21. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONThis topic entails :-Definition of transport and communicationIdentifying modes of transport and types of communication. Location of major lines of transport in Africa. Outlining the role of transport and communication in economic development of Africa. Discussing problems facing transport and communicationin Africa and the efforts being made to solve them. Explanation of the role of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Sea Way in the conomies of USA and Canada. 1. A i State four factors that influence transport and communication ii State three problems facing transport and communication in Africa b The diagram below shows the Great Lakes St Lawrence Seaway: i Name the lakes marked A, B, C. ii Why was the St. Lawrence Sea way constructed between the Great Lakes and thePacific Ocean? Iii Identify the problems that initially existed along the seaway and how they were solved c State four advantages of the Mombasa-Nairobi pipeline. D Discuss the role of transport and communication in development2. A i What is transport? Ii Name three forms of land transport commonly used in Kenya b Below is a sketch map of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Sea Way. Use it to answerquestion i below: i Name;- The Canals marked N and Q- The lakes marked R and P- The port marked M ii Explain four ways in which the Great lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway has contributedto the economies of U.S.A and Canada c State four ways in which communication has contributed to economic development of Kenya d State any four problems facing air transport in Africa3. A Define the term communication b State two recent developments that have taken place in Kenya to improve communication c State two problems facing telephone as a means of communication in Kenya4.a State three benefits that Kenya would derive from road linkage with the rest of EastAfrican countries b Give two major problems experienced by users of Kenyan roads5. A i Give two forms of land transport ii State any four disadvantages of water transport b Explain any five ways in which transport and communication is important to the economy c Explain three attempted solution to African transport and communication problems d i Define canal transport ii Name the two major canals of the world6.


Use it to answerquestion i below: i Name;- The Canals marked N and Q- The lakes marked R and P- The port marked M ii Explain four ways in which the Great lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway has contributedto the economies of U.S.A and Canada c State four ways in which communication has contributed to economic development of Kenya d State any four problems facing air transport in Africa3. A Define the term communication b State two recent developments that have taken place in Kenya to improve communication c State two problems facing telephone as a means of communication in Kenya4.a State three benefits that Kenya would derive from road linkage with the rest of EastAfrican countries b Give two major problems experienced by users of Kenyan roads5. A i Give two forms of land transport ii State any four disadvantages of water transport b Explain any five ways in which transport and communication is important to the economy c Explain three attempted solution to African transport and communication problems d i Define canal transport ii Name the two major canals of the world6. The table below shows the number shows the number of passengers that used railwaytransport in selected countries in 1966 and 1977. Use it to answer questions a and b a i Using a scale of 1cm to represent 20,000 million passengers, draw comparative bar graphsbased on the data above ii State two advantages of using bar graphs in representing data b Calculate the percentage increase in railway passenger transport in Canada between1966 and 1977 c Explain three factors that hinder the development of railway links among African countrie d One of the problems facing road transport is the high frequency of accidents. Explain threeconditions of roads in Kenya that may lead to accidents7. A i Name three types of communication mainly used in Kenya ii State two advantages of pipelines as a means of transport b i Whys is air transport not very commonly used in Kenya? Ii Explain four roles of transport and communications in the economic development of Africa c i State three objectives of constructing the St. Lawrence Seaway ii Name two canals on the St. Lawrence Seaway8.


11. VEGETATIONThe topic entails:Definition of vegetationDiscussing the factors influencing the distribution of vegetationIdentifying and describing the characteristics of major vegetation regions of Kenya and the worldDiscussing the significance of vegetation and explain their uses within the local environment1. A Name two areas of the world with temperate grasslands. B Explain how the characteristics of the vegetation in climate B are adapted to the. Environmental conditions2. The diagram below shows mountain vegetation zones, use it to answer the questions that follow. A i Name the vegetation zone marked X,Y,Z. ii Give four char characteristic of tropical savannah vegetations b Explain how the following factors influence vegetation: i Aspect ii Human activities c Name the specific countries of the world where the following grassland vegetation types arefound:- i Velds ii Pampas iii Dawns d Explain three factors that have led to a decline of natural grassland in Kenya3. A i Define the term natural vegetation ii State thee climatic factors influencing distribution of vegetation b i Give two zones of the temperate grasslands ii State five characteristics of coniferous forests c Explain four ways in which vegetation of the Nyika region of Kenya has adapted to theregion of Kenya has experienced in the area d Give five factors that have led to a decline of the natural grasslands in Kenya4. The map below shows major vegetation zones of the world. Use it to answer the questionsthat follow: a Identify the temperate grasslands marked Y and Z b Explain four ways in which desert vegetation are adapting to the extremely harshconditions5. The map below shows the location of some vegetation regions of Africa. Use it to answerthe questions that follow:5. A i Name the grassland region marked Lii Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation found in the shaded area Pb i Explain four ways in which the vegetation found in the area marked Q adapts to theenvironmental conditions of the regionc i Give two reasons why the mountain top has no vegetationii State two ways in which vegetation is of significance to the physical and humanenvironments6.


The map below shows the location of some vegetation regions of Africa. Use it to answerthe questions that follow:5. A i Name the grassland region marked Lii Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation found in the shaded area Pb i Explain four ways in which the vegetation found in the area marked Q adapts to theenvironmental conditions of the regionc i Give two reasons why the mountain top has no vegetationii State two ways in which vegetation is of significance to the physical and humanenvironments6. A i Name two types of vegetation ii Give two physiographic factors influencing vegetation distribution b The diagram below shows vegetation zones of a S.Africa mountain. Use it to answerthe question below:- b i Name the zones a, b, c, d ii Give one reason why there is no vegetation cover on to p of the mountain c i State the names given to temperate grassland vegetation in:-- North America- Argentina ii Explain three used of Savanna vegetation d Explain four characteristics of Tropical desert vegetation7. A The map below shows the grasslands of the world. Use it to answer the questions that follow:- i Name the grasslands marked S, T, Y and Z. ii State any four characteristics of temperate grasslands.8. A i What is meant by derived vegetation? Ii Mention three factors that influence the vegetation of a place.b i Give three natural vegetation zones on mount Kenyaii Name three temperate grasslands found in the worldiii Describe the characteristics of the hot desert vegetation9.a Explain three causes of the decline of the areas under forests in Kenya b Explain four factors that limit the exploitation of tropical rain forests in Africa.


3. WEATHER AND CLIMATE The topic entails:- i Defining weather and stating its elements ii Explaining conditions necessary for siting a weather station. Iii Use instruments to measure elements of weather iv Analyse and interpret data on weather conditions v Description of the structure and composition of the atmosphere vi Explain factors influencing weather vii Carrying out a field study on weather station viii Distinguish between weather and climate ix Explain the factors that influence climate x Description of the characteristics of the climatic regions of Kenya. Xi Description of characteristics of major climatic regions of the World. Xii Accounting for the causes of aridity and desertification xiii Explaining the effects and possible solutions to aridity and desertification xiv Discussing the causes and impact of climate change on physical and human environment 1. State three causes of desertification. 2. A i Differentiate the term aridity and desertification ii Differentiate between weather and climate b State two causes of temperature inversion c Explain the occurrence of a land breeze 3. A Give three characteristics of the inter- tropical convergence zone b i State three natural causes of climate change ii Explain four consequences of climate change on the physical environment c Give four reasons why some areas within the equatorial belt do not experience true equatorial climate 4. A Describe the climatic conditions experienced in the Kenya highlands b Explain four effects of folding to human activities 5. A Distinguish between weather and climate b State six characteristics of equatorial climate 6. A Explain how the following factors influence climate: i Ocean currents ii Altitude b Study the map of Africa below and answer the following questions: i Describe the characteristics of climate marked A. 7. A State three conditions necessary for the formation of dew b State two climatic reasons why the government should evict settlers from the Mau forest complex in the Rift valley of Kenya 8. A i What is a fog? Ii State any two conditions necessary for the formation of fog. B Name any two isothermic layers of the atmosphere. 9. A What is an air mass? B Give two climatic characteristics of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ 10.


9. A What is an air mass? B Give two climatic characteristics of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ 10. A Describe two characteristics of a mountain climate b i State two human causes of climate change ii Explain three consequences of climate change c Four classes intend to visit a weather station near your school to study the instruments for measuring weather element:- i Describe how you would use a rain gauge to measure rainfall ii Name two instruments you would find inside a Stevenson screen 11.a What do you understand by: i Micro- climate ii Green house effect b Name two weather recording instruments that are placed in a Stevenson s screen 12. A What is an air mass? B What two conditions favour formation of air mass?13. A What is the Inter-tropical convergence Zone? B Account for any four characteristics of tropical rainforests.14. A What is an air mass? B Study the diagram below and name the air masses marked A, B , C and DKey LP- Low Pressure HP- High Pressure 15 a i What is global warming? Ii Give any four causes of climate change. Iii Name four Green house gases b i Explain five effects of climate change ii Identify with evidence two climatic aspects that could have influenced the distribution of vegetation 16. A Differentiate between: i Aridity and desertification b Give three reasons why the recording of weather data at a weather station may be inaccurate c State two qualities that makes Stevenson screen suitable for its workZ X Y 17.The map below shows the climatic regions of Kenya a Use it to answer the question a and b . A Name the climatic region name 2 and 3 b State three characteristics of climatic region marked 7 18.The map of Africa below shows the different climatic regions of Africa. Use it to answer question 18. A .a i Identify the climatic types marked X and Yii Name any four characteristics of the climate marked Z b i Briefly explain the green house effect and the global warming ii Explain three effects of climatic change on the physical environment c Explain how the following factors influence climate i Altitude ii Continentality iii Ocean currents.


12. FORESTRYThe topic entails:-Definition of forest and forestryDiscussing factors influencing the distribution and types of natural forests. Discussing the significance of forests and forest products in KenyaIdentifying and explaining problems facing forestry in KenyaDiscussing ways and means of managing and conserving forest. Comparing and contrasting softwood forests in Kenya and Canada. Demonstrating the ability to manage and conserve forests and forest resources. 1. A Give three reasons for over-exploitation of hardwoods in Africa. B State four measures taken to conserve forests in Kenya. C i Name two major lumbering maritime provinces in Eastern Canada. Ii Explain the factors that have favoured forestry in Canada. D Explain three differences between softwoods in Kenya and Canada. 2. A i What is agro-forestry? Ii State four reasons why agro-forestry is being encouraged. 3. A i Distinguish between pure and mixed forests ii Show how natural forests differ from planted forests in Kenya c i State three measures that are being taken in Kenya to conserve forests ii Explain three factors favouring the exploitation of softwoods in Canada4. A Define agro forestry b Outline four benefits of agro forestry c Explain how the following factors influence growth of forests; i Altitude ii Aspect d Explain three measures being undertaken to conserve forests in Kenya e Give four consequences of forest depletion in Kenya5. A i Distinguish between indigenous and exotic forest ii Explain four ways in which natural forests differ from planted forests b Explain three factors that influence the distribution of forests in Kenya c State three measure that are being taken to conserve forests6. A i What is forestry? Ii Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the Kenya highlands b Explain five problems hindering the exploitation of tropical hardwood forests c i Explain three measures that the government of Kenya is taking to conserve forestsin the country ii State three factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forest in Mau forest7. A i Distinguish between forestry and forest ii Discuss the influence of the following factors on the destruction of natural forestsa Climateb Human activitiesc Topography8.


A i What is forestry? Ii Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the Kenya highlands b Explain five problems hindering the exploitation of tropical hardwood forests c i Explain three measures that the government of Kenya is taking to conserve forestsin the country ii State three factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forest in Mau forest7. A i Distinguish between forestry and forest ii Discuss the influence of the following factors on the destruction of natural forestsa Climateb Human activitiesc Topography8. A Explain three measures which have been taken to manage forests in Kenya b Give the differences between the soft wood forests in Kenya andCanada, under the following headings: i Species ii Problems iii Marketing d Your class intends to carry out a field study on the erotic trees of the Kenya highlands:- i Name two types of tree species they are likely to observe ii Identify three methods you will use to record the data in the field9. A Define the term agro-forestry b Name three topical hardwoods found in Kenya c Name one indigenous soft wood found in Kenya.


18. WILDLIFE AND TOURISMThis topic entails:Definition of wildlife, tourism and ecotourismDistinction between: a Game reserves, National Parks, and Sanctuaries b Domestic tourism and International tourismExplaining factors influencing; a The distribution of wildlife in East Africa. B Tourism in KenyaLocation of national parks, major game reserves and sanctuaries on a map of East Africa. Identification and discussion of tourist attractions in Kenya. Discussion of the significance of wildlife in East Africa. Discussion of:- a Problems facing wild life in East Africa. B Problems facing and associated with tourism in Kenya. Discussion of the management and conservation of wildlife in East Africa. Discussion of the future of tourism in Kenya. Comparison and contrast between tourism in Keya and Switzerland.1. Use the map of East Africa below to answer questions a i MAP OF EAST AFRICAi Name the national parks marked P, Q, and R2. A State two differences between a National Park and a Game Reserve b State three measures being taken to conserve wildlife in Kenya3. A Differentiate between game reserves ands game parks b State three ways in which human activities are a threat to wildlife4. A What is balance of payment? B Identify three problems that face traders dealing with primary goods5. A Why are some parts of Kenya not developed for tourism? B State two factors that hinder domestic tourism in Kenya.6. A State three problems facing wildlife conservation in Kenya. B State two human factors that have made Switzerland a major tourist destination.


22. TRADEThis topic entails :-Identifying and defining types of tradeDiscussing factors influencing tradeIdentifying major exports and imports of KenyaDiscussing significance of trade to KenyaDiscussing problems facing trade in KenyaRole played by selected trading blocks in the economies of their respective regions.1.Use the diagram below to answer question 5a and 5ba Identify the type of trade shown aboveb State problems country X is likely to face in the trade shown above2. A Give two types of international trade b State two reasons why there is less trade between Kenya and other African countries3. A State two problems facing trade in Kenya. B Give three benefits of regional trading blocs.4. A Outline two objectives of the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa COMESA b State two efforts made by the Kenya government to enhance external trade5.a i Differentiate between visible and invisible exportsii Name three invisible exports from Kenyab i Apart from the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS name twoother regional trading blocks in Africaii Identify three member countries of ECOWASiii Explain five economic benefits of the Economic Community of West Africastates ECOWAS 6. A What is balance of payment? B Identify three problems that face traders dealing with primary goods7. A Distinguish between visible and invisible export. B State three negative effects of a country over relying on import goods.


17. FISHINGThe topic entails:Definition of fishing and fisheries. Explaining the factors influencing fishingAccounting for the location of the major fishing grounds of the world. Describing type sand methods of fishingDiscussing fresh water and marine fisheries in East AfricaAssessing the significance of the fishing industry in KenyaDiscussing problems facing fishing in Kenya and their possible solutionsComparing and contrasting fishing activities in Keya and JapanExplaining ways and means of managing and conserving fresh water and marine fisheries. The map below shows some major fishing grounds n the world. Use it to answer questions below:1. A i Name the countries marked P and Q ii Explain four conditions that favour fishing in the shaded coastal water2. A The diagrams below represent some fishing methods a i Name methods R and S b Describe how each of the two methods are used in fishing c Explain three measures used to conserve fish in Kenya3. A i What is fish farming? Ii Explain three measures that have been undertaken by the government of Kenyato encourage fish farming. B Explain four problems which face marine fishing in Kenya. C i Name three fishing grounds in the Northern Hemisphere. Ii Explain three physical factors that favour fishing in Japan. 4. A Differentiate between veins and lodes. B State the effects of dereliction5. A i Name two methods of fishing. Ii Name two types of fish caught along the Eastern Coast of Canada. B Explain how the following factors favour fishing:- i Indented Coastline ii Ocean Currents c Explain four ways in which fisheries in Kenya can be conserved. 6. I Give three methods used to preserve fish. Ii Explain three problems experienced by fishermen in Lake Victoria. 7. State four reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are under-developed8.


19. ENERGYThis topic entails:Definition of energyDiscussion of sources and types of energy. Discussion of the development of electric power projects in Kenya and Uganda. Identifying and locating other power projects in AfricaExplaining the significance of energyExplaining the impact of the energy crisis in the world. Discussing ways and means of managing and conserving energy. Identifying sources and uses of energy within the local environment. 1. A Name two oil producing countries in the midddle East b Give three contributions of oil to the economies of Middle East countries2. A What is a multi-purpose project? B Name two multi-purpose projects in Africa3. A i Name five renewable sources of energy ii State three disadvantages and three advantages of wind as source of energy b i What is geothermal power? Ii Name two areas in Kenya which have a potential for producing geothermal power d Explain three measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve energy4.a i What is energy crisisii State four causes of energy crisisb i Name three non- renewable sources of energyii Apart from seven forks Dam project name two other hydro electric plants in Kenyaiii Explain four factors that favoured the establishment of seven forks dam projectc State two effects of energy use on environment5. A Give three advantages of suing solar energy b Identify the hydro-power stations marked P, Q and R in the diagram c Explain any five ways in which energy contributes to the growth of the economy d i Explain any three problems associated with energy crisis ii Suggest any three ways to minimize energy wastage6. A Define the term renewable sources of energy. B i Explain four physical factors influencing the generation of hydro-electric power. Ii Outline three limitations in the production of geothermal power in Kenya. C i Explain any four negative effects of the energy crisis in the world. Ii State four possible methods that the government of Kenya can use to conserve energy. 7. A Explain the impact of the oil crisis to Kenya b What measures has the Kenyan government carried out to conserve energy8.a What is energy crisis? B State three environmental impact of energy crisis in Kenya9.


7. A Explain the impact of the oil crisis to Kenya b What measures has the Kenyan government carried out to conserve energy8.a What is energy crisis?b State three environmental impact of energy crisis in Kenya9. A Name two sources of thermal electricity b Explain four benefits Kenya would get by striking oil in Isiolo c Explain three measures taken by the Kenya government to manage and conserve energy d Form four students of Nyabisawa Girls carried out a field study at Olkaria Geothermalpour stations10. I State three preparation they made prior to the study ii State three methods of data collection they could have used iii State three uses of Geothermal energy they learnt11. A i Name two non-renewable sources of energy ii Explain four physical factors that influence the location of hydroelectric power station b i What is energy crisis? Ii State three causes of energy crisis iii Explain two effects of energy crisis12. A List two renewable fossil fuels b Identify any three functions of hydro power reservoir other than power generation c State three reasons why Kenya spent so little on importing maize during the year 2002 d i Name two provinces in Kenya where maize is grown on large scale ii State any two uses of maize13. A Name the dams marked E, F and G b Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. C Explain three factors that influenced the location of Owen falls dam in Uganda d Explain four problems that hinder development of Hydro-electric power projects in Africa.


A The diagram below represents an eclipse. Use it to answer the following questions: i Name the type of eclipse ii Identify the parts marked Q and T b State three effects of the rotation of the earth9.a State three reasons why the interior of the earth is known to be very hotb Give two effects of the elliptical shape of the earth10. A i What is an equinoxal date? Ii Name two equinoxal dates iii State two changes caused by the earth s revolution around the sun11.The diagram below represents the internal structure of the earth. Use it to answer question a. a Name the arts named u, v and xb Describe the characteristics ofi Crust ii Core.


3. WEATHER AND CLIMATE1. -population pressure leading to clearing of forestclimatic changes global warming destruction of ozone layeraccidental firespoor methods of farming overgrazing2. A i Aridity refers to a state of dryness or deficiency of rainfall in an area whiledesertification refers to the encroachment of desert like conditions intoproductive or arable land ii Weather atmospheric condition of a place over a short period of timeClimate- Average weather condition of a given place over a long periodb - Moist warm air meets dry cold air mass- Mountain slopes adjacent to a valley cause anabatic and katabatic windsc - Sea heats faster than the land during the day- Air over the sea rises creating low pressure over the sea- Cooler air over the land blows towards the sea- Cool air from the land is called land breeze3. A - Zone of low pressure- High temperature- High convectional rainfall- Trade winds converge here- Moves with movement of the sun b i -Variation of solar output- Volcanic eruption- Variations in the earth s orbital characteristics- Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxideiii - Increase in temperature causing rise in sea level due to melting ice- Changes in wind speed causing erosion- Changes in seasons leading to severe drought- Increase in precipitation causing flooding of large areasc - Relief features such as high mountains influence temperature and rainfall patternPresence of large water bodies that modify temperatures of the surrounding lands through breezesContinentality- many regions are in the interior of the continents making them receive low amounts of rainsWinds- some areas are influenced by cold onshore winds that lower temperature of the surroundings4.


-population pressure leading to clearing of forestclimatic changes global warming destruction of ozone layeraccidental firespoor methods of farming overgrazing2. A i Aridity refers to a state of dryness or deficiency of rainfall in an area whiledesertification refers to the encroachment of desert like conditions intoproductive or arable land ii Weather atmospheric condition of a place over a short period of timeClimate- Average weather condition of a given place over a long periodb - Moist warm air meets dry cold air mass- Mountain slopes adjacent to a valley cause anabatic and katabatic windsc - Sea heats faster than the land during the day- Air over the sea rises creating low pressure over the sea- Cooler air over the land blows towards the sea- Cool air from the land is called land breeze3. A - Zone of low pressure- High temperature- High convectional rainfall- Trade winds converge here- Moves with movement of the sun b i -Variation of solar output- Volcanic eruption- Variations in the earth s orbital characteristics- Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxideiii - Increase in temperature causing rise in sea level due to melting ice- Changes in wind speed causing erosion- Changes in seasons leading to severe drought- Increase in precipitation causing flooding of large areasc - Relief features such as high mountains influence temperature and rainfall patternPresence of large water bodies that modify temperatures of the surrounding lands through breezesContinentality- many regions are in the interior of the continents making them receive low amounts of rainsWinds- some areas are influenced by cold onshore winds that lower temperature of the surroundings4. A - Temperature varies between 17C to 24CLower slopes have higher temperatures than upper slopesMean annual range of temperature is between 3C to 5CRainfall is received throughout the yearRainfall is high 1000 -15000 mmRainfall is double maximaRainfall is relief- orographicHigh rain on the wind ward slopesRainfall is caused by S.E tradeCoolest months are between June and August b - Fold mountains receive heavy rainfall snow falls give rise to many rivers forHEP, irrigation, water for domestic and industrial useWind wards sides receive high rainfall which promote agriculture forest growthLeeward side have violent wind which destroy cropsFolding leads to exposer of some minerals or bring minerals near surface for miningFolding hinders construction of communicationFolding acts as barriers during warsFolding offer sceneries which attract tourists hence foreign exchangeFolds mountains make visibility poor hence hindering air transport5.


A i Aridity refers to a state of dryness or deficiency of rainfall in an area whiledesertification refers to the encroachment of desert like conditions intoproductive or arable land ii Weather atmospheric condition of a place over a short period of timeClimate- Average weather condition of a given place over a long periodb - Moist warm air meets dry cold air mass- Mountain slopes adjacent to a valley cause anabatic and katabatic windsc - Sea heats faster than the land during the day- Air over the sea rises creating low pressure over the sea- Cooler air over the land blows towards the sea- Cool air from the land is called land breeze3. A - Zone of low pressure- High temperature- High convectional rainfall- Trade winds converge here- Moves with movement of the sun b i -Variation of solar output- Volcanic eruption- Variations in the earth s orbital characteristics- Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxideiii - Increase in temperature causing rise in sea level due to melting ice- Changes in wind speed causing erosion- Changes in seasons leading to severe drought- Increase in precipitation causing flooding of large areasc - Relief features such as high mountains influence temperature and rainfall patternPresence of large water bodies that modify temperatures of the surrounding lands through breezesContinentality- many regions are in the interior of the continents making them receive low amounts of rainsWinds- some areas are influenced by cold onshore winds that lower temperature of the surroundings4. A - Temperature varies between 17C to 24CLower slopes have higher temperatures than upper slopesMean annual range of temperature is between 3C to 5CRainfall is received throughout the yearRainfall is high 1000 -15000 mmRainfall is double maximaRainfall is relief- orographicHigh rain on the wind ward slopesRainfall is caused by S.E tradeCoolest months are between June and August b - Fold mountains receive heavy rainfall snow falls give rise to many rivers forHEP, irrigation, water for domestic and industrial useWind wards sides receive high rainfall which promote agriculture forest growthLeeward side have violent wind which destroy cropsFolding leads to exposer of some minerals or bring minerals near surface for miningFolding hinders construction of communicationFolding acts as barriers during warsFolding offer sceneries which attract tourists hence foreign exchangeFolds mountains make visibility poor hence hindering air transport5. A Weather is the daily condition of atmosphere taken in short period usually 24hrswhile climate is the average weather condition taken for a period of 30 35 yrsb - High rainfall no marked dry season 1500mm 2000 mm High temperatures throughout the year 24 27 High humidity throughout the year with relative humidity about 80 Rainfall throughout the yearSmall temperature range 4 CDouble maxima March May and Oct Nov Major winds are South East and North EastLow pressure all the year Doidrums Equatorial lowRainfall mainly convectional falling in the afternoon accompanied with lightening and thunderstormThick cloud cover all the year thick cumulonimbus clouds6.


A - Zone of low pressure- High temperature- High convectional rainfall- Trade winds converge here- Moves with movement of the sun b i -Variation of solar output- Volcanic eruption- Variations in the earth s orbital characteristics- Variation in atmospheric carbon dioxideiii - Increase in temperature causing rise in sea level due to melting ice- Changes in wind speed causing erosion- Changes in seasons leading to severe drought- Increase in precipitation causing flooding of large areasc - Relief features such as high mountains influence temperature and rainfall patternPresence of large water bodies that modify temperatures of the surrounding lands through breezesContinentality- many regions are in the interior of the continents making them receive low amounts of rainsWinds- some areas are influenced by cold onshore winds that lower temperature of the surroundings4. A - Temperature varies between 17C to 24CLower slopes have higher temperatures than upper slopesMean annual range of temperature is between 3C to 5CRainfall is received throughout the yearRainfall is high 1000 -15000 mmRainfall is double maximaRainfall is relief- orographicHigh rain on the wind ward slopesRainfall is caused by S.E tradeCoolest months are between June and August b - Fold mountains receive heavy rainfall snow falls give rise to many rivers forHEP, irrigation, water for domestic and industrial useWind wards sides receive high rainfall which promote agriculture forest growthLeeward side have violent wind which destroy cropsFolding leads to exposer of some minerals or bring minerals near surface for miningFolding hinders construction of communicationFolding acts as barriers during warsFolding offer sceneries which attract tourists hence foreign exchangeFolds mountains make visibility poor hence hindering air transport5. A Weather is the daily condition of atmosphere taken in short period usually 24hrswhile climate is the average weather condition taken for a period of 30 35 yrsb - High rainfall no marked dry season 1500mm 2000 mm High temperatures throughout the year 24 27 High humidity throughout the year with relative humidity about 80 Rainfall throughout the yearSmall temperature range 4 CDouble maxima March May and Oct Nov Major winds are South East and North EastLow pressure all the year Doidrums Equatorial lowRainfall mainly convectional falling in the afternoon accompanied with lightening and thunderstormThick cloud cover all the year thick cumulonimbus clouds6. A i - Warm ocean currents raise temperature of the adjustment land warm currentincrease rainfall- Cold ocean current lower temperature of the regions lower rainfall create drynessii High areas have low temperatures Mt areas receive high rainfallMountain sides facing sun are warmer than sides facing away from sun Aspect b i - Rainfall of double maxima- High temperatures throughout the year about 270 C- Low temperature range- Rainfall falls throughout the year- Rainfall is high average 2000mm- Low pressure due to over head sun- Rainfall is mainly convectional- High humidity content7.


A - Temperature varies between 17C to 24CLower slopes have higher temperatures than upper slopesMean annual range of temperature is between 3C to 5CRainfall is received throughout the yearRainfall is high 1000 -15000 mmRainfall is double maximaRainfall is relief- orographicHigh rain on the wind ward slopesRainfall is caused by S.E tradeCoolest months are between June and August b - Fold mountains receive heavy rainfall snow falls give rise to many rivers forHEP, irrigation, water for domestic and industrial useWind wards sides receive high rainfall which promote agriculture forest growthLeeward side have violent wind which destroy cropsFolding leads to exposer of some minerals or bring minerals near surface for miningFolding hinders construction of communicationFolding acts as barriers during warsFolding offer sceneries which attract tourists hence foreign exchangeFolds mountains make visibility poor hence hindering air transport5. A Weather is the daily condition of atmosphere taken in short period usually 24hrswhile climate is the average weather condition taken for a period of 30 35 yrsb - High rainfall no marked dry season 1500mm 2000 mm High temperatures throughout the year 24 27 High humidity throughout the year with relative humidity about 80 Rainfall throughout the yearSmall temperature range 4 CDouble maxima March May and Oct Nov Major winds are South East and North EastLow pressure all the year Doidrums Equatorial lowRainfall mainly convectional falling in the afternoon accompanied with lightening and thunderstormThick cloud cover all the year thick cumulonimbus clouds6. A i - Warm ocean currents raise temperature of the adjustment land warm currentincrease rainfall- Cold ocean current lower temperature of the regions lower rainfall create drynessii High areas have low temperatures Mt areas receive high rainfallMountain sides facing sun are warmer than sides facing away from sun Aspect b i - Rainfall of double maxima- High temperatures throughout the year about 270 C- Low temperature range- Rainfall falls throughout the year- Rainfall is high average 2000mm- Low pressure due to over head sun- Rainfall is mainly convectional- High humidity content7. A - Air should be calm so that it can remain in contact with the ground longenough to be cooled below dew point- Day time should be warm to speed up evaporation and provide a lot of water in the air- There should be cloudless nightsb - To increase precipitation in the area- To regulate in the area- Forest to help air purification8.


A Weather is the daily condition of atmosphere taken in short period usually 24hrswhile climate is the average weather condition taken for a period of 30 35 yrsb - High rainfall no marked dry season 1500mm 2000 mm High temperatures throughout the year 24 27 High humidity throughout the year with relative humidity about 80 Rainfall throughout the yearSmall temperature range 4 CDouble maxima March May and Oct Nov Major winds are South East and North EastLow pressure all the year Doidrums Equatorial lowRainfall mainly convectional falling in the afternoon accompanied with lightening and thunderstormThick cloud cover all the year thick cumulonimbus clouds6. A i - Warm ocean currents raise temperature of the adjustment land warm currentincrease rainfall- Cold ocean current lower temperature of the regions lower rainfall create drynessii High areas have low temperatures Mt areas receive high rainfallMountain sides facing sun are warmer than sides facing away from sun Aspect b i - Rainfall of double maxima- High temperatures throughout the year about 270 C- Low temperature range- Rainfall falls throughout the year- Rainfall is high average 2000mm- Low pressure due to over head sun- Rainfall is mainly convectional- High humidity content7. A - Air should be calm so that it can remain in contact with the ground longenough to be cooled below dew point- Day time should be warm to speed up evaporation and provide a lot of water in the air- There should be cloudless nightsb - To increase precipitation in the area- To regulate in the area- Forest to help air purification8. A i A fog is a mass of water droplets suspended in the lower atmosphere which limitsvisibility to less than a kilometerii - Air must have abundant moisture- The night should be clear cloudless to facilitate terrestrial radiation- The air should be clam gentle air currents to help the water droplets in suspensionb - Troposphere- Stratosphere- Mesopause9.


A i - Warm ocean currents raise temperature of the adjustment land warm currentincrease rainfall- Cold ocean current lower temperature of the regions lower rainfall create drynessii High areas have low temperatures Mt areas receive high rainfallMountain sides facing sun are warmer than sides facing away from sun Aspect b i - Rainfall of double maxima- High temperatures throughout the year about 270 C- Low temperature range- Rainfall falls throughout the year- Rainfall is high average 2000mm- Low pressure due to over head sun- Rainfall is mainly convectional- High humidity content7. A - Air should be calm so that it can remain in contact with the ground longenough to be cooled below dew point- Day time should be warm to speed up evaporation and provide a lot of water in the air- There should be cloudless nightsb - To increase precipitation in the area- To regulate in the area- Forest to help air purification8. A i A fog is a mass of water droplets suspended in the lower atmosphere which limitsvisibility to less than a kilometerii - Air must have abundant moisture- The night should be clear cloudless to facilitate terrestrial radiation- The air should be clam gentle air currents to help the water droplets in suspensionb - Troposphere- Stratosphere- Mesopause9. A -it is a large volume of air whose temperature and humidity are fairly uniformand covers an extensive surface areab -it experiences high temperature-it is a zone of low pressure and the doldrums-the zone migrates to the north and south of the equator with apparent movement ofthe overhead sun-it is a zone where the S.E and N.E trade winds converge-it is associated with convectional rain and thunderstorms10.a - Temperature decreases with increase in altitude. -. Rainfall increases with height upto 300m then it starts to decrease- Windward slopes are wetter than leeward slopes. -. Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing altitude. -. Local winds are common, they blow up slope during the day and down slopeduring night. -. In temp. Regime slopes facing the equator are warmer than those facing the polesb i - Increases air pollution from industrial activities. -. Deforestation uncontrolled logging.


- In temp. Regime slopes facing the equator are warmer than those facing the polesb i - Increases air pollution from industrial activities. -. Deforestation uncontrolled logging. Ii - Widespread changes in the natural ecosystem with grasslands and deserts areasexpanding as forested areas shrinks. -. Possible rise in temp. May increase evaporation rates leading increased rainfallin some areas. -. Increased rainfall will cause flooding of low lying areas. -. Water stored in polar glacier will melt leading to rise in sea levels and flooding ofcoastal lands. -. In temperate regions, winters are likely to be wetter and summer drier. -. Wetter warmer conditions may increase pests diseases thereby affecting humans,crops livestock. -. Change in climate is likely to cause extinction of various plants and animal species. -. Possible drought might increase in most parts of the world. -. Cause in change in agricultural activities massive crop failure leading to foodshortage. C i - A rain gauge consists of a funnel, metallic cylindrical container and a collecting jar. When it rains, water from direct rain drops collects into the jar through the funnelThe water collected is then poured into a graduated in mm measuring cylinder. The readings taken recorded. C ii - Thermometers six thermometers. -. Hygrometer. 11. A i - This is climatic conditions in a restricted area due to small differences of aspectslope, vegetation and human landscapesii It is a condition where the incoming solar radiations pass through the atmospherewhile the outgoing terrestrial radiation is blocked by gases clouds atmospheremaking the earth retain the terrestrial radiation re-radiation. This makes earth tobe warmer than it would have been it is a condition where the atmospherebalances the incoming and outgoing terrestrial radiation making the earth toretain optimum heatb - A thermometer maximum and minimum six s thermometer- A hygrometer wet and dry bulb thermometers12a -body of air wind with uniform conditions moving in a given directionb -same temperature-air pressure-move from H.P to L.P-earth s movement13.


11. A i - This is climatic conditions in a restricted area due to small differences of aspectslope, vegetation and human landscapesii It is a condition where the incoming solar radiations pass through the atmospherewhile the outgoing terrestrial radiation is blocked by gases clouds atmospheremaking the earth retain the terrestrial radiation re-radiation. This makes earth tobe warmer than it would have been it is a condition where the atmospherebalances the incoming and outgoing terrestrial radiation making the earth toretain optimum heatb - A thermometer maximum and minimum six s thermometer- A hygrometer wet and dry bulb thermometers12a -body of air wind with uniform conditions moving in a given directionb -same temperature-air pressure-move from H.P to L.P-earth s movement13. A Tropical convergence zone is a low pressure belt that lies between the tropicswhere the North East and South East trade winds convergeb - The forest is evergreen due to high rainfall and abundant sunshine- The trees grow tall to complete for sunlight- Trees have broad leaves to encourage water loss through evapo-transpiration transpire excess water due to high rainfall- these are mainly hardwoods due to abundant sunshine- Trees have buttressed roots to support their great heights and large trunks in thewet soils. -. Tree roots go deep into the ground for anchorage- There are many tree species due to the tropical conditions. -. The forest has little underground because the canopies block sunlight from reaching theground- The forests have numerous lianas climbers which twine around the tall trees to reachsunlight in the dense forest. -. Trees grow rapidly due to the high temperatures and high rainfall14. A It is large volume of air wind with similar uniform temperature humidity and coversover a large area and flows over along distanceb A- North East polar windsB- South West westerlies S. West windsC - North east trade windsD - South East trade winds15.


- Trees grow rapidly due to the high temperatures and high rainfall14. A It is large volume of air wind with similar uniform temperature humidity and coversover a large area and flows over along distanceb A- North East polar windsB- South West westerlies S. West windsC - North east trade windsD - South East trade winds15. A i - Global warming is the increase of average temperatures on earth as result of greenhouse effect gases reflecting back to earth part of heat radiationii - The orbital position of the earth or effect of the distance of the earth fromthe sunHigh amount of carbon dioxide in the air from industriesThe volcanic emption raise heat temperatureHigh amount of solar radiation reaching the earth due to depletion of Ozone layeriii - Carbon dioxide CO2 - Chlorofluorocarbons CFS - Methane- Nitrous oxide N2O b i - Change in the ecosystems with grass land and deserts expanding whileforests shrinkRise in the sea level due to thawing of glaciers that leads to flooding of coastal low landsRise in global temperatures leading to increased rainfall due to increased evaporationWetter winters and dry summers in temperature regionsShrinking water bodies e.g. lakes, rivers and drying up of streamsReduced animal and plant species due to adaptation difficultiesExtinction of some species of flora and faunaLow production of food due to failing soil fertility and absence of rain too much of rainfallin other areas ii - High rainfall evidenced by many permanent rivers- Cool temperatures from high altitudes e.g. 2000m16. A Aridity is dryness insufficient rainfall, while desertification is the expansion encroachment of desert conditionsb - Use off defective instruments - Personnel my have inadequate limited skills - Vagaries of nature such as earth tremous c - painted white to prevent over heating - raised to a height of 121m to prevent contact with direct radiation from theearth s surface - it has louvers at the side to allow free air circulation 17.


Lakes, rivers and drying up of streamsReduced animal and plant species due to adaptation difficultiesExtinction of some species of flora and faunaLow production of food due to failing soil fertility and absence of rain too much of rainfallin other areas ii - High rainfall evidenced by many permanent rivers- Cool temperatures from high altitudes e.g. 2000m16. A Aridity is dryness insufficient rainfall, while desertification is the expansion encroachment of desert conditionsb - Use off defective instruments - Personnel my have inadequate limited skills - Vagaries of nature such as earth tremous c - painted white to prevent over heating - raised to a height of 121m to prevent contact with direct radiation from theearth s surface - it has louvers at the side to allow free air circulation 17. A - 2-modified tropical climate of the highland- 3-modified equatorial climate of the lake basinb - it receives very low rainfall of less than 250mm annuallythe mean annual temperature are high above 29 clarge diurnal range of temperatureday temperature are highhumidity is lowsand storms are common occurrencethere are occasional floods caused by sporaduramthe region is under the influence of dry north east trade winds19. A i X MediterraneanY Equatorial climateii - Rainfall is low below 250mm per yearRainfall is erratic unreliableOccasional flash floodsTemperatures are high throughout the yearIntense solar radiationDiurnal range of temperature is large extreme hot days and cold nightsHigh rates of evaporationSkies are clear high terestial radiationLow humidityStrong dusty windsb i - Green house effect is general increase of the temperatures of the globe dueto increase in the level of CO2 and other green houses gases.


A Aridity is dryness insufficient rainfall, while desertification is the expansion encroachment of desert conditionsb - Use off defective instruments - Personnel my have inadequate limited skills - Vagaries of nature such as earth tremous c - painted white to prevent over heating - raised to a height of 121m to prevent contact with direct radiation from theearth s surface - it has louvers at the side to allow free air circulation 17. A - 2-modified tropical climate of the highland- 3-modified equatorial climate of the lake basinb - it receives very low rainfall of less than 250mm annuallythe mean annual temperature are high above 29 clarge diurnal range of temperatureday temperature are highhumidity is lowsand storms are common occurrencethere are occasional floods caused by sporaduramthe region is under the influence of dry north east trade winds19. A i X MediterraneanY Equatorial climateii - Rainfall is low below 250mm per yearRainfall is erratic unreliableOccasional flash floodsTemperatures are high throughout the yearIntense solar radiationDiurnal range of temperature is large extreme hot days and cold nightsHigh rates of evaporationSkies are clear high terestial radiationLow humidityStrong dusty windsb i - Green house effect is general increase of the temperatures of the globe dueto increase in the level of CO2 and other green houses gases. This result intoa condition where the incouncy solar radiation passes through the atmospherewhile the outgoing terrestrial radiation s blocked by the gases and the cloudsii Increase in temperatureEffectsRainfall increaseMelting of ice capsRise in sea levelHigh evaporationAbnormal growth of plantsChange in rainfall patternEffectsFloodingsRise in sea levelDroughtSoil erosion by waterChange in seasonal patternsEffectsSevere winter short summerDroughtShifting of vegetation zonesExtinct of some speciesChange in winds-More frequent more destructive- High waves- Flooding- Wind erosion wind stormsc i - Temperature decreases with increasing height above sea level.


A - 2-modified tropical climate of the highland- 3-modified equatorial climate of the lake basinb - it receives very low rainfall of less than 250mm annuallythe mean annual temperature are high above 29 clarge diurnal range of temperatureday temperature are highhumidity is lowsand storms are common occurrencethere are occasional floods caused by sporaduramthe region is under the influence of dry north east trade winds19. A i X MediterraneanY Equatorial climateii - Rainfall is low below 250mm per yearRainfall is erratic unreliableOccasional flash floodsTemperatures are high throughout the yearIntense solar radiationDiurnal range of temperature is large extreme hot days and cold nightsHigh rates of evaporationSkies are clear high terestial radiationLow humidityStrong dusty windsb i - Green house effect is general increase of the temperatures of the globe dueto increase in the level of CO2 and other green houses gases. This result intoa condition where the incouncy solar radiation passes through the atmospherewhile the outgoing terrestrial radiation s blocked by the gases and the cloudsii Increase in temperatureEffectsRainfall increaseMelting of ice capsRise in sea levelHigh evaporationAbnormal growth of plantsChange in rainfall patternEffectsFloodingsRise in sea levelDroughtSoil erosion by waterChange in seasonal patternsEffectsSevere winter short summerDroughtShifting of vegetation zonesExtinct of some speciesChange in winds-More frequent more destructive- High waves- Flooding- Wind erosion wind stormsc i - Temperature decreases with increasing height above sea level. This is becauseatmospheric air at low altitude is denser than high above. Heat loss is greater at highaltitude than at lower altitudeRise in altitude cause fall in temperature and a cooling effect that causes condensation of moisture in the air. This leads to precipitation forming at high altitudeAtmospheric pressure is higher at low altitude and lower at high altitude. This is because the weight of the atmospheric air at low altitude is more than at high altitudeii In summer, coastlands are relatively cooler than in land areas.


Heat loss is greater at highaltitude than at lower altitudeRise in altitude cause fall in temperature and a cooling effect that causes condensation of moisture in the air. This leads to precipitation forming at high altitudeAtmospheric pressure is higher at low altitude and lower at high altitude. This is because the weight of the atmospheric air at low altitude is more than at high altitudeii In summer, coastlands are relatively cooler than in land areas. This is because thewinds bring the cooling effect of the sea to the land, by the time winds reach inlandthey are heated by warm land resulting in higher temperature over the interior ofthe landIn winter the onshore winds bring the warming effect of the sea into the land causing a rise in temperature. By the time these winds reach the interior of the land, they are cooled by cold land thus enhancing the low temperatureOnshore winds cause a lot of rain in the coastal areas throughout the year. This is because the wind picks up moisture over the sea and drop it on the nearby land. The continental interiors receive less rain, mainly in summer, because the winds have dropped mot of the moisture in the coastal landsiii Ocean currentsCold ocean currents bring about the cooling effect in the temperatureAlso bring a dry effect because the cold air is not able to riseWarm ocean currentsBring a warm effect rise in temperature Heavy rainfall because the warm air is able to rise and condense to form rainfall.


9. INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSESThis area covers :-Earth MovementsFoldingFaultingVulcanicityEarth QuakesIt entails:Definition of earth movementsExplaining the causes of horizontal and vertical earth movements. Explaining theories of continental drift and plate tectonicsDefining folding, faulting and vulcanicity and earthquakes. Explaining theDescription of types of folds, faults, and forms of vulcanicityExplaining the resultant features due to folding, faulting and vulcanicityExplain causes of earth quakes. Describing how earth quakes are measuredAccount for the world distribution of earth quake ones, fold mountain systems and features resulting from faulting and vulcanicityExplaining the significance of the resultant features of folding, faulting, vulcanicity and the effects of earth quakes. 1. A Composite volcanob i What are earthquakes? Ii Name two types of earthquakes wavesiii Explain three ways in which volcanic mountains positively influence human activities2. A Using well labeled diagrams, distinguish between a simple symmetrical fold and anasymmetrical fold. B i Name two fold mountains of the Alpine Orogenyii With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe how a fold mountain is formed. C Explain three positive effects of folding on the physical human environment. 3. A State three ways in which the earth s crust is affected by the earthquakes b State two evidences of continental drift theory c Name three types of plate tectonic boundaries4. A i What are tectonic plates ii Give any two examples of oceanic plates:- b Describe how the following cause earth movements: i Isostatic adjustment ii Magma movement in the crust iii Convectional currents in the mantle. 5. A Give any two natural causes of earthquakes b Name three characteristics of the rift valley lakes of Kenya6. A State three characteristics of the rift valley lakes of Kenya b i What are earth quakes? Ii Name three types of earth quake wavesc . Differentiate between extension boundaries and compression boundaries. 7 a. i What is an earthquakeii Give two ways in which earthquakes can be predictedb State two ways in which faulting interferes with transport and communication lines. 8.


7 a. i What is an earthquakeii Give two ways in which earthquakes can be predictedb State two ways in which faulting interferes with transport and communication lines. 8. The diagram below represents a feature resulting form faulting a Name the feature b Name part x and y c Give three negative of an earthquake9. A Differentiate between hot springs and geysers b The feature below show an extrusive landform in a volcanic area c Using well labelled diagrams, describe how the following are formed: i An anticlinal fault ii An overthrust fold d i Explain any three ways in which features resulting from volcanicity are a problemto people ii Describe how subsidence can lead to formation of a caldera. 10. A What is the plate tectonic theory ? B Name three types of tectonic plate boundaries. C Explain two evidences that support continental drift theory. 11. A i Name two fold mountains in Africa apart from Atlas mountains ii Differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical folds iii Apart from symmetrical and asymmetrical folds, name other types of folds b i With the aid of well labeled diagrams explain the formation of fold mountains ii Give two-examples of fold mountains in North America12.a Effects of the elliptical shape of the earths orbitb Mention three causes of the earth movements13.a List two characteristics of destructive plate boundaryb Outline three natural causes of earthquakesb State two effects of earthquakes on crystal rocks14.a List two factors that determine the degree of folding in rocksb State three effects of faulting on drainage systems15. A State any one evidence that support the theory of the drifting of continents b i Apart from Africa, name any two other continents that form the Gondwanaland ii What is panthalassa? 16.a Give two reasons why hardwood trees species in Kenya are in danger of extractionb State three problems that affect forestry in Canada17.


A i Name two fold mountains in Africa apart from Atlas mountains ii Differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical folds iii Apart from symmetrical and asymmetrical folds, name other types of folds b i With the aid of well labeled diagrams explain the formation of fold mountains ii Give two-examples of fold mountains in North America12.a Effects of the elliptical shape of the earths orbitb Mention three causes of the earth movements13.a List two characteristics of destructive plate boundaryb Outline three natural causes of earthquakesb State two effects of earthquakes on crystal rocks14.a List two factors that determine the degree of folding in rocksb State three effects of faulting on drainage systems15. A State any one evidence that support the theory of the drifting of continents b i Apart from Africa, name any two other continents that form the Gondwanaland ii What is panthalassa?16.a Give two reasons why hardwood trees species in Kenya are in danger of extractionb State three problems that affect forestry in Canada17.The diagram below shows a simple fold a i Name the part marked A, B and C ii Name two fold mountains outside Africa iii Give thee landform associated with folded regions b With the aid of well labeled diagram describe the process of formation of Fold Mountain c Explain four ways in which folding influences human activities.


20. INDUSTRYThis topic entails :-Definition of industry and industrializationExplaining the factors that influence the location and development of industriesDescribing types of industriesAccounting for the distribution of industries in KenyaExplaining the significance of industrialization to KenyaDiscussing the problems of industrialization and possible solutionsComparing and contrasting aspects of industrialization in selected countries. Carrying out field work on an industry in the local environment.1. Give five effects of liberalization of the oil industry in Kenya.2. A Define the term industrial inertia. B State three factors that make industrialists prefer to locate their plants near alreadyestablished industries. C Explain three benefits that would result from rural electrification in Kenya3. A Define the term industrial inertia b State three negative effects of industrialization4. A Differentiate between a factory and industry b Name any three types of tertiary industry.


3. WEATHER AND CLIMATEThe topic entails:-Defining weather and stating its elementsExplaining conditions necessary for siting a weather station. Use instruments to measure elements of weatherAnalyse and interpret data on weather conditionsDescription of the structure and composition of the atmosphereExplain factors influencing weatherCarrying out a field study on weather stationDistinguish between weather and climateExplain the factors that influence climateDescription of the characteristics of the climatic regions of Kenya. Description of characteristics of major climatic regions of the World. Accounting for the causes of aridity and desertificationExplaining the effects and possible solutions to aridity and desertificationDiscussing the causes and impact of climate change on physical and human environment1. State three causes of desertification. 2.a i Differentiate the term aridity and desertificationii Differentiate between weather and climateb State two causes of temperature inversionc Explain the occurrence of a land breeze3. A Give three characteristics of the inter- tropical convergence zoneb i State three natural causes of climate changeii Explain four consequences of climate change on the physical environmentc Give four reasons why some areas within the equatorial belt do not experience trueequatorial climate4. A Describe the climatic conditions experienced in the Kenya highlands b Explain four effects of folding to human activities5. A Distinguish between weather and climate b State six characteristics of equatorial climate6. A Explain how the following factors influence climate: i Ocean currents ii Altitude b Study the map of Africa below and answer the following questions: i Describe the characteristics of climate marked A. 7. A State three conditions necessary for the formation of dew b State two climatic reasons why the government should evict settlers from the Mauforest complex in the Rift valley of Kenya8. A i What is a fog? Ii State any two conditions necessary for the formation of fog. B Name any two isothermic layers of the atmosphere. 9. A What is an air mass? B Give two climatic characteristics of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ 10.


9. A What is an air mass? B Give two climatic characteristics of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ 10. A Describe two characteristics of a mountain climate b i State two human causes of climate change ii Explain three consequences of climate change c Four classes intend to visit a weather station near your school to study the instrumentsfor measuring weather element:- i Describe how you would use a rain gauge to measure rainfall ii Name two instruments you would find inside a Stevenson screen11.a What do you understand by:i Micro- climateii Green house effectb Name two weather recording instruments that are placed in a Stevenson s screen12. A What is an air mass? B What two conditions favour formation of air mass?13. A What is the Inter-tropical convergence Zone? B Account for any four characteristics of tropical rainforests.14. A What is an air mass? B Study the diagram below and name the air masses marked A, B , C and DKeyLP- Low PressureHP- High Pressure15 a i What is global warming? Ii Give any four causes of climate change. Iii Name four Green house gases b i Explain five effects of climate change ii Identify with evidence two climatic aspects that could have influenced the distribution of vegetation16. A Differentiate between: i Aridity and desertification b Give three reasons why the recording of weather data at a weather station may be inaccurate c State two qualities that makes Stevenson screen suitable for its work17.The map below shows the climatic regions of Kenya a Use it to answer the question a and b. a Name the climatic region name 2 and 3 b State three characteristics of climatic region marked 718.The map of Africa below shows the different climatic regions of Africa. Use it to answerquestion 18. A .a i Identify the climatic types marked X and Yii Name any four characteristics of the climate marked Zb i Briefly explain the green house effect and the global warmingii Explain three effects of climatic change on the physical environmentc Explain how the following factors influence climatei Altitudeii Continentalityiii Ocean currents.


21. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION1. A i Demand- Availability of infrastructure- Topography terrain- Capital availability- Political factor- Historical factors- Climateii Difficult terrain This makes it difficult to develop transport and communicationi.e the great rift valley, the rugged scarps inselberg and numerous rocks out crops- Harsh environments e.g. Sahara desert and many isolated others- The harsh desert climate associated with low population. Suvch makes ituneconomical to construct the transport and communication facilities- Non navigable riversThis is due to1. Fluctuating water levels2. Presence of rock outcrops3. Rugged terrain i.e. many rivers have rapids waterfalls b i A L. MichiganB L. HuronC L. Erieii - To provide cheap water transport for bulky commodities like coal and iron ore toindustrial centres around the great lakesTo shorten the route to external markets especially for wheat from Canadian prairies and manufactured goods from the Great lakesTo expand manufacturing industries along the entire route, provide employment and develop townsIncrease agricultural production and tourismOpen up this part of America for international tradeTo easy strain on American railwaysTo increase HEP production along parts of the Seaway e.g. at Niagra waterfall and at dams constructed along the routeiii The long sault and Lachine rapids between Ontario and Montreal hinderednavigation. Aterfalls e.g. Niagra was preserved for HEPand tourist attraction. Thiswas solved by construction of alternative route i.e. Welland canala- Shallow ports e.g. Montreal that could not handle large ships they were dredged anddeepened- Problems of trans- shipment along the seaway causing delay. Seaway has beenwidened to accommodate large ships and these can now sail through the waterway without stoppingc - Reduces deterioration of Nairobi Mombassa highway due to reduction of tankers-Has reduced cases of accidents especially on Nairobi Mombasa highway- Very fast and convenient means of transporting such highly risky products since the products are firmly sealed in the pipe- Less labour used after installations i.e.


Welland canala- Shallow ports e.g. Montreal that could not handle large ships they were dredged anddeepened- Problems of trans- shipment along the seaway causing delay. Seaway has beenwidened to accommodate large ships and these can now sail through the waterway without stoppingc - Reduces deterioration of Nairobi Mombassa highway due to reduction of tankers-Has reduced cases of accidents especially on Nairobi Mombasa highway- Very fast and convenient means of transporting such highly risky products since the products are firmly sealed in the pipe- Less labour used after installations i.e. cuts down on labour costs- It cuts down on occurrences of fuel spillage and pollution causes by derailment oraccidents on trail or roads- Different kinds of petroleum products for various industrial and domestic uses can beconveyed one pipeline- Ensures constant supply of petroleumd - It has promoted international cooperation created by no distance- has led to expansion of trade for aircraft goods especially those with perishable goodsto international market without delay-Has provided many people with employment opportunities e.g. pilots, engineers e.t.c. -. Has resulted in loss of life especially when passenger plane crashes people die in largenumbers- It has resulted into environmental pollution through discharge of wastes and fuel intothe space- Has led increased terrorism through plane jacking2. A i Transport is the movement of goods and people from one place to anotherii Road, pipe land, railwayb i N 500 canalQ New York state Barge canal. Lakes marked O Lake Michigan P - Lake EriePort marked M Duluth. Ii - Accessibility to raw materials which has led to extensive industrial development inthe area. Cheap means of transport in import and exports has encouraged interval and international trade. Provision of H.E.P from the dams f or both domestic and individual use. Growth of port and towns like Duluth etc. Have become points for various economic activities. The sea way is a tourist attraction which generate income in the region. Employment opportunities have been created in the transport industry thus raising the living standard of the local people. The lakes and the dams are a source of water for both domestic and industrial use.


The sea way is a tourist attraction which generate income in the region. Employment opportunities have been created in the transport industry thus raising the living standard of the local people. The lakes and the dams are a source of water for both domestic and industrial use. The two countries earn some revenue from toll charfes levied on ships that use the routec - Communication enhances tradeMany people are employed in the communication sector. It promotes international and domestic tour ism. Governments disseminate information through the media. Communication promotes international understanding which lead to increased trade thus boosting economic development. -. African governments do not have adequate capital for modern transportequipment system. Stiff competition from well established air lines in the developed countries. High insurance cost of planes discourages investment in air transport. Mismanagement of African national air lines incur huge losses. Some regions in Africa are not served by direct flights and thus increases the cost of travelling to passengers. Small low volume of passengers and cargo makes it expensive for some airlines to operate. Insecurity in some parts of Africa is also discouraging the use of air transport. 3. A Communication is the exchange of information, ideas a, messages or opinions amongpeople. B - Liberalization of airwaves licensing of more private radio stations TV stations. Introduction of the fiber optic cable to enhance communication via internet e-mail fax telefax Licensing many companies to provide cell phone services. Liberalization of the press. Expansion of telephone facilities. Liberalization of postal services. High competition from faster and more efficient electronic mail. High cost of installation. Vandalism of telephone equipment. MismanagementPoor reception overlapping of telephone line. 3. C - High competition from faster and more efficient electronic mail. High cost of installation. Vandalism of telephone equipment. MismanagementPoor reception overlapping of telephone line. 4. A - Trade would grow and develop in Kenya- There will be more diplomatic ties with rest of East African states.


MismanagementPoor reception overlapping of telephone line. 4. A - Trade would grow and develop in Kenya- There will be more diplomatic ties with rest of East African states. -. More Kenyans will get employment in other East African countries- Kenya would earn more revenue paid y the users form East African statesb - Inadequate road signs make the drivers to cause accidents- Slippery roads lead to accidents- pot-holed roads surface cause vehicles to breakdown- Traffic jams, especially in urban centres cause delays- Narrow roads bridges makes the drivers to strain and cause accidents- Inadequate drainage system of roads especially in towns cause accidents5. A i Road- Railway5. A ii - Fluctuations interruptions e.g. freezing- Obstacles usually unseen- Limited network- Incase of accident loses are certain and enormous- Relatively slow- Expensive ports habours facilities- May be in uneconomical areas- Contribute to water pollutionb - Influence of choice of location of economic activities moving of raw materials finishedProducts- Expands markets size possible to move goods and transfer information- Employment creation reduce unemployment improve living standards- Information movement hence tourism hence forex- Revenue through tax development- Dissemination of information brings about change- Leads to urbanization. C - Creation of trans Africa high ways to increase connectivity- Creation of international railways to increase connectivity- Regional economic integration to increase trade hence the need for networks- Establishment of natural networks and transport communication companies to increaselocal transport communicationd i - It is an artificial water wayii - Suez- Panama6. A i ii - Easy to construct draw- Easy to compare- Easy to read- Give clear visual impression- Depict data more accurately6. B 6000-4800 1200x1004800 4800 25 6.


C - Creation of trans Africa high ways to increase connectivity- Creation of international railways to increase connectivity- Regional economic integration to increase trade hence the need for networks- Establishment of natural networks and transport communication companies to increaselocal transport communicationd i - It is an artificial water wayii - Suez- Panama6. A i ii - Easy to construct draw- Easy to compare- Easy to read- Give clear visual impression- Depict data more accurately6. B 6000-4800 1200x1004800 4800 25 6. C - African countries have railways of different gauges which make it difficult for them to join- The counties were colonized by different European powers who constructed railways totransport raw materials from the interior to the ports within their own colonies- Political difference different political ideology political stability among Africanscountries hinder efforts to construct railway line to link them- African counties produce similar goods hence there is limited trade between them andthis oes not warrant them to construct rail way lines- Railways are expensive to construct inadequate capital and hence expensive to construct- Parts of Africa are unproductive so it would be uneconomical to construct railway lines- Variation in train has hindered the development of various lines6. D - narrow roads where heavy traffic limit ease of movement and overtaking- the pot-holes sections of the roads may cause tyre burst vehicle breakdown maymake drivers who are avoiding potholes crass vehicles- The narrow bridges may cause vehicles to crash- Sub-standard surface may cause vehicles to skid overturn- Dusty roads ay reduce visibility leading to accidents- 4 - muddy roads during rainy seasons may cause vehicles to collide7. .


Iii Canal marked R Soo Canaliv Part marked S Dulult. B - Provides easy means of transport for both imports and exports, thus encouraginginternal and external trade. -. It has led to growth of parts and towns along its course. -. Due to accessibility top raw materials, there has been industrial development in the area. -. The dams along the route provide hydro-electric power for industrial and domestic use. -. The sea way is a tourist attraction which generates income in the region. -. The sea way has created employment opportunities in the transport and industrialsector raising the standards of living of the people in the area. -. Tariffs charged earns the country incomes. C - Most rivers in Africa pass through different climatic regions with alternating wet and dryseasons. This makes the volume of water fluctuate from season to season making itdifficult to use the rivers. -. Many rivers in Africa have rapids and water falls which hinder the movements of vessels. -. Some rivers in Africa have floating vegetation that makes if difficult for vessels to movethrough them. -. Many rivers in Africa are either short, too shallow or too swift making navigation onthem difficult. -. Rivers are affected by siltation at their mouths and along their courses. This reduces itsdepth required for the vessels to move. -. African countries have insufficient capital to use in the development of water ways,ports and for purchasing vessels. -. African countries have inadequate technology. This hinders the process of developingriver transport. -. Some rivers in Africa flow across different countries. This calls for negotiation betweencountries concerned. This hinders the development of river transport. -. Most of the rivers pass through unproductive areas making it uneconomical to developd i - Liberalization of airwaves licensing of more private radio stations T.V. stations . -. Introduction of E- mail internet Fax. E.t.c- Introduction of mobile phones cell phones pagers. -. Expansion of telecommunication facilities to new areas. -. Liberalization of postal services. Ii -Development of other faster and more efficient means of communication e.g. electronicmail has led to reduces use of telephones. -. High costs of installation and maintenance of telephone lines limit the number of thesubscribers. -. Vandalism of the telephone equipment renders most of the telephone servicesunavailable to would be users.


Electronicmail has led to reduces use of telephones. -. High costs of installation and maintenance of telephone lines limit the number of thesubscribers. -. Vandalism of the telephone equipment renders most of the telephone servicesunavailable to would be users. -. Mismanagement in the organization that provides telephone services has made itdifficult to expand the services to many areas of the country. -. Poor reception overlapping of the telephone lines limit the use of the facility descriptionby natural hazards. -. Lack of modernization of telephone in some areas causes delay and discourages theuse of telephones. 9. A Is the parking of goods in large standardized box like structure which once filledin a factory exporter can be transportedb - Saves space in ships as their dimension is more or less uniform. -. It speeds up the process of handling goods hence saves time. -. It is relatively cheap as it requires little labour. Reduce loss of goods as they are sealedat the exporter premises and delivered to the importer without the seal being broken. -. Reduces loss of goods through breakages and spoilage. -. Checking of goods is fairly easy. 10 . A i - Facilitates faster business transactions due to fast means of transport henceincreasing volume of tradeThrough M- Pesa and M- Kesho it has facilitated money transfer for business hence increasing trade transactions and investmentIt has created employment which improves the living standards of the peopleThe company pays taxes which are used to improve other sectors of the economyii - Facilitates theft cases aids stealingIt is expensive to acquire the device and to maintain itHealth associated risks e.g.


- Checking of goods is fairly easy.10 . A i - Facilitates faster business transactions due to fast means of transport henceincreasing volume of tradeThrough M- Pesa and M- Kesho it has facilitated money transfer for business hence increasing trade transactions and investmentIt has created employment which improves the living standards of the peopleThe company pays taxes which are used to improve other sectors of the economyii - Facilitates theft cases aids stealingIt is expensive to acquire the device and to maintain itHealth associated risks e.g.hearing impairment and cancerCan easily be lostLack of network coverage in some areasNoise pollution over ringingb - Most rivers are seasonalMany major rivers are unnavigable due to presence of water weeds, cataracts and water fallsMeanders on some rivers make the distance longer than land routesMany rivers flow through empty or inhospitable lands with little economic valueSiltation especially near the river mouth makes the channels shallowc - Construction of super high ways where by each country is responsible forconstruction of the stretch within her national boundaries to improve linkageof countries- Establishment of regional trade blocs that spearhead the development andmanagement of transport network among member states ensures good transportnetwork in AfricaNegotiations among leaders of various African nations to provide security to avoid high way robbery.


17. FISHING1. A i P Norway Q- Japanii - The areas have cool waters which have abundant planktons-main food for fish- The areas have shallow continental shelves which allow light to penetrate for planktonsto grow- Convergence of warm and cool current results in upwelling of ocean waters bringing mineral for fish and plankton form sea bed to the surface- Cool waters encourages thriving of numerous fish species- Most of the coasts are indented providing secure bedding grounds for fish- The sheltered bays provide suitable sites for building fishing ports- The large population in these areas provides ready market- The rugged landscape limits agriculture thus people turn to alternative economic activity- Cool climate provides natural preservation for fish2. A i R TrawlingS Basket fishing b i Basket fishing- The basket channel shaped to allow easy entry for fish- At the mouth, there is a non-return valve which restricts the outward. The basket isheld in the position with ropes stones sticks downstream- The basket is left in that attracted position for sometime then removed for landing of fish ii Trawling- A bag shaped net is attached to the ship trawler- The nets mouth is kept open by other boards- The upper art if kept a float by corks floats- Weights are used to keep the lower parts of the net at the sea bed- The trawler drags along the net- After sufficient fish is caught the net is hauled to the trawlerc - Fishing is restricted to specific reasons to allow for breeding and maturing of fish- Standardizing size of nets to ensure fingerlings are not cangut- Licenses are issued to prospective fishermen to control their number and to ensure there eis no over-fishing- Fish farming is being encouraged to ensure sufficient supply of fish. -. There is restriction of the disposal of untreated waste into the sea- Artificial fertilization is carried out in special hatcheries to sustain the supply of fish restocking of over fished waters3.


A i R TrawlingS Basket fishing b i Basket fishing- The basket channel shaped to allow easy entry for fish- At the mouth, there is a non-return valve which restricts the outward. The basket isheld in the position with ropes stones sticks downstream- The basket is left in that attracted position for sometime then removed for landing of fish ii Trawling- A bag shaped net is attached to the ship trawler- The nets mouth is kept open by other boards- The upper art if kept a float by corks floats- Weights are used to keep the lower parts of the net at the sea bed- The trawler drags along the net- After sufficient fish is caught the net is hauled to the trawlerc - Fishing is restricted to specific reasons to allow for breeding and maturing of fish- Standardizing size of nets to ensure fingerlings are not cangut- Licenses are issued to prospective fishermen to control their number and to ensure there eis no over-fishing- Fish farming is being encouraged to ensure sufficient supply of fish. -. There is restriction of the disposal of untreated waste into the sea- Artificial fertilization is carried out in special hatcheries to sustain the supply of fish restocking of over fished waters3. A i It is the rearing of fish in pondsii - The government through the fisheries department has set up fish ponds andhatcheries as demonstration farmsEstablishment of research institutions to investigate aspects of fish farming breeding diseasesExpansion of markets through intensified campaigns aimed at encouraging more people to eat fishExtension officers have been sent to the field to advise on fish farming techniquesThe government has encouraged the establishment of co-operatives which give credit facilities to fish farmersEstablishment of national food policy which encourages diversification of food aid as source of protein leading to setting up of fish farmsb - Inadequate storage and preservation facilities which cause heavy losses on theanded catch leading to low catchOccurrence of strong sea waves causing accidental drowning destruction of fish vesselsPoor fishing equipment which confine the fishermen to a few metres of continental shelf leading to low catchSparse population in the north coast and alternative economic activities in the south coast that lead to small market for fishHigh prices of fish which discourage many people from eating it regularlyLocal fishermen face stiff competition from foreign fishermen mainly from Korea and Japan who have adequate and advanced facilities for deep sea fishingWarm Mozambique currents and deep continental shelf which discourage the flourishing of fishRegular coastline few sheltered bays hence few sites for fish landing and breeding groundsc i - North-West AtlanticNorth-East AtlanticNorth East pacificNorth West Pacificii - Presence of extensive and shallow continental shelf which allow light to penetrate to the sea bed encouraging the growth of planktons used as fish foodUpwelling of ocean waters caused by convergence of warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio currents bring minerals for planktons from the sea bed hence attracting fishJapan has indented coastline several bays which provide secure breeding grounds for fishSheltered bays provide suitable site for building ports landing sites e.g.


The basket isheld in the position with ropes stones sticks downstream- The basket is left in that attracted position for sometime then removed for landing of fish ii Trawling- A bag shaped net is attached to the ship trawler- The nets mouth is kept open by other boards- The upper art if kept a float by corks floats- Weights are used to keep the lower parts of the net at the sea bed- The trawler drags along the net- After sufficient fish is caught the net is hauled to the trawlerc - Fishing is restricted to specific reasons to allow for breeding and maturing of fish- Standardizing size of nets to ensure fingerlings are not cangut- Licenses are issued to prospective fishermen to control their number and to ensure there eis no over-fishing- Fish farming is being encouraged to ensure sufficient supply of fish. -. There is restriction of the disposal of untreated waste into the sea- Artificial fertilization is carried out in special hatcheries to sustain the supply of fish restocking of over fished waters3. A i It is the rearing of fish in pondsii - The government through the fisheries department has set up fish ponds andhatcheries as demonstration farmsEstablishment of research institutions to investigate aspects of fish farming breeding diseasesExpansion of markets through intensified campaigns aimed at encouraging more people to eat fishExtension officers have been sent to the field to advise on fish farming techniquesThe government has encouraged the establishment of co-operatives which give credit facilities to fish farmersEstablishment of national food policy which encourages diversification of food aid as source of protein leading to setting up of fish farmsb - Inadequate storage and preservation facilities which cause heavy losses on theanded catch leading to low catchOccurrence of strong sea waves causing accidental drowning destruction of fish vesselsPoor fishing equipment which confine the fishermen to a few metres of continental shelf leading to low catchSparse population in the north coast and alternative economic activities in the south coast that lead to small market for fishHigh prices of fish which discourage many people from eating it regularlyLocal fishermen face stiff competition from foreign fishermen mainly from Korea and Japan who have adequate and advanced facilities for deep sea fishingWarm Mozambique currents and deep continental shelf which discourage the flourishing of fishRegular coastline few sheltered bays hence few sites for fish landing and breeding groundsc i - North-West AtlanticNorth-East AtlanticNorth East pacificNorth West Pacificii - Presence of extensive and shallow continental shelf which allow light to penetrate to the sea bed encouraging the growth of planktons used as fish foodUpwelling of ocean waters caused by convergence of warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio currents bring minerals for planktons from the sea bed hence attracting fishJapan has indented coastline several bays which provide secure breeding grounds for fishSheltered bays provide suitable site for building ports landing sites e.g. HakkadateRugged landscape mountains with infertile soil in some areas which does not favour agriculture hence make people resort to fishingNumerous islands had exposed provided the fishermen access to marine lifeThe area has cool waters which encourage thriving of fish4.


- There is restriction of the disposal of untreated waste into the sea- Artificial fertilization is carried out in special hatcheries to sustain the supply of fish restocking of over fished waters3. A i It is the rearing of fish in pondsii - The government through the fisheries department has set up fish ponds andhatcheries as demonstration farmsEstablishment of research institutions to investigate aspects of fish farming breeding diseasesExpansion of markets through intensified campaigns aimed at encouraging more people to eat fishExtension officers have been sent to the field to advise on fish farming techniquesThe government has encouraged the establishment of co-operatives which give credit facilities to fish farmersEstablishment of national food policy which encourages diversification of food aid as source of protein leading to setting up of fish farmsb - Inadequate storage and preservation facilities which cause heavy losses on theanded catch leading to low catchOccurrence of strong sea waves causing accidental drowning destruction of fish vesselsPoor fishing equipment which confine the fishermen to a few metres of continental shelf leading to low catchSparse population in the north coast and alternative economic activities in the south coast that lead to small market for fishHigh prices of fish which discourage many people from eating it regularlyLocal fishermen face stiff competition from foreign fishermen mainly from Korea and Japan who have adequate and advanced facilities for deep sea fishingWarm Mozambique currents and deep continental shelf which discourage the flourishing of fishRegular coastline few sheltered bays hence few sites for fish landing and breeding groundsc i - North-West AtlanticNorth-East AtlanticNorth East pacificNorth West Pacificii - Presence of extensive and shallow continental shelf which allow light to penetrate to the sea bed encouraging the growth of planktons used as fish foodUpwelling of ocean waters caused by convergence of warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio currents bring minerals for planktons from the sea bed hence attracting fishJapan has indented coastline several bays which provide secure breeding grounds for fishSheltered bays provide suitable site for building ports landing sites e.g. HakkadateRugged landscape mountains with infertile soil in some areas which does not favour agriculture hence make people resort to fishingNumerous islands had exposed provided the fishermen access to marine lifeThe area has cool waters which encourage thriving of fish4. A - A vein is a small crack containing minerals deposited in crystalline form whilea code is a large crack containing minerals in crystalline form b - Waste of agricultural land Waste of industrial land Ugliness where the land has lost its beauty Health and accident hazards 5.


A i It is the rearing of fish in pondsii - The government through the fisheries department has set up fish ponds andhatcheries as demonstration farmsEstablishment of research institutions to investigate aspects of fish farming breeding diseasesExpansion of markets through intensified campaigns aimed at encouraging more people to eat fishExtension officers have been sent to the field to advise on fish farming techniquesThe government has encouraged the establishment of co-operatives which give credit facilities to fish farmersEstablishment of national food policy which encourages diversification of food aid as source of protein leading to setting up of fish farmsb - Inadequate storage and preservation facilities which cause heavy losses on theanded catch leading to low catchOccurrence of strong sea waves causing accidental drowning destruction of fish vesselsPoor fishing equipment which confine the fishermen to a few metres of continental shelf leading to low catchSparse population in the north coast and alternative economic activities in the south coast that lead to small market for fishHigh prices of fish which discourage many people from eating it regularlyLocal fishermen face stiff competition from foreign fishermen mainly from Korea and Japan who have adequate and advanced facilities for deep sea fishingWarm Mozambique currents and deep continental shelf which discourage the flourishing of fishRegular coastline few sheltered bays hence few sites for fish landing and breeding groundsc i - North-West AtlanticNorth-East AtlanticNorth East pacificNorth West Pacificii - Presence of extensive and shallow continental shelf which allow light to penetrate to the sea bed encouraging the growth of planktons used as fish foodUpwelling of ocean waters caused by convergence of warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio currents bring minerals for planktons from the sea bed hence attracting fishJapan has indented coastline several bays which provide secure breeding grounds for fishSheltered bays provide suitable site for building ports landing sites e.g. HakkadateRugged landscape mountains with infertile soil in some areas which does not favour agriculture hence make people resort to fishingNumerous islands had exposed provided the fishermen access to marine lifeThe area has cool waters which encourage thriving of fish4. A - A vein is a small crack containing minerals deposited in crystalline form whilea code is a large crack containing minerals in crystalline form b - Waste of agricultural land Waste of industrial land Ugliness where the land has lost its beauty Health and accident hazards 5. A i - Trawling.


HakkadateRugged landscape mountains with infertile soil in some areas which does not favour agriculture hence make people resort to fishingNumerous islands had exposed provided the fishermen access to marine lifeThe area has cool waters which encourage thriving of fish4. A - A vein is a small crack containing minerals deposited in crystalline form whilea code is a large crack containing minerals in crystalline form b - Waste of agricultural land Waste of industrial land Ugliness where the land has lost its beauty Health and accident hazards 5. A i - Trawling. -. Line fishing- Use of barriers- Use of herbs - skinning- Harpooning- Use of baskets - Use of gills nets- Use of hand lanesii Cod- halibut- haddock- flounder - hake- herring- mackerel b i - Sheltered inlets and estuaries form ideal sites for fishing villages and ports. -. They also offer ideal site for fish breeding because of calm water and availability of the planktons. Ii - When warm currents meet cold currents the temperature of water is regulated. -. This condition is ideal for the survival of fish. -. Convergence of these currents improve circulation of oxygen and dispersal of nutrients for the fish c i Provision of the necessary infrastructure such as transport routes to enableexploitation of fishing grounds located in remote areas. This will reduce over exploitation on a few accessible fishing grounds like L. Victoria. Fishing FarmingThe development of fish farms complements the fish being caught from natural watersRestocking of over fished grounds. Over fished waters are restocked using finger lings from hatcheries or obtaining them from the overpopulated fishing grounds. International agreements on territorial waters. Countries have full sovereignty over territorial water extending for 19 km from the coast. A further 19 km zone in which the coastal state can take action against those whobreak the law. 6. I Smoking.- Sun drying. -. Salting- Use of refrigerator. Ii - The fishermen are required to have a licence from the governmentThis prohibits illegal fishing, over fishing and indiscriminate fishing. -. Inadequate capital. Most of the fishermen use traditional methods of fishing which greatly reduces their catch. They lack adequate funds to enable them purchase modern fishing gear and refrigeration equipment.