- God gave us power over all creations - God wants us to live like brother and sisters James 2:1-4 - We should pray to God for ourselves and others. -. The rich and poor should be treated in the same way. E. The role of the church in uniting people The church unites people by: a. Sharing the holy communion b. Conducting marriage wedding ceremonies.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke c. Conducting interdenominational prayers. D. Conducting church choirs competitions e. Universal bible study. F. Common religious instructional materials in schools. G. Enhancing working together as Christians Ecumenism Psalms 133:1-3 - Teaches Christians to live together in unity and God will bless us. James 4:11-12 - We should respect other people and their religion Questions 1 List four differences among pupils in class 2 Name for ethnic communities in Kenya 3 What lesson do we learn from the story of Lazarus and the rich man? 4 What is the difference between a tribe and a race? 5 What happened to the man who was travelling to Jericho from Jerusalem in the parable of the Good Samaritan? 6 Name 3 activities that can unite people in a church 7 Psalms 139:14 says we are 8 Jesus healed 10 lepers, only one thanked him. The healed leper who thanked Jesus was a? 9 The man who was attacked by robbers in the parable of good Samaritan was travelling from --- to . 10 State the greatest commandments according to Jesus.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 8: THE DIGNITY OF WORK 1. What is work? -. Work is the use of physical or mental power in order to do or make something. -. Work is ordained by God. -. God worked for 6 days and rested on the seventh day. -. God put man in charge of all creations. -. God put man in the Garden of Eden and told him to care for it. -. Paul encourages us to work hard. He says those who do not work should not eat. 2 Thessalonians 3:6-12 2.


- Paul encourages us to work hard. He says those who do not work should not eat. 2 Thessalonians 3:6-12 2. Why do people work today - To provide for familieswww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - To earn a living. -. To relies our set goals. -. To acquire property. -. To fulfill the will of God. -. To help those in need - To realize development in the society. - -. 3. Why people worked in traditional African society - To feed their families. -. To become famous. -. To be seen hardworking. -. To set good example to children. -. To be wealthy. -. To earn respect. -. Laziness was discouraged. 4. Reasons why god wants us to work - Work is ordained by God. -. To continue with his work of creation. -. To emulate Jesus who also worked hard to save man. -. To make our environment better. -. To improve our living conditions - To spread news about His Kingdom. -. To serve others through our abilities. Romans 12:6-8 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - To be self- reliant - - - 5. Division of work at home - Every member in the family has a role to play. -. Family members share work according to ability, age, type of work and status. -. Shared work becomes lighter and takes less time. -. Sharing work promotes unity, love and joy in the family. -. Sharing work encourages members to avoid laziness Colossians 3:23 - We should work with all our hearts as if we are serving God. Thessalonians 3:10:12 - Paul encourages us to work hard and avoid laziness. -. Those who do not work should not eat. 6. Forms of child labor 2 kings 5:2 a. A child is any person under the age of 18 years. B. Child-labour- using children to do adults work. C. Child labour includes:- - Operating heavy machines - Working as house helps. -. Working at farms and on construction sites.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Hawking - Carrying heavy loads - - - Why are children engaged in child labour? A. Poverty b. Death of parents c. Neglect by guardians and parents d. Drug abuse e. f.


Neglect by guardians and parents d. Drug abuse e. f. g. Effects of child labour 1 Children do not enjoy life- spend most time working. 2 Children fail to go to school. 3 Affects the health of children. 4 Some are paid very little or no pay at all. 5 Children are exposed to harassment and sexual abuse. 6 Children engage in irresponsible behaviors 7 Children develop fear because of mistreatment. 8 Children are exposed to dangers that can even cause death.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 7. Working in the community - Community work:- a. Building roads b. Clearing rubbish c. Building dams. D. Digging bore holes. Effects of community work 2 Thessalonians 3:6-13 - Enhances unity in the community - Reduces poverty - Improves quality of life in the community. -. Encourages people to work hard. Nb: apostle Paul worked as a tent maker to earn his living. 8. Working for the nation Romans 13:6-8 Different jobs in Kenya - Doctors - Technician - Policeman - Farming - Nurses - Lawyers a. Everyone should work well in order to help our nation. B. If people are lazy, poverty will strike our nation hence thieves increase. C. Bible encourages us to work hard to support the government by paying taxes.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke d. Paying taxes enables the nation to develop. Dignity of manual work 2 Thessalonians 3:7-8, Acts 18:1-4, Genesis 4:2 9. -. Manual work- the work done using our hands. -. Examples: livestock keeping, digging, clearing, , , , - Manual work makes our lives better and helps us to have enough basic needs. -. Manual work keeps our environment safe. -. Examples of manual work in the bible:- a. Apostle Paul was a tent maker b. Cain was a farmer. C. Abel was a herdsman d. Joseph was a carpenter e. f. g. h. 10. Attitudes towards work Luke 18:9-14 a. Should appreciate it because it helps us earn a living. B. View work with dignity since through it we are able to provide basic needs. C.


B. View work with dignity since through it we are able to provide basic needs. C. Work is a service to God and the community. D. All work is meant to help man live a comfortable life. E. f. www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke g. 11. What it means to work for God. A. We use our talents and abilities to serve God through others. B. All work is a way of partnering with God e.g. doctors, teaching e.t.c. C. Preachers, pastors, priests and evangelists serve God directly. D. Voluntary work requires no pay but is a way of serving God through the needy. E. We are encouraged to receive servants of God; Jesus sent his disciples and commanded them not to carry money, food, clothes. Jesus expected people to provide for them. Questions 1 What is work? 2 Why did God put man in the Garden of Eden? 3 State 3 reasons why people worked in traditional communities 4 Apostle Paul worked as a? 5 Give two example of child labour 6 Why is it important for Christians to work together? 7 The slave girl who foretold the future and was healed by Paul was from? 8 Whoever does not work should not 9 Cain worked as a ? 10 Elisha worked as a before God called him to be a prophet.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke UNIT 9: THE HOPE OF THE WORLD A. Our hope after primary school - Hope is a strong desire or expectation that something will happen or true. -. People have hopes about different things at different times. -. Hope gives meaning to life - Examples of things one can hope for:- a. Getting a good job b. Getting married. C. Getting children d. Joining university. E. Start a business and travel across the world. -. Hopes that are realized in future are called distant hopes. Biblical approach Romans 8:23-25,28 - Paul tells us that the whole of God s creation expects His salvation. We should patiently hope for good things in life. Evaluation 1. Should accompany hope in order to have salvation. 2. A person without hope is called? 3. The book of Romans was written by?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4.


A person without hope is called? 3. The book of Romans was written by?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 4. List FOUR things one can hope for in life. 5. Which are the two main types of hopes? B. Our hopes for future adult life - An adult is a grown up person who in most cases is independent. -. An adult has to be over 18 years of age according to Kenyan Law. Rights and privileges of an adult in Kenya - Acquire a national identification card ID - Seek employment. -. Getting married. -. Running business - Joining church ministry - - Biblical Approach Psalms 138:7-8 - God keeps his promises and his love is everlasting. Jeremiah 29:10-14 - God knows the pans he has for us. 1 Corinthians 13:9-13 - God wants us to proper in all ways. -. Spiritual growth enables us to understand the plans of God. Quizwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 1 Having good feelings about good things that will happen to us is called? 2 Who will receive eternal life? 3 The greatest hope that a committed Christian should have is? 4 Who is an adult according to the Kenyan law? 5 Write the authors of the following books a. Psalms b. Jeremiah c. Corinthians 6. Name the prophet who prophesied about the new covenant. C. How we overcome disappointments 1 Corinthians 13:9-13 - Disappointment- a feeling of sadness because something has not happened as you hoped for. -. Disappointment happens as a result of broken hopes Ways of overcoming disappointments a. Setting achievable goals b. Being focused on strengths c. Developing a positive attitude towards everything we do. D. Being prayerful. E. Trusting in God in all our undertakings. F. Being hardworking. G. Accept situation we cannot change. Results of disappointments - Feeling unhappywww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - Feeling discouraged - Feeling frustrated. -. Lack of sleep. -. Loss of appetite. Quiz 1 Disappointment is the 2 The leper who said thank you was a 3 List three things we can do to avoid disappointment 4 List two results of disappointment to a human being D.


- Lack of sleep. -. Loss of appetite. Quiz 1 Disappointment is the 2 The leper who said thank you was a 3 List three things we can do to avoid disappointment 4 List two results of disappointment to a human being D. What the church hopes for - Church it refers to a congregation of believers worshippers. -. A person who believes and follows Jesus Christ is called a Christian. -. Christians hope for:- a. The second coming of Jesus b. Peace and unity in the world. C. Salvation of yet non-believers by Christ. D. Good deeds. E. Eternal life with Christ. -. New life in Christ is characterized by a. A holy life b. Preaching c. Teaching the good news. D. Singing. -. Christians can achieve their hopes through:www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke a. Praying to God b. Reading the bible c. Going to church and worshipping. D. Confession that Jesus is our savior. Quiz 1 Name two beliefs for Christians 2 Disciples of Jesus were first referred to as Christians in a town called? 3 Jesus ascended to heaven from the town of? 4 Name the helper that Jesus promised His disciples. 5 Name four things that the church hopes for. E. The Wisemen hope for the king - Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea - Prophet Micah prophesied that the messiah would be born in Bethlehem - Wisemen studied a unique star. -. The star first led them to Herod s palace- the then king of Judea. -. Jesus was the hope of the whole world, so God protected him from being killed by King Herod. -. The wisemen brought the following to the baby Jesus:- a. Gold b. Frankincence c. Myrrh - Jesus was brought up grew in Nazareth. Quiz 1 Name three gifts that the Wisemen brought to baby Jesus. 2 The name Jesus means?www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke 3 Which King was the ancestor of Jesus? 4 is known to be the city of David. 5 The Wisemen came from the? 6 Prophet foretold the birth of Jesus. 7 Prophet prophesied about the killing of babies by Herod soldiers. F.


6 Prophet foretold the birth of Jesus. 7 Prophet prophesied about the killing of babies by Herod soldiers. F. A sure hope for human kind Mathew 1:18-22, Romans 5:12, John 17:25-26 - Mary was a virgin Jewish lady and had an engagement with Joseph- a descendant of David. -. Mary conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit. -. The message was taken to Mary by Angel Gabriel. -. Prophet Isaiah refers to the baby as Emmanuel- meaning God with us - The gentiles were to put their hopes in him. -. When Jesus was presented to the temple, a man called Simeon was moved by the Holy Spirit and spoke good about the baby Jesus. Quiz 1 Who was the earthly father of Jesus? 2 Give four titles used by prophet Isaiah to describe Emmanuel 3 Who wanted to kill baby Jesus? 4 The wisemen were guided by a? 5 Jesus was a revelation and salvation for the who were not Israelites . 6 Name 3 occasions Jesus encountered with the gentiles. G. Our ambitions in life Micah 6:6-8 - An ambition is a determination to be successful in a certain area. -. Some of the ambitions include a. Being a doctorwww.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke b. Being a pilot d. Being a teacher - Prophet Micah teaches that we should worship God in a just way. Just- being fair in the way we treat others - God expects us to be:- a. Just b. Loving and caring to everybody c. Humble d. Prayerful. Quiz 1 What did Simeon, a man full of the Holy Spirit, foretell about what Jesus would do to the gentiles? 2 Name three purposes God has for your life H. Jesus Christ hope of eternal life - Eternal life- life with a beginning but has no end. -. Eternal life is also called everlasting life - Eternal life starts on earth when one repents his her sins and gets baptized. The origin of death - Adam and eve disobeyed God. -. The sin of disobedience separated people from God and God pronounced death as one of the punishment on man. Christians view of death - Death does not mark the end of life of a Christian believer.


The origin of death - Adam and eve disobeyed God. -. The sin of disobedience separated people from God and God pronounced death as one of the punishment on man. Christians view of death - Death does not mark the end of life of a Christian believer. -. John 3:16 says God sent His son Jesus Christ so that however believes in him shall not perish but have everlasting life.www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke Quiz 1 Eternal life is also called? 2 When does eternal Life begin? 3 Initiation in Christianity is equivalent to in African Traditional Religion 4 The tree that man ate from is known as the tree of? 5 Apart from death, state other punishments God gave to a. Snake b. Eve c. Adam How eternal life is received - Death came by means of a man called Adam and resurrection will come through Jesus Christ. -. When the body is buried it is immortal or perishable but when raised it is immortal or imperishable. -. Jesus died and was buried. -. He rose from the dead after 3 days with a spiritual body. -. On the last day, the living will receive the spiritual bodies that will join Jesus in the clouds. Quiz 1 State 3 women who were first to see the resurrected Jesus 2 Jesus resurrected on 3 offered a tomb to bury the body of Jesus. 4 Name the seven deacons I. Life after death John 14:1-30 www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke - In the ATR African traditional religion people believe in life after death, so does Christians. -. In ATR children are named after the dead as a show of honor - The dead are involved in rituals such as circumcision - Christians bury the dead and wait for the day of resurrection - We should not be afraid of death but respect God and love so as to inherit the kingdom of God. Quiz 1 State the common belief among the ATS and Christians. Both believe in 2 What is the significance of bloodshed during circumcision? 3 Naming children is very important in ATS. Name four ways of naming the children in ATS 4 Go wash your face in the pool of Siloam . Siloam means? Luke 9:1-12 5 Give the meaning of the following names: a. Emmanuel b. Isaac c. Jacob d.


Emmanuel b.Isaac c.Jacob d.Jesus e.Rabbi - www.arena.co.ke 0713779527info arena.co.ke.


BASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBASIC ENGLISHGRAMMARBookSAD DLEBAC KBASIC ENGLISH GRAMMARSor English Language LearnersHoward Sargeant Copyright 2007 by Saddleback Educational Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. ISBN 1-59905-203-2Printed in the United States of America13 12 11 10 09 08 07Three WatsonIrvine, CA 92618-2767Web site: www.sdlback.comFirst published in the United States by Saddleback Educational Publishing, 3 Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 by arrangement with Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, Singapore3Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2.


These common nouns are words for things.ruler chair hammer bicycle truthpen table saw ship calculatorcrayons sofa axe truck televisionpencil loyalty drill ferry fridgebook lamp ladder train cookerdictionary carpet lawnmower bus computercourage telephone spade laziness printerThese common nouns are words for animals. Notice that special names for young animals are included.animal its youngdog puppycat kittencow calfhorse foalsheep lambgoat kidfrog tadpole These common nouns are words for places.bank airporthotel gas stationlibrary parkmuseum farmmall zootheater factoryhospital nursery animal its youngfox cubelephant calfkangaroo joeybear cublion cubtiger cubwhale calfschool post officeuniversity police stationoffice restaurantmosque supermarkettemple stadiumshop synagoguegym church1 Nouns1 Nouns 8These common nouns are words for people who do certain things.singer manager sailor gardenerdancer secretary pilot police officerartist teacher driver plumberphotographer doctor writer farmermagician dentist friend clerkathlete lawyer brother technicianProper NounsThe names of particular people, places and things are proper nouns. They always begin with a capital letter. These people s names are proper nouns. Robin Hood Florence Nightingale Mom Miss ParkAladdin Muhammad Ali Dad Mrs. TaylorFrankenstein George Washington Granny Mr. YoungHarry Potter David Beckham Grandad Dr. LeeSanta Claus Julia Roberts Uncle David Professor RajMahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Aunt Diana JoseConfucius Alex Rodriguez Ms. Hall Yang MingThe names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns.


YoungHarry Potter David Beckham Grandad Dr. LeeSanta Claus Julia Roberts Uncle David Professor RajMahatma Gandhi Nelson Mandela Aunt Diana JoseConfucius Alex Rodriguez Ms. Hall Yang MingThe names of the days of the week and the months of the year are proper nouns. Days of the week months Monday January July Tuesday February August Wednesday March September Thursday April October Friday May November Saturday June December Sunday Nouns: Proper NounsAUGUSTSunday 4 11 18 25Monday 5 12 19 26Tuesday 6 13 20 27Wednesday 7 14 21 28Thursday 1 8 15 22 29Friday 2 9 16 23 30Saturday 3 10 17 24 319Nouns: Proper NounsThe names of special days and celebrations are also proper nouns. New Year s Day Veterans' DayMother s Day ThanksgivingIndependence Day Memorial DayValentine s Day HalloweenLabor Day ChristmasRamadan Yom Kippur The names of famous places, buildings and monuments are proper nouns. Big Ben the Empire State Buildingthe Sphinx the Taj MahalGraceland the Eiffel Towerthe Grand Canyon the Golden Gate Bridgethe Sydney Opera House the Great Wall of ChinaBuckingham Palace Chaco Canyon Pueblothe Leaning Tower of Pisa the Statue of Liberty The names of people who live in a particular country are also proper nouns.country peopleAfghanistan AfghansAustralia Australians Britain the BritishChina the ChineseFrance the FrenchGermany GermansIndia IndiansIndonesia IndonesiansItaly ItaliansJapan the JapaneseKorea KoreansMalaysia Malaysians country peopleSamoa SamoansNew Zealand New ZealandersPakistan Pakistanisthe Philippines FilipinosRussia RussiansNicaragua NicaraguansSouth Africa South AfricansSpain SpaniardsSwitzerland the SwissThailand ThaisUSA AmericansVietnam the Vietnamese Write each common noun under the correct heading.theater lion father brother doctor restaurant builder stove elephant kangaroo museum library things animals places people Exercise 2Underline the common nouns and circle the proper nouns in these sentences. 1. I told Uncle John about my accident. 2. Kim and Stephanie wore masks on Halloween. 3. The lawnmower is broken. 4. We re going to the movies tomorrow. 5. The lion is playing with one of its cubs. 6. My sister s favorite soccer player is David Beckham. 7. I m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert. 8.


7. I m watching a videotape about the Sahara Desert. 8. The tourists visited Rome and saw the Colosseum. 9. Does this bus go to the stadium? 10. We re reading a story about a boy called Harry Potter. Exercise 3Read the following passage containing common nouns and proper nouns. Put a C in the box after a common noun and a P in the box after a proper noun. Mr. Peters lives in Maine in a big house by the sea . He has three cats and a dog . He likes to travel to different countries . Last Christmas , he went to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower . He enjoyed eating French food in nice restaurants .1011Nouns: Singular Nouns; Plural NounsSingular NounsNouns can be singular or plural. When you are talking about just one thing or person, use a singular noun. For example:a tent a park an ideaa taxi a doctor an ovena house a lady an exercisePlural NounsUse a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things. Just add s to make most nouns plural.singular plurala computer computersa chair chairsa train trainsa player playersa teacher teachersa taxi taxis N o t e s n Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules.


For example:a tent a park an ideaa taxi a doctor an ovena house a lady an exercisePlural NounsUse a plural noun when you are talking about two or more people, places or things. Just add s to make most nouns plural.singular plurala computer computersa chair chairsa train trainsa player playersa teacher teachersa taxi taxis N o t e s n Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules. A uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you; an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words is not pronounced.singular plurala mountain mountainsa river riversan envelope envelopesan insect insectsan oven ovensan uncle uncles 12singular pluralsandwich sandwicheswitch witchesbrush brushesflash flashesbox boxesfox foxessingular pluralday daystray traysrunway runwayschimney chimneystrolley trolleysvalley valleys Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.singular pluralbus busesglass glassesdress dressesbranch brancheschurch churchesbeach beaches Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.singular pluralbaby babiesfamily familiesstory storiesteddy teddiesfairy fairiespuppy puppieshousefly houseflieslibrary librariescity citieslily liliesparty partiesdictionary dictionariesNouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end.


A river an armchair three biscuits a castle an idea five eggs n The article an is used before nouns that begin with the vowels a, e, i, o and u. an artist an eye an insect an oven an umbrellan The article a is used before nouns that begin with the other letters, called consonants. But some words don t follow these rules. A uniform, a unit, a user: a, not an, is used because the vowel u in these words is pronounced like the word you; an hour, an heir, an honor: an, not a, is used because the consonant h in these words is not pronounced.singular plurala mountain mountainsa river riversan envelope envelopesan insect insectsan oven ovensan uncle uncles 12singular pluralsandwich sandwicheswitch witchesbrush brushesflash flashesbox boxesfox foxessingular pluralday daystray traysrunway runwayschimney chimneystrolley trolleysvalley valleys Nouns that end in s, ss, ch, sh or x, are made plural by adding es.singular pluralbus busesglass glassesdress dressesbranch brancheschurch churchesbeach beaches Most nouns that end in y are made plural by changing the y to i and adding es.singular pluralbaby babiesfamily familiesstory storiesteddy teddiesfairy fairiespuppy puppieshousefly houseflieslibrary librariescity citieslily liliesparty partiesdictionary dictionariesNouns that have a vowel before the y are made plural by simply adding s at the end. Singular pluralkey keysmonkey monkeysdonkey donkeystoy toysboy boyscowboy cowboys Nouns: Plural Nouns13Many nouns that end in f are made plural by changing the f to v and adding es.singular pluralhalf halvesleaf leavesshelf shelveswolf wolvesthief thievesBut some nouns that end in f are made plural simply by adding s.singular pluralchief chiefsroof roofshandkerchief handkerchiefscliff cliffspuff puffsSome nouns that end in f can be made plural in two ways.singular pluralscarf scarfs or scarveshoof hoofs or hoovesdwarf dwarfs or dwarveswharf wharfs or wharves Most nouns that end in fe are made plural by changing the f to v and adding s.


Put a checkmark in the correct box. Common nouns proper nouns 1. Do you like cheese? 2. They stood next to the Niagara Falls. 3. May I borrow your umbrella? 4. The ambulance was driving very fast. 5. Carl did not agree with them. 6. She loves to visit Disneyland. 7. Would you like some more water? 8. The fog was very thick. 9. May I invite Tom to join us? 10. My car is very old. N o t e s You can use a pair of with these plural nouns. For example: a pair of trousers a pair of pants a pair of glasses a pair of scissors a pair of chopsticks a pair of sandals a pair of glovesNouns: Plural Nouns 15Read the following passage. Write S in the box after each singular noun and P in the box after each plural noun. Our teacher is a very nice lady . She s very kind to all the children in the class and she tells us very funny stories . Yesterday, she told a story about the animals on a farm . They all had a race . The pigs and sheep ran faster than the ducks and cows , but the heroes of the story were the mice . They were faster than all the other animals , even though they had the shortest legs ! Exercise 6Read the following passage. Notice that the plural nouns are missing. Write the correct plural form of the singular nouns in parentheses. The first one has been done for you. Three lady in pink dress took their baby for a walk in the zoo. They saw four giraffe , three hippo , two kangaroo and an elephant. They walked for so long that their foot became sore, so they sat down on a bench for a rest near some monkey . The monkey were playing with cardboard box and throwing stick at each other. After a while, the lady looked at their watch and decided it was time to go home. Ladies1617 N o t e sCollective NounsWords for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns. Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.a family a crewa team a cluba community a committeea choir a companya band a gangan orchestra the governmentan audience the armyCollective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb.


After a while, the lady looked at their watch and decided it was time to go home. Ladies1617 N o t e sCollective NounsWords for groups of people, animals or things are called collective nouns. Here are some collective nouns for groups of people.a family a crewa team a cluba community a committeea choir a companya band a gangan orchestra the governmentan audience the armyCollective nouns may be used with a singular verb or with a plural verb. If the group is acting as a single unit, use a singular verb. If group members are acting as individuals, use a plural verb. For example:The crowd was orderly. OrThe crowd were clapping, yelling and cheering. Here are more collective nouns you can use for groups of people.a crowd of shoppers a gang of thievesa company of actors a panel of judgesa class of schoolchildren a platoon of soldiersMany groups of animals have their own special collective nouns.a herd of cattle a pack of wolves a litter of puppiesa flock of birds a pride of lions a troop of monkeysa drove of sheep a pod of dolphins a brood of chickensa gaggle of geese a school of fish a swarm of bees Always use a plural verb with the collective nouns, people and the police. For example:Those people live not lives in Asia. The police have caught not has caught the thief. Nouns: Collective Nouns18Some groups of things also have their own special collective nouns.a bunch of bananas a deck of cardsa cluster of grapes a flight of stepsa bunch of flowers a suite of roomsa bouquet of flowers a suite of furniturea range of mountains a set of toolsa fleet of ships a string of beadsa fleet of vehicles a grove of treesSome nouns name the amount or form of something.a loaf of bread a bar of soapa ball of string a bar of chocolateThe words a piece of mean a single serving or part of something.a slice piece of bread a slice piece of cheesea piece square of chocolate a slice piece of cakea sheet piece of paper a piece of chalka piece of information a piece of adviceExercise 7Read the following passage. Write the missing collective nouns in the blank spaces. Remember that sometimes there are two words you can use. Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the zoo. The zoo was very busy. A of people had gathered round the monkeys.


Remember that sometimes there are two words you can use. Mom took Kate, Rudy and Derrick to the zoo. The zoo was very busy. A of people had gathered round the monkeys. One of the monkeys had a of bananas. Watching the monkey eat made the children feel hungry. Mom took a of bread and some of cheese out of the picnic hamper and everyone made sandwiches. After eating the sandwiches, the children had two of chocolate each. Rudy wanted to give one piece to a monkey, but the zookeeper gave Rudy a very useful of advice. Monkeys may look friendly, but sometimes they are very fierce, he said. 18Nouns: Collective NounsRead the sentences. Does the collective noun indicate a group acting together as a single unit? If so, circle the singular verb. Does the collective noun indicate a group in which each member acts individually? Circle the plural noun. 1. The jury were was arguing about the importance of evidence. 2. A whole company of soldiers is are marching in the parade. 3. A gaggle of geese is are running every which way in the barnyard. 4. Those people live lives in North America. 5. The police has have arrested the suspect. 6. That troupe of actors always stay stays at the Grand Hotel. 7. The committee is are handing in their ballots. 8. Our school band play plays many lively marches. 9. A big colony of ants lives live under the front porch. 10. The government are is entitled to collect taxes. Exercise 9Complete each phrase with a noun from the box that names a part or an amount of something. Bushel scoop ream pair drop grain pinch galaxy 1. A of stars 5. A of potatoes 2. A of sand 6. A of bookends 3. A of paper 7. A of ice cream 4. A of salt 8. A of rain1920masculine femininenephew nieceking queenprince princessemperor empresswizard witchactor actresspoliceman policewomanwaiter waitress Nouns: Masculine and Feminine NounsMasculine and Feminine NounsMasculine nouns are words for men, boys and male animals.


They are older than I am. 25Object PronounsThe object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb. Look at the following two sentences:Lisa likes cats. She likes to stroke them. In the first sentence, the noun cats is the object of the verb likes. In the second sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb stroke. Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as objects of verbs. I m doing my homework. Dad is helping me. Goodbye, children! I ll call you later. Where is John? I need to speak to him. Miss Garcia is very nice. All the children like her. The car is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it. Uncle Harry called Mary to ask her a question. My chocolates are all gone. Someone has eaten them. First Person, Second Person and Third PersonIn grammar, the person who is speaking is called the first person. The one spoken to is called the second person, and the one spoken about is called the third person. Here is a table to help you remember which pronouns to use.subject object first person singularImesecond person singularyouyouthird person singularhehimsheherititfirst person pluralweussecond person pluralyouyouthird person pluraltheythem Pronouns: Personal Pronouns26Reflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns are words that refer to the noun or pronoun that is the subject of the verb.


N o t e sn Use this and these when you are talking about things near you.n Use that and those when you are talking about things farther away. Pronouns: Possessive Pronouns; Demonstrative Pronouns28Interrogative PronounsInterrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The words who, whose, what, which and whom are interrogative pronouns. Who used all my paper?Who is Mom talking to?Who are those people?Whose pen is this?Whose are these shoes?What is your brother s name?What does Tom want?What is the date today?What do you want to be when you grow up?Which of these desks is yours?Which do you prefer?Which of your sisters is the tallest?Whom did the President criticize?Inedefinite PronounsAn indefinite pronoun does not refer directly to any other word. Most indefinite pronouns express he idea of quantity. Everybody is welcome at the meeting. Many prefer their coffee with sugar. Does anybody care for a cheese sandwich?Few choose to live in the arid desert. Pronouns: Interrogative Pronouns; Indefinite Pronouns N o t e sn In writing and formal speaking, you can also use whom as the object of verbs and prepositions. For example: Whom did the president criticize? Whom is the principal talking to? Or To whom is the principal talking?but you cannot use whom as the subject of a verb. So you cannot say: Whom came to the party last night?You have to say: Who came to the party last night? N Who can be used as the subject or the object of a verb. For example: Who broke the window? As the subject Who are you inviting to your party? As the object n Who can be used as the object of a preposition. For example: Who is Mom talking to?n You can also use whom as the object of a preposition.


As the subject Who are you inviting to your party? As the object n Who can be used as the object of a preposition. For example: Who is Mom talking to?n You can also use whom as the object of a preposition. For example: Whom is Mom talking to?If you put the preposition before the interrogative pronoun, you must use whom: To whom is Mom talking? 29Indefinite Pronounsalleachmostotheranothereitherneitherseveralanyeverybodynobodysomeanybodyeveryonenonesomebodyanyonefewno onesomeonebothmanyonesuchThe pronoun they is considered an indefinite pronoun when it makes an indefinite reference. They produce a lot of coal in your state. Why don't they repair the bad roads? Exercise 1Read the following passage. Write the missing subject and object pronouns in the blank spaces. My name is Charlie. Have two brothers. Are both older than . Sometimes they take me to the park and play football together. I like playing football with because they are very good. We are going to the park today. Would you like to come with ? Can all play together. Afterwards, can come to my house if want to. I think will like my dad. He is very funny and makes great pizzas. Do like pizza?29Pronouns: Indefinite Pronouns Some of the reflexive pronouns in the following sentences are used correctly, but some are not. Put a checkmark in the box if the reflexive pronoun is correct. Put an x in the box if it is not correct. Then write the correct reflexive pronoun in the blank space. 1. Sometimes I wash the dishes all by himself . 2. Dad had an accident. He cut herself with a knife. 3. Sally washes the car by herself . 4. Do you think the doctor can cure itself when he is ill? 5. The cat stays clean by licking itself . 6. Anna and May made the dinner all by herself . 7. Mom lets me walk to school by myself . 8. Can you dress themselves , boys and girls? 9. David can swim all by himself now.10. This light is automatic. It switches itself on at night. Exercise 3Write a short sentence using each of the interrogative pronouns below.


5. Several applied for the job, but no one was hired. 32 3 Adjectives3 AdjectivesAdjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They give you more information about people, places, and things. Kinds of Adjectives Some adjectives tell about the size of people or things.a big housea long bridgetiny feeta large armya high mountainbig handsa huge shipa short mana short skirta tall buildinga thin boylong trousersSome adjectives tell about the color of things.a red carpeta gray suita brown beara white swanan orange balloongreen peppersa blue uniforma yellow ribbonblack shoesSome adjectives tell what people or things are like by describing their quality.a beautiful womana young soldiera flat surfacea handsome boyan old unclea hot drinka poor familya kind ladya cold wintera rich couple a familiar voicea sunny daya strange placea deep poolcool weatherSome adjectives tell what things are made of. They refer to substances.a plastic foldera stone walla clay pota paper baga metal boxa glass doora cotton shirta silk dressa concrete roada jade ringa wooden spoona porcelain vase33Some adjectives are made from proper nouns of place. These adjectives are called adjectives of origin.a Mexican hata British police officerthe French flaga Filipino dressan American customWashington applesa Japanese ladya Spanish dancean Indian templean Italian carThe Order of Adjectives Sometimes several adjectives are used to describe a single noun or pronoun. When you use two or more adjectives, the usual order is: size, quality, color, origin, substance. For example:a small green plastic box size color substancea stylish red Italian car quality color originHere are more examples.a large Indian templea tall white stone buildinga colorful cotton shirta long Chinese silk robedelicious Spanish foodan old graceful Japanese lady crunchy Australian applesa short handsome English manAdjectives of quality sometimes come before adjectives of size. For example:beautiful long hairelegant short hairBut adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color. For example:beautiful long black hairelegant short red hairIf you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective. For example:a beautiful long black silk dressAdjectives: The Order of Adjectives Read the following passage and underline the adjectives.


For example:beautiful long hairelegant short hairBut adjectives of size always come before adjectives of color. For example:beautiful long black hairelegant short red hairIf you use any adjective of substance, it comes after the color adjective. For example:a beautiful long black silk dressAdjectives: The Order of Adjectives Read the following passage and underline the adjectives. Write S above adjectives of size, C above adjectives of color, Q above adjectives of quality and O above adjectives of origin. Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and expensive shops. In summer, it s a very hot place. People wear cool clothes and drink cool drinks. There are beautiful sandy beaches where people can rest and look up at the wide blue sky. There are big parks for tourists to visit. Japanese tourists like to sit and watch other people. British tourists take photographs of the strange plants and colorful birds. Exercise 2The following passage contains a lot of adjectives. Some of the adjectives appear in the wrong order. First underline the wrongly ordered adjectives. Then write them in their correct order on the lines below the passage. My friend Jeremy is a handsome tall boy. He always wears a white long T-shirt and a big red cap. He carries a blue huge canvas bag to school. His favorite food is red crunchy apples and he always has one in his bag. Our teacher is an English kind tall man called Mr. Clark. He wears a blue smart suit and glasses with black plastic thick frames.3435Adjective EndingsAdjectives have many different endings. Some adjectives end in -ful. These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something.a beautiful facea painful injurya careful studenta cheerful babya joyful smilea helpful teachera powerful machinea wonderful timeplayful childrena skillful playera useful bookcolorful clothesSome adjectives end in -ous.a famous writera courageous soldiera mountainous areaan adventurous explorera dangerous joba poisonous snakea humorous filma generous giftmischievous childrenmarvelous resultsSome adjectives end in -y. A messy rooma noisy cardirty handsa sleepy doga cloudy skythirsty childrena muddy patha sunny daystormy weatheran easy testa lazy worker juicy fruitSome adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something.


These adjectives describe noun or pronouns that are full of something or have a lot of something.a beautiful facea painful injurya careful studenta cheerful babya joyful smilea helpful teachera powerful machinea wonderful timeplayful childrena skillful playera useful bookcolorful clothesSome adjectives end in -ous.a famous writera courageous soldiera mountainous areaan adventurous explorera dangerous joba poisonous snakea humorous filma generous giftmischievous childrenmarvelous resultsSome adjectives end in -y. A messy rooma noisy cardirty handsa sleepy doga cloudy skythirsty childrena muddy patha sunny daystormy weatheran easy testa lazy worker juicy fruitSome adjectives end in -less. These adjectives describe a person or thing that does not have something. A cloudless sky a meaningless worda sleeveless dressa fearless fightera careless driverhomeless peoplea joyless songseedless grapesa useless toolharmless animalsAdjectives: Adjective Endings 36Some adjectives end in -al.a national flagpersonal possessionsmusical instrumentsa traditional costumeelectrical goodsmagical powersa coastal townmedical equipmentHere are some adjectives that end in -ic, -ish, -ible, -able, -ive and -ly. A fantastic singera terrible messan imaginative storyan energetic doga sensible answerexpensive jewelerybasic grammarhorrible smellstalkative childrenenthusiastic shoutingvisible footprintsa creative artista selfish acta likeable childfriendly teachersfoolish behaviorcomfortable clothesa lovely dressstylish clothesvaluable advicea lively catchildish talksuitable colorsan elderly manMany adjectives end in -ing. Loving parentsan interesting booka caring nursea disappointing resulta flashing lightan outstanding swimmera smiling facean exciting ridea boring storychattering monkeysa gleaming carshocking news N o t e sWords like smiling, caring and flashing are present participles of verbs. They are formed by adding ing to the verbs. Many present participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Adjective Endings 37Many of adjectives end in ed. A closed doorsatisfied customersboiled eggsworried passengerswasted timeescaped prisonersa painted wallexcited studentsreduced pricesinvited guestsDescribing What Something Is Made OfSome nouns can be used like adjectives.


They are formed by adding ing to the verbs. Many present participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Adjective Endings 37Many of adjectives end in ed. A closed doorsatisfied customersboiled eggsworried passengerswasted timeescaped prisonersa painted wallexcited studentsreduced pricesinvited guestsDescribing What Something Is Made OfSome nouns can be used like adjectives. For example, if you have a chair that is made of plastic, you can use the noun plastic as an adjective and say that the chair is a plastic chair. If you have a watch that is made of gold, you can say it is a gold watch. But the nouns wood and wool can t be used like this. To make adjectives of these nouns you have to add en. Noun adjectiveexamplewoodwoodena wooden doorwoolwoolena woolen jumperDescribing What Something Is LikeThere s another way to make adjectives from nouns. Suppose you want to say that something is like a certain material, although not made of it. To make these adjectives, add -en to some nouns and -y to other nouns.nounadjectiveexample goldgoldena golden sunrise bright yellow like gold silksilky or silkensilky skin as soft as silk leadleadena leaden sky dark gray like the color of lead N o t e sWords like closed, wasted and escaped are past participles of verbs. Many past participles can also be used as adjectives. Adjectives: Describing What Something Is Made Of 38careinterestingExercise 3The following sentences contain adjectives made by adding endings to nouns. Write the noun that each adjective comes from on the line after each sentence. The first one has been done for you. Remember that some nouns must be changed slightly before the ending is added. 1. She s always making careless mistakes. 2. It was a very painful injury. 3. Witches and wizards have magical powers. 4. These oranges are very juicy. 5. Dogs are usually more energetic than cats. 6. Our neighbors are not very friendly. 7. She keeps her toys in a large wooden box. 8. Take off your muddy shoes before you come in. 9. May I borrow your pencil sharpener? Mine is useless. 10. What a beautiful dress! Exercise 4Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the verbs in parentheses.


10. What a beautiful dress! Exercise 4Fill in the blank spaces with adjectives made from the verbs in parentheses. Remember that both present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives. Choose the adjective that suits the sentence best. The first one has been done for you. 1. It wasn t a very interest movie. 2. We could hear the excite fans screaming. 3. I hope the pupils don t think that my classes are bore . 4. My dad had a very worry look on his face. 5. Have the police found the steal car yet? 6. The supermarket sells lots of freeze food. 7. The players on the win team don t look tired at all. 8. Some of the old houses had break windows.3839The Comparison of AdjectivesThe Comparative FormTo compare two people or things, use the comparative form of an adjective. The comparative form is usually made by adding er to the adjective.adjectivecomparative formadjectivecomparative form darkdarkerhardharderlightlighterwarmwarmerhighhighercoldcolderlowlowerfastfasteroldolderslowsloweryoungyoungerrichricherpoorpoorertalltallersmallsmallersoftsofterThe Superlative FormWhen you compare three or more people or things, use the superlative form of an adjective. The superlative form is usually made by adding est to the adjective.adjectivesuperlative form adjectivesuperlative formdarkdarkestwarmwarmestlightlightestcoldcoldesthighhighestfastfastestlowlowestslowslowestoldoldestyoungyoungestrichrichestpoorpooresttalltallestsmallsmallestsoftsoftesthardhardest N o t e sThe word the is often used before the superlative form. For example:A bee is a small insect. A ladybird is smaller, but an ant is the smallest. N o t e sThe word than is often used to compare two things or people. For example, you say:Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike.


N o t e sThe word than is often used to compare two things or people. For example, you say:Mr. Lee is taller than Philip. A car is faster than a bike. Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives40If the adjective ends in e, add r to form the comparative and st to form the superlative.adjectivecomparativesuperlative nicenicernicestclosecloserclosestlargelargerlargestruderuderrudestsafesafersafestwidewiderwidestSuppose the adjective is a short word that ends in a consonant and has a single vowel in the middle. Just double the consonant and add er to make the comparative and est to make the superlative.adjectivecomparativesuperlativesadsaddersaddestwetwetterwettestslimslimmerslimmestthinthinnerthinnestbigbiggerbiggestSuppose the adjective has two syllables and ends in y. Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative. Adjective comparative superlativeadjective comparative superlativeeasyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestfunnyfunnierfunniestlovelylovelierloveliestdirtydirtierdirtiestprettyprettierprettiestnoisynoisiernoisiesttidytidiertidiesthappyhappierhappiestfriendlyfriendlierfriendliestnaughty naughtiernaughtiesttinytiniertiniest Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives41Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.adjectivecomparativesuperlative famousmore famousmost famouspreciousmore preciousmost precioushandsomemore handsomemost handsomeexcitingmore excitingmost excitingbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautifulexpensivemore expensivemost expensivecomfortablemore comfortablemost comfortabledeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousinterestingmore interestingmost interestingdifficultmore difficultmost difficultIrregular Comparative and Superlative FormsA few adjectives don t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways.


Just change the y to i and add er to make the comparative and add est to make the superlative. Adjective comparative superlativeadjective comparative superlativeeasyeasiereasiestheavyheavierheaviestfunnyfunnierfunniestlovelylovelierloveliestdirtydirtierdirtiestprettyprettierprettiestnoisynoisiernoisiesttidytidiertidiesthappyhappierhappiestfriendlyfriendlierfriendliestnaughty naughtiernaughtiesttinytiniertiniest Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives41Use more and most to compare most other two-syllable adjectives. You will also use more and most with all adjectives that have more than two syllables.adjectivecomparativesuperlative famousmore famousmost famouspreciousmore preciousmost precioushandsomemore handsomemost handsomeexcitingmore excitingmost excitingbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautifulexpensivemore expensivemost expensivecomfortablemore comfortablemost comfortabledeliciousmore deliciousmost deliciousinterestingmore interestingmost interestingdifficultmore difficultmost difficultIrregular Comparative and Superlative FormsA few adjectives don t form their comparative and superlative forms in any of the usual ways. The comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives are different words, called irregular forms.adjectivecomparativesuperlative goodbetterbestbadworseworstlittlelessleastmanymoremostfarfarther or furtherfarthest or furthestFor example:My painting is good, Melanie s painting is better, but Andrew s painting is the best. Adjectives: The Comparison of Adjectives 42Adjective PhrasesPhrases can be used like single adjectives to describe nouns and pronouns. Phrases that are used in this way are called adjective phrases. Most adjective phrases come after the word they describe. Look at these examples. The adjective phrases are in bold and the nouns they describe are in color. Who is the girl with long hair?My friend lives in the house across the street. Mrs. Morris is tall and slim. This is the road to Toledo. The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine. Some adjective phrases come before the word they describe.


The adjective phrases are in bold and the nouns they describe are in color. Who is the girl with long hair?My friend lives in the house across the street. Mrs. Morris is tall and slim. This is the road to Toledo. The lady in the bookshop is a friend of mine. Some adjective phrases come before the word they describe. The words in these phrases are often joined with hyphens.a long-legged bird an eight-year-old childa well-dressed ladya ten-cent coina fun-loving teenagera twenty-story buildinguser-friendly equipmenta large-sized shirtExercise 5Read the following passage. Write the correct comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in parentheses in the blank spaces. The first one has been done for you. Paul likes playing football. He s a very good player, but his friend Sally is a good player. She s the good player in the whole school. She is fast and strong than all the boys, even the boys who are old and big than her. That s why Paul likes her. Paul thinks all games are exciting, but football is the exciting game and it s noisy than all the other games he plays with his friends. When the grass is wet, everyone gets dirty when they play football. But Sally gets dirty and wet than everyone else.better 42Adjectives: Adjective Phrases 4343to Tokyosmall and brownExercise 6Complete the following sentences. Write an adjective phrase that includes the preposition in parentheses. The first one has been done for you. 1. Is this the train to ? 2. They live in a big house near . 3. Emilly's desk is oppposite . 4. The bucket has a hole in . 5. Who is the man with ? Exercise 4Complete the following sentences. Write an adjective phrase, using the adjective in parentheses and another adjective linked with and or but. The first one has been done for you. 1. My dog is small . 2. His sister's hair is black . 3. Our teacher is oppposite . 4. Tomorrow's weather will be sunny . 5. The museum was quiet . 44 N o t e sn Some vowels have a consonant sound as well as vowel sound. Use the article a with nouns that begin with these vowels: Is there a university in your town?


The museum was quiet . 44 N o t e sn Some vowels have a consonant sound as well as vowel sound. Use the article a with nouns that begin with these vowels: Is there a university in your town? Does every child in the school wear a uniform? We are taking a European vacation this summer.n Some words begin with a silent h. Use an with nouns that begin with a silent h: We ve been waiting here for an hour. Meeting the president was an honor for all of us.4 Determiners appleumbrellaentranceislandanfoxpeachmuseumladypencila4 DeterminersDeterminers, or noun signals, are special adjectives used before nouns. There are different kinds of determiners. The ArticlesThe words a, an and the are called the articles. The words a and an are indefinite articles. They are used with singular nouns. Use a before nouns that begin with a consonant. Use an before nouns that begin with a vowel. John is reading a book. Would you like a peach?Is that a dog or a fox?You ll need a ruler and a pencil. Is there also an entrance at the back of the building?Have you ever seen an elephant?I always take an apple to school. Do you have an umbrella that I can borrow?Would you like to live on an island? 45 The word the is called the definite article. Use the before a noun when you are talking to someone who already knows which person or thing you mean. Dad is sitting in the garden. Who made the mess on the carpet?Turn the television off now. I ll wait for you in the car. The boys are upstairs and the girls are outside in the street. Using Nouns without Articles When you are talking about something in general, not a particular thing, use a noun without an article. You can also use plural nouns without an article. Frogs are my favorite animals. Children like playing games. Babies cry a lot. Glasses are things that you wear to correct your eyesight. Birds are animals that can fly. People enjoy watching television. Nouns that don't show quantity are normally used without a or an.


I ll wait for you in the car. The boys are upstairs and the girls are outside in the street. Using Nouns without Articles When you are talking about something in general, not a particular thing, use a noun without an article. You can also use plural nouns without an article. Frogs are my favorite animals. Children like playing games. Babies cry a lot. Glasses are things that you wear to correct your eyesight. Birds are animals that can fly. People enjoy watching television. Nouns that don't show quantity are normally used without a or an. The article the, however, may be used with nouns that don't show quantity. I like sunshine. I sometimes have fruit for breakfast. You ve got dirt on your face. A clock measures time. Put sugar in your tea to make it sweet. I need time to think of a new plan. Would you pass me the salt, please. Can I borrow the paint when you ve finished? N o t e sYou often use the singular nouns school, home, work, church without an article:We go to school by bus. Dad has already left home for work. They go to church on Sundays. Determiners: Using Nouns without Articles 46Demonstrative DeterminersThe words this, that, these and those are also special pronouns called determiners. They are used to point out which thing or person you mean. They are called demonstrative determiners. Use this and these to talk about things and people that are near you. Use this with singular nouns. Who lives in this house?This car belongs to my mom. Does this key fit the lock?This book is my favorite. Who gave you this money?This cheese tastes funny. Use that and those to talk about things that are farther away from you. Use that with singular nounsThis chair is mine and that chair is yours. That animal is making a funny noise. Would you pass me that book, please? Who is that man talking to Dad? How much is that dress? Use those with plural nounsI gave my sandwiches to those boys. Those children go to a different school. These shoes are mine and those shoes are yours. These apples look fresh but those apples look rotten. Those people are from Africa. Determiners: Demonstrative DeterminersUse these with plural nounsThese trousers are too short. I don t like these comics. These biscuits don t taste very good. I bought these apples for lunch. Is there an adult with these children?


These apples look fresh but those apples look rotten. Those people are from Africa. Determiners: Demonstrative DeterminersUse these with plural nounsThese trousers are too short. I don t like these comics. These biscuits don t taste very good. I bought these apples for lunch. Is there an adult with these children? 47Quantifying DeterminersWords such as many, much and several tell about quantity without giving an exact number. They are called quantifying determiners. Some quantifying determiners are used only with plural nouns. They are few, a few, fewer, many, several and both. Few people have been to the moon. We went to Europe many years ago. A few children are absent today. Several friends went with me. I have fewer CDs than you. Both brothers have dark hair. Some quantifying determiners can be used with plural nouns and nouns that show no exact number. They are all, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots of, more, most, other and plenty of. All children seem to like chocolate. We ve eaten all the food in the refrigerator. Half the balloons have burst already. Jenny spends half her time watching television. Some girls like to play football. Can I have some water?Do you have enough books to read?I don t have enough material to make a dress. A lot of people like burgers. There s a lot of fruit in the bowl. They went to a park with lots of animals in it. You will gain weight if you eat lots of ice cream. You ve got more brothers than I have. There s more space in my room than yours. Most teachers enjoy teaching. Most lemonade contains sugar. He likes playing with other children. They had never tasted other food. Plenty of my friends have seen the Harry Potter movies. Drink plenty of water every day. Determiners: Quantifying Determiners48 Some determiners can be used only with nouns of no exact number. They are little meaning not much , a little meaning some , much and less. We have little time to play. There s a little rice left. Does the teacher give you much homework?I ve got less ice cream than you. Some quantifying determiners can only be used with singular nouns. They are another, every and each. I need another pencil. He likes every child in the class. Each house is painted a different color. The quantifying determiners either and neither refer to two people or things. I don t like either drink. Neither sister has long hair.


Some quantifying determiners can only be used with singular nouns. They are another, every and each. I need another pencil. He likes every child in the class. Each house is painted a different color. The quantifying determiners either and neither refer to two people or things. I don t like either drink. Neither sister has long hair. Some quantifying determiners are used with singular, plural, or nouns of no exact quantity. They are any, no, no other and the other. Any dog will bite if it s afraid. Are there any good books in the library?There wasn t any space in the cupboard. No child likes getting hurt. There were no pencils in the drawer. We ve done no work today. There is no other way of solving the problem. She has no other friends. We have no other food in the refrigerator. Do you like this picture or the other picture?The other boys laughed at him. I like the other music better. Determiners: Quantifying Determiners49Interrogative DeterminersThe words what, which and whose are used before nouns to ask questions. Interrogative determiners appear just before nouns. What time is it?Which boy is your brother?Whose pen is this?Possessive DeterminersThe words my, your, his, her, its, our and their are used before nouns to show ownership. They are called possessive determiners. I gave my sandwich to John. Is this your desk?Alan crashed his bike into a wall. Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean. The dog was licking its paws. There s a snake in our garden. Susan and Peter have invited me to their party. This table will help you remember how to use possessive determiners.singular personal possessiveplural personal possessive pronoundeterminerpronoundeterminerI subject pronoun my we subject pronoun ourme object pronoun my us object pronoun ouryou subject object pronoun your you subject object pronoun yourhe subject pronoun his they subject pronoun theirhim object pronoun his them object pronoun theirshe subject pronoun herher object pronoun herit subject object pronoun its N o t e sThe possessive determiner your can be used when you are talking to one person or more than one person:I m very angry with you, John.


They are called possessive determiners. I gave my sandwich to John. Is this your desk?Alan crashed his bike into a wall. Mrs. Park keeps her house very clean. The dog was licking its paws. There s a snake in our garden. Susan and Peter have invited me to their party. This table will help you remember how to use possessive determiners.singular personal possessiveplural personal possessive pronoundeterminerpronoundeterminerI subject pronoun my we subject pronoun ourme object pronoun my us object pronoun ouryou subject object pronoun your you subject object pronoun yourhe subject pronoun his they subject pronoun theirhim object pronoun his them object pronoun theirshe subject pronoun herher object pronoun herit subject object pronoun its N o t e sThe possessive determiner your can be used when you are talking to one person or more than one person:I m very angry with you, John. Your behavior has been very bad today. Jake and Josh, your dinner is ready. Determiners: Interrogative Determiners; Possessive Determiners50NumbersNumbers are determiners, too. Numbers are often used before nouns to tell you exactly how many people or things there are. Our family has two dogs. There are twelve months in the year. We bought three pizzas. My grandfather lived for a hundred years. Using Determiners Together You can use quantifying determiners with each other and with numbers. Some people like winter but many more people prefer summer. There s a little less space in this cupboard than in that one. There are five fewer children in my class than in your class. Use of between a quantifying determiner and another kind of determiner. I don t like any of these drinks. Some of my friends don t like country music. Each of the boys answered the question correctly. I ve had enough of your bad behavior!Five of these girls are taller than any of the boys. The quantifying determiner all may be used with or without of. For example you can say:We ate all of the food in the fridge. OrWe ate all the food in the fridge. He spends all of his time playing or He spends all his time playing football. Football. She likes all of my friends. Or She likes all my friends. Determiners: Numbers; Using Determiners Together Read the following passage.


OrWe ate all the food in the fridge. He spends all of his time playing or He spends all his time playing football. Football. She likes all of my friends. Or She likes all my friends. Determiners: Numbers; Using Determiners Together Read the following passage. Write the correct article in each blank space. If no article is needed, leave the space blank. The first one has been done for you. John lives in apartment with his mom, dad and sister Katy. Apartment has three bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom and living room. John s mom works in office and his dad stays at home and looks after apartment. He spends much of his time in kitchen, preparing meals. John and Katy help their dad with housework. John likes using vacuum cleaner and Katy likes to sweep floor. Dad gives John and Katy money when they help him. They usually spend the money on computer games! Exercise 2 Notice the determiners in the following passage. What kind of determiners are they? Put a D in the box after a demonstrative determiner, a Q after a quantifying determiner, an I after an interrogative determiner, a P after a possessive determiner and an N after a number. Sally is my friend. We play together every day. I usually go to her house to play. Her parents are very nice, but she has two brothers who sometimes spoil our games. Last week, her brothers pulled my hair. Sally s mom was very angry with them. Stop behaving in that rough way! She shouted. I m glad I don t have any brothers. 51an525 Verbs and Tenses5 Verbs and TensesMost verbs describe actions, so they are called action verbs. Action verbs tell what people or things are doing. Here are some common action verbs.drink look jump swim fall eat shout walk throw climblaugh run sit catch dance Subject and Verb AgreementWhen you use a verb, you have to say who or what is doing the action. This who or what is the subject of the verb. The subject and the verb match each other. You say that the subject and the verb agree when they match each other. Use a singular verb if the subject is a singular noun. For example, the subjects my dad or our school , or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples.


For example, the subjects my dad or our school , or any of the pronouns he, she or it, require a singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s. Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color. He always drinks milk when he s hot. She eats bananas for breakfast. Mom walks to work every day. My sister dances like a professional dancer. The baby falls when she tries to walk. Our cat climbs the trees in our garden. This form of the verb is called the third person singular. You use it when the subject of the verb is not you or the person you are speaking to, but some other person a third person or a thing. Here are some more third person singular verbs that end in s.plays sings shines rides smilesdraws paints blows thinks stopsreads rains travels talks starts 53The third person singular form of some verbs is made by adding es at the end. Some examples are verbs that end in sh, ch, ss, x, zz and o. brushes watches kisses fixesrushes reaches misses mixespolishes teaches passes buzzes crashes catches presses does washes touches dresses goesHere are some sentences with verbs in their third person singular form. The subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color. She always brushes her teeth at bedtime. Dad polishes his shoes until they shine. My brother watches television after school. Kim catches the ball with one hand. Dad mixes flour and water when he makes bread. The bee buzzes around the flowers. My friend Sanjay goes to the same school as I do. How do you make the third person singular form of most verbs that end in y? Usually, you just change the y to an i and then add es. Carry carries hurry hurries copy copiescry cries fly flies marry marriesstudy studies worry worries bully bulliesA cat carries its kitten with its mouth. Mr. Chen hurries to work every morning. The baby cries a lot at night. This plane flies to the island every day. Alice tries hard at school. She copies all the questions in her notebook. Verbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 54Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add an s at the end of these words to make the third person singular form.buy buys say says pray prayspay pays annoy annoys stay staysMom buys bread at the supermarket. Mr.


Chen hurries to work every morning. The baby cries a lot at night. This plane flies to the island every day. Alice tries hard at school. She copies all the questions in her notebook. Verbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 54Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add an s at the end of these words to make the third person singular form.buy buys say says pray prayspay pays annoy annoys stay staysMom buys bread at the supermarket. Mr. Carter pays all his bills with a credit card. My friend says he has a salt-water aquarium. She annoys me with her silly jokes. Anna stays with her aunt on weekends. If the subject of a verb is a plural noun, such as Mom and Dad or our teachers , use a plural verb. Do not add s, es or ies to plural verbs. Plural verbs are also used with the pronouns I, we, you and they. Mom and Dad love us. My sisters listen to music a lot. The stars shine brightly on a clear night. Some people drink tea. I like juicy hamburgers. We learn interesting things at school. You all know the words to this song, children. They always walk home from school together. Suppose the subject of a noun refers to a group of people. Depending on the meaning of the sentence, you may use either a singular or a plural verb. The audience was enjoying the play. The audience have all gone home. The class has thirty students. The class are handing in their papers. The band is performing until midnight. The band were arguing among themselves. N o t e sWords that refer to groups of people or animals are called collective nouns. Here are some more examples:crowd committee herd crew litter flockVerbs and Tenses: Subject and Verb Agreement 55Transitive and Intransitive VerbsSome verbs have an object. The object of a verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb. Look at this sentence: Alice eats a banana for breakfast. The subject of the verb is Alice. She is the person who does the action: she eats. The object of the verb is a banana. A banana is affected by the action of the verb. So in this sentence, the object of the verb eat is a banana . Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs.


So in this sentence, the object of the verb eat is a banana . Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs. Here are some sentences with transitive verbs. The verbs are printed in bold and their objects are printed in color. John likes apples. Sam knows the answer to the question. My sister cooks all our meals. My brother rides his bike in the street. Dad buys tea at the market. Mom writes stories in her spare time. Some verbs don t have an object. A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb. Here are some sentences with intransitive verbs. In China, lots of people walk to work. The boys play in the yard after school. Mr. Carter always drives very carefully. Doris is a very successful businesswoman. Michael and I both entered the race. He won but I lost. Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Notice that the transitive meaning and the intransitive meaning are sometimes different.transitive verbsintransitive verbs The pilot flies the plane very well. Eagles fly high in the sky. The boys play football on weekends. The boys play in the yard on weekends. My mom runs her own company. My mom runs in the park for fun. We walk the dog every evening. We walk on the beach every evening. The verb is the action wordThe subjectdoes the actionThe object is affected by the action Verbs and Tenses: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Read the following sentences. Underline the verb in each sentence. 1. We live in an apartment on the boulevard. 2. Some children learn very fast. 3. We go for swimming lessons on Sunday. 4. I like my new bike. 5. Babies sometimes sleep during the day. 6. My dad buys a newspaper every morning. 7. These dolls belong to Kathleen. 8. I often walk to school with my dad. 9. My sister plays the piano very well. 10. Sarah sometimes reads in bed at night. Exercise 2Fill in the blank spaces with the third person singular form of the verbs in parentheses. Example: Ali look sad today. 1. Sumiko speak English very well. 2. Mr. Kim come to school on his motorbike. 3. My neighbor s dog bark very loudly. 4. My little brother always brush his teeth properly.


My neighbor s dog bark very loudly. 4. My little brother always brush his teeth properly. 5. Dad is so tall that his head almost touch the ceiling. 6. Our dog catch the ball in its teeth. 7. Mom mix vinegar and oil to make salad dressing. 8. Sally try not to disturb her brother when he s reading. 9. Dad buy his newspaper from the store on the corner. 10. Her music annoy me when I m doing my homework. 56looksintransitive transitive objectverbverbExercise 3Underline the verbs in the following sentences. Then show whether the verb is transitive or intransitive by putting a checkmark in the correct box. Remember that depending on the meaning, some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. For each of the transitive verbs you have marked, write the object of the verb on the lines. The first one is done for you. 1. My brother and I often play chess. 2. Mom and Dad work in the garden on weekends. 3. The library closes at 5 P.M. 4. Mr. Ross drives his car very carefully. 5. The cat jumped over the wall. 6. My sister likes her new jeans. 7. Grandad walks the dog every evening. 8. Will you come with me to the shop? 9. The boys are skating in the park. 10. Dad is making sandwiches. 11. The children went to bed. 12. We buy our food at the supermarket. 13. Sally found a good hiding place. 14. They are learning to speak English. 15. Anna was reading an interesting book. 16. On weekends, I usually go to the beach with Dad. 17. The cat is sleeping under the tree. 18. They pushed the cart into the shed. 58The Simple Present TenseVerbs have forms called tenses that tell you when the action happens. If the action happens regularly, sometimes or never, use the simple present tense. We always wash our hands before meals. Joe sometimes lends me his bike. Dad jogs in the park every day. We often go to the movies on Satrurday. Mr. Ross takes a train to work.


4. You on the basketball team, too? 5. Nobody in my class interested in football. 6. This computer more expensive than that one? 7. Sally my best friend. 8. Mom and Dad downstairs watching television. 9. Paul and Henry in the computer room. 10. The Eiffel Tower the tallest monument in Paris. Exercise 6Read the following passage. Fill in there s, there are, there isn t or there aren t in the blank spaces. I like playing in our park because some great things to play on. A big chute to slide on and a huge sandbox to play in. Also some swings. Dogs are not allowed in the park so no dogs to bother us. Also a lot of space for us to run around. It sometimes gets hot because many trees to give shade, but a fountain where we can drink water. It s the best place in the town for children. Another place as good as the park.61Rewrite the following sentences using contractions. The first one has already been done to help you. 1. It is another sunny day today. 2. This is my sister. She is five. 3. I am not very interested in sports. 4. She is not my best friend. You are my best friend. 5. Cats are not as noisy as dogs. 6. We are busy doing our homework. 7. She is busy cleaning the car in the garage. 8. Our teacher is not very tall. 9. My parents are not home from work yet. 10. My friend is not very good at math. It s another sunny day today.6263The Present Progressive TenseThe present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing. I am learning how to swim. I am eating my lunch. I am watching television. She is reading a book. Dad is baking a cake. My sister is listening to music. Uncle David is cleaning his car. The dog is barking in the garden. We are singing our favorite song. My brother and I are playing a computer game. The teachers are showing us a film. They are bringing a television set into the classroom. The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future. I am going to the library tomorrow.


It s another sunny day today.6263The Present Progressive TenseThe present progressive tense is used to talk about things that are continuing to happen. Make the present progressive tense by using am, is or are with a verb that ends in ing. I am learning how to swim. I am eating my lunch. I am watching television. She is reading a book. Dad is baking a cake. My sister is listening to music. Uncle David is cleaning his car. The dog is barking in the garden. We are singing our favorite song. My brother and I are playing a computer game. The teachers are showing us a film. They are bringing a television set into the classroom. The present progressive tense is also used to talk about things that are planned for the future. I am going to the library tomorrow. My sister is giving me her bike when she gets her new one. We can t go to the movies tomorrow because my mom is working. We are having a barbecue on Sunday. All my friends are coming to my party next week. We re taking my cousin to the zoo later today. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participle with am, is or are to make the present progressive tense.am watching present participle is listening present participle are playing present participle Verbs and Tenses: The Present Progressive Tense Fill in the blank spaces with the present progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses. Try to use contractions such as I m, she s and they re where you can. 1. We go to the zoo tomorrow. 2. He fix my bike in the garage. 3. I help Mom in the kitchen. 4. My sister and I watch television in our bedroom. 5. The train leave in ten minutes. 6. They come with us to the museum. 7. We paint some pictures for Aunt Susan. 8. The boys and girls dance in the hall. 9. The cat chase some birds. 10. My brother tickle me. Exercise 9Complete the following sentences with either 1 the simple present form of the verb, or 2 the present progressive form of the verb. 1. The teacher always give us interesting project work. 2. The wind blow very strongly today. 3. I like chocolate ice cream. 4. Be quiet!


I like chocolate ice cream. 4. Be quiet! We try to listen to the radio. 5. Let s go inside now. It begin to rain. 6. Penguins eat fish. 7. Dad never let us play in the street when it s dark. 8. The children go swimming every day. 9. We re trying to catch the ball that roll down the hill. 10. My teacher know a lot about plants and animals.6465The Simple Past Tense Use the simple past tense to talk about things that happened in the past. The simple past tense is usually made by adding ed to the verb. I opened the door and looked inside. The plane landed ten minutes ago. My cousin visited us last summer. We walked to school yesterday. She laughed when I told her the joke. If a verb ends in e, just add d to make the simple past tense. Who closed all the windows?We lived in that house when I was a baby. She smiled when she saw me. We raced each other on our bikes. If a verb ends in y, change the y to i before adding ed. I carried my mom s shopping bag. My brother cried when he fell off his bike. We hurried to the station to catch the train. Dad tried to help me with my homework. With some short verbs that end in a consonant, you must double the consonant before adding ed. I climbed over the fence and ripped my shirt. The stranger grabbed my arm. The dog wagged its tail when it saw the biscuits. He slammed the door and walked off angrily. Verbs and Tenses: The Simple Past Tense 66was and wereThe words was and were are the simple past forms of the verb be. N Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like my dad and the teacher , and with the pronouns he, she and it. N Were is the simple past form of are.


N Was is the simple past form of am and is. Use was with singular nouns like my dad and the teacher , and with the pronouns he, she and it. N Were is the simple past form of are. Use were with plural nouns like my parents and Jenny and Mary , and with the pronouns we, you and they. Ten years ago, I was only a baby. When I was younger, I played with teddy bears. My friend was ill yesterday. Mom was angry when she saw the broken vase. It was very wet on Monday. It was six o clock when we got home. We were away on vacation last month. John and I were in the garden. You were nasty to me!You and Sally were not at school yesterday. Dinosaurs were prehistoric animals. Those were my best jeans. Here is a table to help you remember how to use was and were.singularplural first personI waswe weresecond personyou wereyou werethird personhe wasthey wereshe wasthey wereit wasthey were N o t e sYou may use these contractions when you are combining was and were with not. Full formshort form I was notI wasn the was nothe wasn tshe was notshe wasn tit was notit wasn twe were notwe weren tyou were notyou weren tthey were notthey weren tVerbs and Tenses: was and were67Irregular Verbs Many common verbs have unusual present and past tense forms. These are called irregular verbs. Remember that the simple past tense of most verbs is made by adding ed at the end: look becomes looked. Notice that the simple past tense of these common irregular verbs is quite different. Irregular verbsimple past tenseirregular verbsimple past tensebreakbrokekeepkeptbringbroughtkneelkneltbuyboughtknowknewcatchcaughtleaveleftcomecameloselostdodidmeetmetfallfellringrangfeedfedrunranfeelfeltseesawflyflewsellsoldgetgotsleepsleptgowentspeakspokehavehadwritewrote The simple past tense of other irregular verbs does not change at all. Verbsimple past tenseexample costcostI bought a new CD. It cost twenty dollars. CutcutMy brother cut his finger this morning. HithitShe hit the ball into a neighbor s garden. HurthurtI hurt my leg when I jumped off the wall.


CutcutMy brother cut his finger this morning. HithitShe hit the ball into a neighbor s garden. HurthurtI hurt my leg when I jumped off the wall. LetletMom opened the door and let us in. PutputThe tea tasted horrible because I put too much sugar in it. ReadreadDad read us a story last night. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Verbs Write each past tense verb below under the correct heading.laughed lived smiled landed cried pinned hurried played hopped tried grabbed raced verb edverb ddouble the last letter ed change y to i and add ed Exercise 11Complete the sentences with the simple past tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The boys whisper secrets to each other. 2. Uncle Ben hurry to catch his bus. 3. We return our books to the library. 4. She kiss the frog and it change into a prince. 5. Someone tap me on the shoulder. 6. The baby cry when we took her toy away. 7. John pin the badge onto his jacket. 8. Two doctors rush into the room. 9. This is the house that we live in when I was younger.10. Grandad lower himself into the chair.68Write was or were in the blank spaces in the following passage. It a beautiful summer s day and there n t a cloud in the sky. Mom, Dad and I all in the garden. Dad in the vegetable garden planting some seeds and Mom and I busy with other jobs. The sun hot and soon I feeling very tired. Mom and Dad n t tired at all. They went on working for a long time. I glad when it time to go inside and have a drink. Exercise 13Draw a circle around the correct past tense verb in each sentence below. 1. I losed lost my watch in the park. 2. David hurt hurted his knee when he falled fell . 3. I kicked the ball hard and it breaked broke a window. 4. My new shoes cost costed a lot of money. 5. I getted got this book from the library. 6. We had a garage where we keeped kept our car. 7.


6. We had a garage where we keeped kept our car. 7. Ali shew showed me the cut on his knee. 8. The glass falled fell off the table and breaked broke . 9. We selled sold our old car and buyed bought a new one.10. The bell ringed rang and we all goed went into school. 11. The dog catched caught the ball in its mouth. 12. The man kneeled knelt down to talk to the little boy.13. I meeted met my friend in the park.14. Our cat runned ran onto the road in front of a car. 15. Jane writed wrote a letter to her best friend.6970The Past Progressive Tense Use the past progressive tense to talk about things that were happening in the past and had not stopped happening. They were continuing. To make the past progressive tense, use was or were and a verb that ends in ing. I was watching television. Ben was finishing his homework. She was putting her books into her schoolbag. Jenny and I were tidying the classroom. We were all dancing at the party. You weren t listening to the teacher. Some boys were looking out of the window. You can also use the past progressive tense to say what was happening when something else happened. Sam was doing his math homework when the phone rang. Dad was cooking our dinner when I got home. When I saw Joe, he was looking for his dog. We were all enjoying the movie when the power went out. What were they doing when the bell rang?Exercise 14Complete the sentences with the past progressive tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. At the block party lots of people dance in the street. 2. I sit in my bedroom reading a book. 3. Someone make a very loud noise in the street. 4. Why you all laugh when I came in? 5. Mike and John wash their paintbrushes. 6. Sally practice the piano. 7. I ran so fast that my heart beat really hard. 8. Our neighbors have a barbecue. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle.


8. Our neighbors have a barbecue. N o t e sThe ing form of a verb is called the present participle. You use the present participles with was or were to make the past progressive tense:was cleaning present participle were listening present participle 70 Verbs and Tenses: The Past Progressive Tense71have, has and had The verb have is used to say what people own or possess. N Use have with the pronouns I, we, you and they, and with plural nouns such as my parents and Tom and Susan . N Use has with the pronouns he, she and it, and with singular nouns such as my dad and the teacher .I have two brothers and one sister. Monkeys have long tails. My sister and I have a swing in our garden. John has a big brother. Sally has a pretty face. An elephant has a long trunk. It also has big ears. His brother has dark hair. Our apartment has big windows. Use have to talk about things that people do or get. I can t play football because I have a broken leg. We have art lessons on Mondays. You have a stain on your shirt. They have the desks nearest the teacher. Peter has a sore knee. You also use have to talk about things that people eat. We usually have lunch at school. Mom and Dad sometimes have their breakfast in bed. Jenny often has sandwiches for lunch. She sometimes has cola to drink. N o t e sThe words have and has are the simple present forms of the verb have. Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 72Here is a table to help you remember how to use have and has.singularplural first personI havewe havesecond personyou haveyou havethird personhe hasthey haveshe hasthey haveit hasthey have The simple past tense form of have and has is had. I had a big toy car when I was small. It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden. They had a wonderful holiday in Europe. Sally and I had chicken for dinner. The boys had a fight in the playground. Dad had a sore back yesterday. She had long hair when I saw her a year ago. Our cat had three kittens last week. Use had when you're talking about wishes.


Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 72Here is a table to help you remember how to use have and has.singularplural first personI havewe havesecond personyou haveyou havethird personhe hasthey haveshe hasthey haveit hasthey have The simple past tense form of have and has is had. I had a big toy car when I was small. It was sunny so we had lunch in the garden. They had a wonderful holiday in Europe. Sally and I had chicken for dinner. The boys had a fight in the playground. Dad had a sore back yesterday. She had long hair when I saw her a year ago. Our cat had three kittens last week. Use had when you're talking about wishes. I wish I had a new bike. Kathleen wishes she had a big sister. Dad wishes he had a bigger garage. The boys wish they had more space to play football in. You can make the negative with didn t have. I wish I didn t have so much homework. Jack wishes he didn t have a broken leg. Dad wishes he didn t have to work on weekends. Do you wish you didn t have English classes today?Verbs and Tenses: have, has and had 73The Present Perfect TenseThe present perfect tense shows action in the indefinite past. The present perfect tense is also used to show action begun in the past and continuing into the present. To make the present perfect tense, use have or has and a verb that ends in ed. We have lived in this house for five years. And we still live there Your plane has already landed. And it s still on the ground She has dirtied her new shoes. She made them dirty and they re still dirty The teacher has pinned a notice on the board. And the notice is still there You don t need your key. I ve already opened the door. And it s still open Irregular Past ParticiplesRemember that irregular verbs don t have a simple past form that ends in -ed. Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don t end in -ed.


I ve already opened the door. And it s still open Irregular Past ParticiplesRemember that irregular verbs don t have a simple past form that ends in -ed. Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don t end in -ed. The past participle of some verbs is the same as the simple past tense.irregular verb simple past tense past participle fightfoughtfoughthavehadhadloselostlostteachtaughttaughtwinwonwonVerbs and Tenses: The Present Perfect Tense; Irregular Past Participles N o t e sThe ed form of a verb is called the past participle when it is used with has or have to make the present perfect tense:have landed past participle has opened past participle 74 Here are more examples of irregular past participles.irregular simple past exampleverbpast tense participlekeepkeptkeptI have kept the letter you sent me. CatchcaughtcaughtThe police have caught the thieves. BringbroughtbroughtMaggie has brought her favorite CD to school. MakemademadeThe children have made a birthday card for their mom. SellsoldsoldThey ve sold their car and now they buyboughtboughthave bought motorcycles. Some common irregular verbs have a past participle that is different from the simple past tense.irregular simplepastexampleverbpast form participlebewasbeenAnna has been my best friend for years. BreakbrokebrokenI m sorry, I ve broken your pencil. DodiddoneJack has already done his homework. DrawdrewdrawnWe ve drawn a picture for you, Mom. DrinkdrankdrunkHave you drunk all your orange juice? EatateeatenSomeone has eaten all the chocolates. FallfellfallenOne of the pictures has fallen off the wall. GowentgoneI m sorry, but your train has already gone. KnowknewknownI ve known Michael for two years. SeesawseenKathleen has already seen that movie. SpeakspokespokenMiss Hill has spoken to the principal about the problem. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past Participles75 Some irregular verbs have a past participle that does not change at all.irregular pastexampleverbparticiplecutcutI ve cut my finger and it s bleeding badly. HithitThe children next door have hit their ball into the busy street.


SpeakspokespokenMiss Hill has spoken to the principal about the problem. Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past Participles75 Some irregular verbs have a past participle that does not change at all.irregular pastexampleverbparticiplecutcutI ve cut my finger and it s bleeding badly. HithitThe children next door have hit their ball into the busy street. CostcostThis vacation has cost us hundreds of dollars already. ReadreadDad hasn t read my school report yet. HurthurtCan Anna sit down? She s hurt her leg. PutputHave you put any sugar in my tea? Exercise 15Complete the following sentences with has or have. 1. My dog a long shiny coat. 2. Our teacher a very kind face. 3. You a lot of homework to do. 4. Sam and I desks near the front of the class. 5. Paul two brothers and a sister. 6. My friend Andy a big house. 7. Mice long tails. 8. Most dogs sharp teeth. 9. I more toys than my friend .10. These flowers a strange smell.75 Verbs and Tenses: Irregular Past ParticiplesComplete the sentence with the present perfect tense of the verbs in parentheses. 1. The children make the house very messy. 2. I see that actor in several movies. 3. The boys drink all the soda in the refrigerator. 4. Our dog hurt its leg. 5. One of the workmen fall off his ladder. 6. She s sad because her friends go to the park without her. 7. Dad have a shower already. 8. I ve been shouting so much that I lose my voice. 9. My sister s boyfriend buy her a diamond ring. 10. Alan do this jigsaw puzzle so many times that he could do it with his eyes shut. Exercise 17Draw a circle around the correct past participle in each sentence below. 1. Your child has broke broken my window! 2. Have you eaten ate all your dinner? 3. I have known knew Sally since we were in kindergarden. 4. Michael has drew drawn a picture for his grandad. 5. The new girl seems nice, but I haven t spoke spoken to her yet. 6.


5. The new girl seems nice, but I haven t spoke spoken to her yet. 6. We ve drank drunk all the milk. 7. The ball has went gone over the garden fence. 8. Has Tom did done all his homework? 9. You have been was late for school every day this week.10. Help! I ve fell fallen down a hole!7677The Future Tense To show future action use the verbs shall and will with another verb that describes the action. N You can use either shall or will with the pronouns I and we. N Use will with the pronouns you, he, she, it and they. N Will is also used with singular nouns like my dad and with plural nouns like all the boys in my class .I shall do my homework after dinner. I will miss you when you leave. We shall take the dog for a walk later. We will visit Grandma this weekend. He will be home later. She will help us cook the food for the party. It will soon be dark outside. I think it will be sunny tomorrow. I expect they will give you a present. Mom will be very pleased with you. Your plant will die without water. The school will soon need a lot of repairs. John and I shall be glad when the exams are over. Bill and Kim will be late for school if they don t hurry. To make the negative form, use will and shall with not. The contraction for will not is won t.I will not help you unless you help me first. It won t be very sunny again until next summer. You won t like this food. It s horrible!We shall not go to the party without you. N o t e sYou can shorten shall and will as ll when you use these words with pronouns:full formcontraction I shall, I willI llwe shall, we willwe llyou willyou llhe willhe llshe willshe llit willit llthey willthey ll Verbs and Tenses: The Future Tense 78To talk about facts in the future or plans that will not change, use the simple present tense. Tomorrow is Sunday. Summer vacation ends on Friday. The new library opens next week. We fly to Paris on Wednesday. You can also talk about plans for the future and other future happenings by using be going to and another verb.