureadThePearl,completethefollowingquestions. Thesequestionswillhelpyourememberandreflectonimportantplotandliteraryelements techniquesfromthereading,sothatyouranalysisismorein-depth. Thestoryissimple,butbecauseitisanallegory,thereisdeepermeaningateveryturn. Readbetweenthelinesandanalyzecharacters,setting,imagery,symbols,etc. ThePearlisashortnovellaandreadingitseveraltimesbeforethestartoftheschoolyearwillofferyouamorein-depthunderstanding. Chapter1 pg.3-13 1. Wheredoesthestoryopen?