- By repeated cultivation at the same depth; - Cultivating the soil when wet using heavy machinery; 12. -. Type and size of planting material; - Topography slope f land; - Soil moisture content; - Initial condition of land amount of vegetation on the land; -Capital available - Type of implement used; 13.It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or during the management of the crops. 14. Market demand Type of crop to be planted Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern Prevalence of pests and diseases Prevalence of weeds 15.


- Type and size of planting material; - Topography slope f land; - Soil moisture content; - Initial condition of land amount of vegetation on the land; -Capital available - Type of implement used; 13.It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or during the management of the crops. 14. Market demand Type of crop to be planted Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern Prevalence of pests and diseases Prevalence of weeds 15. Two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting purpose of crop moisture content concentration of desired chemical weather market demand 16.- Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture -Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time -Crops fetch high market prices -Crops escape from pests and diseases -There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases -Ensures timely harvesting 17.


14. Market demand Type of crop to be planted Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern Prevalence of pests and diseases Prevalence of weeds 15. Two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting purpose of crop moisture content concentration of desired chemical weather market demand 16.- Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture -Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time -Crops fetch high market prices -Crops escape from pests and diseases -There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases -Ensures timely harvesting 17. -. Type of crop to be planted -Implements available -Type of soil -Climatic conditions WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2.


Two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for planting purpose of crop moisture content concentration of desired chemical weather market demand 16.- Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture -Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time -Crops fetch high market prices -Crops escape from pests and diseases -There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases -Ensures timely harvesting 17. -. Type of crop to be planted -Implements available -Type of soil -Climatic conditions WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 .


- type of crop to be planted -Implements available -Type of soil -Climatic conditions WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE 1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 . A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm.


State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm Remove chemical impurities Remove foreign material Remove disease earning organisms Remove bad smell taste 2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 . A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm. -. For diluting chemicals used to control pests.


State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops Increase soil volume Improve aeration Increases activities of micro organisms Control erosion Reduce toxic substance in soil 3 . A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm. -. For diluting chemicals used to control pests. -. For watering livestock.


A Sprinkle irrigation b four advantages of the above irrigation system Little water required Done on nay topography Control weeds between rows Water under low pressure Prevent fungal diseases c three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm Where tree crops are planted Little water supply Enough capital for the method is available Slope land3x 1 mks d two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation Difficult to carry field mechanization Require a lot of capital Require clean water Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes Applicable where tree plants are grown 4.a Artificial application of water to the soil surface for purpose of supplying enough moisture for plants growth mark whole b Surface, overhead, subsurface, drip trickle 5.a four use of water on the farm Irrigation Domestic use Diluting chemicals Construction work Watering livestock and washing buildings Processing farm produce 1 2x4 2mks b four methods of harvesting water on the farm 2mks roof cantonment weirs rock cantonment dams ponds c the stages involved in water treatment process filtration of water intake softening coagulation and sedimentation filtration in tanks chlorination storage 1 2x6 3mks 6.four uses of water in the farm. -. For diluting chemicals used to control pests. -. For watering livestock. -. For watering plants e.g. irrigation.


- For diluting chemicals used to control pests. -. For watering livestock. -. For watering plants e.g. irrigation. -. For washing utensils, calf pen bully sheds. -. For domestic use e.g. drinking, cooking. -. For rearing fish. -. For recreation - Processing of farm produce. -. In construction of buildings. 7.two types of irrigation used in Kenya. -. Overhead sprinkler. -. Surface Flood furrow basin. -. Drip trickle. 8. Four disadvantages cambered beds High cost of maintenance Provides breeding ground for vectors of malaria Prevents proper mechanization of the farm - Labour intensive c Stage I: Filtration of water intake. -. Water from source river is made to pass through a series of sieves. -. Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves. -. Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber. Stage II:Softening of the water.


- Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves. -. Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber. Stage II:Softening of the water. Water circulates in the mixing chamber and doses of soda ash to soften the water. Stage III:Coagulation and sedimentation Water is passed through coagulation tank where fresh air enters to remove bad smell chloride of lime used. Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed. Alum added to coagulated solid particles which settle at the bottom. Stage IV:Filtration Water is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it. Water leaving the filtration tank is clean. Stage V:Chlorination Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added. Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine. Stage VI:Storage - The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.


Stage V:Chlorination Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added. Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine. Stage VI:Storage - The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use. 9. -. Improves soil aeration Raises soil temperature Increases activities of micro- organisms Increases soil volume - Prevent accumulation of poisonous substances in the soil 10.- Semi-rotary Hydram Piston reciprocating Centrifugal Rotary 11. Four examples of working capital in maize production are; Seeds fertilizer Herbicides Pesticides Fuel fragticides Casual labour 4x 2mks 12. Four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm Centrifugal rotadynathic pumps Piston reciprocating pump Semi-Rotan pump Hydram pump 13. Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14.


Four examples of working capital in maize production are; Seeds fertilizer Herbicides Pesticides Fuel fragticides Casual labour 4x 2mks 12. Four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm Centrifugal rotadynathic pumps Piston reciprocating pump Semi-Rotan pump Hydram pump 13. Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16.


Four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm Centrifugal rotadynathic pumps Piston reciprocating pump Semi-Rotan pump Hydram pump 13. Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16. Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17.


Four methods of drainage Open ditches Under ground drain pipes French drains Cambered beds Pumping Planting of trees planting of trees such as Eucalyptus 14. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16. Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17. To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle.


A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a river or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level to form a reservoir or lake A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise the level of water and still allow water to flow over it 15.- Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs Fixes prices of the related products 16. Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17. To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle. 18.


Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force; 17. To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle. 18. Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways.


To facilitate the action of soil living organisms To check or reduce leaching To moderate or increase soil temperature To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts To reduce erosion rate of top soil To improve soil structure To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle. 18. Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways. Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21.


18. Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways. Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21. Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23.


Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways. Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21. Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23. -. To prevent rotting -For processing - For long storage - Prevent pest and disease attack 24.


Fertilizer application Pesticides Over grazing Irrigation Over cultivation Use of farm machinery 19.a i A Drop trickle irrigation ii B Sprinkler overhead irrigation b Two advantages of method A over method BConserves water Does not damage flowers, leaves Does not cause splash splatter irrigation Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop c i Cotton wool ii Rough sand 21. Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23. -. To prevent rotting -For processing - For long storage - Prevent pest and disease attack 24. A Kill germs b For sedimentation 21. S- French drainageT- Vambedred pedsM soil- stones SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE 1.


Four reasons for practicing irrigation Increase crop production by applying adequate moisture To reclaim dry areas To meet moisture requirement of crops To produce and benefit from off season crops Growing of paddy vice 23. -. To prevent rotting -For processing - For long storage - Prevent pest and disease attack 24. A Kill germs b For sedimentation 21. S- French drainageT- Vambedred pedsM soil- stones SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE 1. Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2. Four characteristic of fertile soil 2mks Well drained Correct PH Good water holding capacity Adequate plant nutrients Free from pest and diseases Correct soil nutrients 3.


A Kill germs b For sedimentation 21. S- French drainageT- Vambedred pedsM soil- stones SOIL FERTILITY 1 ORGANIC MANURE 1. Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2. Four characteristic of fertile soil 2mks Well drained Correct PH Good water holding capacity Adequate plant nutrients Free from pest and diseases Correct soil nutrients 3. A Q-stick Function-checking temperature and other conditions within the heap b i Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition ii Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium iii Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism 4. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow.


Two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops Provide nutrients Increase water holding capacity Increase soil temperature Neutral soil PH 2. Four characteristic of fertile soil 2mks Well drained Correct PH Good water holding capacity Adequate plant nutrients Free from pest and diseases Correct soil nutrients 3. A Q-stick Function-checking temperature and other conditions within the heap b i Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition ii Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium iii Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism 4. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A use of arrows indicate how the decomposing material should be transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field. B - 3 - 6 wks c one reason for turning the material in the heap regularly.


A Q-stick Function-checking temperature and other conditions within the heap b i Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition ii Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium iii Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism 4. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer the questions that follow. A use of arrows indicate how the decomposing material should be transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field. B - 3 - 6 wks c one reason for turning the material in the heap regularly. -. Proper decomposition. -. Facilitate air circulation. -. Microbial activities. D two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap. -. To regulate the internal temperatures in the heap. -. Create moist environment for microbial activity. 5.


- To regulate the internal temperatures in the heap. -. Create moist environment for microbial activity. 5. Four indicators of well-decomposed manure Absence of bad odour and instead the smell of forest soil Light weight Brown colour Moist but not wet - Original nature of material not noticeable x 4pts 2mks 6. A Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are: Accessibility Drainage Direction of prevailing wind Size of the farm proximity b Five advantages of rotation grazing are: 5mks Livestock with maximum use of pastures Reduces build up of parasites and diseases Animal waste evenly distributed Pasture area given time to regenerate Excess pasture conserved Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use 5x1 5mks 7. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8.


Four indicators of well-decomposed manure Absence of bad odour and instead the smell of forest soil Light weight Brown colour Moist but not wet - Original nature of material not noticeable x 4pts 2mks 6. A Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are: Accessibility Drainage Direction of prevailing wind Size of the farm proximity b Five advantages of rotation grazing are: 5mks Livestock with maximum use of pastures Reduces build up of parasites and diseases Animal waste evenly distributed Pasture area given time to regenerate Excess pasture conserved Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use 5x1 5mks 7. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8. Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9.


A Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are: Accessibility Drainage Direction of prevailing wind Size of the farm proximity b Five advantages of rotation grazing are: 5mks Livestock with maximum use of pastures Reduces build up of parasites and diseases Animal waste evenly distributed Pasture area given time to regenerate Excess pasture conserved Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use 5x1 5mks 7. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8. Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9. A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake.


It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming Unravel able to crops 8. Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9. A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method.


Improves soil structure Adds nutrientsIncreases cation exchange capacity Increases microbial activity in the soil Improves water holding capacity reduces leaching Buffers soil PH Moderates soil temperature 9. A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 1.


A i Preparation of farm yard manure: Collect animal waste refuse dung and urine; Collect animal bedding litter and other rotten plant residues; Store collected materials under roof shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients; Turnover the materials regularly; Sprinkle water if dry; leave the material to rote completely before use; 6x1 6mks ii Preparation of Hay Cut the grass legume in the field when 50 of it is starting to flower; The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days sunny days The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying; Gather the dried material in a central spot; Bale the material; Properly store the baled hay 6x1 6mks b Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops Escape from serious weed competition; Utilization of early rainfall; Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season; Escape from serious pest disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize; Fetch high market prices when harvested early; Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period; For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton Early planting means early farming calendar for the farmer to enable him her to finish up other farm activities; 8x1 8mks 10.i A ration containing 18 protein is to be made from maize and sunflower cake. Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 1. A - Help to determine the value of the farm determine assets and liabilities.


Given that maize contains 7 protein, and sunflower seed cake 34 protein. Use Pearson square methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed 3mks ii two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration 2mks Linear programming Trial and error Graphical method. AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS 1. A - Help to determine the value of the farm determine assets and liabilities. -. Provide history of the farm. -. Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields. -. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. -. Assists when sharing losses or profits dividends for communal owned farms partnership. -. Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs. -. Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft. -. Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.


- Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs. -. Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft. -. Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees. -. Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms. -. Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. -. Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2.


- Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms. -. Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. -. Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2. A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4.


- Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation. -. Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2. A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4. Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5.


- Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information helps in obtaining credit. 10 x 1 10 mks 2. A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4. Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5. Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6.


A Health record b Next date of treatment vaccination - Occurrence of the disease - Response to treatment x 2 1mk c - Select and cull animals on health ground Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health Know the prevalent disease - Calculate cost of treatment 3 Four uses of farm records are; Used to compare the performance of different enterprise Shows history of the farm Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations Assessment of income tax Calculation of profits and losses Securing loans Settling disputes where no will is left 4. Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5. Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6. A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7.


Four uses of farm records Help compare performance of different enterprises within the farm and other farms Shows the history of the farm Guide a farmer in planning and budgeting of farm operations Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities Helps in sharing of profits and losses in partnership Helps in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets Provide labour information 5. Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6. A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7. Field Area of the land Season Crop planted Crop variety Land preparation date Type of fertilizer at planting Type of fertilizer at top dressing Seed rate used Type of weed and date of weed control Type of pest and date of pest control Date of harvesting Remarks Any 4 8.


Understanding the technical language used in agriculture Application of the right amounts of inputs Correct appropriate measurements in farming Uses of appropriate technology 6. A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7. Field Area of the land Season Crop planted Crop variety Land preparation date Type of fertilizer at planting Type of fertilizer at top dressing Seed rate used Type of weed and date of weed control Type of pest and date of pest control Date of harvesting Remarks Any 4 8. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. 1mk Piston moves down from TDC Exhaust valve is closed Inlet valve is open Air fuel mixture get into combustion chamber Piston reaches BDC. 4x 2mks 9.


A Milk production record 1x1 1mk b Determine prevalent diseases; - Establish treatment of diseases; - Establish disease control method; - Determine cost of medication health care; - Determine the health status of different animals; 4x1 4mks c Price trends market situation - Production techniques - Labour trends - Breeds of dairy cattle - Production constraints risks and certainties 7. Field Area of the land Season Crop planted Crop variety Land preparation date Type of fertilizer at planting Type of fertilizer at top dressing Seed rate used Type of weed and date of weed control Type of pest and date of pest control Date of harvesting Remarks Any 4 8.List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. 1mk Piston moves down from TDC Exhaust valve is closed Inlet valve is open Air fuel mixture get into combustion chamber Piston reaches BDC. 4x 2mks 9. Where the resources are free - where there is no alternative - where the alternatives are very many.


FORM ONE TOPICS. 1.a . What is Agriculture? The art and Science of crop and livestock production. B . State the roles played by agriculture in national development Food supply Source of raw materials for industries Employment opportunities Foreign exchange earnings Source of capital for development Market for industrial goods. C . State the forms of employment in Agriculture i.Primary employment - Working on farms ii. Secondary employment - In agriculture based industries iii. Tertiary employment In distribution of farm produce. D . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural development in Kenya.


B . State the roles played by agriculture in national development Food supply Source of raw materials for industries Employment opportunities Foreign exchange earnings Source of capital for development Market for industrial goods. C . State the forms of employment in Agriculture i.Primary employment - Working on farms ii. Secondary employment - In agriculture based industries iii. Tertiary employment In distribution of farm produce. D . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural development in Kenya. Lack of capital for investment Pests and diseases of crops and livestock Unpredictable climatic conditions Fluctuation of market prices Inadequate or poor storage structure leading to heavy lose Inadequate technical know-how Population pressure hence over-use of land Poor communication Perishability Bulky commodity prices ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviated Proper food preservation Improved communication network Industries located near bulky products Extension services advice Provide good seeds Credit facilities Pest and disease control Irrigation Proper storage facilities Government price control.


C . State the forms of employment in Agriculture i.Primary employment - Working on farms ii. Secondary employment - In agriculture based industries iii. Tertiary employment In distribution of farm produce. D . I Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural development in Kenya. Lack of capital for investment Pests and diseases of crops and livestock Unpredictable climatic conditions Fluctuation of market prices Inadequate or poor storage structure leading to heavy lose Inadequate technical know-how Population pressure hence over-use of land Poor communication Perishability Bulky commodity prices ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviated Proper food preservation Improved communication network Industries located near bulky products Extension services advice Provide good seeds Credit facilities Pest and disease control Irrigation Proper storage facilities Government price control. 2.a i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Limited capital for investment Use of rudimentary tools and equipment 1Small land usually cultivated Slash and burn technique of clearing Crops not properly managed.


Lack of capital for investment Pests and diseases of crops and livestock Unpredictable climatic conditions Fluctuation of market prices Inadequate or poor storage structure leading to heavy lose Inadequate technical know-how Population pressure hence over-use of land Poor communication Perishability Bulky commodity prices ii Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviated Proper food preservation Improved communication network Industries located near bulky products Extension services advice Provide good seeds Credit facilities Pest and disease control Irrigation Proper storage facilities Government price control. 2.a i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Limited capital for investment Use of rudimentary tools and equipment 1Small land usually cultivated Slash and burn technique of clearing Crops not properly managed. Ii State the problems associated with shifting cultivation .


2.a i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Limited capital for investment Use of rudimentary tools and equipment 1Small land usually cultivated Slash and burn technique of clearing Crops not properly managed. Ii State the problems associated with shifting cultivation . A wasteful method of farming Slow rate of regeneration of vegetation allowing soil erosion to take place No incentive to develop land No permanent structures are put up hence a lot of time wasted in moving or travelling to the homestead A lot of time wasted in moving from one place to another. B What is pastoralism? A major system of keeping livestock and moving with them from place of search of better pasture and water for livestock. C State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farm Type of enterprise itself Environmental factors Knowledge and skills of the farmer about the enterprise Available resources e.g labour and capital Cultural factors social factors Governmental policy Type of market he is producing for.


B What is pastoralism? A major system of keeping livestock and moving with them from place of search of better pasture and water for livestock. C State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farm Type of enterprise itself Environmental factors Knowledge and skills of the farmer about the enterprise Available resources e.g labour and capital Cultural factors social factors Governmental policy Type of market he is producing for. D What is arable farming? Growing of crops only. E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation.


Growing of crops only. E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching?


E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching? 2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management.


Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching? 2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management. G i State the advantages of plantation farming Provision of employment Revenue to government High outputs Foreign exchange earner Economies of large scale production Other activities done e.g processing. Ii State the disadvantages of plantations.


2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management. G i State the advantages of plantation farming Provision of employment Revenue to government High outputs Foreign exchange earner Economies of large scale production Other activities done e.g processing. Ii State the disadvantages of plantations. Overdependence on one enterprise High initial capital required. Iii State the major characteristics of plantation farming. Most of the work is mechanised Requires skilled and qualified personnel Large tracts of land used Sometimes run by a company or the government or individuals The aim is to produce enough for local consumption and export market. Provides a lot of employment High output and quality of products Enjoys the economies of large scale production Scientific methods of farming used High investments of capital.


Iii State the major characteristics of plantation farming. Most of the work is mechanised Requires skilled and qualified personnel Large tracts of land used Sometimes run by a company or the government or individuals The aim is to produce enough for local consumption and export market. Provides a lot of employment High output and quality of products Enjoys the economies of large scale production Scientific methods of farming used High investments of capital. 3.a List the ecological factors affecting agriculture. Rainfall Humidity Soil Temperature Wind Light Topography b Mention the aspects of rainfall which are important in crop production Reliability Distribution Intensity of rainfall Amount of rainfall c i What is optimal temperature? Temperature at which plant growth is at its best. 3ii State the effects of temperature on crop production. Photosynthesis Respiration Flowering and ripening Quality of the products. D State the effects of wind to crops. Physical damage Stress through evaporation chilling Spread of pests, weeds, diseases Soil erosion Increase of water and mineral uptake by increasing transpiration.


Photosynthesis Respiration Flowering and ripening Quality of the products. D State the effects of wind to crops. Physical damage Stress through evaporation chilling Spread of pests, weeds, diseases Soil erosion Increase of water and mineral uptake by increasing transpiration. 4.a . I. Define the term soil. A collection of natural unconsolidated body covering the earth s crust, where plants grow ii . Name the ways in which soil is important to growing plants. Provides enchorage support for the plant Provides nutrients Provides moisture b . I State the factors which influence the soil forming process Climatic factors e.g rainfall Biotic factors e.g plants Type of parent materials Topography of land Time taken by the process. Ii . What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process? Movement of animals in large groups Man s activities e.g cultivation, mining, road and railway construction.


Provides enchorage support for the plant Provides nutrients Provides moisture b . I State the factors which influence the soil forming process Climatic factors e.g rainfall Biotic factors e.g plants Type of parent materials Topography of land Time taken by the process. Ii . What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process? Movement of animals in large groups Man s activities e.g cultivation, mining, road and railway construction. Micro-organisms ie. Decomposing plant and animal remains and adding to soil Earth worms, termites, moles etc mix up soil Roots of higher plants force their way through the rock cracks and further break them physically. C i Define the term soil Profile The vertical arrangement of soil layers ii How does soil profile influence plant growth?


E i What is soil structure? Aggregation of soil particles. Ii State the farming practices that improve soil structure. Addition of organic matter Fallowing Mixed cropping including cereals and legumes Minimum tillage Good crop rotation programme Cultivation at right moisture content of soil Liming. Iii Why is a good soil structure desireable for growing crops. Improves drainage and water infiltration. Improves aeration Minimises buildup of carbondioxide in the soil which becomes toxic to crops and micro-organisms. Facilitates better root penetration Creates favourable conditions for activity of micro-organisms Ensures adequate water retention for growing crops It makes tillage easier. F i What is soil texture? Proportion of different sizes of soil particles. Ii State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. Aeration porosity Drainage Water holding capacity capillarity Stickiness consistency Cation exchange capacity PH availability of nutrients iii Give the types of soil based on texture.


Proportion of different sizes of soil particles. Ii State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. Aeration porosity Drainage Water holding capacity capillarity Stickiness consistency Cation exchange capacity PH availability of nutrients iii Give the types of soil based on texture. Sandy soils Clay soils Loam soils 5.a State the advantages of using farm tools. They make work easier i.e increase working efficiency Help to avoid drudgery Timeliness of operations is achieved 5Operations e.g spraying to control pests and diseases are more exact hence effective b List the factors that determine a farmer s choice of tools and equipment. Nature of work to be done The financial status Type of power used on the farm Condition of land where the tool will be used. C i Why should tools and equipment to maintained well? To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order.


Nature of work to be done The financial status Type of power used on the farm Condition of land where the tool will be used. C i Why should tools and equipment to maintained well? To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order. Ii How should tools and equipment be maintained? Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely.


To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order. Ii How should tools and equipment be maintained? Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely. E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment.


Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely. E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment. Garden tools Workshop tools Livestock production tools Masonery and plumbing tools 6.a State the importance of land preparation.


E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment. Garden tools Workshop tools Livestock production tools Masonery and plumbing tools 6.a State the importance of land preparation. Removal of weeds Breaking the soil into smaller pieces Mixing organic matter into soil bury crop aeration Improve drainage water holding capacity 6Destroy pests and disease causing organisms. B i What is primary cultivation? All operations carried cut in opening up land for crop promotion. Ii Which factors influence choice of tools for primary cultivation. Type of soil Availability of implements Depth of ploughing Type of tilth required Condition of the land Type of crop to be growth Topography of the area Financial ability of the farmer Time remaining before planting c i What is secondary cultivation? Subsequent cultivation after primary cultivation to make seedbed fine and ready for planting. Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation?


Type of soil Availability of implements Depth of ploughing Type of tilth required Condition of the land Type of crop to be growth Topography of the area Financial ability of the farmer Time remaining before planting c i What is secondary cultivation? Subsequent cultivation after primary cultivation to make seedbed fine and ready for planting. Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation? Removing weeds which have just germinated break soil into small clods Make the field level Mixing organic matter with soil Make land ready for planting. D i Define minimum tillage To maintain soil structure To reduce soil erosion To reduce cost of seedbed preparation To conserve soil moisture To avoid damage to roots. Iii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Saves time Reduces cost of production Maintains soil structure controls soil erosion Maintains soil moisture e Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation.


D i Define minimum tillage To maintain soil structure To reduce soil erosion To reduce cost of seedbed preparation To conserve soil moisture To avoid damage to roots. Iii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Saves time Reduces cost of production Maintains soil structure controls soil erosion Maintains soil moisture e Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation. Implement used type of machinery used The crop to be planted Soil moisture Initial condition of the land Soil type soil condition Skill of operator Liability of soil to erosion topography Capital available cost of operation Time available for other operations. 7.a List the sources of water on the farm. 7Surface water Rain water rainfall Underground ground water b How is water conveyed from one point to another? Transporting in containers by vehicles animals human Piping Use of channels c State how water is stored on a farm Use of water tank container Use of dam pond d i Name the types of water pipes.


7.a List the sources of water on the farm. 7Surface water Rain water rainfall Underground ground water b How is water conveyed from one point to another? Transporting in containers by vehicles animals human Piping Use of channels c State how water is stored on a farm Use of water tank container Use of dam pond d i Name the types of water pipes. Metal pipes Plastic pipes Hose pipe ii Mention the types of metal pipe Aluminium pipes Galvanised iron pipes. Iii What features are considered when buying plastic pipes? Quality of material used for making the pipes Size of the pipes i.e diameter length Working pressure of the pipes. E Name the types of water pumps to be used on the farm. Centrifugal rotodynamic Semi-rotary Piston reciprocating pumps Hydram. F i Why should water be treated before use? Kill disease causing organisms Remove chemical impurities Remove bad smell and taste Remove sediments and other solids.


9b List types of records kept on mixed farms. Production records Health records Field operations Feeding Inventory Breeding records c List types of records kept by crop farmers. Field operations Marketing Production Labour Inventory. 11. A i What are livestock domesticated animals ii Give examples of livestock Cattle, poultry, sheep, goat, pigs, bees, fish, donkey, camel b i Explain the role of livestock in human life food supply. Source of income Raw materials for industry Source of employment Cultural uses e.g dowry, sacrifices, etc Biological cooks e.g cocks For sports and recreation. Ii List factors that affect livestock industry in Kenya. Tradition and belief Product input prices Management Capital Selling prices marketing Climatic conditions Communication transport Diseases and parasites. C i List dairy breeds of cattle Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey ii State their characteristics. Triangular shaped Well attached udder Little flesh on the body Short, well set legs Ling, thin neck Feminine appearance Wide spring of ribs Long, thin tail. 10d i Name beef cattle breeds.


C i List dairy breeds of cattle Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey ii State their characteristics. Triangular shaped Well attached udder Little flesh on the body Short, well set legs Ling, thin neck Feminine appearance Wide spring of ribs Long, thin tail. 10d i Name beef cattle breeds. Boran, Aberdean Angus, Hereford, Galloway, Charolais. Ii What are the characteristics of beef cattle. Blocky squared rectangular shape Low set have short legs Have a fleshy body Have short, thin necks Smaller udders. E Name the important rabbit breeds in Kenya. Chinchilla, earlops, New Zealand, White, Kenya white, Californian Angora, Flemish giant. F i Which is the common species of camel in Kenya? Single humped dromedary ii State the uses of camels Milk production Meat production Provide leather, wool and Transport people loads ii State the general characteristics of camels.


Chinchilla, earlops, New Zealand, White, Kenya white, Californian Angora, Flemish giant. F i Which is the common species of camel in Kenya? Single humped dromedary ii State the uses of camels Milk production Meat production Provide leather, wool and Transport people loads ii State the general characteristics of camels. Beast of burden Provides meat, wool, milk and leather Adapted to life in dry regions Drink a lot of water Resistant to most diseases. G i What is the reasons for keeping poultry? For meat and egg production. Ii List the characteristics of broilers. Have red waxy combs and wattles Beak free from yellow pigmentation Abdomen soft and pliable to touch Good distance between pelvic bones and breastbone Well developed bones Bent is crescent shaped, moist and white in colour Body is light iii List the characteristics of broilers. Heavier and bigger than layer Grow very fast Females lay very few eggs.


Ii List the characteristics of broilers. Have red waxy combs and wattles Beak free from yellow pigmentation Abdomen soft and pliable to touch Good distance between pelvic bones and breastbone Well developed bones Bent is crescent shaped, moist and white in colour Body is light iii List the characteristics of broilers. Heavier and bigger than layer Grow very fast Females lay very few eggs. H Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept for Hampshire down for meat Corriadace for multon and wool dual purpose 11Romney Marsh which is dual purpose Merino kept for wool South Down for mutton Locals e.g Black headed persia, Maasai sheep are kept for meat and skin production. I Name important goat breeds and their uses Dairy breeds are Toggenberg and saanen Dual purpose are Boer, Nubian Meat is Jamnapar Meat and skin is small E. A goat Wool fur is the Angora goat. J Name important pig breeds kept in Kenya.


H Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept for Hampshire down for meat Corriadace for multon and wool dual purpose 11Romney Marsh which is dual purpose Merino kept for wool South Down for mutton Locals e.g Black headed persia, Maasai sheep are kept for meat and skin production. I Name important goat breeds and their uses Dairy breeds are Toggenberg and saanen Dual purpose are Boer, Nubian Meat is Jamnapar Meat and skin is small E. A goat Wool fur is the Angora goat. J Name important pig breeds kept in Kenya. Large white Saddleback Landrace Hampshire k i Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds. Exotic means imported breeds while indigenous means local breeds. Ii State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds.


Large white Saddleback Landrace Hampshire k i Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds. Exotic means imported breeds while indigenous means local breeds. Ii State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds. Able to walk long distances in search of pasture and water Tolerate high ambient temperatures Tolerate tick-borne diseases. Iii What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk? Can tolerate high temperatures High butter fat content Small size hence less food required Can utilize poor pasture well. L i State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds .


Iii What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk? Can tolerate high temperatures High butter fat content Small size hence less food required Can utilize poor pasture well. L i State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds . No humps Produce more milk Easily attacked by tropical diseases Susceptible to tropical heat Cannot tolerate hardy areas Early maturing ii Give the characteristics of indigenous cattle Are humped Produce less milk Good resistance to tropical diseases like East Coast Fever Tolerate hardy areas Can withstand tropical heat Late maturing 12FORM TWO TOPICS. 1. A i What is soil fertility? The ability of a soil to provide all the required plant nutrients thereby producing and sustaining high crop yields. Ii State the characteristics of a fertile soil. Suitable PH Good aeration Deep soil Good water holding capacity Good drainage Free from pests and diseases.


The ability of a soil to provide all the required plant nutrients thereby producing and sustaining high crop yields. Ii State the characteristics of a fertile soil. Suitable PH Good aeration Deep soil Good water holding capacity Good drainage Free from pests and diseases. Iii How can a fertile soil loss its fertility 13Soil erosion Weed infestation Leaching of nutrients Alteration of soil PH Monocropping Accumulation of undesirable salts salination Burning the land Soil capping formation of impervious layer. Iv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertility Improving water retention Crops rotation Maintain right PH value Erosion control Drainage to remove water logging Maintain adequate nutrient level Weed control Irrigation to add water b i What are plant nutrients? Minerals which constitute plant food and help to sustain plant life Mainly got from the soil ii Na me the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur.


Iii How can a fertile soil loss its fertility 13Soil erosion Weed infestation Leaching of nutrients Alteration of soil PH Monocropping Accumulation of undesirable salts salination Burning the land Soil capping formation of impervious layer. Iv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertility Improving water retention Crops rotation Maintain right PH value Erosion control Drainage to remove water logging Maintain adequate nutrient level Weed control Irrigation to add water b i What are plant nutrients? Minerals which constitute plant food and help to sustain plant life Mainly got from the soil ii Na me the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur. C State the roles and deficiency of the following nutrients in plants. I Nitrogen uses. Formation of proteins Part of chlorophyll Vegetative growth Increase grain size. Deficiency. Chlorosis yellowing Stunted growth Premature leaf fall Very short roots Excessive supply Excessive succulency in grains Lodging Weak stems Delayed maturity ii Phosphorous used.


Formation of proteins Part of chlorophyll Vegetative growth Increase grain size. Deficiency. Chlorosis yellowing Stunted growth Premature leaf fall Very short roots Excessive supply Excessive succulency in grains Lodging Weak stems Delayed maturity ii Phosphorous used. Protein and enzyme formation Shoot growth Root development Synthesis of sugar Seed formation 14Deficiency Purplish leaves Less fruit grain low yield Stunted slow growth Delayed maturity Poor root development Weak slender stems iii Potassium uses. Carbohydrate formation Uptake of nutrients Resistance against diseases Strengthen straw cell wall Development of chlorophyll Neutralise organic acids. Deficiency. Lodging weak stems Chlorotic leaf surface Scorching at tips and margin Premature defoliation Mottling brown spots on leaves Stunted growth. D i What is soil sampling? Taking a small representative quantity of soil from an area for testing. Ii List the methods of soil sampling. Traverse diagonal pattern Zigzag random collection. Iii State the reasons for soil testing: To determine nutrient status of the soil To determine soil PH.


Ii List the methods of soil sampling. Traverse diagonal pattern Zigzag random collection. Iii State the reasons for soil testing: To determine nutrient status of the soil To determine soil PH. Iv Explain the procedure of soil sampling: Clear all vegetation Make a vertical cut and scoop soil at 15-25 cm depth Take soil from many places take representative sample Mix all soils thoroughly Break up soil clods. Get a small representative sample by quartering. V State precautions necessary during soils sampling Avoid contamination e.g by cigarette ash Avoid unused areas like ant-hill manure heaps etc Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil. Vi Name the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops: Soil analysis 15Leaf analysis Observation of deficiency symptoms iv State the importance of soil PH to a crop: Determines availability of nutrients in a place Determines presence activity of micro-organisms in soil Influences soil structure.


Get a small representative sample by quartering. V State precautions necessary during soils sampling Avoid contamination e.g by cigarette ash Avoid unused areas like ant-hill manure heaps etc Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil. Vi Name the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops: Soil analysis 15Leaf analysis Observation of deficiency symptoms iv State the importance of soil PH to a crop: Determines availability of nutrients in a place Determines presence activity of micro-organisms in soil Influences soil structure. 1.a i Differentiate between manure and fertilizer: Manures are organic substances which contain plant nutrients Fertilizers are inorganic manures usually prepared artificially and sold commercially. Ii List the common organic manures Farm yard manure Green manure Compost manure Organic mulches. B . I What is organic matter? Part of soil formed from dead and decomposed plant and animal remains.


Ii List the common organic manures Farm yard manure Green manure Compost manure Organic mulches. B . I What is organic matter? Part of soil formed from dead and decomposed plant and animal remains. Ii State the importance of organic matter Improves soil aeration Improves soil structure Improves water infiltration and retention in soil Adds nutrients after decomposition Reduces soil erosion Modify soil temperature iii How can organic matter be added to soil? Incorporating crop remains, weeds, etc Adding organic manure Mulching using organic materials c i Describe how to make farm Yard manure: Place plant materials in inside a shed on the floor Animals defecate on it and mix it with urine and dung Remove it from pen and heap it outside for 6 months Cover the heap with soil and polythene sheet to prevent leaching of nutrients Consolidate heap to prevent entry of water Allow it to rot completely before being used.


Nearness to the place where compost will be used Distance to the place where compost will be used Direction of prevailing winds in relation to the position of homestead milking shed In a well drained place In a sheltered place Accessibility to the site ii Describe how to make compost manure Materials are put in a pit or pits 1.2 x 1.2 x 60cm depth Chop large pieces into small pieces Keep compost well moistened and well aerated Add organic materials in layers Add some soil to provide micro-organisms Add ash to provide potash and sulphure Insert a stick to allow free air circulation, test temperature and to test degree of decomposition. Turn compost every two to three weeks to facilitate air Add water whenever compost becomes dry Keep the center warm Avoid contraction or waterlogging Do not use material infested with pests or disease Protect from rain and sun Materials include crop residues, animal waste, old manure, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers and top soil. E i How is green manuring done on the farm? A crop is grown and then ploughed under to be incorporated in the soil while it is still green.


Turn compost every two to three weeks to facilitate air Add water whenever compost becomes dry Keep the center warm Avoid contraction or waterlogging Do not use material infested with pests or disease Protect from rain and sun Materials include crop residues, animal waste, old manure, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers and top soil. E i How is green manuring done on the farm? A crop is grown and then ploughed under to be incorporated in the soil while it is still green. Ii List the characteristics of green manure crops: Fast growth rate Preferably a legume Leafy high foliage ratio Ability to rot rapidly iii What are the advantages of green manuring? 17Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil Improves soil aeration, water infiltration and absorption Increases organic matter and humus content of the soil Increases crop yields. 2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content.


Ii List the characteristics of green manure crops: Fast growth rate Preferably a legume Leafy high foliage ratio Ability to rot rapidly iii What are the advantages of green manuring? 17Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil Improves soil aeration, water infiltration and absorption Increases organic matter and humus content of the soil Increases crop yields. 2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content. Straight fertilizers contain one type of nutrient e.g nitrogenous, potassic or phosphatic Compound contains two or more e.g DAP, MAP and NPK b i Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers. They supply nitrogen and include sulphate of ammonia, ammonium sulphate nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea and calcium ammonium nitrate.


2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content. Straight fertilizers contain one type of nutrient e.g nitrogenous, potassic or phosphatic Compound contains two or more e.g DAP, MAP and NPK b i Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers. They supply nitrogen and include sulphate of ammonia, ammonium sulphate nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea and calcium ammonium nitrate. Ii State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers characteristics Highly soluble in water easily leached no residual effect Have a scorching burning effect on plants They are volatile change into gaseous form Hygroscopic absorb moisture from the atmosphere cake easily. Iii When are they applied and why at that time? When the crop is already growing e.g for maize at 30-45 cm height At this stage the crop has well developed roots to absorb dissolved nitrogen fertilizer.


Ii State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers characteristics Highly soluble in water easily leached no residual effect Have a scorching burning effect on plants They are volatile change into gaseous form Hygroscopic absorb moisture from the atmosphere cake easily. Iii When are they applied and why at that time? When the crop is already growing e.g for maize at 30-45 cm height At this stage the crop has well developed roots to absorb dissolved nitrogen fertilizer. The crop has well developed leaves for foliar feed Crop is growing fast and required a lot of nitrogen. C i Name the common phosphatic fertilizers: They supply phosphorous and include DSP, SSP and TSP ii When are they applied and why at the time? Applied at planting time Applied for formation, development and early establishment of roots.


The crop has well developed leaves for foliar feed Crop is growing fast and required a lot of nitrogen. C i Name the common phosphatic fertilizers: They supply phosphorous and include DSP, SSP and TSP ii When are they applied and why at the time? Applied at planting time Applied for formation, development and early establishment of roots. Has long residual effect stays long in the soil Have low mobility Rather insoluble d i Name the common potassic fertilizers supply potassium and include potassium chloride kcl and muriate of potash. Ii Characteristics: Easily soluble Mobile No fixation hence Easily absorbed Easily leached Have searching effect. E i What is fertilizer application? Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing?


E i What is fertilizer application? Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing? F i Calculate the amount of K 2 O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K 2 O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5 Therefore:400kg of fertilizer contains 400 x 5 20kg of K 2 O 100 ii A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare.


Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing? F i Calculate the amount of K 2 O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K 2 O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5 Therefore:400kg of fertilizer contains 400 x 5 20kg of K 2 O 100 ii A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare. A Calculate the amount of the fertilizer the farmer would require for the plot. Show your working 10,000 sq. M require 200kg of fertilizer therefore 5 x 4 sq. M would require 20 x 200 0.4 kg 400gm 10,000 b What do the figures 20, 30 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for 20 stands for the ratio of N 2 Nitrogen 30 stands for the ratio for phosphorous 10 stands for the ratio of potassium iii How much of a fertilizer labeled 20:20:10 should be applied to a plot which requires 30 kg P 2 O 5 ?


Iii What happens to nitrogen in the soil? May evaporate volatilize Used up by micro-organisms May be used up by plants May be released into atmosphere by bacteria In the process of denitrification May be leached May be eroded. B i State the importance of carbon cycle Provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis Production of energy for plant and animal use. Ii Describe the carbon Compounds in plant residues digested oxidised to release carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide in the soil produces carbonic acid, carbonates and bicarbonates. Animals release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration Plants also release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration. Iii How is carbon lost? Leaching Used by higher plants iv How can carbon be restored to the atmosphere? Enhancing process of photosynthesis Burning hydrocarbons During plant and animal respiration. 5. A i Define crop propagation. Development and multiplication of new individual crops from existing ones. Ii What are the methods of crop propagation?


5. A i Define crop propagation. Development and multiplication of new individual crops from existing ones. Ii What are the methods of crop propagation? Seeds Vegetative materials b i List the different methods of vegetative propagation: Use of cuttings Layering Grafting 20Budding bud grafting Use of storage organs ii State advantages of vegetative propagation. Desirable characteristics reserved Disease resistance imported from some crops Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop. Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long.


Desirable characteristics reserved Disease resistance imported from some crops Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop. Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection?


Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate?


Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth.


C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth. E i List the methods of planting Dibbling Broadcasting Row planting Drilling ii State the advantages of row planting.


To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth. E i List the methods of planting Dibbling Broadcasting Row planting Drilling ii State the advantages of row planting. Saves on seeds economy on seeds Easy to get correct spacing Makes subsequent operations easier iii State the factors which influence planting depth. Soil moisture Soil type Size of seeds. Iv What factors determine crop spacing?


Saves on seeds economy on seeds Easy to get correct spacing Makes subsequent operations easier iii State the factors which influence planting depth. Soil moisture Soil type Size of seeds. Iv What factors determine crop spacing? Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting?


Iv What factors determine crop spacing? Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation?


Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation? Growing of different crops in an orderly sequence on the same field seedbed ii Why is crop rotation important?


To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation? Growing of different crops in an orderly sequence on the same field seedbed ii Why is crop rotation important? Maintains soil fertility improves soil structure, aeration, water infiltration, addition of nitrogen by legumes Controls pests diseases Makes maximum use of soil nutrients Reduces chance of erosion Controls weeds. Iii State the factors to consider when planning a crop rotation system: Nutrient requirement of different crops in the sequence The need to include grass loys in the programme Prevalent pests and diseases Types of crops in the sequence Growth habit of the different crops included.


Iv Why dry grains before storage? Prevents germination sprouting in storage Reduces pests disease attack Reduces attack by fungi. V What factors are considered when grading crops for market? Size Colour Shape Dryness Damages on crops j i List the various storage structures on farms Traditional granaries Maize crib Bags Bulk storage e.g silos ii State the problems farmers face in storage of produce from farms . Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery?