He sees evil faces, the frantic eyes of the man he killed, and he sees his infant son lying in a cave wit the top of his head shot away. 25. What happens to the pearl? Kino throws it into the ocean with all his might and it disappears. 26. Why do you suppose the author uses so much animal imagery throughout this novel? Perhaps it is to show how men act like animals when they become greedy. 27. What events foreshadowed the novel s conclusion? Juana repeatedly told Kino that the pearl was evil and the pearl would destroy us. Even our son. Juan Tomas told Kino that the pearl had the devil in it and he should get rid of it. Kino never really had a chance to hang on to the pearl. There were other comments made throughout the novel about the poverty that Kino s people lived in and would always live in losing the pearl was inevitable because those in power would never give up their power to one of Kino s race. 28. What does the pearl represent in this novel? The pearl could represent many things. First, it represents hope, because it allows Kino the opportunity to provide things for his family he could never have provided before finding the pearl. Second, it represents greed. The pearl changes the personalities of everyone who comes in contact with it, and they can only think about how to benefit from the pearl. Characters like the doctor and the priest behave differently toward Kino s family because of their avarice for the pearl. Of course, Kino is the greediest of all, when he ultimately forsakes his family in order to protect his precious pearl. Third, the pearl represents evil. When it causes Kino to murder four men, it causes the loss of morality in Kino. Character ListKino - The protagonist of the novella. Kino is a dignified, hardworking, impoverished native who works as a pearl diver. He is a simple man who lives in a brush house with his wife, Juana, and their infant son, Coyotito, both of whom he loves very much. After Kino finds a great pearl, he becomes increasingly ambitious and desperate in his mission to break free of the oppression of his colonial society. Ultimately, Kino s material ambition drives him to a state of animalistic violence, and his life is reduced to a basic fight for survival. . Juana - Kino s young wife.


The priest - The local village priest ostensibly represents moral virtue and goodness, but he is just as interested in exploiting Kino s wealth as everyone else, hoping that he can find a way to persuade Kino to give him some of the money he will make from the pearl. The dealers - The extremely well-organized and corrupt pearl dealers in La Paz systematically cheat and exploit the Indian pearl divers who sell them their goods. They desperately long to cheat Kino out of his pearl. The trackers - The group of violent and corrupt men that follows Kino and Juana when they leave the village, hoping to waylay Kino and steal his pearl.


THE WHALE RIDER Kungu Gachui. The Novel: The whale Rider Witi Ihimaera Although the Maori are patriarchal society it is the women who dominate the menfolk with close reference to Witi Ihimaera s The whale Rider write an essay to show the validity of the above statementIntroductionIt is ironical that a society that is patriarchal in nature has its women taking charge of situations. In the Novel, The WhaleRider the women characters come out stronger that the menMuriwai, Nani flower s ancestor, takes charge of a cause that is in danger of capsizing and saves herself and the men crew in it. Nani flowers comes out stronger in her arguments with her husband, Koro and always comes out victorious in the many arguments they haveNani takes charge of Kahu s birth cord and ensures it is buried at the right place a task normally performed by men. Nani at one time pushes Koro out of bed and Koro sleeps on the floor something demeaning for a man who is chief of the MaoriRehua, Porourangi s wife is potrayed as wise and decisive, names her daught Kahu and requests that her birth cord and after birth be buried at Whagara,. This foresight ensures Kahu s survival and inheritance of the Maori chieftainAna and not her husband Porourangi is the one who decides that Kahu should come and live with the family instead of being raised by her maternal grand mother. Kahu excels academically beating boys at schoolShe is best in Maori language and cultureShe retires the cared stone from the deepest ocean while boys that Koro had been training fails to. Kahu is able to communicate with the whales and dolphins something that Koro tries and fail and therefore she manage to rescue the whale as the whale rider and saves the tribe she therefore becomes the next leader of the Maori people. Witi Ihimaera, The Whale Rider Ihimaera uses the novel to show that certain stereotypes about women are quite unnecessary Write an essay to show how certain negative beliefs about women are discredited in The Whale Ride. IntroductionSince time immemorial the woman has been regarded as a weaker sex gender . Society has been having certain stereotypes about women. For instance there are certain jobs or even foods that women are not allowed to have.


IntroductionSince time immemorial the woman has been regarded as a weaker sex gender . Society has been having certain stereotypes about women. For instance there are certain jobs or even foods that women are not allowed to have. This is an unfortunate state of affairs which has been overtaken by events and is unnecessary as outlined below. Accept any other relevant introduction Content points to considerWomen in Witi s society were being kept away from the training of cultural ways which were considered sacred and for men. Kahu however proves then wrong when she becomes interested in the Maori culture and is destined to lead her people. She becomes the first woman to go against this stereotype which for years had placed woman in a place of disadvantage. Women were not allowed to assume leadership positions in Witi Ihamaera s society. The chieftaincy was passed on from the eldest son to the eldest son of the next generation. This went on until kahu breaks the monotony. Kahu shatters this belief for she is determined to become the leader of her community after Koro Apirana. Nani Flower s ancestor, Muriwai was one of the greatest women chiefs in her time whose blood, Nani believes, throbs in Kahu s veins. Unlike other traditionalists, Nani Flowers believe Kahu can be a leader. It was expected that it was only men who could undertake certain tasks like making the ancient bull whale return to sea. But to the surprise of everyone, when all men fail, it is Kahu who comes to the aid of the community and saves it from perishing. This was against the stereotypes. Koro Apirana had a low opinion of Kahu. He is not happy when his grandson s first born turns out to be a girl Kahu . He so desperately wishes for a male child as a first born so as to be the heir to inherit take the seat of Porourangi. Unfortunately, it does not work despite all the efforts and Kahu, a girl, emerges the chosen heiress and takes up the leadership of Porourangi. Accept any relevant point The NovelWiti Ihimaera s The Whale Rider The world would be a better place if women were given equal opportunities. Basing your illustrations on Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider, argue in favour of this assertion. IntroductionDiscrimation against women is baseless and unwarranted.


Unfortunately, it does not work despite all the efforts and Kahu, a girl, emerges the chosen heiress and takes up the leadership of Porourangi. Accept any relevant point The NovelWiti Ihimaera s The Whale Rider The world would be a better place if women were given equal opportunities. Basing your illustrations on Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider, argue in favour of this assertion. IntroductionDiscrimation against women is baseless and unwarranted. A society that discriminates against them wastes a lot of potential and subjects the women to unnecessary suffering. In Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider this is clearly seen through Kahu and Nani Flowers. ContentNani Flowers comes to the aid of Kahu when she is born. Koro Apirana is so desperate for a baby boy that when a girl is born he simply brushes her aside saying I have nothing to do with her. For the burial of the afterbirth, it takes Nani Flowers firmness to have it buried in her paternal home. This is despite opposition from Koro Apirana. Thereafter, she protects her from Koro who keeps growling at her. She therefore presents herself as a voice of reason. Secondly, Kahu emerges the best in the school break-up ceremony despite all odds. She writes a winning speech in the Maori language. This is similar to the cultural preservation that Koro has been working for. Kahu also comes to the rescue of the community when its livelihood is threatened. This is the case when the whales come to the shore to protest the invasion of their kingdom. After the effort of all the men bore no fruit, a mere girl, who happens to be the subject of Korosis the one who makes the whole difference. To the utter surprise of Rawiri and the boys, there is a white lady wading off whale hunters who are cashing in on the stranded whales. Her wails and call for help draw the boys to her and together they manage to save the stranded whales. Lastly, symbolically, the Whale Mother comes out as a voice of reason when she convinces the Bull Whale,that the rider is not Kahutia Te Rangi. This is despite the Bull Whale's conviction. So, when it turned out that the rider was really a girl, the Whale Mother takes the day as a female.


Lastly, symbolically, the Whale Mother comes out as a voice of reason when she convinces the Bull Whale,that the rider is not Kahutia Te Rangi. This is despite the Bull Whale's conviction. So, when it turned out that the rider was really a girl, the Whale Mother takes the day as a female. NB: ACCEPT ANY OTHER RELEVANT POINTS THAT PORTRAY THE WOMAN POSITIVELY. ConclusionFrom the discussion above, it is sufficient to conclude that the woman occupies a special position which has been undermined for a long time. Mark 3:3:3:3 12Introduction 2Grammar 4Conclusion 2Total 20 The society looks down upon women. Write an essay in support of this statement drawing your illustrations from The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. The society looks down upon women. Support the statement. Women cannot be trusted with leadership. Pai 12 year old girl born as a twin but her brother died. Her brother was expected to be chief to continue to lead the next generation on from their grandfather Koro. Koro does not believe that Pai should bear the name of the great legend Paikea the Whale Rider. Koro also thinks of Paikea as being worthless and he does not want Pai because she is female. Pai considers herself as being destined to be the next chief because she is a direct descendant of Paikea. Traditional expectations and inclinations make Koro to choose to pick a male from the tribe to be chief, Koro in the beginning is unable to accept Pai because of his own traditions and his tribe s 1000 year old tradition that every first male born is the new chief in their generation. The society s bias towards the male child Koro would rather have Pai die and her twin brother live. Koro states that he is only there for the boy because his first anote is where is the boy? Koro wouldn t even acknowledge his granddaughter Pai is lying next to the deceased boy Koro commands that she be taken away but the girl squeals and cries demanding for her grandfather s acknowledgement. Accept any other relevant point. Expect 4 well illustrated points. Mark 3:3:3:3 12 marksCONCLUSIONA summary of the given points. An opinion that sums up the points. Accept any other relevant conclusion.


Mark 3:3:3:3 12 marksCONCLUSIONA summary of the given points. An opinion that sums up the points. Accept any other relevant conclusion. Language 4mks The Whale Rider 20 marks Both boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your answer on Witi Ihimaera s novel,Intro: Any but appropriateThe traditional expectations of the society that leadership is handed down from the father to the eldest son excludes girls from assuming leadership. Yet Muriwai proved this belief wrong for she was one of the greatest chiefs of her people. The disappointment Koro Apirana has at the birth and his opposition to be given a male s name of Kahu is unnecessary because it turns out that Kahu is the chosen one that he has been searching for all along, to take the mantle of leadership. When the community requires strong leadership, it is the women who upstage the men in leading the way. Nani Flowers ensures that Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord are buried in front of the tribe s meeting house, which bears the statue of Kahutia Te Rangi. This enhances the community s connection to the ancestors. The boys fail to retrieve Koro Apirana s carved stone but Kahu, effortlessly goes into the ocean and brings it back. She even communes with nature. The entire population of the male in habitants of Whangara fails in their attempt to coax the ancient bull whale back to the ocean, but Kahu manages to do so. As a result, she is accepted by Koro who calls her the best grandchild in the entire world. Any other relevant and justified pointThe NovelWiti ihimaera, The whale Rider Societies use traditions to justify their suppression of women. Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s the Whale Rider, write and essay supporting this statement. THE NOVEL: THE WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2mks -it is indeed true that society uses cultural practices to deny women opportunities. This is clearly brought out in the novel the whale rider. Or-contextual or general introduction highlighting implications of gender disparity to women.


Any other relevant and justified pointThe NovelWiti ihimaera, The whale Rider Societies use traditions to justify their suppression of women. Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s the Whale Rider, write and essay supporting this statement. THE NOVEL: THE WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2mks -it is indeed true that society uses cultural practices to deny women opportunities. This is clearly brought out in the novel the whale rider. Or-contextual or general introduction highlighting implications of gender disparity to women. Accept any other relevant introduction Content 12mks Cithe naming of the girl after her male ancestor Kahutia i.eRangi is vehemently opposed by her great grand father Koro Apirana, aha thanks that it would be a contemptuous act since kahu is a girl , who was believed to be of no use in this male dominated society. He felt naming the girl-child afther the founder of the tribe was belittling kahutiai.erangi s prestige. Pg 14-16 Ciiin this text the tradition do not allow a girl to take over a leadership mantle. The news of kahu annoyed koro so much that he started to desperately search for someone in fact a boy a man that will succeed him. Ciiikahu s straggle to assert her leadership potential was brutally rejected by the traditions through koro. The girl naively bites koro toe , searches and obtained his cover stone and addition crayfish that the boy had failed to retrieve did not appeal to him because she is a girl. Civin this society the traditions restricts woman from the attending men s lessons. Koro is upset when kahu intrudes into the room where lessons on language were going on. Cvtraditionally it is a taboo for a man to get in contact with kahu. The fact that porourangi fails to protect the girl because of the traditional order. Cvithe culture practice had a bad effect to woman in school. Despite kahu doing well by topping in every item in school, koro fails to attend the ceremony. Accept any other relevant point Expect any 4 well developed points, mark 3:3:3:3 12mksConclusion 2mks In conclusion , woman are never allowed to express themselves in this society.


Cvithe culture practice had a bad effect to woman in school. Despite kahu doing well by topping in every item in school, koro fails to attend the ceremony. Accept any other relevant point Expect any 4 well developed points, mark 3:3:3:3 12mksConclusion 2mks In conclusion , woman are never allowed to express themselves in this society. They have to fight like the girl kahu.orA recap of the discussed points orAn opinion that sums up the essayLanguage 4mks The Novel 20mks The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Point out four aspects of Maori culture portrayed in The Whale Rider and relate them to cultures of East Africa communities. The NovelIntroductionAspects of the Maori culture portrayed are belief in ancestors, relationship between humans and wildlife, gender, discrimination and attachment of places of birth origin. The people of Whangara have a strong belief in their ancestor, Paikea who came riding on a whale. E.A. believe in legends who founded their communities e.g. Gikuyu and Mumbi. The Maori people believe that their lives and those of creatures are closely connected. If the whale lives, they live and vice versa. E.A. have animals they relate to as their relatives, totems or clan symbols. Gender discriminations is blatant in the Whale Rider. Koro Apirana rejects her granddaughter, Kahu. In E.A., sons are regarded as the rightful heirs and inheritors of family line and property. Attachment of places of birth or origin is seen in the Whale Rider where Kahu s umbilical cord in front of the meeting house. In E.A. there is also a desire by people to be buried on one s ancestral grounds. ConclusionAspects of Maori culture are closely similar to those of E.A. communities 2mks Expect any three well illustrated pointsMark 4:4:4 12 marksLanguage 4 marksThe Novel: Witi Ihamaera: The Whale Rider Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider , write an essay to show how Leadership is passed from generation to generation 20Marks . How leadership is passed from generation to generation in Maori community. It is customary for leadership of Maori people to pass from male descendant to the next.


Communities 2mks Expect any three well illustrated pointsMark 4:4:4 12 marksLanguage 4 marksThe Novel: Witi Ihamaera: The Whale Rider Using illustrations from Witi Ihimaera s The Whale Rider , write an essay to show how Leadership is passed from generation to generation 20Marks . How leadership is passed from generation to generation in Maori community. It is customary for leadership of Maori people to pass from male descendant to the next. The first born child of the heir apparent ought to be a boy for this lineage to progress. Porourangi s siring of daughters in succession is viewed as ill-luck and that is the reason for koro Apirana s anger, he says he does not want anything to do with the girl Kahu. This is dearly a patriarchal society that believes in the supremacy of boys over girls or men over women. When Kahu is born, it is evident that her great grandfather expected a boy to inherit leadership of the community. He becomes disappointed when a girl is born and rejects herHe is looking for a male heir to the chief truancy and will not settle for a girl. The birth of another girl-child to Porourangi with his new wife Ana, does not make things any better. Instead, koro Apirana becomes obsessed with looking for a boy to inherit the chieftaincy. He even begins to look into other royal families to get the chosen one. Leadership in Maori community is purely hereditary and the mantle is passed from the eldest son to the eldest son is disintegrating slowly when Kahu becomes the chosen one. Though there is resistance by koro Apirana that a girl female should not take over leadership and insists on getting a boy to inherit the chieftaincy, Kahu finally inherits the leadership of Maori community. Introduction- 2mksBody content- 12 mks 3: 3: 3: 3 Conclusion - 2 mksLanguage- 4 mksThe Whale RiderThe natural and the supernatural are in mutual co-existence in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Write an essay in support of this statement. .c INTRODUCTIONMost communities believe in the harmonious co-existence between the living and the departed between the humans and other creatures whom they are closely linked.


Introduction- 2mksBody content- 12 mks 3: 3: 3: 3 Conclusion - 2 mksLanguage- 4 mksThe Whale RiderThe natural and the supernatural are in mutual co-existence in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Write an essay in support of this statement. .c INTRODUCTIONMost communities believe in the harmonious co-existence between the living and the departed between the humans and other creatures whom they are closely linked. In Witi Ihimaera s novel, The Whale Rider this is quite evident. Any other relevant introduction 2mksBODYThe spirit of the ancestor Kahutia Te Rangi the Whale Rider lives in eh little girl Kahu. The ancestors are able to communicate with whales and other animals. When the whales are stranded, they have to be sung to and talked to in order to move back to the sea. Every activity including fishing is preceded by a sacrifice to the gods. As some whales are dying, the other whales make mourning sounds like humans and he death of the ancient bull whale will mean the death of the whole community. While other people are butchering whales, some members of the community come up strongly to defend the whales because of their sacred origin. Accept any four well illustrated points mark 3: 3: 3: 3Conclusion 2mks From the above illustrations, we see that both the natural and supernatural co-exist are in harmony. Accept any other relevant conclusion. The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera What a man can do, a woman can do even better . Write a composition to support this statement basing your discussion on the novel, OPTIONAL TEXT: WITI IHIMAERA: The Whale RiderIntroductionThe society in the Whale rider is clearly a patriarchal one. It believes in the supremacy of boys over girls men over women. When Kahu is born, her great grandfather is not excited that the child born is a girl. He keeps telling her that she is of no use to him. But she grows to prove herself true to her calling. -From her childhood Kahu is marked and shows the potentials of a leader. This is not so with boys of her age. But there are few who cannot recognize this. Like her great grandfather Koro who believed that the next chief must be male as has been the tradition.


This is not so with boys of her age. But there are few who cannot recognize this. Like her great grandfather Koro who believed that the next chief must be male as has been the tradition. -Kahu is a bright and capable child. She proves herself up to any task. She is willing to learn about her culture and steals herself to hear Maori lessons traditionally meant for men boys. Here she learns better than the boys do. -Kahu excels at school in both academics and cultural events. -She has talent and skill. She is capable of doing what no one else in this community can do; she speaks to the Whales this makes her special even above male counterparts through Koro, her great grandfather can t see this. -The author believes that children, regardless of gender, should be mentored into leadership as leadership comes from both men and women and this fact ought to be accepted by all. ConclusionGovernance systems which are under the control of men exist across the world. Cases of women rising to leadership are still few as women are still denied the opportunities to realize their full potential as human beings. Witi Ihimaera explores the idea that women can hold positions of responsibility and do it well. -Society should accept women as equal in ordinary life and support them. Witi Ihimaera: The Whale RiderCompare and contrast the character of Koro Apirana with that of Nani flowersIntroduction:To compare is to pinpoint the similarities and to contrast is to identify the differences which exist between Koro Apirana and Nani flowers. 2marks BodySimilaritiesi They are both loyal to their family and tribe. Koro Apirana goes to great lengths to protect and identify members of the tribe by starting school sessions to teach boys and men the Maori customs and language. He fiercely protects the age old tradition of only boysinheritng the mantle of leadership. He rejects Kahu, his great grandchild, because she is a girl. Nani flowers love for Kahu is evident in the things she does to ensure that she remains among her people. She buries her birth cord in Whangara near the meeting house in the sight of the stature of Kahutia Te Rangi the founder of the tribe. Ii They are both stubbornKoro Apirana adamantly refuses to love Kahu because he prefers a boy child to inherit the chieftaincy from Porourangi.


Nani flowers love for Kahu is evident in the things she does to ensure that she remains among her people. She buries her birth cord in Whangara near the meeting house in the sight of the stature of Kahutia Te Rangi the founder of the tribe. Ii They are both stubbornKoro Apirana adamantly refuses to love Kahu because he prefers a boy child to inherit the chieftaincy from Porourangi. He does not allow her to participate in the lessons he gives the boys on the wisdom of the tribe. He even fails to recognize that Kahu is the chosen one because he is blinded by chauvinism. Nani flowers also stubbornly refuses to let Koro Apirana have his way where Kahu is concerned. She does all she can to ensure that Kahu remains among her people. She cites her Muriwai lineage when Koro Apirana thinks she is stubborn and uncooperative. Iii They are both lovingNani Flowers loves Kahu right from the beginning without caring whether she is a girl. Koro Apirana however, loved her at the end of the story when it is no longer in doubt that she is the chosen one. Differences i Nani flowers is humorous and full of life while Koro Apirana is said to be grumpy. Nani s threat to divorce Koro Apirana is comical because she does not carry out her threat. She chases after her husband when he goes out to sea to sulk and calls him endearing names as she does so. Koro Apirana, on the other hand goes not to sea to sulk whenever he feels angry. He also growls at Kahu whenever she shows up at the door of the meeting house. Ii Nani Flowers supports the girl child as a leader. She does everything in her power to support Kahu. For example, she buries her birth cord in Whangara to ensure she is close to her people. Koro Apirana is steeped in traditions and does not support the idea of girls taking up of leadership positions. He refuses to see Kahu as a possible leader of the tribe even when the signs are there.


4 well illustrated pts. 3mks - 12mks Conclusion 2mks Summary of the points illustrated in the body. Should be relevant and tied to the content grammar. 4mks MarksIntroduction 2mks Body 3:3:3:3 2mks Expect 4 well illustrated points Conclusion 2mks Grammar Marks should be tied to the points 4mks Total 20mks The Novel: The Whale Rider 20 marks It requires a strong character to survive in a male dominated world. Assess the truth of this statement with reference to Nani Flowers in The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera. Introduction- Nani Flowers is portrayed as a character who can not be put down under any circumstances. In a community that is patriarchal in nature, she opts to defend herself and other females in her household and society. -. She goes out of her way to defend her great grandchild against Koro Apirana sprejudice. She defends Porourangi s decision to name her Kahu despite it being a man s name. She hits the narrator for overworking the girl and taking her to the moves. She also refuses to allow Koro Apirana to alienate the girl and encourages Kahu to pester him for attention. Despite her obvious disapproval of Koro Apirana s mannerisms, she truly loves him and fondly calls him Old Paka . -. She is assertive, and independent minded as a wife and grandmother. She tells Koro Apirana occasionally that she will divorce him to marry Waari if he continues to annoy her. She pulls his boat back to the beach after he sulks after quarreling with her she insists on bringing back to the community. Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord despite Koro Apirana s opposition. She demands that women should be allowed to participate in meetings and saving the ancient bull whale. -. She is strong-willed and courageous. She says she belongs to the Muriwai people whose fierceness is legendary. Indeed Koro Apirana agrees with her and says her Muriwai s blood is too strong thus it has led to the birth of a girl as an heir in the family.


- She is strong-willed and courageous. She says she belongs to the Muriwai people whose fierceness is legendary. Indeed Koro Apirana agrees with her and says her Muriwai s blood is too strong thus it has led to the birth of a girl as an heir in the family. She defends the decision to name Porourangi s child, Kahu and quarrels and challenges Koro Apirana on almost everything. It is said she is always stepping out of line. -. She is foresighted. She is able to notice the extraordinary abilities and qualities in Kahu. That s why she buries her afterbirth and birth cord in front of the tribe s meeting house. She encourages the girl to attend the men s meetings by threatening Koro Apirana whenever he sends Kahu away. She notices that Kahu is no ordinary girl while she is retrieving the curved stone from the floor of the ocean. She also notices that the girl is communicating with the Dolphins and she bids her time waiting for the right signs of what is to come. Should have a conclusion, the candidate should tie up his her argument using a short paragraph. Use the format of making question 2 to mark this one . The Novel 20 marks Witi Ihimaera, The Whale RiderKahu faces a lot of rejection but eventually saves her people. Write an essay expounding on this rejection experienced by Kahu. A IntroductionMost people who volunteer to save the society encounter obstacles and hardships on the way. One of these challenges is one of rejection not only by the society but also by those close to them. This makes their work quite difficult. In The Whale Rider, Kahu is rejected right from birth even though she is the one who finally saves her people. Accept any other relevant introduction, 2mks. Should only be in the first paragraph. Do not accept a mere definition or restatement of the question. Content i She is rejected from birth for being a girl. The grandfather rejects her when the phone call reveals that she is a girl. A girl , Koro Apirana, our grandfather said disgusted. I will have noting to do with her. She has broken the male line of descent in our tribe. He even blames his wife for Kahu s birth. It s your fault. Your female side was too strong. P10. Ii Her name is rejected. She is given a boy s name.


Your female side was too strong. P10. Ii Her name is rejected. She is given a boy s name. Kahutia Te Rangi is not only a man s name but it is the name of the ancestor of their village. Koro Apirana feels that naming a girl child after the founder of their tribe is belittling Kahutia Te Rangi s prestige. P14 iii Her birth causes cultural conflict. Koro Apirana cannot reconcile his traditional beliefs about Maori leadership and rights with Kahu s birth. By Maori custom, leadership was hereditary and normally the mantle of prestige fell from the eldest son to the eldest son. Iv She is rejected as an orphan particularly by Koro Apirana. Porourangi brings Kahu s mother back to the village where the funeral was held. When Rehua s mother asked if she and her people can raise Kahu, Nani Flowers objects strongly. V She is rejected when she comes for holiday. She is put in Koro Apirana s hands but he says no though it is surprising how Kahu and Koro Apirana resemble each other with the only difference being that she loves him but he does not love her. When he gives her back to Nani Flowers, she starts to cry, reaching for him but he turns away and leaves the house. P25. Expect any 4 well developed areas. Mark 3:3:3:3. Total 12 marks. Kahu s rejection must clearly be seen; if not mark out of 2 for each point. Grammar and presentation score pegged to content score as shown. B ConclusionIt is indeed true that prophets are rarely recognized in their homes. This is true even from religious writings but the same people become saviours of the very same communities who rejected them. Accept any other relevant conclusion 2 mksShould only be in the last paragraph. Score should be tied to the content score as shown in question 2.


B ConclusionIt is indeed true that prophets are rarely recognized in their homes. This is true even from religious writings but the same people become saviours of the very same communities who rejected them. Accept any other relevant conclusion 2 mksShould only be in the last paragraph. Score should be tied to the content score as shown in question 2. THE NOVELWiti Ihimaera - The Whale Rider:Drawing your illustrations from the Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera, write a composition entitled"Gender discrimination is sometimes proved wrong". 20 marks The Novel The Whale Rider Witi IhimaeraDrawing examples from the novel, show how women are discriminated against in the Maori societyQ4 WHALE RIDERIntroduction 2 marksIt must introduce the question appropriately it can be either be generalized or contextualized. When Koro Apirano learns that he has a first born great grand daughter, he comments that he has nothing to do with her. He is disgusted because the girl had broken the male line descent in their tribe. He expected a boy who would be next chief because women were not traditionally expected to hold positions of chieftain. He says that Kahu won t be any good to him No good. I won t have anything to do with her that Porourangi had better have a son next time. When Nani Flowers brings out the subject of Kahu, Koro Apirana compresses his lips crosses his arms, turns his back on Nani and looks elsewhere. We are also told that the love which Kahu received from koro Apirana was the sort that dropped off the edge of the table like bread-crumbs after everybody else had a big meal. This shows that women are considered inferior men in the society. Koro Apirana excludes women from instruction in his school. This is clearly noted when Kahu has to sneak or just stare in at the boys as they receive instruction. When he finds her eavesdropping, he grows at her and sends her packing. When Kahu openly embraces Koro Apirana, he cannot reciprocate the love. He feels embarrassed and ashamed. We are told that he stood there thunderstruck looking for somewhere to hide. He is also not comfortable with Kahu calling him Paka and he tries to persuade her to call him Koro but she won t stop.


He feels embarrassed and ashamed. We are told that he stood there thunderstruck looking for somewhere to hide. He is also not comfortable with Kahu calling him Paka and he tries to persuade her to call him Koro but she won t stop. When Koro Apirana is told by Nani flowers that he should not discriminate against women any more, he answers that he doesn t give a hang about women and they haven t got the power. We also learn from Kahu that it is considered a waste of time for a girl to go to university. We learn also that women are discriminated against in the Maori community this in the case of MihiKutukutuku a big chief who descended from Aparui, she was once ordered by a chief to sit down because women were not allowed to stand up and speak on sacred ground. Another instance of discrimination against women from the traditional activities of the Maori tribe is where we are told that fishing is only done by men because it is considered a sacred activity and men are considered to be sacred. Koro Apirana has started a school for boys and discovered three sons from royal bloodlines to whom he intends to pass the mantle of knowledge. He keeps on chasing Kahu away from the boys school meetings and at one incident he hurls her away and cautions Nani to keep her away from the meeting house. In the chieftain test that involves people diving into deep water to retrieve a curved stone dropped there by a priest, only men are involved. Conclusion 2 marksThis must be a summary of the main argument s Marks distribution allocationIntroduction 2 marksContent any four well ill. 3 marks 12 marks 3:3:3:3Linguistic competent 4 marks TOTAL 20 MARKSTHE NOVEL: Witi Ihimaela s - The Whale RiderUsing the novel,The Whale Riderby Witi Ihimaela, show how traditions prevent women from contributing towards society s development. The novel: The Whale Rider. Write a story that portrays Kahu as a child of destiny from birth in the novelThe Whale Rider by Witi IhimaeraThe Novel The whale Rider Witi IhimaeraBoth boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your arguments on the novel. The Whale Rider .


Write a story that portrays Kahu as a child of destiny from birth in the novelThe Whale Rider by Witi IhimaeraThe Novel The whale Rider Witi IhimaeraBoth boys and girls have equal rights to leadership in the society. Write an essay supporting this statement basing your arguments on the novel. The Whale Rider . Witi Thimaera The Whale RiderBasing your illustrations from the text. The Whale Rider by Witi Thimaera, show how gender discrimination has been brought outRACIAL DISCRIMINATIONThis refers to discrimination that is based on skin complexion. This mainly happened at Papua New Guinea where Rawiri had relocated to with Jeff having come from Australia. When they arrived at Jeff s home, his parents are informed that Rawiri was a Maori. But they find too dark. Rawiri says that he could almost hear Clara, Jeff s mother, wondering how she would explain him to other women at the Bridge Club. After staying for some time at Papua New Guinea, Jeff s parents start pushing him out gently. They felt that Rawiri was supposed to consult with his own kind in the clubs and all parties of the expatriates. This throws Rawiri more to the company of the natives. According to the whites In Papua New Guinea, he had broken a cardinal rule and the punishment was ostracism. At one time, the family gets invited to a reception hosted at Port Moresby for a young expatriate couple who had wed. Claranaturally assumed that Rawiri would be left to watch the plantation. Jeff insisted that he should go as he was one of the family. Clara made it obvious that she was embarrassed by Rawiri s presence. Rawiri is saddened to her say to another guest, he s a friend of Jeff s. You know our Jeff, always bringing home dogs and strays. But at least he s not a native. Pg 58 . When Jeff runs over Bernard, their own worker, the family has no qualms leaving him on the road, injured. When Rawiri tries to move out to help him, he is told by Clara to leave him alone because he was only a native! Tom himself told Rawiri to try to understand . Jeff whimpers and starts the car. When Rawiri forcefully yanks the door open, Clara yells to Jeff to leave him there and that is what they do.


Tom himself told Rawiri to try to understand . Jeff whimpers and starts the car. When Rawiri forcefully yanks the door open, Clara yells to Jeff to leave him there and that is what they do. When the inquest is done, the verdict was that: it was an accident, of course. A native walking carelessly on the side of the road. And it could have happened to anybody. Rawiri wondered whether he would be the next. Within a month he leaves the country and went back to New Zealand. FAMILY RELATIONSThe author gives prominence to family and family relationships in the story. The Maori tribe is said to have originated from a mystical man from the sea. This man was Kahutia Te Rangi and his spears that ensured family stability. Koro Apirana and Nani Flowers run their homestead with a firmness that holds the family together. Porourangi, the oldest grandson of Koro, stays outside the city but maintains a close touch with the family back home. He keeps on informing them about his new family development. He calls to tell them of the birth of his first born, a girl Kahu. Everybody celebrates except Koro Apirana who wanted a boy for a great grand child to be the custodian of Maori culture. Family relations are heightened when Kahu s afterbirth and birth cord are brought to be buried in her ancestral home. This is to reconcile her with Whangara people, her father s family. The cord is picked by Nani Flowers and the boys from the airport and buried in front of the meeting house. The naming of children also strengthens family relations. Rehua named the child after their ancestor, Kahutia Te Rangi, so that if she Rehua died the child would be linked to her father s people and land. Her birth cord is buried on the earth Marae, their village since Kahu has Porourangi and Old Paikea s blood. Family relationship is further developed through the characters in the story. Rawiri purposely narrates to us the mutual relationship between the extended family members. He reveals the deep bond of love and culture holding the family together.no wonder Porourangi who is staying in South Island updates his family of his developments. Rawiri also communicates with his family while in diaspora.


Rawiri purposely narrates to us the mutual relationship between the extended family members. He reveals the deep bond of love and culture holding the family together.no wonder Porourangi who is staying in South Island updates his family of his developments. Rawiri also communicates with his family while in diaspora. At the end of the story even Koro Apirana who had not appreciated Kahu because of being a girl, embraces her as the best grandchild in the whole wide world, boy or girl, it doesn t matter pg 121 .BETRAYALThis is the act of betraying someone who trusts you. The ancient whale together with the golden master had established a very close relationship ever since the golden master rescued the whale when it was small. One day Kahutia Te Rangi requested the ancient whale to accompany him to take gifts of Hawaiki to the people of Whangara. While there the golden master gets married and starts a family. He tells the whale to return to the kingdom of Tangaroa and live with his own kind. The whale felt betrayed by the golden master for bringing to an end the close relationship they had the heartache of the separation has never left the whale pg 77 .Koro Apirana betrayed Kahu by failing to acknowledge her just because she was a girl. The moment she was born, he got disgusted and said that he will have nothing to do with her. Although Kahu craves for his love, Koro pushes her away at every opportunity he gets. As a girl, Kahu is of use to Koro Apirana. Pg 10, 91 .When Jeff hit a man Bernard on the road and leaves him for dead, Rawiri who had treated him a best friend feels betrayed. It pained Rawiri that a friend he had could react to the assumptions of his culture. He wondered whether he would be the next victim. This is one of the events that made him start thinking of going back home.


FORM I1.0.0 Introduction to Agriculture 8 Lessons 2.0.0 Factors Influencing Agriculture 24 Lessons 3.0.0. Farm Tools And Equipment 7 Lessons 4.0.0 Crop Production I Land Preparation 7 Lessons 5.0.0 Water Supply, Irrigation And Drainage 10 Lessons 6.0.0 Soil Fertility I Organic Manures 6 Lessons 7.0.0 Livestock Production I Common Breeds 7 Lessons 8.0.0 Agricultural Economics I Basic Concepts and Farm Records 7 Lessons Introduction to AgricultureDefinition of AgricultureAgriculture is the science and art of cultivation of crops and rearing of livestock. As a science, it involves experimentation and application of scientific knowledge in such areas as;Soil analysis,Control of pests and diseases,Farm machinery and structures,Crop and livestock breeding. As an art, it involves the use of learned skills in;Tilling the land,Construction,Measurement,Harvesting of crops,Feeding and handling of livestockMarketing. Branches of AgricultureCrop Farming Arable Farming The practice of growing crops on cultivated land. It is subdivided into:Field crops Cultivation:maize, beans, potatoes, coffee, tea, cotton to name but a few. Horticulture:It involves the growing of perishable crops which have high value. It is further subdivided into:Floriculture - the growing of flowers. Olericulture - the growing of vegetables. Pomoculture - the growing of fruits. Livestock FarmingThis branch deals with the rearing of livestock for various products. It is further subdivided into:Pastoralism: This is the rearing of mammalian livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, pigs and camels. Fish Farming Aquaculture : This is the practice of rearing fish and other aquatic organisms , in ponds. Bee Keeping Apiculture : This involves the rearing of bees in structures known as beehives. Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural EconomicsIt deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural EngineeringThis branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures.


Poultry Keeping: This is the keeping of domesticated birds. Agricultural EconomicsIt deals with the allocation of scarce resources land, labour, capital and management for agricultural production. Agricultural EngineeringThis branch of agriculture deals with the use and maintenance of farm tools, machinery and structures. Farming SystemsA farming system is the organization of the various enterprises in a farm. It is determined by the following factors:Resources available land, labour, capital and management . Skills of the farmer. Environmental factors such as climate, soil type and topography. Government policy. Farmer's choice and preference. Enterprise requirement. Social-cultural factors. The following are systems of farming:Extensive System:It is a system where a large piece of land with low investment of resources per unit area is carried out. AdvantagesIt is cheap. Does not require high level of management. Requires less labour. DisadvantagesLow profit per unit area. Cannot be practiced where land is limited. Low output per unit area. The land is under-utilized,Intensive Farming:This system utilizes the factors of production to the maximum and involves high level of management. AdvantagesMaximum utilization of the resources. Can be practiced even where land is a limiting factor. Results in high yields. DisadvantagesLabour intensive. High capital investment is required. Requires high level of management. Can lead to high loses in case of poor management. Large Scale FarmingRefers to the farming practice under large areas of land over 20 hectares. It is used mainly for commercial purposes. The system is highly mechanized. AdvantagesResults in high yields. Due to economics of scale high profit is realized. DisadvantagesLack of diversification may lead to total failure in case of unfavorable conditions. High level of management is required. Heavy capital investment. Requires skilled and qualified manpower. Small Scale FarmingRefers to farming carried out on a small area of land less than 5 hectares. Family or casual labour can be engaged during the peak periods. Most of the Kenyan farmers are small scale due to unavailability of farmland. AdvantagesRequires low capital investment. Possible where land is a limiting factor. Does not require high management level unless under intensive system. DisadvantagesUneconomical 10 mechanize due to small size. Low production. Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize.


Provides limited employment. Labour intensive. Difficult to specialize. Methods of FarmingA method of farming is an established way of carrying out farming activities. The following are the common methods of farming:Mixed FarmingIt is the practice of growing crops and keeping of livestock on the same land. Its common in high potential areas. AdvantagesMutual benefit between crops and livestock. Crops supply feed for animals while animals supply manure for crops. Acts as an insurance against total loss by the farmer. The farmer is assured of an income throughout the year. There is maximum utilization of the resources. Animals can be used in the farm activities particularly draught animals. Ensures proper utilization of labour and land throughout the year. DisadvantagesHigh initial capital. Lack of specialization. Land can be a limiting factor if both enterprises are to be raised. Requires high level of management for both enterprises. Nomadic-PastoralismThis is the practice of livestock rearing whereby animals are moved from one place to another in search of water and pastures. It is practiced in the arid and semi-arid areas where in most cases beef animals are kept. Nomadic pastoralism is gradually changing to ranching with the introduction of:Improved pasture species, improved livestock breeds and supplementary feeding. Efficient disease and parasite control measures. Improved infra-structure such as roads, water supply, cattle dipping facilities. Extension services. AdvantagesServes as the backbone of beef industry in Kenya. Proper way of utilizing the arid and semi arid areas. Source of income to the pastoral communities. DisadvantagesIt encourages the spread of livestock pests and diseases due to communal watering points, grazing and dipping facilities. There is a tendency to increased soil erosion and land degradation. Source of conflicts and ethnic tension among the nomadic communities for the control of good pastures and water. Difficult to control breeding and breeding diseases. High rate of inbreeding leading to poor quality livestock. Low production of milk, meat, hides and skins due to wastage of energy in traveling from one place to another in search of pastures and water. High death rates as a result of walking for long distances. Shifting CultivationIt is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. AdvantagesLand is allowed to rest and regain its fertility.


Shifting CultivationIt is a traditional method of cultivating a piece of land until the soil is exhausted and crop yields decline. The land is abandoned and the farmer shifts to a new field as the previous land is left fallow to regain its fertility. AdvantagesLand is allowed to rest and regain its fertility. No build up of pests and diseases. Soil structure is restored. The cost of production is low since inorganic fertilizers and pesticides are not used. Crop produce are chemical free. DisadvantagesNot practical where land is a limiting factor. Farm planning and acquisition of credits for land development is 'not possible. It is a cumbersome method due to constant movement. Lack of soil conservation measuresNot possible to grow perennial crops. Low output per unit area due to poor farming methods. Where fire is used to clear the land organic matter is destroyed. Organic FarmingIt is a fanning method where crops are grown and livestock reared without the use of agrochemicals. It is a method of farming which has been adopted to reduce the long term effect of the agro-chemicals on crops which may eventually end up in man and livestock. Agro-chemicals are also expensive thus organic farming reduces the cost of production. Organically produced goods fetch high market prices. AdvantagesCheap and cost effective. Make use of the locally available materialsUseful in improving the soil structures. No side effects from the crops and livestock products. No environmental pollution. Agro-ForestryThis is the practice of integrating trees and crops on the same piece of land. With land resources becoming more scarce, agroforestry is becoming more important. Examples of common agroforestry trees and shrubs include:Cajanus cajanGrevillea robustaSesbania sesbanCalliandra calothyrsusCasuarina equisetifoliaLeucaena leucocephalaTrees selected for agroforestry should have the following characteristics:Able to grow fast. Deep roots to minimize competition for nutrients. Should be preferably leguminous. AdvantagesTrees reduce soil erosion in a given area. Leguminous trees add nitrates into the soil thus improving the soil fertility. Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land.


Some trees can be used as livestock fodder to provide a high level of proteins. They are important sources of wood fuel and timber. There is maximum utilization of land. Importance of Agriculture to the Economy of KenyaProvides food to the population to meet nutritional requirements and to enable man to engage in other activities of farming. Provides employment. This for example can be direct as a labourer in the farm, tea plucker or indirect for example, working in agricultural based industries. Source of raw materials for industries for example cotton lint for textile industry. Provides foreign exchange - through exporting agricultural produce. Provides market for industrial goods agriculture is a consumer of the finished goods from agro-based industries. Source of income - farmers as well as the government get revenue from the sale of agricultural produce and tax payment. Factors Influencing AgricultureIntroductionAgricultural production is influenced by external factors:Human factorsBiotic factorsClimatic factorsEdaphic factors. Human FactorsThese are human characteristics which affect the way decisions are made and operations carried out. Level of education and technology:SkillsTechnological ad van cements . Human health HIV-AIDS:These affect the strength, the vigour, vision and the determinationto work. HIV AIDS is the biggest threat to human health today and has longlasting effects on agriculture, such as;Shortage of farm labour. Loss of family support. Low living standards leading to despondency and hopelessness. Increased criminal activities. More time spent by the Government and NGO's in Carring for the sick. Economy;Stability in the countries' economy affect agricultural production. Government Policy:These are governmental laws which have been enacted to protect farmers, land and livestock. They include:Food policyPolicies on control of livestock parasites and diseases. Policies on marketing of both local and export products and others. Transport and communication:For agricultural goods to move from the farm to the consumers. Cultural practices and religious beliefs:These activities hinder important changes in a society that may bring agricultural development. Market forces:Demand and supply forces which affect prices of commodities in a free market. Biotic FactorsThese are living organisms which affect agricultural production. Pests - Destructive organisms which destroy crops. Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases.


Parasites - These are invertebrates which live in or on other living organisms. Decomposers - Organisms which act on plants and animal tissues to form manure. Pathogens - Micro-organisms which cause diseases. Predators - Animals that kill and feed on other animals. Pollinators - They transfer pollen grains from the stamens to the pistil of a flower. Nitrogen fixing bacteria -They are micro-organisms which convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates ready for use by the plants. Climatic Factors weather elements . Rainfall,Temperature,Wind,Relative humidityLight. Weather - Atmospheric conditions of a place at a given time period. Climate - weather conditions of a place observed and recorded for a period of 30-40 years. RainfallSupplies Water:Which is necessary for the life process in plants and animals. Which makes the plant turgid hence provides support. Acts as a solvent for plant nutrients. Cools the plant during transpiration. Which is used as a raw material in photosynthesis. When plants lack enough water they respond in different ways as follows:By closing the stomata to restrict water loss. Hastens maturity. Some will roll their leaves. Other plants have developed permanent adaptation to water stress such as:Growing needle like leaves. Develop fleshy leaves for water storage. Develop long roots. Wilting and death in extreme conditions. Important Aspects of Rainfall:Rainfall reliability;This is the dependency on the timing of the onset of the rains. Amount of rainfall;Quantity of rain that falls in a given area within a given year. Rainfall distribution ;The number of wet months in a year. Rainfall intensity;Amount of rainfall that falls in an area within a period of 1 hour. TemperatureThis is the degree of hotness or coldness of a place measured in degrees Celsius. Cardinal range of temperature is the temperature required by plant to grow and thrive well. Optimum range of temperatures - the best temperature for the best performance of plants. Effects of Temperatures on Crop Production:Low temperatures:Slow the growth rate of crops due to slowed photosynthesis and respiration. High incidences of disease infection. Improves quality of crops such as tea and pyrethrum. High TemperaturesIncrease evaporation rate leading toWilting. Hastens the maturity of crops. Increase disease and pest infection. Improves quality of crops such as pineapples, oranges and pawpaws.


Hastens the maturity of crops. Increase disease and pest infection. Improves quality of crops such as pineapples, oranges and pawpaws. WindWind is moving air. Good effects of wind include:Seed dispersalCooling of landPollination in cropsBrings rain bearing cloudsNegative effects of wind:Increases the rate of evaporation of water. Causes lodging of cereals and distorts perennial crops. Increases evapo-transpiration. Spreads diseases and pests. Destroys farm structures. Relative humidityThe amount of water vapour in the airAffects the rate of evapo-transpiration. Forms dew which supplies soil with moisture under dry conditions. High humidity induce rooting in cuttings. Increases disease multiplication and spread. LightProvide radiant energy harnessed by green plant for photosynthesis. Important aspects of light:Light intensity ;The strength with which light is harnessed by chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Light duration;The period during which light is available to plants per day. Plant response to light duration is known as photoperiodism. Short-day plants - require less than 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Long-day plants - require more than 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Day-neutral plants require 12 hours of daylight to flower and seed. Light wavelength;This is the distance between two - successive crests of a wavelength. It dictates the difference between natural and artificial light. Chlorophyll absorbs certain wavelengths of light. Edaphic Factors Influencing AgricultureThese are soil factors. Soil is the natural material that covers the surface of the earth,Made of weathered rock particles and decomposed animal and plant tissues, and on which plants grow. Importance of SoilProvides anchorage to the plants by holding their roots firmly. Provides plants with mineral salts nutrients which are necessary for their growth. Provide the plants with water. Contains oxygen necessary for respiration of the plants and soil micro-organisms. Soil Formation:Soil is formed through weathering process. Weathering is the breakdown and alteration of the parent rock near the surface of the earth to a stable substance. Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of WeatheringPhysical weatheringChemical weatheringBiological weatheringAgents of WeatheringPhysical Agents of WeatheringInclude wind, water, moving ice and temperature.


Weathering process is a combination of disintegration breakdown and synthesis build up process. Weathering process is continuous. Types of WeatheringPhysical weatheringChemical weatheringBiological weatheringAgents of WeatheringPhysical Agents of WeatheringInclude wind, water, moving ice and temperature. Wind - carry materials which hit against each other to break into fragments. Water - intensity of rainfall causes breakdown of rock. Moving ice - has grinding effects which tear off rock particles. Extreme temperature cause rocks to expand and contract suddenly peeling off their surface. Chemical WeatheringAffects the chemical composition and structure of the rock. Involves processes such as ;Hydrolysis,Hydration,CarbonationOxidation. Hydration;The process by which soluble minerals in the rocks absorb water and expand weakening the rock thus leading to disintegration. Hydrolysis;The process whereby water dissolves soluble minerals in the rock weakening it. Oxidation;The reaction of rock minerals with oxygen to form oxides which break easily. Carbonation;The process whereby carbonic acids formed when rain water dissolves carbon dioxide,It reacts with calcium carbonates in limestone causing it to disintegrate. Biological WeatheringThis involves the action of living organisms, plants and animals on the rocks. Burrowing animals, for example, termites and moles bring soil particles to the surface exposing them to other agents of weathering. Big animals like, elephants, buffaloes, camels and cattle exert a lot of pressure on the rocks as they step on them due to their heavy weights causing the rocks to disintegrate. Earthworms take part in the decomposition of plant matter with the soil particles. Man's activities like, mining and quarrying expose rocks to the surface during excavation. These activities breakdown large rocks into smaller rock particles. Plant roots force their way through the cracks in the rocks thus widening and splitting them. Humic acids formed when plant tissues decompose react with the rocks weakening them further. Plant remains-decompose adding humus into the soil. Factors influencing soil formationClimate- rainfall, temperature and wind Biotic factors - living organisms. Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials.


Parent material- Nature and properties of the original rock from which the soil is formed. Time - length of time during which the soil forming processes have taken place. Topography - influences the movement of disintegrated materials. It is the vertical arrangement of different layers of soil from the ground surface to the bedrock. These layers are also referred to as horizons. The layers show differences in their contents and physical properties such as colour, texture and structure. The layers include: organic matter region, top soil, sub-soil, weathered rocks and parent material. Organic Matter RegionFirst layer of the soil found on the surface. Made up of leaves and other plant remains at various stages of decomposition. Some soil organisms may also be found here. Top SoilHas a dark colour due to the presence of humus. Is rich in plant nutrients and well aerated. It is a zone of maximum leaching zone of eluviations Sub-SoilIt is compact and less aerated. It is a zone of accumulation of leached material zone of aluviation from the top layers. Deep rooted crops have their roots growing up to this region. Hard pans normally form in this layerWeathered RocksIt is also called substratum. Rocks at various stages of disintegration are found in this zone. Most of the materials found in this zone originate from the parent rock. Parent RockIt exists as a solid mass which is un-weathered. It is the source of the inorganic composition of the soil. The water table is on the surface of this rock. Soils Formed in Situ and Soils DepositedSoil formed in the same place and remains there is said to be in situ. However, soil can be formed due to deposition of soil particles carried from its original site of formation to another area which is usually in the lower areas of slopes. Such soils are said to have been formed through deposition. Soil DepthThis is the distance between top soil layer and the bottom soil layer in a profile. It dictates root penetration and growthDeep soils are more suitable for crop growth since they contain more nutrients. Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil ConstituentsOrganic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remainsLiving Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots.


Have a larger surface are for root expansion. Deep soils facilitate good drainage and aeration. Soil ConstituentsOrganic Matter - Dead and decaying plants and animal remainsLiving Organisms - Soil organisms and plant roots. Micro-organisms bacteria, protozoa and fungi Invertebrates -termites,Earthworms and molluscs. Higher animals - rodents and others. Inorganic or Mineral MatterFormed from the parent materials. Supply plant nutrientsForm the skeleton and framework of the soil. AirFound in the pore spaces of the soil. Used for root and organism respirationUsed for germination of seeds. Helps in decomposition of organic matter. Regulates soil temperature. Regulates the movement of water through capillary action. WaterDissolves mineral saltsMaintain turgidity in plants. Used for germination of seedsUsed by soil organisms. Regulate soil temperatureDictates the amount of air in the soil. Water in the soil exists in three forms namely:Superfluous Gravitational WaterFound in the large spaces macro-pores in the soil particles. Held by gravitation forces. When the pores are saturated, the soil is said to be waterlogged. It moves and may cause leaching. Hygroscopic WaterWater found in thin films on the soil particles. Held by strong adhesive forces between water and soil particles. Does not move and hence not available for plant use. Capillary WaterOccupy micro-pores in the soil particles. Held by cohesive forces between water molecules. Moves through capillary actionAvailable to plants for use. Soil StructureThis is the arrangement of soil particles in a soil horizon. Types of Soil Structure Single-grainedCrumbyGranularPrismaticColumnarPlatyBlockyImportance of Soil Structure on Crop ProductionSoil Structure InfluencesSoil aerationSoil drainage and water holding capacity. Plants root penetrability and anchorage. Microbial activities in the soil. Circulation of gases in the soil. Farming practices which improve the soil structure are:Application of inorganic manure into the soil. Tilling the land at the right moisture content. Crop rotation. Minimum tillage. Cover cropping. Mulching. Soil TextureIt refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil.


Cover cropping. Mulching. Soil TextureIt refers to the relative proportion of the various sizes of the mineral particles of soil. Importance of Soil Texture on Crop Production;Influences soil fertilityAffects the organic matter contentInfluences the drainage of the soil. Influences soil aeration. Influences water holding capacity. Influences the capillarity or movement of water in the soil. Soil Textural ClassesSandy SoilsMade up largely of sand particles. Have large pore spaces hence poor in water retention. Easy to till light soils . Freely draining. Low fertility due to leaching of minerals. Easily erodible. Clayey SoilsMade up largely of clayey particles. Have small pore spaces hence good in moisture retention. Difficult to till heavy soils . Poorly 'drained. Expand when wet, crack when dry. High capillary. Rich in plant nutrients. Loam SoilsAbout equal amounts of sand and clay. Moderately good in both moisture and air retention. Fertile soils. Soil ColourThis depends on the, mineral composition of the parent rock and the organic matter content. Soils containing a lot of iron are brownish, yellowing and reddish in colour. Soils with a lot of silica are white. Soils with a lot of humus are dark or grey. Soil pHThis refers to the acidity or alkalinity of the soil solution the concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution. Soil pH is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions H or the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil solution. A pH of less than 7 means that the soil is acidic. A pH of more than 7 means that the soil is alkaline. As the hydroxyl ions OH in the soil increase the soil becomes more alkaline. Influence of Soil pH Crop GrowthIt determines the type of crop to be grown in a particular area. Most crops are affected by either very acidic or very basic soil pH. Soil pH affects the choice of fertilizers and the availability of nutrients to crops. At low pH the concentration of available iron and aluminium in the soil solution may increase to toxic levels, which is harmful to plants. Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and EquipmentIntroductionFarm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient.


Very acidic or low pH inhibit the activity of soil micro-organisms. Farm Tools and EquipmentIntroductionFarm tools and equipment perform specific jobs in the farm. They make work easier and more efficient. They can be classified according to their uses as follows:Garden Tools and EquipmentLivestock Production Tools and EquipmentWorkshop Tools and EquipmentPlumbing and Masonry ToolsCare and Maintenance of Tools and EquipmentReasons for MaintenanceTo increase durability. To increase efficiency. Reduce costs of replacement. For safety of the user avoid accidents. Avoid damage to the tool. MethodsUse tools for the right work. Proper handling when using tools or equipment. Clean and oil tools after work. Keep tools in there right place. Replace and repair worn-out partsSharpen cutting or digging edgesGrease moving parts to reduce frictionUse safety devices in the workshop to reduce accidents and breakagesCROP PRODUCTION 1 Land Preparation IntroductionA piece of land which is prepared is known as seedbed. A seedbed is a piece of land that is prepared ready to receive planting materials. Seedbed PreparationReasons for Seedbed Preparation;To enable water to infiltrate. To kill weedsTo improve soil aeration. To destroy pests and diseases. To incorporate organic matter in the soil. For easy planting. To facilitate root penetration. Operations in Land PreparationLand ClearingClearing of land is necessary when:Opening up a virgin land. A stalk growing crop was previously planted. There is long interval between primary and secondary cultivation. Land was left fallow for a long time. ProcedureTree felling and removal of stumps and roots. BurningSlashingUse of chemicals. Note: Burning should be avoided where possible since it;Leads to loss of organic matter,Kills soil organismsDestroys soil structure and plant nutrients. Primary CultivationThis is the initial breaking of land. It is done early before the onset of the rains to:Give time for soil organisms to act on organic matter. Allow gaseous exchange to take place, thus carbon dioxide diffuses out of the soil while oxygen enters into the soil. Allow other operations to take place in time. Reasons for primary cultivation:Remove weeds. Burry organic matter. Open up soil for infiltration of water and air. Expose pests and disease causing organisms. Soften the soil for easy planting.


Open up soil for infiltration of water and air. Expose pests and disease causing organisms. Soften the soil for easy planting. Operations in primary cultivationHand digging ;Use of hand tools ;Jembes,Mattocks,Fork-jembes. Mechanical cultivation ;Use of mouldboard ploughs;Disc ploughs,Chisel ploughs,SubsoilersRippers. Use of Ox-Ploughs ;Which can be drawn by;Oxen,Donkeys,CamelsDepth of CultivationDepends on:The type of crop to be planted size of seed. The implements available. The type of soil. Choice of ImplementDetermined by:The condition of land. The type of tilth required type of crop. Depth of cultivation. Secondary TillageThese are refinement practices on the seedbed that follow primary cultivation. It is also known as harrowing. Reasons for secondary Tillage:To remove the germinating weeds. To break soil clods to produce required tilth. To level the seedbed for uniform planting. To incorporate organic matter manure into the soil. Factors determining number of secondary cultivation:Soil moisture content. Size of the planting materials. Condition of the soil after primary cultivation. Slope of the land. Tertiary Operations:Ridging ;The process of digging soil on a continuous line and heaping on one side to produce a furrow and a bund ridge . It is important for root crops, to allow root expansion and for soil and water conservation. Rolling:It is the compaction of the soil to produce a firm surface which increases seed-soil contact and prevents wind erosion. Levelling;Production of an even, uniform surface which promotes uniform planting. Subsoiling:This is deep cultivation into the subsoil layer to break up any hardpan which might have developed. It is done for the following reasons:-To facilitate drainage. Bring up leached nutrients to the surface. Increase aeration of the soil. To improve root penetration. The implements used include chisel plough and subsoilers. Minimum Tillage:This is the application of a combination of farming practices with the aim of reducing the disturbance of the soil. Examples of which include:Use of herbicides. Mulching and cover-cropping. Timely operations to prevent weed infestation. Strip cultivation. Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum TillageTo reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion.


Uprooting and slashing of weeds. Reasons for Minimum TillageTo reduce cost of cultivation. To control soil erosion. To preserve soil moisture. To prevent root exposure and damage. To reconstruct destroyed soil structure. Water Supply, Irrigation and DrainageIntroductionWater is a very important natural resource. It is necessary for both crops and livestock. Uses of water in the farm;Cleaning equipment. Irrigation in dry areas. Processing farm produce, for example, coffee. Drinking by livestock and man. Mixing agro-chemicals such as acaricide, fungicides and herbicides. Providing power in water mills to grind grain crops. Cooling engines. Construction work. Sources of Water in the FarmThree major sources of water in the farm:Surface water:Includes water from;Rivers,StreamsDams. Ground water:Includes water from;Springs,WellsBoreholes. Rain water:This is water tapped in various ways such as;RooftopsRock surface, when it is raining and stored in various ways. Collection and Storage of WaterDams:These are structures constructed across rivers and channels. They collect and store water for use during the dry season. Weirs:These are structures constructed across rivers to raise the water level for easy pumping. Unlike in the dams water flows over the barrier created across the river. Water Tanks:These are structures made of concrete, stone, metal sheets and plastics. They store water from rain or that which has been pumped from other sources. Tanks should be covered to prevent contamination from dust. Pumps and Pumping of WaterPumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force. Water is pumped from the various sources and then conveyed to where it is required for use or storage. Types of Water PumpsUsed to lift water from its source. Centrifugal pumpsPiston or reciprocating pumpsSemi-rotary pumps andHydramConveyance of WaterThis is the process of moving water from one point, usually the source or point of storage to where it will be used or stored. Piping;This is where water is moved through pipes. The common types of pipes include:Metal pipesPlastic pipesHose pipesUse of Containers:In this case water is drawn and put in containers . Drums, jerry cans, pots, gourds, tanks and buckets .


Piping;This is where water is moved through pipes. The common types of pipes include:Metal pipesPlastic pipesHose pipesUse of Containers:In this case water is drawn and put in containers . Drums, jerry cans, pots, gourds, tanks and buckets . Which are carried by animals, bicycles, human beings and vehicles. Use of Canals:In this case water is conveyed from a high point to a lower one along a gradual slope to avoid soil erosion. Water conveyed through this way is mostly used for irrigation and livestock. Water TreatmentRaw water contains impurities which may be dissolved, floating or suspended in water. These impurities are grouped into three categories, namely:Physical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by colour, taste and smell. Chemical impurities: these are dissolved impurities detected by use of chemical analysis. Biological impurities: these are microorganisms in water such as bacteria, viruses and algae. Importance of Treating WaterTo kill disease causing microorganisms such as cholera and typhoid bacteria that thrive in dirty water. To remove chemical impurities such as excess fluoride which may be harmful to human beings. To remove smells and bad taste. To remove sediments of solid particles such as soil, sand and sticks. Methods of Treating WaterAeration: this is the removal of smell and odour from water by fine spraying or bubbling of air. Sedimentation: this is where water is put in large containers so that solid particles such as sand, metal and others can settle at the bottom. Filtration: this is passing water through fine granular materials to remove solid particles and biological substances. Coagulation: addition of chemicals which precipitate impurities and help in softening of hard water. Chlorination: Sterilization to destroy disease causing organisms. IrrigationIt is the artificial application of water to crops in dry areas or where water is not enough. It is one of the methods of land reclamation in case of arid and semi arid areas. Factors to Consider in Identifying and Assessing the Potential of Land for Irrigation DevelopmentTopography of the landSoil typeType of crop to be grownWater availabilityHuman factors such as skill, capital availability and economic activities. Types of IrrigationSurface irrigation:This includes flood irrigation and basin irrigation. It is used in flat areas. The problem with this method is loss of water through seepage.


Types of IrrigationSurface irrigation:This includes flood irrigation and basin irrigation. It is used in flat areas. The problem with this method is loss of water through seepage. It also increases soil salinity. Sub-surface Irrigation:This involves the use of porous pipes or perforated pipes. It is used in slopy areas and where water is inadequate. Overhead or Sprinkler Irrigation:It is used in any area which is not steep. Drip or Trickle Irrigation:It is used where water is little and in relatively sloppy and flat areas. DrainageThis is a method of removing excess water or lowering the water table from a marshy water-logged land. It is also a method of land reclamation. Importance of Drainage as a Method of Land ReclamationTo increase soil aeration. To raise soil temperature. To increase microbial activities in the soil. To reduce toxic substances from the soil. To increase soil volume for exploitation by plant roots. Methods of DrainageUse of open ditches. Use of underground drain pipes. French drains. Cambered beds. Pumping out water from the soil. Planting tree species which absorb a lot of water for example eucalyptus. Water PollutionThis is the process by which harmful substances get into the water. The harmful substance is referred to as a pollutant. Agricultural practices which pollute water include:Use of inorganic fertilizers. Use of pesticides. Poor cultivation practices such as over cultivation, cultivating along the river banks. Overgrazing which leads to erosion of soil thus causing siltation in water sources. Methods of Preventing Water PollutionSoil conservation measures which minimize soil losses through erosion. Fencing off the water sources. Adopting organic farming practices for example controlling pests and weed using non-chemical techniques. Planting grass along river banks to minimize siltation in rivers. Proper disposal of empty chemical containers. Soil Fertility I Organic Manures IntroductionSoil fertility is the ability of the soil to provide crops with the required nutrients in their proper proportions. Characteristics of a Fertile SoilGood depth - Good soils give roots greater volume to obtain plant nutrients and provide strong anchorage. Good aeration - for the respiration of plant roots and use by soil organisms. Good water holding capacity - ensures provision of adequate water for plant growth. Proper drainage - ensures provision of adequate air for plant growth.


Good aeration - for the respiration of plant roots and use by soil organisms. Good water holding capacity - ensures provision of adequate water for plant growth. Proper drainage - ensures provision of adequate air for plant growth. Correct soil pH - different crops have different soil pH requirements. Adequate nutrients supply - it should supply the required nutrients in the correct amounts and in a form available to plants. Free from excessive infestation of soil borne pests and diseases. How soil loses fertilityLeaching: vertical movement of dissolved minerals from the top to the lower horizons of the soil profile. Soil erosion - The removal and carrying away of the top fertile soil from one place to another. Monocropping - This is the practice of growing one type of crop on a piece' of a land over a long time. Continuous cropping - crops take away a lot of nutrients from the soil which are never returned. Growing crops continuously without giving the soil time to rest makes the soil infertile. Change in soil pH - changes in soil pH affect the activity of soil microorganisms as well as the availability of soil nutrients. Burning of vegetation - burning of vegetation cover destroys organic matter. It also exposes the soil to the agents of soil erosion. Accumulation of salts - soils with a lot of salts are said to be saline. State of having too much salt in the soil is referred to as soil salinity. Salts accumulation cause water deficiency in plants. It may also lead to change in soil pH. Maintenance of Soil FertilitySoil fertility is maintained through the following methods:Control of Soil Erosion ;Terracing,Contour cultivation,Strip cropping,Cut off drainsPlanting cover crops. Crop Rotation ;Practice of growing different crops on the same field in different seasons in an orderly sequence. Control of Soil pH :Application of liming materials such as limestone, quicklime, magnesium carbonate and slaked lime if the soil is acidic. Application of acidic fertilizers if the soil is alkaline. Application of manures. Proper drainage;Done through:Breaking hard pan. Construction of water channels. Growing crops on cambered bedPumping out water from the soil. Weed control:Use of herbicides. SlashingUprooting. MulchingUse of proper farming practices such as early planting, correct spacing and cover crops. Intercropping Farming practice where different crops species are grown together in the field. Minimum Tillage;Use of herbicides. Uprooting of weeds.


Intercropping Farming practice where different crops species are grown together in the field. Minimum Tillage;Use of herbicides. Uprooting of weeds. Slashing weedsMulchingStrip cultivation. Use of Inorganic Fertilizer ;Chemical compounds manufactured to apply specific plant nutrients for example calcium ammonium nitrate CAN . Use of Manure;Well decomposed manures release nutrients into the soil and increase its water holding capacity. Organic ManuresManures are derived from plants and animal remains. They supply organic matter to the soil which after decomposition releases plant nutrients. The end product of this decomposition is known as humus. It influences soil chemical properties and soil temperature. Manures supply a wide range of essential plant nutrients. Importance of Organic Matter in the SoilIncreases the soil water holding capacity of the soil. Improves soil fertility by releasing a wide range of nutrients into the soil. Provides food and shelter for soil micro-organisms. Improves the soil structure. Buffers soil pH moderates soil pH. Reduces the toxicity of plant poisons in the soil. Moderates soil temperature by its dark colour. Limitations in the Use of ManureThey are bulky - low nutritive value per unit volume. Laborious in application and transport. They spread diseases, pests and weeds. Loss of nutrients if poorly stored. If not fully decomposed crops may not benefit from them. Types of Organic ManuresGreen manure. Farm yard manure. Compost manureGreen ManureMade from green plants which are grown for the purpose of incorporating into the soil. Characteristics of plants used for preparation for green manure:Have fast growth rates. Have high nitrogen content. Capable of rotting quickly. Capable of growing in poor conditions. Preparation of Green ManurePlant the green manure crop in the field. Allow the crop to grow up to flowering stage. Incorporate it into the soil through ploughing. Allow the crop to decompose for two weeks. Prepare the field for planting the major crop. Reasons why green manure is not commonly used limitations:Most of the plants used as green manure are food crops. Green manure crops may use most of the soil moisture. Most of the nutrients are used up by soil micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure. Planting of the major crop is delayed.


Green manure crops may use most of the soil moisture. Most of the nutrients are used up by soil micro-organisms in the process of decomposing the green manure. Planting of the major crop is delayed. Farm Yard Manure FYM Is a mixture of animal waste and crop residues used as beddings in animal houses. Factors that Determine the Quality of FYMThe types of the animals used. Types of food eatenTypes of litter used. Method of storage. Age of farmyard manure. Age of the animals used. Preparation of FYMProvide beddings in the houses of farm animals. Animals deposit their droppings and urine on the beddings. Animals mix them through trampling. The beddings together with dung are removed and heaped under shed to decompose. After sometime, the materials decompose and FYM is formed. It can then be used in the farmCompost ManureIs manure prepared from heaped composted organic materials. Factors to consider in selecting site for making compost manure:A well drained place. Direction of the prevailing wind. Size of the farm. Accessibility. Preparation of Compost ManureTwo methods:Four heaps methodIndore Method Pit Method Indore Method Pit Method Procedure ;Select a sheltered place with a shade and near the field. Dig a pit with the dimension 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m. Place the materials in the following order:Hedge cuttings or maize stalks to a depth of 30cm as a foundationA layer of grass, green weeds or leaves and kitchen wastes to 30cm. A well rotten manure poultry droppings. Wood ash and phosphatic fertilizers. A layer of topsoil to introduce microorganism for the decomposition of organic remains. Note: Some water should be sprinkled to the materials to initiate the decomposition process and regulate temperatures. Four heaps method:ProcedureClear the site. Level the siteFour posts 2m high are fixed 1.2m apart from four corners of the heap. Fix wood planks on the sides. Materials are placed in two heaps as in the pit method,The two heaps make up heap 1. After 3-4 weeks, the decomposed material from heap 1 is transferred to heap II. After another 3 - 4 weeks the material is transferred to heap III.


Materials are placed in two heaps as in the pit method,The two heaps make up heap 1. After 3-4 weeks, the decomposed material from heap 1 is transferred to heap II. After another 3 - 4 weeks the material is transferred to heap III. After 3-4 weeks it is ready for use in the farm. Indicators of well decomposed manureAbsence of bad odour. Materials are lighter. Manure is brown in colour. Advantages of Compost ManureOne does not have to own livestock in order to prepare it. A lot of manure can be produced within a short time. A variety of materials can be used in its preparation. Uses locally available materials thus cheaper than the artificial fertilizers. Improves the soil structure. Limitations of Compost ManureIt releases nutrients slowly into the soil. Large quantities of compost manure are required to supply enough plant nutrients. Its preparation is labour intensive. It may induce soil-borne pests and diseases. Livestock Production: Common Breeds IntroductionThe term livestock is used to refer to all domesticated animals. These animals include cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, pigs, rabbits, camels, bees, fish and donkeys. The importance of keeping livestock:Source of food. Source of income. Cultural values. Source of animal power. Provision of raw materials for industries. Farmyard manure from the animals is used in maintaining soil fertility. Cattle dung is used in the production of biogas. Cattle BreedsCattle can be classified into two groups based on their origin. These are;Indigenous cattle. Exotic cattle. Indigenous CattleZebus They are small in size and with a distinct hump and include:Nandi,BukediMaasai cattle. The BoranaThese are the cattle kept in the Northern parts of Kenya. They are larger than the Zebus. Indigenous cattle are hardy hence able to tolerate the harsh environmental conditions in the tropics. They are the major suppliers of beef in Kenya. Exotic CattleForeign cattle from the temperate regions. They have distinct breed characteristics and are classified into various breeds. General characteristics:They have no humps. They have low tolerance to high temperatures hence popular in cool climates of the Kenya highlands .. They are highly susceptible to tropical diseases. They have fast growth rates leading to early maturity.


They have low tolerance to high temperatures hence popular in cool climates of the Kenya highlands .. They are highly susceptible to tropical diseases. They have fast growth rates leading to early maturity. They are good producers of both meat and milk. They cannot walk for long distances. They have short calving intervals of one calf per year if well managed. Exotic cattle breeds fall under the following groups:Dairy cattle breeds. Beef cattle breeds. Dual purpose breeds. Dairy Cattle BreedsThey include;Friesian,Ayrshire,GuernseyJersey. Characteristics of Dairy CattleWedge or triangular in shape. Large stomach. Docile with mild temperament. Large, well suspended udders and teats. Lean bodies. Lean and smooth neck. Large and long mammary milk wells and veins. Cylindrical; uniform and well spaced teats. Wide and well set hindquarters to accommodate the udder. Friesian-Holstein largest of all dairy breeds Origin: HollandColour: Black and whiteSize: Cow weighs 550-680kgs Bull weighs 950 kg. Highest milk producers of all dairy breeds about 9150 kg per lactation but with least butterfat content; 3.5 AyrshireOrigin: ScotlandColour: White with brown markings. Size: Cow weighs 360-590kgs Bulls weighs 500-720kg. Conformation:Straight top lines, horns are long and face upwards. Milk production is second to Friesian about 61OOkg per lactation with butter content of about 4 . GuernseyOrigin: Guernsey Island off the coast of France. Colour: Yellowish brown to red with white legs, switch and girth .. Size: Bulls 540-770kg. Cow weighs 450- 500kgsConformation:Udders are less symmetrical. Average milk production is about 5185kg per lactation with a butterfat content of 4.5 hence the yellow colour of milk. Jersey smallest of all the dairy breeds Origin: EnglandColour: Yellow brown with black muzzle and switch. Size: Bulls weigh 540-700kg. Cow weighs 350-450kgsConformation:Dished forehead, have straight top-line and level rumps with sharp withers. Have protruding black eyes. Average milk production 1270kg per lactation of butterfat content 5 .


Cow weighs 350-450kgsConformation:Dished forehead, have straight top-line and level rumps with sharp withers. Have protruding black eyes. Average milk production 1270kg per lactation of butterfat content 5 . They tolerate high temperatures. Beef CattleExamples:Aberdeen Angus,Hereford,Shorthorns,Galloway,American Brahman,charolaisSanta Getrudis. Characteristics of Beef CattleBlocky or square conformation. Have thick muscles or are well fleshed. Early maturing. Deep chest and girth and short legs. Straight top and lower lines. AberdeenAngusOrigin: North East Scotland. Colour: BlackShape: Cylindrical, compact and deep; It is polled. Size:Mature bulls weigh 900kg. Mature cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in Timau area of KenyaHerefordOrigin: England. Colour: Deep red and white-faced. Size: Average weight of bulls is 1000kg. Cows weigh 840kgs. It is found in areas such as Naivasha. ShorthornOrigin: England. Has easy fleshing abilityColour: Red, Roan or whiteShape: Cylindrical, compact and deep. It is polled. Size:Bulls weigh 700-900kg,cows weigh 545-630kgs. GallowayOrigin: Scotland. Colour: BlackKept in the highland areas like Molo in Kenya. CharolaisOrigin: France. Colour: Creamy white. Size: Bulls weigh 1200kg, cows weigh 1000kgs. It is found in ranches in Laikipia District. Dual Purpose BreedsExamples: Sahiwal, Red Poll and Simmental. SahiwalOrigin: India and Pakistan .. Colour: reddish brown. Size: Bulls weigh 650kg, and cows 400kg. Milk production averages 2700-3000 per lactation with a butter fat content of 3.7 . It has a pendulous udders which does not let down milk easily. It is therefore said to be a difficult milker. It is kept in semi-arid areas such as Naivasha. Red PollOrigin: England. Colour: Deep red with a white nose. Conformation: Polled-deep girth and short legs.


Red PollOrigin: England. Colour: Deep red with a white nose. Conformation: Polled-deep girth and short legs. Kept in semi-arid areas such as Nakuru, Mogotio. SimmentalOrigin: Switzerland. Colour: Light red and white patches on the head. Conformation:It has broad and straight back, with well-sprung ribs and deep girth. It is well fleshed at rear quarters, well suspended udders and large teats. Sheep Breeds:Purpose of Keeping Sheep;Meat mutton . Wool production. Exotic SheepWool breeds -for example merino. Dual purpose- for example Corriedale, Romney marsh. Mutton breeds -for example Hampshire Down, Dorpers. MerinoOrigin: SpainCharacteristics:It has white face and its lips and nostrils are pink in colour. Rams have horns which are spiral in shape. It is susceptible to foot rot, worm and respiratory diseases. CorriedaleOrigin: New Zealand. Size: Rams 85 - 90kg. Ewes 60-- 85 kgThis is a dual-purpose breed with white open face and white spots on the legs. It is hornless and hardy. Romney MarshOrigin: England. Size: Rams 100 - 115kg. Ewes 84- 100 kgIt is a dual-purpose breed which s hornless with wide poll and black nostrils and lips. It is average in prolificacy. It is resistant to foot rot diseases and worm infestation. Hampshire DownOrigin: England. Size: Rams 125kg. Ewes 80-100 kgIt is a mutton breed which is early maturing, hardy and prolific. Fleece is of poor quality because of the black fibres. Lambing percentage is 125-140. DorperIs a crossbreed of Dorset horn and black head Persian sheep. It is mutton breed. Dorset HornDual purpose breed of sheep. Indigenous Breeds of SheepTheir bodies are covered with hair. Their classification is based on their tails and their names vary according to different tribes. Characteristics;Thin tailed sheep found in West Africa. Fat tailed such as Maasai sheep. Fat rumped sheep. Maasai SheepFound in South Western Kenya and Northern Tanzania.


Fat tailed such as Maasai sheep. Fat rumped sheep. Maasai SheepFound in South Western Kenya and Northern Tanzania. Size: Ram 38kg,Ewe 20-30kg. Colour: Red and brown. These are early maturing with long legs and small pointed horns. Black Head Persian SheepOrigin: South AfricaColour: White with black head and neck. It is polled with a big dewlap, fat rump and a curved tail.. GoatsGoats well adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions because of the following characteristics:They feed on a wide range of vegetation. They require very little amount of water. They are tolerant to high temperatures. They are fairly resistant to diseases. They can walk long distances without losing weight. Indigenous Goat BreedsGalla white in colour . Adult female can weigh 25kg. Somali Boran : Found in Northern Kenya white in colour . Turkana Samburu: Long hair and bearded. Mubende: Black 40-45kg . These are small and hardy and are kept for meat and milked by the pastoralists. Exotic BreedsBoer goatOrigin: South AfricaColour: WhiteHas long ears and long hair on their bodies. Anglo-NubianOrigin: North East AfricaColour: Roan and WhiteThese have long legs, lopped ears and are polled. They produce 1-2 litres of milk per , day. JumnapariOrigin: IndiaColour: White, black and fawn. They are horned, have large lopped earsProduce 1-1.5 litres of milk per day. ToggenburgOrigin: SwitzerlandColour: White patches on the body, white stripes on the face and neck. Erect forward pointing ears and polled. Can produce 2-3 of milk per day. SaanenOrigin: Switzerland. Colour: WhiteThey have erect, forward pointing ears and polled. Can produce 2-3 Iitres of milk per day. AngoraOrigin: Angora in Asia. Colour: WhiteIt is kept for wool production. French alpine. PigsCharacteristics:They are sparsely haired and therefore cannot withstand cold. Pigs wallow when it is hot due to absence of sweat glands. They breathe fast when it is hot. They have bristles instead of hair.