Pigs wallow when it is hot due to absence of sweat glands. They breathe fast when it is hot. They have bristles instead of hair. BreedsLarge WhiteOrigin: Britain Kept for bacon and pork production. Long, large and white in colour. Ears straight and erect. Has dished face and snout. Most prolific and with good mothering ability. Fairly hardy. LandraceOrigin: DenmarkWhite and longer than large white. Ears drooping. Good for bacon production. Very prolific with good mothering ability. Requires high level of management. Wessex SaddleBack Origin: EnglandColour: Black with white forelegs and shoulders. Straight snout and drooping ears. Good for bacon and pork. Good for keeping outdoors. Excellent mothering instincts. Other pig breeds include:Berkshire,Middle-whiteDuroc Jersey pig. Pigs can be crossed to obtain hybrids or crosses. Advantages of CrossesIncreased litter size. Early maturing. Increase in body length. High proportion of lean meat to fat. Poultry BreedsThere are three types of chicken breeds:The light breeds kept for egg production. The heavy breeds kept for meat production. Dual purpose breeds - kept for both eggs and meat production. Characteristics of Light BreedsNever go broody hence poor sitters. Excellent layers over 220 eggs per year . Poor meat producers hens can attain 2kg; cocks 3kgs Very nervous and exhibit high degree of cannibalism. Hen's comb is large and bent over one eye and cock's comb is large with 5 - 6 serrations. Examples:Leghorns,Anconas,Silkies,Minorcas. Characteristics of Heavy BreedsCan lay few eggs and provide good meat as broilers. Can go broody. Heavier and bigger in size. Grow fast. Examples:Light Sussex,Cornish DarkWhite. Characteristics of Dual-Purpose BreedsGo broody. Have good meat. Disease resistant do not require high standard of management . Rarely exhibit cannibalism. Examples: Rhode Island Red. HybridsThese are developed by crossing two different breeds. They are superior in performance. Can attain 2kg in 56 days for broilers and layover 200 eggs per year for layers. Examples:Shavers,ThombersIsabrown.


It attempts to explain how man can best use the limited resources to produce goods and services which satisfies his needs with minimum wastage or loss of these resourcesExample;food,clothingshelterAgricultural economics is therefore defined as a science that aims at maximizing output while minimizing costs by combining the limited supplies of goods and services for use by the society over a certain period of time. These are;land,capital,labourmanagementBasic economic PrinciplesScarcityEconomic scarcity means resources are limited in supply relative to demand. This principle implies that there is no time that man can have enough resources to satisfy all his need or desiresChoice PreferenceHuman wants are many and varied and means of satisfying them are limited. Therefore, man has to make a choice among the alternatives in order to use the resources available. Man does this by satisfying the most pressing needs first. This is called scale of preference. Opportunity CostOpportunity cost is the revenue forgone from the best alternative. It exists only where there are alternatives. Where there are no alternatives the opportunity cost is equal to zero. Opportunity cost helps in decision making. Farm RecordsFarm records are documents kept in the farmThey show farm activities carried out over a long period of timeOr information kept in the farm in written form, about the farm and all activities in it. Uses of Farm RecordsShow the history of the farmShow whether the farm is making a profit or loss. Show all the assets and liabilities of the farm which can be used to value the farm. Help in supporting insurance claims on death, theft, fire or loss of farm assets. Help in tax assessment to avoid over taxation. Used as a guide in planning and budgeting. Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm. Make it easy to share profits or losses in partnerships. Help in settling disputes among heirs to estate if the farmer dies without a will. Provide labour information on terminal benefits for a worker. Type of Farm RecordsProduction Records - Show the total yield and yield per unit of each enterprise. Inventory Records - A record of all permanent and consumable goods in the farm. Consumable Goods InventoryField Operation Records - Show in details all field practices carried out together with the input used for all the crop enterprises. Breeding Records Show all the breeding activities in the farm. From these records it is possible to select the prolific animals and cull the infertile ones.


Consumable Goods InventoryField Operation Records - Show in details all field practices carried out together with the input used for all the crop enterprises. Breeding Records Show all the breeding activities in the farm. From these records it is possible to select the prolific animals and cull the infertile ones. Feeding Records A record of the types of feeds used in the farm and their quantities. Health Records Indicates the health conditions of the animals in the farm. From these records it is possible to:Select and cull animals on health grounds. EncyclopediaThe Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.


GUIDE TO THE MEMORIES WE LOSTANDOTHER STORIES. TABLE OF CONTENTIntroduction pageAuthorsCopyrightTable of contentMemories we lost. ............................................ 1How much land does mannee.........................8Light.................................................................13My Fathers Head. The Umbrella Man............................................24The President...................................................31Window SeatAlmost Home...................................................... 45The Folded Leaf...................................................55Hitting BudapestMissing Out.........................................................68No need to LieThe Handsomest Drowned Man In the world. Stones Bounce On WaterSAMPLE ANSWERED QUESTIONS.................................961. MEMORIES WE LOSTBy Lidudumalingani MqombofhiAbout the AuthorThe author Lidudumalingani was born in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in a village called Zikhovane. Lidudumalingani is a writer, filmmaker and a photographer. He grew up herding cattle and moulding goats from clay and later grew fond of words and images. He writes about music, art, culture and films for the Mail, Guardian and Africa is my country. He has published in literature journals Chimurenga chronic and pufrock and the second short, sharp story collection Adults only. He currently lives in Cape TownThe TitleMemories we lost is a biography. The life of a sister seen by a younger sister. The story is about mental illnessghigpphrenig and its effect. It is first described as this thing that takes the narrator's younger sister. Over time it robs the sister of the ability to speak and remember hence the title Memories we lost. The title is a reflection of loss and regret. The settingThe story is set in South Africa, indeed the author Lidudumalingani is a South African. A number of South African indigenous words are used in the story. The plotThe story Memories we lost is about challenges brought by mental illness to the victim and those around them. The mental illness is schizophrenia. It is a mental disorderCharacterized by many symptoms. It causes a breakdown in the relationship between thoughts, feelings and actions. There are many causes Of the disease and hereditary is one of them. It's No wonder the disease runs in the narrator's family. The narrator's father was a scherophrene. Events and actions in the story rotate around a sick sister.


It's No wonder the disease runs in the narrator's family. The narrator's father was a scherophrene. Events and actions in the story rotate around a sick sister. The sickness is terrifying and attacks without warning. The narrator tells us that after the attack is over she would mumble c prayer and would embrace the sister for a long time. This suggests . The reader that the illness is horrific and painful. In one of these attacks the sick sister screams and disappears intr, the night. All men and boys go out in search of her The men Or boys disoriented and peered shuffled in the dark and split into smc groups as instructed by a man " Pg 1 0. Hours later they return bu without the sister. It is the mother who returns the following dot carrying the daughter. In a different episode as the narrator is telling her sister a story, she is seized by an attack and knocks her head on the wall so much one so hard that she bleed profusely. An effort to shield her from doing this fails because of the abnormal strength that the sister has during an attack. The episode is so memorable to the mind of the narrator and says, "The smell of blood lingered after many sunsets had come; even after the rain had come " Pg 1 2. The disease makes the sister violent and destructive. This is evident ir a case where she flung a desk across a room smashing the glass window. In yet another moment of attack the ill sister pours hot porridge on the sister's chest causing her a lot of pain and harm. It is due to the disease that the narrator's sister drops out of school and cannot continue with her schooling 'This thing, this thing that took over her followed her to school and had to drop out ' This makes the narrator who loves the sister so much to absent himself from school. Eventually suffering the same fate The narrator spends much time with the sister playing e g drawing sketches. It is while narrator is in school that she learns about schizophrenia. She comes to understand that it is what the sister was suffering from. She further learns that there is not medication for the disease and has no cure. The medicine she was taking was of no help. The sisters secretly decide not to take the medicine anymore "The first thing my sister and I got rid of was her arsenal of medicaitrion " Pg 1 3,Henceforth they buried all the herbs and the narrator demonstrated to the sister how to fake taking medication drinks.


She further learns that there is not medication for the disease and has no cure. The medicine she was taking was of no help. The sisters secretly decide not to take the medicine anymore "The first thing my sister and I got rid of was her arsenal of medicaitrion " Pg 1 3,Henceforth they buried all the herbs and the narrator demonstrated to the sister how to fake taking medication drinks. Like any good mother, the mother has made many attempts to have the girl cured. She has used herbs, modern medication, prayers and even consulted. The younger sister tries as much as possible to bring the sister to be her old self. In one such episode the sisters are playing in the rain. They are happy and the disease appears to have 'left' the sister " We jumped in the rain in that moment, my sister returned; she smiled and laughed. That day we began to form new childhood memories, filling the void left by one that had been wiped out " Pg 1 4The mother sees them in this state and she imagines that the disease was going to come again. She organizes for another ritual to cure the daughter. This time round she organizes for a Nkunzi witchdoctor from another village famous for baking people on a fire from cow dung and wood. The narrator is aware that effects of ritual is unknown as dangerous ritual and says "l had not heard anyone who had survived either "She could not allow this to happen to the sister. The both ran away to the unknown place. Just like the father before them the two sisters are escaping from their village and the people. The want to put enough distance between themselves and the home memories and secrets that stamp them as belonging to a family known for mental illness. But at the end hope is on sight, for after walking the whole night they reached a town and a hospital in sight. They knowingly fifteen each other grip. CHARACTERIZATIONTHE NARRATORShe is a sister to the mentally ill sister. The narrator and the sister have no names because they symbolize or represent others like them who love and live with mentally ill relatives. The narrator is loving or affectionate. She loves the mentally ill sister despite her state. This is unlike many families where the mentally ill have no one to take care of them.


The narrator is loving or affectionate. She loves the mentally ill sister despite her state. This is unlike many families where the mentally ill have no one to take care of them. When the sister 'comes out' of an attack she is always there for her "The embraces I remember, were always tight and long as if she hoped the moment would last forever " There seem to be a very strong bond of love between the two sisters. The sibling's relation is loving and cordial. They even discuss their physical growth including the emergence of the sister's growth. The narrator is curious inquisitive when she hears the mother and the uncle discussing the sister's illness in the morning she crouches near them to hear what they are saying. She is quite protective and protects the sister from the wrath ofNkunzi a sangoma who 'bakes' patients with mental illness. They run away to another village. The narrator emphasizes with the sister. When called by an old aunt from the house, the narrator says, "we hugged tightly, my sister and I wiped each other's tears " She is inseparable from her sister, "the only way to have me turn away from her would be to cut us apart "The narrator is courageous because she walks throughout the night with the sister alone in the villages as they are fleeing even with the dogs barking. She is religious and prayful. When the sister came out of an attack from mental attack she says "I stretched my arms out in all directions, mumbled two short prayers "THE SICK SISTERMost of the things we know about her are told by the sister. She is mentally ill and because of this she is violent. She hauls a desk breaking the window in a class. She also violently harms herself by hitting her head against tree trump until she bleed. She pours hot porridge on her sister. But she also loves and her relation to the sister is cordial and loving. She is also secretive and emotional because she cries the whole night of the ritual but does not want the brother to know "...and she sunk her teeth in the pillow so that she would not cry. THE MOTHER She is determined. Her determination to have the daughter healedj of the mental illness is admirable. She tries all forms of reme including prayers, herbs, witchdoctors etc. We also see this determination when the daughter has a seize illness and runs away at night. All the men and boys return wi the girl hopeless.


He is all knowing and reveals to the readers the thoughts, motives and intentions of different characters. He gets into the mind of characters and reveals to us their intentions. ImageryThe author has used a number of metaphors and similes to develop aesthetic and fantastical descriptions that can be quite memorable. Among them, include:"would shrivel like a parched plant""he massages the cream into her scalp like lotion""feathery clumps that swirl into the drain like fuzzy fish""an elephant of mistrust and awkwardness""she strings his virtues out like Christmas lights"1. HumourThe quality of being amusing or comic, especially as expressed in, literature or speech. The author uses humour to ease the rather sad mood prevailing in theStory. She uses humorous expression as though saying, this is so funny but take it with a lot of seriousness. For instance:"Buki, I love you. I will give you many sons" p 29 "It happens two or more times before the girl learns to paw notes better"We expect the girl to Stop writing love letters after -be reprimands her but she only learns how to pgss them segre4'CHARACTERISATIONEnebeliHe appears to be comical. However, he is concerned, remorseful and Loving. He loves his daughter to an extent that he still cooks for her even when she is fourteen. He takes her to the salon for her hair to be relaxed P.29 He is also depicted as being a true Domineering man. When his wife wants to go with the daughter, he refuses the idea and stands firm on the decision. Enebeli's wifeShe is depicted as being a caring and a loving mother, She is indeed helpful, supportive and a concerned lady, who cares for her daughter and although she is away tries to bring her up in the right way p 32 ACTIVITY1. Discuss the character traits of the following charactersEnebeli 1 Enebeli's wife 1 Enebeli's daughter. 2. Discuss the theme of Emancipation as brought out in this short story. 3. What are the effects of distance relationship to good parenting4. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad. 5. Our parents get a lot of challenges when it comes to balancing career and parental responsibility. It is like serving two masters at a go.


5. Our parents get a lot of challenges when it comes to balancing career and parental responsibility. It is like serving two masters at a go. Discuss some of these challenges. 4. My Father's Head ,By: Okwiri OduorBACKGROUNDOkwiri Oduor, the author of My Father's Head, was born in NairobiKenya. She has won a number of prizes among them the 2014prize. She has also written a novella, The Dream Chasers, which highly commended in the 201 2 Commonwealth Book Prize. Speaking about herself Okwiri Oduor says, "l am an African writer and so what next? I am interested in fullness of the human experience like creating characters that are dynamic, that are real people, which have strengths. My Father's Head was published during post-colonial Kenya. During this period, Kenya, like any other African continent, is struggling with post-colonial evils ranging from poor governance to corruption to poverty. Themes of violence, religion, death, memory and heritage have prevailed in this prizewinning short story. The mention of the1998 bomb blast on the Kenyan embassy is a proof of violence against human race in post-colonial Africa. This short story presents a recollection of painful and repressed memory. The members of the said society are relinquishing in abject poverty and the old have no willing family members to take care of. They live in a home for the old people. SYNOPSISThis story starts interestingly as a simple story but later proceeds in complexity as the narrator tries to recall her father. Seemingly, the narrator cannot remember the head of her father. The narrat0 'Simbi, works in old peoples' home. She starts to think about her father when the one Father Ignatius visits the home. His coming reminds her so much of her father, but never the head. The figure of the priest acts as a trigger that prompts the narrator's journey to search for herDue to loneliness, Simbi, the narrator, has distorted images of the people she has encountered. She has been away from home for a long time and silently mourns the death of her father. It is for this reason therefore that the people she relates with are presented a faceless and to an extent nameless. As readers, it is only by description that we get to know them. Thus vivid description, as a literary technique comes in handy.


Her -naivety and easy going disposition increases the entertainment and aesthetic value of this masterpiece. TRAITSGenerouslwelcoming: she welcomes her father to her house and you have offered me makes her some tea. Her father says, tea "Nostalgic: she misses all the moments she shared with her father during her childhood and tries to bring them back. However, she hos lost all the memories and even when she tries to draw her father on paper she can only remember his clothes and not his head. She says, "His head refuses to appear on the paper "Nciive: She thinks her father has shapes- circles, triangles anc squares on his eyes. She does not realise that those are reflections. She actually says, "l had wondered how those shape had got inside my father's eye 'Mournful: Throughout the short story, Simbi mourns the death of father ond spends time trying to ecall what hisb BwiboFriendly: Of all the workers around the old peoples' home, the narrator formed an easy camaraderie with her. Convincing: She convinces Simbi that she cannot remember her father's head because he was a good man and according to her, "good men never show you their heads; they show you their faces "Sympathetic: She feels for the narrator because she cannot remember her father. She tries to console her for the lost memories of her father by telling her that it was all because her father was a good man. Pessimistic: she does not believe that the narrator will receive a warm welcome when he goes back to her home. She tells her to anticipate a negative welcome from her people when she visits. A The narrator's fatherHe is a loving and a caring man. He loved her daughter and both shared beautiful moments. He could make visits to her house once she requested so. Chauvinistic: He shows dominance of the male gender over the female gender when he tells his daughter to untie his shoelaces. Selfless: He would live his duties unattended to help a fixed neighbour. Sometimes could hear a neighbour saying, "Johnson, there is no time to put on clothes; iust come the way you are "RoleThe narrative gains its momentum through him. He is the vehicle of communication and the mirror that reflects the world of reality as depicted by Okwiri Oduor.


Selfless: He would live his duties unattended to help a fixed neighbour. Sometimes could hear a neighbour saying, "Johnson, there is no time to put on clothes; iust come the way you are "RoleThe narrative gains its momentum through him. He is the vehicle of communication and the mirror that reflects the world of reality as depicted by Okwiri Oduor. The narrations aesthetic beauty is seen through his bildungsroman and his daughters too. IFURTHER ACTIVITY1. What kind of a person do you think the narrator's father. Discuss. 2. The narrator says love is not for the old. Do you agree with he, point of view about love? Explain3. Discuss the following themes as brought out in this short story;Moral decadencePovertyMemory and Heritage4. In note form, highlight the challenges people face when the, return home. 5. Write notes on the character traits of:Simbi, The NarratorFather Ignatius! Bwibo. 6. Identify the cases of hyperbole and explain them and thei effect to the masterpiece. 5. THE UMBRELLA MANBY SIPPHAR THAGIGOOSiddhartha Gigoo is an Indian author and film-maker. He studieEnglish Literature at the Jawaharlal Nehru University, in New DelhiIndia. His short story 'The Umbrella Man' is the Asia'winner of thCommonwealth Short Story prize of 201 5. He has books of fictions under his name: These are, The Garden oi solitude 201 1 andA fistful of Earth and Other Stories 2015 .Furthermore he has book of poems entitled "falland other poems" and "Reflections "SETTINGThe story happens in an asylum for mentally challenged persons. Thi is a hospital for the confinement of people who have a menta breakdown and thus they have to be kept in isolation, in solitary sod that they are treated and to improve on their health condition 0k;is a member of this asylum facility. ". The Umbrella Man" is about an inmate, Number 7, living in a mental asylum. All he possesses is an umbrella with yellow-and-Red stripes. Number 7 suffers from unknown psychosis. He yearns for rain. During evenings, he strolls in the asylum compound, carrying along theYellow-and Red striped umbrella hoping to experiencing rainfall.


Furthermore, many families are taken in atToronto Canada by Kadi and Abou Nabe to escape the violence inSierra Leone. The violence caused by the rebels leads to a lot of suffering to the people. Some are left handicapped and cannot fend for themselves; others are forced to relocate from their homes, while it also leads to poor living conditions like in the amputees' camp and also begging on the streets. EDUCATIONMariatu Kamara, together with young Asian women, grandmothers from the Middle East and men from Southern Africa are enrolled in an English as a second Language course where they learn the language. She graduates with a diploma. Later she is enrolled to a high school. She finds it difficult but with her endurance she manages to attain Cs. She gets a laptop to use to aid in her studies. Kamara hopes to better her life through education such that she able to support her family back at home. Kamara is raped by Salieu who leaves her pregnant and threatensRebels have no regard for human life as they kill people and maim others mercilessly. There is a camp for amputees in Freetown. Children are made soldiers and be involved in such barbaric activities as killing and torture which is not appropriate to their development. SUFFERINGMost people in Manarma are attacked by rebels and are while others are amputated. Kamara is amputated, Adam z taken away. In addition Ibrahim and Mohamed are capture d, tied. The displaced and amputated people are forced to pathetic conditions such as what is witnessed in amputees'which is full of filthy litter and full of dirty bodies. They are force t s:beg on the streets to get what to eat. War has taken toll on innocent, children and women. IMPACT OF WAR ON CIVILIANSThe hatred and animosity among citizens leads to unrests violence. This leads to suffering of people. Violence facilita, ? Deaths of people, Injuries and torture such as cutting of people:hands Kamara displacement of people from their homes suchMarie and Alie, Kamara and more families that end up in CanadtMore there is it facilitates poor living conditions like the filth, amputees camp in Freetown. CHILDREN IN WARMost children suffer during war.


Violence facilita, ? Deaths of people, Injuries and torture such as cutting of people:hands Kamara displacement of people from their homes suchMarie and Alie, Kamara and more families that end up in CanadtMore there is it facilitates poor living conditions like the filth, amputees camp in Freetown. CHILDREN IN WARMost children suffer during war. Some are made children soldier:like those who capture Kamara are her age mates while other:endure atrocities; Kamara as a child has her hands cut off. AdamsabIbrahim and Mohamed are captured by rebels which in itself i:torturous. THE POWER OF HUMAN SPIRIT RESILIENCEThe human spirit is undying, enduring and resilient. Despite atrocitie that Kamara undergoes, she doesn't lose the zeal to live on. She ho:an indomitable spirit to overcome adversity. When Kamara regain:consciousness after her hands are chopped off, she picks herself upThe amputees in the camp do not have hands but still they are able to feed and wash themselves. Kamara learns to cook, tie shoe laces, up zips and even goes to school to learn to better her life despite theWell wishers cannot sit and watch human rather help to take in victims of such violereag acquire educations. Humans have the inner strength to push onCHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONMariatu Kamara Narrator Ndjve: She does not understand what Salieu has done to her after he forcefully has intercourse with her. She blatantly that she only knows that only women get babies but not girls. More she doesn't know that pregnancy is as a result of sexualResilient enduring: Rebels cut off her hands, but this does not deter her from going on with life. She doesn't lose the zeal to live on. She has an indomitable spirit to overcome adversity; she picks herself up and ensures she moves to safety. Kamara learns to cook, tie shoe laces, do up zips and even goes to school to learn to better her life despite the lack of limps. She learnsEnglish Language as a second language and graduates with a diploma. Thoughtful: She minds about the welfare of her family back at home and wants to study and be in a position to assist them.


I remember asking myself, "What is c I president"...'Inhumane: They kill people during their attack on Manarma village I they torture their victims by cutting off their hands anc 1taunting them. One child soldier tell Kamara... We are net I going to kill you go to the, president as the president to give you new hands. LANGUAGE USE STYLENarrative TechniqueThis story is told from a first person point of view by Mariatu Kamarc who narrates to us her ordeal in the hands of her captors in the war torn village of Manarma and her escape to Freetown ana eventually her life in Toronto Canada. FlashbackKamara recounts her ordeal in the hands of Salieu who fchimself on her leaving her pregnant. She also recalls her stayMarie, her father's sister and Marie's husband Alie in Magb village. Vivid DescriptionThe amputees camp is described as '... was a size of a foot field, was filthy wit litter, the smell of rubbish, dirty bodies, bring out the pathetic conditions that the people in the camps wr living In. The laptop she Is bought for is described by the narrator as '... computer was special with a mouse shaped like a big ball so that I car easily manoeuvre it the key board was Loam Dialogue ra converses with the rebels who want her to ch Karr 10 h ent before leaving punis m 'You must choose a punishment before you leave, " he said ke what?". I mumbled: Li Which hand do you want to lose first?". He asked. This dialogue brings out the cruel nature of the rebels. There is dialogue with the female doctor, "...you are pregnant "You 0 e going to have a baby " k " , :But there must be a mista e, I said "Only women hove babies, not girls " This points out how nave Kamara is. Sarcasm Mariatu is informed by the child soldiers that her hands are to be chopped off so that she would not vote for the president, then they sarcastically refer her to go to the president who should provide her with new hands. We are not going to kill you. We want you to go to the president and show him what we did to you. Ask the president to give you new hands " REVISION QUESTIONS 1. Political instability and violence breeds misery. Discuss 2.


Ask the president to give you new hands " REVISION QUESTIONS 1. Political instability and violence breeds misery. Discuss 2. A friend in need is a friend in deed. Discuss this statement in light of the story "The president" by Mariatu Kamara 3. Tribal conflicts and hatred have far reaching consequences the society way effects that conflicts have on the s share in the 4. The less privileged in Discuss al 5. Describe the devastating misfortunes of the mighty in society innocent, children and women irit 6. No power is stronger than human sp 7 Window Seat By Benjamin Branoff Bseniamin Bronoff is a Tanzanian writer. His short story, Wind?vi Sent, is featured in the third volume of Tell me, My Friends, which univects stories and plays written by students and staff a h ers'tY of Dar es Salaam. SETTINGThe narrator, a foreigner, is in a public transport daladala in Dar es Salaam, moving from Miimani via goes to Posta down town. This story tells a humorous story of a young man, a boards a daladala from Mlimani via Mwenge to the town. The foreigner meets many people who squeeze the small van, including a beautiful Tanzanian girl who behinds of the foreigner. The mzungu is seated next to a window, in a daladala travei'ng to down town. The minivan is meant to carry about ten people but 24 people are squeezed in it. The road they are on is in a deplorable condition, full of poth m dust which fills the van. The narrator expresses how he desires to be with Monique, French girl he has met in college and she also stays across courtyard in downtown. He changes vehicles from the minivan to a bus to head to PostoTown. The bus is also overloaded and overcrowded like was. Among the passengers there is a young lady, probably some age as the narrator. She is quiet beautiful and because of narrator's lustful nature, he forgets about desires the Kanga lady. The bus is stopped by a police officer who allows go after taking a bribe he wastes a lot of time foe attendants to whom time is moriey. The vehicle picks up another passenger, a who ho. To sit. Mzungu offers his seat to the woman ho on the insistence of M,zungu she takes the seat.


The vehicle picks up another passenger, a who ho. To sit. Mzungu offers his seat to the woman ho on the insistence of M,zungu she takes the seat. Stands throughout the req of the iourrzy,There is a lot of squeezing and holding on one another the passengers. The vehicle stops at points to drop and pick more passengers. In an instance, when the vehicle stops, Kanga, a passenger holds on the waist of Mzungu, Mzungu is. Carried away by the feeling he gets from Kanga holding him on the waist. He feels Kanga's other hand slowly slipping off hisAfterwards when the vehicle stops, Kanga alights in dismay ofMzungu who thinks of having her give him the world's biggest secret. She waves to him and leaves mzungu in a blissful existence. Mzungu drifts to his world of love, a world of fantasy. He dozes off only to be awakened when all passengers have alighted. Mzungu is to pay his fare only to realize his wallet is missing, it has been stolen. THEMES:J. UWLESSNESSON THE ROADS. Vehicles should always follow traffic laws on the roads for safety. In his story however, law and order is not followed as it should be. To start with, the public transport vehicles are so much overloaded. Passengers are literally packed. Conductors carry excess passengers as the narrator says a mini-van meant to carry ten passengers now carries twenty five of them. It even becomes worse when it comes to rush hour where they carry twenty eight with others drivers also bribe the traffic policemen in order to get away with crime. Even when things seem to be okay with the vehicle thePOIicemen solicit for bribes to an extent of removing the car keys fie ignition. The bribe here is a very powerful voice that the ponce use to silence the adamant drivers. Passengers suffer on roods, The no to commit to o Iono rood becouso of they don't veem to core or they ore used to it. Tip loudly when the policemen toke bribes but, "ep tt even because of overloading thol mokos it to rob rhe narrator. 2. POVERTY. Poverty is Olso portrayed in this Story. The people ot the bus said to be in sandals and others barefoot. This means afford better shoes.


Poverty is Olso portrayed in this Story. The people ot the bus said to be in sandals and others barefoot. This means afford better shoes. The passengers could be suffering he overloaded dalodalos because of poverty. This is bee-cuz pay less money for fare. The narrator describes Kanga that she hos a trim figure cowed by a lifetime of hard work and deprivation of luxurie. That she cannot afford luxuries. We also think that "hot her to steal from the narrator is poverty. The aggressiveness of touts in town is also a sign of poverty. This P. society where one must struggle to make ends meet. That'l why t'"scream and shout and also convince people to take their daladalc: -2. Coem"nomCorruptii is also evident in this Story especially on the roads pocmerc were wpposed to guarantee zafety on the ond collude driver, in order to escape facing 10... seem to have token bribes as their bea"se even if the vehicle has everything right force by toking keys from ignitim. 4. RELATIONSHIPS. The narrator enters into a relationship with Monique the French girl in campus. He says that he gave her an unordinary smile and she returned it. At the bus station he sees her but never gets to talk to her. He regrets never getting to fix a date with her that day. The narrator treats this relationship so casually and he is not serious about it. He says that he conjured up the smile for her and when she is through ith it he can conjure it up for someone else "A man only has so many smiles " When he meets Kanga in the van he seems to also fall in love with her. He flirts with her and even imagines one part ofKongo's body. He loses his mind when Kanga grabs his trousers. He goes wild with imagination about himself and Kanga and does not realize that he was being robbed. When he meets Kanga, the narrator says that he had forgotten about Monique. He says, '...I drift in the world of my new love. Le felle is over and done with. Kanga is in. This shows how casuals he treated his relationships with women considering that he only metKanga in thedaladala. 5.AACALSA1The word Mzungu means a white man.


Kanga is in. This shows how casuals he treated his relationships with women considering that he only metKanga in thedaladala. 5.AACALSA1The word Mzungu means a white man. The Africans call them this to mean he is from the white race. The Africans see this man, the narrator as more superior than them and use even a spectacle that he is using public transport. When the guard greets him at the cityChuo everybody turns to see him. Africans perceive the white men as rich and wealthy that's why Kanga robs him in the vehicle. The narrator chooses to date Monique a French girl because she is from their race. He says, I should be with the French girl Le fille becauseFrench women absolutely like American men. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATIONMiunguLustfulWhen he meets Kongo, the narrator says that he had forgo about Monique. He says, drift in the w or Id of my new love. L is over and done with. Kongo is in". This shows how casuals he treat his relationships with women considering that he only met Kang'the dalodala. This leads to his wallet being stolen yet he things of Kongo's touch as a sign of desire for him. RespectfulHe respectfully greets the old woman who moves to the back ro from the front one. Observant: Has a clear picture of how the vehicles are overcrowded and squeezed passengers, he gives a clear description of the dust on the road and also describes how bumpy the ride is. Policeman:Stubborn: couldn't let the vehicle go on unless a bribe is paid despite finding no fault with it. He picks the bribe and smiles and waves for the vehicle to proceed with the journey. KongoTactful: she skilfully holds on to Mzungu as if supporting herself fro'plunging forward only to rob him. Opportunist: waits at the squeezed moment and movement by the vehicle to rob Mzungu's walletANGUAGE USE STYLISTIC DEVICES1. VIVID DESCRIPTION. The author makes use of vivid description which makes his own interesting and leaves an impact the readers' minds. He describes sitting position in the daladala very clearly lamina wet of sitting, fatal position. My knees are wedged between my abdur n and the sit in front of me.


He is caught by Tarrant, as he tries to hobble around a furniture van. Hi is tied with the plastic cuffs. They take a ferry that is to take them to Tangier, Morocco. Just when they are almost arriving to their destination, Ali jumps off the ferry into the water and drowns. THEMATIC CONCERNSILLEGAL TIONAli Mahfouz is an illegal immigrant in Ireland. Ali migrates illegally from Morocco when he is seventeen years old. He lives in Georges street where he says its people were very kind to him. Ali lies to the people that he is a medical student; his face book picture even shows him standing outside the college of surgeons holding two voluminous books which we learn that they were telephone directories. Ali makes many friends everywhere and instantly. These people give him gifts and allowed him to sleep on their sofas. Ali struggled so much to make it in Ireland. He did odd jobs there among them sellingChristmas trees door to door. He does not want to go back home. When a professor of Trinity College gives him two hundred Euros to buy a ticket to Tangier he buys an iPod instead. Many attempts also by the soldiers to deport him have been futile. Tarrant and Slattery are trying to deport him this one more time. RESISTANCE TO DEPORTATIONDeportation is the eviction of foreign persons back to their countries. Tarrant and Slattery are soldiers who are here to deAli but Ali shows resistance because he doesn't want to go back. Determined to make it Ireland. We learn that a university professor earlier gives him twoEuros but he buys himself an iPod instead. Tarrant explains to woman at the service station that they have tried to deport Ali twit by air but he has been disruptive and he alarmed the 0th passengers by shouting that he was a terrorist and that he blow the plane by a bomb that he had. Ali tries to escape Tarrant and Slattery at the service station. Rushes to the French woman and pleads with her to save him from t abductors but when Slattery explains things to her she understan and Ali is taken back to the car. In on other attempt to resist deportation Ali dangerously ducks do' a moving trailer barely dodging the moving wheels but finds himse on Tarrant's fists on the other side.


Ali tries to escape Tarrant and Slattery at the service station. Rushes to the French woman and pleads with her to save him from t abductors but when Slattery explains things to her she understan and Ali is taken back to the car. In on other attempt to resist deportation Ali dangerously ducks do' a moving trailer barely dodging the moving wheels but finds himse on Tarrant's fists on the other side. When they see Tangier harb finally Slattery pats Ali on the shoulder and tells him " Almost hornAli knows that he would reach home without doubt despite all effort to escape. He thinks about three years in prison and suffering that his mother and sisters WOUld go through in order save him from being eaten alive in iail. Ali therefore makes dangerous decision; to jump into the sea just to resist deportation. POVERTY AND LACK OF JOB OPPORTUNITIESAli's mother and sisters live in cramped apartments in Beni MakacThis indicates that they are poor. Ali also says that they had rais the two thousand Euros to spirit him out of the country with difficul but he had not paid them even a cent. This was in an attempt toAli get opportunities in the Ireland but he was deported with anything and to top it all he WOUId have to go to jail. This shame a fear causes him to jump into the sea. CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONAli MahfouzDeceitful: he tells people that he is a medical student and even puts a picture on face book that shows him at the surgeons' college with college books yet the books are only telephone directories. He only does menial jobs in Ireland. In addition he walks with little white buds in his ears as if he is listening to music from the iPod yet he doesn't even know how to load the gadget with music. Hardworking: Ali does all kinds of jobs in Ireland to cater for his upkeep. For instance he slices kebab meat; while working for two Egyptian brothers, also he power-washes cars, scrubs pots and wipes tables. Sociable: He makes many friends when he just arrives in Ireland. He is quite charming and makes Slattery to laugh all the time despite being in a serious situation. Stubborn: He has been warned by Tarrant not to cause any problem while they travel yet he attempts to escape twice.


Sociable: He makes many friends when he just arrives in Ireland. He is quite charming and makes Slattery to laugh all the time despite being in a serious situation. Stubborn: He has been warned by Tarrant not to cause any problem while they travel yet he attempts to escape twice. Furthermore, the government has tried to deport him twice, where every time he is disruptive on the plane threatening of blowing up the plane with a bomb in his possession. Despite all these he still lives in Ireland. Sarcastic: Tells Slattery and Tarrant that they are travelling in style and that they are on a mighty journey yet he is being deported. Determined: He attempts all means to prevent his deportation. He threatens to blow up the plane twice; he attempts to escape from Slattery and Tarrant in France and Spain. As last resort he decides to drown himself in water provided it is away to escape from being deported. Observant: He is keen enough to note that Slattery has good FreAli also notes that Slattery has no wedding band despite him being in mid-thirties and handsome. DNvsioned: Ali loses hope with life in his country because of pove scxh that his family is cramped together in the apartment, then imagines of life in prison, lack of food, clothing and having to pay bribes. This shame and fear causes him to jump into the sea. SlatteryJovial: He is charming and laughing all the time when Ali cracks jokes. Tactful: He manipulatively talks the French woman out of her thinking of helping Ali. He manages to convince her that any interference will mean they Slattery and Tarrant will leave Ali to be the responsibility of the French government. TarrantAggressive: He blocks Ali into a corner before barking orders to him, and threatens to smack him if he tries any nonsense. When Ali attempts to escape in Spain, he hits him to theSerious: He does not get involved in laughter when Ali cracks jokes that leave Slattery in stitches. He remains stony faced as strict: orders Ali to go back where they were when Ali runsLANGUAGE USESTYLESPERSONIFICATIONThe author uses personification a great deal in this story. This is very effective because we get a clear description of events. In the first paragraph, it is said that the Oscar Wilde ferry rested in theWelford harbor. Resting being a human attribute has been given to the ferry.


This is very effective because we get a clear description of events. In the first paragraph, it is said that the Oscar Wilde ferry rested in theWelford harbor. Resting being a human attribute has been given to the ferry. Other examples include; The room hummed as the turbine span. The sound of the ship as it moves becomes very clear here, humming. The tiny fish seemed inquisitive. Inquisitive is also a human attribute given to fish to make the description clear. DIALOGUEDialogue has also been exploited by the author to make the story more real and to break the monotony. There is a dialogue also between Tarrant, Ali and Slattery also with the woman at the service station. In some of the dialogue made we learn about the character traits of the soldiers being tough and Ali being defiant and sarcastic. METAPHORSMoroccan rain is metaphorically to have the light touch of a tiny baby's fingers but Irish rain was a smack from an open hand, watery assault. Tarrant's fists are said to be wall made of bone and skin. All compares Ireland to a man. Ireland is like a man who in" people to his house for a fist and then discovers he doesn't hj enough food. The ferry is said to cut the Mediterranean Sea like scissors. Tk shadow cast by the boat looked a dark cloud on a grey sky. All the have been used effectively. They show us the actions more vividly. USE OF SUB STANDARD ENGLISH AND OTHER LANGUAGESAli knows how to speak standard English but he uses broken Englishfi annoy the soldiers and also in his attempt to resist deportation h says; "I want say thank you Ireland"I have so happy in Ireland. Mm times happy, people good, weather good, guiness good. There is also the use of French. Ali also uses so Irish expressions whid are not Standard English; "Soft day, did your Mummy make any rnort like you SYMBOLISMThe title 'Almost Home' is symbolic. It symbolizes death. It is believed that Ali did not go back home as he should have, but he dies in the sea when he drowns himself. Ali talks of a man who invites people to his house for a feast and when he discovers that he doesn't havi enough food he tries to hide his anger and humiliation by shouting, cursing and forcing them out into the night.


It symbolizes death. It is believed that Ali did not go back home as he should have, but he dies in the sea when he drowns himself. Ali talks of a man who invites people to his house for a feast and when he discovers that he doesn't havi enough food he tries to hide his anger and humiliation by shouting, cursing and forcing them out into the night. This man symbolizesIreland because they allow illegal immigrants to come and stay in the country then hunts them down in order to deport them. The different two types of rains in the two countries symbolize their different challenges to survival as Ali says it is easy in Morocco than in Ireland. REVISION QUESTIONSPoverty and lack of employment largely contribute to illegal migration. Discuss Immigration is nobody's best choice. Whys Compare and contrast the character traits of Slattery and Tarrant. Discuss the traits of All as brought out in this story. What factors contribute to people migrating illegally to other countries? Dialogue has played a key role in character and plot development in the story. Discuss. Disillusionment is detrimental to human living. Discuss 9.The Folded Leaf by Segun Afolabi Summary of the incidents Segun Afolabi's 'The Folded Leaf, is a short story that was shortlisted for Caine Prize 2015.it boasts of its urgency to address burning contemporary issues in Nigeria. Bunmi's voice introduces most of the characters through whom the narrative will move forward. While characters like Bunmi, Samuel, Tunde and Mrs Kekere are introduced with peculiar health challenges, others like Bola, Papa and the Ejiofohs accompany them; and together, they form the narrative backbone with Bunmi as the main narrator. The story is about a Christian community comprising of various family members who in spite of health challenges have had to contend with the reality of their being, and to live a normal communal Christian life. But when after a strong resolve of collective contributions, they set out on a journey to Lagos in search of healing, from a man of God who doesn't seem to have answers to their questions, a new reality which will alter or question the basis of their Christian faith and practice is unfolded. THEMESa ReligionThe author explores the role of religion in our daily lives portrayed in the contemporary Nigeria and the larger AfriReligion is used to brainwash the followers of some deities that f more superior to the others.


The story is about a Christian community comprising of various family members who in spite of health challenges have had to contend with the reality of their being, and to live a normal communal Christian life. But when after a strong resolve of collective contributions, they set out on a journey to Lagos in search of healing, from a man of God who doesn't seem to have answers to their questions, a new reality which will alter or question the basis of their Christian faith and practice is unfolded. THEMESa ReligionThe author explores the role of religion in our daily lives portrayed in the contemporary Nigeria and the larger AfriReligion is used to brainwash the followers of some deities that f more superior to the others. Churches in the urban area a portrayed to be superior to churches in the rural areas. It is throu this portrayal that we see villagers, worse still the village preache like Reverend Abbe and Reverend Okulaia leading th congregation to a point of donating towards Mrs. Eiiofoh, MrKekere, Bola and Bunmi among other travellers, for their journeyLagos, going to seek for healing from pastor Fayemi "P.92"The issue of religion is becoming a melting pot in Nigeria, and Afric at large. Religion seems to rob the individual of choice. Religi extremist leads to hypocrisy, obsession, aiienation and fear. It through this religion that people lack self acceptance. Not until the get robbed of their money, do they come in terms with their physica challenges. Bumni the narrator, who cannot see, begins t understand her own life and accept it after having made a Ion journey to lagos city to be attended by pastor Fayemi's church, vainThe narrator, Bunmi begins to come to good terms with her life, an self-actualization is seen whereby she accepts that her physic impairment is God given, therefore appreciates reverend Abb who prays for people, even when they have paid no mone p 94 Prayers are not left aside in all the doings. The faithful'travelling to Lagos; gather for a prayer led by Reverent Ab before setting off for their journey to Lagos. '. Bless Samuel, tamer Jehovah, "today, today, please- send him new prayers are perceived as a tool of spiritual healing, nourishment a Poverty and class barriersAnother theme that comes out clearly is the class stratification in the contemporary Nigeria.


Bumni the narrator, who cannot see, begins t understand her own life and accept it after having made a Ion journey to lagos city to be attended by pastor Fayemi's church, vainThe narrator, Bunmi begins to come to good terms with her life, an self-actualization is seen whereby she accepts that her physic impairment is God given, therefore appreciates reverend Abb who prays for people, even when they have paid no mone p 94 Prayers are not left aside in all the doings. The faithful'travelling to Lagos; gather for a prayer led by Reverent Ab before setting off for their journey to Lagos. '. Bless Samuel, tamer Jehovah, "today, today, please- send him new prayers are perceived as a tool of spiritual healing, nourishment a Poverty and class barriersAnother theme that comes out clearly is the class stratification in the contemporary Nigeria. The story adroitly brings to light, the ever existing gap between the rich haves and the poor have no's right from the village to the suburbs of the capital, Lagos, people are seen to be poor, compared to those who lives in the urban centers. Mrs. Kerekere pleads with the policemen on their way to Lagos, that they are not rich P.84 . In fact, the money they are spending on their way to Lagos is a donation from their local church that alone, they couldn't manage to afford it. Comparison is made with the urban people who are very rich. Daddy cool is better known in the account of his helicopter andGulfstream jet, and his homes in Florida and Switzerland and somewhere in the Caribbean p 81 a perceptionAfolabi is trying to imply that there are multiple ways of viewing life, in different apheres, by using the narrative voice of the blind narrator Bunmi to elaborate on the theme of perception:Appearance to me may not be your own appearance. And my own understanding of own self, may not compare with other people's perceptions. But do any of us identify the same thing in exactly the same way? Is the colour blue the same? And does the leaf smell? Bola thinks sometimes. So don't worry, he says.


And does the leaf smell? Bola thinks sometimes. So don't worry, he says. And Bola's right about most thingsIn trying to avoid authorial interference, Afolabi tells his through this blind twelve-year-old whose narrative power inheres her strong stimulus, curiosity, perception and scepticism; a narr who relies on interviewing skills like probing, prompting, scoop and interrogation to account for the plot's progression. TECHNIQUE AND LANGUAGE USE a first person narrative voiceThis narration has been told from the perceptive of a first person narrator. The 'l' narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narration makes the events to be quite immediate to the reader and hence, it becomes engaging to read. Segun Afolabi also uses present tense instead of the usual past tense we would expect in a story about events that happened in the past it is as if he is giving commentary on the event. A rapport therefore between the narrator and the reader is created. B SuspenseThe feeling of worry or excitement that a person develops when the develop a feeling that something is going to happen is what is callec suspense. The folded leaf creates some desire to know whad happens to Bumni, Sam and Mrs. Kekere who are on their way tc meet pastor Fayemi for healing. Throughout the narration, the reader is kept gluedto the text, to see how things will end. Even the village preacher, reverent Abbe is wishful that God may bless, heal and lead them to the capital, Lagos. ". Bless Samuel, father today, today, please- send him new c ContrastThis is a literary technique in which the author sets two people, events or objects in opposition to each other in order to showAfolabi uses contrast as a technique to drive in his thematic concerns with ease. Reverent Abbe is a servant of God in a village church, who prays to people to gain hope and restoration without pay. She leads a very humble life and she is depicted as a true believer, who loves her congregation. Her church donates whole heartedly to finance the long anticipated journey to Lagos The author contrasts her with pastor Adejola Fayemi, or Daddy Cool as he is better known on account of his helicopter, jets and lavish lifestyle. His followers deny Bumnis' access to seeing him, even after paying all the money they had carried to the church.


She leads a very humble life and she is depicted as a true believer, who loves her congregation. Her church donates whole heartedly to finance the long anticipated journey to Lagos The author contrasts her with pastor Adejola Fayemi, or Daddy Cool as he is better known on account of his helicopter, jets and lavish lifestyle. His followers deny Bumnis' access to seeing him, even after paying all the money they had carried to the church. A Use of dialogueAfolabi uses dialogue richly to develop his characters and themes. He reproduces the exact words that characters are supposed to have spoken. Cases in point are as follows;'What do you have inside?". A voice demands from outside the bus. Police, " Bola whispers"Just people, " the driver says "we go Lagos. '. How many of you?". P 83 This conversation reveals the experience the narrator and the other travellers face as they travel to Lagos. This and many other dialogues are used to foreground the thematic concerns and enliven the plot development. B Local idiomThe author uses local language. Since this story is set in the bothNigerian suburbs and Nigerian city, Lagos, the use of local dialect makes it easy not only to identify the setting, but also to give it a local flavor. The following are examples of local dialects used; agbada, which means a four-piece attire worn by men; eshayu, which means thank you, na so meaning yes, it's true; among others. Characterization a NarratorThe narrator is a blind twelve-year-old whose narrative power is inheres in her strong will and introspecting personality. She is an examining girl who is young, honest and hopeful that she will receive healing after attending the church service in town. She is indeed determined to meeting pastor Daddy Cool and therefore becomes too obnoxious, on learning that it will not be possible. The story end when she is more strong and ambitious in spite of all the happenings that she has started to understand that at least she has life, a good one for that effect. B Reverend AbbeReverend Abbe is a pastor who is depicted as a servant of God, leading a true deity church. So loving and caring she is that she organizes her church members in the village for donations to the narrator's journey to seek healing.


The story end when she is more strong and ambitious in spite of all the happenings that she has started to understand that at least she has life, a good one for that effect. B Reverend AbbeReverend Abbe is a pastor who is depicted as a servant of God, leading a true deity church. So loving and caring she is that she organizes her church members in the village for donations to the narrator's journey to seek healing. HShe is a committed and dedicated Christian that though a deacon she is, members of the church prefer her to reverend Okulaia, who the reverend-in-charge is. She is trustable that the narrator says that she is complacent having her as a clergy, who prays for people without asking for money from them 294 c Pastor Adeiola Fayemi. He is portrayed as a fat cat tycoon, leading a wealth life. He runs a church in the Lagos capital. Religion seems to rob the individual of choice. Religious extremist people really suffer a lot through him, making him an exploitative person. Not until they get robbed of their money, do they come in terms with their physical challenges. Papa has given out all the money that had been contributed, and denied access to the pastoral place pulpit p 90 ln this case therefore, Afolabi's story represents the new face of pseudo-Christian practice in Nigeria, through him, which is hinged on the gospel of healing miracles and prosperity. Activity1. Discuss the following oral techniques in the story:a Use of songs b Humour and comic relief c Exaggeration d Dialogue2. Put the following excerpt in its immediate context. I have always been blind. How they appear to me and my understanding of myself, might not compare with other3. Describe the character traits of Pastor Feyemi as exhibited in perception. The story10. HITTING BUDAPESTBy NoViolet Bulawayo. BACKGROUNDThe short story "Hitting Budapest" by NoViolet Bulawayo follows sixAfrican children on their trip to steal guavas from a rich neighborhood. The author has structured the short story in three scenes marked by suspension points. The first scene presents the trip to Budapest; the second focuses on the way back, while the third marks a strange incident when the children discover a hanged woman in the bushes of Paradise.


BACKGROUNDThe short story "Hitting Budapest" by NoViolet Bulawayo follows sixAfrican children on their trip to steal guavas from a rich neighborhood. The author has structured the short story in three scenes marked by suspension points. The first scene presents the trip to Budapest; the second focuses on the way back, while the third marks a strange incident when the children discover a hanged woman in the bushes of Paradise. The story also follows the plot elements, having an exposition, a rising action, a climax and a falling actionNoViolet examines convoluted issues of social inequality and inadequate access to resources in such an amazing way through her creative determination and imagination to improve the material conditions of her characters. Africa is the richest in the world in terms of natural resource endowments, despite this poverty wracks havoc in most, if not all, parts of the continent where apparently children and women are the most affected. Summary of incidentsThe story is about five young girls, mostly pre-teen, moving from their shanty town of Paradise to the estates of Budapest in search Of guavas and anything that matter. As they make their tourney towardsBudapest they converse as all children do. It is through this that we get to know that Chipo, a girl of ten years, has been impregnated her grandfather. At Budapest they met a white woman of 33 years who had just come from London, eating ice-cream. They looked longingly at this icecream only for her to throw what is left of it into the dustbin and take a picture of them. On their way back they shared their dreams with each other: to travel to America, get big houses and cars. WhereasIMF is a street at Budapest, AU is a street at Paradise, the shanty town. The kids steal, eat and go back to the shanty to meet a dead woman dangling from a tree. Their hunger allows them to conquer their fear of death and they steal her shoes so they can sell them in order to buy bread. But the real story is in the class divide, in the loss of innocence, immigration, violence, defilement, poverty, extreme hunger, and dejection. Initially, this story reads as a metaphor where some Africans in search of better lives travel abroad. Again, Paradise and Budapest represent the economic duality that we have in most countries where extreme poverty exists side by side with all the skyscrapers and glass-houses.


But the real story is in the class divide, in the loss of innocence, immigration, violence, defilement, poverty, extreme hunger, and dejection. Initially, this story reads as a metaphor where some Africans in search of better lives travel abroad. Again, Paradise and Budapest represent the economic duality that we have in most countries where extreme poverty exists side by side with all the skyscrapers and glass-houses. However, as the story unfolds, the metaphorical view changed. Back at Paradise, the children went to ease themselves in the bush where they saw a woman dangling from a rope-a possible suicide. The children decided to remove the shoes the dead woman was wearing and sell them for bread. SETTINGPublished in 201 0, the short story "Hitting Budapest" by NoVioletBulawayo is set in an African country, most likely Zimbabwe, the author's native country. Time and physical settingThe time setting is during guava season and the action spans over a day in the lives of six children. The main physical setting is the rich neighborhood Budapest, but also the way to Budapest from the shanty town called Paradise. Budapest is depicted in detail by the narrator to show the between the poor area they come from and the richness of nearby neighborhood. Buf not an ordinary country it looks like everybody woke up one day and closed their gates, doors, and windows, picked up thei passports, and left for better countries. Even the air is empty; no burning things, no smell of cooking food or something rotting. Iust plain air with nothing in its hands. Budapest is big, big house;with the graveled yards and tall fences and walls and flowers and green trees, heavy with fruit p 98 Social settingThe social setting in "Hitting Budapest" presents several aspects related to African society and the world society in general. The interactions and conversations between the children show their lack of education as they have no knowledge about human reproduction, but also the commonness of incest and rape among poor Africans Chipo is pregnant with her grandfather P. 98 THEMESThe main theme of the short story "Hitting Budapest" by NoVioletBulawayo is poverty and its dehumanizing effects, which is enhanced through the motif of the gap between the rich and the poor.


Budapest is big, big house;with the graveled yards and tall fences and walls and flowers and green trees, heavy with fruit p 98 Social settingThe social setting in "Hitting Budapest" presents several aspects related to African society and the world society in general. The interactions and conversations between the children show their lack of education as they have no knowledge about human reproduction, but also the commonness of incest and rape among poor Africans Chipo is pregnant with her grandfather P. 98 THEMESThe main theme of the short story "Hitting Budapest" by NoVioletBulawayo is poverty and its dehumanizing effects, which is enhanced through the motif of the gap between the rich and the poor. The author's intention was to show the consequences of poverty experienced by African children and to bring a critique to those who turn a blind eye on the gap between the rich and the poor, hinting at the idea that it is Western states and organizations who bare most of the responsibility for it. J Effects of poverty. The short story explores the dehumanizing effects of poverty through the setting and characters. The action takes places in a poor African area probably Zimbabwe and shows through symbolical setting elements the crude reality of the gap between the rich and the poor. The characters areAfrican children Basta, Chipo, Godknows, Sbho, Stina, and Darling who have no other option to calm their hunger but to go to neighboring rich area Budapest and steal guava fruits p 98 The fact that the children go there frequently suggests that stealing for survival has become something very common, part of their everyday lives. Poverty makes these children to steal even to a dead woman, on their way back to paradise. L DefilementTo defile is to violate chastity of a person. Defilement is a major burning factor in most African states today. Defilement becomes a bee sting in that case where the molesters go for children under the age of eighteen years. It becomes a child sexual abuse when an adult or older adolescents use a child for sexual stimulation. This indeed ruins the Childs life and is against the children rights in many countries of the post colonial Africa. NoViolet Bulawayo did not demean the fact of existence of such people in the society, People who are child molesters.


It becomes a child sexual abuse when an adult or older adolescents use a child for sexual stimulation. This indeed ruins the Childs life and is against the children rights in many countries of the post colonial Africa. NoViolet Bulawayo did not demean the fact of existence of such people in the society, People who are child molesters. Chipo, a girl of ten years, has been impregnated by her grandfather. Chipo, a young efficacious girl who used to outrun everybody in Paradise, has something in hers stomach, put there by her grandfather P.97 However, indiscipline and immoral behaviors in the society should not go unpunished. Hitting Budapests victim does not go unpunished. He becomes a guest of the state. 2 ImmigrationTo avoid harsh circumstances at home, Africans cross borders and dangerous water masses to go to the west. They do low paying jobs or even sometimes illegal ones. Godknows' uncle left for London long time ago. Now, he does not even write p 1 01 Basta dreams of going abroad after school, actually to Paris. Darling too, dreams of going to America once she grows up. These children have been fed with the societal believe thatWest is good, not knowing that Africa is rich enough to sustain its people, in terms of resources, once utilized well. Today, Africans are not captured by the slave traders but by theCOIonial and post independence governments. These governments have created conditions that forces Africans to go abroad. Techniques and language use a First person narrative voice child narrator. The author uses first person point of view by a girl called Dari. Who is also part of the actions unfolding. As a result, the narrator has limited knowledge on the events and the other characters, and only depicts what happens, based on what she observes:And there, squatting and screaming, is Godknows. He is also pointing ahead in the thick trees, and we see it, a tall thing"What's that?". Somebody, I don't know who, whispers. Nobody answer P. 104 She tells the story as an eye witness, this making the rider to make the episodes in the narration more immediate to the reader. This allows the author to keep aesthetic distance and give the story an illusion of obiectivity.


Nobody answer P. 104 She tells the story as an eye witness, this making the rider to make the episodes in the narration more immediate to the reader. This allows the author to keep aesthetic distance and give the story an illusion of obiectivity. B ContrastThe language of "Hitting Budapest" by NoViolet Bulawayo is simple and easy to follow, though it initially is ambiguous due to the contrast in the names and places which do not seem to match. The names Of the characters suggest an African setting, while the names of place suggest Western places. However, as the story unfolds, the meaning become clearer. People living in the Budapest are very rich. Mello looks pretty, jewellery, smooth brown skin and she does not have a scar to that she is a living person. They have enough to eat. The houses clean and big P. 1 01 The children are leading a shnty poor live in their village, paradiseTheirs is to steal Guavas from the villagers. They even steal shoes a dead woman. C DialogueNOViolet Bulawayo uses dialogue richly, intertwined with narrativeMaking the story more appealing and dynamic. Many passage, times, the dialogue is simple and humorous:it"What's one day? Tomorrow? Thursday? Next week?"'Can't you see her stomach is still small? The baby has to grow ""A baby grows outside. That's the reason they are born. So they grow " p 97 The narrative passages, on the other hand, are quite detailed and descriptive, helping reader's better grasp of what is happening nd there, squatting and screaming, is Godknows. He is also pointing ahead in the thick trees, and we see it, a tall thing dangling in a free. ". What's that?". Somebody, I don't know who, whispers. Nobody answers because now we can all see what it is P. 104 a HumourDespite the seriousness of the incidents presented, the story is executed with a lot of humour it is effective as a means of satirizing social foibles such as poverty. The worst thing about guavas, all those seeds gets you constipated when you eat foo much. When it comes to having a natural call, we get in so much pain, like trying to give birth to a county P. 7 04 the woman's twisted mouth finishes chewing. I swallow with her. P.


7 04 the woman's twisted mouth finishes chewing. I swallow with her. P. 107 do not remember my feet ever looking like that, maybe when I was born P. 00 CHARACTERIZATIONThe most important characters in the short story "Hitting Budapest" by NoViolet Bulawayo are the six African children, Darling the narrator, and the British woman. In what follows, we will look at the narrator and the British woman separately and then at the all six children as a collective character. DarlingDarling is the child-narrator of the short story and one ofAfrican children. From her outer characterization, we only find that she is nine years old and has an aunt who lives in America. Though we do not know how she looks like, we can assume that as poorly dressed as the other children and equally needy. The girl's inner characterization is built through her narrative and her perspective and attitude towards the events she is experiencing. Darling comes across as a simple girl who has gotten used to the reality of her poverty which pushes her and the other children to steal. She is depicted as being remorseful in the way she decides to write a apology letter to Mello while in the correction centre. She is a determined girl who learns very fast how to read and write. Being comical can be senseless without her. She is the kind of a girl who gets soo much pain after eating guavas as if she is giving birth to a country. RoleShe presents the poor and down trodden in the society. She knows nothing, but oppression and poverty. 2 The British womanThe British woman is an episodic character in the short story. Her name is Mello. From her outer characterization, we find out that she is 33looking and wealthy and that her father is a native, good-Her inner characterization is constructed through her interactions with the children. Initially, she comes across as curious when she approaches them. Then she proofs to be friendly, and social. She decides to even take the children a photo. She seems egocentric in the way she eats alone, as the children stand there gazing at her admiringly. 3 The African childrenThe African children form a collective character in the short story, as most of their actions are done in group, although their different identities are also indicated.


The civil servants are underpaid and therefore strikes and go slows by the workers are common. It is such factors that drive Leila into writing about a classic situation: that of an immigrant couple Sudanese inLondon . Having been born to a Sudanese father, brought up and schooled in Sudan, Leila understands the plight of Africa as o continent and at the same time celebrates and champions for the values that have held the African continent together. By the use Of scarce characters, Leila uses a couple, Maidy and Samra to represent both sides of African continent: the pros and cons of living in Africa. Maidy embraces the new culture while Samra retreats more and more and becomes withdrawn and isolated from the reality of life around her. In this story of love, culture and alienation, Leila still for trading our culture with the western one but yet retain the pros of ourShe is not totally opposed to adapting what is good from the own. Culture 'Missing out' depicts its originality by the fact that author uses religion that is widespread in the country of its origin:Sudan. The author's own experiences, especially while at the, niversity, influenced her writing. She pursued Economics at the university, which she found difficult due to high baccalaureate scores and math being a particularly strong subject under the dedicated tutelage of her mother. Other than her personal life and the biographical, which have been major influences and sources of inspiration for her work, Aboulela's literary influences include writers such as Naguib Mahfouz and Tayeb Salih. She also admires works byDoris Lessing, J.M. Coetzee, Ahdaf Soueif, Anita Desai, ChimamandaNgozi Adichie and Abdulrazak Gurnah. SUMMARYSYNOPSIS'Missing Out' is an emotional and moving story of love, culture, alienation and a longing for home by one of its characters while theOther character blindly sinks into the new culture and hence he is alienated. It's a story of Maidy, a young and ambitious Muslim man living in London. It's a wondrous story that moves rather swiftly, giving the readers the character's conflicts without unnecessarily dwelling too long on their problems. This quick pace helps the author to state, though not explicitly, that the story is not about Maidy, but about a sort Of young, ambitious Muslim caught between modernity and tradition.


It's a story of Maidy, a young and ambitious Muslim man living in London. It's a wondrous story that moves rather swiftly, giving the readers the character's conflicts without unnecessarily dwelling too long on their problems. This quick pace helps the author to state, though not explicitly, that the story is not about Maidy, but about a sort Of young, ambitious Muslim caught between modernity and tradition. Majdy is sympathetic and his conflict is a universal one, charmingly rendered. E Story revolves around a young man from Sudan who joins college in London. During his first term, Maidy writes home citing he would not make it and that he would give up and return. EntOuragernent from his mother, who strongly believes he can make it. Maidy weds Samra as the mother advocates. This is made to make him concentrate more on his studies and deter him from marrying a white and losing taste of his culture the beauty of his country. Samra learns that Maidy has religion as he doesn't observe the mandatory prayers and in tries to win him back. Samra is nostalgic and has refused to adapt to new life in London and observes he duties as a Muslim woman. On the other hand, Maidy sinks into the new culture and all he sees looking at his origin country, Sudan, is negativity and backwardness. He tries to discourage Samra but she stays aloof and gets excited when it is suggested to her that she was going to spend holiday in Sudan. Maidy later calls home and announces that he desired to remain inLondon even after his studies. This is ironical as from the beginning he had always expressed attachment to his mother country. SETTINGThe setting of this story shifts from London to Sudan. This could be a deliberate move by the author to compare and contrast life in Sudan and in London. London is depicted as developed politically, socially and economically. Life in London was swift and 'interfered' with normal life. Maidy argues, 'here in London praying was distraction, an interruption 'p 1 12 London was civilized. Life was easy. Samra wondered how one can buy meat already cut up for her. The author observes, 'every Obiect she touched was perfect, qualify radiated from every little thing 13 London is so developed that even Samrc longed to be ill in order to take medicine which was so seducing.


Life was easy. Samra wondered how one can buy meat already cut up for her. The author observes, 'every Obiect she touched was perfect, qualify radiated from every little thing 13 London is so developed that even Samrc longed to be ill in order to take medicine which was so seducing. The author says, 'even the pharmacies were stocked so full of medicine inso many different colors and flavors that she almost longed to ill ' pl 13 Sudan on the other hand is depicted as underdeveloped. Although life in Sudan is still and rhythmic, many elites like Maidy find it ra retrogressive. Unlike in London where begging is illegal, in Sudor beggars are all over. Child labor is a common practice in third world countries as inferred in this story 'Shooing away the baref00children who passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her che gum, hairpins and matches ' P. 1 08 for the elites like Maidy Sud and by extension African Continent is underdeveloped. MOidy thought Samra would be grateful to him for rescuing her from the backwardness of Khartoum. Chaos is in the city and strikes by the civil servants prevail. This is the plight of Africa. THEMESChange. It is said that change is inevitable. Many traditions of people, particularly Africans change when they go to abroad. This is clearly shown by Maidy who abandons his culture e g the mandatory Islamic prayers. He says, "here in London praying was distraction, an interruption ' It is no wonder his mother gets really shocked when she learns about the sudden change of her son. Additionally, he even sees the very fabric of traditions that have held his life together as'backwardness' and retrogressive. It is in that view that Maidy thinks that Samra should be grateful for saving her from 'the backwardness of Khartoum 'Maidy was hardworking back in the days. He was brilliant and always came to the top of his class. He even had appeared on a newspaper at sixteen. In London, Maidy loses his hardworking spirit and 'in his first term at college in London he complained that studies had become hard 'The plight of AfricaLeila Aboulela is concerned about the staggering poverty and underdevelopment in Sudan and the inability of African governments to function at the level they ought to. African has resources but is taken away from the Africans.


He even had appeared on a newspaper at sixteen. In London, Maidy loses his hardworking spirit and 'in his first term at college in London he complained that studies had become hard 'The plight of AfricaLeila Aboulela is concerned about the staggering poverty and underdevelopment in Sudan and the inability of African governments to function at the level they ought to. African has resources but is taken away from the Africans. Sudan is underdeveloped. Children at tender age who ought to be in school are in the streets busy hawking to feed their families 'Shooing away the barefooted children who passed by with loaded trays trying to sell her chewing gum ' p 1 08 Africa is suffering from civil wars. Sudan is politically unstable. Samra's teacher says, 'you must be relieved that you are here, all thatWar and famine back home. The place of women in the society. This is clearly a patriarchal society that believes in the male over female. It is clear that Maidy's mother is left with the responsibility of taking care of her son. Parenting has been left to women. The relationship between Maidy and Samra is domineering one. That could be the reason why Maidy uses abusive language on his wife. She is not supposed to question her husband's behavioral changes. She is not supposed to question him for not doing his prayers and when she does Maidy calls her stupid. TECHNIQUES AND LANGUAGE USE. Narrative voiceThe author has employed third person narrative mode, where every character is referred to by the narrator as 'he', 'she' or 'they'. This makes it clear that the narrator is an unspecified entity or uninvolved person in the story. This kind of narration brings out the thoughts and intentions of different characters hence their character traits are fully developed. A third person narrator is omniscient and omnipresent. Such narrator has knowledge of all times, people, places and events and this makes it possible to shift the plot fromLondon to Khartoum, Sudan. Even then the narrator's knowledge is"limited" to the characters, that is, the narrator cannot describe things unknown to the focal character. Local dialectTo keep it original, the author has used local dialect to avoid the story been confused with European literature. Use of local dialect also helps the reader to determine the physical setting of the story.


Even then the narrator's knowledge is"limited" to the characters, that is, the narrator cannot describe things unknown to the focal character. Local dialectTo keep it original, the author has used local dialect to avoid the story been confused with European literature. Use of local dialect also helps the reader to determine the physical setting of the story. The author has used certain local words among them tobe, zedInshallah, ka 'ba and QiblaHumourMaidy is a humorous character. He gets lazy with prayers and says that it's because life in London is swift. He tells Samra not to cover her head with a tobe because he didn't want to be associated fanatics and backwardness: His culture. It's also humorous that when Maidy complains of studies being difficult for him his mother saddles him with a wife. Ironically this to'IronyIrony is a strange, funny or sad situation in which things happen in the opposite way to what you would expect. It is ironic that Maidy, who does so well in his secondary education certificate, goes to study abroad but complains of studies being hard on him on his first term. There is irony when Maid ' calls home to complain about studies and his mother instead marries him to Samra. One wonders whether marriage makes studies easy or complicates the state of the learner. It is therefore not a surprise that Maidy abandons obligatory prayers completely. It is ironic that Maidy expects Samra to show gratitude and appreciation for saving her "the backwardness" of Khartoum but instead she continues to be nostalgic about the same backwardness and eventually travels back home during the holiday. Maidy asks Samra to take a leave to Sudan so he can also take a break from her but soon after leaving, he feels hollow and empty. CHARACTER AND CHARACTERISATIONThis story like any other short story uses scarcity of characters and this has given the author the opportunity to explore the characters into details giving us their character traits. Each character plays a significant role that clearly can't be overlookedMaidyHe is loving: He shows love and care to Samra. He shows her around and does everything possible to make her happy and comfortable in her new environment; London. He gives her his attention despite his busy schedule. He is supportive: He supports Samra to settle in her new environment. He buys her a mat to use during her obligatory prayers.


He gives her his attention despite his busy schedule. He is supportive: He supports Samra to settle in her new environment. He buys her a mat to use during her obligatory prayers. He is alienatedDetached: He is detached from his culture. He blindly copies the western culture. He abandons the very fabric of hisCulture that holds him together: the obligatory prayers. It is noWonder that he views the practice of his people back in Khartoum, Sudan as 'backwardness 'e is abusive: He calls Samra stupid and sees her as retrogressive for observing her obligatory prayers. He is immoral: He sees it as an opportunity to bring other women in his matrimonial bed when Samra travels to Sudan for holiday. Majdy represents the elites who go overseas either to study or work there and fail to ever return to their countries: The plight of AfricaAfrica suffers from brain drain. Such are the people who appreciate more the western culture and abandon their own. According to Majdy, African culture is inferior to western culture. SAMRAShe is religious: She observes her religious duties in a foreign country and even urges her husband to create time for prayers in her busy schedule. She is resilient: Unlike her husband who is changed by his surrounding, Samra remains as religious as she left Khartoum. She still observes her religious duties despite the fact that life in London is swift. She is naive: Amazed by the kind of development there is in London especially in the field of medicine, Samra is so much seduced by the color and flavor of medicine that she wishes to fall sick that she may use them. She is loving: As a typical African woman, Samra takes care of her husband and it is no wonder he feels hollow and incomplete when she goes back to Sudan for a holiday. She represents Africans who stick to their cultures and admonishes it so much that they actually value it even when in oversees. As a typicalAfrican woman, she adores and cherishes her husband. She represents African women who stand up for their marriages and families. MAJDY'S MOTHERShe is caring: She calls her son to check on her. She gets worried when she learns that her son thinks of dropping because studies have become hard and encourages him to work harder. She is generous: when her son does well in examinations back Khartoum, she throws up a party for him. She invites the villagers te come and celebrate with her.


She gets worried when she learns that her son thinks of dropping because studies have become hard and encourages him to work harder. She is generous: when her son does well in examinations back Khartoum, she throws up a party for him. She invites the villagers te come and celebrate with her. She is selfish: She only thinks of herself and not her son. When he announces that he will stay in London she only complains about her being left alone other than looking at the advantages her son will get. She is hopeful: She hopes that things will not remain dark in Sudan and speaks of a better future. She says, 'But what if things improve here, son? If they strike oil or make lasting peace. She represents citizens who endure hostility and poor standards of living in their African countries with the hope that 'things will improve ' As a mother, she shows love, care and good will to her son. She wishes the very best to him. ACTITIVITYI. Compare and contrast the character of Maidy and Samra2. The university students were demonstrating. Do you think demonstrations can solve problems? Discuss. 3. Discuss irony as used in this story. 4. Discuss the theme of religion5. Maidy's determination to remain in London symbolizes running away from the culture of his people. Discuss. 12. NO NEED TO LIEBY Rolf SchmidBackgroundRolf Schmid's "No Need to Lie" is an extraordinary account of a remarkable life. The author describes his rough painful struggleWith cancer in the both Kenya and Germany. He became a celebrated restaurateur and sportsman and after acquiringKenyan citizenship, he represented his new home in judo, polo, Weightlifting and pistol shooting, excelling in all four of them. He also still got time to emulate his childhood idol, Ernest Heming w as a passionate big game hunter in the African bush. Tragedy through cancer which almost killed him, but sheer determination, and the hand of God saved him. After this ordeal, he ventured become a world champion power lifter in the masters over categories. For this and all his previous achievements in sports, he was bestowed with the Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya by HisExcellency President Daniel arap Moi. Rolf Schmid has surmounted many barriers in life but a diagnosis of throat cancer came as a terrible blow to the prominent chef.


After this ordeal, he ventured become a world champion power lifter in the masters over categories. For this and all his previous achievements in sports, he was bestowed with the Order of the Grand Warrior of Kenya by HisExcellency President Daniel arap Moi. Rolf Schmid has surmounted many barriers in life but a diagnosis of throat cancer came as a terrible blow to the prominent chef. Summary of IncidentsRolf schmid narrates in biographic way his long painful struggle and fight with cancer. As he battled all those negative emotions, Rolf made a vow to himself that he would not let the disease take him down. After all, he was only 50 years old p 22 It was not an easy fight. The surgery, chemotherapy and medicine took a heavy toll on him. He had lost all appetite for food. HoweverRolf knew that if he did not put something into his tummy, his recover would be severely compromised. The terrible sores inside his mo made any contact with food a painful ordeal. To counter this, he resorted to inserting a long pipe into his gulle through which he poured in food in liquid form. But the battle with cancer was not the cue to take things easy watch life pass by. More than anything else, Rolf's battle with c sums up his character: A never-say-die attitude in the face seemingly insurmountable challenThe well schemed masterpiece ends with Schmid landing back toNairobi where he was accorded a hero's welcome, after having been treated at the Katharinen hospital in Germany. He rejoices together with his wife Asmahan and their children. He felt himself a victor and thathe was beginning a new life. Setting"No need to lie" is set in Kenya. Rolf Schmid had obtained a Kenyan citizenship after staying in Kenya and working as a leading chef inNairobi. Places like Langata road in Kibera are mentioned in the short story where he could drive on his way to and from the job. P 1 31 After the treatments in the Nairobi hospital proved to be ineffective, Rolf was referred to Katharinen Krsnkenhaus hospital in Germany, where he went with Roland for further medication. This makes the setting shift from Kenya to Germany, then back to Kenya, seeking medical attention for his cancerous condition. The events are taking place between late December and earlyJanuary.


P 1 31 After the treatments in the Nairobi hospital proved to be ineffective, Rolf was referred to Katharinen Krsnkenhaus hospital in Germany, where he went with Roland for further medication. This makes the setting shift from Kenya to Germany, then back to Kenya, seeking medical attention for his cancerous condition. The events are taking place between late December and earlyJanuary. His medication journey begun January 8, after his personalDoctor, Mrs. Van Enk's coming back from Mombasa, where he had gone for the Christmas celebration. It begins at the Caren Surgery. Pl 23 Themes a Struggle to surviveOne Of his greatest battles in life was cancer. At 50, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. A fighter with a black belt in judo and a Weightlifter, Schmidt vowed the disease would not put him down. He SUrvived having gone through surgery, chemotherapy and no appetite and COntinued to forge on with life, with gusto. 0. A Burdens of sicknessThere is nothing that burdens Rolf, than his encounter with the throat cancer. It came after he had decided to cut weight, so that at least he, could lead a better sportsmanship life. Little had he known that he would be sick and the weight would cut down itself automatically, until the day he met Mrs. Van Enk, his private Doctor. He was informed that his medical condition needed a lot of urgency, Dr Rupani agreed that he had to admit him and take a biopsy. After 'the test, it was affirmed that he was having cancer and not Aids. P. 1 25 the greatest problem that exposed him to more harm was that his condition was in an alarming third stage, which was second to the last stage. He realized at a very late stage that he was cancerous. The grotesque look of the people in the radiation ward made him scared more than before. After it he become malnourished, with his skin, sagging. As if this is not enough, he was still to undergo four more chemotherapies. He says that he endured four chemo sessions for the four Saturdays preceding. He lost half of his hair and most of his beard. In his last cancer chemo, he got sick, something that made him dismiss all the clinics, the diagnosis and prognosis. He therefore decided to go to Germany.


He lost half of his hair and most of his beard. In his last cancer chemo, he got sick, something that made him dismiss all the clinics, the diagnosis and prognosis. He therefore decided to go to Germany. He fought his tears back as he saw his wife Asmahan cry at the airport, as she was bidding him good bye. He had to undergo a series of treatments befor getting back to his normality. B Love and friendshipRolf Schmid is a man that makes the definition of the word friendship easier. He receives a lot of attention from his native wife and native doctors too, who are assisting in his critical condition Whatsoever. His greatest treasure was his children. His wishful prayer was that he was going to live and see his children grow up, play more polo, do more sculptures and be With Asmahan, His sickness really affected her wife a lot. She is seen weeping, full of tears; she tells him that God is going to be with him. That he has to remember to chant a prayer daily p 132 His children andAsmahan were there ready to receive him after his treatments. They rejoiced together. He was indeed thankful in the way he appreciated the staff at the Germany hospital. He feels troubled, that he did not get time to appreciate Roland, who had taken a lot of core during his sickness time, for he died a year later, of a tragic occident, before their meeting again p 1 35 Techniques and Language Use a Point of viewThis short story is written in the first person narrative voice. The "l" narrator is therefore the protagonist in the story and he narrates the events as he experienced them. This kind of narrative voice makes the events look very immediate to the readers. It enhances aesthetic distance, that degree of separateness between an author and the events they present in the story. The first person narrator also helps create rapport with the readers through the informal use of humour, despite the depressing situation presented at hand. B DialogueThis is a verbal exchange between characters. Dialogue is used to develop characters and themes in the "No Need to lie". Quite a number of dialogues throughout the text. They make usCOmprehend the thematic concern and the plot at large. C Rhetorical questionsA rhetorical question is a figure of speech in which a stat formulated as a question.