Use reducers below the feed wheel. Care and MaintenanceKeep seed and fertilizer hoppers dry and clean after each day's work. Check the drive shaft and lubricate them. Paint the parts for example fertilizerhopper to be shinyCombine HarvesterUseHarvesting cereal crops for example maize, wheat and barley. It is designed to do the following:Cutting Threshing. WinnowingBaggingParts of a Combine HarvesterCutter bar - cuts the grain head. Pick up reel- direct crop into the cutter bar,Elevator - channels the cut grain to the threshing drum. Winnowing ran - fans trash up onto a straw walker and directs it out of the combine harvester. Delivery tube - delivers the clean .grains into a collecting tank from where it is bagged. Maintenance of a Combine HarvesterLoose nuts and bolts should be tightened. Remove all foreign materials stuck in the machine at the end of the day's work. RidgersThey are used for harvesting tuber crops and for making furrows or ridges. MaintenanceLubricate the moving parts. Clean the implement after use. Store under a shed. Repair or replace worn-out or broken parts. Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened. Unpainted parts should be oiled during long storage. Shares should be sharpened if blunt. ForagersThey are tractor mounted and operated by power from the P.T.O. shaft . Used for harvesting forage crops such as Napier grass, sorghum and maize. MaintenanceTighten loose nuts and bolts. Lubricate moving parts. Store in a shed. Clean after the day's work. Repair replace worn out or broken parts. Unpainted parts should be oiled to prevent rust. Maize ShellersThese are stationary implements which are either hand or tractor driven. They consist of. A rotating disc which shell maize grains from cobs. MaintenanceGreasing moving parts. Removing any stuck maize cobs. Repair or replace worn out or broken parts. Store in a shed. Animal Drawn ImplementsOx PloughOx-plough is a simple type of a mouldboard plough which is pulled by a pair of oxen, donkeys or camels. Explain the functions of the following parts of an ox-ploughMain beam - It is the main component onto which all the other parts are attached.


Store in a shed. Animal Drawn ImplementsOx PloughOx-plough is a simple type of a mouldboard plough which is pulled by a pair of oxen, donkeys or camels. Explain the functions of the following parts of an ox-ploughMain beam - It is the main component onto which all the other parts are attached. Mouldboard - It inverts the cut furrow slice upside down. Plough share -It cuts the furrow slices. Land wheel- It regulates the depth of plough. Draft rod - It is on this rod that a chain is connected on which a yoke is linked. It forms the draught mechanism of the plough. What are the Advantages of an Ox-Plough Over Tractor Drawn Plough ? Less skill is required to operate it. Useful where tractors cannot be used for example steep slopes. Cheap to buy and maintain. What are the disadvantages of an Ox-Plough Over Tractor Drawn Plough ? Much time is wasted in training oxen. Tedious and laborious to the driver of the animals and the controller of the implement. Animals can be sick or in poor physical state. Extra land is required as grazing fields for the oxen. AdjustmentsDepth of plough is controlled by the land wheel and draft rodCare and MaintenanceSharpen or replacing of the worn out shareReplacement of worn out parts such as hooks and draw bar assembly. Oiling the shiny parts e.g mouldboard Wash off the soil after use. Paint the handles, beam and braces to prevent rusting. Ox-Drawn CartThese are small carriages harnessed to the animals by a yoke The small carts have only two wheels bigger ones have four. They are pulled by animals in singles or in pairs Carts are used for transport. MaintenanceMoving parts should be oiledThe yoke should be repaired when worn out or replaced if not repairedTyre pressure should be checked and adjusted accordingly Repair other damages on the cart. Agricultural Economics III: Production Economics IntroductionThe agricultural sector is a key player in the economy of our country. It is a major employer and brings a lot of national income through foreign exchange. National IncomeThese are the total earnings from goods and services produced by a country in a period of one year.


Agricultural Economics III: Production Economics IntroductionThe agricultural sector is a key player in the economy of our country. It is a major employer and brings a lot of national income through foreign exchange. National IncomeThese are the total earnings from goods and services produced by a country in a period of one year. Relationship Between Firm and HouseholdA household is considered to be a unit comprising a farmer and family members. It produces raw materials and consumes manufactured goods. A firm on the other hand, is any manufacturing or processing unit which consumes raw materials and produces manufactured goods. Both household and firm generate income, which in turn, is used to:Improve the standard of living of the household members by paying for essential goods and services. The firms build more industries to create more employment and revenue through salaries and wages. Finance government projects through taxes and hence further national development. Gross Domestic Product G.D.P. This is the sum total of all goods and services produced in a country in a period of oneyear. Gross National Product G.N.P. Is the sum total of G.D.P. and the difference between income inflow revenue coming into the country from outside and income outflow money going out of the country by foreign investors . It represents the total income earned within the country and from abroad. Per Capita IncomeIs the Gross National Income in terms of revenue divided by the number of people living in the country. It is not a good measure of the economic well-being of the people because of theuneven distribution of income among them. Contribution of Agriculture to National DevelopmentThe interaction between household and the firm generate income which is used to finance further expansion of the firms. This creates more employment and revenue. The government taxes the income to finance national development programmes such as;health,education,water, energycommunication. Factors of ProductionA factor of production is anything that contributes directly to output, that is, it is a productive resource. Productive resources usually employed in the production of goods and services. Incl ude:LandLabourCapitalManagementLandAs a factor of production, refers to the natural characteristics and properties of a given area of land. The key factor here is productivity for example soil fertility, presence of water and minerals and is always fixed and has no geographical mobility. LaborBesides being a consumer, human beings are also a factor of production.


Incl ude:LandLabourCapitalManagementLandAs a factor of production, refers to the natural characteristics and properties of a given area of land. The key factor here is productivity for example soil fertility, presence of water and minerals and is always fixed and has no geographical mobility. LaborBesides being a consumer, human beings are also a factor of production. They provide the labour force human power required in the production process. Labour is assessed in terms of productivity and not mere numbers of workers or labourers. Labour is measured in terms of man hours, man days or man months. The labourer's productive capacity depends on such factors as;age,health,state of nutrition level of education. The amount of work and the efficiency with which it is performed determines the quality of labour. CapitalCapital refers to all man-made assets that help land and labour to produce. It is categorized into: Fixed durable;Working capital Liquid capitalFixed durable;Capital for examplemachinery,buildingspermanent improvements on land like fences,roads,irrigation facilities water supply system. Working capital;Which include consumer goods such as;fertilizers,livestock feeds, fuel in store, pesticides. Liquid capital;For example;ready money,bank deposits, shares in financial institutions. Management;It is a process of decision making in the farm. Managers use their knowledge and judgment to decide how to combine the other three productive resources in the best way possible. They make plans, execute them and bear the risks or consequences which such plans entail. Production FunctionDefinitionProduction function is a physical relationship between inputs and outputs in a production process. It tells the quantity of output product that may be expected from a given combination of inputs. Production function may be expressed in table form or graphically as a curve. Examples:Feeding pigs for pork production at varying levels of concentrate feed. 1. Types of Production FunctionsA production function assumes three forms which may be treated as different types:Increasing ReturnsConstant ReturnsDecreasing Diminishing ReturnsIncreasing ReturnsIn this type, each additional unit of input results in a larger increase in output than the preceding unit. This shows that resources are under utilized. Constant ReturnsThe amount of the product increases by the same amount for each additional input; that is constant returns to input factor.


Types of Production FunctionsA production function assumes three forms which may be treated as different types:Increasing ReturnsConstant ReturnsDecreasing Diminishing ReturnsIncreasing ReturnsIn this type, each additional unit of input results in a larger increase in output than the preceding unit. This shows that resources are under utilized. Constant ReturnsThe amount of the product increases by the same amount for each additional input; that is constant returns to input factor. Again here resources are under utilized. Decreasing Diminishing ReturnsHere, each additional unit of input results in a smaller increase in output than the preceding unit. Resource use is stretched to the maximum. It is the most commonly encountered form in agricultural enterprises; It gives rise to the law of Diminishing Returns. Examples:Feeding dairy cows for milk production with varying amounts of feed. Crop responses to application of varying amounts of fertilizers. Use of varying units of labour on fixed unit of land. Economic Laws and PrinciplesThe Law of Diminishing ReturnsThe law of diminishing returns states that; if successive units of one input are added to fixed quantities of other inputs a point is eventually reached where additional product output per additional unit of input declines. This law is encountered practically in all forms of agricultural production. It is useful in determining the most rational and profitable level of production. Example:Production of maize at varying levels of N.P.K. fertilizer application on a fixed area of land. Zones of a production function curvesZones of a production function curves these are: Irrational zone or Zone I. Rational zone or Zone II Irrational zone or Zone III. The three zones are arrived at by drawing two perpendicular lines through the production function curve, one at MP AP and another at MP O. In Zone I resources are not fully utilized while in Zone III, excessive application of resources leads to production decline or loss. It is not economical to produce at these levels. In Zone II resources are maximally utilized resulting in maximum production. It is therefore economical or wise to produce at this level. Principle of SubstitutionStates- if the output in a production process is constant, it is profitable to substitute one input factor for another, as long as it is cheaper than its next alternative. This principle is applicable in a situation where more than one variable input factors are used.


In Zone II resources are maximally utilized resulting in maximum production. It is therefore economical or wise to produce at this level. Principle of SubstitutionStates- if the output in a production process is constant, it is profitable to substitute one input factor for another, as long as it is cheaper than its next alternative. This principle is applicable in a situation where more than one variable input factors are used. For example feeding hay and concentrates for milk production, farmyard manure and phosphatic fertilizers in the production of maize. The basic problem that the producer wishes to solve when two input factors are used in combination is in what proportions must the variable inputs be combined in order to produce at a minimum cost and hence attain maximum profit. To solve the above problem, the producer must determine the least cost combination of inputs used. The least cost combination is attained at a point where the Marginal Rate of Substitution MRS equals the inverse of price ratio of the factors involved. That is:x2 P X1X1 P X2X1 - first input factorX2- second input factor- change increase or decrease P - price cost of input fators Examples:Producing 20 bags of maize using varying combinations of farmyard manure and phosphate fertilizers. Price of farm yard manure FYM is KShs10 - per unit and that of phosphate fertilizer is Kshs 50 - per unitIn the above example, the following assumptions are made:A fixed quantity of output is to be produced. Input factors in combination substitute for one another at varying rates. Relative prices of input factors do not change drastically during the period of production. NOTE: one input factor substitutes for the other at diminishing varying marginal rate of substitution. Principle of Equimarginal ReturnsThis principle states ; That the last unit of an input factor spent in one enterprise yields a marginal return exactly equal to the marginal return earned from the last unit invested in each of the other enterprises. '. ExampleIf the last shs.100 - spent buying cattle feed will return more than shs. 100 spent on buying fertilizer for growing maize, then it is advisable to purchase more feed up to a point where the last shs.lOO - spent on it will return exactly the same as the last shs.100 - spent on fertilizers.


NOTE: one input factor substitutes for the other at diminishing varying marginal rate of substitution. Principle of Equimarginal ReturnsThis principle states ; That the last unit of an input factor spent in one enterprise yields a marginal return exactly equal to the marginal return earned from the last unit invested in each of the other enterprises. '. ExampleIf the last shs.100 - spent buying cattle feed will return more than shs. 100 spent on buying fertilizer for growing maize, then it is advisable to purchase more feed up to a point where the last shs.lOO - spent on it will return exactly the same as the last shs.100 - spent on fertilizers. This concept is only relevant in a situation where farmers do not have adequate capital to employ inputs up to the level where marginal revenue equals the marginal cost. The principal of Profit MaximizationThe profit is defined as the difference, in monetary terms, between the total returns income and total costs expenses in a production process. Profit maximisation aims at obtaining the highest returns at a minimum cost per unit of input factor used. This can be done by considering two concepts. Marginal ConceptProfit is maximised when the marginal additional or extra revenue MR is equal to, or slightly higher than, the marginal cost Mc . At this point every added input factor brings in higher returns than the expenses incurred in investing it. Net Revenue ConceptsProfit is said to be maximized in a production process when the Net Revenue differences between total revenue and total costs is the highest that is ; NR TR - TC. This is arrived at by analyzing the total cost and total revenue earned from a particular enterprise and then subtracting the former from the latter. When calculating the profit using whatever concept, the following assumptions are made:Cost of inputs such as fertilizers, labour remains constant during the period of production. Price of the produce product remains unchanged. Fixed costs are ignored that is only varying costs directly involved are considered. Farm PlanningPlanning is the process of establishing the organizational objectives and defining the means of achieving them. Factors to consider in drawing a farm plan. Size of the farm. Environmental factors. The current trends in labour markets. Farmer's objectives and preferences. Possible production enterprises. Existing market conditions and price trends. Availability and cost of farm inputs. Government regulations policy. Security.


Availability and cost of farm inputs. Government regulations policy. Security. Communication and transport facilitiesFarm BudgetingFarm budgeting is the process of estimating the future outcomes of a proposed farm plan,That is; the future incomes and expenses of a farm plan. Importance of Farm BudgetingIt helps the farm in decision making. It helps the farmer to predict future returns that is planning ahead. It helps the farmer to avoid incurring losses by investing in less profitable enterprises. It helps the farmer to secure loans from financial institutions such as Agricultural Finance Corporation and commercial banks. It ensures a periodic analysis of the farm business. It acts as a record which can be used for future reference. It pinpoints strengths or weaknesses in farm operations. Types of BudgetsPartial BudgetIt represents financial effects on minor changes in a farm organisation. It is necessary when a farmer wants to replace or reduce enterprise. Complete BudgetA complete budget is necessary when the farmer wants to start a new business where both the variable costs and the fixed costs are likely to be affected. It involves a major change or reorganization in the farm business. Agricultural Services Available to the Farmer:Agricultural production efficiency is greatly increased by services rendered to the farming communities by;Government institutionsNon-governmental organizations. Some of these services are:Extension and Training:Banking Services:Credit:Extension and Training: In the field and in farmer's training centres. Banking Services:These enables the farmers to save some of their farm income and invest them in future projects. Credit:Credit is a financial assistance advanced to agricultural farmers to finance their farm projects and repay it with interest. It is a borrowed resource. Types of CreditCredit is categorised according to;Time of repaymentThe types of projects to be financed. Examples are:Short-term CreditRepayable within one year and is advanced for the purchase of;seeds,fertilizers,animal feeds . Medium-term CreditRepayable within 2 - 5 years and is used to finance projects such as; fencing materials, purchase of livestock, light farm equipment . Long-term CreditRepayable period is up to 15 years and even more.


Examples are:Short-term CreditRepayable within one year and is advanced for the purchase of;seeds,fertilizers,animal feeds . Medium-term CreditRepayable within 2 - 5 years and is used to finance projects such as; fencing materials, purchase of livestock, light farm equipment . Long-term CreditRepayable period is up to 15 years and even more. It is given for the long-term or durable projects such as;purchase of land,construction of soil and water conservation structures,farm buildings,irrigation projects for perennial cash crops for example; coffee, farm machinery implements. Sources of CreditCo-operative societies and unions. Crop boards. Commercial banks. Agricultural Finance Corporation. Insurance companies. Individual money lenders. Settlement fund trustee. Artificial Insemination Services:Provides farmers with semen from improved or superior bulls to improve their livestock herds through controlled breeding. Agricultural Research OrganizationThese develop and pass on to farmers, improved production techniques as well as crop and livestock species with better performance in different ecological zones. Marketing OutletsThese are agencies that ensure effective and efficient conveyance of farm produce to points of processing and consumption. They are largely crop marketing boards or corporations and cooperative societies. Veterinary ServicesIn the field are veterinary officers who help the farmer in treating and controlling livestock diseases and parasites. Farm Input SuppliesFarmers are able to obtain their farm inputs from organizations such as co-operatives and private companies. These organizations bring inputs closer to the farmers for example Kenya Farmers Association and private agrovets. Tractor Hire ServicesThis involves hiring of tractors and machinery at a cost by farmers who are not privileged to own their own. SourcesMinistry of Agriculture Private contractors. Individual farmers. Other service providers. Risks and Uncertainties in FarmingUncertainty-is the state of not knowing about future events or outcomes. Risks-is the difference divergence between the expected and the actual outcome. Types of Risks and UncertaintiesFluctuation of commodity prices. Physical yield uncertainty. Ownership uncertainty. Outbreak of pests and diseases. Sickness and injury. New production technique. Obsolescence for example machinery may become outdated or obsolete within a short time. Death of either farmer or livestock.


New production technique. Obsolescence for example machinery may become outdated or obsolete within a short time. Death of either farmer or livestock. Natural catastrophies such as;floods,drought,earthquakes,storm and strong winds which may destroy crops or kill the animals. Ways in Which Farmers Adjust to Risks and UncertaintiesDiversification. Selecting more certain enterprises. Contracting. Insurance. Input rationing. Flexibility in production methods. Adopting modern methods of production. Agricultural Economics IV: Farm Accounts IntroductionFinancial and physical records if accurately kept in the farm serve as very important tools in decision-making. The records are kept in several books and statements as follows: Financial DocumentsThey include:Invoices. Receipts. Delivery notes Purchase records. An InvoiceThis is a document issued by the seller to the buyer for goods taken on credit, and payment to be done later. The original is given to the buyer and duplicate retained by seller. The invoice shows the following:The buyer and seller. Date of transaction. Amount involved. Invoice number. A ReceiptThis is a document issued by the seller to the buyer when cash payment for goods delivered is made. It shows the following:The buyer and the seller. Date of transaction. Amount involved. Serial numberDelivery NoteIt is a document which shows that the goods have been delivered. The receiver verifies the goods and then signs on the delivery note. Features:The delivery note shows the following:Goods delivered as per order. Quality or condition. People involved in the transaction. Date of delivery. Journal:It is a book of first entry showing a record of all business transactions arranged in the order in which they occur. Its pages are divided vertically into five sections. The information is posted to the ledger Inventory:This is a list of all the possession assets item by item and their market value. Such items are land, livestock, tools and equipment and crops in the store. Valuation is an estimation of the value of each asset or item, based on market price or cost of production. Local Purchase Order:Issued by the purchasing officer of the supplier for example school. It shows people involved in the transaction, types and amounts of goods ordered and dates. It should be written and signed by the authorised officer. It is written in duplicate and the original is given to the supplier. Financial Books Ledger:Is a book which contains individual accounts.


It should be written and signed by the authorised officer. It is written in duplicate and the original is given to the supplier. Financial Books Ledger:Is a book which contains individual accounts. It is a principle book of accounts in which entries contained in all the other books are entered. It is a storehouse of all the transactions. Each page is numbered and vertically divided into two equal parts namely credit and debit. Each part is further sub-divided into four sections. Cash Book:It is a book where transactions involving cash or cheque payments are recorded. It involves cash or cheque payments and receipts. It is divided into two parts - debit and credit side. All the receipts of cash or cheque are recorded on the debit and all payments are recorded on the credit side. Example: Enter the following entries in the cash book. 1.7.05 -Received shs.2,000 from Ndete by cheque. 2.7.05-Bought D.A.P. fertilizer and paid cheque of shs. 5,000. 3.7.05-Received shs.5,000 cash from Ngala. 4.7.05 -Paid water bill for shs 400 in cash. 9.7.05-Paid telephone bill of 1,500 by cheque. 11.7.05 -Deposited shs.2,000 in the bank. 20.7.05 -Withdrew shs.2,000 from the bank for home use. Cash Book recordFinancial StatementsCash Account SheetIt involves the recording of sales and receipts, purchases and expense. Each sale or purchase is entered twice, once in the total column and once in the analysis column. The sum of all the entries in the total column should always equal the sum of the entries in all the other columns. The cash analysis account sheet is given above. The Balance SheetIt is a financial statement of assets and liabilities recorded on a given date. It shows the financial position of a farm business at a glance snapshot . Assets are items owned by the farmer,These include:Property money, goods and buildings . Debts receivable from other people. Goods and services paid for in advance. Assets can be divided into two:Fixed assets: assets of permanent nature and not easily converted into cash. Current assets: assets which can be easily converted into cash. Liabilities are claims to the farmer's property such as bank overdraft and debts payable.


Assets can be divided into two:Fixed assets: assets of permanent nature and not easily converted into cash. Current assets: assets which can be easily converted into cash. Liabilities are claims to the farmer's property such as bank overdraft and debts payable. They are divided into:Current liabilities - debts which must be paid within a short time. Long term liabilities - debts which are payable over many years or over a long period. Profit and Loss AccountPrepared at the end of a calendar year. It is a final account which summarises the sale and receipts income flowing in the business and the purchases and expenses flowing out of the business . Note: If assets are more than liabilities then the balancing factor is net capital in the liability side hence the farm business is said to be solvent. If the liabilities are more than the assets, then the balancing factor is a loss in the asset side hence the farm business is insolvent. To calculate profit or loss, account, valuation is done by having an inventory of all the assets. Valuation of the assets is determined by market price and cost of production for machinery and buildings as depreciation factor, is attached. Format of a balance sheetBalance sheet of Katilo school as 31-12-2009FormatProfit and Loss Account of Kitheko Farm at 31-12-2009Agricultural Economics V Agricultural Marketing and Organizations IntroductionAgricultural marketing is an economic activity which involves the distribution of farm produce from the farm to the consumer. Market and MarketingMarket is an institution for the exchange of goods and services or a place where selling and buying of goods takes place. Marketing refers to the flow of goods and services from the producer to the consumers. Marketing FunctionsTransportation - Movement of goods from production centres to the consumption centres. Buying and selling - Purchase of goods from the producer to be sold to the consumer. Storage - Agricultural products are seasonal hence storage is necessary. Processing-Changing of raw form into utili sable form. Grading and standardisation - Sorting into uniform lots of certain qualities. Assembling - Collecting the farm produce from the farm to the market centres. Collecting market information To know the prices, supply and demand of certain commodities. Advertising - Making the consumers aware of the produce. Bearing of risks - Such as fire risk, price fluctuation. Financing or expenditure on other processes. Packaging or putting into small packs and labelling.


Bearing of risks - Such as fire risk, price fluctuation. Financing or expenditure on other processes. Packaging or putting into small packs and labelling. Packing or putting produce In containers such as bags. Marketing Agencies and InstitutionsMiddlemen itinerant trader - are the people who buy from the producer and sell to other agencies. Wholesalers - Buy in bulk and sell to the retailers. Retailers - Buy from the wholesalers and sell in small units to the consumers. Problems in Marketing Agricultural ProduceFarm produce are bulky, that is weight and volume are high but low in monetary value thus difficult to transport. Most of the agricultural products are perishable for example milk, vegetables and fruits. Storage problems since they are bulky they require a lot of space . Lack of proper transport system since agricultural products are in the rural areas and the market are situated in urban centres. Lack of market information hence farmers are exploited by middlemen. Price TheoryPrice is the amount of money paid in exchange for goods or services. Price theory is concerned with the determination of price of any commodity. Price is determined where demand for and supply of any commodity are equal to each other. DemandIt is the quantity of any commodity which is purchased at any price within a given time. The law of demand states that quantity demanded changes inversely with the price. Demand CurveThe curve slopes from left to right downwards. This means people buy more at lower prices and vice versa. Demand CurveFactors Affecting the Demand of a CommodityPopulationIncome of the consumer. New inventions. Taste and preference of the individual. Price of the substitute commodities. Price expectations. Advertisement. Culture and social values of the consumers. Price of commodities having joint demand for example tractors and diesel. Elasticity of DemandIt is the responsiveness of demand to a change in price. Elasticity of demand Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in priceTypes of Elasticity of DemandElastic demand is one where the ratio is more than 1. Unitary elasticity is one where the ratio is equal to 1. Inelastic demand is one where the ratio is less than 1. SupplySupply is the quantity of any commodity which is offered for sale at any price at a given time. The law of supply states that when price rises, quantity supplied increases and when price falls quantity supplied decreases other factors held constant . The curve rises from left to right upwards.


SupplySupply is the quantity of any commodity which is offered for sale at any price at a given time. The law of supply states that when price rises, quantity supplied increases and when price falls quantity supplied decreases other factors held constant . The curve rises from left to right upwards. This means that people are willing to offer more for sale at higher prices. SUPPLY CURVESUPPLY CURVEFactors Affecting Supply of a CommodityNumber of sellersPrice of substitute commodities. New technology. Price expectation. Peace and security. Weather conditions. Policy of the government. Cost of production of the commodities. Elasticity of SupplyThis refers to the rate at which quantity supplied changes due to a change in price level. . . Percentage change in quantity suppliedElasticity of Supply Percentage change in PriceType of Elasticity of SupplyElastic supply one where the ratio is more than 1. Unitary elasticity of supply is one where the ratio is equal to 1. In elastic supply is one where the ratio is less than 1. One of the problems of agricultural produce is that supply does not readily adjust to price changes. Equilibrium PriceIs the price at which demand and supply are equal. That means whatever is offered for sale at the market is bought. In the graph below, the quantity supplied and demanded are equal at a price of Shs.300 and quantity of 80kg. At this point the price is higher than shs.300 then the supply will be greater than demand and there will be surplus hence price will fall. If, on the other hand, the price is less than shs.300 demand will be greater than supply hence shortage and rise in price. Agricultural OrganizationAgricultural organizations are agencies which, through their activities, promote agricultural development. These organizations are co-operatives and statutory boards. Co-operativesA co-operative is an organisation of people with a common aim of pooling their resources to achieve their objectives. Functions of Co-operativesA co-operative society carries out the following functions:Collecting and assembling members' produce. Processing the farm produce after collection. Transportation of members' produce to market points. Negotiation of fair prices with the purchasing agencies for the members' produce. Purchase and distribution to members of farm inputs. Storage of members' produce before transmission to market points. Provision of credit facilities to members on easy terms. Training and education of members on improved farming techniques.


Storage of members' produce before transmission to market points. Provision of credit facilities to members on easy terms. Training and education of members on improved farming techniques. Offering farm machinery services to their members on hire terms for farm operations. Co-operatives may invest in other viable ventures and the profits realised are shared among members in form of dividends or bonuses. Formation and Structure of Co-operativesThe formation of a co-operative takes the following stages:Individuals with common interest collect together to form a primary co- operative societyAt least ten 10 members qualify for registration. Each primary co-operative society elect their office bearers consisting of chairman, secretary and treasurer. Several primary co-operative societies are usually amalgamated to form a district cooperative union. Tertiary co-operative unions are nationwide organizations to which the secondary co-operative unions are affiliated. Examples are Kenya Planters Co-operative Union, Kenya Farmers Union, Kenya Cooperative Creameries, Co-operative Bank of Kenya, etc. Apex organizations. This is represented in Kenya by Kenya National Federation of Co- operatives which is an affiliate of the International Co-operative Alliance. Problems Facing Co-operativesCo-operatives encounter the following problems in their operations:Managerial problems arising from:Financial mismanagement due to poor accounting. Corruption and misappropriation of cooperative resources by the personnel in the system. Lack of advisory services on technical operations. Inability to meet the set obligations of providing credit facilities due to malpractices. The nature of agricultural products and associated problems. Bulkiness hence difficulties in transportation and storage. Perishability of produce hence difficult to sustain quality. Inadequate capital to invest in the cooperative undertakings. Transport problems due to poor roads. This hampers the produce getting to the market points in time. Statutory BoardsA statutory board is an organization established by an Act of Parliament and charged with the running or managing of a certain industry within the government sector. Marketing BoardsSome of the statutory boards are charged with the marketing of certain farm produce and are thus called marketing boards. Examples are the Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Seed and Lint Marketing Board, Tea Boards, National Cereals and Produce Board, Kenya Meat Commission, the Dairy Board of Kenya and others. Their marketing functions are to look for market and better prices. Research OrganizationThese are research centres which among other things, carry out research and trials on:Development of new varieties and cultivars of crops.


Examples are the Coffee Board, Pyrethrum Board, Cotton Seed and Lint Marketing Board, Tea Boards, National Cereals and Produce Board, Kenya Meat Commission, the Dairy Board of Kenya and others. Their marketing functions are to look for market and better prices. Research OrganizationThese are research centres which among other things, carry out research and trials on:Development of new varieties and cultivars of crops. Breeding disease and pest resistant varieties of crops and types of animals. Adaptations of crop and livestock species to ecological conditions of certain areas. Use of fertilizers and pesticides on crops in specific areas. Development of early maturing and high yielding species. Soil testing and crop analysis. Advisory services of agro-economic aspects. Other OrganizationsKenya National Farmers' Union negotiates for:Reasonable and affordable prices of farm inputs. Better prices for farm produce. Better credit facilities. Better control of diseases and pest. Agricultural Society of KenyaOrganizes agricultural shows in the country. Encourages improvement of livestock through exhibitions and educating farmers Organizes the running of young farmers' clubs. Organizes and finances the ploughing contests during which farmers learn the modern techniques of seedbed preparation. Publish "Kenya Farmers" magazines. Young Farmers and 4-K Clubs. These are student organizations whose objectives are:To expose the young students and encourage them to appreciate agriculture as a profession in their career. To encourage the youth to develop leadership qualities through assignment of small farming projects. Organizing students exchange programmes with other club members both locally and abroad. To develop better farming skills through judging competitions, annual rallies and camps. Agricultural Based Women GroupsThese are self-help groups whose objective is to uplift the economic status of their members by carrying out agricultural related activities. Their success depends on the following factors:Commitment of their leaders. Motivation of the members. Sacrifice for each other. AgroforestryIntroductionIn Kenya land use is changing from extensive methods of farming to more productive and sustainable intensive methods. Agroforestry is a method of farming which has become increasingly important. DefinitionThis is the practice of integrating a variety of land useIt combines tree growing, pasture and crop production practice on the same piece of land to improve the output of the land. Forms of AgroforestryAgroforestry;It is a combination of trees shrubs and crops in agricultural production.


Agroforestry is a method of farming which has become increasingly important. DefinitionThis is the practice of integrating a variety of land useIt combines tree growing, pasture and crop production practice on the same piece of land to improve the output of the land. Forms of AgroforestryAgroforestry;It is a combination of trees shrubs and crops in agricultural production. Silvopastoral: It is a combination of growing tree shrubs, pastoral and keeping of livestock. Agrosilvopastoral:It is a combination of growing trees shrubs, animals, pastures, and crops. Importance of AgroforestryEnvironmental protection. Source of income. Afforestation for timber production. Maintenance of soil fertility. Aesthetic value. Labour saving in firewood collection. Source of food and feed. Source of fuel wood. Important Trees and Shrubs for Particular PurposesEucalyptus Spp;Timber,Bee forage,Fuel wood,Medicinal, Production of essential oils. Acacia Spp;Leaves and pods eaten by animals,Provision of shade. Cajanus cajan pigeon peas ;Proteinous feed for human, Used as fodder Firewood. Croton megalocarpus croton ;Fuel wood timber for poles Handles for hand tools. Erythrina abyssinica flame tree ;Wood carvings,Bee forage,Nitrogen fixation Medicinal. Markhamia lutea markhamia tree ;Timber for construction,Shade, Soil protection, Bee forage. Grevillea robusta silky oak. Timber,Fuel wood,Fodder,Bee forage,Soil protection, Wind breaker Shade. Sesbania sesban sesbania ;Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Fuel wood. Calliandra calothyrsus calliandra ;Fuel wood,Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Bee forage. Persea american avocado ;Fodder,Fruit production,Shade,Fuel wood.


Sesbania sesban sesbania ;Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Fuel wood. Calliandra calothyrsus calliandra ;Fuel wood,Fodder,Nitrogen fixation,Shade, Bee forage. Persea american avocado ;Fodder,Fruit production,Shade,Fuel wood. Mangifera indica mango ;Fruit production,Shade trees,Wind break,Soil protection, Fuel wood. Characteristics of Agroforestry Tree Species:Fast growth rate. Deep rooted. Nitrogen fixation ability. By-product production ability. Be multipurpose in nature. Should not possess competitive ability with main crop .. Have coppicing and lopping ability. Have appropriate canopy - should not shade others. Nutritious and palatable. Trees and Shrubs to Avoid at Certain Sites and ReasonsEucalyptus Spp.-should not be planted near water sources because it would absorb the water. Eucalyptus Spp. -should not be planted on the arable land as the roots have allelophathic effects on other vegetation including crops. Tall trees should not be planted near farm buildings because they may fall and damaging the buildings, their roots will break the building stones gradually. Bushy trees or shrubs should not be near farm buildings as they may harbour predators. Tall trees planted with main crop of a lower canopy intercept the rainfall, affecting the growth of the main crop. Cypress trees have leaves which produce acidity in the soil preventing undergrowth beneath the tree. These trees should not be planted within the farm but at the periphery. Tree NurseryTree nurseries are structures used to raise tree seedlings until they are ready for transplanting. There are 2 main types: Bare root nurseries:These are also known as 'Swaziland' beds where the seedlings are raised directly into the soil. AdvantagesCheap and less time consuming. Require less labour Occupy a small space. Many seedlings are raised in a small space. Transportation of seedlings is easy. DisadvantagesRoot damage when uprooting the seedlings. Difficult to transport. Lower survival rate after transplanting. Containerized nursery:The seedlings in this type of nursery are raised in containers such as pots, polythene bags or tubes and tins. AdvantagesHigher survival rate after transplanting.


Lower survival rate after transplanting. Containerized nursery:The seedlings in this type of nursery are raised in containers such as pots, polythene bags or tubes and tins. AdvantagesHigher survival rate after transplanting. No root damage. Successful in arid areas. DisadvantagesLabour intensive. Difficult to get containers. Sometimes it may be difficult to get the right type of soil to use in the containers. Seed Collection and PreparationSeed CollectionSeeds should be collected from;Adaptable trees,High yielding,HealthyResistant to pests diseases. The mother plant should be identified first. The following methods used to collect seeds. Shaking the tree. Gathering from under the tree. Lopping of the tree. Climbing on the trees. Hooking method. Seed PreparationThis done when seeds are collected from a fresh fruit, they should be soaked in water, then washed and dried. Cleaning and sorting: done to remove immature seeds, rotten seeds, broken or damaged seeds. Drying: Done by sun-drying or oven drying. Seed testing: this determines;Seed quality for percentage purity,Seed weight,Moisture content,Germination percentage. Seeds should be stored in dry containers at room temperature. Seed treatment: seeds are treated first to break the seed dormancy and ensure rapid germination;Hot water treatment: used to soften the seed coat to make it more permeable to water. Examples of seeds which require this treatment are leucaenia, calliandra and acacia. Mechanical breaking: done by nicking the seed coat with a knife for easy entrance of water for example seeds of croton trees. Light burning: applied to the wattle tree seeds. Nursery ManagementThe following are the practices carried out in the nursery when the seedlings are growing:Mulching:Aim is to reduce excessive evaporation,Moderates the soil temperature,When it decays it improves the soil structure,Reduces the impact of the raindrops. Weeding:Done to reduce competition for growth factors by uprooting the weeds,Use a sharp pointed stick. Watering:Done by use of a watering canDone twice a day in the morning and in the evening. Pricking out:It is the removal of seedlings in an overcrowded area to another nursery bed,This allows the seedlings to grow strong and healthy. Root pruning:It is the cutting of the roots longer than the pots.


Watering:Done by use of a watering canDone twice a day in the morning and in the evening. Pricking out:It is the removal of seedlings in an overcrowded area to another nursery bed,This allows the seedlings to grow strong and healthy. Root pruning:It is the cutting of the roots longer than the pots. Root pruning is done for the following reasons;Make lifting easierEncourage fast establishment. Reduce damage to the seedlings. Encourage development of a short dense and strong rooting system. Shading:Done to reduce the intensity of sunlight . Dark conditions should be avoided. Pest and disease control:Use of appropriate chemicals,Sterilization of soil through heat treatment, Fencing to protect seedlings against animal damage. Hardening off:It is the practice of preparing seedlings to adapt to the ecological conditions prevailing in the seedbed. It involves gradual reduction of shade and watering 1-2weeks before transplanting. Transplanting: The practice of transferring seedlings from the nursery bed to the main field where they grow to maturity. Procedure of TransplantingHoles are dug early before transplanting. Topsoil is mixed with compost manure. The seedlings are watered well a day before transplanting. The seedlings are removed from the nurseries carefully with a ball of soil for the bare root seedlings and roots trimmed for the containerized seedlings. The seedling is placed in the hole at the same height it was in the nursery. The container is removed carefully. The soil is returned into the hole and firmed around the seedling. The seedling is watered and mulched. Care and Management of Trees Protection:From damage by animals such as goats and cattle by eating the leaves. It is done by fencing the fields or using small poles around each seedling with or without wire nettings, can be done for individual trees or an entire field. Pruning and trimming:Pruning is the removal of extra or unwanted parts of a plant. The unwanted part may be due to breakage, overcrowding, pests or disease attacks and over production. Pruning initiates growth of shoots and trains the tree to have the required shape. Regular cutting back of the trees is known as coppicing,It is done at the beginning of each cropping season to reduce competition for water, minerals, nutrients and sunlight with crops.


The unwanted part may be due to breakage, overcrowding, pests or disease attacks and over production. Pruning initiates growth of shoots and trains the tree to have the required shape. Regular cutting back of the trees is known as coppicing,It is done at the beginning of each cropping season to reduce competition for water, minerals, nutrients and sunlight with crops. The materials pruned or coppiced are used as fuel wood or for fodder crops. Grafting old trees:This is the practice of uniting two separate woody stems. The part with the rooting system is known as root stock base The part which is grafted onto the rootstock is called a scion which has buds that develop into the future plant. The ability of the scion and the rootstock to form a successful union is known as compatibility. Methods of grafting include whip or tongue grafting, side grafting and approach grafting. Agroforestry PracticesAlley Cropping Hedgerow Intercropping:The growing of multipurpose trees and shrubs together with crops. BenefitsImprove soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and organic matter. Provision of green manure. Used as fence and mark boundaries. Acts as windbreaks. Suppress weeds. Source of timber and fuel wood. Multi-storey cropping ;This is the growing together of trees of different heights. The system is based on crops which can tolerate shading. The trees and crops form different levels of canopy which look like storey. BenefitsIncreases water conservation for pastures. None of the crops or trees included will be shaded. Act as windbreak for crops. Creates suitable micro-climate in the area. Trees are used for timber, fuel wood and forage. Woodlots farm forests These are plots of land set aside for trees only. They are established in the hilly and less productive parts of the farm. Fast growing tree species such as Eucalyptus spp. Should be grown. Sites for Agroforestry:Farm boundaries - provide live fences. River banks - protect water catchment areas. Homesteads - provision of shade and windbreak Terraces - for soil conservation. Steep slopes - as contour hedges to encourage water seepage. Tree Harvesting MethodsPollarding;This is the extensive cutting back of the crown of the tree about 2-3 meters above the ground level to harvest all the side branches. It stimulates the development of a new crown and branches.


Steep slopes - as contour hedges to encourage water seepage. Tree Harvesting MethodsPollarding;This is the extensive cutting back of the crown of the tree about 2-3 meters above the ground level to harvest all the side branches. It stimulates the development of a new crown and branches. Coppicing;Cutting the main stem of the tree completely at a height of 10 - 50 cm above the ground. The tree should be cut in a slanting angle. Lopping or side pruning ; The removal of selected branches of the tree Done to produce fuel wood and fodder. Shaking of the tree ; This is a method of harvesting pods and seeds from trees without cutting the tree. Cutting back; The tree is cut from the base to allow new growth as done in coffee when changing the cycle. Thinning; The removal of some of the trees growing in lines to give the remaining trees enough space to grow.


PHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM ONE 2019TERM IREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM ONE TERM IIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s BookPHYSICS SCHEMES OF WORKFORM ONETERM IIIREFERENCES:Secondary Physics KLBComprehensive Secondary PhysicsPrinciples of PhysicsGolden TipsTeacher s Book.


REVISION ESSAY QUESTIONS:THE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE BY BERTLOIT BRECHTQ1. Having given birth does not qualify someone to be mother of a child, but the care and nurture offered to that child is the one that does so. With illustrations from Bertloit Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle, qualify this statement. 20 marks Ans. Introduction- True motherland is not necessarily biological but it goes beyond that. It is about how someone cares and nurtures for that child she claims to be her mother. -. Accept any other relevant introduction. Body-Natella Abashwili, the biological mother of Michael, abandons the child as she flees the city. -. The governor s wife is said to be more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriages. -. It takes the motherly instincts of the kitchen maid, Grusha, to retrieve the baby and flee with it offering protection and nourishment. -. Grusha adopts the baby and risks being captured by the soldier and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge. -. The mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael, does not affect her affection for the young boy. -Grusha endures an arranged and difficult marriage to a dying man Jussup, for the sake of the child. -. She fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to harm him. This proves her true motherhood. Conclusion- True motherhood has indeed been highlighted through Grusha s tender actions no wonder she is given the custody of Michael. Accept any other relevant conclusion. Q2. Write an essay on the disputes that arise in the play, and how each of them is resolved. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionA dispute is a serious disagreement, especially one that involves two parties and lasts for sometime. In this play, there are a number of disputes that arise. Some of the disputes are amicably solved, while others spill over to disaster. Accept any other plausible introduction. BodyThe Grand Duke is involved in war with the Persians. This dispute is resolved by the Grand Duke being overtaken alongside his princess. -. There is a dispute between goat herders and the fruit farmers over the ownership of a certain valley.


BodyThe Grand Duke is involved in war with the Persians. This dispute is resolved by the Grand Duke being overtaken alongside his princess. -. There is a dispute between goat herders and the fruit farmers over the ownership of a certain valley. -. A neighboring group of peasants from another valley intends to utilize the valley under contest by carrying out horticultural farming, while the other people who are the real owners want to herd goats. -. The dispute resolution is mediated by a delegate of the state reconstruction commission fromTiflis. The valley is given to the fruit growers because they have a good plan of irrigatingit so that it gives high yields.- Another dispute is between the two brothers, the fat prince and the governor Georgi Abashwili. The cause of the dispute is power and authority. -. The dispute is resolved through a crude and cruel way. The fat prince topples overthrows the governor and orders him to be beheaded. This leads to a state of fear, impunity and lawlessness. Many people become refugees. -Another form of dispute exists between Grusha and Lavrenti s family. Grusha s brother isunder pressure from Aniko to marry her off to a dying man . -. This dispute is resolved through corrupt means. The mother of the dying man demandsfour hundreds plasters to allow Grusha to be married to her son Jussup. This is after Grushais convinced by Lavrenti that she does not need a man in bed but a man in papers. -There exists a dispute between Natella Abashwili, the governor s wife and her kitchen maidGrusha Vashnadze. The dispute is about who is the real mother of Michael Abashwili. This dispute arose during the time when the governor was overthrown and everybody wasrunning for their safety Natella Abashwili choose material things over her son, Michael. Grusha escapes with Michael to the Northern Mountains, she sacrifices so much for him. -. This dispute is resolved in court and judge Azdak has to pass the ruling. A chalk circle is drawnon the floor. Michael is placed at the center. The plaintiff Natella Abashwili and thedefendant, Grusha Vashnadze step up to the circle.


A chalk circle is drawnon the floor. Michael is placed at the center. The plaintiff Natella Abashwili and thedefendant, Grusha Vashnadze step up to the circle. Each gets the child by one hand andthe real mother of the child is the one who pulls him out of the circle Grusha lets go thechild for the two times that they are told to pull, for she declares that she cannot pull himapart, having brought him up. -. At last Grusha is declared the true mother. -. There exists a dispute between the old couple. They would like to be divorced for they claim that since the beginning they have never liked each other. -. The dispute is supposed to be resolved in the court by judge Azdak. Unfortunately insteadof signing the divorce decree for the old couple, he divorces Grusha. ConclusionDisputes are apart of life. It is therefore important for the parties to try as much as possibleto come up with amiable resolutions. If not such disputes may lead to fatal states of either parties. Accept any plausible conclusion. Q3. It is only through a lot of strive that even the most humble people sustain their existence when faced with difficulties. Using Grusha as an example write an essay to justify this statement basing your answer on The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht. 20 marks Ans. Grusha Vashnadze, a kitchen maid finds herself with the abandoned Michael Abashwili. Her kind heart cannot allow her to leave the child behind to be butchered so she takes him on her flight north. An old man refuses to sell her milk without money, and an old couple cannot adopt the child. A soldier who threatens to capture the baby is hit on the head as she escapes with the boy and decides to adopt him. A dangling bridge over an abyss is no deterrent for Grusha who crosses it despite a warning that it can give in any time. Her unwelcoming brother, Lavrenti Vashnadze and his equally antisocial wife, Aniko, are deterrent to her resolve to raise Michael. She goes through an embarrassing and humiliating marriage to Jussup for the sake of the child. Grusha endures a harrowing trial in Azdak s court to reclaim the boy through the Chalk Circle test.


Her unwelcoming brother, Lavrenti Vashnadze and his equally antisocial wife, Aniko, are deterrent to her resolve to raise Michael. She goes through an embarrassing and humiliating marriage to Jussup for the sake of the child. Grusha endures a harrowing trial in Azdak s court to reclaim the boy through the Chalk Circle test. Azdak, a common thief who steals rabbits, hides the Grand Duke and gets ashamed of what he has done. His attempts to get tried end up convincing the soldiers to make him judge. He is nearly hanged in the course of this after three rich farmers accuse him but the Grand Duke his skin and he is reappointed judge. He decides the fate of Michael s real mother through the ingenious test of the Chalk Circle. Q4. A discussion among members of same community in an atmosphere of mutual respect andhonesty can achieve so much in such a short time. Write an essay in support of thisstatement drawing illustrations from The Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht s. 20 marks Ans. Introduction- Candidates must show that she he understands the questions and tie it to the text. Body- Two groups sit together in a circle. -. Members of the collective farms, mostly women and older men meet to resolve a disputeover ownership of valley. -. A delegate from the city presides over the disputes. -. The goat herders report is presented by an old man on the right as follows:- The cheese is no longer the same quality. -. Their goats do not like the new grass. -the grazing land is not good. -. The land does not smell of morning in the morning. -. The two groups are told the valley belonged to the goat herders from eternity. -the farmers respond through Kato, the agriculturalist. She says;- When fighting in those hills, they discussed how they would build up their fruitCulture ten times the original size. -. They will construct a dam across the mountain lake. -. They will water seven hundred acres of fertile land. -. They will establish vineyards. Due to the honest atmosphere and mutual respect, the two groups agree, eat together andget entertained together. Q5. A person controlled by greed has no sense of justice drawing your illustrations fromThe Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht, write an essay supporting this statement. 20 marks Ans.


Due to the honest atmosphere and mutual respect, the two groups agree, eat together andget entertained together. Q5. A person controlled by greed has no sense of justice drawing your illustrations fromThe Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertloit Brecht, write an essay supporting this statement. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionIt is true that intense and selfish desire for something especially wealth and power causes injustice in the society. Accept any other relevant introduction. Body- The princes of Grusinia who are drunk with power overthrow the Grand Duke and take over leadership. They kill the governor including Governor Georgi Abashwili. They beheaded him and hang his head at the centre of the door to his palace. -. Prince Kazbeki s is hunting for the governor heir, the young Michael in order to kill him and prevent him from ever inheriting his dead father. -. The greedy prince sold the horses and food supplies meant for soldiers on the frontline thus causing the country to lose the war. -. Similarly, the corrupt corporal who pursues Grusha and Michael sells the two soldiers horses. They suffer and limp as a result and taunts them. They cannot move fast and thus are unable to catch up with Grusha whom they watch helplessly as she crosses the rotten bridge and waves from the far end. -. Natella Abashwili is so much interested in her fine dresses that she does not think about her son s safety. She does not even want to travel on horseback. She prefers a carriage. When time runs out she abandons Michael, her son and saves her skin. -. It is evident that Natella s desire to get access to Governor Georgi Abashwili s estate that makes her claim back her son Michael. She ruthlessly snatched Michael from the chalk circle in an attempt to get him back. As a result she losses the case and the estate of her late husband go to the state and Grusha is given custody of the child. -Governor Georgi Abashwili is so concerned about personal confront including constructing a new wing on the palace that he doesn t care about his people s petitions. He even ignores a government messages from the capital and shows no interest to what is happening in the front. ConclusionFrom the afore going it is true that greed is the inventor of injustice,Accept any other relevant conclusionQ6.


-Governor Georgi Abashwili is so concerned about personal confront including constructing a new wing on the palace that he doesn t care about his people s petitions. He even ignores a government messages from the capital and shows no interest to what is happening in the front. ConclusionFrom the afore going it is true that greed is the inventor of injustice,Accept any other relevant conclusionQ6. Write an essay on the effectiveness of any four songs used in Bertloit Brecht s The Caucasian Chalk Circle. 20 marks Ans. . Introduction. Songs are usually used to communicate as well as relieve tension in the audience during live performances. In the prologue, there is a conflict on the actual owner of the valley. It is through the singer, Arkadi with his song called, the Chalk Circle, that the conclusion is arrived at Things will be given to those who can make use of them. Accept any other relevant introductionContentS i The first song begins on 13 -14, In olden times in a bloody time church - Introduces the main character and the conflict in the play. -. The governor though rich, is said to have many beggars and petitioners whom he ignores. -. The governor s wife, as well as the baby are introduced in this song. -. This song makes the reader audience anxious for the unfolding events. S ii Another song introduces the reader to the events in the place. Pages 18-20 : The city is still, but why are there armed men Noon was the hour to die. -. This song prepares the readers audience for the coup and the death of governor Abashwili. S iii . Another song introduces the flight of Grusha with Michael. Page 30 When Grusha Vashnadze left the city on the Grusinian highway some milk -Grusha sings, the song of the four generals which makes the reader aware of thevolatile political situation at that time. There was war in Iran and she was thinking ofSimon who was in the war. -. She alludes compares Simon with Sosso Robarkidse and ends up concluding, He is our man which shows her great love for Simon.


Page 30 When Grusha Vashnadze left the city on the Grusinian highway some milk -Grusha sings, the song of the four generals which makes the reader aware of thevolatile political situation at that time. There was war in Iran and she was thinking ofSimon who was in the war. -. She alludes compares Simon with Sosso Robarkidse and ends up concluding, He is our man which shows her great love for Simon. S iv The song of the Rotten Bridge page 41 shows Grusha s predicament withMichael on her back and the angry ironshirts pursuing her. -. To save her live and Michael s from the Ironshirts, she has to cross the bridge overhanginga deep ravine. Deep is the abyss, son, I see the weak bridge sway How big they will be. -. The song outlines Grusha s determination and selflessness in an attempt to save Michael s live. -. The song makes the reader audience to sympathize with Grusha and laud her for her daring. NB. Accept any 4 well illustrated and explained songs. Conclusion. The songs done by different characters help to sustain the suspense in the play. They give the inside information and prepare the readers for what lies aheadNB. Accept any other relevant conclusion. Q7. Azdak is justified in giving Grusha Vashnadze the custody of Michael. Using illustrations from the play The Caucasian Chalk Circle, discuss this statement. 20 marks Ans. 1. -Grusha is not the true mother of Michael. -. During a coup when the child s father is beheaded, Grusha picks the child and keeps himcompany through out the night. -. She is in great danger-no one else is ready to touch or get near the child. 2. Natella Abashwili, who is Michael s mother, leaves Michael behind. -. She is in a hurry to flee the city. -. She is only interested in her clothes and shoes. 3. Grusha flees with the child to her brothers in the Northern Mountains. -. On the way she faces a lot of hardships. -. The iron shirts are pursuing her looking for Michael. -. Buys the child milk with the only money she had equivalent to a weeks pay.


- On the way she faces a lot of hardships. -. The iron shirts are pursuing her looking for Michael. -. Buys the child milk with the only money she had equivalent to a weeks pay. -. Carries the child who is heavy on her back. -. Risks closing a dangerous bridge. -. Enters an arranged marriage for the sake of Michael. 4. When before Grusha agrees that she is not the biological mother of the child but shehad taken a lot of care for him. -. She refuses to pull Michael from the chalk circle. -Natella pulls twice. -. It emerges that Natella wants to have Michael for financial gains. -. One of her lawyers divulges that Natella can t meet the financial obligations sincethe estate is attached to the child. -. Natella is eager to pull the child but Grusha lets go off the child s hand. -Grusha says she can t bring him up only to tear him apart. -. She is given the child and ordered to live in the city. Q8. The conflicts and suffering witnessed in The Caucasian Chalk Circle is due to bad governance. Justify this statement. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionLeaders who don t responsibly and competently carry out their leadership role are likely to spark off serious conflict and subsequently cause a lot of suffering to the people. Similarly the conflicts and suffering witnessed in Caucasian chalk circle is essentially caused by leadership failure. Accept any other plausible introduction. Body i As the play begins we are introduced to a conflict pitching two groups of farmers where each claims a stake in the ownership of a particular piece of land. There is a heated argument as each side justifies why it should posses the valley. Eventually a delegate from the state construction commission arbitrates the conflict and the land is awarded to the fruit growing farmers. Ii The incompetency and inefficiency of the Grand Duke and governor Georgi Abashwili in the Grusinian state of Georgia. People suffer a lot. The governor s way to the church is lined up with beggars and petitioners who carry emaciated children, and war has left people in crutches. Ironshirts mercilessly brutalise people to prevent them from issuing petitions to their governor. The governor even intends to bring down the slums to create rooms for his garden. The princes and Prince Arsen Kazbeki easily stage a coup. Their poor governance is the source of suffering to this people.


The governor even intends to bring down the slums to create rooms for his garden. The princes and Prince Arsen Kazbeki easily stage a coup. Their poor governance is the source of suffering to this people. Iii Poor governance also encourages people to be cruel and inhuman. When Arsen Kazbeki topples his brother, he beheads him. The head is fastened on the wall with nails. The old milk man is indifferent to Michael s hunger and demands exorbitant prices. The peasant woman discloses to the iron shirt that Grusha is the owner of the child despite the danger of such information. These incidents show that people lack moral conscience due to poor governance. Iv Incompetence and inefficiency gives birth to socio-political as well as economic instability. Coup and counter coups are common phenomena. These coups perpetuate suffering of people since they are forced to relocate to other places as internally displaced people. This is witnessed when the Grand Duke escapes arrest and has to be hosted by Azdak. Natella has to be whisked away to safety by the adjutant while Grusha and Michael relocate to the Northern Mountains for safety. The princes are also dethroned by the Grand Duke with the assistance of the Shah of Persia. It is said that the Grand Duke has to reinstate an incompetent person- Azdak- as the judge in Grusinia. Accept other plausible well developed pointsConclusionTherefore it is evident that poor governance causes suffering and pain to people as it is illustrated by what leads to suffering in The Caucasian Chalk Circle. Accept other plausible conclusion. Q9. Human weaknesses affect characters negatively . Write a composition in support of the above statement drawing your illustrations from The Caucasian Chalk Circle. 20marks Ans. Human beings have various types of weaknesses which have had negative effects on their living in society as shown in the play. Accept any other relevant introduction. W1. Natela Abashwili s weakness on adoring things. She forgets her child at the time of war and takes clothes and boots instead, pg 25 The maid escapes with the child to save his life but Natella later goes for the child because she wants to inherit the governor s estate. She loses both the child and the estate. WII The fat prince greed and hunger for powerEliminates his brother to get his power,WIII The governor s lack for concern for his subjects.


She forgets her child at the time of war and takes clothes and boots instead, pg 25 The maid escapes with the child to save his life but Natella later goes for the child because she wants to inherit the governor s estate. She loses both the child and the estate. WII The fat prince greed and hunger for powerEliminates his brother to get his power,WIII The governor s lack for concern for his subjects. He oppresses his subjects forcing people to go to war, charging high taxation. He loses his life and power. WIV- Lavrenti and his wife undermines family values. Fails to give Grusha a warm welcome though she comes from town where war has broken out tired and sickWV The self righteous nature of Aniko shown through her hypocritical actionsWVI. Natella s hatred for the poor. She undermines Grusha during the court case feeling that Grusha is too poor to keep the child. She finally loses the child to the poor Grusha due to her arrogance. ConclusionIn conclusion, people should learn to appreciate others and avoid putting their interests first. Q10. What there is a hall go to those who are good for it . With illustrations from the play The Caucasian Chalk Circle, write an essay in support of this statement. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionThe statement means that if someone has to be given something, it should be on the basis that they are best suited for it or must have shown similar ability Accept any other relevant introduction, general or contextualized, making reference to the textc. I in the prologue, the valley is given to the fruit governorsThey have plans to build their fruits culture to ten times its original sizeThey have prepared a plan for an irrigation projectThe farm will not only grow more fruits but could also support vineyardsThey even present calculations for the projectii Michael is given to Grusha because of her motherly natureShe rescuers him on the Easter Sunday when his mother leaves him behindGrusha takes to a risky journey to the Northern Mountains amid pursuit by the IronshirtsShe marries a man on his death bed in order to give legitimacy to MichaelIn the chalk circle test ,she does not pull Michael from the circleiii.


20 marks Ans. IntroductionThe statement means that if someone has to be given something, it should be on the basis that they are best suited for it or must have shown similar ability Accept any other relevant introduction, general or contextualized, making reference to the textc. I in the prologue, the valley is given to the fruit governorsThey have plans to build their fruits culture to ten times its original sizeThey have prepared a plan for an irrigation projectThe farm will not only grow more fruits but could also support vineyardsThey even present calculations for the projectii Michael is given to Grusha because of her motherly natureShe rescuers him on the Easter Sunday when his mother leaves him behindGrusha takes to a risky journey to the Northern Mountains amid pursuit by the IronshirtsShe marries a man on his death bed in order to give legitimacy to MichaelIn the chalk circle test ,she does not pull Michael from the circleiii. Azdak is made judge by the iron shirts and later on the Grand DukeIn the mock could scene be displays better knowledge of the law in comparison to prince Kazbeki s nephewHis reign as judge is described as a brief golden age, almost an age of justice .In making his rulings the look from the rich and gave to the poorHe is late reappointed as judge by the Grand Duke as a show of gratitude for saving his lifeiv. Azdak divorces Grusha and Jussup instead of the old coupleThe divorce paves way for Grusha s marriage to SimonSimon had stood by Grusha in court claiming to be Michael s fatherThe union between Grusha and Jessup wars for convenienceSimon trulyDeserved Grusha for he came back to lack for her after the warConclusionIt is clear from above that those who emerged victories deserved the victory Accept any other relevant conclusion Q11. Drawing illustrations from what Grusha goes through in order to save and adopt Michael, write an essay on the challenges of being a good person in a rotten society. 20 marks Ans. IntroductionEven in a rotten society, it is possible to come across a good person. In the Caucasian Chalk Circle, such a person is Grusha. Grusha goes through many challenges in order to save and adopt Michael. Some of these challenges are discusses below.


In the Caucasian Chalk Circle, such a person is Grusha. Grusha goes through many challenges in order to save and adopt Michael. Some of these challenges are discusses below. Accept any other relevant introductionContent C i She sacrifices the little she has in order to sustain Michael. She buys milk expensively. Ii She is forced to come up with a ingenuine way of eluding the iron shirts who are after him. She knocks one of them down with a piece of wood, enduring her life in the process. Iii She crosses of dangerous bridge, endangering her life and Michael s iv She has to contend with a society that frowns upon single motherhood. She is forced to accept marriage to an invalid called Jussup in order to normalize her status vi Her relationship with her fianc e, Simon , is endangered. Vi She is force to go through a court processes in order to gain custody of Michael. ConclusionAccept any valid conclusion. Q12. True motherhood is not necessarily biological Write an essay illustrating this statement using Bertloit Brecht s, The Caucasian Chalk Circle . 20 marks Ans. IntroductionYou need not be a biological mother to become motherly. Strangers can act more responsibly than real mothers. This is clearly illustrated by Grusha, a kitchen maid, in the play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle as shown below;Body- Natella Abashwili, the biological mother of Michael abandons the child as she flees the city .She is more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriagesIt takes the motherly instinct of the kitchen maid Grusha to retrieve the body and fide with it offering protection and nourishmentGrusha adopts the body and risks being captured by the soldiers and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge to save the life of Michael from the iron shirtsThe mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael does not affect her affection for the young boyVashnadze endures an arranged and difficult marriage on paper to a dying man, Jussup: for the sake of the childA mere kitchen Grusha fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to tear him up.


IntroductionYou need not be a biological mother to become motherly. Strangers can act more responsibly than real mothers. This is clearly illustrated by Grusha, a kitchen maid, in the play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle as shown below;Body- Natella Abashwili, the biological mother of Michael abandons the child as she flees the city .She is more interested in her fine linen and shoes as well as horse carriagesIt takes the motherly instinct of the kitchen maid Grusha to retrieve the body and fide with it offering protection and nourishmentGrusha adopts the body and risks being captured by the soldiers and crosses the dangerous and rotten bridge to save the life of Michael from the iron shirtsThe mockery of Grusha s sister-in-law concerning the illegitimate child, Michael does not affect her affection for the young boyVashnadze endures an arranged and difficult marriage on paper to a dying man, Jussup: for the sake of the childA mere kitchen Grusha fights for the custody of Michael in court and does not pull him to her side in the test of the chalk circle so as not to tear him up. She fears to destroy the boy she has nurtured and brought up expensively as a real mother. ConclusionGenerally, mothers are supposed to be motherly for one to be accredited a real mother of a child .This world mean not all the biological mothers are a sincere parents as to claim the ownership, however the soul that would nurture brings up responsibly deserves the ownership as portrays in Grusha Vashnadze.


2014walterakach gmail.comTable of ContentsThe guilt, Rayda Jacobs 2 When The Sun Goes Down, Goro wa Kamau .8Leaving, Moyez G. Vassanji ...15The War of the Ears, Moses Isegawa 21The Mirror, Haruki Murakami .30Diamond Dust, Anita Desai 35Arrested Development, Sandisile Tshuma 42Sandra Street, Michael Anthony ...48Twilight Trek, Sefi Atta ..52I Stand Here Ironing, Tillie Olsen ..........65The Retraction, Stanley Onjezani Kenani .....77The Bamboo Hut, Grace Ogot 85Tuesday Siesta, Gabriel Garcia Marquez ..91 Two Stories of a House, Leila Abouzeid 100Law of the Grazing Fields, Cyprian Ekwensi..106White Hands, Jane Katjavivi .112The Guilt, Rayda Jacobs South Africa 21. PlotIntroductionWe meet Mrs. Lilian Thurgood at the side of her house picking guavas. Her two dogs: Tembi and Tor alert her of somebody s presence at her gate. She is not a very strong woman; she walks with the aid of a cane. Flowers are everywhere sprouting in her compound and this gives her pleasure. B.Narrative HookShe engage s the man at the gate in a conversationc. Rising ActionWilliam Sidlay has a letter to prove that he is collecting money for some organization. He is looking for handouts donations if he can t find work. Lilian doubts the authenticity of the letter. Even as she rummages for change in her purse, she knew she was making a mistake to empathize with William. People like William took advantage of people like Lilian or murdered them. Lilian, like the rest of the whites, was filled with guilt of having gained her privileged position because of her race. She gives him the five rand, even though she could ill afford it. ClimaxWilliam offers to work for the money. He says it s too much. She opens the gate for him to clean her garden, despite doubts.


ClimaxWilliam offers to work for the money. He says it s too much. She opens the gate for him to clean her garden, despite doubts. He however refuses to stop working when she Lilian makes the request. She had to go into the3house for the phone was ringing. William followed her there. Falling ActionLilian bids him to leave but he declines. He demands 10 rand for his effort. When she threatens to call her husband, William tells her that she lives alone. He insists on ten rand besides the 5 he d been given. D nouementFeeling threatened she sets the dogs on him. She gets a gun from her bedroom. She gets back her five rand before seeing him off. Although she comes out of the episode unscathed, she does not boast about it to her friends, may be still consumes with guilt. Where there was guilt there was opportunity. Write an essay to confirm this usingRayda Jacob s The Guilt for your illustrations. SettingThe story is set in s white suburb in South Africa. Mrs. Lilian a pensioner Thurgood s home is a fortress, 10 foot high wall fence, and has a large compound in which she has fruit trees: guavas and lemons. She also has flowers in her garden: geraniums, basil and oregano. She lives alone. The incident with William takes place in the morning. Conflict. The Guilt has both external and internal conflict. Internal conflictsFirst Mrs. Lilian Thurgood experiences internal conflict. She did not have to answer the call at the gate. She says she had ignored many such calls. 4She also suffers from internal conflict when confronted with the forged letter William Sidlay presents. She takes it anyway. She is faced with another instance of internal conflict when she discovers that she has 5 rand 23 cents. The five rand she thinks is too much and the 23 cents too little. She gives him the five rand in spite of herself. Another instance of internal conflict is on the night it was raining and she had to get the door. She wonders whether it is racist to it one were afraid to open doors to strangers. She does it anyway to make for the guilt of benefitting from the old regime. External ConflictWilliam Sidlay threatens Lilian physically.


She wonders whether it is racist to it one were afraid to open doors to strangers. She does it anyway to make for the guilt of benefitting from the old regime. External ConflictWilliam Sidlay threatens Lilian physically. She gives Tembi Tor the first command which allowed them to terrorise but not draw blood. She wonders what they might do if she gave the second signal she doesn t use it. Next, she goes for the gun which she uses to drive William out of her compound and survives a potentially murderous situation. CharactersAlthough several characters are mentioned in thisstory, the action focuses on Lilian and William. LilianPhysical attributesShe is a white woman over sixty-six years old and walks with a limp owing to a painful leg for which she takes medicine. Assign character traits to Mrs. Lilian Thurgood based on the following situations. 5 Can I help you? Lilian asked. Respectful courteousShe handed the letter back to him and said, wait here, kindBased on the incidents with the African woman who d knocked her door at night, the woman who d seen her sitting in the stoep , the man who rung persistently at her gate, you would say that Lilian is generous? Her sudden anger when confronted with five rand 23 cents and she longs for her husband s presence he would have ordered the man off the grounds. InsecureShe would not lock the door behind her, she told herself. She trusted him. Naive trustingHe came forward. Sa! Lilian commanded the dogs. DecisiveThe fact that she did not give the last command to the Alsatians nor pull the trigger of the gun. HumaneThe fact that she did not tell the truth to Margaret, Ruth and Ethel May. ModestAssign character traits to William Sidlay based on the following situations. The fact that he did not panic when confronted by Tembi Tor. Calm courageous brave6The fact that he forged a letter to gain entry into white homes dishonestThe fact that he wanted the five rand besides demanding for 10 rand. GreedyThe fact that he knew Lilian lived alone and that no one was going to come to her aid. SchemingThe fact that he moved towards Lilian when she threatened to call the police.


Calm courageous brave6The fact that he forged a letter to gain entry into white homes dishonestThe fact that he wanted the five rand besides demanding for 10 rand. GreedyThe fact that he knew Lilian lived alone and that no one was going to come to her aid. SchemingThe fact that he moved towards Lilian when she threatened to call the police. MenacingSidlay producing a letter allowing him to beg after being told by Lilian that she had no work. PersistentPOVThe story is told from the omniscient narrator perspective. ThemeGuiltAll the generous actions of Mrs. Thurgood are driven by guilt-she says that it was making good on the guilt, the guilt they were accused of having. DeceptionWilliam Sidlay forges a letter that he purports allows him to collect funds for an organisation. It is a plan to gain entry into white people s homes and either take advantage of their guilt or murder them. The woman who d seen Lilian sitting on the stoep deceives her that she will sell7her eight plants for four rand and plant them. She asks for water to wet the ground when Lilian returns with the hose she finds 30 plants planted and a bill of 12 rand which she had to pay. Race relationsThe blacks do anything in their power to take advantage of the whites. On their part, the whites feel inclined to help the blacks because of the guilt they have that their privileged position was a benefit of the previous white regime. QuestionShow that people pay dearly for showing their weaknesses. Using Rayda Jacob s The Guilt show that this is true. 8When the Sun Goes Down by Goro wa KamauThe PlotWe meet Steve, a successful businessman, walking down the streets of his home town. He receives questioning stares from the people standing along the streets who pretend to be going on with their businesses while in truth they are discussing Steve. He runs into his boyhood friends, Kanja. He invites Kanja to his home for a chat. He asks Kanja to tell him of the rumours about him doing rounds in the town. Kanja informs him that it is rumoured that he is marrying Maureen. We learn that people suspect that Maureen is infected with the HIV virus. Steve confirms it is true.


Kanja informs him that it is rumoured that he is marrying Maureen. We learn that people suspect that Maureen is infected with the HIV virus. Steve confirms it is true. Steve then relates the sad circumstances of Maureen s marriage to an abusive and promiscuous soldier. When Kanja meets Maureen, she unashamedly opens up and tells him how she learned that she was infected with HIV. It was long after she had struck friendship with Steve and was carrying his child. It is at this point that Steve also took an HIV test and it turned out that he too was positive. Maureen serves Kanja with juice he declines to take and finally Steve shares it with his son. This stigmatisation discrimination hurts Maureen and sends her into a depression. Despite Steve s appeal to her that they fight the disease together, she is unable to overcome her depressive mood. One evening while asleep, Maureen becomes delirious and starts mumbling bible verses. Tom, a sympathetic neighbor, helps Steve to take her to hospital. When Maureen realizes where she is, she stages a protest demanding to be taken home to die. She does not recover from her depression. 9She is buried a week later. She leaves Steve and Kanja and Kimotho to continue the struggle. The TitleThe title, When the Sun Goes Down , is made in reference to Maureen s feelings of depression, hopelessness and guilt to the point of giving up on life. It creates the impression that for her, all is lost. SettingThe story is set in a rural town in Central Kenya. The villagers know each other by age, name and family. This explains the concerns of each other s welfare. It also explains how this familiarity results into interference in the private lives of one another. The story is set in the modern times. HIV is a reality and so are ARV s. ConflictWe shall approach conflict from two perspectives: conflict developed by Maureen. A Conflict developed by Steve. Steve largely develops external conflictIn the introductory part of the plot Steve is confronted with external conflict: between him and the villagers. He has made a decision that has not gone down well with the villagers. They believe that he deserves better than marrying Maureen. This is because10Maureen is HIV positive.


He has made a decision that has not gone down well with the villagers. They believe that he deserves better than marrying Maureen. This is because10Maureen is HIV positive. However, no one is ready to seek his opinion on the matter but they all talk behind his back about his affair with Maureen. His decision to marry Maureen therefore alienates him from the people who looked up to him. His mind is however made up and he doesn t care what they think or say about him He; has no friends but KanjaThe second external conflict he develops is between him and Kanja, his boyhood friend. Kanja has heard rumours about Steve s intentions to marry Maureen; however he is afraid for Stevebecause rumour also has it that she is HIV positive. Steve feels that Kanja, his only remaining friend, should not be part of the rumour mill. He has no control over this and it turns out that his friend indeed has come fishing for information based on the rumours he s heard. What is more, his friend had also made advances to Maureen but was unsuccessful. Further, his friend brings the HIV stigma right into their house when he refuses to drink the juice Maureen serves him. It is this conflict with Kanja that is central to the story and is responsible for the ultimate death of Maureen. The other external conflict Steve develops is between him and Maureen. Pp19 Maureen explains to Kanja how Steve came to learn that he had HIV. This was her way of taking responsibility for pass the virus to him; this was her way of making him a victim and Steve resented it. He forbids her to reason like that but will not stop. 11Pp22 Maureen is hurt by Kanja s refusal to take the juice she serves him. She says it s worthless to live if people cruelly discriminate against you. Steve would have none of this and implores her not to think like that to no avail. Pp25-26 Steve not only buys the most nutritious foods for her but also cooks them but Maureen wouldn t eat. She suffers from nausea after a few bites, what is more she yearns for death. Despite his remonstrations with her that she banishes such thoughts of death from her head she wouldn t stop. Pp26-27 Maureen s sense of guilt finally gets the better of Steve.


She suffers from nausea after a few bites, what is more she yearns for death. Despite his remonstrations with her that she banishes such thoughts of death from her head she wouldn t stop. Pp26-27 Maureen s sense of guilt finally gets the better of Steve. Her deep seated sense of guilt reinforced by the careless talk of the neighbours finally gets Steve to contemplate the terrible possibility of her death. Steve also develops external conflict between him and HIV AIDS. He tries to have good mental health by making Maureen avoid negative talk, this is a battle he loses for her but does not succumb to. He continues to live positively He talks of counting their blessings. He stops smoking at the urging of his doctor. This too is a battle that he is winning. He buys nutritious foods and takes his drugs. He tells Maureen that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. Although Maureen loses this battle Steve does not he is in it for the long haul. He is determined to stay alive. 12Even Maureen acknowledges this pp20 she says that she has no doubt he will live. Maureen develops external conflict as well as internal. Internal conflictMaureen blames herself for passing the virus on to Steve. Pp19 She protests that she was faithful both to her husband and to Steve. She tells the story of how Steve found out he was positive to assuage herself lessen her guiltPp26 As she gets delirious she mumbles that she was faithful both to her husband and to Steve. External ConflictShe develops a conflict between her and HIVThis is another conflict central to the story. From the time we meet Maureen there is no doubt she is losing the battle against HIV. When we first meet her we are told that she looked somewhat weary. When Kanja refuses to take the juice she serves him, she is devastated. Pp21 she asks Steve why people must be so cruel. She refuses to forgive herself for bringing this cruelty on Steve. Subsequently she refuses to eat and it is hinted that she may have stopped taking her drugs- pp26 Steve reminds her that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. When forced to eat pp26 she develops nausea and says that she longs to rest euphemism for die. At the hospital, she tells the nurse that she is dying.


Subsequently she refuses to eat and it is hinted that she may have stopped taking her drugs- pp26 Steve reminds her that she has to eat and take her drugs daily. When forced to eat pp26 she develops nausea and says that she longs to rest euphemism for die. At the hospital, she tells the nurse that she is dying. Pp28 pp21 tears flow down her face as she thinks of Kanja s action and wishes people were more compassionate. Pp26 she declares that she is a living deadIn short, Maureen s sun went down the day she discovered she d passed on HIV to Steve. She also develops a conflict between her and theKanja s of this world. When Kanja refuses to take her13juice, she is devastated and asks Steve why people are so cruel. She feels that her family is discriminated against because she brought AIDS into it. She hardly goes out for fear of what people will say. Pp 26 Steve laments that her sense of guilt was the product of listening to lose speaking tongues. ThemesTwo of the best developed themes in this story are fear and guilt. They are both developed by Maureen. Kanja develops the theme of hypocrisy friendship cracks at mention of AIDS. HIV AIDS is developed by both Steve and Maureen. The author uses Steve to show how people can live positively with AIDS. Maureen on the other hand serves to illustrate how hopelessness and not AIDS kills people infected with HIV. Ignorance is developed by:Kanja not taking the juice Maureen servesThe town s folk in general not knowing that their negative talk kills worse than AIDS. Mr. Kabia- fears contracting AIDS if an AIDS sufferer is carried in his car. Loneliness is developed by both Steve and Maureen. CharacterisationSteve: determined, loving, realistic, open, sociable, hardworkingKanja: hypocritical, ignorant, lustfulMaureen: hopeless, faithful, loving, religious, hospitable, stoic14Essay QuestionLife is worth living even if one is suffering from HIV. Using Goro wa Kamau s When the Sun Goes Down for your illustrations show that this is true. 15Leaving by Moyez G. VassanjiSettingThe story is set in Dar es salaam, Tanzania.


Using Goro wa Kamau s When the Sun Goes Down for your illustrations show that this is true. 15Leaving by Moyez G. VassanjiSettingThe story is set in Dar es salaam, Tanzania. We first meet the family leaving on Uhuru Street where the Narrator s mother runs a shop. Later they move to the residential area of Upanga, upon her selling her shop. PlotThe story opens with the concept of leaving. The girls are getting married. Mehroon marries a former school mate who leaves in Dar. Razia marries a wealthy man who leaves in Tanga. Then there is Firoz who drops out of school and gets employed. The narrator s mother then sells her shop and moves from Uhuru Street to Upanga residential area. The narrator informs us their mother laid hopes on he Aloo. This is because they both excel at school. The narrator joins the local University. Meanwhile, in his last year at school, he proves to be exceptionally bright in his studies. Mr. Datoo, a farmer student and teacher at the boys school, visits the town from U.S.A. the similarity ofDatoo s and Aloo s background makes Aloo feels that he too could study in the USA. He starts writing applications to various universities in America. His ambition is to study medicine. When the results are out, he has straight A s. However, the local varsity gives him a place to study Agriculture. This is what makes the offer from CIT more appealing. They not only offer him a place at the university but also give him a scholarship. His determination to study in16America intensifies; however, the money required for transport and upkeep as well as his mother s fear of losing her son stands in his way. After seeking Mr. Velji s opinion, and some reflection, his mother is ready to let go. She bids Aloo not to smoke nor drink and not to marry a white woman. Her fears allayed, she sends Aloo to America for further studiesConflictThis story is about Aloo s determination to study medicineThe first conflict he faces is bureaucracy and corruption. On pp 35 the narrator hints at this:But some bureaucratic hand, probably corrupt, dealt out a future prospect for him that came as a shock.