Size Colour Shape Dryness Damages on crops j i List the various storage structures on farms Traditional granaries Maize crib Bags Bulk storage e.g silos ii State the problems farmers face in storage of produce from farms . Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery? A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery.


Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery? A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery. When seeds are too small Easy to handle take care of seedlings Easy to select seedlings Some seeds are delicate hence not viable and require proper care Pest control is easy It is possible to carry out watering Uniformity of plants in the field 24For bulking up as in the case of sugarcane planting. C State the nurseries management practices.


A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery. When seeds are too small Easy to handle take care of seedlings Easy to select seedlings Some seeds are delicate hence not viable and require proper care Pest control is easy It is possible to carry out watering Uniformity of plants in the field 24For bulking up as in the case of sugarcane planting. C State the nurseries management practices. Proper watering Hardening off Controlling pests and diseases Thinning or pricking out d Explain the following nursery practices. I Pricking out. Done to enable seedling to grow vigorously and healthy avoid overcrowding ii Hardening off. Carried out to make the seedlings to get used to the actual field conditions. Iii Rogueing.


Done to enable seedling to grow vigorously and healthy avoid overcrowding ii Hardening off. Carried out to make the seedlings to get used to the actual field conditions. Iii Rogueing. Removal of diseased crop plants 7.a i What is health and diseases Health is the state of the body in which all body organs and systems are functioning normally and are normal. Disease is any alteration in the state of the body or any organs or systems which would interfere with or interrupt the proper functioning. Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly.


Removal of diseased crop plants 7.a i What is health and diseases Health is the state of the body in which all body organs and systems are functioning normally and are normal. Disease is any alteration in the state of the body or any organs or systems which would interfere with or interrupt the proper functioning. Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly. Iii State the signs of illness in cattle Dullness Abnormal urination e.g red water Rough hair-coat hair falls off Abnormal respiration rate Dry mucus membrane Abnormally low or high temperature Loss of appetite Abnormal pulse rate Decline in production Abnormal defalcation e.g diarrhoea constipation Aggressive when approached. Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms.


Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly. Iii State the signs of illness in cattle Dullness Abnormal urination e.g red water Rough hair-coat hair falls off Abnormal respiration rate Dry mucus membrane Abnormally low or high temperature Loss of appetite Abnormal pulse rate Decline in production Abnormal defalcation e.g diarrhoea constipation Aggressive when approached. Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms. V What are the categories of diseases? 25Bacterial Viral Ricketsial Fungal Protozoan b State the general methods of disease control.


Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms. V What are the categories of diseases? 25Bacterial Viral Ricketsial Fungal Protozoan b State the general methods of disease control. Use of prophylactic drugs e.g antibiotics prophylaxis Proper sanitation farm hygiene Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning Quarantine and isolation to reduce spread Slaughtering, culling or killing affected animals Routine vaccination to prevent infection Killing vectors e.g ticks, tsetsefly, etc Proper nutrition feed properly Use proper technique of milking to control mastitis Artificial insemination to avoid breeding disease e.g contagious abortion Proper disposal of carcass e.g for Anthrax Proper housing avoid overcrowding Treat affected animals to avoid infecting others Avoid injuring animals Rotational grazing to control parasites internal parasites Prevent avoid factors causing stress. 8.a What is a parasite? Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes.


Use of prophylactic drugs e.g antibiotics prophylaxis Proper sanitation farm hygiene Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning Quarantine and isolation to reduce spread Slaughtering, culling or killing affected animals Routine vaccination to prevent infection Killing vectors e.g ticks, tsetsefly, etc Proper nutrition feed properly Use proper technique of milking to control mastitis Artificial insemination to avoid breeding disease e.g contagious abortion Proper disposal of carcass e.g for Anthrax Proper housing avoid overcrowding Treat affected animals to avoid infecting others Avoid injuring animals Rotational grazing to control parasites internal parasites Prevent avoid factors causing stress. 8.a What is a parasite? Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes. B i What are external parasites? Live on the host at lease for part of its life cycle.


Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes. B i What are external parasites? Live on the host at lease for part of its life cycle. Ii State examples of external parasites: Ticks, tsetsefly, mites, lice, fleas, keds iii State the signs of infestation by external parasites: Anaemia Irritation scratching Loss of hair Sores wounds on skin Presence of parasites on animals body iv List the harmful effects of external parasites. Transmit diseases cause diseases Suck blood and cause anaemia Irritation and discomfort Poor quality hides and skins Increase production costs. C i State the categories of tick. One-host Two-host 26Three-host ii Give the stage of tick s life cycle in proper order Egg, larva, nymph, adult. Iii How are ticks controlled? Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host.


Iii How are ticks controlled? Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock.


Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition?


Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk.


Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases.


Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases. Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins.


Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases. Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble Functions are to promote growth, help in blood clotting, bone formation, muscular activities, prevent diseases and act as catalysts. Sources are most food eaten.


Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble Functions are to promote growth, help in blood clotting, bone formation, muscular activities, prevent diseases and act as catalysts. Sources are most food eaten. V Minerals. Maintain osmotic pressure, regulate metabolism, bone formation and development, teeth development, increase food conversion, increase in appetite. Deficiency leads to reduced appetite, loss of weight, decrease in production, poor growth and loss of condition. Sources include mineral supplements. Vi Water Functions: Regulation of body temperature Make cells turgid and maintain body shape Transport of nutrients Biochemical reactions As a lubricant vii Factors influencing intake.


Deficiency leads to reduced appetite, loss of weight, decrease in production, poor growth and loss of condition. Sources include mineral supplements. Vi Water Functions: Regulation of body temperature Make cells turgid and maintain body shape Transport of nutrients Biochemical reactions As a lubricant vii Factors influencing intake. Size of animal Productivity e.g milk Type of food given to animal Physiological status of animal e.g pregnant Ambient temperature Species kind of animal 28c Explain what the following means: i Concentrates A feed with high protein and or energy content but low in fibre Have high available nutrients per unit weight Compact in form mashes powder, granules, salt and mineral blocks, etc Fed in small amounts. Ii Roughage A feed with high fibre contents and or low energy Are bulky, of low digestibility, low in protein, and of plant origin e.g pasture, hay, silage, fodder. D What is a ration?


Size of animal Productivity e.g milk Type of food given to animal Physiological status of animal e.g pregnant Ambient temperature Species kind of animal 28c Explain what the following means: i Concentrates A feed with high protein and or energy content but low in fibre Have high available nutrients per unit weight Compact in form mashes powder, granules, salt and mineral blocks, etc Fed in small amounts. Ii Roughage A feed with high fibre contents and or low energy Are bulky, of low digestibility, low in protein, and of plant origin e.g pasture, hay, silage, fodder. D What is a ration? Amount of food that will produce essential nutrients to an animal to enable animal nest its nutritional requirements. E Explain the meaning and importance of.


Ii Draw a ruminant stomach e.g cow and explain the functions of the four chambers. 29Rumen: First chamber Stores and softens food Microbial action of food takes places here Reticulum Separates coarse food from fine food particles Omasum Grinds food and reduces water content Abomasum Has enzymes which act on food thus causing food digestion b How is grass digested in the rumen of an adult ruminant? Food is stored in the rumen Coarse grass is regurgitated from the rumen for further chewing in the mouth i.e chewing cud. Saliva that is mixed with feed when chewing cud creates alkaline PH suitable for bacterial action in the rumen. Food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen In the rumen carbohydrates are broken down into volatile fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid. Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released.


Saliva that is mixed with feed when chewing cud creates alkaline PH suitable for bacterial action in the rumen. Food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen In the rumen carbohydrates are broken down into volatile fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid. Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released. Proteins are broken down into peptides amino acids Amino acids essential amino acids are synthesized from ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen by micro-organisms. Micro-organisms also synthesize certain vitamins e.g vitamin B complex, vitamin K. Much of the volatile fatty acids and ammonia are absorbed through bolching i.e carbon dioxide and methane. C State the functions of the following parts of poultry digestive system . I Crop Softening food Storage of food ii Gizzard Contains small stones which help to grind food and break down cellulose. 11.


C State the functions of the following parts of poultry digestive system . I Crop Softening food Storage of food ii Gizzard Contains small stones which help to grind food and break down cellulose. 11. A i Draw the reproductive system of a hen and explain the stage taken during the formation of an egg. 30Ovary Produces ova Infindibulum Site of fertilization and storage of sperm calls Yolk takes 15 minutes here Magnum Albumen is added Egg takes 3 hours here Isthmus Secretes the shell membrane Water, minerals and vitamins Process takes 1 hours Uterus shell gland Has calcium deposits Shell added round eggs Completes the addition of albumen Process takes 18 22 hours Vagina Pigmentation of egg takes place here Socrates mucus which reduces friction and facilitates expulsion of the egg Takes 1. 10 minutes Cloaca Delivers the egg out gently. Ii Draw a clearly labeled diagram to show the reproductive system of a cow and state the functions of the labeled parts.


A i Draw the reproductive system of a hen and explain the stage taken during the formation of an egg. 30Ovary Produces ova Infindibulum Site of fertilization and storage of sperm calls Yolk takes 15 minutes here Magnum Albumen is added Egg takes 3 hours here Isthmus Secretes the shell membrane Water, minerals and vitamins Process takes 1 hours Uterus shell gland Has calcium deposits Shell added round eggs Completes the addition of albumen Process takes 18 22 hours Vagina Pigmentation of egg takes place here Socrates mucus which reduces friction and facilitates expulsion of the egg Takes 1. 10 minutes Cloaca Delivers the egg out gently. Ii Draw a clearly labeled diagram to show the reproductive system of a cow and state the functions of the labeled parts. Fallopian tube. This is a passage through which ova pass from the ovary. This is where fertilization takes place as the ovum passes to the uterus. Ovary.


This is a passage through which ova pass from the ovary. This is where fertilization takes place as the ovum passes to the uterus. Ovary. Produce ova Produce sex hormones e.g oestrogen, progesterone 31Uterus After fertilization foetus develops until birth here. Vagina and Vulva. Receive male s sperms Aid in expulsion of young from the womb during birth b i What is selection in animal breeding? The process of allowing certain animals to be parents of future generations. Ii State the factors to consider during selection. Increase in yield Improved quality of products Resistance against diseases Resistance to heat or dry conditions Reduced maturity age. C i What is breeding? It involves mating of desirable males and females ii State the importance of breeding. To obtain high quality products Increase production capacity Import disease resistance Increase tolerance to high ambient temperature To reduce maturity age. Iii Give the methods of mating cattle Artificial insemination AI Natural method d i What is natural mating?


May cause inbreeding if bull is not controlled Expensive uneconomical to keep a bull There is a risk of transmission of breeding diseases A bull may cause physical injury to a cow handler Only a limited number few cows can be mated by one bull within a given period of time. E Explain the main systems of breeding. I Grading up The process of crossing until an animal having desirable characteristics is obtained. Example is mating Boran bull to Friesian cow to obtain increased production and disease resistance. 32ii Line breeding Is the mating of two individuals originating from one ancestor or same line of breeding. Iii Cross breeding Meaning: Mating two pure breeds belonging to different breeds mating a pure bred sire of one breed to a high quality grade female of another breed. Reasons: To produce a hybrid with hybrid vigour Imparts desirable genes from either of the parents. What is hybrid vigour?


Iii Cross breeding Meaning: Mating two pure breeds belonging to different breeds mating a pure bred sire of one breed to a high quality grade female of another breed. Reasons: To produce a hybrid with hybrid vigour Imparts desirable genes from either of the parents. What is hybrid vigour? The increased ability and performance of the offspring above the average of the two unrelated parents. Iv Outcrossing Mating two unrelated animals of the same breed v Inbreeding. Meaning. Mating of closely related animals Aim To retain preserve certain desirable qualities Disadvantages Increases embryonic mortality abortion Reduces disease resistance ability Reduces the vigour of the animal causes weakness abnormality Reduces yield. F i What is artificial insemination? Obtaining semen from males and depositing it in female s reproductive canal by artificial means. Ii State its advantages.


F i What is artificial insemination? Obtaining semen from males and depositing it in female s reproductive canal by artificial means. Ii State its advantages. Cheap can be afforded by many farmers Controls breeding diseases One male can serve many females Makes use of good bulls quick way of improvement Young small females not injured Used to prevent inbreeding Semen can be used in distant places iii Give the disadvantages. Can quickly spread undesirable genetic traits Requires special equipment and good communication network Timing of optimum period is difficult Not readily available to small scale farmers. 3312. A Discuss sheep management from selection of breeding stock to lambing. I Selection of breeding stock . High fertility and regular breeding Good quality products Fast growing early maturing Healthy stock Good mothering instinct Good body conformation not physically deformed.


A Discuss sheep management from selection of breeding stock to lambing. I Selection of breeding stock . High fertility and regular breeding Good quality products Fast growing early maturing Healthy stock Good mothering instinct Good body conformation not physically deformed. Ii Breeding Flush owes by giving extra concentrates high plant nutrition Flushing should be started about 3 weeks before mating and continued for three weeks after mating Clip wool around vulva for easy mating do crouching Raddling of rams before mating Use one ram for 35 60 owes Mating time for lambing to coincide with the season when there is enough pasture. If more than one ram used, use different colour of paste for each ram. Remove rams from owes after mating.


Ii Breeding Flush owes by giving extra concentrates high plant nutrition Flushing should be started about 3 weeks before mating and continued for three weeks after mating Clip wool around vulva for easy mating do crouching Raddling of rams before mating Use one ram for 35 60 owes Mating time for lambing to coincide with the season when there is enough pasture. If more than one ram used, use different colour of paste for each ram. Remove rams from owes after mating. Iii Management during gestation Food owes on good pasture concentrates 3 4 weeks before lambing steam up Move owes to clean pasture three weeks before lambing Deworm owes 2 3 weeks before lambing Vaccinate owes 2 3 weeks before lambing against common diseases Provide clean water. Iv Lambing management.


Remove rams from owes after mating. Iii Management during gestation Food owes on good pasture concentrates 3 4 weeks before lambing steam up Move owes to clean pasture three weeks before lambing Deworm owes 2 3 weeks before lambing Vaccinate owes 2 3 weeks before lambing against common diseases Provide clean water. Iv Lambing management. Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning.


Iv Lambing management. Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13.


Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding.


B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar?


Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows?


A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative.


Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time.


Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows?


Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours.


C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary.


Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen.


35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen. Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before farrowing Observe the signs of farrowing, and supervise the farrowing process.


Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen. Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before farrowing Observe the signs of farrowing, and supervise the farrowing process. Deworm the gilt 7-10 days before farrowing. E i Give the reasons for culling a breeding boar. When the boar is old When the health of the boar is poor injury When the offsprings are being used as replacement stock to stop inbreeding When the bear is too fat and lazy back leg weakness When the performance of offsprings is poor When the bear lacks libido infertile ii Why should a breeding sow be culled?


Deworm the gilt 7-10 days before farrowing. E i Give the reasons for culling a breeding boar. When the boar is old When the health of the boar is poor injury When the offsprings are being used as replacement stock to stop inbreeding When the bear is too fat and lazy back leg weakness When the performance of offsprings is poor When the bear lacks libido infertile ii Why should a breeding sow be culled? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers. 14. A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out?


14. A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats.


A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing.


Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15.


If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15. A State the factors that should be considered when selecting rabbits for breeding.


Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15. A State the factors that should be considered when selecting rabbits for breeding. Good body size Breeding efficiency Good body conformation Growth rate Good health Freedom from physical deformities. B Why is it important that rabbits are fed on a balanced diet? For quick growth To prevent mineral deficiency To give good quality products To give maximum yield Prevention from diseases c List the heat signs in a doe. Restlessness Rubs itself against any object Vulva swells Interested in other rabbits May lie on her side d Name the types of rabbits keeping. Rabbitry and hutches Mordant i.e movable rabbit house built of light materials Warren Colony system. E State the general routine management practices necessary to protect rabbits from diseases and parasites. Cleanliness in the housing units Do not feed on contaminated food Isolation and treatment of sick ones Disinfect cages, water and feed troughs Impose quarantine of two weeks on new rabbits.


Rabbitry and hutches Mordant i.e movable rabbit house built of light materials Warren Colony system. E State the general routine management practices necessary to protect rabbits from diseases and parasites. Cleanliness in the housing units Do not feed on contaminated food Isolation and treatment of sick ones Disinfect cages, water and feed troughs Impose quarantine of two weeks on new rabbits. 3716. A State the uses of bees on the farm. Pollination of flowers Production of honey and wax b Give the functions of the various classes of bees found in a beehive. Queen is fertile and lays egg Drones are fertile males and mate with queen to fertilize the eggs Works are sterile male who take care of all other bees and the hive, and also offer protection to the hive. C How can bees be attracted to a hive? Using honey Smear sugar syrup on hive Use of molasses. D i When is it recommended to harvest honey?


C How can bees be attracted to a hive? Using honey Smear sugar syrup on hive Use of molasses. D i When is it recommended to harvest honey? Late in the evening Early in the morning ii State why smoke should be used when harvesting honey, but not fire. Smoke makes bees loss aggressive less active It does not kill bees breed Quality of honey obtained is sufficiently high iii What precautions are necessary when harvesting honey? Avoid excess smoke getting into the hive Prevent rain water from getting into hive Use clean utensils to avoid contamination Use of protective clothes e i Name diseases of bees. Acorive disease Foul breath disease ii Give examples of pests of bees. Safari ants Bee lose Private wasps Wax moth Birds Honey badger Beetles Robber bees 17. What makes the camel suited to living and working in desert conditions?


Acorive disease Foul breath disease ii Give examples of pests of bees. Safari ants Bee lose Private wasps Wax moth Birds Honey badger Beetles Robber bees 17. What makes the camel suited to living and working in desert conditions? Can tolerate high temperature A browser which survives well on scanty vegetation Travels long distance and for several days without water Hooves are suited to walk on sand 3818. Mention the uses of donkeys. Transportation Work e.g pulling ox-ploughs for cultivation. B What management practices are necessary to enable a donkey work efficiently? Proper harnessing to avoid injuries Foot care and hoof trimming when necessary Proper feeding Enough rest after work Treat when sick Drenching using horse dewormer. 19. A i Explain cropping in fish farming. The removal of marketable size of fish from the pond to provide more food for those left behind. Ii What is fish harvesting? Removal of all fish from the pond b List the features that are necessary in fish-pond construction.


The removal of marketable size of fish from the pond to provide more food for those left behind. Ii What is fish harvesting? Removal of all fish from the pond b List the features that are necessary in fish-pond construction. Inlet for fresh water Spillway to remove excess overflow water Outlet for drainage e.g when harvesting fish or replacing water Fence to keep away predators thieves Screen to prevent fish from escaping. C Explain the maintenance practices necessary for a fish pond. Maintain optimum level of water by regulating inflow and outflow of water Immediate blockage of water leakages Remove any debris Out weeds or grass growing around pond Fertilize pond regularly Provide enough food to fish 20. A i How can skin of an animal be damaged while animal is still alive? Poor branding Scratching by sharp objects such as wires whipping injury by other animals Skin diseases Bites by parasites. Ii State the treatment given to hides and skins after flaying.


A i How can skin of an animal be damaged while animal is still alive? Poor branding Scratching by sharp objects such as wires whipping injury by other animals Skin diseases Bites by parasites. Ii State the treatment given to hides and skins after flaying. Washing Trimming Tanning Draining and fleshing Preserving by salting iii What are the uses of hides and skins? Source of revenue Used to make items e.g shoes, etc 39b i Give reasons why honey harvesting at night is not encouraged. To avoid bush fires Because one may not distinguish between honey combs and brood combs Loss damage to combs Little contamination of honey To avoid killing bees. Ii Describe the procedure of harvesting honey.


Source of revenue Used to make items e.g shoes, etc 39b i Give reasons why honey harvesting at night is not encouraged. To avoid bush fires Because one may not distinguish between honey combs and brood combs Loss damage to combs Little contamination of honey To avoid killing bees. Ii Describe the procedure of harvesting honey. Wear protective clothing Approach beehive from behind Move smoothly Puff smoke, using smoker, into entrance holes Inspect combs thoroughly Harvest only where scaled combs Leave enough combs with honey, especially in dry season, to avoid starving bees Brush out bees from honey combs Avoid crushing bees. Iii State the methods of extracting honey from honey combs Using heat method Crush and strain Using of extraction. Iv What factors influence the quality of honey?


Wear protective clothing Approach beehive from behind Move smoothly Puff smoke, using smoker, into entrance holes Inspect combs thoroughly Harvest only where scaled combs Leave enough combs with honey, especially in dry season, to avoid starving bees Brush out bees from honey combs Avoid crushing bees. Iii State the methods of extracting honey from honey combs Using heat method Crush and strain Using of extraction. Iv What factors influence the quality of honey? Presence of impurities foreign materials Source of nectar food type Stage of ripening maturity under 17 moisture content Season of the year rainy season flowering Method of extraction.


Iii State the methods of extracting honey from honey combs Using heat method Crush and strain Using of extraction. Iv What factors influence the quality of honey? Presence of impurities foreign materials Source of nectar food type Stage of ripening maturity under 17 moisture content Season of the year rainy season flowering Method of extraction. C Describe hoe to kill and prepare a rabbit carcass Kill by dislocating the neck Hold by back legs in the hand Strike a sharp blow with edge of hand, at base of skull behind the ears This causes bone separation and breaks blood vessels of the neck Hook up rabbit immediately by one leg Remove head to assist bleeding Slit abdominal wall and eviscerate remove visceran remove internal organs Dry the skin using appropriate method Sell meat locally. D i State the difference between wool and hair.


Presence of impurities foreign materials Source of nectar food type Stage of ripening maturity under 17 moisture content Season of the year rainy season flowering Method of extraction. C Describe hoe to kill and prepare a rabbit carcass Kill by dislocating the neck Hold by back legs in the hand Strike a sharp blow with edge of hand, at base of skull behind the ears This causes bone separation and breaks blood vessels of the neck Hook up rabbit immediately by one leg Remove head to assist bleeding Slit abdominal wall and eviscerate remove visceran remove internal organs Dry the skin using appropriate method Sell meat locally. D i State the difference between wool and hair. Wool is outer coat of sheep made of many fibres with crimp Appearance that make the fibres elastic Hair is smooth, lacks waviness and is inelastic ii What is fleece?


C Describe hoe to kill and prepare a rabbit carcass Kill by dislocating the neck Hold by back legs in the hand Strike a sharp blow with edge of hand, at base of skull behind the ears This causes bone separation and breaks blood vessels of the neck Hook up rabbit immediately by one leg Remove head to assist bleeding Slit abdominal wall and eviscerate remove visceran remove internal organs Dry the skin using appropriate method Sell meat locally. D i State the difference between wool and hair. Wool is outer coat of sheep made of many fibres with crimp Appearance that make the fibres elastic Hair is smooth, lacks waviness and is inelastic ii What is fleece? Wool which has been shorn out from sheep iii Give the qualities of good wool. Clean loss 40Long Fine soft wool count Be of pure colour white Strong Elasticity crimpy.


Wool is outer coat of sheep made of many fibres with crimp Appearance that make the fibres elastic Hair is smooth, lacks waviness and is inelastic ii What is fleece? Wool which has been shorn out from sheep iii Give the qualities of good wool. Clean loss 40Long Fine soft wool count Be of pure colour white Strong Elasticity crimpy. Iv List the precautions to be taken during the sheep shearing process to ensure good quality wool Shearing on dry and fine weather season Use clean floor to avoid fouling of wool Avoid half cut wool as this lowers quality e How are fish processed before cooking? Scaling Removal of offal s eviscerating Sun drying or smoking to slow down deterioration ii List the methods of preserving fish before sale to consumers Splitting then drying in the sun Smoking Salting. FORM THREE TOPICS 411.a Define farm layout refers to how land on the farm is allocated to various uses.


Iv List the precautions to be taken during the sheep shearing process to ensure good quality wool Shearing on dry and fine weather season Use clean floor to avoid fouling of wool Avoid half cut wool as this lowers quality e How are fish processed before cooking? Scaling Removal of offal s eviscerating Sun drying or smoking to slow down deterioration ii List the methods of preserving fish before sale to consumers Splitting then drying in the sun Smoking Salting. FORM THREE TOPICS 411.a Define farm layout refers to how land on the farm is allocated to various uses. B What is a good layout One which allows easy management of various enterprises on the farm One which satisfies the farmer and give him comfort. C State the factors to consider when planning the layout of a mixed farm .


FORM THREE TOPICS 411.a Define farm layout refers to how land on the farm is allocated to various uses. B What is a good layout One which allows easy management of various enterprises on the farm One which satisfies the farmer and give him comfort. C State the factors to consider when planning the layout of a mixed farm . Slope of land drainage topography Direction of prevailing winds Type of soil Type of enterprises required other enterprises on farm Infrastructure accessibility other enterprises on farm Government regulation Existing permanent structures on the farm Land size Security of enterprises Existing ammonites e.g electricity, water Panoramic view 2.a List the common structures found on the farm.


V What maintenance practices are carried out on farm fences? Replacing broken posts, droppers etc Replacing tightening loose wires Control termites and fungi from causing damage Replace struts if broken. E State the uses of a crush. Hand spraying or hand dressing to control ticks Drenching or deworming against internal parasites Artificial insemination Applying identification marks Taking temperature Pregnancy diagnosis Milking Dehorning Castration f i Name the main sections of a cattle dip stating its functions. Assembly yard is a waiting area for holding the animals before dipping Footbath for washing mud from cattle hooves to prevent dip contamination s Dip tank which contains dip wash into which cattle got immersed Draining race drying race for holding animals after dipping to let the dip wash drip. Ii State the main use of a dip. Where animals are immersed in a solution of acaricide and water dipwash to control external parasites e.g ticks.


Assembly yard is a waiting area for holding the animals before dipping Footbath for washing mud from cattle hooves to prevent dip contamination s Dip tank which contains dip wash into which cattle got immersed Draining race drying race for holding animals after dipping to let the dip wash drip. Ii State the main use of a dip. Where animals are immersed in a solution of acaricide and water dipwash to control external parasites e.g ticks. G State the factors to consider when planning to construct a grain store . Sited on a well-drained ground Free ventilation without draughts Rainproof leakproof Adequate floor space Easy to clean Vermin pest proof have rat guards Keep away thieves predators. H i State the features of an ideal calf porn Well ventilated Leakproof Well drained floor Clean 44Draught free Enough space for calf ii What facts influence siting of calf pens?


Repair broken parts of the house Clean and remove the cobwebs and any dirt Improve drainage Fumigate against pests and diseases Paint some parts of the house. J i State the factors to consider in siting a rabbit hutch. The site should be safe and secure especially in or near a homestead It should be sized in an accessible place The place should be sheltered from strong prevailing winds The area should be well drained It should be located on the leeward side of the farm to avoid bad smell ii What factors should be considered in selecting the construction materials ? Consider availability or materials Durable materials are preferred Consider cost of the material to use Select roofing materials that can keep off rain Some materials for the walls should allow enough light and ventilation Select some materials for the floor that will allow drainage of urine and from passage of droppings. Iii Give the environment of a rabbit hutch.


The site should be safe and secure especially in or near a homestead It should be sized in an accessible place The place should be sheltered from strong prevailing winds The area should be well drained It should be located on the leeward side of the farm to avoid bad smell ii What factors should be considered in selecting the construction materials ? Consider availability or materials Durable materials are preferred Consider cost of the material to use Select roofing materials that can keep off rain Some materials for the walls should allow enough light and ventilation Select some materials for the floor that will allow drainage of urine and from passage of droppings. Iii Give the environment of a rabbit hutch. 45Lack proof Easy to clean Free from strong wind draught Safe from prodiors raised above ground level Floor to allow from drainage of urine and droppings Well ventilated Adequate space. Iv State the reasons for raising rabbit hutches above ground level.


Iii Give the environment of a rabbit hutch. 45Lack proof Easy to clean Free from strong wind draught Safe from prodiors raised above ground level Floor to allow from drainage of urine and droppings Well ventilated Adequate space. Iv State the reasons for raising rabbit hutches above ground level. To ensure security from attack by dogs, cats, etc To hasten drying of bedding To avoid dampness from the ground K i State the factors to consider when designing a piggery to ensure good health of pigs. Ventilation Space requirements according to recommended stocking rate Basking exercise area Security of piglets e.g constructing guard rails Drainage Position of food troughs and water troughs in relation to dunging area. L a State the reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. Avoid accidents when using them Ensure efficiency of usage of structure Prolong the life of the structure farm 3. A i What is land tenure?


Ventilation Space requirements according to recommended stocking rate Basking exercise area Security of piglets e.g constructing guard rails Drainage Position of food troughs and water troughs in relation to dunging area. L a State the reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important. Avoid accidents when using them Ensure efficiency of usage of structure Prolong the life of the structure farm 3. A i What is land tenure? Ownership of rights to the use of land ii List the land tenure Collective e.g communal and cooperative tenure Individual e.g owner-occupier, company and tenancy and landlordism lease held system b i What is land refers? Any organised action taken to improve the structure of land tenure and land use deliberate change in the land tenure system ii State the methods of land refers. Land consolidation Land subdivision fragmentation Land adjudication and registration demarcation Settlement and resettlement c i Distinguish between settlement and resettlement.


Ownership of rights to the use of land ii List the land tenure Collective e.g communal and cooperative tenure Individual e.g owner-occupier, company and tenancy and landlordism lease held system b i What is land refers? Any organised action taken to improve the structure of land tenure and land use deliberate change in the land tenure system ii State the methods of land refers. Land consolidation Land subdivision fragmentation Land adjudication and registration demarcation Settlement and resettlement c i Distinguish between settlement and resettlement. Settlement is planned transfer of population from one area to another Resettlement is transferring population from more densely populated area to less populated one. Ii State the objectives of settlement and resettlement To settle the land lost 46To make use of idle land To create self employment To relieve population pressure To increase agricultural population. Iii What were the contributions of settlement schemes?


Settlement is planned transfer of population from one area to another Resettlement is transferring population from more densely populated area to less populated one. Ii State the objectives of settlement and resettlement To settle the land lost 46To make use of idle land To create self employment To relieve population pressure To increase agricultural population. Iii What were the contributions of settlement schemes? Have increased production Better use of extension services Increased agricultural credit Marketing cooperatives are being used There are more improved livestock Acceleration in development of infrastructure 4. A i What is soil erosion? Detachment and carrying away of top soil by wind and water. Ii Name the types of soil erosion. Splash raindrop erosion Gully erosion Streambank erosion Rill erosion Shoot erosion iii State the factors which influence the rate of soil erosion.


Compete with crops are nutrients, space, light, water Reduce quality of products Some are Some block irrigation channels and deprive fish of oxygen Some lower quality of pasture They increase production costs d Describe the wed control methods i Cultural Includes mulching, cover cropping, field hygiene, timely planting, crop rotation, using clean planting materials, etc. Ii Mechanical: By use of tillage, cultivation, slashing defoliation and uprooting weeds iii Biological Deliberate use of a biological agent e.g insect, virus, fungi animal to reduce the population of a target weed. Iv Chemicals. Use of herbicides to kill weeds Herbicides are chemicals which kill plants. 6.a i What is a crop pest? Any organism that destroys is a nuisance to crops, either directly xxxxx, by feeding on tem or introducing disease causing ii Name the categories of crop pest? Insects- Micro-organisms Mites- Higher animals Birds- Molasses Nematodes- Rodents iii How can pests be controlled on the farm?


6.a i What is a crop pest? Any organism that destroys is a nuisance to crops, either directly xxxxx, by feeding on tem or introducing disease causing ii Name the categories of crop pest? Insects- Micro-organisms Mites- Higher animals Birds- Molasses Nematodes- Rodents iii How can pests be controlled on the farm? By use of chemical e.g pesticides Early planting of crops Field hygiene e.g destruction of affected crop residues Use of trap crops, trap cropping Close season Crop rotation Growing resistant varieties Trapping and killing pest. 48iv What is integrated pest management? The use of a combination of various control methods b i What is a plant disease. Any alteration in the state of a plant or of its parts, which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of functions of its parts. Ii Name the disease causing factors in crops.


The use of a combination of various control methods b i What is a plant disease. Any alteration in the state of a plant or of its parts, which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of functions of its parts. Ii Name the disease causing factors in crops. Viruses Mineral deficiency nutritional in balance Bacterial Fungi Physiological disorders iii List the various practices carried out in the field to control crop diseases . Crop rotation Close season Roguing destroying infected Planting disease free plants use of certified seeds Early planting timely planting Pruning proper spacing Weed control Use of resistance varieties Quarantine Application of appropriate chemicals Use of clean equipment Heat treatment. 7.Discuss the growing of the following crops.


Scare the birds Apply appropriate insecticides to control stalk bearer Fungal disease control use resistant varieties, plant certified seeds vi Harvesting Ready 3-9 months depending on variety Cut head panicle b Maize i Seedbed preparation Clear land early before the rains Harrow the land to medium tilth Cultivate land to get rid of parannial weeds and allow vegetation to rot. Ii Planting Done at the beginning of rains Dry planting is recommended Spacing varies with variety i.e 23-30 cm x 57 90 cm Plant seed at 2.5 10 cm deep Planting manually or mechanically Apply DAP at 100 150 kg hectare in planting hole Top dress with CAN at 200kg hectare iii Weeding Weed at early stage to reduce competition for moisture Hand weeding done Herbicides sometimes used e.g simazine artrazine before germination and MCPA 2,40 after germination. Iv Field management Thinning done early to get consistent growth Gapping done early v Pests control Scare birds e.g quellea and weaver birds Use appropriate control of pests e.g aphids, army worm e.g insecticides. Vi Disease control Use appropriate control e.g fungicides for smut, rust and maize stork vii Harvesting Depending on altitude and variety Stock out maize or harvest cabs when dry in field c Cassava i Basic requirements Requires altitude of below 1500m.


Ii Planting Done at the beginning of rains Dry planting is recommended Spacing varies with variety i.e 23-30 cm x 57 90 cm Plant seed at 2.5 10 cm deep Planting manually or mechanically Apply DAP at 100 150 kg hectare in planting hole Top dress with CAN at 200kg hectare iii Weeding Weed at early stage to reduce competition for moisture Hand weeding done Herbicides sometimes used e.g simazine artrazine before germination and MCPA 2,40 after germination. Iv Field management Thinning done early to get consistent growth Gapping done early v Pests control Scare birds e.g quellea and weaver birds Use appropriate control of pests e.g aphids, army worm e.g insecticides. Vi Disease control Use appropriate control e.g fungicides for smut, rust and maize stork vii Harvesting Depending on altitude and variety Stock out maize or harvest cabs when dry in field c Cassava i Basic requirements Requires altitude of below 1500m. Moderate rainfall drought resistant 50Sandy soils free draining soils ii Seedbed preparation and planting Deep ploughing recommended prepare ridges Plant stem cuttings 40cm long at 45 o or less Spacing is 1.5m x 0.9m Bury half stem in soil.


Iv Field management Thinning done early to get consistent growth Gapping done early v Pests control Scare birds e.g quellea and weaver birds Use appropriate control of pests e.g aphids, army worm e.g insecticides. Vi Disease control Use appropriate control e.g fungicides for smut, rust and maize stork vii Harvesting Depending on altitude and variety Stock out maize or harvest cabs when dry in field c Cassava i Basic requirements Requires altitude of below 1500m. Moderate rainfall drought resistant 50Sandy soils free draining soils ii Seedbed preparation and planting Deep ploughing recommended prepare ridges Plant stem cuttings 40cm long at 45 o or less Spacing is 1.5m x 0.9m Bury half stem in soil. Iii Field management Control weeds at early stages of growth. Iv Pest control White scale controlled by clean planting materials. V Diseases. Mosaic disease causes melting of leaves and deformed tubers Control by planting resistant varieties.


Iv Pest control White scale controlled by clean planting materials. V Diseases. Mosaic disease causes melting of leaves and deformed tubers Control by planting resistant varieties. Vi Harvesting Remove individual tubers or uproot whole plant Use stick or forked jembes to harvest Yields about 7-10 tons per hectare d Millet i Basic requirements Altitude from 0-1200m Rainfall of 500-600mm per annum Light sandy soils ii Seedbed preparation and planting Prepare seedbed of fine tilth Spacing is 60 x 30 cm Sometimes interplanted with other crops iii Field management Top dress with nitrogenous fertilizer when 30cm long Weeding done upto tillering stage iv Pest control Quelea birds cat seeds at miling stage Controlled by scaring v Disease control Dowry mildow control using fungicides and crop rotation vi Harvesting Individual heads out using knife or sickle e Sweet potatoes i Basic requirements Altitude of C-2400m 750 mm of rainfall per year drought resistant 51wide variety of soils warm to cool climate ii Seedbed preparation and planting Prepare flat seedbed ridges Plant cutting in form of apical pieces of vines Bury atleast half of vine.


Vi Pests Control 52Birds Scaring Rice hispid, stem Spray with BHC, DDT dimention Field rats Field rat poison vii Diseases Control Rice blast - Use loss nitrogen - Use resistant varieties yellow mottling - Quarantine. Viii Water regulation. Maintain water depth at 1 3 height of plant throughout growing period Ensure fresh water supply Drain off water 3 weeks before harvesting. Ix Harvesting Rice reaches maturity at 4-5 months harvest when dry Out stem at base any correct method Dry to 12-14 moisture content Bag for dispatch. 8.a What do the following terms mean? I Pasture A cover of grass or legume or grass and legume used for feeding livestock. Ii Forage Crop A plant which either grows naturally or is cultivated by farmers and used for feeding livestock. Iii A forage plant that is grown, harvested and given to livestock when ready. B Outline the methods that can be used to improve permanent potatoes .


Ii Forage Crop A plant which either grows naturally or is cultivated by farmers and used for feeding livestock. Iii A forage plant that is grown, harvested and given to livestock when ready. B Outline the methods that can be used to improve permanent potatoes . Irrigation Control weeds Top dress with N-fertilizers to avoid denudation Reseeding Out back dry and unpalatable atoms with tractor mower to encourage fresh regrowth after grazing cycle Controlled grazing. C What factors determine the forage crop species to be established at a place ? 53Yield of forage species in terms of herbage is quantity per unit of land Resistance to pests and diseases Adaptability to the area where it is established Ease with which it can be established and eradicated Whether pure or mixed stand Growth rate and fast establishment d i In which form can pasture be considered? Silage Hay Standing hay ii Why is it important to conserve pasture?


C What factors determine the forage crop species to be established at a place ? 53Yield of forage species in terms of herbage is quantity per unit of land Resistance to pests and diseases Adaptability to the area where it is established Ease with which it can be established and eradicated Whether pure or mixed stand Growth rate and fast establishment d i In which form can pasture be considered? Silage Hay Standing hay ii Why is it important to conserve pasture? To distribute available forage for livestock throughout the year To provide feed for dry season To ensure better and full utilization of the available land Conserved forage can be sold for money. 9.a List the routes though which pathogens can enter the body of an animal . Skin, eye, nose, mouth, anus, ear, genital organs, mammary glands, navel cord. B i What is immunity? The ability of an animal to resist infection by disease ii Name the types of immunity.


Skin, eye, nose, mouth, anus, ear, genital organs, mammary glands, navel cord. B i What is immunity? The ability of an animal to resist infection by disease ii Name the types of immunity. Natural immunity Artificial immunity iii What is a vector? A carrier of disease from one organism to another. It does not cause disease itself. Iv Explain the term incubation in livestock diseases Period between infection by pathogen and showing of symptoms of the disease. 10. Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings.


Iv Explain the term incubation in livestock diseases Period between infection by pathogen and showing of symptoms of the disease. 10. Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings. A Red water i Causal agent Protozoa bibesia bigomina ii Symptoms Red urine Fever high temperature Loss of appetite Anaemia Loss of production Jaundice Swollen lymph glands Licking soil Increased breathing iii Control measures Tick control e.g spraying, dipping, fencing, etc 54b Anthrax i Causal agent Bacteria bacillus enthracis ii Symptoms Sudden death Bleeding form external crifices Bleated carcass High temperature shivering Dullness Bloody diarrhoea milk ha blood stains Non-clotting blood Lack of rigor nortis Loss of appetite iii Control measures Vaccination Quarantine isolation Treatment of the herd tread early with antibiotics Proper disposal burying burning Public education c Newcastle i Causal agent Virus ii Symptoms Watery diarrhoea Staggering with dreeping wings and bent neck Soft-shelled eggs Sneezing Sudden death Nervousness restlessness Loss of production Thick mucus discharge from nostrils difficulty in breathing.


10. Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings. A Red water i Causal agent Protozoa bibesia bigomina ii Symptoms Red urine Fever high temperature Loss of appetite Anaemia Loss of production Jaundice Swollen lymph glands Licking soil Increased breathing iii Control measures Tick control e.g spraying, dipping, fencing, etc 54b Anthrax i Causal agent Bacteria bacillus enthracis ii Symptoms Sudden death Bleeding form external crifices Bleated carcass High temperature shivering Dullness Bloody diarrhoea milk ha blood stains Non-clotting blood Lack of rigor nortis Loss of appetite iii Control measures Vaccination Quarantine isolation Treatment of the herd tread early with antibiotics Proper disposal burying burning Public education c Newcastle i Causal agent Virus ii Symptoms Watery diarrhoea Staggering with dreeping wings and bent neck Soft-shelled eggs Sneezing Sudden death Nervousness restlessness Loss of production Thick mucus discharge from nostrils difficulty in breathing. Iii Control measures.


Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings. A Red water i Causal agent Protozoa bibesia bigomina ii Symptoms Red urine Fever high temperature Loss of appetite Anaemia Loss of production Jaundice Swollen lymph glands Licking soil Increased breathing iii Control measures Tick control e.g spraying, dipping, fencing, etc 54b Anthrax i Causal agent Bacteria bacillus enthracis ii Symptoms Sudden death Bleeding form external crifices Bleated carcass High temperature shivering Dullness Bloody diarrhoea milk ha blood stains Non-clotting blood Lack of rigor nortis Loss of appetite iii Control measures Vaccination Quarantine isolation Treatment of the herd tread early with antibiotics Proper disposal burying burning Public education c Newcastle i Causal agent Virus ii Symptoms Watery diarrhoea Staggering with dreeping wings and bent neck Soft-shelled eggs Sneezing Sudden death Nervousness restlessness Loss of production Thick mucus discharge from nostrils difficulty in breathing. Iii Control measures. Vaccination Disinfection proper hygiene Quarantine Proper disposal killing the flock Use birds that are certified to be clean Examination and treatment of suspected birds.


A i Name the sources of farm power Human power Wind power Animal power Oil fuel power gas paraffin Electricity Solar energy Wood charcoal Biogas power Nuclear energy ii Mention the ways in which solar energy is used on the farm. Production of electric energy by use of photo-electric cell panel Electricity used for lighting, pumping water, healing etc Direct drying of crops Water heating Cooking iii Give the disadvantages of using wood fuel or charcoal as a source of power. Inefficient use of energy Leads to destruction of environment through indiscriminate felling of trees Snake produced pollutes environment Exhaustible source of power b i What are the requirements for animals used as a source of farm power? Good health healthy Fully grown maturing Well fed. Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm.


Inefficient use of energy Leads to destruction of environment through indiscriminate felling of trees Snake produced pollutes environment Exhaustible source of power b i What are the requirements for animals used as a source of farm power? Good health healthy Fully grown maturing Well fed. Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm. Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding.


Good health healthy Fully grown maturing Well fed. Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm. Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding. C i State the advantages of farm mechanization.


Ii Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm. Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding. C i State the advantages of farm mechanization. The rate at which a job can be completed is increased improves efficiency Number of man-days involved is reduces labour saving Products harvested mechanically are more uniform Uniformly harvested products are more acceptable to consumers Timeliness of operations Contributes to increased farm production Contributes to increased farm productivity Uniformity of operations e.g ploughing, planting Less labour easy ii What are its disadvantages?


Cheaper t buy than machines Loss time used than using human power Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills 57Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed Does more work than human power Not much skill and training needed to operate them Animals can provide manure iii State the limitations of using animal power Low work output than tractor power Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas Animals tire quickly Tiresome since it also requires two handlers Requires time to train animals and handlers Theft and production problems Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming Cause damage to crops when used in weeding. C i State the advantages of farm mechanization. The rate at which a job can be completed is increased improves efficiency Number of man-days involved is reduces labour saving Products harvested mechanically are more uniform Uniformly harvested products are more acceptable to consumers Timeliness of operations Contributes to increased farm production Contributes to increased farm productivity Uniformity of operations e.g ploughing, planting Less labour easy ii What are its disadvantages? Capital outlay on machinery is high May lead to problem of soil capping Mechanization is more worthwhile in large scale farming enterprises Maintenance is expensive May create an unemployment problem Requires skilled manpower Requires uniform produce Tractors and ox-ploughs can not be used on steep land iii Why is mechanisation on small scale farming not worthwhile?


C i State the advantages of farm mechanization. The rate at which a job can be completed is increased improves efficiency Number of man-days involved is reduces labour saving Products harvested mechanically are more uniform Uniformly harvested products are more acceptable to consumers Timeliness of operations Contributes to increased farm production Contributes to increased farm productivity Uniformity of operations e.g ploughing, planting Less labour easy ii What are its disadvantages? Capital outlay on machinery is high May lead to problem of soil capping Mechanization is more worthwhile in large scale farming enterprises Maintenance is expensive May create an unemployment problem Requires skilled manpower Requires uniform produce Tractors and ox-ploughs can not be used on steep land iii Why is mechanisation on small scale farming not worthwhile? Low level of capital investment Use of machinery is uneconomical No efficiency in farm operations. D i Name the tractor drawn implements.


Capital outlay on machinery is high May lead to problem of soil capping Mechanization is more worthwhile in large scale farming enterprises Maintenance is expensive May create an unemployment problem Requires skilled manpower Requires uniform produce Tractors and ox-ploughs can not be used on steep land iii Why is mechanisation on small scale farming not worthwhile? Low level of capital investment Use of machinery is uneconomical No efficiency in farm operations. D i Name the tractor drawn implements. Trailers, ploughs disc and mouldboard , harrows and mowers ii Name the animal drawn implements. Ox plough, ox-time cultivator, ex-cart e State the functions of the following parts of a mouldboard plough. I Landside Stabilises the plough absorbs side thrust caused by furrow slice 58ii Mouldboard Inverts furrow slice buries woods trash iii Coulter Vertically cuts the soil or trash iv Share point. Digs opens cuts or breaks the ground v Frog Holds the frame onto the moldboard, landslide and share.


Ox plough, ox-time cultivator, ex-cart e State the functions of the following parts of a mouldboard plough. I Landside Stabilises the plough absorbs side thrust caused by furrow slice 58ii Mouldboard Inverts furrow slice buries woods trash iii Coulter Vertically cuts the soil or trash iv Share point. Digs opens cuts or breaks the ground v Frog Holds the frame onto the moldboard, landslide and share. F State the functions of the following principal parts of a disc plough. I Beam. Part of the plough on which all parts are joined ii Hitch most. Point at which the top link is connected to tractor iii Scrapper Inverting furrow slice cleans disc iv Disc. Cutting the ground ploughing inverting overturning v Hub Contains roller bearings that allow the disc to roll while in operation. Vi Standard Holds the discs vii Springs Absorbs vertical shock of plough viii Furrow wheel Absorbs side thrust used for adjusting the depth of ploughing.


Point at which the top link is connected to tractor iii Scrapper Inverting furrow slice cleans disc iv Disc. Cutting the ground ploughing inverting overturning v Hub Contains roller bearings that allow the disc to roll while in operation. Vi Standard Holds the discs vii Springs Absorbs vertical shock of plough viii Furrow wheel Absorbs side thrust used for adjusting the depth of ploughing. Ix Crossbar Attachment for left and right arm x Hitch point Where plough is attached to tractor. G i State the sources of tractor hire services Government hire services Private contractors Individual farmers Some cooperatives ii Give the advantages of tractor hire services. A farmer does not incur cost of buying tractor No cost of maintenance by farmer No risks of owning a tractor The farmer is able to carry out the task faster 59iii What are its disadvantages? May not be available when required May be very expensive to hire Some operators can produce poor quality work. FORM FOUR TOPICS.


A farmer does not incur cost of buying tractor No cost of maintenance by farmer No risks of owning a tractor The farmer is able to carry out the task faster 59iii What are its disadvantages? May not be available when required May be very expensive to hire Some operators can produce poor quality work. FORM FOUR TOPICS. 1.a Discuss the management of dairy cattle to ensure high milk production. I Selection Select good animals on the basis of high yield Select healthy animals Select animals with good body conformation Should be of high fertility level To have good temperament it docile cattle Poor animals should be coulled Selecting and culling should be a continous exercise ii Breeding management Use superior bulls or semen from superior bulls Breed heifers when fully mature i.e right age and size Breed cows 60-90 days after calving to maintain a calving internal of 1 year. 60iii Feeding management.


1.a Discuss the management of dairy cattle to ensure high milk production. I Selection Select good animals on the basis of high yield Select healthy animals Select animals with good body conformation Should be of high fertility level To have good temperament it docile cattle Poor animals should be coulled Selecting and culling should be a continous exercise ii Breeding management Use superior bulls or semen from superior bulls Breed heifers when fully mature i.e right age and size Breed cows 60-90 days after calving to maintain a calving internal of 1 year. 60iii Feeding management. Feed on a balanced diet, water, minerals, vitamins Give adequate fee Feed should be clean and free from contamination. Iv Housing Provide proper housing i.e well drained, clean, well ventilated, well lit Avoid overcrowding it provide enough space.


60iii Feeding management. Feed on a balanced diet, water, minerals, vitamins Give adequate fee Feed should be clean and free from contamination. Iv Housing Provide proper housing i.e well drained, clean, well ventilated, well lit Avoid overcrowding it provide enough space. V Disease and parasite control Keep animals healthy by routine vaccination Control external parasites by spraying using appropriate drugs e.g acaricides Control internal parasites by routines drenching using appropriate drugs Treat sick animals Isolate and put new animals under quarantine Avoid physical injuries to animals by avoiding sharp objects or holes and using plain wires, not barbed Improve sanitation i.e hygiene or cleanliness in the farm vi General management practices. Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd.


Iv Housing Provide proper housing i.e well drained, clean, well ventilated, well lit Avoid overcrowding it provide enough space. V Disease and parasite control Keep animals healthy by routine vaccination Control external parasites by spraying using appropriate drugs e.g acaricides Control internal parasites by routines drenching using appropriate drugs Treat sick animals Isolate and put new animals under quarantine Avoid physical injuries to animals by avoiding sharp objects or holes and using plain wires, not barbed Improve sanitation i.e hygiene or cleanliness in the farm vi General management practices. Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd. B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination.


V Disease and parasite control Keep animals healthy by routine vaccination Control external parasites by spraying using appropriate drugs e.g acaricides Control internal parasites by routines drenching using appropriate drugs Treat sick animals Isolate and put new animals under quarantine Avoid physical injuries to animals by avoiding sharp objects or holes and using plain wires, not barbed Improve sanitation i.e hygiene or cleanliness in the farm vi General management practices. Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd. B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination. Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock.


Milk at regular intervals Use proper milking techniques Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely Handle animals properly Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd. B Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving gestation period Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 320kg live weight Milking is done for 7 months after conception Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination. Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7 th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock. Spraying the incalf cow Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs 61Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows Leave the cow to calve undisturbed Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection.