Atthismoment,JuanaspiestwodarkfigureslyingintheroadandrecognizesoneofthemasKino. Inthenextinstant,JuanarealizesthatKinohaskilledthemanslumpedbyhisside. JuanadragsthedeadbodyintothebrushandthenhelpsKino,whomoansaboutlosinghispearl. JuanasilenceshimbyshowinghimthepearlandexplainsthattheymustfleeimmediatelybecauseKinohascommittedahorriblecrime. Kinoproteststhatheactedinself-defense,butJuanaarguesthathisalibiwon tmatteratalltotheauthorities. KinorealizesthatJuanaisright,andtheyresolvetoflee. WhileJuanarunsbacktothebrushhousetograbCoyotito,Kinoreturnstothebeachtoreadyhiscanoefortheescape. Hefindsthatsomeonehaspunchedalargeholeintheboat sbottom. Filledwithsorrowandrage,hequicklyscramblesbacktohisbrushhouse,momentsbeforedawn. Ashearrivesinthevicinityoftheneighborhood,henoticesflamesandrealizesthathishouseisburning. Asherunstowardthefire,JuanameetshimwithCoyotitoinherarms. Sheconfirmsthattheirhousehasbeenburneddowncompletely. Astheneighborsrushtocontrolthefireandtosavetheirownhouses,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoduckbetweentheshadowsandintoJuanTom s shouse. InthedarknessinsideJuanTom s shouse,KinoandJuanalistenastheneighborsattempttosubduethefireandspeculatethatKinoandJuanahavebeenkilledintheblaze. ThecouplecanonlylistenasJuanTom s swife,Apolonia,wailsinmourningforthelossofherrelatives. WhenApoloniareturnstoherhousetochangeheadshawls,Kinowhisperstoher,explainingthattheyaretakingrefuge. KinoinstructsApoloniatobringJuanTom stothemandtokeeptheirwhereaboutsasecret. Shecomplies,andJuanTom sarrivesmomentslater,postingApoloniaatthedoortokeepwatchwhilehetalkswithKino. Kinoexplainsthatheinadvertentlykilledamanafterbeingattackedinthedarkness. JuanTom sblamesthismisfortuneonthepearlandadvisesKinotosellitwithoutdelay. Kino,however,ismorefocusedonhislosses,detailingthedestructionofhiscanoeandhishouse. HeimploresJuanTom stohidetheminhishouseforanight,untiltheycangatherthemselvesandmakeasecondattempttoflee. JuanTom shesitatestobringdangeruponhimselfbutultimatelyagreestoshelterthemandkeepsilentabouttheirplans. Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetrailandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2. Exposedtotheelemen. Tsandthecriesofcoyotes,owls,andotheranimals,Kinothinksofhimselfassomeonewhohasbeentakenoverbysomeanimalforce. Hispeaceful,domesticlifeisathingofthepast. AshedoesinChapter 1,Kinohereobservesaclusterofants. However,insteadofwatching withthedetachmentofGod ashedoesbefore,Kinolaysdownhisfootasanobstacleintheants path. ThedifferencebetweenthesetwoactssymbolizesthewayKino sunderstandingofhisrelationshipwithnaturehaschanged. Whereasearlierheisadetachedobserver,henowattemptstocarvehisownfateandruleinthenaturalworld. But,astheantsrevealbyeasilyfindingtheirwayaroundtheobstacleKinocreates,Kino sattemptstoruleovernatureortwistittohisowndeviceshavelittleeffect,andnaturehasitswaywithhimanyway. WhileKinodoesattempttocontrolthenaturalworld,healsolookstoittoguidehisbehaviorwhenhegazesintothepearl tofindhisvision ofthefuture. Inthepearl,Kinoseeshisfamily struefate,yethemistakenlybelievesthatdenyingwhatheseesandannouncinganalternativevisionwillallowhimtoovercomehisfate. Ultimately,Kino sbaseactionsnullifythenobleintentionsheexpressesinhisspeech. KinoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsagrandwedding,butwhatthepearlreflectstohimistherealitythathebeatshiswife. KinoalsoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsaneducationforCoyotito,butinthepearlheseestherealityof Coyotito sface,thickandfeverishfromthe doctor s medicine. ThoughshedoesnotlookintothepearlwithKino,JuanarecognizesthatKino svisionsareillusionsgroundedonambitionandhope. HersuggestionthatthepearlhasnorealworthimplicitlycriticizesKino sfoolishness. Yet,whenKinoconsidersgivingup,Juanachastiseshimforhisweakness. HerdesiretocontinuesuggeststhatherambitionisinfactjustasfierceasKino s.Likehim,sheallowsherdreamsforherfamilytoleadhertoignoretherealityofhersituationandtoattempttoovercomeherfate. Herinitialwishtosecureagreatpearlbringsonlygrieftoherfamily. SteinbeckexplicitlycomparesKinoandJuanatoanimalsbeingchasedbyhunters. Likeanimals,thepairattemptstoescapetheirpursuersbyseekingoutahigherelevation. WhatputsKinoandJuanaincloseproximitytothetrackersistheneedtobenearwater,aneedcommontoallmammals. Furthermore,Kinofindshimselfforcedtostripoffhisclothes,distinctivesymbolsofhishumanity,inordertosurprisehispursuers. Inrevertingtothisanimalisticstrategy,Kinoinadvertentlytransformshisownsonintoananimal,leadingtoCoyotito sdeathbyanindiscriminategunshotonthepartofthetrackers,whomistakethebaby scryforthatofacoyote. Coyotito sname,whichliterallymeans littlecoyote inSpanish,foreshadowsthistransformationthroughoutthe novella. Thenarratorpointsoutthatintheanimalworld,watersourcesareboth placesoflife and placesofdeath, becausetheyofferaresourcebutalsocreatecompetitionbetweenanimalsfortheresource. Thisparadoxicalstatusofthewaterpoolparallelsthatofthepearl,whichexertsbothapositiveandadestructiveinfluenceonKinoandJuana. Extrapolatingfurther,thenarrator scommentaboutthewatersourceseemstoapplytotheentirematerialworld everyonebothdependsuponandcompetesforthematerialresourcesneededforsurvival. Oncethetrackersaredead,Kinoisfreetocontinuetothecitytosellhispearl,butCoyotito sdeathhasstrippedKinoofthemotiveforhisstruggle. KinoandJuanaintendedthepearltofacilitatethefuturetheyhavedreamedoffortheirson,butthepearl svalueislostonceCoyotitodies. TheparablesubtlyevokesthestoryofJesus,inthatKino,inattemptingtoplayGodbydetermininghisownfate,sacrificeshisson. Thoughaninfant,Coyotitocouldbeviewedasamartyr,sincehediesforthesinsofothers. Inthissense,Coyotitohimselfisthebiblical pearlofgreatprice, thetitleSteinbeckoriginallyplannedtogivehisnovella. CriticsaredividedonthequestionofwhetherKino sultimatedecisiontoridhimselfofthepearlbythrowingitbackintotheoceanrepresentsavictoryoradefeat. SomesuggestthatKino sfinalactofmaterialrenunciationempowershim. ThefactthattherenunciationmeansthathewillcontinuetolivealifeofpovertyleadsotherstoarguethatKinoonlyaddstohistragedyindiscardingthepearl. ThenarratornotesthatasKinoandJuanareenterthetowntodisposeofthepearl, thesunwasbehindthemandtheirlongshadowsstalkedahead,andtheyseemedtocarrytwotowersofdarknesswiththem. ThisimagesymbolizesKinoandJuana ssituation:theirbrightestdaysarebehindthem,andadarkpatchoftheirownmakingliesahead.


Thatafternoon,KinoandJuanacrouchtogetherinsilence,listeningtotheneighborsdiscussthemamongtheashesoutside. MostoftheneighborsassumethatKinoandJuanaaredead,butJuanTom ssuggeststhatperhapsthefamilyhasfledtothesouthtoescapepersecution. Ashemovesbackandforthamongtheneighbors,hereturnstohishousefromtimetotime,bringingbitsandpiecesofprovisionsthatwillhelpKinoandJuanaontheirjourney. Thatevening,KinotellsJuanTom shisplantotraveltothecitiesofthenorth. JuanTom sadviseshimtoavoidthecoast,asasearchpartywillbeonthelookoutforhim. WhenJuanTom sasksifKinostillhasthepearl,Kinorespondsthathedoesandthatheintendstoholdontoit. Atdark,beforethemoonrises,Kino,Juana,andCoyotitoexchangepartingwordswithJuanTom sandApolonia,andheadoutintothenight. AnalysisOnceKinobeatsJuana,hebeginstoloseeverythingasrapidlyashegainedthePearloftheWorld. Kinoloseshisself-respectasahusbandbybeatingJuana,hisintegrityasalaw-abidingcitizenbykillinghisattacker,hisbirthrightintheformofthedestroyedcanoe,andhishome,burnedtothegroundbyanarsonist. Furthermore,Kino ssensesbecome dulledbyhisemotion inhisdeterminationtoovercomeadversityandgainwhathefeelstoberightfullyhisbysellingthepearl. Hehaslostthecapacitytofeelguilt,sohedoesn tregretstrikinghiswifeorkillinganotherman. AsKino sambitiontoimprovehisfamily slotstrengthens,hisabilitytoseetohisfamily swell-beingweakens. Heexposeshissontoquestionablemedicaltreatmentandabuseshiswife,alltoachievethematerialsuccesshewantsforthem. Kino sattemptstosafeguardthepearlpredisposehimtoviolenceindefenseofhisproperty. Intheheatofbattle,helosescontrolandsuccumbstohisbasesthumaninstincts:hemurdershisassailant. Oncehecrossesthelinefromdefendertoaggressor,Kinosuddenlyfindshimselfwithnothingtogainandeverythingtolose. AfterKinokillsaman,thethoughtof improving hisfamilyislost theonlythingthatremainsisto savehimselfandhisfamily. Kinoassociateshimselfwithhispearl,remarkingtoJuanTom sthatwhereasheoncemighthavegiventhepearlawayasagift,hismanytroubleshavegraftedthepearltohim. Kinoseesthepearlasbothaburdenandapromise,andrefusestogiveitup. AmidKino smonomania obsessivefocusonasingleidea ,Juanaremainstetheredtoandtrappedinanincreasinglydisastroussituation. ThoughsheseesKinoas halfinsaneandhalfgod, shecannotimaginelivingwithoutaman. Becauseofherpositionasawifeinatraditionalsociety,JuanaisnecessarilysubservienttoKino. Shemustfollowwhatheviewsashislargerambitions,eventhoughhergoodsensecautionsagainstitastheirsituationbecomesincreasinglydesperate. Unfortunately,althoughJuana sgoodsensedemandsthatthepearlbethrownaway. Onaclear,windynight,Kino, Juana,andCoyotitobegintheirlongmarchnorth,avoidingthesleepingtown. Outsideoftown,theyfollowaroad,carefullywalkinginawheelruttoconcealtheirtracks. Theywalkallnightandmakecampinaroadsideshelteratsunrise. Aftereatingasmallbreakfast,Juanarestsuntilmidday. Kinospotsaclusterofantsandlaysdownhisfootasanobstacle. Theantsclimboverit,andhekeepshisfootinplaceandwatchesthemscaleit. WhenJuanarises,sheasksKinoifhethinkstheywillbepursued. JuanathenbeginstodoubtKino sconvictionthatthepearlisworthfarmorethanthedealersoffered,butKinopointsoutthathisattackerswouldnothavetriedtostealthepearlwereitworthnothing. Kinostaresatthepearltoreadhisfuture. HeliestoJuana,tellingherthatheseesarifle,amarriageinachurch,andaneducationforCoyotito. IntruthKinoseesabodybleedingontheground,Juanamakingherwayhomethroughthenightafterbeingbeaten,andCoyotito sfaceswollenasthoughheweresick. Thefamilyretreatsfartherintotheshadeforanotherrest. WhileKinosleepssoundly,Juanaisrestless. AssheplayswithCoyotito,Kinowakesfromadreamanddemandsthattheykeepquiet. Creepingforward,hespotsatriooftrackerspursuingtheirtrail. Kinostiffensandattemptstobestillandsilentuntilthetrackershavepassed. Hewatchesthemgrownearerandpreparestospringonthemwithhisknifeifnecessary. JuanaalsohearstheapproachingtrackersanddoesherbesttoquietCoyotito. Thetrackers horsegrowsexcitedasthetrackersapproachtheshelter. Foramoment,itappearsthattheyarepoisedtoapprehendCoyotitoandJuana,buteventuallytheylosetheirleadonthetrailandmoveon. Kinorealizesthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforetheyreturn,andherunsquicklytoJuana,tellinghertogatherupherthingssothattheycanleaveatonce. Suddenly,Kinofeelstheircausetobehopelessandloseshiswilltoflee,butJuanacastigateshimforgivinguponhisfamily. Finally,Kinosuggeststhattheymightbeabletolosethetrackersupinthemountains. KinoandJuanacollecttheirbelongingsandfleewithCoyotitothroughtheundergrowth,makingnoefforttoconcealtheirtracks. Astheyclimbthefirstrises,Kinorealizesthatthedistanceheisputtingbetweenhisfamilyandthetrackersoffersonlyatemporaryfixtotheirproblem. WhenJuanatakesarestwithCoyotito,Kinoproposesthatshehidewhilehemovesonahead. Untilthetrackershavebeendiverted,shecantakerefugeinanearbytown. But,despiteKino sinsistence,Juanarefusestosplitup,sothefamilymovesontogether. Astheirascentgrowssteeper,Kinoattemptstovaryanddoublebackontheirroutetomisleadthetrackers. Asthesunbeginstoset,KinoandJuanareachanearbycleftandreplenishtheirwatersupplyatapoolandstream,wheretheydrinktocontentment,andJuanarinsesCoyotito. Fromthelookout,Kinospiesthetrackersatadistancebelow,hurryinguptheslope. Juanaalsorealizesthattheyarestillbeingpursued. KinodeceivesthetrackersbycreatingafalsetrailupthecliffanddescendingagaintotakerefugewithJuanaandCoyotitoinanearbycave. Kinohopesthatthetrackerswillclimbpastthem,providingachanceforthemtoclimbdownthehillandoutofrange. KinoinstructsJuanatokeepCoyotitoquiet,andtheyliesilentlyinthecaveastwilightsettlesovertheland. Byevening,thetrackersarriveatthepool,wheretheymakecampandeat. Inthecave,Coyotitogrowsrestless,andJuanaquietshim. Kinonoticesthattwoofthemenhavesettledintosleep,whilethethirdkeepswatch. Kinorealizesthatifhecanmanagetostiflethelookout,he,Juana,andCoyotitowillhaveachancetoescape. JuanafearsforKino slife,butKinoexplainsthattheyhavenootherchoice. Heinstructshertoruntothenearesttownshouldhebekilled,andtheypartreluctantly. Kinostripsnakedtoavoidbeingseenbythewatchman,and,aftercrouchingatthecaveentranceforamomenttosurveyhisroute,hespringsforward. AsJuanapraysforhim,Kinoslowlymovesdowntheslopetowardthepool. Twentyfeetfromthetrackers,hecrouchesbehindapalmtreetoponderhisnextmove. Hismusclescrampandtremble,butheknowshemustactquicklybeforethemoonrises. Heunsheatheshisknifeandpreparestoattack. Justasheispoisedtospring,themoonappears,andherealizesthathisopportunityhasbeenlost. Waitingforamomentwhenthewatchman sheadisturned,Kinogetsreadytotakeamuchriskierapproach. Suddenly,Coyotitoletsoutacrythatwakesoneofthesleepingtrackers. Atfirst,theywonderifitcouldpossiblybethecryofahuman,orwhetheritissimplythecryofacoyote. Thewatchmandecidestosilencethewailerbyshootinginthedirectionofthecry. UnbeknownsttoKino,thebullethitsandkillsCoyotito. Asthewatchmanshoots,Kinospringsuponthetrackers,stabbingthewatchmanandseizingtherifle. Knockingoneoftheothermenoutwithafierceblow,hewatchesasthelastmanattemptstofleeupthecliff. ThemanmakeslittleprogressbeforeKinostopshimwithafirstshot,andthenmurdershimexecution-stylewithanothershotbetweentheeyes. Intheterriblemomentthatensues,Kinonoticesthesilenceofthesurroundinganimals,andfinallyhearstheblood-curdlingcryissuingfromhiswife,mourningthedeathofCoyotito. Laterthenextday,towardsunset,KinoandJuanawalksidebysideintoLaPaz,withJuanacarryingCoyotito scorpseinasackslungoverhershoulder. Theywalkdazedlythroughthecity,withunmovingeyes,speakingtonoone. Onlookersstarewordlessly,andevenJuanTom scanonlyraiseahandingreeting. KinoandJuanamarchthroughthetown,pastthebrushhouses,allthewaytothesea. Attheedgeofthewater,Kinostopsandpullsthepearlfromhispocket. Holdingituptothelight,hestaresintoitcarefully,andafloodofevilmemorieswashesoverhim. Kinoholdsthepearloutinfrontofhim,andthenflingsitoutintotheocean. KinoandJuanawatchthepearlasitsplashesthesurface,andstareatthespotquietlyasthesunsets. Thenthecolumn ofants climbedoverhisinstepandcontinuedonitsway,andKinoleft..AnalysisAftertheirbrushhouseisburneddownandtheyareforcedtofleetheirneighborhood,KinoandJuanafindthemselvesinastruggleforsurvivalinnature. TheirstateofnatureironicallymimicsthatoftheanimalsKinoobservescontemplativelyinChapters 1 and 2.Exposedtotheelementsandthecriesofcoyotes,owls,andotheranimals,Kinothinksofhimselfassomeonewhohasbeentakenoverbysomeanimalforce. Hispeaceful,domesticlifeisathingofthepast. AshedoesinChapter 1,Kinohereobservesaclusterofants. However,insteadofwatching withthedetachmentofGod ashedoesbefore,Kinolaysdownhisfootasanobstacleintheants path. ThedifferencebetweenthesetwoactssymbolizesthewayKino sunderstandingofhisrelationshipwithnaturehaschanged. Whereasearlierheisadetachedobserver,henowattemptstocarvehisownfateandruleinthenaturalworld. But,astheantsrevealbyeasilyfindingtheirwayaroundtheobstacleKinocreates,Kino sattemptstoruleovernatureortwistittohisowndeviceshavelittleeffect,andnaturehasitswaywithhimanyway. WhileKinodoesattempttocontrolthenaturalworld,healsolookstoittoguidehisbehaviorwhenhegazesintothepearl tofindhisvision ofthefuture. Inthepearl,Kinoseeshisfamily struefate,yethemistakenlybelievesthatdenyingwhatheseesandannouncinganalternativevisionwillallowhimtoovercomehisfate. Ultimately,Kino sbaseactionsnullifythenobleintentionsheexpressesinhisspeech. KinoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsagrandwedding,butwhatthepearlreflectstohimistherealitythathebeatshiswife. KinoalsoannouncestoJuanathatheenvisionsaneducationforCoyotito,butinthepearlheseestherealityof Coyotito sface,thickandfeverishfromthe doctor s medicine. ThoughshedoesnotlookintothepearlwithKino,JuanarecognizesthatKino svisionsareillusionsgroundedonambitionandhope. HersuggestionthatthepearlhasnorealworthimplicitlycriticizesKino sfoolishness. Yet,whenKinoconsidersgivingup,Juanachastiseshimforhisweakness. HerdesiretocontinuesuggeststhatherambitionisinfactjustasfierceasKino s.Likehim,sheallowsherdreamsforherfamilytoleadhertoignoretherealityofhersituationandtoattempttoovercomeherfate. Herinitialwishtosecureagreatpearlbringsonlygrieftoherfamily. SteinbeckexplicitlycomparesKinoandJuanatoanimalsbeingchasedbyhunters. Likeanimals,thepairattemptstoescapetheirpursuersbyseekingoutahigherelevation. WhatputsKinoandJuanaincloseproximitytothetrackersistheneedtobenea. Rwater,aneedcommontoallmammals. Furthermore,Kinofindshimselfforcedtostripoffhisclothes,distinctivesymbolsofhishumanity,inordertosurprisehispursuers. Inrevertingtothisanimalisticstrategy,Kinoinadvertentlytransformshisownsonintoananimal,leadingtoCoyotito sdeathbyanindiscriminategunshotonthepartofthetrackers,whomistakethebaby scryforthatofacoyote. Coyotito sname,whichliterallymeans littlecoyote inSpanish,foreshadowsthistransformationthroughoutthe novella. Thenarratorpointsoutthatintheanimalworld,watersourcesareboth placesoflife and placesofdeath, becausetheyofferaresourcebutalsocreatecompetitionbetweenanimalsfortheresource. Thisparadoxicalstatusofthewaterpoolparallelsthatofthepearl,whichexertsbothapositiveandadestructiveinfluenceonKinoandJuana. Extrapolatingfurther,thenarrator scommentaboutthewatersourceseemstoapplytotheentirematerialworld everyonebothdependsuponandcompetesforthematerialresourcesneededforsurvival. Oncethetrackersaredead,Kinoisfreetocontinuetothecitytosellhispearl,butCoyotito sdeathhasstrippedKinoofthemotiveforhisstruggle. KinoandJuanaintendedthepearltofacilitatethefuturetheyhavedreamedoffortheirson,butthepearl svalueislostonceCoyotitodies. TheparablesubtlyevokesthestoryofJesus,inthatKino,inattemptingtoplayGodbydetermininghisownfate,sacrificeshisson. Thoughaninfant,Coyotitocouldbeviewedasamartyr,sincehediesforthesinsofothers. Inthissense,Coyotitohimselfisthebiblical pearlofgreatprice, thetitleSteinbeckoriginallyplannedtogivehisnovella. CriticsaredividedonthequestionofwhetherKino sultimatedecisiontoridhimselfofthepearlbythrowingitbackintotheoceanrepresentsavictoryoradefeat. SomesuggestthatKino sfinalactofmaterialrenunciationempowershim. ThefactthattherenunciationmeansthathewillcontinuetolivealifeofpovertyleadsotherstoarguethatKinoonlyaddstohistragedyindiscardingthepearl. ThenarratornotesthatasKinoandJuanareenterthetowntodisposeofthepearl, thesunwasbehindthemandtheirlongshadowsstalkedahead,andtheyseemedtocarrytwotowersofdarknesswiththem. ThisimagesymbolizesKinoandJuana ssituation:theirbrightestdaysarebehindthem,andadarkpatchoftheirownmakingliesahead. Impor.


Table of ContentsUnit 1Sentence StructurePart A Preparatory It and There6B Phrases and Clauses10C Sentence Types14D ReviewConnectorsPart A Conjunctions and Parallel Structure 20B Conjunctive Adverbs24C Review Wishes and Conditional SentencesPart A Wishes about the Present and the Past30B Zero and First Conditional Sentences34C Second Conditional Sentences38D Third Conditional Sentences42E ReviewNoun ClausesPart A Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether 48B Noun Clauses with Question Words52C ReviewComparisons and More Conditionals Part A Omitting If and Implied Conditions58B Comparisons with Like, As if, and As though62C Alternate Forms of First Conditionals66D Alternate Forms of Second and Third Conditionals70E Review 74Unit 6Adverb ClausesPart A Adverb Clauses of Time76B Adverb Clauses of Cause and Effect80C Adverb Clauses of Condition 84D Adverb Clauses of Contrast88E Review Reduced ClausesPart A Reducing Adjective Clauses94B Reducing Adverb Clauses98C Review Emphasis and InversionPart A Emphatic Structure104B Inversion108C Review Punctuation and CapitalizationPart A Capitalization114B Punctuation I118C Punctuation II122D Review 126Unit 10 Idioms and ExpressionsPart A Idioms and Expressions I 128B Idioms and Expressions II132C Idioms and Expressions III136D Review Index150Transcripts Answer KeyPart A Preparatory It and ThereUnit 1 Sentence Structure6 Unit 1 Sentence StructureGrammar ExplanationPreviewThe preparatory It is used to show opinion or condition especially concerning time, distance, andweather . The preparatory It acts as a dummy subject and is usually followed by the verb be or a modal be . The logical subject in sentences beginning with It is often a to-infinitive phrase or a noun clause. The preparatory There often begins sentences that show location or existence, especially when theexistence of something or someone is mentioned for the first time. It is usually followed by the verb be ora modal be .Preparatory It and ThereIt is nice to meet you. It would be fun to live on a sailboat. It is important that we not litter in the park. It is 3:30 p.m.


The preparatory It acts as a dummy subject and is usually followed by the verb be or a modal be . The logical subject in sentences beginning with It is often a to-infinitive phrase or a noun clause. The preparatory There often begins sentences that show location or existence, especially when theexistence of something or someone is mentioned for the first time. It is usually followed by the verb be ora modal be .Preparatory It and ThereIt is nice to meet you. It would be fun to live on a sailboat. It is important that we not litter in the park. It is 3:30 p.m. right now. It never snows in July around here. It is believed that he will arrive next week. Look! There s a bear. There s a shooting star in the sky. There will be a party on Saturday. There is a mosquito in my bedroom. There was a new girl at school today. There were two groups of pterosaurs, or flyingreptiles. The early pterosaurs, which went extinctat the end of the Jurassic Period, came first. Descendants of the first group, the second groupdeveloped in the late Jurassic. It is believed thatthis group included the largest flying reptiles ever. Up to fifteen meters from wingtip to wingtip,the largest pterosaur was Quetzalcoatlus. It isthought to have weighed up to 100 kilograms. Its neck was extremely long, its jawslacked teeth, and its head featured a long, bony crest. There are still questions about how this amazing animal lived. It is thought tohave soared high in the sky, covering great distances. This ability, along with its longneck, has prompted the idea that it survived in a similar way to the vulture, feedingon the corpses of dead dinosaurs. However, because of its long slender jaws, it hasalso been suggested that Quetzalcoatlus searched tidal pools and shores for shellfishand other sea animals. It has also been hypothesized that it flew low over warm shallow seas, plucking fish from the surface of the water. Practice 1Part A 71. Will be cold with a chance of a thunderstorm tomorrow.2. Come look! Is an Asian elephant on television.3. No, isn t any milk in the fridge.4. Will be two hours before we get there.5. Is a man at the door who wants to talk to you.6.


No, isn t any milk in the fridge.4. Will be two hours before we get there.5. Is a man at the door who wants to talk to you.6. Go check and see if is any cake left.7. Can you tell me what time is?8. I think are three men in the car behind us. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with it or there.1. Before you go, there it is something I should tell you.2. There It is unlikely that Marco will be at the party.3. Do you know if there it is a gas station on this street?4. There It is five o clock on a Sunday.5. There It was sunny yesterday.6. Oh, there it is Diego. I couldn t see him before.7. Do you know if there it is possible for me to see a doctor?8. There It is 800 kilometers to Toronto. Exercise 1Circle the correct answer.it isExercise 3Fill in the blank with it or there and the correct form of the verb be. My favorite time of the year in Sydney is the summer. Right now, 1. December, and 2. Greenery everywhere. 3. Hotenough to wear shorts all the time; 4. Usually between 17 and 25degrees Celsius. Downtown, 5. Hundreds of tourists, especiallyaround the historic part of Sydney. One of the most famous sights in Sydney is theOpera House. 6. Essential that all tourists go there. From the OperaHouse, 7. A lovely view out to sea, and 8. Interesting boats and ships passing all day long. Practice 28 Unit 1 Sentence StructureExercise 5Look at the pictures and answer the questions using sentencesbeginning with it or there.1. Where can I get some aspirin? 2. What time is it? 3. How far is it to Peru? 4. What is in this picture? 5. Why would most bank robbersnot rob this bank right now? Exercise 4Listen to a conversation about a haunted house.


How far is it to Peru? 4. What is in this picture? 5. Why would most bank robbersnot rob this bank right now? Exercise 4Listen to a conversation about a haunted house. Take notes as youlisten, and then answer the questions in full sentences. Track 21. Why is this haunted house famous? .2. When are there tours? .3. How much does it cost? .45Haunted HouseFamous because:- What happened in it? -. How many ghosts? -. Some people them;others just themDays Open: - tour times? Costs:- adults: - children: Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 6Read the passage and underline all the uses of preparatory it andpreparatory there. There have been large extinctionsthroughout Earth s history. The mostfamous of these signaled the end of thedinosaurs about 65 million years ago. Itis important to note that not just thedinosaurs died out in this extinction. Around 70 percent of all the species onEarth died out at that time. Althoughdinosaurs had been in a period of decline before the extinction, it is thought that arecovery would have occurred if something catastrophic had not prevented it. The most accepted theory about the cause of this extinction is the asteroid theory. It is believed that an asteroid about 10 km in diameter hit the Earth. It issuggested that the impact from such a collision would have destroyed everythingwithin about 500 km of the impact site. It would also have caused fires, increased volcanic activity, and sent huge clouds of dust gases and water vapor into theatmosphere. Because of this, there would have been months of darkness, coolertemperatures, and acid rain. It is interesting to note that there is a crater about180 km in diameter off the northwest tip of the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Thecrater has been dated as 65 million years old and is believed to be evidence of ahuge asteroid impact.1. What happened to the Earth about 65 million years ago? 2. What is this event believed to have caused? 3. What evidence is there to support this belief? Exercise 7Answer questions about the reading.


What happened to the Earth about 65 million years ago? 2. What is this event believed to have caused? 3. What evidence is there to support this belief? Exercise 7Answer questions about the reading. Part B Phrases and Clauses10 Unit 1 Sentence StructurePhrases are groups of related words that can include either a subject or a tensed verb. Prepositional phrases have a preposition andan object of the preposition. Gerund phrases have a gerund and canfunction the same way as a noun. They oftenappear as the object of a preposition. Infinitive phrases have an infinitive and can function as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Participial phrases have a participle andfunction as an adjective. They are set off fromthe rest of the sentence by commas. There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen. The dog barked at the stranger. Thank you for coming to my house. Walking alone late at night is dangerous. Lisa is going to university to study economics. To see the Eiffel Tower is a dream of mine. Having seen the play three times, she didn t want tosee it again. Janice, not used to ice skates, fell down and hurt her knee. Phrases and ClausesClauses are groups of related words that include both a subject and a tensed verb. Independent clauses can stand alone as asentence. Two independent clauses are oftenconnected with a coordinating conjunction. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as asentence. They need an independent clause toform a complete sentence. When a dependentclause begins a sentence, a comma is used toseparate it from the independent clause. Maria is afraid of animals, so she doesn t go nearthem. We are going swimming, but they are going shopping. We are going swimming since it is so hot outside. Since it is so hot outside, we are going swimming. Grammar ExplanationPreviewOne of the world s most famous folk dances isthe Ka mate Haka performed by the Maori. TheMaori are the indigenous inhabitants of NewZealand.


They need an independent clause toform a complete sentence. When a dependentclause begins a sentence, a comma is used toseparate it from the independent clause. Maria is afraid of animals, so she doesn t go nearthem. We are going swimming, but they are going shopping. We are going swimming since it is so hot outside. Since it is so hot outside, we are going swimming. Grammar ExplanationPreviewOne of the world s most famous folk dances isthe Ka mate Haka performed by the Maori. TheMaori are the indigenous inhabitants of NewZealand. The dance has been made famous by theNew Zealand rugby team, the All Blacks, who use itbefore their matches to intimidate opponents. The haka dates back to the early 19th century. Created by a Maori chief, Te Rauparaha, itrecounts the tale of the chief s pursuit and escapefrom members of opposing tribes, his fear of being captured, and his joy ofregaining his freedom. In the famous incident that inspired the creation of the Ka mate Haka, TeRauparaha had been visiting a neighboring tribe. Certain members of that tribe wantedto kill Te Rauparaha for raiding one of their villages years before. To protecthim, other members of the tribe hid Te Rauparaha in a sweet potato pit. PaPractice 1Part B 111. Peter discovered a chest of gold hidden under the stones in the old fireplace. 2. The school council is considering increasing the hours of the library and computerlab. 3. John walked down the ramp to the beach. 4. We need to find a way to provide more money for charity. 5. Cigarette companies continue to fight to prevent the government from regulatingtobacco. 6. Most people oppose marketing cigarettes to children. Exercise 2Identify the underlined phrases in the following sentences asprepositional Pr , gerund G , infinitive I , or participial Pa .1. I need to study because I have a test tomorrow. D I2. When Mark was studying, the library was very noisy. D I3. Allen studied in the library, but it was hard to concentrate. D I4. Sarah went to the store; however, she didn t buy any bread. D I5. Today is Tuesday, and our papers are due on Wednesday. D I6. Our class, which meets Thursday mornings, looks at the importance of grammar.


Today is Tuesday, and our papers are due on Wednesday. D I6. Our class, which meets Thursday mornings, looks at the importance of grammar. D IExercise 3Circle D if the underlined clause is dependent or I if it is independent. Underline the prepositional phrase and circle the preposition.1. The UFO appeared above the town before it disappeared.2. I can hear my dad snoring from the other side of the house. Underline the gerund phrase and circle the gerund.3. Driving without lights at night is dangerous.4. The actor was excited about scrambling over burning debris for his role in the action film. Underline the infinitive phrase and circle the infinitive.5. It is hard not to buy into the hype around brand names when you can t go anywherewithout seeing them.6. The committee plans to release its report on Saturday. Underline the participial phrase and circle the present or past participle.7. The police caught my sister throwing rocks at cars.8. The astronaut chosen for the mission had trained hard for the honor. Exercise 1Follow the directions for each group of sentences. Practice 212 Unit 1 Sentence Structure1. Dependent clauseI like flowers 2. Prepositional phraseNick is building the table 3. Participial phraseMark, , went to bed early. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with the type of phrase or clause indicated. Useyour own ideas and information. Exercise 4Listen and number the pictures from 1--4.Track 31. DependentConfused, Emily decided to meet withher teachera. She was able to figure it out herself.b. She struggled with the material onher own for an hour.c. Since she was having trouble with theassignment.3. IndependentClaire is going to run in the racea. Unless her parents tell her she can t.b. Because she wants to win.c. ,. So she should get lots of sleep.2. DependentThe school choir is touring Brazila. Even though Amy s mother objectedto it.b. ;. Indeed, they will be gone for anentire month.c. ,. And they will probably take a side-tripto visit Uruguay.4. IndependentThe doctor was worrieda. That Tom was gaining too muchweight.b. About Tom putting on weight.c.


IndependentThe doctor was worrieda. That Tom was gaining too muchweight.b. About Tom putting on weight.c. ,. So he told Tom to start exercising. Exercise 5Choose the answer with the type of clause indicated to complete thesentence. Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Read the passage about sword dancing.1. Q: A: The Spartan armed dance.2. Q: A: Malcolm III.3. Q: A: Before battle.4. Q: A: Because it was a bad sign. Exercise 8Write questions based on the notes in Exercise 7 for the answers below. The most famous sword dance isthe Scottish sword dance. Developed from the armed danceof the ancient Greek city-state ofSparta, the Scottish danceremains a battle dance. Important in Scottish history, asMalcolm III is reported to haveperformed a victorious sword dance in 1058 after beheading Macbeth, who18 years earlier had murdered Malcolm s father, King Duncan I, to take theScottish throne. Also according to legend, sword dances were performed before battle, andtouching swords while dancing was considered a bad sign for the comingbattle. Notes about the Sword DancePart C Sentence Types14 Unit 1 Sentence StructureGrammar ExplanationPreviewStonehenge FAQs Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is Stonehenge?Stonehenge is a prehistoric construction located insouthern England, consisting of two concentric circlesof large standing stones. It was built between 3100 and1500 BCE and is thought to have been an astronomicalcalendar or a temple to the sun.2. Who built Stonehenge?Three different cultures contributed to theconstruction of Stonehenge. These cultures include theWindmill, the First Wessex, and the Beakers.3. Where are the Bluestones, and why are theycalled Bluestones?The Bluestones, thus called because they turn blue when they get wet, are found in theinner of the two concentric circles of stone.4. Is Stonehenge the world s largest stone circle?Stonehenge is not the largest stone circle in the world, but it is the only in which the lintels the stones placed horizontally on the vertical stones remain in place.5. Why was it built where it is?Nobody knows.6.


Where are the Bluestones, and why are theycalled Bluestones?The Bluestones, thus called because they turn blue when they get wet, are found in theinner of the two concentric circles of stone.4. Is Stonehenge the world s largest stone circle?Stonehenge is not the largest stone circle in the world, but it is the only in which the lintels the stones placed horizontally on the vertical stones remain in place.5. Why was it built where it is?Nobody knows.6. Why can t visitors enter the circle?In order to protect the site, people aren t allowed within the stone circles. Over the lastfew centuries, many of the original stones have been taken or chipped away by visitors assouvenirs, so the management is careful to keep people away except on Solstice morning,when a few people are allowed in to watch the sun come up. We celebrated Grandpa s eightieth birthday yesterday. Simple sentences have just one independent clause. Amy loves peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. He finished all of his homework, but he forgot tobring it to school. Sue was late for swimming practice, and she lefther goggles at home. Sentence TypesAlthough he sprained his ankle, he finished the race. Complex sentences have one independent and one dependent clause. She didn t eat because she wasn t hungry. Compound sentences have more than one independent clause. Before the plane took off, Sarah called her dad to saygood-bye, but he didn t answer the phone. I like this class; though early in the morning, it svery interesting. Compound-complex sentences have more than one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Practice 1TYPE OF SENTENCE CONNECTS WITH1. How can you possibly believe 2. Mark prefers working alone, but Claire likes brainstorming 3. Because I forgot to pay my bills, 4. My aunt, who visited at Christmas, 5. Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, 6. Montreal has better clubs, a. ice on the river melts quickly in the spring.b. The bank sent me a letter, and the power company called to remind me.c. That the world is flat?d. But Toronto has better cinemas.e. Just moved to New Zealand.f. With others because a group can solve a problem more efficiently. Part C 15Exercise 2Match the sentence parts and identify the type of sentence.1.


But Toronto has better cinemas.e. Just moved to New Zealand.f. With others because a group can solve a problem more efficiently. Part C 15Exercise 2Match the sentence parts and identify the type of sentence.1. Jenny went to the mall. Allen went with her. 2. We could go to a movie. We could rent a DVD. 3. She didn t lock the car. I can get the cooler. 4. You can trust John. Don t tell Sarah about it. Exercise 3Combine the following simple sentences into one compound sentence. Exercise 1Underline the independent clauses. Circle the dependent clauses. Then,identify the sentences as Simple, Compound, Complex, or CompoundComplex.1. Even if you fail, at least you ll have tried, and you ll be a better person for it.2. I don t think you know what you are talking about.3. The same picture hung over the bed until the house burned down.4. The park was built for the children of the neighborhood in 1956.5. Peter, an avid swimmer, loves spending summers at the beach.6. My dad says that he will help us build a tree house. Practice 216 Unit 1 Sentence StructureExercise 5Using the words given, combine the following simple sentences into onecomplex sentence. Exercise 4Listen to the news report. Circle T if the statement is true, F if it is false,or NI if there is not enough information to know.1. Don t forget to buy some sunscreen. It is really sunny out today. Because 2. Fredrick ordered three hamburgers. He is very hungry. As 3. I m going to the party. If Peter comes before I leave, I won t go. Unless 4. There will be a war over ownership of the moon. There will be many attempts toprevent it. Although 5. Adam is having trouble with his math homework. He is usually amazing at math. Even though 1. There was a plane crash last night. T F NI2. One plane hit the side of a mountain. T F NI3. It was sunny with a light breeze. T F NI4. The crash was avoidable. T F NI5.


T F NI4. The crash was avoidable. T F NI5. Planes will crash in that area again. T F NIExercise 6Combine the group of sentences to form a compound-complex sentence. Track 41. Mark lent me a book. It is a rare illustrated version. He wants me to take good care of it. 2. The front tire is flat. Sarah s mother drove over a nail. She doesn t want to pay to getit fixed. 3. I just met John. I trust him completely. I lent him my car. Built in 1. Phases, Stonehenge took thousands of years to become whatit is now. The original circle was made of 2. Inside a large 3. With a 4. . Then the wooden posts were replaced with 5. Around 2500 BCE. Two centuries later, these 6. Were moved to differentplaces and even larger stones called 7. Were brought in to form the bigcircle with 8. Placed on top of the vertical-standing stones. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Read the passage on Stonehenge. Stonehenge and the monumentsin the surrounding area were nameda World Heritage Site in 1986. Thestone circle is surrounded by aceremonial landscape comprisingmore than 300 burial mounds andother major prehistoric monuments. Altogether, the site covers 2,600 hectares. Stonehenge was built in three phases. The first phase saw the constructionof a ditch and bank around a circle of timber. About 4,500 years ago, the sitewas rebuilt with the bluestones that make up the smaller inner circle ofstones seen today. Finally, the third phase of construction took place about4,300 years ago. The bluestones were dug up and rearranged, and this timeeven bigger stones, now called Sarsen, were brought in from 32 km away. Each pair of stones was heaved upright and topped by connecting lintels. There is no consensus among experts as to how these stones were placedupright or how the lintels, the heaviest of which weighs about 45 tons, wereplaced atop the Sarsen. Exercise 8Complete the paraphrase of the reading.


About 4,500 years ago, the sitewas rebuilt with the bluestones that make up the smaller inner circle ofstones seen today. Finally, the third phase of construction took place about4,300 years ago. The bluestones were dug up and rearranged, and this timeeven bigger stones, now called Sarsen, were brought in from 32 km away. Each pair of stones was heaved upright and topped by connecting lintels. There is no consensus among experts as to how these stones were placedupright or how the lintels, the heaviest of which weighs about 45 tons, wereplaced atop the Sarsen. Exercise 8Complete the paraphrase of the reading. 18 Unit 1 Sentence StructureReviewPart DA: Hi, Sarah!A: I was on my way, but then I met Nickand decided to go to the mall. A: You re right. I m sorry. A: Sure. Let s go!B: Where were you? I was at the park,but you weren t there!B: You should have called me. B: That s all right. Do you want to go tothe park and play tennis now?Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1.2.3.1. I decided that I was going to university. D I2. Sarah told Nick she didn t want to play chess anymore. D I3. Though Mark is quite hairy, I think he s cute. D I4. I don t like it, but it s not my decision. D I5. My teacher, who goes to your doctor, said to say hi. D I6. I will go to Mexico unless you can give me a better reason than that not to go. DIExercise 2Circle D if the underlined clause is dependent or I if it is independent. Exercise 3Identify the underlined phrases in the following sentences asprepositional Pr , gerund G , infinitive I , or participial Pa .Lisa the park Emily school Peter the basketball courtsNick the mall Allen the library Jenny a moviecalled me told me first asked me to come, toothe park tennis my house chess field soccer1. I am thinking about limiting the number of times I go to the mall so I don t spend somuch money. 2. Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills. 3.


2.Children introduced to music early develop strong intellectual skills. 3.To finish her shift without spilling any more drinks is Sarah s dearest wish tonight. 4.Mark doesn t like going to the dentist because he has sensitive teeth. You can t wake a person who is pretending to be asleep. ProverbExercise 4Complete the sentences with it or there.1. Is about 400 kilometers from here to Toronto.2.This is crazy! Is July and is snowing!3.Tell him that is an advertisement for a job that would be great for him.4. Isn t any sugar in the pantry.5. Have been many attempts to climb Mount Everest.6. Is time to leave for the movie.7. Isn t any reason to stay here, is ? 8. Is important to eat fruits and vegetables every day. Exercise 5Identify the following sentences as Simple, Compound, Complex, orCompound-Complex.1. Call your mother as soon as you arrive in Singapore.2. I ate my sushi, and I left the restaurant.3. Unless my girlfriend postpones her visit from Calgary, I will not havetime to study for my exam.4. The football game was canceled because it was raining.5. The football game was canceled because of the rain.6. If he changes his mind, we shall know for sure that Tom has learnedhis lesson, but only time will tell. Review 19.


Table of ContentsUnit 1VerbsPart A Transitive and Intransitive Verbs6B Progressive and Non-progressive Stative Verbs10C Phrasal Verbs14D Review Simple Tenses: Present and PastPart A Simple Present 20B Simple Past and Habitual Past 24C ReviewProgressive Tenses: Present and PastPart A Present Progressive30B Past Progressive34C Review Future TensesPart A Will and Be Going To40B Simple Present and Present Progressive 44C Future Progressive 48D ReviewNouns and ArticlesPart A Types of Nouns54B Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns58C Partitives 62D Indefinite Adjectives 66E Articles Indefinite and Definite 70F Generic Nouns and Articles74G Review78Unit 6Adjectives and AdverbsPart A Adjectives and Adjective Order80B Participles Used as Adjectives 84C Adverbs 88D Positions and Types of Adverbs 92E Review Comparatives and SuperlativesPart A Comparatives98B Other Comparative Forms 102C Superlatives106D Review PronounsPart A Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns 112B Possessive Pronouns116C Reflexive Pronouns120D Indefinite Pronouns124E Singular and Plural Forms of Other128F Review AgreementPart A Subject-Verb Agreement134B Parallel Structure138C Review 142Unit 10 ConjunctionsPart A Correlative Conjunctions 144B Subordinating and Coordinating Conjunctions148C Review Index155Transcripts Answer KeyTransitive and Intransitive VerbsPart AUnit 1 Verbs6 Unit 1 VerbsGrammar ExplanationPreviewNapoleon Bonaparte was one of the greatest generalsof all time. He helped France conquer much ofEurope. However, many other countries hated himbecause of his power. Eventually, they were able todefeat Napoleon.


He helped France conquer much ofEurope. However, many other countries hated himbecause of his power. Eventually, they were able todefeat Napoleon. Afterward, Napoleon was sent tothe island of Elba where he died without any power. Transitive verbs require a direct object for their meaning to be complete. SubjectTransitive VerbDirect ObjectMeaningJennyerased.incompleteJennyerasedthe whiteboard.completeGarytold.incompleteGarytolda secret.completeSome verbs can be transitive or intransitive depending on the context in the sentence. SubjectVerbDirect ObjectAdverbialTransitive IntransitiveDougmovedthe sofa.transitiveDougmovedto Singapore.intransitiveKellylefther bag at home.transitiveKellyleftat three o clock.intransitiveIntransitive verbs do NOT require a direct object for their meaning to be complete. SubjectIntransitive VerbDirect ObjectAdverbialMeaningWendyslept.completePeterranto school.completePractice 1Part A 71. My friend and I broke.2. We ran to the park.3. She threw.4. She cried.5. I helped. Exercise 2Put a check next to the sentences that are complete.1. My friend threw .2. I lied the monkey in a suit.3. My brother was laughing at .4. The teacher always worries the ball to me.5. The strong man lifted the giant stone over his head. Exercise 3Connect the sentence parts from the two columns. If the first half is complete, connect it to a blank space.1. We ate it. IT2. I am going to drink a huge bottle of soda. IT3. The boy finished his work at school. IT4. The mountain climber fell down the mountain. IT5. My mother is reading a book. ITExercise 1Circle I if the sentence has an intransitive verb or T if it has atransitive verb. Practice 28 Unit 1 VerbsExercise 5Look at the pictures. Write an appropriate sentence using either atransitive or intransitive verb. Exercise 6Write sentences with the verbs given. Write one sentence with a transitive form and the other with an intransitive form.1. 2. 3. 4. 5.


3. 4. 5. IntransitiveIntransitiveTransitiveTransitiveIntransitiveExercise 4Listen to the dialog and answer the questions.1. What kind of game are they talking about? 2. What couldn t the batter do? 3. What did the outfielder do? 4. Did they enjoy the game? 1. To move Transitive Intransitive 2. To drive Transitive Intransitive 3. To draw Transitive Intransitive 4. To eat Transitive Intransitive 5. To read Transitive Intransitive Track 2Part A 9Grammar in UseExercise 7Read about Leslie s last vacation. Decide if each verb is transitive orintransitive. Circle T for transitive or I for intransitive. If the verb istransitive, write an appropriate direct object on the line.1. Leslie went to the beach last winter. TF2. Leslie liked the food she ate. TF3. People at the beach sold many different foods. TF4. She spent a lot of money on her vacation. TFExercise 8Circle T for true or F for false. Last summer, I went to the beach. It was great. The sea was so beautiful,and I sat 1. T I in the sun all day. I read2. T I . I also went swimming3. T I . It was so muchfun, but I drank 4. T I and became sick. The food was delicious though. I ate 5. T I . There wasso much variety. Finally, it was great becauseeverything was so cheap. I didn t spend6. T I while there. It was a wonderful vacation. Progressive and Non-progressive Stative VerbsPart B10 Unit 1 VerbsPreviewDear Mr. Simpson,Thank you for letting us use your cabin for ourvacation. The cabin was beautiful. I can t imaginea nicer place. It looks just like a postcard.


The cabin was beautiful. I can t imaginea nicer place. It looks just like a postcard. I feel solucky that you trusted us enough to let us stay there. We were looking for the cabin in the wrong valleybefore we realized our mistake. We all loved skiingon the mountain and appreciate your kindness. Sincerely,EmilyNon-progressive Stative verbs do not describe actions. Instead, they describe a state or condition. Thestate or condition can occur over a period of time. They are NOT formed with be the present participle. SubjectStative VerbDianalovesCasey. Pizzatastesgood. TheyunderstandSpanish. Common non-progressive stative verbs: appreciate, believe, dislike, exist, fear, hate, know, like, love, need, prefer, realize, resemble, seem, sound, understandMany verbs can be progressive or non-progressive stative depending on the context of the sentence. SubjectVerbProgressive StativeJohnthinkssoccer is fun.stativeKevinis thinkingabout soccer.progressiveShelleyfeelssick.stativeLisais feelingthe rabbit s fur.progressiveCommon progressive and non-progressive verbs: appear, cost, feel, forget, have, hear, imagine, include,look, measure, remember, see, smell, taste, think, want, weighGrammar ExplanationProgressive verbs describe an action occurring over a period of time. They are formed with the verb be the present participle -ing form .SubjectBePresent ParticipleIam readingthe newspaper. Angelawaswashingthe dishes. Theyhad beenrunninga marathon. 1. The dog in the grass when it started raining.2. The boys playing soccer.3. Being a policeman like a great job.4. She didn t the movie yesterday because she was studying.5. Because he is sick, Mark in bed all day. Part B 11Exercise 1Circle the stative verb in each group. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box.1. Take We my car to the mechanic to get it fixed now.2. Cost Though I am enjoying my vacation, it much morethan I thought it would.3. Want My mother doesn t me to be lazy in school.4. See Jack and Jill each other for three weeks. Their firstdate was at the end of last month.5.


Want My mother doesn t me to be lazy in school.4. See Jack and Jill each other for three weeks. Their firstdate was at the end of last month.5. Weigh At the moment, the butcher the steak Jack wantsto buy.1. A. sleepb. Knowc. Digd. Show2. A. soundb. Studyc. Readd. Work3. A. meetb. Scratchc. Typed. Believe4. A. cutb. Fearc. Sleepd. Spend5. A. watchb. Swimc. Appreciated. LiveExercise 3Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given.seelovewas rollinghas been lyingsoundsPractice 1Practice 212 Unit 1 VerbsExercise 4Listen and circle T for true or F for false. Exercise 5Match each statement to the correct picture.a. The giraffe is eating leaves.b. The man forgot where he put his keys.c. The woman prefers the dark shirt, but the man prefers the light one.d. He is weighing himself on the scale.e. The woman resembles her sister.1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Exercise 6Finish the sentences with your own information.1. I imagine that next year I am imagining 2. My father thinks My father is thinking 3. Skunks smell The skunks are smelling 4. The fluffy little kitten looks The fluffy little kitten is looking Track 31. Mark is running for class president. TF2. Mark likes the school lunch. TF3. Mark wants new basketballs for gym class. TF4. Mark doesn t want new school uniforms. TF5. Mark wants many changes at school. TFPart B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs given. I remember 1. My first day of school very well. I walk 2. To my classroom when Itripped and fell. I feel 3. Really embarrassed. It was OK because no one watch 4. . I got up and went tomy class. My teacher was so great, that by the endof the day I wasn t think 5.


. I got up and went tomy class. My teacher was so great, that by the endof the day I wasn t think 5. About it anymore. Everything was fine. Exercise 8Write about your first day of school. Include how you felt and whatyou were thinking. 14 Unit 1 VerbsPart C Phrasal VerbsGrammar ExplanationPreviewVirgo: This week you should make up with afriend who you have fallen out of favorwith. You will then be able to count onthis friend in the future, and this willhelp to keep your long-term goals fromfalling through. Phrasal verbs are verbs that combine with a preposition to create a meaning that is different from thetwo words taken separately. With some phrasal verbs, the object must be placed after the preposition. VerbPrepositionMeaningSherricameacrosssomeone s wallet on the street.found by chanceDid Craigdropbyhis friend s house?visitWe didn tgetonthe bus. Enter a vehicle Other common non-separable phrasal verbs: check in, drop out of , get along with , get off, get in,grow up, look after, take after, run into With some phrasal verbs, the object can be placed between the verb and the preposition or after thepreposition. VerbObjectPrepositionMeaningBarneyfiguredthe answerout.found understoodDid shepicka candyout?chooseHe didn tturnhis iPodoff.stopOther common separable phrasal verbs: call off, cheer up, drop off, find out, give up, hand in, look up,make up, put off, take over, turn on, turn down Note that not every verb preposition is a phrasal verb. Phrasal verbs are only those combinations thathave a separate meaning. VerbPrepositionPhrasal verb NotThe balldroppedbythe big tree.notWedroppedbythe store for some milk.phrasal verbShe lookedintoa trip to Hawaii.phrasal verbCharlielooked intothe fridge to see if there notwas any milk. Part C 151. After watching the rain for three hours, they finally decided to the baseball game.2. Mark cannot what is wrong with his computer.3.


Part C 151. After watching the rain for three hours, they finally decided to the baseball game.2. Mark cannot what is wrong with his computer.3. At first I didn t like this book, but now I am really starting to it.4. Jenny s boyfriend is coming to her at seveno clock.5. My uncle says that I am really starting to my father, but Idisagree. Exercise 2Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal verbs from the box.1. Mark forgot his homework, so he is going to hand in it late. 2. My brother always seems to be able to get around the rules. 3. I was really disappointed when I found up who the killer in the movie was. 4. When my father first arrived at the hotel to check out, the lady was rude to him. When he left to check in, she was much friendlier. 5. My friend is so lazy. She always puts off her homework until late at night. Exercise 3Underline the mistakes in the sentences. Write the correct words on theline. If there is no mistake, write OK on the line. Practice 1Exercise 1Match the phrasal verb with its definition.1. After three years, my friend dropped out of school. A. to meet by accident2. It was strange to run into my old boss at school.b. To submit to give3. We always hand in our assignments on time.c. To take care of4. My brother cheered me up after my best friendd. To quit doing somethingmoved away.5. The nurse looks after patients at the hospital.e. To make happytake afterfigure outpick upcall offget intoPractice 216 Unit 1 VerbsA: Let s 1. With our reporter standing by with David Best. B: Thanks, Tom. I am here with David Best. David, many people say that your team2. The team of two years ago. Is that true?C: Well, that team two years ago was great. We all 3. To them. Hopefully, today we can work hard and 4. .B: You 5.


We all 3. To them. Hopefully, today we can work hard and 4. .B: You 5. In this area, and this is your first game in this stadium. How does it feel?C: It feels great! I couldn t 6. The chance to play for my hometown. Exercise 4Listen to the interview. Then fill in the blanks with the correctphrasal verb.a. The building blew up.b. The man is asking the woman out.c. The woman looks after her son.d. They pulled over to check the map. Exercise 5Match each sentence to the correct picture. Exercise 6Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from the box. Track 41. 2. 3. 4. Made up get along with dropped out gave up1. Her sister doesn t her boyfriend. They are always fighting.2. After years of trying to become a doctor, Mr. James finally and of medical school. Now he works in a bank.3. Mark finally admitted that his story was not true. He had it to impress his friends. Part C 17Grammar in UseExercise 7Unscramble the phrases or sentences to reveal the instructions for theassignment. Students,Your final project for the year is coming up, which means that you will havea lot of work. If you do not know enough about your topic, 1. It up must you look and 2. About it. Out find more . 3. In must check You me with every week.4. Late. Projects in cannot turned be 5. Work not Please do off. This put If youhave any questions, please come to me. Good luck. Mr. Craven1. What should the students do if they do not know enough about the topic? 2. What must students do every week? 3. Will late projects be accepted? 4. What does the teacher ask the students to do at the end? Exercise 8Answer questions about the final project.


What must students do every week? 3. Will late projects be accepted? 4. What does the teacher ask the students to do at the end? Exercise 8Answer questions about the final project. 18 Unit 1 VerbsReviewPart DA: Hi, do you want to get together later?B: Well, I am eating dinner andI need to do homework. A: OK, well I will come by later to see B: OK, talk to you soon.how you are doing.1. It sounds stealing the car when the police arrived.2. The thief was out which book I want to buy.3. I can t seem to pick .4. The dog ate like you are really enjoying your class.5. My mother has been cooking all afternoon. 1. Several of my friends work in the gym near my apartment. 2. We were lucky to run Kevin s father. He gave us a ride home.3. We are late, so hurry up and get the car!4. After a long, angry argument, Sally and her friend finally made . 5. Let s drop the supermarket to pick some ice cream. Exercise 2Connect sentence parts from the two columns to make completesentences.1.2.3.get together catch uphook upeat dinner do homeworkplay piano restwatch TV walk the dogcome bystop bydrop inExercise 3Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct preposition. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation. Misery loves company. ProverbExercise 4Fix the mistake in each sentence. Then number the pictures 1--4.Exercise 6Complete the sentences with information about yourself.1. It are swimming in the ocean. 2. He ran onto his friend on the street. 3. The man is loving his wife. 4. Cindy is standing in to her sister. Review 191. For months. We been six have traveling 2. Party parents My called the off. 3. Will be to It on finish difficult time. 4. Away threw garbage. We the 1.


Table of ContentsUnit 1Nouns and ArticlesPart A Categorization of Nouns6B Countable and Uncountable Nouns10C Possessives14D Articles and Generic Statements 18E Review PrepositionsPart A Prepositions of Place 24B Prepositions of Time 28C Other Prepositions 32D Review ConjunctionsPart A Coordinating Conjunctions 38B Subordinating Conjunctions I 42C Subordinating Conjunctions II 46D Review Modal AuxiliariesPart A Basic Modal Auxiliaries 52B Polite Requests and Permission 56C Necessity and Obligation 60D Certainty 64E Review Infinitives and GerundsPart A Infinitives 70B Gerunds 74C Go Gerund 78D Review 82Unit 6Past ProgressivePart A Form and Function 84B When and While88C Review Perfect TensesPart A Present Perfect 94B Present Perfect Progressive 98C Review Adjectives and AdverbsPart A Adjectives 104B Indefinite Adjectives 108C Adverbs 112D Irregular Adverbs 116E Adverbs of Frequency 120F Review Comparatives and SuperlativesPart A Comparative and Superlative Adjectives 126B Comparative and Superlative Adverbs 130C Review 134Unit 10 Passive VoicePart A Active and Passive Voices 136B By Object 140C Review Index148Transcripts Answer KeyCategorization of NounsPart AUnit 1 Nouns and Articles6 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewThere is some candy on the table. Ryan has a good idea. He likes candy. He puts it in his mouth. Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. PersonJohn went to the new theater last week with his father. Examples: brother, mailman, chef, assistant, friend, kingPlaceWe met our neighbors at the arcade. Examples: beach, zoo, home, Spain, woods, work, schoolThingI found the keys under the sofa. Examples: eraser, chain, picture, door, pen, tractor, stickIdeaHappiness is very important. Examples: sadness, freedom, fun, love, angerPractice 1Part A 71. I gave my homework to my .a. Teacher b. doctor c. penguin2. I went to the doctor yesterday. He gave me .a.


Penguin2. I went to the doctor yesterday. He gave me .a. Candy b. medicine c. hospital3. The works hard in the fields all day.a. Police officer b. farmer c. salesperson4. I helped my younger with his homework. A. sister b. uncle c. brotherExercise 2Choose the best answers.1. PERSON:letter France firefighter2. PLACE:apartment time tennis3. THING:sweater grandparents fun4. IDEA:fear garage stomachExercise 3Circle the correct answers.1. Doctor Smith has an office in the city.2. We don t have any time.3. John bought coffee, milk, and sugar at the store.4. My mother put a cake in the oven. Exercise 1Underline the nouns. Practice 28 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 5Circle all the nouns and write them in the correct boxes.tree house boredom go girlswim Mr. Smith love run campleave sad school dad truckteach printer cards catch havefriendship fun brother room walkExercise 4Listen and put a check for each type of noun you hear. PeoplePlaces Things Ideas1. 2.3.Places People Things Ideas Track 2Part A 9Grammar in Usetiger parents animals manes lion zoos stripesExercise 6Complete the sentences with words from the box.1. Ligers are small. TF2. Some ligers have manes. TF3. Ligers only live in Africa. TF4. Ligers don t have stripes. TFExercise 7Read the statements about Exercise 6. Circle T for true or F for false. A liger is an amazing animal. It is a mix between a 1. And a2. . Ligers only live in 3. . They are bigger thantheir 4. . Ligers have 5. Like a tiger. Someligers have long hairy 6. Like lions. Ligers are the largest catsin the world. They really are amazing 7. ! Countable and UncountableNounsPart B10 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewA: These cookies are delicious!B: Thanks. Here is your lemonade. A: Thank you. Wow!


Countable and UncountableNounsPart B10 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesGrammar ExplanationPreviewA: These cookies are delicious!B: Thanks. Here is your lemonade. A: Thank you. Wow! It s sour!B: Yes, it is! Let s add some sugar. A: Good idea. Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns represent things that can be countedI bought eleven CDs and a new book.as individuals. Use a, many, few, or numbers We saw many cars and a few vans.before countable nouns. Countable nouns: apple, ant, bag, book, cat, chair, donut, friend, house, jacket, map, neighbor, page,question, raft, stoveUncountable nouns represent things that cannot beI had some soup before dinner.counted as individuals. Use much, little, some or any I didn t have any coffee. For negatives and questions before uncountable nouns. Did you have any fun at the zoo?Yes, we had some fun at the zoo. Uncountable nouns: bread, cheese, coffee, food, fruit, furniture, homework, mail, meat, milk, music, paper, rice, soup, water Some and any can also be used with countable nouns. Any is used for questions and negatives. Someis used when the exact number is not known or is not important. Example: Do you have any apples? Yes, we have some apples in the fridge. 1. The keeps her in a 2. The tailor cut some cloth.3. I filled my cup with juice.4. He had cereal for breakfast.5. The team scored five goals. Part B 11Practice 1Exercise 1Write the nouns in the correct box.book bread teacherwoodmusic country gold monkeyboy ice tooth erasersugar juice rain cupCountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Exercise 2Underline the nouns and write C for countable or U for uncountable.woman jewelrybox. CUC1. Sugar juice sandwich soup2. Notebook CD pencil paper3. Chair wood money glue4. Ice cream cereal cookie riceExercise 3Circle the odd words. Practice 212 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 4Listen and circle the correct answers. Then number the pictures.1.


Ice cream cereal cookie riceExercise 3Circle the odd words. Practice 212 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesExercise 4Listen and circle the correct answers. Then number the pictures.1. We had two some fried chicken for lunch.2. He locked a much door with a key.3. He ate some any pasta for dinner.4. Are there any much chickens on the road? Yes, there are two. Exercise 5Fix the mistake in each sentence.1. I drank any water yesterday. 2. She is buying twelve eggs and much apples. 3. There was too many butter on my popcorn. Exercise 6Write sentences about yourself. Change the underlined words.1. I had an apple, a sandwich, and milk for lunch yesterday. 2. I don t have any brothers, but I have three sisters. Track 3Part B 13Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with words from the box.salt and peppermeatsome lettuce, cheese, fresh breada big bitemayonnaiseFirst, you need 1. . Then, you spread some butteror 2. On the bread. Next, you put some 3. Or turkey on the bread. Then, you add 4. And tomato. If you want, you can add some 5. . Finally, you cut your sandwich in half and take 6. ! Making a SandwichFirst, . Then, you . Next, you put . Then, you add .Finally, you and take a big bite!Making a SandwichExercise 8Make your own sandwich using different ingredients. IDEASmustard ketchuppickles chickenmeat onionolives tuna14 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesPart C PossessivesGrammar ExplanationPreviewI went to my friend s house yesterday. Westudied for over two hours in her father s office. After we finished, her brother took us for somepizza in their parents car. Their father is theowner of the restaurant.


The computer belonged to my friend. John saw our teacher s car. Who ate his French fries?Exercise 2Rewrite the sentences using apostrophes.1. Who ate John s French fries? 2. We borrowed Nick and Tom s pool cues. 3. I lost Sarah s keys. 4. John ripped his book, and I ripped my book. Exercise 3Make sentences using possessive adjectives.1. I have one sister. Yesterday, I walked my sisters dog to the park.2. I don t like my brother new girlfriend.3. My family bought a pet parrot. The parrots color is very unusual.4. My sister doesn t like the color off the parrot. Exercise 1Fix the mistake in each sentence. Practice 1Practice 216 Unit 1 Nouns and Articles1. Who has the cap? John Kelly2. Who has the keys? John Sarah3. Who has the bag? Kelly Peter4. Who has the books? Peter the studentsExercise 4Listen and choose the correct answers. The mother of the bride is collecting gifts.1. The bride s mother is collecting gifts. 2. My friend s sister speaks German. 3. The queen of England is very old. 4. The friends of my sister are very nice. 5. The eyes of that kitten are cute. Exercise 6Change the form of the sentences.1. The eyes fish are very unusual.2. The collar has a tag on it. 3. The cell phone battery has no power.4. The owner boat is smiling. Exercise 5Complete the sentences using the pictures. Track 4Part C 17Grammar in UseSunday s game of the team s goalkeeper John s ballExercise 7Fill in the blanks in the conversation.1. Tom has John s ball. TF2. Tom took John s ball on Saturday. TF3. The final is on Sunday. TF4. One team s goalkeeper is injured. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. Tom: Hey, do you have John s ball?Nick: Yes, 1. Is at my house.


One team s goalkeeper is injured. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. Tom: Hey, do you have John s ball?Nick: Yes, 1. Is at my house. I took it onSaturday. Tom: Great, we will need it for 2. .Nick: Oh yes---for the league final. Wehave a great chance! The other 3. Isinjured. Tom: I really want to win! The winners 4. League get one hundred dollars! 18 Unit 1 Nouns and ArticlesPart D Articles and Generic StatementsA is for singular nouns. It goes in front of consonant sounds. An is for singular nouns. It goes in front of vowel sounds. The is for singular or plural nouns and goesin front of consonant or vowel sounds. The is used for things that are alreadyknown or introduced. The is also usedwhen the noun it precedes is the only oneof its kind. ArticlesA zebra has stripes. Nick eats a sandwich. She teaches at a university. The u has a y sound. We will meet them in an hour. The h is silent. John sees an airplane. You need an umbrella. Nick eats a sandwich. The sandwich is delicious. John sees an airplane. The airplane is in the sky. The moon is in the sky. There is only one moon andone sky. Some apples are in the fridge. Most people only haveone fridge in their homes. Generic statements are sentences that provide information that is true most or all of the time. Generic statements often use the verb Be. Some generic statements use the verb Have. Other generic statements use verbs that describe a state or condition. Other state or condition verbs: look, smell, taste, sound, like, love, hate, think, believeGeneric StatementsI am a student. She is tall. They are my parents. Insects have six legs. He has blue eyes. Candy tastes sweet. Feathers feel soft. Grammar ExplanationPreviewEagles are very beautiful birds. There is an eaglein the zoo. He has a big cage. There is an ostrichnext to him. The ostrich is from Africa. Part D 191. My dad bought me a an -- new cell phone.2. It took me a an -- hour to choose it.3. It has a an -- expensive digital camera in it.4.


A cheetah cheetahs once, but it was in 6. A the zoo. Part D 21Grammar in UseExercise 7Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or --.1. Alligators have strong tails. TF2. Alligators are good pets for kids. TF3. Alligators swim well. TF4. Alligators live in many parts of the world. TFExercise 8Read the statements about Exercise 7. Circle T for true or F for false. 1. Alligators are very dangerous animals. They come fromall parts of 2. World. There are many alligators in Florida in3. US. 4. Alligators are great swimmers. 5. Strong tail helps alligators 6. Swim. Analligator can kill 7. Person. Stay away from 8. Them! 22 Unit 1 Nouns and Articles ReviewPart EA: What do you have in your pocket?B: I have an MP3 player. A: I like the color. Where did you get it?B: Thanks. I got it at an electronics store. Exercise 1Practice the conversations with a partner. Change roles for each conversation.1. The moon is far from an the Earth.2. I like Nick s Nicks new sweater.3. A white tiger is a an extremely rare animal.4. The winner of the of competition won a nice painting.5. Nick likes his computer. He got it for his Nick s birthday. Exercise 2Choose the correct answers.1.2.3.pocket an MP3 player hand a ring bag a CD playerthe color get the design buy the shape winan electronics store a jewelry store a competitionCountable1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Uncountable6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Exercise 3Complete the lists with things you have at home.a bedtapeThe first step is the hardest. ProverbExercise 4Complete the crossword. Exercise 6Write the nouns in the correct boxes.joy Italy police officer computer Justin time city hot chocolatePlaces People Things Ideas Down1.


9. 10. Exercise 3Complete the lists with things you have at home.a bedtapeThe first step is the hardest. ProverbExercise 4Complete the crossword. Exercise 6Write the nouns in the correct boxes.joy Italy police officer computer Justin time city hot chocolatePlaces People Things Ideas Down1.I will go to a after I finish high school.2.An is similar to a crocodile.3.A fixes teeth. Across4.A waiter serves food in a .5.A flies airplanes. Review 23My family goes 1. Camping every year. Wealways make 2. Big fire. Then, we cookdinner over 3. Fire. After dinner, we play4. Games and talk. It s fun. I look at5. Moon and 6. Stars. Exercise 5Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or --.4.3.5.1.2.


Participial Phrases........................................... Infinitive phrases............................................ CHAPTER FOUR: SENTENCES........................................ What is a sentence?........................................ Sentence Fragments....................................... Objects........................................................... Complements................................................. Types of sentences......................................... Simple sentences............................................ Compound sentences...................................... Complex sentences......................................... Declarative sentences..................................... Interrogative sentences................................... Exclamatory sentences..................................... Imperatives sentences..................................... Conditional sentences...................................... Direct and indirect speech................................ Question tags.................................................. CHAPTER FIVE: CAPITALIZATION AND PUNTUATION........ Capitalization................................................... Punctuation..................................................... End marks....................................................... The comma...................................................... The Semicolon and the Colon............................ The Hypen........................................................ The Apostrophe................................................ Quotation Marks............................................... www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 5 PREFACE This book has been specially prepared to meet the needs of Secondary School Students and learners of English as a second language. It embarks on enlightening them on the nature and structure of the English Grammar in a very simplified and understandable manner. English is the official language and the main medium of instruction in many countries in the world. Besides this, it is an examinable subject in many national examinations. Hence this book will certainly come handy for many people in the world. Numerous exercises have been provided after every single topic to give the students a chance to practice and test their understanding of the areas discussed. Answers to those exercises are provided at the back of this book. It is my hope that this book will simplify the English grammar for all who read it. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 6 PART ONE PARTS OF SPEECH All words may be classified into groups called parts of speech. There are 8 parts of speech namely: Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections. We shall now discuss these parts of speech one at a time: CHAPTER ONE 1. NOUNS A noun is the part of speech that names a person, a place, a thing or an idea. You use nouns every day when you speak or write. Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk about anything at all without them.


You use nouns every day when you speak or write. Every day you probably use thousands of nouns. Because nouns name the objects and people and places around you, it would be very difficult to talk about anything at all without them. Many nouns name things you can see: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 7 Persons Places Things Boy Lake Boot Student Country Shadow John Kamau Nairobi Chair Stranger Jupiter Sweater Writer Kenyatta Market Calendar Barrack Obama Sierra Leone Short story Note: Nouns can be two or more words e.g. John Kamau, Kenyatta Market and Short story. They are called compound nouns. We shall learn more about them in coming pages. Some nouns name things you cannot see such as feelings, ideas and characteristics: Feelings Ideas Characteristics Excitement Freedom Curiosity Fear Justice Cowardice Anger Fantasy Courage Happiness Faith Imagination Surprise Evil Self-confidence Exercise 1 What words in each sentence below are nouns? Example: John is a dancer John, dancer 1. The students planned a party. 2. Three boys performed songs. 3. Excitement filled the air. 4. Joyce Chepkemoi won a prize. 5. Otieno lives in a house on my street. Exercise 2 Copy the nouns below and write whether it names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. Example: river place 1. Candle 5. Guitar 2. Wrestle 6. China 3. Joy 7. Hatred 4. Menengai Crater 8. Masanduku Arap Simiti Exercise 3 Write down each noun in the following sentences. Example: Kenya is a beautiful country Kenya, country 1. The musicians played drums and trumpets. 2. Her family lives in a village. 3. Petronilla enjoyed the trip. 4. A festival was held in Kenyatta University. 5. People in costumes filled the streets. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 8 6. Boys in Scouts uniforms were leading the parade. 7. The holiday was a great excitement. 8. A taxi brought the family to the airport. 9. Maryanne built a huge castle in the wet sand. 10. Her mother swam in the warm water. There are different kinds of nouns: 1.1. Common and proper nouns All nouns can be described as either common or proper.


Her mother swam in the warm water. There are different kinds of nouns: 1.1. Common and proper nouns All nouns can be described as either common or proper. When you talk or write about a person, a place, a thing, or an idea in general, you use a common noun. Example: Doctors work hard. They treat many patients. A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Proper nouns always begin with capital letters. Example: Ephraim Maree is a doctor. He comes from Kirinyaga. Note: When a proper noun is made up of more than one word, only the important words in the noun will begin with a capital letter. Do not capitalize words such as the, of, or for. Example: Gulf of Mexico, State of Liberty, the Commander in Chief. Common and Proper Nouns Common nouns Proper nouns Common nouns Proper nouns street Kerugoya city Raila Odinga author South Africa ocean Wanjohi wa Kigogo-ini policeman Asia bed Moi Avenue country Indian Ocean wardrobe Lake Victoria mountain England continent Dr. Frank Njenga lake Nelson Mandela assistant Professor Saitoti Proper nouns are important to good writing. They make your writing more specific, and therefore clearer. Exercise 4 Which words are proper nouns and should be capitalised? Which words are common nouns? Example: kenya Proper: Kenya 1. July 6. Student 11. America 2. Book 7. Kendu bay 12. Business 3. Face 8. John hopkins 13. Day 4. England 9. Life 14. East africa 5. Crocodiles 10. Johannesburg 15. Calendar Exercise 5 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 9 List the common nouns and the proper nouns in each of the following sentences. Example: Nancy welcomed the guests. Proper: Nancy common: guests 1. Lucky Dube was a famous singer. 2. This dancer has performed in London and Paris. 3. His last flight was over the Mediterranean Sea. 4. She worked as a nurse during the Second World War. 5. Her goal was to educate students all over the world. 6. It was the worst accident in the history of Europe. 7. Bill Gates is best known for founding Microsoft. 8. The Pilot was the first woman to cross that ocean alone. 9.


8. The Pilot was the first woman to cross that ocean alone. 9. She grabbed a kettle and brought them water. 10. Professor Wangari Maathai won a Nobel Peace Prize. 1.2 Singular and Plural Nouns A noun may be either singular or plural. A singular noun names one person, place, thing, or idea. Example: The farmer drove to the market in his truck. A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Example: The farmers drove to the markets in their trucks. Rules for forming plurals The following are guidelines for forming plurals: 1. To form the plural of most singular nouns, add -s. Examples: Street streets, house houses, painter painters, shelter shelters, event- events, hospital hospitals. 2. When a singular noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, add - es. Examples: dress-dresses, brush-brushes, ax-axes, coach-coaches, box boxes, benchbenches, dish-dishes, waltz waltzes. 3. When a singular noun ends in o, add -s to make it plural. Examples: Piano-pianos, solo-solos, cameo cameos, concerto concertos, patiopatios, studio-studios, radio-radios, rodeo rodeos. 4. For some nouns ending with a consonant and o, add -es. Examples: hero heroes, potato potatoes, echo-echoes, veto vetoes, tomato tomatoes. 5. When a singular noun ends with a consonant and y, change the y to i and add -es. Examples: Library libraries, activity activities, story stories, city cities, berry berries. 6. When a singular noun ends with a vowel a,e,i,o,u followed by y, just add -s. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 10 Examples: Valley valleys, essay essays, alley alleys, survey surveys, joy joys. 7. To form the plural of many nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to v and add -es or s. Examples: Wife wives, thief thieves, loaf loaves, half halves, shelf shelves, leaf leaves, scarf scarves, life lives, calf calves, elf elves. 8.


Tomato 6. The are playing in the field. Child 7. Some are hiding in the ceiling. Mouse 8. The of the buildings must be repaired. Roof 9. The music helped them imagine the strange . Story 10. Koech used creative to help young people sharpen their imagination. Activity Countable and Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns These are nouns that take plurals and can be counted. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 11 Egg eggs One egg, three eggs , ten eggs Potato - Potatoes Twenty potatoes Onion - Onions Two hundred onions Such nouns are known as COUNTABLE or COUNT NOUNS Uncountable Nouns These are nouns that do not take plurals and cannot be counted. Examples : salt, butter, cooking fat, milk, bread, jam We do not say: Two butters Ten milks Three breads Such nouns are known as UNCOUNTABLE or MASS NOUNS Exercise 8 Rewrite the words below in two columns, COUNTABLE and UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Orange Coffee Furniture tea Water gold Chair team Friend music Plurals with uncountable Nouns One way to express plurals of uncountable nouns is by use of expressions of quantity. Example: a piece of information - pieces of information a loaf of bread - four loaves of bread a tin of soup - three tins of soup a piece of furniture - several pieces of furniture a litre of milk - twenty litres of milk a bottle of beer - ten bottles of beer Exercise 9 Supply an appropriate expression of quantity for the following uncountable nouns 1. A........................................... of cigarettes. 2. Two.................................... of cooking oil 3. Three.............................. of jam. 4. Ten............................of butter. 5. Six...........................of soda. 6. A........................... of toothpaste 7. Three..........................of rice. 8. Five ............................. of flour. 9. Two .............................. of chocolate. 10. Four.......................... of news. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 12 Collective Nouns These are nouns that represent a group of people or things as a single unit.


Four.......................... of news. Www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 12 Collective Nouns These are nouns that represent a group of people or things as a single unit. Some collective nouns can take plural forms Examples: Crowd s flock s Group s herd s Team s committee s Pair s Some collective nouns, however, cannot be used in the plural: Examples Furniture beddings Equipments informations Luggages baggages Exercise 10 When I arrived at the airport, there were ...............1.............. crowd of people blocking the entrance with their .................2.................. luggage . Near the customs sections, several...............3................. group of officials were standing, checking the ..................4.................. equipment that was being loaded onto a trolley. Most people were standing, waiting for... .............5................. information from the loundspeakers onthe departures and arrivals of aircraft. COMPOUND NOUNS A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. The words that form compound nouns may be joined together, separated or hyphenated. Examples: Joined: bookcase, blackboard, pushcart Separated: high school, rabbit hutch, radar gun Hyphenated: go-getter, mother-in-law, sergeant at-arms Compound nouns are usually a combination of two or moreword classes. The most common combinations are as follows; a some are formed by joining a noun with another noun. Most of these compound noun take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Tableroom s grassroot s prizefighter s Cubboard s policeman men rubber-stamp s Bookcase s farmhouse s sanitary towel s Cowshed s fruit machine s shoulder blade s b Some are formed by joining a verb and an adverb. Most of these compound nouns also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 13 Breakfast s push-up s rundown s Takeaway s knockout s slip-up s Sit-up s meltdown s c Some compound nouns are formed by joining an adjective and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words.


Most of these compound nouns also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 13 Breakfast s push-up s rundown s Takeaway s knockout s slip-up s Sit-up s meltdown s c Some compound nouns are formed by joining an adjective and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Hotdog s polar bear s safe guard s Blackboard s quicksand Highway s remote control s Nuclear power right angle s d Some are formed by joining a verb and a noun. Most of these also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Driveway s playground s spend thrift s Breakdance pushchair s go-getter s Mincemeat screwdriver s Password s spare wheel s e Some ore formed by joining an adverb and a noun. Most of these also take their plural in the last words Examples: Overdraft s overcoats s backyards s Backbencher s undercoat s backbone s Backlog s underwear s oversight s f A few compound nouns are formed by joining an adverb and a verb. These ones also take their plurals in the last words. Examples: Outbreak s Backlash s Output s Outburst s Outcast s input s g A few others are formed by joining a noun and a verb. They also take their plurals in the last words Examples: Nosedive s Nightfall s h A number of compound nouns are formed by joining two nouns by use f hyphens and a short preposition in between. These compound nouns always take their plurals in the first words. Examples: Commander s - in- chief Sergeant s -at-arms Mother s -in-laws sister s -in-law Play s -within-play Exercise 11 Underline the compound nouns in the following sentences and write down their plural forms where possible. 1. John wants to be a quantity surveyor when he grows up. 2. Rainwater had washed away all the top soil. 3. The footballer was shown a red card by the referee. 4.


Boys, songs 3. Excitement, air 4. Joyce Chepkemoi, prize 5. Otieno, house, street Exercise 2 1. Candle thing 5. Guitar thing 2. Wrestler person 6. China place 3. Joy idea 7. Hatred idea 4. Menengai Crater place 8. Masanduku arap Simiti person Exercise 3 1. Musicians, drums, trumpets 2. Family, village 3. Petronilla, trip 4. Festival, Kenyatta University 5. People, costumes, streets 6. Boys, Scouts, sniforms, parade 7. Holiday, excitement 8. Taxi, family, airport 9. Maryanne, castle, sand 10. Mother, water www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 17 Exercise 4 Proper nouns Common nouns July book England face Kendu Bay crocodiles John Hopkins student Johannesburg life America business East Africa day calendar Exercise 5 1. Proper Lucky Dube Common singer 2. Proper London, Paris Common dancer 3. Proper Mediterranean sea Common flight 4. Proper Second World War Common nurse 5. Common goal, students, world 6. Proper Europe Common accident 7. Proper Bill Gates, Microsoft 8. Common pilot, woman, ocean 9. Common kettle, water 10. Proper Professor Wangari Maathai, Nobel Peace Prize Exercise 6 1. Tooth teeth 9. Cliffs 17. Moose 25. Bosses 2. Wives 10. Deer 18. Children 26. Foxes 3. Giraffes 11. Cliff 19. Echoes 27. Bunches 4. Heroes 12. Autos 20. Babies 28. Ferries 5. Radios 13. Studios 21. Skies 29. Flashes 6. Potatoes 14. Men 22. Beaches 30. Ships 7. Beliefs 15. Roofs 23. Eyes 8. Thieves 16. Rodeos 24. Volcanoes volcanos Exercise 7 1. Knives 6.


Rodeos 24. Volcanoes volcanos Exercise 7 1. Knives 6. Children 2. Potatoes 7. Mice 3. Geese 8. Roofs www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 18 4. Shelves 9. Stories 5. Tomatoes 10. Activities Exercise 8 1. The lion s tail 2. Cliff s dog 3. My mother s hat 4. Evan s book 5. The child s pet 6. The doll s name 7. Lucy s mobile phone 8. Kimani s shoes 9. The fox s teeth 10. My friend s rabbit Exercise 9 1. Cook s aprons 6. Women s sports 2. Men s boots 7. Carpenter s nails 3. Countries flags 8. Sailors uniforms 4. Guests coats 9. Musicians instruments 5. Athlete s medals 10. Neighbours pets Exercise 10 1. The couple s wealth 2. A men s team, a women s team 3. The teams uniforms 4. The athletes shirts 5. The team-mates scores 6. Their friends cheers 7. The coaches whistles 8. The children s eyes 9. Their mothers soothing voices 10. Their neighbours house www.arena.co.ke 0713779527 19 PRONOUNS A pronoun is a part of speech that takes the place of a noun. They include such words as I, we, he, she, thy, me and us. Pronouns enable you to avoid repeating the same names nouns , when writing or speaking, which would otherwise make you sound very awkward and wordy. By using pronouns effectively, you can make your writing and speaking flow smoothly. Pronouns can be classified into 6 types. These are personal, indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative, reflexive and intensive pronouns. 2.1 Personal pronouns A personal pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or another pronoun. They are used to refer to nouns that name persons or things. Example: Awkward Kamau put on Kamau s gum boots. Then Kamau went to the shamba. Improved Kamau put on his gum boots.